@article {pmid39341974, year = {2024}, author = {Huang, N and Han, S and Zhang, X and Wang, G and Jiang, Y}, title = {Effects of surface roughness and Reynolds number on the solute transport through three-dimensional rough-walled rock fractures under different flow regimes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {22452}, pmid = {39341974}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {No. tsqnz20221142//Research Fund for Young Expert of Taishan Scholars Project in Shandong Province/ ; No. 52109132//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. ZR2019ZD14//Major basic research projects of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; }, abstract = {In this study, the effects of surface roughness and Reynolds number (Re) on fluid flow and solute transport are investigated based on a double rough-walled fracture model that precisely represents the natural geometries of rock fractures. The double rough-walled fracture model is composed of two three-dimensional(3D) self-affine fracture surfaces generated using the improved successive random additions (SRA). Simulation of fluid flow and solute transport through the models were conducted by directly solving the Navier-Stokes equation and advection-diffusion equation (ADE), respectively. The results indicate that as the Re increases from 0.1 to 200, the flow regime changes from linear flow to nonlinear flow accompanied with the tortuous streamlines and significant eddies. Those eddies lead to the temporary stagnant zones that delay the solute migration. The increment of Re enhances the transport heterogeneity with the transport mode changing from the diffusion-dominated to the advection-dominated behavior, which is more significant in the fracture with a larger joint roughness coefficient (JRC). All breakthrough curves (BTCs) of rough-walled fractures exhibited typical non-Fickian transport characteristics with "early arrival" and "long tailing" of BTCs. Increasing the JRC and/or Re will enhances the non-Fickian transport characteristics. The ADE model is able to accurately fit the numerical BTCs and residence time distributions (RTDs) at a low Re, but fails to capture the non-Fickian transport characteristics at a large Re. In contrast, the continuous time random walk (CTRW) model provides a better fit to the numerical simulation results over the whole range of Re. Whereas, the fitting error gradually increases with increasing Re.}, }
@article {pmid39329783, year = {2024}, author = {Li, T and Yang, C and Shao, Z and Chen, Y and Zheng, J and Yang, J and Hu, N}, title = {Fabrication of Patterned Magnetic Particles in Microchannels and Their Application in Micromixers.}, journal = {Biosensors}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/bios14090408}, pmid = {39329783}, issn = {2079-6374}, support = {32071408 and 21827812//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; Microfluidics ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes/chemistry ; Magnetics ; }, abstract = {Due to the extremely low Reynolds number, the mixing of substances in laminar flow within microfluidic channels primarily relies on slow intermolecular diffusion, whereas various rapid reaction and detection requirements in lab-on-a-chip applications often necessitate the efficient mixing of fluids within short distances. This paper presents a magnetic pillar-shaped particle fabrication device capable of producing particles with planar shapes, which are then utilized to achieve the rapid mixing of multiple fluids within microchannels. During the particle fabrication process, a degassed PDMS chip provides self-priming capabilities, drawing in a UV-curable adhesive-containing magnetic powder and distributing it into distinct microwell structures. Subsequently, an external magnetic field is applied, and the chip is exposed to UV light, enabling the mass production of particles with specific magnetic properties through photo-curing. Without the need for external pumping, this chip-based device can fabricate hundreds of magnetic particles in less than 10 min. In contrast to most particle fabrication methods, the degassed PDMS approach enables self-priming and precise dispensing, allowing for precise control over particle shape and size. The fabricated dual-layer magnetic particles, featuring fan-shaped blades and disk-like structures, are placed within micromixing channels. By manipulating the magnetic field, the particles are driven into motion, altering the flow patterns to achieve fluid mixing. Under conditions where the Reynolds number in the chip ranges from 0.1 to 0.9, the mixing index for substances in aqueous solutions exceeds 0.9. In addition, experimental analyses of mixing efficiency for fluids with different viscosities, including 25 wt% and 50 wt% glycerol, reveal mixing indices exceeding 0.85, demonstrating the broad applicability of micromixers based on the rapid rotation of magnetic particles.}, }
@article {pmid39329575, year = {2024}, author = {Moscato, G and Romano, GP}, title = {Biomimetic Wings for Micro Air Vehicles.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics9090553}, pmid = {39329575}, issn = {2313-7673}, abstract = {In this work, micro air vehicles (MAVs) equipped with bio-inspired wings are investigated experimentally in wind tunnel. The starting point is that insects such as dragonflies, butterflies and locusts have wings with rigid tubular elements (corrugation) connected by flexible parts (profiling). So far, it is important to understand the specific aerodynamic effects of corrugation and profiling as applied to conventional wings for the optimization of low-Reynolds-number aerodynamics. The present study, in comparison to previous investigations on the topic, considers whole MAVs rather than isolated wings. A planform with a low aperture-to-chord ratio is employed in order to investigate the interaction between large tip vortices and the flow over the wing surface at large angles of incidence. Comparisons are made by measuring global aerodynamic loads using force balance, specifically drag and lift, and detailed local velocity fields over wing surfaces, by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV). This type of combined global-local investigation allows describing and relating overall MAV performance to detailed high-resolution flow fields. The results indicate that the combination of wing corrugation and profiling gives effective enhancements in performance, around 50%, in comparison to the classical flat-plate configuration. These results are particularly relevant in the framework of low-aspect-ratio MAVs, undergoing beneficial interactions between tip vortices and large-scale separation.}, }
@article {pmid39323288, year = {2024}, author = {Carrazco-Escalante, M and Hernández-Calderón, &#xd3; and Ríos-Iribe, E and Alarid-García, C and Iribe-Salazar, R and Vázquez-López, Y and Caro-Hernández, O and Pacheco-Plata, F and Caro-Corrales, J}, title = {Heat transfer and friction factor analysis for tomato puree flowing in a concentric-tube heat exchanger.}, journal = {Journal of food science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1750-3841.17396}, pmid = {39323288}, issn = {1750-3841}, abstract = {The heat and momentum transfer of tomato puree through a concentric-tube heat exchanger over a range of generalized Reynolds number (0.05 < Re < 66.5) was experimentally and numerically analyzed. Thermophysical and rheological properties of tomato puree (12°Brix) were measured from 20 to 60°C. The velocity, pressure, and temperature were calculated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT[TM] with temperature-dependent transport properties. The thermal operation of the concentric-tube exchanger was satisfactorily predicted using CFD, indicating accurate measurement of tomato puree properties with temperature variations. A concordance was found between the calculated Fanning friction factor and generalized Reynolds with the experimental correlation. A modified Sieder-Tate correlation was established, which allows properly expressing the Nusselt number as a function of the Peclet number. Simple correlations for the mechanical work and the heat transfer rate as a function of the volumetric flow rate were derived. The thermal efficiency was high at low puree flow rates but decreased with higher rates. However, at high flow rates, ceased its decline, instead showing a slight improvement. The analysis confirmed higher heat transfer rates in the concentric-tube heat exchanger compared to a plain tube at low puree flow rates. The results offer valuable insights for assessing diverse operational conditions in dairy, beverage, sauce, and concentrated food industries. Additionally, they also enhance the analysis and design of concentric-tube heat exchangers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The knowledge of the rheological and hydrodynamical behavior of fluids in concentric-tube heat exchangers allows to explore a set of different operating conditions to improve the yield and effectiveness on the system heating/cooling design.}, }
@article {pmid39319149, year = {2024}, author = {Ali, MY and Islam, S and Alim, MA and Biplob, RA and Islam, MZ}, title = {Numerical investigation of MHD mixed convection in an octagonal heat exchanger containing hybrid nanofluid.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {17}, pages = {e37162}, pmid = {39319149}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Nowadays, the advancement of heat transmission for the heat exchanger device is an important field of research for many researchers. In this work, a numerical study has been conducted to investigate the thermal performance of a mixed convective flow through the octagonal heat exchanger covered by hybrid nanofluid (Cu-TiO2-H2O). A magnetic field has been introduced inside the cavity to investigate the mixed convective hydrodynamics heat flow characteristics. The nanofluid cores absorb/release energy to manage heat transmission by increasing or decreasing inside the cavity domain as the host fluid and dispersed hybrid nanofluid circulate within the cavity. After transforming the governing equations into a generalized, non-dimensional formulation, the finite element approach is utilized to solve the associated equations. Additionally, response surface methodology is also applied to test the responses of the associated factors. Heat transport was examined in relation to the effects of nanofluids fusion temperature, boundary wall properties, Reynolds number, Hartmann number and nanoparticle volume fractions. The outcomes of this study are analysed by measuring streamline profiles, isotherms, average Nusselt number, velocity profile, and 2D and 3D response surfaces of the computational domain. The underlying flow controlling parameters for instance Reynolds number (10 ≤ Re ≤ 200), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤100), and nanoparticle volume fractions (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.1), the influences have been considered. The findings also reveal that the thermal performance is being boosted due to augmentation of Re and ϕ, but reverse behavior is noticed for Ha. Furthermore, the response surfaces obtained from response surfaces methodology express that the Re and ϕ have shown positive influence, and Ha has shown negative influence on Nuav. Utilizing a hybrid nanofluid of Cu-TiO2-H2O increases the heat transfer capacity of water to 25.75 %. Moreover, the findings could guide to design of a mixed convective heat exchanger for industrial purposes.}, }
@article {pmid39314537, year = {2024}, author = {Takyi, J and Beem, HR}, title = {Design &amp; automation of a small-scale towing tank for flow visualization.}, journal = {HardwareX}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {e00585}, pmid = {39314537}, issn = {2468-0672}, abstract = {Although the towing tank is a standard piece of equipment used to investigate fluid phenomena, it primarily exists as custom-built hardware that takes up a significant footprint. The size, cost, and custom-built nature have heretofore inhibited the production of this equipment in the authors' context, an African university. This paper presents a small-scale (1000 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm), low-cost (<$1,000) towing tank made using readily available components and basic digital fabrication tools. Other universities on the continent and beyond can hence create this foundational platform for fluid mechanics-related teaching and research. Leveraging an Arduino microcontroller loaded with the GRBL firmware, G-code is sent from the computer to stepper motors to execute movements in two axes. This allows for automation capabilities, controlled towing speeds, and consistent experimental conditions. Validation tests revealed motion accuracy within 1 %. A glitter-based flow visualization approach to measuring surface phenomena is demonstrated here. Experiments conducted successfully visualized relevant flow characteristics generated by bluff bodies being towed in the tank. As the Reynolds number increased within the operating range, wider wakes and larger, more distinct vortices were generated, as expected. This platform can be replicated widely in institutions that may otherwise forego experimentation in fluid mechanics.}, }
@article {pmid37512786, year = {2023}, author = {Tahir, MT and Anwar, S and Ahmad, N and Sattar, M and Qazi, UW and Ghafoor, U and Bhutta, MR}, title = {Thermal Management of Microelectronic Devices Using Nanofluid with Metal foam Heat Sink.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {37512786}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {2020R1G1A1012741//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Microelectronic components are used in a variety of applications that range from processing units to smart devices. These components are prone to malfunctions at high temperatures exceeding 373 K in the form of heat dissipation. To resolve this issue, in microelectronic components, a cooling system is required. This issue can be better dealt with by using a combination of metal foam, heat sinks, and nanofluids. This study investigates the effect of using a rectangular-finned heat sink integrated with metal foam between the fins, and different water-based nanofluids as the working fluid for cooling purposes. A 3D numerical model of the metal foam with a BCC-unit cell structure is used. Various parameters are analyzed: temperature, pressure drop, overall heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and flow rate. Fluid flows through the metal foam in a turbulent flow with a Reynold's number ranging from 2100 to 6500. The optimum fin height, thickness, spacing, and base thickness for the heat sink are analyzed, and for the metal foam, the material, porosity, and pore density are investigated. In addition, the volume fraction, nanoparticle material, and flow rate for the nanofluid is obtained. The results showed that the use of metal foam enhanced the thermal performance of the heat sink, and nanofluids provided better thermal management than pure water. For both cases, a higher Nusselt number, overall heat transfer coefficient, and better temperature reduction is achieved. CuO nanofluid and high-porosity low-pore-density metal foam provided the optimum results, namely a base temperature of 314 K, compared to 341 K, with a pressure drop of 130 Pa. A trade-off was achieved between the temperature reduction and pumping power, as higher concentrations of nanofluid provided better thermal management and resulted in a large pressure drop.}, }
@article {pmid36463256, year = {2022}, author = {Zhu, F and Cheng, J}, title = {Comparison of the effects of litter decomposition process on soil erosion under simulated rainfall.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20929}, pmid = {36463256}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Soil Erosion ; Soil ; Forests ; *Pinus ; Plant Leaves ; }, abstract = {Overland flow parameters play a pivotal role in soil erosion, which are affected by litter cover in forests. In this study, the litter layer of Pinus massoniana (Masson pine) was divided into non-decomposed and semi-decomposed layers. Seven litter coverage mass gradients, two slopes (5° and 10°), and two rainfall intensities (60 and 120 mm·h[-1]) were used for a systematic study of the effects of litter layer changes on overland flow dynamic characteristics. The objectives of this study were to explore the soil erosion process in litter different decomposition stages; to explore various relationships between hydraulic variables and litter characteristics. In the process of litter decomposition, overland flow patterns changed from transitional flow to laminar flow and from rapid flow to slow flow. The semi-decomposed layer's Reynold's number (Re), resistance coefficient (f), and soil separation rate ([Formula: see text]) were lower than that of the non-decomposed layer under the same conditions. Litter coverage, runoff and the diameter of the litter were major parameters that affected the Re, f, Fr, and Dr. Shrubs with wide leaves should be selected for understory vegetation replanting. The results of this study are helpful to understand the mechanisms of litter influencing erosion processes in different decomposition stages.}, }
@article {pmid35853555, year = {2022}, author = {Kumar, M and Panneerselvam, E and Prabhu, K and Ganesh, SK and Vb, KKR}, title = {Prospective cohort study on short-term evaluation of septoplasty as early management of naso-septal fractures - A correlation of clinical outcomes with computational fluid dynamic parameters.}, journal = {Journal of stomatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery}, volume = {123}, number = {6}, pages = {639-644}, doi = {10.1016/j.jormas.2022.07.010}, pmid = {35853555}, issn = {2468-7855}, mesh = {Humans ; *Nasal Obstruction/diagnosis/etiology/surgery ; Nasal Septum/surgery ; Prospective Studies ; Hydrodynamics ; Pain ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Post-traumatic deviated nasal septum (PTDNS) leads to impaired breathing and poor esthetics. The aim of this study was to assess treatment outcomes of early septoplasty for correction of PTDNS and correlate it with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) parameters.<br><br>METHODS: This prospective cohort study included patients who underwent early septoplasty for PTDNS. Outcome variables were clinical (pain, nasal symmetry, and nasal obstruction) and computational (velocity, pressure, wall shear stress and Reynold's number). The cohort consisted of two groups: patients with history of closed reduction for nasal fractures (CR) and patients without (NCR). The primary outcome measure was response to treatment. Correlation between clinical and computational parameters, and influence of closed reduction on septoplasty outcomes were the secondary and tertiary outcomes, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to analyze data. Level of significance was fixed at 5% (&#x3b1;&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: The sample included 12 patients, of which 5 underwent CFD analysis. Pain score reduced from a pre-operative mean of 7.3 to 0.5 post-operatively (p<0.001). All patients demonstrated reduction of nasal obstruction (p<0.001) and deviation (p<0.001) post-operatively. CFD analysis revealed post-operative reduction of velocity (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.005) and Reynold's number (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.007), with positive correlation between nasal obstruction and CFD parameters. Though patients in the CR group demonstrated reduced nasal deviation and obstruction before septoplasty, as compared to the NCR group, their outcomes were comparable following septoplasty.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Early septoplasty improves functional and esthetic outcomes in patients with PTDNS. CFD simulation is a predictable method to objectively evaluate nasal function.}, }
@article {pmid35672348, year = {2022}, author = {Saadoon, ZH and Ali, FH and Hamzah, HK and Abed, AM and Hatami, M}, title = {Improving the performance of mini-channel heat sink by using wavy channel and different types of nanofluids.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {9402}, pmid = {35672348}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The combination of nano fluid and changing cross-section mini-channel heat sink effects have become a remarkable choice for the use of thermal devices such as miniature electronic devices to be effectively cooled. In this paper, the comparison of three dimensional straight and wavy channel configuration with using different types nano fluids are numerically investigated. The effects of wave amplitude and A particular type of volume fraction of (Copper Oxide CuO, Dimond Al2O3, Iron Oxide Fe3O4, Titanium Oxide TiO2 and Silver Ag-nano fluids are offered. Three amplitudes of waves (0.15 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.25 mm) and Reynold's number from 200 to 1000 and concentration volume varieties from 0 to 0.075 are used. The effect on thermal resistance, pressures drop, factor of friction of the mini channel is displayed. It is observed that the mini-channel sink's heat transfer efficiency is greatly enhanced compared to the straight channel in an event of adding distilled water as accoolant. The results indicate that nano fluid and wavy mini-channel can boost the heat sink's hydrothermal efficiency and Ag- water nano fluid in term of heat transfer, it outperforms other nanofluids an enhancement in the Nusselt number reached to 54% at concentration volume 0.075.}, }
@article {pmid35620608, year = {2022}, author = {Montalvo, S and Gomez, M and Lozano, A and Arias, S and Rodriguez, L and Morales-Acuna, F and Gurovich, AN}, title = {Differences in Blood Flow Patterns and Endothelial Shear Stress at the Carotid Artery Using Different Exercise Modalities and Intensities.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {857816}, pmid = {35620608}, issn = {1664-042X}, support = {SC2 GM140952/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Endothelial dysfunction is the first pathophysiological step of atherosclerosis, which is responsible for 90% of strokes. Exercise programs aim to reduce the risk of developing stroke; however, the majority of the beneficial factors of exercise are still unknown. Endothelial shear stress (ESS) is associated with endothelial homeostasis. Unfortunately, ESS has not been characterized during different exercise modalities and intensities in the carotid artery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine exercise-induced blood flow patterns in the carotid artery. Fourteen apparently healthy young adults (males = 7, females = 7) were recruited for this repeated measures study design. Participants completed maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) tests on a Treadmill, Cycle-ergometer, and Arm-ergometer, and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests of the Squat, Bench Press (Bench), and Biceps Curl (Biceps) on separate days. Thereafter, participants performed each exercise at 3 different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high) while a real-time ultrasound image and blood flow of the carotid artery was obtained. Blood flow patterns were assessed by estimating ESS via Womersley's estimation and turbulence via Reynold's number (Re). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Pairwise comparisons with Holm-Bonferroni correction were conducted with Hedge's g effect size to determine the magnitude of the difference. There was a main effect of intensity, exercise modality, and intensity * exercise modality interaction on both ESS (p < 0.001). Treadmill at a high intensity yielded the greatest ESS when compared to the other exercise modalities and intensities, while Bench Press and Biceps curls yielded the least ESS. All exercise intensities across all modalities resulted in turbulent blood flow. Clinicians must take into consideration how different exercise modalities and intensities affect ESS and Re of the carotid artery.}, }
@article {pmid35343677, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, H and Li, Y and Wang, Y and Ning, P and Shen, Y and Wei, X and Feng, Q and Liu, Y and Li, Z and Xu, C and Huang, S and Deng, C and Wang, P and Cheng, Y}, title = {An Engineered Bacteria-Hybrid Microrobot with the Magnetothermal Bioswitch for Remotely Collective Perception and Imaging-Guided Cancer Treatment.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {6118-6133}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.1c11601}, pmid = {35343677}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {Humans ; Bacteria ; Hypoxia ; *Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy ; Perception ; }, abstract = {Microrobots driven by multiple propelling forces hold great potential for noninvasively targeted delivery in the physiologic environment. However, the remotely collective perception and precise propelling in a low Reynold's number bioenvironment remain the major challenges of microrobots to achieve desired therapeutic effects in vivo. Here, we reported a biohybrid microrobot that integrated with magnetic, thermal, and hypoxia sensitivities and an internal fluorescent protein as the dual reporter of thermal and positioning signals for targeted cancer treatment. There were three key elements in the microrobotic system, including the magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-loaded probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle1917 (EcN@MNP) for spatially magnetic and hypoxia perception, a thermal-logic circuit engineered into the bacteria to control the biosynthesis of mCherry as the temperature and positioning reporter, and NDH-2 enzyme encoded in the EcN for enhanced anticancer therapy. According to the fluorescent-protein-based imaging feedback, the microrobot showed good thermal sensitivity and active targeting ability to the tumor area in a collective manner under the magnetic field. The cancer cell apoptosis was efficiently triggered in vitro and in vivo by the hybrid microrobot coupled with the effects of magnetothermal ablation and NDH-2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. Our study demonstrates that the biohybrid EcN microrobot is an ideal platform to integrate the physical, biological, and chemical properties for collective perception and propelling in targeted cancer treatment.}, }
@article {pmid37101581, year = {2022}, author = {Sun, R and Yu, P and Zuo, P and Alvarez, PJJ}, title = {Bacterial Concentrations and Water Turbulence Influence the Importance of Conjugation Versus Phage-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer in Suspended Growth Systems.}, journal = {ACS environmental Au}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {156-165}, pmid = {37101581}, issn = {2694-2518}, abstract = {Despite the abundance of phage-borne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, the frequency of ARG propagation via phage-mediated transduction (relative to via conjugation) is poorly understood. We investigated the influence of bacterial concentration and water turbulence level [quantified as Reynold's number (Re)] in suspended growth systems on the frequency of ARG transfer by two mechanisms: delivery by a lysogenic phage (phage λ carrying gentamycin-resistance gene, genR) and conjugation mediated by the self-transmissible plasmid RP4. Using Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the recipient, phage delivery had a comparable frequency (1.2 ± 0.9 × 10[-6]) to that of conjugation (1.1 ± 0.9 × 10[-6]) in suspensions with low cell concentration (10[4] CFU/mL) and moderate turbulence (Re = 5 × 10[4]). Turbulence affected cell (or phage)-to-cell contact rates and detachment (due to shear force), and thus, it affected the relative importance of conjugation versus phage delivery. At 10[7] CFU/mL, no significant difference was observed between the frequencies of ARG transfer by the two mechanisms under quiescent water conditions (2.8 ± 0.3 × 10[-5] for conjugation vs 2.2 ± 0.5 × 10[-5] for phage delivery, p = 0.19) or when Re reached 5 × 10[5] (3.4 ± 1.5 × 10[-5] for conjugation vs 2.9 ± 1.0 × 10[-5] for phage delivery, p = 0.52). Transcriptomic analysis of genes related to conjugation and phage delivery and simulation of cell (or phage)-to-cell collisions at different Re values corroborate that the importance of phage delivery relative to conjugation increases under either quiescent or turbulent conditions. This finding challenges the prevailing view that conjugation is the dominant ARG transfer mechanism and underscores the need to consider and mitigate potential ARG dissemination via transduction.}, }
@article {pmid33907644, year = {2021}, author = {Kesserwani, H}, title = {Space Flight-Associated Neuroocular Syndrome, Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, and Pseudotumor Cerebri: Phenotypic Descriptions, Pathogenesis, and Hydrodynamics.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e14103}, pmid = {33907644}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Recent data from astronauts who have returned to Earth from a long-duration space flight have unequivocally distinguished spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and pseudotumor cerebri (PTC). We review the semiology and pathogenesis of these three entities, noting that optic disc edema is what unites them, and this where the similarities between SANS and IIH/PTC end. We distinguish between PTC and IIH and between SANS and IIH/PTC and review the medical and surgical therapy of IIH/PTC. The key to understanding the phenomenon of optic disc edema is the geometry of the optic nerve sheath, which is a simulacrum of an inverted Venturi tube. This allows us to theoretically study the hydrodynamics of the optic nerve sheath by applying simple physical laws, including the Venturi effect, Poiseuille's law, and Reynold's number, and we speculate on nature's design and the correlation of form and function in understanding how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the optic nerve sheath as it approaches the optic nerve head. Recent spectacular data on the histology of the blood nerve-barrier of the optic nerve disc and the glymphatic system of the optic nerve sheath will also help us understand the development of optic disc edema due to the microgravity-induced cephalad shift of CSF in SANS. We will explore the role of the sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump on choroid plexus epithelial cells and the aquaporin-4 water receptors located on astrocyte end-feet and their complex interactions with the tetracyclines, mineralocorticoids, and therapeutic agents with carbonic anhydrase activity. We also adumbrate the complex interactions between obesity, vitamin A, and 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and how the aquaporin-4 receptor relates to these interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30985778, year = {2019}, author = {Occhicone, A and Sinibaldi, A and Sonntag, F and Munzert, P and Danz, N and Michelotti, F}, title = {Study of fluid dynamics at the boundary wall of a microchannel by Bloch surface waves.}, journal = {Optics letters}, volume = {44}, number = {8}, pages = {1932-1935}, doi = {10.1364/OL.44.001932}, pmid = {30985778}, issn = {1539-4794}, abstract = {Understanding how a fluid flows at the boundaries when it is confined at the microscale/nanoscale is crucial for a broad range of engineering and biology applications. We propose an experimental technique based on Bloch surface waves sustained by a one-dimensional photonic crystal to evaluate the speed of the contact line, i.e., the triple junction separating three phases, in the low Reynold's number regime, and with a nanometric resolution. Here, we report on the experimental characterization of the translatory motion of the contact line that separates two water solutions with a relatively high refractive index mismatch (7.35×10[-3]) and its slipping over a solid surface. The advantages are the relative simplicity and economy of the experimental configuration.}, }
@article {pmid30761361, year = {2018}, author = {Shah, RA and Khan, A and Shuaib, M}, title = {On the study of flow between unsteady squeezing rotating discs with cross diffusion effects under the influence of variable magnetic field.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, pages = {e00925}, pmid = {30761361}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The aim of this article is to provide an analytical and numerical investigation to the viscous fluid flow, heat and mass transfer under the influence of a variable magnetic field. The governing system of partial differential equations are transformed by means of similarity transformations to a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved by Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and BVP4c. The effects of involved physical parameters are illustrated for the velocity components, magnetic field components, heat and mass transfers. Authentification of HAM results for various involved physical parameters are supported by comparison with numerical results obtained by BVP4c. It is observed that increasing distance between discs increase pressure on lower disc and torque on upper disc. It is also observed that increase in axial component of magnetic field increase fluid's axial velocity and increase in magnetic Reynold's number decrease magnetic flux it lower disc. Heat flux from lower to upper disc is increased by increase in Dufour number.}, }
@article {pmid30009583, year = {2017}, author = {Malviya, R and Sharma, P and Dubey, S}, title = {Kheri (Acacia chundra, family: Mimosaceae) gum: Characterization using analytical, mathematical and pharmaceutical approaches.}, journal = {Polimery w medycynie}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {65-76}, doi = {10.17219/pim/76515}, pmid = {30009583}, issn = {0370-0747}, mesh = {Acacia/*chemistry ; Excipients ; Particle Size ; Plant Gums/*chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Polysaccharides/chemistry ; Rheology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Natural polymers have been used in medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry. They should be characterized before their possible applications in different industries.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to characterize Kheri (Acacia chundra, family: Mimosaceae) gum using analytical, mathematical and pharmaceutical approaches.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Crude Kheri gum (KG) was purified using distilled water as a solvent and ethanol as a precipitating agent. KG was characterized in terms of phytochemical screening, micromeritic properties, microbial load, ash value, rheological behavior, solid state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectra and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies for their possible applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.<br><br>RESULTS: Studies show that KG contains carbohydrates, while protein, fat, volatile oils, alkaloids and glycosides are absent. 1% aqueous solution of polysaccharide showed 25.58 &#xd7; 103 kJ/kg activation energy and 1.39 Reynold's number. Viscosity average molecular weight of purified gum was found 1.73 &#xd7; 105 D. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., change in enthalpy &#x394;Hv and change in enthalpy &#x394;Hv, were found to be 12.26 &#xd7; 103 kJ/mol and 24.47 kJ/mol, respectively. Mathematical approach also determined the rod shaped conformation of KG in aqueous solution. IR spectroscopic study shows the presence of free (COO-) and esterified (COO-R) carboxylic acid, ether (C-O stretching), galacturonic acid and mannose in polysaccharide 1H NMR study predicts presence of tetrahydropyran hydrogen in molecule. Furthermore, KG was also characterized as a suspending agent using paracetamol as a model drug. Flow rate, pH, particle size and settling behavior of suspensions were evaluated. Initial particle size of dispersed phase particles does not change significantly after 45 days.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: From the findings of the research it can be concluded that KG can be used as an excipient in cosmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals and its characteristic rheological behavior may attract rheologists.}, }
@article {pmid28505761, year = {2017}, author = {Pride, SR and Vasco, DW and Flekkoy, EG and Holtzman, R}, title = {Dispersive transport and symmetry of the dispersion tensor in porous media.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {95}, number = {4-1}, pages = {043103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.043103}, pmid = {28505761}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The macroscopic laws controlling the advection and diffusion of solute at the scale of the porous continuum are derived in a general manner that does not place limitations on the geometry and time evolution of the pore space. Special focus is given to the definition and symmetry of the dispersion tensor that is controlling how a solute plume spreads out. We show that the dispersion tensor is not symmetric and that the asymmetry derives from the advective derivative in the pore-scale advection-diffusion equation. When flow is spatially variable across a voxel, such as in the presence of a permeability gradient, the amount of asymmetry can be large. As first shown by Auriault [J.-L. Auriault et al. Transp. Porous Med. 85, 771 (2010)TPMEEI0169-391310.1007/s11242-010-9591-y] in the limit of low Péclet number, we show that at any Péclet number, the dispersion tensor D_{ij} satisfies the flow-reversal symmetry D_{ij}(+q)=D_{ji}(-q) where q is the mean flow in the voxel under analysis; however, Reynold's number must be sufficiently small that the flow is reversible when the force driving the flow changes sign. We also demonstrate these symmetries using lattice-Boltzmann simulations and discuss some subtle aspects of how to measure the dispersion tensor numerically. In particular, the numerical experiments demonstrate that the off-diagonal components of the dispersion tensor are antisymmetric which is consistent with the analytical dependence on the average flow gradients that we propose for these off-diagonal components.}, }
@article {pmid27480731, year = {2016}, author = {Akbar, NS and Butt, AW}, title = {Bio mathematical venture for the metallic nanoparticles due to ciliary motion.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {43-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.06.002}, pmid = {27480731}, issn = {1872-7565}, mesh = {Cilia/*physiology ; Computer Graphics ; Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present investigation is associated with the contemporary study of viscous flow in a vertical tube with ciliary motion.<br><br>METHODS/RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The main flow problem has been modeled using cylindrical coordinates; flow equations are simplified to ordinary differential equations using longwave length and low Reynold's number approximation; and exact solutions have been obtained for velocity, pressure gradient and temperature. Results acquired are discussed graphically for better understanding. Streamlines for the velocity profile are plotted to discuss the trapping phenomenon. It is seen that with an increment in the Grashof number, the velocity of the governing fluids starts to decrease significantly.}, }
@article {pmid25533171, year = {2014}, author = {Astumian, RD}, title = {Enhanced diffusion, chemotaxis, and pumping by active enzymes: progress toward an organizing principle of molecular machines.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {11917-11924}, doi = {10.1021/nn507039b}, pmid = {25533171}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Chemotaxis ; Enzymes/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; }, abstract = {Active enzymes diffuse more rapidly than inactive enzymes. This phenomenon may be due to catalysis-driven conformational changes that result in "swimming" through the aqueous solution. Recent additional work has demonstrated that active enzymes can undergo chemotaxis toward regions of high substrate concentration, whereas inactive enzymes do not, and, further, that active enzymes immobilized at surfaces can directionally pump liquids. In this Perspective, I will discuss these phenomena in light of Purcell's work on directed motion at low Reynold's number and in the context of microscopic reversibility. The conclusions suggest that a deep understanding of catalytically driven enhanced diffusion of enzymes and related phenomena can lead toward a general organizing principle for the design, characterization, and operation of molecular machines.}, }
@article {pmid24973405, year = {2014}, author = {Rembold, CM and Suratt, PM}, title = {Airway turbulence and changes in upper airway hydraulic diameter can be estimated from the intensity of high frequency inspiratory sounds in sleeping adults.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, volume = {592}, number = {17}, pages = {3831-3839}, pmid = {24973405}, issn = {1469-7793}, support = {M01 RR00847/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; *Inhalation ; Larynx/pathology/*physiopathology ; Models, Biological ; Nose/pathology/*physiopathology ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/pathology/*physiopathology ; *Snoring ; }, abstract = {Obstructive sleep disordered breathing can cause death and significant morbidity in adults and children. We previously found that children with smaller upper airways (measured by magnetic resonance imaging while awake) generated loud high frequency inspiratory sounds (HFIS, defined as inspiratory sounds > 2 kHz) while they slept. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine what characteristics of airflow predicted HFIS intensity, and (b) to determine if we could calculate changes in hydraulic diameter (D) in both an in vitro model and in the upper airways of sleeping humans. In an in vitro model, high frequency sound intensity was an estimate of airflow turbulence as reflected by the Reynold's number (Re). D of the in vitro model was calculated using Re, the pressure gradient, Swamee-Jain formula and Darcy formula. D was proportional to but smaller than the actual diameters (r(2) = 0.94). In humans, we measured HFIS intensity and the pressure gradient across the upper airway (estimated with oesophageal pressure, Pes) during polysomnography in four adult volunteers and applied the same formulae to calculate D. At apnoea termination when the airway opens, we observed (1) an increase in HFIS intensity suggesting an increase in turbulence (higher Re), and (2) a larger calculated D. This method allows dynamic estimation of changes in relative upper airway hydraulic diameter (D) in sleeping humans with narrowed upper airways.}, }
@article {pmid23325520, year = {2014}, author = {Nocke, H and Meyer, F and Lessmann, V}, title = {[Aspects of vascular physiology in clinical and vascular surgical practice: basic principles of vascular mechanics].}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie}, volume = {139}, number = {5}, pages = {499-507}, doi = {10.1055/s-0032-1327967}, pmid = {23325520}, issn = {1438-9592}, mesh = {Blood Pressure/*physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*physiopathology/*surgery ; *Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Hemodynamics/*physiology ; Humans ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*physiopathology ; Pulsatile Flow/*physiology ; Reference Values ; Vascular Stiffness/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To be able to evaluate properly a vascular problem, basic concepts of vascular physiology need to be considered, as they have been taught in physiology for a long time. This article deals with selected definitions and laws of passive vascular mechanics, subdivided into parameters of vascular filling and parameters of vascular flow. PARAMETERS OF VASCULAR FILLING: During vascular filling the transmural pressure distends the vascular wall until it is balanced by the wall tension. The extent of this distension up to the point of balance depends on the elasticity of the wall. Transmural pressure, wall tension and elasticity are defined, and their respective importance is described by clinical examples, e.g. aneurysm and varix. PARAMETERS OF VASCULAR FLOW: The vascular flow can be divided into stationary and pulsating components. Both components are relevant for the bloodstream. Since the blood flow is directed in the circuit, it can be understood in first approximation as stationary ("direct current").The direct current model uses only the average values of the pulsating variables. The great advantage of the direct current model is that it can be described with simple laws, which are not valid without reservation, but often allow a first theoretical approach to a vascular problem: Ohm's law, driving pressure, flow resistance, Hagen-Poiseuille law, wall shear stress, law of continuity, Bernoulli's equation and Reynold's number are described and associated with clinical examples.The heart is a pressure-suction pump and produces a pulsating flow, the pulse. The pulse runs with pulse wave velocity, which is much larger than the blood flow velocity, through the arterial vascular system. During propagation, the pulse has to overcome the wave resistance (impedance). Wherever the wave resistance changes, e.g., at vascular bifurcations and in the periphery, it comes to reflections. The incident (forward) and reflected (backward) waves are superimposed to yield the resulting pulse wave. This pulse wave allows one to distinguish pressure and flow pulse by measurement. Both are described separately, and their respective clinical meaning is illustrated by appropriate examples, e.g., arterial stiffness and pre-/postocclusive high/low resistance flow, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid22852428, year = {2012}, author = {Karadagli, F and Rittmann, BE and McAvoy, DC and Richardson, JE}, title = {Effect of turbulence on the disintegration rate of flushable consumer products.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {84}, number = {5}, pages = {424-433}, doi = {10.2175/106143012x13354606450960}, pmid = {22852428}, issn = {1061-4303}, mesh = {*Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; *Household Products ; Hydrodynamics ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {A previously developed model for the physical disintegration of flushable consumer products is expanded by investigating the effects of turbulence on the rate of physical disintegration. Disintegration experiments were conducted with cardboard tampon applicators at 100, 150, and 200 rotations per minute, corresponding to Reynold's numbers of 25,900, 39,400, and 52,900, respectively, which were estimated by using computational fluid dynamics modeling. The experiments were simulated with the disintegration model to obtain best-fit values of the kinetic and distribution parameters. Computed rate coefficients (ki) for all solid sizes (i.e., greater than 8, 4 to 8, 2 to 4, and 1 to 2 mm) increased strongly with Reynold's number or rotational speed. Thus, turbulence strongly affected the disintegration rate of flushable products, and the relationship of the ki values to Reynold's number can be included in mathematical representations of physical disintegration.}, }
@article {pmid22779677, year = {2012}, author = {Raghu, RC and Schofield, J}, title = {Simulation of tethered oligomers in nanochannels using multi-particle collision dynamics.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {014901}, doi = {10.1063/1.4731662}, pmid = {22779677}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {The effect of a high Reynold's number, pressure-driven flow of a compressible gas on the conformation of an oligomer tethered to the wall of a square channel is studied under both ideal solvent and poor solvent conditions using a hybrid multiparticle collision dynamics and molecular dynamics algorithm. Unlike previous studies, the flow field contains an elongational component in addition to a shear component as well as fluid slip near the walls and results in a Schmidt number for the polymer beads that is less than unity. In both solvent regimes the oligomer is found to extend in the direction of flow. Under the ideal solvent conditions, torsional twisting of the chain and aperiodic cyclical dynamics are observed for the end of the oligomer. Under poor solvent conditions, a metastable helix forms in the end of the chain despite the lack of any attractive potential between beads in the oligomeric chain. The formation of the helix is postulated to be the result of a solvent induced chain collapse that has been confined to a single dimension by a strong flow field.}, }
@article {pmid22538166, year = {2012}, author = {Banerjee, S and Sutanto, S and Kleijn, JM and van Roosmalen, MJ and Witkamp, GJ and Stuart, MA}, title = {Colloidal interactions in liquid CO2--a dry-cleaning perspective.}, journal = {Advances in colloid and interface science}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {11-24}, doi = {10.1016/j.cis.2012.03.005}, pmid = {22538166}, issn = {1873-3727}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*chemistry ; *Clothing ; Colloids/chemistry ; Detergents/*chemistry ; Soil/analysis/chemistry ; Solvents/chemistry ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry ; Tetrachloroethylene/*chemistry ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Liquid CO(2) is a viable alternative for the toxic and environmentally harmful solvents traditionally used in dry-cleaning industry. Although liquid CO(2) dry-cleaning is being applied already at a commercial scale, it is still a relatively young technique which poses many challenges. The focus of this review is on the causes of the existing problems and directions to solve them. After presenting an overview of the state-of-the-art, we analyze the detergency challenges from the fundamentals of colloid and interface science. The properties of liquid CO(2) such as dielectric constant, density, Hamaker constant, refractive index, viscosity and surface tension are presented and in the subsequent chapters their effects on CO(2) dry-cleaning operation are delineated. We show, based on theory, that the van der Waals forces between a model soil (silica) and model fabric (cellulose) through liquid CO(2) are much stronger compared to those across water or the traditional dry-cleaning solvent PERC (perchloroethylene). Prevention of soil particle redeposition in liquid CO(2) by electrostatic stabilization is challenging and the possibility of using electrolytes having large anionic parts is discussed. Furthermore, the role of different additives used in dry-cleaning, such as water, alcohol and surfactants, is reviewed. Water is not only used as an aid to remove polar soils, but also enhances adhesion between fabric and soil by forming capillary bridges. Its role as a minor component in liquid CO(2) is complex as it depends on many factors, such as the chemical nature of fabrics and soil, and also on the state of water itself, whether present as molecular solution in liquid CO(2) or phase separated droplets. The phenomena of wicking and wetting in liquid CO(2) systems are predicted from the Washburn-Lucas equation for fabrics of various surface energies and pore sizes. It is shown that nearly complete wetting is desirable for good detergency. The effect of mechanical action and fluid dynamic conditions on dry-cleaning is analyzed theoretically. From this it follows that in liquid CO(2) an order of magnitude higher Reynold's number is required to exceed the binding forces between fabric and soil as opposed to PERC or water, mainly due to the strong van der Waals forces and the low viscosity of CO(2) at dry-cleaning operational conditions.}, }
@article {pmid21491262, year = {2011}, author = {Nadeem, S and Akbar, NS and Hayat, T and Hendi, AA}, title = {Numerical and series solutions of the peristaltic motion of an Oldroyd 8-constant fluid in an endoscope.}, journal = {Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {987-993}, doi = {10.1080/10255842.2010.503960}, pmid = {21491262}, issn = {1476-8259}, mesh = {*Endoscopes ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Peristalsis ; }, abstract = {In the present article, we have presented the peristaltic flow of an Oldroyd 8-constant fluid in an endoscope. The governing equations for the flow problem are simplified using long wavelength and low Reynold's number approximations. The solutions of the simplified problem are calculated using (i) Homotopy analysis method and (ii) Shooting method. The comparison of both the solutions shows a very good agreement between the results. The graphical results for the velocity field and stresses are presented to show the physical behaviour of all the parameters appearing in the problem.}, }
@article {pmid18471808, year = {2008}, author = {Jayalalitha, G and Shanthoshini Deviha, V and Uthayakumar, R}, title = {Fractal model for blood flow in cardiovascular system.}, journal = {Computers in biology and medicine}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {684-693}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2008.03.002}, pmid = {18471808}, issn = {0010-4825}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Blood Flow Velocity/physiology ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; *Computer Simulation ; Coronary Circulation/*physiology ; Elasticity ; *Fractals ; Heart/anatomy &amp; histology ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Vascular Resistance/physiology ; }, abstract = {Blood flow in the cardiovascular system is the central point of experimental and theoretical investigation. The objective of the study is to determine the blood flow in the cardiovascular system using Darcy's law, Reynold's number and Poiseuille's equation. A possible way of modeling of self-similar biological tree-like structure is proposed. Special attention is paid to the blood vessel system, with elaboration on a model with certain spatial arrangement of the vessels and reasonable dependence of the blood pressure on the vessels diameter such that the organism has a homogeneous oxygen supply. Flow analysis in the above systems is analyzed by invasion percolation. The blood flow in the cardiovascular system has been numerically calculated for both normal and abnormal patients. A new algorithm has been introduced to visit the blood vessels in a robust manner which avoids loops and provides us the results in a simple manner.}, }
@article {pmid18273548, year = {2008}, author = {Yamaguchi, R and Ujiie, H and Haida, S and Nakazawa, N and Hori, T}, title = {Velocity profile and wall shear stress of saccular aneurysms at the anterior communicating artery.}, journal = {Heart and vessels}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {60-66}, pmid = {18273548}, issn = {0910-8327}, mesh = {Blood Flow Velocity/*physiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/*physiology ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/*physiopathology ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ; Models, Theoretical ; Severity of Illness Index ; Shear Strength ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {It has recently been shown that the aspect ratio (dome/neck) of an aneurysm correlates well with intraaneurysmal blood flow. Aneurysms with an aspect ratio larger than 1.6 carry a higher risk of rupture. We examined the effect of aspect ratio (AR) on intra-aneurysmal flow using experimental models. Flow visualization with particle imaging velocimetry and measurement of wall shear stress using laser Doppler anemometry were performed on three different aneurysm models: AR 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Intraaneurysmal flow consists of inflow, circulation, and outflow. Rapid inflow impinged on the distal neck creating a stagnant point. Rapid flow and maximum wall shear stress were observed in the vicinity of the stagnant point. By changing the Reynold's number, the stagnant point moved. By increasing the AR of the aneurysm, vortices inside the aneurysm sac closed and very slow flow was observed, resulting in very low shear stress markedly at a Reynold's number of 250, compatible with the diastolic phase. In the aneurysm model AR 2.0, both rapid flow at the neck and vortices inside the aneurysm are sufficient to activate platelets, making a thrombus that may anchor on the dome where very slow flow takes place. Hemodynamics in aneurysms larger than AR 2.0 definitely contribute to thrombus formation.}, }
@article {pmid16883682, year = {2006}, author = {Wu, Y and Ghaly, ES}, title = {Effect of hydrodynamic environment on tablet dissolution using flow-through dissolution apparatus.}, journal = {Puerto Rico health sciences journal}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {75-83}, pmid = {16883682}, issn = {0738-0658}, mesh = {Solubility ; *Tablets ; Water ; }, abstract = {The main objective of this research is to investigate the principles underlying the dissolution process, study the phenomena of drug release in laminar flow, and better understand the effect of hydrodynamic condition on drug dissolution, in order to predict drug dissolution from a solid dosage form. Two drug models were selected, theophylline (Class I) and naproxen (Class II), and were formulated into conventional tablets containing 105 mg theophylline or 300 mg naproxen using wet granulation method. Additionally theophylline (105 mg) and naproxen (300 mg) matrices containing 30% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) polymer were prepared by direct compression and tested for dissolution using both USP II and IV dissolution apparatus. Tablets were tested for dissolution (USP IV) using different cell diameter, flow rate, and different position of the tablet inside the cell. In general, the drug dissolution at a given time is a direct function of the flow rate, increasing the flow rate increases drug release. The use of a small cell resulted in faster drug dissolution and higher Reynold's Number than using a large cell. Tablet position in the cell, also has an effect on drug dissolution, inserting the tablet in a horizontal position inside the cell gave faster dissolution than a vertical position. The hydrodynamic conditions did not affect the drug dissolution from HPMC controlled release tablets indicating that the drug dissolution is controlled by the matrix. An equation to predict drug dissolution from conventional tablets was established: Sh=-21.36+10.58Re(1/2) where R2=0.98. This study demonstrated that hydrodynamic conditions, and type of dissolution testing apparatus used have an effect on dissolution rate, mass transfer rate, and film thickness underlying dissolution process.}, }
@article {pmid11522303, year = {2001}, author = {Long, Q and Xu, XY and Ramnarine, KV and Hoskins, P}, title = {Numerical investigation of physiologically realistic pulsatile flow through arterial stenosis.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, volume = {34}, number = {10}, pages = {1229-1242}, doi = {10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00100-2}, pmid = {11522303}, issn = {0021-9290}, mesh = {Arterial Occlusive Diseases/*physiopathology ; Blood Flow Velocity ; *Computer Simulation ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Pulsatile Flow/*physiology ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Numerical simulations of pulsatile blood flow in straight tube stenosis models were performed to investigate the poststenotic flow phenomena. In this study, three axisymmetrical and three asymmetrical stenosis models with area reduction of 25%, 50% and 75% were constructed. A measured human common carotid artery blood flow waveform was used as the upstream flow condition which has a mean Reynold's number of 300. All calculations were performed with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Flow features such as velocity profiles, flow separation zone (FSZ), and wall shear stress (WSS) distributions in the poststenotic region for all models are presented. The results have demonstrated that the formation and development of FSZs in the poststenotic region are very complex, especially in the flow deceleration phase. In axisymmetric stenoses the poststenotic flow is more sensitive to changes in the degree of stenosis than in asymmetric models. For severe stenoses, the stenosis influence length is shorter in asymmetrical models than in axisymmetrical cases. WSS oscillations (between positive and negative values) have been observed at various downstream locations in some models. The amplitude of the oscillation depends strongly on the axial location and the degree of stenosis.}, }
@article {pmid10878326, year = {2000}, author = {Cammarn, SR and Sakr, A}, title = {Predicting dissolution via hydrodynamics: salicylic acid tablets in flow through cell dissolution.}, journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {199-209}, doi = {10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00415-4}, pmid = {10878326}, issn = {0378-5173}, mesh = {Models, Theoretical ; Pharmacopoeias as Topic ; Salicylic Acid/administration &amp; dosage/*chemistry ; Solubility ; Solvents ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Tablets ; United States ; }, abstract = {A model was established for the dissolution of non-disintegrating salicylic acid tablets as a function of hydrodynamic conditions in the Flow Through Cell system (USP Apparatus 4). The approach was to model the dissolution rate of the material as a function of the Reynold's number, the dimensionless engineering term that describes the degree of turbulence. The dissolution rate of USP calibrator salicylic acid tablets was measured as a function of tablet size, orientation within the cell, dissolution media flow rate, and cell size. All of these variables were found to have an effect on dissolution rate, consistent with theory. An equation to predict this dissolution was established as: N(SH)=-21.1+12.6xN(RE)(0.5), R(2)=0.99; 10<N(re)<292.}, }
@article {pmid9496765, year = {1996}, author = {Hrncír, E}, title = {Flow resistance of airways under hyperbaric conditions.}, journal = {Physiological research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {153-158}, pmid = {9496765}, issn = {0862-8408}, mesh = {*Air Pressure ; Airway Resistance/*physiology ; Gases ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Trachea/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Based on the known relations governing flow resistance of a tube during laminar and turbulent flow and the value of the so-called Reynold's number the following conclusions were derived: 1. The flow resistance of airways increases under hyperbaric conditions because a) the turbulent flow participates in the airways to a greater extent due to its gradual extension to minor airways, and b) during turbulent flow the flow resistance is directly proportional to the pressure of the inhaled gas. 2. If the pressure in the surrounding environment increases n-times, this has an impact on the distribution of laminar and turbulent flow in the airways and their flow resistance, similarly as if the flow rates would increase n-times under normobaric conditions. 3. Dynamic indicators of lung ventilation corresponding to higher flow rates (e.g. PEF - peak expiratory flow) are reduced under hyperbaric conditions to a greater extent than the dynamic parameters corresponding to lower flow rates (e.g. FMEF25-75 - forced midexpiratory flow) determined usually by conditions in the minor airways, where the flow usually remains laminar or intermediate.}, }
@article {pmid8746940, year = {1995}, author = {Wellnhofer, E and Biamino, G and Sauer, HU and Trebeljahr, A and Stalke, J and Ragg, C and Oswald, H and Gotze, S and Fleck, E and Felix, R}, title = {Changes of fluid-dynamic parameters in peripheral stenoses with transcutaneous interventions.}, journal = {European heart journal}, volume = {16 Suppl J}, number = {}, pages = {60-70}, doi = {10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_j.60}, pmid = {8746940}, issn = {0195-668X}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angiography ; *Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Blood Viscosity ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/*physiopathology/therapy ; Ultrasonography, Interventional ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Peripheral vessels provide a useful in vivo haemodynamic model allowing evaluation of local intravascular fluid dynamics. Velocity measurements using a 0.018 inch Doppler-tipped angioplasty guidewire, quantitative angiography and laboratory data were gathered from 45 patients with a total of 48 percutaneous transluminal laser assisted angioplasties (PTLA) in the superficial femoral, in the iliac, in the popliteal artery and in the peroneal artery. From these data, blood flow, whole blood viscosity, Reynold's numbers, Womersley numbers and shear stress were calculated, evaluated as to their changes post PTLA and correlated with clinical improvement at early follow-up. The clinical result was quantified as categorial improvement according to the American Heart Association guidelines. The primary angiographic results of angioplasty were satisfactory in all patients. Clinically 17/45 patients showed a marked, 6/45 a moderate, 18/45 a minimal, and 4/45 no improvement. The mean values of maximal peak velocity at stenosis decreased from 235 +/- 28 cms-1 to 84 +/- 8 cms-1 after PTLA (P < 0.01). The minimal intrastenotic cross section increased from 7.7 +/- 0.9 to 21.9 +/- 1.6 mm2 (P < 0.01). Mean trans-stenotic flow increased after intervention by about 50% (P < 0.01) and improved further by 135% after administration of adenosine triphosphosphate i.a. (P < 0.01). Reynold's numbers were elevated intrastenotically (1285 +/- 198) pre-intervention as compared to values proximal (564 +/- 81) and distal (449 +/- 66) to the stenosis and were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) at stenosis by PTLA, whereas values proximally and distally increased significantly (P < 0.01) post PTLA (proximal 829 +/- 84, intra 773 +/- 107, distal 676 +/- 98). Shear stress, reflecting mechanical interaction between flow and vessel wall, was elevated at stenosis pre-intervention to 44 +/- 8.9 Pa and reduced at post-stenoric vessel sites to 2.4 +/- 0.5 Pa. PTLA caused a decrease in stenosis to 6.3 +/- 1 Pa (P < 0.01) and an increase distally to 4.6 +/- 1 Pa (P < 0.01). Whereas in single stenoses removal of the obstruction was associated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in trans-stenotic flow and shear stress distally, there was only auenuated increase in trans-stenotic flow in multiple lesions despite an angiographically good PTLA result. Shear stress distally remained low in those patients. Velocities and Reynold's numbers were lower in these vessels even pre PTLA. Residual flow, Reynold's number and minimal cross-section pre-intervention correlated significantly with clinical outcome. Pooling cases with no or minimal, as opposed to those with marked or moderate improvement, 81% of patients were correctly classified using the Reynold's numbers pre- and post-PTLA.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Peak velocity monitoring is feasible and safe during angioplasty. Velocity provides clinically relevant physiological information in addition to angiography. Combining quantitative angiography, velocity measurements and laboratory data allow the calculation of blood flow, Reynold's numbers and shear stress, thereby providing complex fluid dynamic information. Thus the evaluation of haemo-dynamics in single and multiple obstructions before and after intervention is improved. Fluid dynamic parameters pre-and post-PTLA are significantly correlated with clinical short-term result.}, }
@article {pmid7877228, year = {1995}, author = {Staalsen, NH and Ulrich, M and Winther, J and Pedersen, EM and How, T and Nygaard, H}, title = {The anastomosis angle does change the flow fields at vascular end-to-side anastomoses in vivo.}, journal = {Journal of vascular surgery}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {460-471}, doi = {10.1016/s0741-5214(95)70288-1}, pmid = {7877228}, issn = {0741-5214}, mesh = {Anastomosis, Surgical/*methods ; Animals ; Aorta/diagnostic imaging/physiology/*surgery ; *Blood Flow Velocity ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorheology ; Swine ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to study the influence of the anastomosis angle on the flow fields at end-to-side anastomoses in vivo.<br><br>METHODS: Polyurethane grafts of similar internal diameter to that of the abdominal aorta (8 mm) were implanted from the suprarenal to the infrarenal level in 10 pigs. Three angles of standardized distal end-to-side anastomoses (90 degrees, 45 degrees, and 15 degrees) were studied. The anatomic position of the anastomoses was constant, the proximal outflow segment was occluded, and the flow rate through the graft was controlled. Flow visualization was accomplished by a color-flow Doppler ultrasound system.<br><br>RESULTS: The angulation was reproduced within 10%. Gross hemodynamic parameters were stable, and the similarity parameters were typical for peripheral bypasses (mean Reynold's number is 424 and Womersley's parameter is 5.9). The flow fields were clearly dependent on the anastomosis angle. A zone of recirculation (approximately 5% of the flow area), extending from the toe to one diameter downstream, was found in the 45-degree and 90-degree anastomoses. No flow disturbances were detected at the toe and one diameter downstream with an anastomosis angle of 15 degrees. At the heel different recirculating flow patterns were found in the different anastomoses.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The anastomosis angle does change the flow fields at vascular end-to-side anastomoses in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid8125899, year = {1993}, author = {Quail, AW and Cottee, DB and White, SW}, title = {Limitations of a pulsed Doppler velocimeter for blood flow measurement in small vessels.}, journal = {Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {2745-2754}, doi = {10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2745}, pmid = {8125899}, issn = {8750-7587}, mesh = {Animals ; Aorta, Abdominal/physiology ; Coronary Circulation/physiology ; Dogs ; Femoral Artery/physiology ; Hematocrit ; Microcirculation/*physiology ; Rabbits ; Renal Artery/physiology ; Rheology/*instrumentation ; Ultrasonics ; }, abstract = {The performance of a new and simplified flow probe construction and the Iowa 545C-4 pulsed Doppler velocimeter was evaluated for measurement of blood flow over several months in small arteries of awake animals. Calibrations were performed over a wide range of intraluminal pressures and physiological flow velocities. Pressure-dependent differences in slope of the Doppler shift-volume flow relationship were detected in some probes. Signal strength was maintained at hematocrits > 10%. Distortion of pulsed Doppler signal peaks occurred in the conscious rabbit at peak aortic velocities, at which Reynold's number for turbulence was exceeded and the Doppler shift surpassed the Nyquist limit of 31.25 kHz for the velocimeter. Although the Doppler shift-volume flow relationship is linear at < 5 kHz, in some cases at higher Doppler shifts and blood flow velocities the relationship may become nonlinear, thus causing the volume flow rate to be underestimated by up to 38%. The cause of this phenomenon may be "aliasing" and/or the consequence of the range control capability of the velocimeter selectively sampling changing velocity profiles and flow disturbances in the central stream at higher velocities.}, }
@article {pmid8511826, year = {1993}, author = {Bascom, PA and Cobbold, RS and Routh, HF and Johnston, KW}, title = {On the Doppler signal from a steady flow asymmetrical stenosis model: effects of turbulence.}, journal = {Ultrasound in medicine &amp; biology}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {197-210}, doi = {10.1016/0301-5629(93)90110-a}, pmid = {8511826}, issn = {0301-5629}, mesh = {*Blood Flow Velocity ; Constriction ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Models, Structural ; Rheology ; *Ultrasonography ; }, abstract = {A steady flow model with a 70% (by area) asymmetrical stenosis was used to examine how changing flow regimes (laminar to turbulent) affect the Doppler signal. Human red blood cells (RBCs) (Hct = 42%) in saline were employed at a flow rate corresponding to a Reynold's number of approximately 545. A dilute suspension of 4% fixed RBCs was also used for the purpose of backscattered power comparison. Measurements of the Doppler signal enabled the backscattered power, time domain statistics, frequency spectra, frequency domain statistics, various spectral indices, autocorrelation function and decorrelation time to be calculated as a function of distance from the stenosis. It is shown that the characteristics of the Doppler signal measured at each site provide information on the nature of the insonated flow field and these correlate well with those expected. The results demonstrate that the onset of turbulence not only affects the Doppler spectrum but also has a profound effect on the signal power, the decorrelation time and the signal statistics.}, }
@article {pmid2252781, year = {1990}, author = {Van Meurs, KP and Mikesell, GT and Seale, WR and Short, BL and Rivera, O}, title = {Maximum blood flow rates for arterial cannulae used in neonatal ECMO.}, journal = {ASAIO transactions}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {M679-81}, pmid = {2252781}, issn = {0889-7190}, mesh = {Blood Flow Velocity/*physiology ; *Catheters, Indwelling ; Equipment Design ; Erythrocyte Deformability/*physiology ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/*instrumentation ; Hemolysis/*physiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/*physiopathology ; Rheology ; }, abstract = {The arterial cannulae used in neonatal ECMO cause hemolysis and red blood cell damage at elevated blood flows. Hemolysis in extracorporeal circuits has been found to occur with shear stress greater than 132 dynes/cm2, turbulence as measured by Reynold's number greater than 1,000, and velocity greater than 120 to 200 cm/sec. These parameters need to be considered when sizing the proper arterial cannula for a required flow rate. In-vitro measurements of the pressure drop across six arterial cannulae at varying flow rates were performed using human blood with a hematocrit of 43%. Shear stress, Reynold's number, velocity, and pressure drop were calculated for each catheter at flow rates from 50 to 1,000 cc/min. The maximum mean flow rate to maintain the shear stress, Reynold's number, velocity, and pressure drop within the accepted range, was determined for each cannula. Recommended maximum blood flow rates for each of the six cannulae are given. Internal diameter, length, and cannula geometry appear to be the factors most affecting the flow achievable without causing red blood cell damage and hemolysis. Ten French Biomedicus, 10 French Cook, and 10 French Elecath arterial cannulae appear best suited to deliver the range of blood flow rates used in neonatal ECMO.}, }
@article {pmid2780523, year = {1989}, author = {Vogel, J and Smith, HJ and Müller, E}, title = {[To what extent are oscillometric data of a simple resistor-volume model physically recordable?].}, journal = {Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, pages = {324-330}, pmid = {2780523}, issn = {0934-8387}, mesh = {*Airway Resistance ; Algorithms ; Humans ; Lung/physiopathology ; Lung Volume Measurements/*instrumentation ; *Models, Biological ; Oscillometry/*instrumentation ; Pulmonary Emphysema/physiopathology ; *Pulmonary Ventilation ; }, abstract = {To obtain data on the volume-dependence of the oscillatory parameters of the Siregnost FD 5, we investigated the course of iso-volume and iso-resistance lines in a simple mechanical resistor-volume model in the different coordinate systems, initially in the absence of additional superimposed stationary flow. While the P-psi diagram reveals no uniform course, and no preferential relationship of changes in resistance to P or Ros, or of changes in volume to psi, such a relationship develops on transformation to the Rre-phi and the Rre-X diagram. Rre proves to contain not only the purely resistor component, but also a reactance-proportional or inversely volume-proportional component, which is apparently due to internal friction resulting from volume compression. On the other hand, reactance is almost totally derivable from volume compression. With reference to the theoretical Franken model and others (1981), we discussed the influence of various physical factors on the impedance of a tube segment, and the different volume-dependence of impedance of closed- and open-ended cylindrical tubes. Further work on the theoretical consideration of the forced oscillation technique will examine the influence of additional superimposed stationary flow, which has a considerable effect on the resistor-volume model. Furthermore, the critical value of Reynold's number may be expected to be exceed in the FD 5 reference tube already at low respiratory flow.}, }
@article {pmid2949490, year = {1986}, author = {Steiger, HJ and Reulen, HJ}, title = {Low frequency flow fluctuations in saccular aneurysms.}, journal = {Acta neurochirurgica}, volume = {83}, number = {3-4}, pages = {131-137}, pmid = {2949490}, issn = {0001-6268}, mesh = {*Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/*physiopathology ; Models, Biological ; Rheology ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; }, abstract = {Intra-operative Doppler recordings were carried out on cerebral saccular aneurysms in 12 patients. Distinct fluctuations of flow superimposed on the pulse wave were seen in 6 patients. The fluctuations appeared to be periodic with measured period lengths of 60 to 150 msec. In 3 other patients flow irregularities could be discerned acoustically but a definite periodicity could not be visualized on screen. In 3 patients flow appeared smooth during the entire pulse cycle, acoustically as well as visually. Concomitant flow observations in glass model aneurysms also revealed flow instabilities in certain aneurysm types at a Reynold's number of 300. All observed irregularities of flow were observed in zones of deceleration of flow in the models. Signs of fully developed turbulence were not found, neither in human aneurysms nor in the glass models. It appears likely that the fluctuations of flow induce vibrations of the aneurysmal wall and contribute to aneurysm progression and eventual rupture.}, }
@article {pmid6747536, year = {1984}, author = {Batty, RS}, title = {Development of swimming movements and musculature of larval herring (Clupea harengus).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {110}, number = {}, pages = {217-229}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.110.1.217}, pmid = {6747536}, issn = {0022-0949}, mesh = {Animals ; Fishes/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Muscle Development ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {A kinematic analysis was made of swimming of larval herring Clupea harengus L. Swimming style was found to change with growth and development; the amplitude of swimming movements of early post-yolk-sac larvae increases linearly towards the tail, a style of swimming which relies mainly on resistive forces for propulsion. Later, after the caudal and dorsal fins have developed, the swimming style changes, in response to an increase in Reynold's Number, such that inertial forces are more important. In this type of swimming the amplitude increases more rapidly than linearly towards the tail. The distribution of red and white muscle fibre types was studied in relation to development. On hatching, red muscle fibres were found to be arranged as a single layer on the outside of the myotomes. They develop into the adult distribution, concentrated at the midline of the flank near the skin, only after the gills and circulation become fully functional.}, }
@article {pmid6652213, year = {1983}, author = {Jones, RD and Lemanski, CL and Jones, TJ}, title = {Theory of attachment in Giardia.}, journal = {Biophysical journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {185-190}, pmid = {6652213}, issn = {0006-3495}, mesh = {Adhesiveness ; Giardia/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Using a low Reynold's number hydrodynamic model, the adhesive force in Giardia is calculated. It is shown that this force is larger than typical forces that would tend to detach the organism.}, }
@article {pmid7409200, year = {1980}, author = {Macklem, PT}, title = {The paradoxical nature of pulmonary pressure-flow relationships.}, journal = {Federation proceedings}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, pages = {2755-2758}, pmid = {7409200}, issn = {0014-9446}, mesh = {Animals ; Bronchi/physiology ; Humans ; Lung/*physiology ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Pressure ; Respiration ; Trachea/physiology ; }, abstract = {Most equations proposed to describe pulmonary pressure-flow relationships are inadequate because the "constants" that contain the airway geometry are not, in fact, constant but vary as the distribution of Reynold's number Re varies with flow or gas density. However, even when the normalized pressure drop is plotted against Re (Moody diagram), different relationships are found for different gas mixtures. Thus the normalized pressure drop is a function of one or more variables in addition to Re. As long as this variable or variables remain unknown, the pulmonary pressure-flow relationships will remain paradoxical.}, }
@article {pmid508236, year = {1979}, author = {Fermor, U and Huber, H and Neuhaus, KL and Schmiel, FK and Spiller, P}, title = {Measurement of flow velocity in the model circulation by videodensitometry. Methodological investigations.}, journal = {Basic research in cardiology}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {361-377}, pmid = {508236}, issn = {0300-8428}, mesh = {*Blood Flow Velocity ; Densitometry/*methods ; *Models, Structural ; *Television ; }, abstract = {The relation between videodensitometrically measured front velocity and electromagnetically assessed flow was examined in a circulatory model with continuous as well as pulsatile flow (89 experiments). The diameter of the tubes in the videodensitometric measuring section was 0.305 to 0.518 cm. A linear correlation was proved in flow velocities up to Reynold's number Re = 225. The exact flow, measured electromagnetically, was overestimated in continuous flow by 21% (r = 0.99, Syx = +/- 14.5 ml/min) and in pulsatile flow by 24% (r = 0.98, Syx = +/- 20.8 ml/min). In view of these results the phasic and average flow can be calculated accurately using videodensitometric techniques.}, }
@article {pmid608670, year = {1977}, author = {Nachtigall, W}, title = {[On the significance of Reynold's number and the fluid mechanical phenomena connected to it in swimming physiology and flight biophysics (author's transl)].}, journal = {Fortschritte der Zoologie}, volume = {24}, number = {2-3}, pages = {13-56}, pmid = {608670}, issn = {0071-7991}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Flight, Animal ; *Locomotion ; Swimming ; }, }
@article {pmid39302246, year = {2024}, author = {Gomez, M and Montalvo, S and Sanchez, A and Conde, D and Ibarra-Mejia, G and Peñailillo, LE and Gurovich, AN}, title = {Effects of Different Eccentric Cycling Intensities on Brachial Artery Endothelial Shear Stress and Blood Flow Patterns.}, journal = {Research quarterly for exercise and sport}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/02701367.2024.2404139}, pmid = {39302246}, issn = {2168-3824}, abstract = {Eccentric exercise has gained attention as a novel exercise modality that increases muscle performance at a lower metabolic demand. However, vascular responses to eccentric cycling (ECC) are unknown, thus gaining knowledge regarding endothelial shear stress (ESS) during ECC may be crucial for its application in patients. The purpose of this study was to explore ECC-induced blood flow patterns and ESS across three different intensities in ECC. Eighteen young, apparently healthy subjects were recruited for two laboratory visits. Maximum oxygen consumption, power output, and blood lactate (BLa) threshold were measured to determine workload intensities. Blood flow patterns in the brachial artery were measured via ultrasound imaging and Doppler on an eccentric ergometer during a 5 min workload steady exercise test at low (BLa of 0-2 mmol/L), moderate (BLa 2-4 mmol/L), and high intensity (BLa levels > 4 mmol/L). There was a significant increase in the antegrade ESS in an intensity-dependent manner (baseline: 44.2 ± 8.97; low: 55.6 ± 15.2; moderate: 56.0 ± 10.5; high: 70.7 ± 14.9, all dynes/cm2, all p values < 0.0002) with the exception between low and moderate and Re (AU) showed turbulent flow at all intensities. Regarding retrograde flow, ESS also increased in an intensity-dependent manner (baseline 9.72 ± 4.38; low: 12.5 ± 3.93; moderate: 15.8 ± 5.45; high: 15.7 ± 6.55, all dynes/cm2, all p values < 0.015) with the exception between high and moderate and Re (AU) showed laminar flow in all intensities. ECC produced exercise-induced blood flow patterns that are intensity-dependent. This suggests that ECC could be beneficial as a modulator of endothelial homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid39294953, year = {2024}, author = {Sznajder, P and Zdybel, P and Liu, L and Ekiel-Jeżewska, ML}, title = {Scaling law for a buckled elastic filament in a shear flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {110}, number = {2-2}, pages = {025104}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.110.025104}, pmid = {39294953}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We analyze the three-dimensional (3D) buckling of an elastic filament in a shear flow of a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number and high Péclet number. We apply the Euler-Bernoulli beam (elastica) theoretical model. We show the universal character of the full 3D spectral problem for a small perturbation of a thin filament from a straight position of arbitrary orientation. We use the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the linearized elastica equation in the shear plane, found earlier by Liu et al. [Phys. Rev. Fluids 9, 014101 (2024)2469-990X10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.014101] with the Chebyshev spectral collocation method, to solve the full 3D eigenproblem. We provide a simple analytic approximation of the eigenfunctions, represented as Gaussian wave packets. As the main result of the paper, we derive the square-root dependence of the eigenfunction wave number on the parameter χ[over ̃]=-ηsin2ϕsin^{2}θ, where η is the elastoviscous number and the filament orientation is determined by the zenith angle θ with respect to the vorticity direction and the azimuthal angle ϕ relative to the flow direction. We also compare the eigenfunctions with shapes of slightly buckled elastic filaments with a non-negligible thickness with the same Young's modulus, using the bead model and performing numerical simulations with the precise hydromultipole numerical codes.}, }
@article {pmid39277710, year = {2024}, author = {Ueki, N and Wakabayashi, KI}, title = {Multicellularity and increasing Reynolds number impact on the evolutionary shift in flash-induced ciliary response in Volvocales.}, journal = {BMC ecology and evolution}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {119}, pmid = {39277710}, issn = {2730-7182}, mesh = {*Cilia/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlorophyta/physiology/genetics ; Volvox/genetics/physiology ; Light ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Volvocales in green algae have evolved by multicellularity of Chlamydomonas-like unicellular ancestor. Those with various cell numbers exist, such as unicellular Chlamydomonas, four-celled Tetrabaena, and Volvox species with different cell numbers (~1,000, ~5,000, and ~10,000). Each cell of these organisms shares two cilia and an eyespot, which are used for swimming and photosensing. They are all freshwater microalgae but inhabit different fluid environments: unicellular species live in low Reynolds-number (Re) environments where viscous forces dominate, whereas multicellular species live in relatively higher Re where inertial forces become non-negligible. Despite significant changes in the physical environment, during the evolution of multicellularity, they maintained photobehaviors (i.e., photoshock and phototactic responses), which allows them to survive under changing light conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, we utilized high-speed imaging to observe flash-induced changes in the ciliary beating manner of 27 Volvocales strains. We classified flash-induced ciliary responses in Volvocales into four patterns: "1: temporal waveform conversion", "2: no obvious response", "3: pause in ciliary beating", and "4: temporal changes in ciliary beating directions". We found that which species exhibit which pattern depends on Re, which is associated with the individual size of each species rather than phylogenetic relationships.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that only organisms that acquired different patterns of ciliary responses survived the evolutionary transition to multicellularity with a greater number of cells while maintaining photobehaviors. This study highlights the significance of the Re as a selection pressure in evolution and offers insights for designing propulsion systems in biomimetic micromachines.}, }
@article {pmid39270724, year = {2024}, author = {Herrera-Amaya, A and Byron, ML}, title = {Propulsive efficiency of spatiotemporally asymmetric oscillating appendages at intermediate Reynolds numbers.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ad7abf}, pmid = {39270724}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Many organisms use flexible appendages for locomotion, feeding, and other functional behaviors. The efficacy of these behaviors is determined in large part by the fluid dynamics of the appendage interacting with its environment. For oscillating appendages at low Reynolds numbers, viscosity dominates over inertia, and appendage motion must be spatially asymmetric to generate net flow. At high Reynolds numbers, viscous forces are negligible and appendage motion is often also temporally asymmetric, with a fast power stroke and a slow recovery stroke; such temporal asymmetry does not affect the produced flow at low Reynolds numbers. At intermediate Reynolds numbers, both viscous and inertial forces play non-trivial roles---correspondingly, both spatial and temporal asymmetry can strongly affect overall propulsion. Here we perform experiments on three robotic paddles with different material flexibilities and geometries, allowing us to explore the effects of motion asymmetry (both spatial and temporal) on force production. We show how a flexible paddle's time-varying shape throughout the beat cycle can reorient the direction of the produced force, generating both thrust and lift. We also evaluate the propulsive performance of the paddle by introducing a new quantity, which we term "integrated efficiency". This new definition of propulsive efficiency can be used to directly evaluate an appendage's performance independently from full-body swimming dynamics. Use of the integrated efficiency allows for accurate performance assessment, generalization, and comparison of oscillating appendages in both robotic devices and behaving organisms. Finally, we show that a curved flexible paddle generates thrust more efficiently than a straight paddle, and produces spatially asymmetric motion---thereby improving performance---without the need for complex actuation and controls, opening new avenues for bioinspired technology development.}, }
@article {pmid39269970, year = {2024}, author = {Hudha, MN and Hasan, MJ and Bairagi, T and Azad, AK and Rahman, MM}, title = {Artificial Neural Network analysis on the effect of mixed convection in triangular-shaped geometry using water-based Al2O3 nanofluid.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, pages = {e0304826}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0304826}, pmid = {39269970}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Neural Networks, Computer ; *Aluminum Oxide/chemistry ; *Water/chemistry ; *Convection ; Hydrodynamics ; Finite Element Analysis ; }, abstract = {The objective of the study is to investigate the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics applying Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) analysis in triangular-shaped cavities for the analysis of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection with varying fluid velocity of water/Al2O3 nanofluid. No study has yet been conducted on this geometric configuration incorporating ANN analysis. Therefore, this study analyzes and predicts the complex interactions among fluid flow, heat transfer, and various influencing factors using ANN analysis. The process of finite element analysis was conducted, and the obtained results have been verified by previous literature. The Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation technique was selected for ANN. Various values of the Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 5), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), Reynolds number (50 ≤ Re ≤ 200), and solid volume fraction of the nanofluid (ϕ = 1%, 3% and 4%) have been selected. The ANN model incorporates the Gauss-Newton method and the method of damped least squares, making it suitable for tackling complex problems with a high degree of non-linearity and uncertainty. The findings have been shown through the use of streamlines, isotherm plots, Nusselt numbers, and the estimated Nusselt number obtained by ANN. Increasing the solid volume fraction improves the rate of heat transmission for all situations with varying values of Ri, Re, and Ha. The Nusselt number is greater with larger values of the Ri and Re parameters, but it lessens for higher value of Ha. Furthermore, ANN demonstrates exceptional precision, as evidenced by the Mean Squared Error and R values of 1.05200e-6 and 0.999988, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid39261548, year = {2024}, author = {Guo, Y and Zou, H and Wei, F and Li, Q and Guo, D and Pirov, J}, title = {Analysis of pedestrian second crossing behavior based on physics-informed neural networks.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {21278}, pmid = {39261548}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Z2023178//Undergraduate Education Reform in Shandong Province/ ; M2022179//Undergraduate Education Reform in Shandong Province/ ; 52272343//Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Pedestrian two-stage crossings are common at large, busy signalized intersections with long crosswalks and high traffic volumes. This design aims to address pedestrian operation and safety by allowing navigation in two stages, negotiating each traffic direction separately. Understanding crosswalk behavior, especially during bidirectional interactions, is essential. This paper presents a two-stage pedestrian crossing model based on Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), incorporating fluid dynamics equations to determine characteristics such as speed, density, acceleration, and Reynolds number during crossings. The study shows that PINNs outperform traditional deep learning methods in calculating and predicting pedestrian fluid properties, achieving a mean squared error as low as 10[-8]. The model effectively captures dynamic pedestrian flow characteristics and provides insights into pedestrian behavior impacts. The results are significant for designing pedestrian facilities to ensure comfort and optimizing signal timing to enhance mobility and safety. Additionally, these findings can aid autonomous vehicles in better understanding pedestrian intentions in intelligent transportation systems.}, }
@article {pmid39247324, year = {2024}, author = {Tavakoli, MR and Akbari, OA and Mohammadian, A and Pourfattah, F}, title = {Investigation of the effect of rectangular winglet angles on turbulent flow and heat transfer of water/Cu nanofluid in a three-dimensional channel.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {16}, pages = {e36482}, pmid = {39247324}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This numerical simulation studies a homogenous and single-phase nanofluid's turbulent flow and heat transfer behavior in a three-dimensional rectangular microchannel. This study's main purpose is to investigate the use of rectangular winglet angles on flow path and its effect on turbulent flow regime and heat transfer parameters. In the current study, the Reynolds number, winglet attack angle (θ), and twisted angle range (α) (or Pitch angle) from 3000 to 12000, 30°≤ θ ≤ 60°, and 15°≤α ≤ 45°, respectively. Also, Cu nanoparticles with volume fractions of 0-4% are used in water as the base fluid. Results of this study show that heat transfer and flow physics of cooling fluid are affected by the variations of attack angle and winglet twist, and the creation of secondary flows leads to the mixture and deviation of flow. A decrease in the attack angle of the winglet causes the creation of strong vortexes and an increase in Nusselt number and heat transfer. In all investigated situations, with the angle of attack constant, increasing the twist angle can improve the Nusselt number between 11 and 18 percent. Also, increasing the angle of attack of the winglet from 30 to 60° can reduce the Nusselt number by 4-8 percent. The results indicate that changing the winglet angle increases the friction coefficient, and at higher Reynolds numbers, this parameter decreases. Also, by increasing Reynolds number, the ratio of friction coefficient to Nusselt number reduces, leading to the decrease of performance evaluation criterion (PEC).}, }
@article {pmid39239773, year = {2024}, author = {Grigor, E and Carver, J and Bulan, E and Scott, S and Chew, YJ and Perera, S}, title = {A New Generation of Activated Carbon Adsorbent Microstructures.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2406551}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202406551}, pmid = {39239773}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {//Avon Protection - Melksham, UK, SN12 6NB/ ; //Defence Science and Technology Laboratory - Salisbury, UK, SP4 0JQ/ ; //University of Bath - Bath, UK, BA2 7AY/ ; }, abstract = {This work presents the successful manufacture and characterization of bespoke carbon adsorbent microstructures such as tessellated (TES) or serpentine spiral grooved (SSG) by using 3D direct light printing. This is the first time stereolithographic printing has been used to exert precise control over specific micromixer designs to quantify the impact of channel structure on the removal of n-butane. Activated microstructures achieved nitrogen Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface areas up to 1600 m[2] g[-1] while maintaining uniform channel geometries. When tested with 1000 ppm n-butane at 1 L min[-1], the microstructures exceeded the equilibrium loading of commercial carbon-packed beds by over 40%. Dynamic adsorption breakthrough testing using a constant Reynolds number (Re 80) shows that complex micromixer designs surpassed simpler geometries, with the SSG geometry achieving a 41% longer breakthrough time. Shorter mass transfer zones were observed in all the complex geometries, suggesting superior kinetics and carbon structure utilization as a result of the micromixer-based etched grooves and interlinked channels. Furthermore, pressure drop testing demonstrates that all microstructures had half the pressure drop of commercial carbon-packed beds. This study shows the power of leveraging 3D printing to produce optimized microstructures, providing a glimpse into the future of high-performance gas separation.}, }
@article {pmid39236358, year = {2024}, author = {Gritti, F and Chen, EY and Datta, SS}, title = {Harnessing an elastic flow instability to improve the kinetic performance of chromatographic columns.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1735}, number = {}, pages = {465326}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465326}, pmid = {39236358}, issn = {1873-3778}, abstract = {Despite decades of research and development, the optimal efficiency of slurry-packed HPLC columns is still hindered by inherent long-range flow heterogeneity from the wall to the central bulk region of these columns. Here, we show an example of how this issue can be addressed through the straightforward addition of a semidilute amount (500 ppm) of a large, flexible, synthetic polymer (18 MDa partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM) to the mobile phase (1% NaCl aqueous solution, hereafter referred to as "brine") during operation of a 4.6 mm × 300 mm column packed with 10μm BEH[TM] 125 Å particles. Addition of the polymer imparts elasticity to the mobile phase, causing the flow in the interparticle pore space to become unstable above a threshold flow rate. We verify the development of this elastic flow instability using pressure drop measurements of the friction factor versus Reynolds number. In prior work, we showed that this flow instability is characterized by large spatiotemporal fluctuations in the pore-scale flow velocities that may promote analyte dispersion across the column. Axial dispersion measurements of the quasi non-retained tracer thiourea confirm this possibility: they reveal that operating above the onset of the instability improves column efficiency by greater than 100%. These experiments thereby suggest that elastic flow instabilities can be harnessed to mitigate the negative impact of trans-column flow heterogeneities on the efficiency of slurry-packed HPLC columns. While this approach has its own inherent limitations and constraints, our results lay the groundwork for future targeted development of polymers that can impart elasticity when dissolved in commonly used liquid chromatography mobile phases, and can thereby generate elastic flow instabilities to help improve the resolution of HPLC columns.}, }
@article {pmid39220585, year = {2024}, author = {Harte, NC and Obrist, D and Caversaccio, M and Lajoinie, GPR and Wimmer, W}, title = {Transverse flow under oscillating stimulation in helical square ducts with cochlea-like geometrical curvature and torsion.}, journal = {European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {165-174}, pmid = {39220585}, issn = {0997-7546}, abstract = {The cochlea, situated within the inner ear, is a spiral-shaped, liquid-filled organ responsible for hearing. The physiological significance of its shape remains uncertain. Previous research has scarcely addressed the occurrence of transverse flow within the cochlea, particularly in relation to its unique shape. This study aims to investigate the impact of the geometric features of the cochlea on fluid dynamics by characterizing transverse flow induced by harmonically oscillating axial flow in square ducts with curvature and torsion resembling human cochlear anatomy. We examined four geometries to investigate curvature and torsion effects on axial and transverse flow components. Twelve frequencies from 0.125 Hz to 256 Hz were studied, covering infrasound and low-frequency hearing, with mean inlet velocity amplitudes representing levels expected for normal conversation or louder situations. Our simulations show that torsion contributes significantly to transverse flow in unsteady conditions, and that its contribution increases with increasing oscillation frequency. Curvature alone has a small effect on transverse flow strength, which decreases rapidly with increasing frequency. Strikingly, the combined effect of curvature and torsion on transverse flow is greater than expected from a simple superposition of the two effects, especially when the relative contribution of curvature alone becomes negligible. These findings may be relevant to understanding physiological processes in the cochlea, including metabolite transport and wall shear stress. Further studies are needed to investigate possible implications for cochlear mechanics.}, }
@article {pmid39181970, year = {2024}, author = {Zaman, SU and Hussain, A and Ashraf, K and Sarwar, L and Hussain, F and Altalbe, A and Bekir, A and Muhammad, T}, title = {Mathematical analysis of isothermal study of reverse roll coating using Micropolar fluid.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {19709}, pmid = {39181970}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {(PSAU/2024/01/921063)//Ali Altalbe/ ; }, abstract = {This article demonstrates a mathematical model and theoretical analysis of the Micropolar fluid in the reverse roll coating process. It is important because micropolar fluids account for the microstructure and microrotation of particles within the fluid. These characteristics are significant for accurately describing the behavior of complex fluids such as polymer solutions, biological fluids, and colloidal suspensions. First, we modeled the flow equations using basic laws of fluid dynamics. The flow equations are made modified using low Reynolds number theory. The simplified equations are solved analytically. The exact expression for velocity and pressure gradient are obtained, while pressure is calculated numerically using Simpson Rule. Graphical depictions are carried out to comprehend the impact of the newly emerged physical constraints. The influence of micropolar and microrotation parameters on the velocity, pressure and pressure gradient are elaborated with the help of different graphs.}, }
@article {pmid39180481, year = {2024}, author = {Lyons, BM and Maynes, D and Crockett, J and Iverson, BD}, title = {Drop Retention and Departure in Adiabatic Shear Flow on Structured Superhydrophobic Surfaces.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00777}, pmid = {39180481}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Drops are retained or held on surfaces due to a retention force exerted on the drop by the surface. This retention force is a function of the surface tension of the liquid, drop geometry, and the contact angle between the drop and the surface. When external or body forces exceed the retention force, the drop begins to move. This work explores the conditions for which drop departure occurs on structured superhydrophobic surfaces in the presence of an applied shear flow. Drop departure is explored for five microstructured superhydrophobic surfaces, one nanostructured carbon nanotube surface and one smooth hydrophobic surface. Surface solid fractions range from 0.05 to 1.00, and measured static contact angles range from 121° to 161°. Droplet volumes of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μL are tested on each surface. For each experiment, increasing air velocity is applied to a droplet placed on a surface until the droplet departs. High-speed imaging is used to track droplet base length, height, cross-section area (as viewed from the side) and advancing/receding contact angles. Measurements of drop advancing and receding contact angles are reported at the point of departure, with increasing contact angle hysteresis observed prior to departure. Contact angle hysteresis is observed to be a good indicator of droplet mobility. Measurements of the average air velocity over the height of the droplet are determined at the point of departure for all conditions. The measured air velocity shows strong dependence on the surface solid fraction, and the required shear flow velocity decreases as the surface solid fraction decreases. This is most pronounced at very low solid fractions. A coefficient of drag for the departing drops in shear flow is calculated and is shown to decrease with increasing Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid39175794, year = {2024}, author = {Gerolymos, GA and Vallet, I}, title = {Compressible turbulent plane channel DNS datasets.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {110737}, doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2024.110737}, pmid = {39175794}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The database contains detailed statistics of compressible turbulent plane channel (TPC) flow, obtained from direct numerical simulation (DNS), with a very-high-order massively parallel solver of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. It contains datasets for 25 different flow conditions determined by the corresponding HCB friction Reynolds number and centerline Mach number, covering the ranges 100 ⪅ R e τ ★ ⪅ 1000 and 0.3 ⪅ M ¯ CL x ⪅ 2.5 . All calculations are for strictly isothermal wall conditions at temperature T w = 298 K in a medium-size (MB) computational box (8 π δ × 2 δ × 4 π δ where 2 δ is the channel-height). Statistics (moments and pdfs) were collected after the elimination of the transient, and post-processed to create the dataset, which contains only plain text (.txt) space-separated multicolumn files for ease of use. The dataset for each flow-condition is tagged by the values of (R e τ ★ , M ¯ CL x) and is organized in 4 directories: (0) global data files, (1) profiles and budgets (meanflow profiles, velocity-moments up to 6-order, budgets of Reynolds-stresses transport, turbulent fluxes appearing in transport equations for velocity-moments and thermodynamic quantities, correlation coefficients between thermodynamic variables, and skewness and flatness profiles) as a function of the wall-distance, (2) single-variable probability density functions (pdfs) for numerous flow quantities at selected wall-normal distances, and (3) two-variable joint pdfs for numerous couples of flow-quantities at the same selected wall-normal distances.}, }
@article {pmid39170061, year = {2024}, author = {Morley, EJ and Brockett, CL and Verbruggen, SW}, title = {Analytical and computational studies predict negligible risk of cell death from eddy generation off flat surfaces in cell culture flow systems.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1340653}, pmid = {39170061}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Cell-based therapies represent the current frontier of biomedical innovations, with the technologies required underpinning treatments as broad as CAR-T cell therapies, stem cell treatments, genetic therapies and mRNA manufacture. A key bottleneck in the manufacturing process for each of these lies in the expansion of cells within a bioreactor vessel, requiring by far the greatest share of time for what are often time-critical therapies. While various designs, culture feeding and mixing methods are employed in these bioreactors, a common concern among manufacturers and researchers lies in whether shear stresses generated by culture media flow will damage cells and inhibit expansion. This study develops an analytical tool to link macro-scale measures of flow to risk of cell death using relationships with eddy size and dissipation rates, from eddies generated off flat surfaces. This analytical tool was then employed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to replicate a range of generic bioreactor geometries and flow conditions. We found that no combination of flow condition or design parameter was predicted by the tool to cause cell death within eddies, indicating negligible risk of cell death due to eddy formation within cell culture systems. While this requires experimental validation, and does not apply when cells are expanded using microcarriers, this tool nonetheless provides reassurance and accessible prediction of bioreactor design parameters that could result in cell death. Finally, our findings show that bioreactor design can be tailored such that the shear stress stimulation of cells can be selectively altered through small changes in flow rate.}, }
@article {pmid39166020, year = {2024}, author = {Ahmadi Azar, A and Jalili, P and Poolaei Moziraji, Z and Jalili, B and Domiri Ganji, D}, title = {Analytical solution for MHD nanofluid flow over a porous wedge with melting heat transfer.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {15}, pages = {e34888}, pmid = {39166020}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This study employs the Hybrid Analytical-Numerical (HAN) method to investigate steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow over a permeable wedge. Analyzing hyperbolic tangent nanofluid flow, the governing time-independent partial differential equations (PDEs) for continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration transform into a set of nonlinear third-order coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity transformations. These ODEs encompass critical parameters such as Lewis and Prandtl numbers, Brownian diffusion, Weissenberg number, thermophoresis, Dufour and Soret numbers, magnetic field strength, thermal radiation, power law index, and medium permeability. The study explores how variations in these parameters impact the velocity field, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers. Noteworthy findings include the sensitivity of fluid velocity to parameters like Weissenberg number, power law index, wedge angle, magnetic field strength, permeability, and melting heat transfer. The skin friction coefficient experiences a significant increase with specific parameter changes, while Nusselt and Sherwood numbers remain relatively constant. The local Reynolds number significantly affects Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, with a less pronounced impact on the skin friction coefficient. The study's uniqueness lies in employing the analytical HAN method and extracting recent insights from the results.}, }
@article {pmid39165174, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, Y and Zhang, J and Peng, X and Yan, S}, title = {Deciphering the Evolution of Inertial Migration in Serpentine Channels.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03474}, pmid = {39165174}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Serpentine channels coupling inertial and secondary flows enable effective particle focusing and separation, showing great potential in clinical diagnostics and drug screening. However, the nonsteady secondary flows in the serpentine channel make the evolution of inertial migration unclear, hindering the development and application of the serpentine channel. Herein, to refine the inertial migration mechanism, we established a model with varying curvature ratios to study the effect of secondary flow on particle migration in the serpentine channel. This method used direct numerical simulation (DNS) to calculate inertial lift, mapped the inertial lift to cross sections of the serpentine channel, and deciphered the inertial migration by using the Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) method. The inertial migration of microparticles is experimentally investigated to validate the established numerical model. The results indicate that particle migration in serpentine channels follows a two-stage migration. An increase in secondary flow accelerates the second stage of the migration process while slowing the first stage process. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of different parameters, including Reynolds number, aspect ratio, and blockage ratio, on the equilibrium positions of particles, providing guidelines for the high-resolution separation of particles. Taking flow resistance into account, the dimensionless study makes the separation of arbitrary-sized particles possible. This work reveals the migration mechanism in serpentine channels, paving the way for the inertial separation of the particles.}, }
@article {pmid39160957, year = {2024}, author = {Zigelman, A and Ben Zvi, G and Or, Y}, title = {Dynamics of Purcell-type microswimmers with active-elastic joints.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {110}, number = {1-1}, pages = {014207}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.110.014207}, pmid = {39160957}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Purcell's planar three-link microswimmer is a classic model of swimming in low-Reynolds-number fluid, inspired by motion of flagellated microorganisms. Many works analyzed this model, assuming that the two joint angles are directly prescribed in phase-shifted periodic inputs. In this work, we study a more realistic scenario by considering an extension of this model which accounts for joints' elasticity and mechanical actuation of periodic torques so that the joint angles are dynamically evolving. Numerical analysis of the swimmer's dynamics reveals multiplicity of periodic solutions, depending on parameters of the inputs-frequency and amplitude of excitation, joints' stiffness ratio, as well as joint's activation. We numerically study swimming direction reversal, as well as bifurcations, stability transitions, and symmetry breaking of the periodic solutions, which represent the effect of buckling instability observed in swimming microorganisms. The results demonstrate that this variant of Purcell's simple model displays rich nonlinear dynamic behavior with actuated-elastic joints. Similar results are also obtained when studying an extended model of a six-link microswimmer.}, }
@article {pmid39160917, year = {2024}, author = {Puggioni, L and Musacchio, S}, title = {Orientational order and topological defects in a dilute solutions of rodlike polymers at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {110}, number = {1-2}, pages = {015104}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.110.015104}, pmid = {39160917}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The relationship between the polymer orientation and the chaotic flow, in a dilute solution of rigid rodlike polymers at low Reynolds number, is investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. It is found that the rods tend to align with the velocity field in order to minimize the friction with the solvent fluid, while regions of rotational disorder are related to strong vorticity gradients, and therefore to the chaotic flow. The "turbulent-like" behavior of the system is therefore associated with the emergence and interaction of topological defects of the mean director field, similarly to active nematic turbulence. The analysis has been carried out in both two and three spatial dimensions.}, }
@article {pmid39140230, year = {2024}, author = {Mohammadali, R and Bayareh, M and Nadooshan, AA}, title = {Performance optimization of a DLD microfluidic device for separating deformable CTCs.}, journal = {Electrophoresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/elps.202400136}, pmid = {39140230}, issn = {1522-2683}, abstract = {Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) microfluidic devices work based on the streamlines created by an array of micro-posts. The configuration of pillars alters the isolation efficiency of these devices. The present paper optimizes the performance of a DLD device for isolating deformable circulating tumor cells. The input variables include cell diameter (d), Young's modulus (E s ${E}_s$), Reynolds number (Re), and tan θ, where θ is the tilted angle of micro-posts. The output, which is the response of the system, is DLD. The numerical simulation results are employed to optimize the device using the response surface method, leading to the proposition of a correlation to estimate DLD as a function of input variables. It is demonstrated that the maximum and minimum impacts on cell lateral displacement correspond to E s ${E}_s$ and Re, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid39138284, year = {2024}, author = {Nagalingam, N and Korede, V and Irimia, D and Westerweel, J and Padding, JT and Hartkamp, R and Eral, HB}, title = {Unified framework for laser-induced transient bubble dynamics within microchannels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {18763}, pmid = {39138284}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {16714//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, abstract = {Oscillatory flow in confined spaces is central to understanding physiological flows and rational design of synthetic periodic-actuation based micromachines. Using theory and experiments on oscillating flows generated through a laser-induced cavitation bubble, we associate the dynamic bubble size (fluid velocity) and bubble lifetime to the laser energy supplied-a control parameter in experiments. Employing different channel cross-section shapes, sizes and lengths, we demonstrate the characteristic scales for velocity, time and energy to depend solely on the channel geometry. Contrary to the generally assumed absence of instability in low Reynolds number flows (< 1000), we report a momentary flow distortion that originates due to the boundary layer separation near channel walls during flow deceleration. The emergence of distorted laminar states is characterized using two stages. First the conditions for the onset of instabilities is analyzed using the Reynolds number and Womersley number for oscillating flows. Second the growth and the ability of an instability to prevail is analyzed using the convective time scale of the flow. Our findings inform rational design of microsystems leveraging pulsatile flows via cavitation-powered microactuation.}, }
@article {pmid39130567, year = {2024}, author = {Miah, MAK and Ahasan, K and Kingston, TA and Olsen, MG and Juárez, JJ}, title = {Microscopic Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis of Multiphase Flow in a Porous Media Micromodel.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {9}, number = {31}, pages = {34070-34080}, pmid = {39130567}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Pore-scale oil displacement behavior was investigated in a porous media micromodel using microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV). Porous media micromodels consisting of an ordered square array of cylindrical pillars with 50 and 70% porosities were fabricated with photolithography. The oil displacement was performed with the injection of water at flow rates of 37.5, 75, and 150 μL/h. These flow rates correspond to Reynolds number of 1.1 × 10[-2], 2.2 × 10[-2], and 4.4 × 10[-2], respectively in the 50% porous channel, and 1.84 × 10[-3], 3.69 × 10[-3], and 7.38 × 10[-3], respectively in the 70% porous channel. The capillary numbers for these flow rates are 2.18 × 10[-5], 4.36 × 10[-5], and 8.72 × 10[-5], respectively in the 50% porous channel, and 1.56 × 10[-5], 3.12 × 10[-5], and 6.23 × 10[-5], respectively in the 70% porous channel. The micromodel is initially saturated with oil, with the invading water phase following the path of least resistance as it displaces the oil. The μPIV data were used to construct probability density functions (PDFs) which show an initial, nonzero, peak in transverse velocity as the water enters the micromodel. The PDFs broaden with time, indicating that the water is spreading, before retracting to a peak velocity of 0 mm/s, indicating that the water displacement has achieved equilibrium. We developed a model based on conservation of mass to describe the efficiency of the displacement process. All flow conditions demonstrate peak displacement efficiency when the amount of oil phase displacement is ∼9 pore volumes in 50% porous channel and ∼4 pore volumes in 70% porous channel.}, }
@article {pmid39130463, year = {2024}, author = {Akhter, R and Ali, MM and Alim, MA}, title = {Data analysis of thermal performance and irreversibility of convective flow in porous-wavy channel having triangular obstacle under magnetic field effect.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {14}, pages = {e34580}, pmid = {39130463}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Mixed convective nanofluid flow has substantial importance in improvement of thermal performance, and thermal engineering to meet the global energy crisis. In this study, mixed convective nanofluid flow in a porous-wavy channel with an inner heated triangular obstacle under magnetic field effect is numerically examined. Nanofluid within the channel is heated and cooled from its bottom and top wavy-surfaces. A heated triangular cylinder is located at the centerline of the wavy-channel. Finite element method is utilized to solve the non-dimensional governing equations. The code is validated comparing present results with published numerical and experimental results. The response surface method is also implemented to analyze the obtained results and its sensitivity. The numerical results indicate that strength of flow velocity is accelerated with rising Reynolds number, Darcy numbers and inlet-outlet ports length but declined for Hartmann number and volume fraction. Heat transferring rate and heat transfer irreversibility are substantially increased for higher values of Reynolds number, inlet-outlet ports length, Darcy number and nanoparticle volume fraction but a reverse trend is occurred for magnetic field effect. The thermal performance is found significantly improved with simultaneous increment in Re, ϕ, Da and decrement in Ha. Positive sensitivity is achieved for input factors Re, ϕ, Da in computing N u a v while negative sensitivity to Ha. Heat transfer rate is found more sensitive to the impact of Re and ϕ compared to Da and Ha. 45.59 % more heat transmission potentiality is developed for using Al2O3-H2O nanofluid (vol.5 %) instead of using base fluid water. Heat transfer enhancement rate is decreased by 36.22 % due to impact of magnetic field strength. In addition, 84.12 % more heat transferring rate is recorded in presence of triangular obstacle. Moreover, irreversibility components are influenced significantly for the presence of heated triangular obstacle. Bejan number is also found declined for increasing physical parameters. The findings of this investigation may offer a guideline for finding experimental results to design high-performance convective heat exchangers.}, }
@article {pmid39124977, year = {2024}, author = {Chou, YF and Keh, HJ}, title = {Axisymmetric Slow Rotation of Coaxial Soft/Porous Spheres.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {29}, number = {15}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules29153573}, pmid = {39124977}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {MOST 110-2221-E-002-017-MY3//National Science and Technology Council Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {The steady low-Reynolds-number rotation of a chain of coaxial soft spheres (each with an impermeable hard core covered by a permeable porous layer) about the axis in a viscous fluid is analyzed. The particles may be unequally spaced, and may differ in the permeability and inner and outer radii of the porous surface layer as well as angular velocity. By using a method of boundary collocation, the Stokes and Brinkman equations for the external fluid flow and flow within the surface layers, respectively, are solved semi-analytically. The particle interaction effect increases as the relative gap thickness between adjacent particles or their permeability decreases, which can be significant as the gap thickness approaches zero. A particle's hydrodynamic torque is reduced (its rotation is enhanced) when other particles rotate in the same direction at equivalent or greater angular velocities, but increases (its rotation is hindered) when other particles rotate in the opposite direction at arbitrary angular velocities. For particles with different radii or permeabilities, the particle interaction has a greater effect on smaller or more permeable particles than on larger or less permeable particles. For the rotation of three particles, the presence of the third particle can significantly affect the hydrodynamic torques acting on the other two particles. For the rotation of numerous particles, shielding effects between particles can be substantial. When the permeability of porous layers is low, relative fluid motion is barely felt by the hard cores of the soft particles. The insights gained from this analysis on the effects of interactions among rotating soft particles may be of great importance in many physicochemical applications of colloidal suspensions.}, }
@article {pmid39110849, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, L and Wan, X and Zhou, X and Cao, Y and Duan, H and Yan, J and Li, H and Lv, P}, title = {Pyramid-Shaped Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Underwater Drag Reduction.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.4c09631}, pmid = {39110849}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Superhydrophobic surfaces hold immense potential in underwater drag reduction. However, as the Reynolds number increases, the drag reduction rate decreases, and it may even lead to a drag increase. The reason lies in the collapse of the air mattress. To address this issue, this paper develops a pyramid-shaped robust superhydrophobic surface with wedged microgrooves, which exhibits a high gas fraction when immersed underwater and good ability to achieve complete spreading and recovery of the air mattress through air replenishment in the case of collapse of the air mattress. Pressure drop tests in a water tunnel confirm that with continuous air injection, the drag reduction reaches 64.8% in laminar flow conditions, substantially greater than 38.4% in the case without air injection, and can achieve 50.8% drag reduction in turbulent flow. This result highlights the potential applications of superhydrophobic surfaces with air mattress recovery for drag reduction.}, }
@article {pmid39103401, year = {2024}, author = {Refaie Ali, A and Abbasi, WS and Bibi, B and Rahman, H and Ul Islam, S and Hussain Majeed, A and Ahmad, I}, title = {Spacing effects on flows around two square cylinders in staggered arrangement via LBM.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {18049}, pmid = {39103401}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This study presents a computational analysis of fluid flow characteristics around two staggered arranged square cylinders using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). With Reynolds number (Re) fixed at 200, numerical simulations explore the influence of varying gap ratios (G) ranging from 0 to 10 times the cylinder size. Emphasis is placed on understanding the impact of cylinders spacing on flow structure mechanisms and induced forces. Investigation of fluid flow parameters includes vorticity behavior, pressure streamlines, and variations in drag and lift coefficients alongside the Strouhal number under different values of G. From the results, four distinct flow patterns emerge: single bluff body flow, flip flopping flow, modulated synchronized flow, and synchronized flow, each exhibiting unique characteristics. This study reveals the strong dependence of fluid forces on G, with low spacing values leading to complex vortex structures and fluctuating forces influenced by jet flow effects. At higher spacing values, proximity effects between cylinders diminish, resulting in a smoother periodic flow. The Strouhal number, average drag force and the rms values of drag and lift force coefficients vary abruptly at narrow gaps and become smooth at higher gap ratios. Unlike the tandem and side-by-side arrangements the staggered cylinders arrangement is found to have significant impact on the pressure variations around both cylinders. Overall, this research could contribute to a comprehensive understanding of staggered cylinder arrangements and their implications for engineering applications.}, }
@article {pmid39102543, year = {2024}, author = {Saito, M and Arai, F and Yamanishi, Y and Sakuma, S}, title = {Spatiotemporally controlled microvortices provide advanced microfluidic components.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {121}, number = {33}, pages = {e2306182121}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2306182121}, pmid = {39102543}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {22J23814//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JPMJFR2157//MEXT | JST | Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology (FOREST)/ ; }, abstract = {Microvortices are emerging components that impart functionality to microchannels by exploiting inertia effects such as high shear stress, effective fluid diffusion, and large pressure loss. Exploring the dynamic generation of vortices further expands the scope of microfluidic applications, including cell stimulation, fluid mixing, and transport. Despite the crucial role of vortices' development within sub-millisecond timescales, previous studies in microfluidics did not explore the modulation of the Reynolds number (Re) in the range of several hundred. In this study, we modulated high-speed flows (54 < [Formula: see text] < 456) within sub-millisecond timescales using a piezo-driven on-chip membrane pump. By applying this method to microchannels with asymmetric geometries, we successfully controlled the spatiotemporal development of vortices, adjusting their behavior in response to oscillatory flow directions. These different vortices induced different pressure losses, imparting the microchannels with direction-dependent flow resistance, mimicking a diode-like behavior. Through precise control of vortex development, we managed to regulate this direction-dependent resistance, enabling the rectification of oscillatory flow resembling a diode and the ability to switch its rectification direction. This component facilitated bidirectional flow control without the need for mechanical valves. Moreover, we demonstrated its application in microfluidic cell pipetting, enabling the isolation of single cells. Consequently, based on modulating high-speed flow, our approach offers precise control over the spatiotemporal development of vortices in microstructures, thereby introducing innovative microfluidic functionalities.}, }
@article {pmid39093039, year = {2024}, author = {Van Blitterswyk, J and Rocha, J}, title = {Erratum: An experimental study of the wall-pressure fluctuations beneath low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141, 1257-1268 (2017)].}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {156}, number = {2}, pages = {725}, doi = {10.1121/10.0028125}, pmid = {39093039}, issn = {1520-8524}, }
@article {pmid39082012, year = {2024}, author = {Fahad, MK and Hasan, MJ and Ifraj, NF and Chandra Dey, D}, title = {Numerical investigation on the impact of different design arrangements of helical heat exchangers with varying cross-sections utilizing ternary hybrid nanofluids.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {14}, pages = {e34481}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34481}, pmid = {39082012}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Helical tube heat exchangers (HTHE) are commonly used as thermal devices in various thermal engineering applications. A comparative investigation was undertaken to examine several helical tube designs in relation to their potential uses with water and nanofluids. Additionally, employing the ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) flow in helical-type heat exchangers to assess the heat transfer and frictional loss is a unique concept, as there is currently no research on this specific application. This study involves analyzing three different design configurations, each of which has three different inlet profiles: round, square, and oval shapes. Hence, a numerical analysis has been conducted on nine cases, each including the same pipe length, helix diameter, and pitch distance. The specified range for the Reynolds number under the water and THNF flow condition is 5000-25000. The results are acquired for both fluids, considering the Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), outlet temperature (T out), and entropy production (S g). Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is employed to provide a thorough assessment of the overall performance of the proposed designs. The results have been shown as graphical representations, streamlines and contours where Nusselt number, friction factor and entropy generation have been evaluated. The Nusselt number has a higher value for the oval cross-section, while it reaches its lowest value for the square cross-section. The highest heat transfer rate is got for Design 1 with the oval-shaped case. The friction factor for a circular cross-section HHTE is 48 % higher than the friction factor for a square cross-section profile. In addition, the square shape at a Reynolds number (Re) of 25000 exhibits 5 % less entropy formation compared to the oval shape geometry at a Reynolds number of 5000. The results of MCDM analysis indicate that Design 1, which features a square section, exhibits superior performance. Conversely, Design 2, which incorporates a circular cross-section, demonstrates poor performance. Among the six ternary hybrid nanofluids, the Al2O3+CNT+Graphene nanofluid with a water basis exhibits the greatest Nusselt number.}, }
@article {pmid39064393, year = {2024}, author = {Qing, Y and Wang, J and Li, F}, title = {Electro-Osmotic Flow and Mass Transfer through a Rough Microchannel with a Modulated Charged Surface.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi15070882}, pmid = {39064393}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {11902164//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {In this paper, we investigate the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) and mass transfer of a Newtonian fluid propelled by a pressure gradient and alternating current (AC) electric field in a parallel microchannel with sinusoidal roughness and modulated charged surfaces. The two-wall roughness is described by in-phase or out-of-phase sine functions with a small amplitude δ. By employing the method of perturbation expansion, the semi-analytical solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann (P-B) equation based on the Debye-Hückel approximation and the modified Navier-Stokes (N-S) equation are obtained. The numerical solution of the concentration equation is obtained by the finite difference method. The effects of sinusoidal roughness, modulated charged surface, and the AC electric field on the potential field, velocity field, and concentration field are discussed. Under the influence of the modulated charged surface and sinusoidal roughness, vortices are generated. The velocity oscillates due to the effect of the AC electric field. The results indicate that solute diffusion becomes enhanced when the oscillation Reynolds number is below a specific critical value, and it slows down when the oscillation Reynolds number exceeds this critical value.}, }
@article {pmid39056856, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, D and Zhang, B and Zhang, H and Shangguan, Z and Sun, C and Cui, X and Liu, X and Zhao, Z and Liu, G and Chen, H}, title = {Laser Ablating Biomimetic Periodic Array Fish Scale Surface for Drag Reduction.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics9070415}, pmid = {39056856}, issn = {2313-7673}, support = {52305311, 52205297, 51935001, 51725501, and T2121003//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2023QE018//Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Reducing resistance to surface friction is challenging in the field of engineering. Natural biological systems have evolved unique functional surfaces or special physiological functions to adapt to their complex environments over centuries. Among these biological wonders, fish, one of the oldest in the vertebrate group, have garnered attention due to their exceptional fluid dynamics capabilities. Fish skin has inspired innovation in reducing surface friction due to its unique structures and material properties. Herein, drawing inspiration from the unique properties of fish scales, a periodic array of fish scales was fabricated by laser ablation on a polished aluminum template. The morphology of the biomimetic fish scale surface was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and a white-light interfering profilometer. Drag reduction performance was measured in a closed circulating water tunnel. The maximum drag reduction was 10.26% at a Reynolds number of 39,532, and the drag reduction performance gradually decreased with an increase in the distance between fish scales. The mechanism of the biomimetic drag reduction surface was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. Streamwise vortices were generated at the valley of the biomimetic fish scale, replacing sliding friction with rolling friction. These results are expected to provide a foundation for in-depth analysis of the hydrodynamic performance of fish and serve as new inspiration for drag reduction and antifouling.}, }
@article {pmid39036949, year = {2024}, author = {Raihan, MK and Kim, N and Song, Y and Xuan, X}, title = {Elasto-inertial instabilities in the merging flow of viscoelastic fluids.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d4sm00743c}, pmid = {39036949}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Many engineering and natural phenomena involve the merging of two fluid streams through a T-junction. Previous studies of such merging flows have been focused primarily upon Newtonian fluids. We observed in our recent experiment with five different polymer solutions a direct change from an undisturbed to either a steady vortical or unsteady three-dimensional flow at the T-junction with increasing inertia. The transition state(s) in between these two types of merging flow patterns is, however, yet to be known. We present here a systematic experimental study of the merging flow of polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions with varying polymer concentrations and molecular weights. Two new paths of flow development are identified with the increase of Reynolds number: one is the transition in very weakly viscoelastic fluids first to steady vortical flow and then to a juxtaposition state with an unsteady elastic eddy zone in the middle and a steady inertial vortex on each side, and the other is the transition in weakly viscoelastic fluids first to a steady vortical and/or a juxtaposition state and then to a fully unsteady flow. Interestingly, the threshold Reynolds number for the onset of elastic instabilities in the merging flow is not a monotonic function of the elasticity number, but instead follows a power-law dependence on the polymer concentration relative to its overlap value. Such a dependence turns out qualitatively consistent with the prediction of the McKinley-Pakdel criterion.}, }
@article {pmid39027729, year = {2024}, author = {Arshi, S and Madane, K and Shortall, K and Hailo, G and Alvarez-Malmagro, J and Xiao, X and Szymanńska, K and Belochapkine, S and Ranade, VV and Magner, E}, title = {Controlled Delivery of H2O2: A Three-Enzyme Cascade Flow Reactor for Peroxidase-Catalyzed Reactions.}, journal = {ACS sustainable chemistry &amp; engineering}, volume = {12}, number = {28}, pages = {10555-10566}, doi = {10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c03220}, pmid = {39027729}, issn = {2168-0485}, abstract = {Peroxidases are promising catalysts for oxidation reactions, yet their practical utility has been hindered by the fact that they require hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which at high concentrations can cause deactivation of enzymes. Practical processes involving the use of peroxidases require the frequent addition of low concentrations of H2O2. In situ generation of H2O2 can be achieved using oxidase-type enzymes. In this study, a three-enzyme cascade system comprised of a H2O2 generator (glucose oxidase (GOx)), H2O2-dependent enzymes (chloroperoxidase (CPO) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP)), and a H2O2 scavenger (catalase (CAT)) was deployed in a flow reactor. Immobilization of the enzymes on a graphite rod was achieved through electrochemically driven physical adsorption, followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Modeling studies indicated that the flow in the reactor was laminar (Reynolds number, R e < 2000) and was nearly fully developed at the midplane of the annular reactor. Immobilized CAT and GOx displayed good stability, retaining 79% and 84% of their initial activity, respectively, after three cycles of operation. Conversely, immobilized CPO exhibited a considerable reduction in activity after one use, retaining only 30% of its initial activity. The GOx-CAT-GRE system enabled controlled delivery of H2O2 in a more stable manner with a 4-fold enhancement in the oxidation of indole compared to the direct addition of H2O2. Using CPO in solution coupled with GOx-CAT-GRE yields of 90% for the oxidation of indole to 2-oxyindole and of 93% and 91% for the chlorination of thymol and carvacrol, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid39025780, year = {2024}, author = {Ashikhmin, A and Piskunov, M and Kochkin, D and Ronshin, F and Chen, L}, title = {Droplet Microfluidic Method for Estimating the Dynamic Interfacial Tension of Ion-Crosslinked Sodium Alginate Microspheres.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01940}, pmid = {39025780}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The research focuses on optimizing the production of hydrogel microspheres using droplet microfluidics for pharmaceutical and bioengineering applications. A semiempirical method has been developed to predict the dynamic interfacial tension at the interface of ion-cross-linked sodium alginate microsphere-sunflower oil modified with glacial acetic acid and Tween 80 surfactant. These microspheres are produced in a small-scale coaxial device that is manufactured using affordable DLP/LCD 3D printing technology with a transparent photopolymer. The method was tested to design the minireactor in the device, which allows for the production of fully cross-linked microspheres that are ready for use at the output of the reactor without additional cross-linking steps in the microsphere collector. The mathematical expression for estimating the interfacial tension at the moment of formation of a hydrogel microsphere includes the Reynolds number for a two-phase liquid, the Ohnesorge number, and the surface tension at the liquid-air interface for continuous medium flow (modified oil). The reliability of the prediction is confirmed for continuous medium and dispersed phase flow rates of 0.8-3.2 and 0.01-0.08 mL/min, respectively. The evolution of the interfacial tension from the moment the microspheres formed and the estimated ultimate interfacial tension in a cross-linked hydrogel-modified oil system contributed to the reliable determination of the linear size of a minireactor. The ultimate interfacial tension of 76.5 ± 0.3 mN/m was determined using the Young-Laplace equation, which is based on measuring the surface free energy of the hydrogel as soft matter using the Owens-Wendt method. Additionally, the equilibrium static contact angle of the fully cross-linked hydrogel surface wetted with oil is measured using the sessile drop method. From a practical perspective, a method for optimizing and streamlining the high-tech manufacturing of cross-linked polymer microspheres and mini- and microchannel devices for use in bioengineering and pharmaceutical applications is suggested.}, }
@article {pmid39020933, year = {2024}, author = {Sudarsanan, S and Roy, A and Pavithran, I and Tandon, S and Sujith, RI}, title = {Emergence of order from chaos through a continuous phase transition in a turbulent reactive flow system.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {109}, number = {6-1}, pages = {064214}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.109.064214}, pmid = {39020933}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {As the Reynolds number is increased, a laminar fluid flow becomes turbulent, and the range of time and length scales associated with the flow increases. Yet, in a turbulent reactive flow system, as we increase the Reynolds number, we observe the emergence of a single dominant timescale in the acoustic pressure fluctuations, as indicated by its loss of multifractality. Such emergence of order from chaos is intriguing. We perform experiments in a turbulent reactive flow system consisting of flame, acoustic, and hydrodynamic subsystems interacting nonlinearly. We study the evolution of short-time correlated dynamics between the acoustic field and the flame in the spatiotemporal domain of the system. The order parameter, defined as the fraction of the correlated dynamics, increases gradually from zero to one. We find that the susceptibility of the order parameter, correlation length, and correlation time diverge at a critical point between chaos and order. Our results show that the observed emergence of order from chaos is a continuous phase transition. Moreover, we provide experimental evidence that the critical exponents characterizing this transition fall in the universality class of directed percolation. Our paper demonstrates how a real-world complex, nonequilibrium turbulent reactive flow system exhibits universal behavior near a critical point.}, }
@article {pmid39020875, year = {2024}, author = {Samanta, A}, title = {Insights on phase speed and the critical Reynolds number of falling films.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {109}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.109.065103}, pmid = {39020875}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We revisit the studies of gravity-driven viscous falling films with and without imposed shear stress to provide new perspectives on phase speed and the critical Reynolds number for surface instability. We use the traditional long-wave expansion technique implemented for investigating the linear stability analysis [C. S. Yih, Phys. Fluids 6, 321 (1963)0031-917110.1063/1.1706737]. The principal purpose is to create a unified relationship between the leading-order phase speed and the critical Reynolds number that will hold for falling films on impermeable substrates with or without shear stress acting at the liquid film surface. The analytical result demonstrates that the critical Reynolds number for the onset of surface instability is [5/(2c_{0})]cotθ, where c_{0} is the leading-order phase speed of the surface mode and θ is the angle of inclination with the horizontal. Clearly, the critical Reynolds number of the surface mode is explicitly dependent on the leading-order phase speed. Furthermore, we reveal that the basic parallel flow with or without imposed shear stress is linearly unstable to infinitesimal disturbances if the modified Reynolds number, Re_{M}=(Rec_{0}/cotθ)[ReistheReynoldsnumber,andθ≠π/2], is greater than its critical value of 5/2, which is independent of the shear stress applied at the film surface. In addition, it is demonstrated that Re_{M} controls the surface instability in the long-wave regime for both shear-imposed and non-shear-imposed film flows.}, }
@article {pmid39009602, year = {2024}, author = {Kheirkhah Barzoki, A}, title = {Optimization of passive micromixers: effects of pillar configuration and gaps on mixing efficiency.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {16245}, pmid = {39009602}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Chemical bioreactions play a significant role in many of the microfluidic devices, and their applications in biomedical science have seen substantial growth. Given that effective mixing is vital for initiating biochemical reactions in many applications, micromixers have become increasingly prevalent for high-throughput assays. In this research, a numerical study using the finite element method was conducted to examine the fluid flow and mass transfer characteristics in novel micromixers featuring an array of pillars. The study utilized two-dimensional geometries. The impact of pillar configuration on mixing performance was evaluated using concentration distribution and mixing index as key metrics. The study explores the effects of pillar array design on mixing performance and pressure drop, drawing from principles such as contraction-expansion and split-recombine. Two configurations of pillar arrays, slanted and arrowhead, are introduced, each undergoing investigation regarding parameters such as pillar diameter, gap size between pillar groups, distance between pillars, and vertical shift in pillar groups. Subsequently, optimal micromixers are identified, exhibiting mixing efficiency exceeding 99.7% at moderate Reynolds number (Re = 1), a level typically challenging for micromixers to attain high mixing efficiency. Notably, the pressure drop remains low at 1102 Pa. Furthermore, the variations in mixing index over time and across different positions along the channel are examined. Both configurations demonstrate short mixing lengths and times. At a distance of 4300 μm from the inlet, the slanted and arrowhead configurations yielded mixing indices of 97.2% and 98.9%, respectively. The micromixers could provide a mixing index of 99.5% at the channel's end within 8 s. Additionally, both configurations exceeded 90% mixing indices by the 3 s. The combination of rapid mixing, low pressure drop, and short mixing length positions the novel micromixers as highly promising for microfluidic applications.}, }
@article {pmid38994047, year = {2024}, author = {Aziz, MA and Gaheen, OA and Benini, E and Elsayed, AM}, title = {Experimental investigation of multi-step airfoils in low Reynolds numbers applications.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e32919}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32919}, pmid = {38994047}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This study provides a detailed analysis of the aerodynamic performance of various airfoil configurations, focusing on lift coefficient, stall characteristics, and maximum lift-to-drag ratio. The investigation includes the NACA23012C profile and configurations with different step geometries, ranging from one-step to five-step designs. Experimental measurements were conducted using a well-equipped aerodynamic laboratory, Institute of Aviation Engineering and Technology (IAET), Giza, Egypt. The lab features a wind tunnel, propeller test rig, and data acquisition system. The experiments were conducted meticulously to ensure accuracy and reproducibility, with a standardized method employed for uncertainty analysis. The results reveal distinct aerodynamic behaviors among the different configurations, highlighting the significant impact of design variations on aerodynamic performance. Notably, the three-step configuration consistently exhibited high performance, with a competitive or superior lift coefficient across a range of Reynolds numbers, showing an improvement of up to 35.1 %. Similarly, the four-step configuration demonstrated substantial increases in lift-to-drag ratios, reaching up to 53.2 %, while the five-step configuration exhibited varying trends with a minimum drag coefficient. The study also investigated stall characteristics and sensitivity to Reynolds numbers, revealing the complex trade-offs inherent in airfoil design. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing airfoil performance under different operational conditions. Additionally, the adoption of two and three stepped airfoils resulted in significant reductions in blade material and associated costs for turbine blades.}, }
@article {pmid38991421, year = {2024}, author = {Luciano, RD and da Silva, BL and Chen, XB and Bergstrom, DJ}, title = {Turbulent blood flow in a cerebral artery with an aneurysm.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {112214}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112214}, pmid = {38991421}, issn = {1873-2380}, abstract = {Unruptured intracranial aneurysms are common in the general population, and many uncertainties remain when predicting rupture risks and treatment outcomes. One of the cutting-edge tools used to investigate this condition is computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, CFD is not yet mature enough to guide the clinical management of this disease. In addition, recent studies have reported significant flow instabilities when refined numerical methods are used. Questions remain as to how to properly simulate and evaluate this flow, and whether these instabilities are really turbulence. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the simulation setup on the results and investigate the occurrence of turbulence in a cerebral artery with an aneurysm. For this purpose, direct numerical simulations were performed with up to 200 cardiac cycles and with data sampling rates of up to 100,000 times per cardiac cycle. Through phase-averaging or triple decomposition, the contributions of turbulence and of laminar pulsatile waves to the velocity, pressure and wall shear stress fluctuations were distinguished. For example, the commonly used oscillatory shear index was found to be closely related to the laminar waves introduced at the inlet, rather than turbulence. The turbulence energy cascade was evaluated through energy spectrum estimates, revealing that, despite the low flow rates and Reynolds number, the flow is turbulent near the aneurysm. Phase-averaging was shown to be an approach that can help researchers better understand this flow, although the results are highly dependent on simulation setup and post-processing choices.}, }
@article {pmid38987632, year = {2024}, author = {Oz, F and Kara, K}, title = {Controlling hypersonic boundary layer transition with localized cooling and metasurface treatments.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {15928}, pmid = {38987632}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {OAC-1531128//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {This study investigates a novel method to control hypersonic boundary layer transition using a combined local cooling and local metasurface treatment. The method's effectiveness was investigated on a 5-degree half-angle blunt wedge with a nose radius of 0.0254 mm at a freestream Mach number of 6.0 using direct numerical simulations and linear stability theory. We explored four cases: (i) adiabatic baseline case, (ii) locally cooled case, (iii) local metasurface case, and (iv) combined local cooling-local metasurface case. Results showed that the combined local cooling-local metasurface treatment significantly reduced both wall pressure disturbance amplitude and the density perturbation amplitude around the sonic line, indicating a potential for controlling hypersonic boundary layer transition. In the local cooling-local metasurface case, the disturbance amplitude at the end of the computational domain was 270 times lower than the baseline case. The study also examined the impact of Reynolds numbers, ranging from 25.59 million per meter to 32.80 million per meter. Unsteady simulations revealed that the Reynolds number had a negligible effect on the local cooling-local metasurface performance, indicating that the proposed method applies to a wide range of flight conditions.}, }
@article {pmid38986513, year = {2024}, author = {Maire, Y and Schmitt, FG and Kormas, K and Vasileiadis, S and Caruana, A and Skouroliakou, DI and Bampouris, V and Courcot, L and Hervé, F and Crouvoisier, M and Christaki, U}, title = {Effects of turbulence on diatoms of the genus pseudo-nitzschia spp. And associated bacteria.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiae094}, pmid = {38986513}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {Turbulence is one of the least investigated environmental factors impacting the ecophysiology of phytoplankton, both at the community and individual species level. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the effect of a turbulence gradient (${\rm{Reynolds\ number}}$, from ${\rm{R}}{{\rm{e}}}_{\rm{\lambda }} = 0$ to ${\rm{R}}{{\rm{e}}}_{\rm{\lambda }} = 360$) on two species of the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia and their associated bacterial communities under laboratory conditions. Cell abundance, domoic acid (DA) production, chain formation, and Chl a content of P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries were higher for intermediate turbulence (${\rm{R}}{{\rm{e}}}_{\rm{\lambda }} = 160$ or $240$). DA was detectable only in P. multiseries samples. These observations were supported by transcriptomic analyses results which suggested the turbulence related induction of the expression of the DA production locus, with a linkage to an increased photosynthetic activity of the total metatranscriptome. This study also highlighted a higher richness of the bacterial community associated with the non-toxic strain of P. fraudulenta in comparison to the toxic strain of P. multiseries. Bacillus was an important genus in P. multiseries cultures (relative abundance 15.5%) and its highest abundances coincided with the highest DA levels. However, associated bacterial communities of both Pseudo-nitzschia species did not show clear patterns relative to turbulence intensity.}, }
@article {pmid38975123, year = {2024}, author = {Nilpueng, K and Kaseethong, P and Wongwises, S}, title = {Heat transfer and flow characteristics of a plate-fin heat sink equipped with copper foam and twisted tapes.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e32307}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32307}, pmid = {38975123}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The objective of this paper is to present new heat transfer enhancement approaches in plate-fin heat sinks (PFHS) using copper foam and twisted tapes. The motivation behind these concepts is to reduce pressure drop while enhancing heat transfer compared to PFHSs fully inserted with copper foam. The impact of twisted tape type, twist ratio, and Reynolds number (Re) on the heat and flow behaviors inside the PFHS equipped with copper foam (PFHSCF) is investigated. Copper foam has a porosity of 0.932 and a pore density of 40 pores per inch. Stationary and rotating twisted tapes with twist ratios between 2.7 and 4 are tested at Re between 3000 and 6000. The experimental results indicated that the pressure drop of the airflow inside a PFHS equipped with copper foam and a stationary twisted tape (PFHSCF_STT) as well as a PFHS equipped with copper foam and rotating twisted tapes (PFHSCF_RTT) decreased by an average of 34.8 % and 37.9 %, respectively, compared to a PFHSCF. When the twist ratio is decreased from 4 to 2.7, the thermal resistances of PFHSCF_STT and PFHSCF_RTT are reduced by 14.2 and 14.8 %, respectively. Based on assessment, the thermal-hydraulic performance of a PFHSCF_RTT with twist ratios of 2.7 and 3.3 is higher than that of a PFHSCF. To facilitate practical applications, correlations are proposed to predict the Nusselt number and friction factor. Additionally, considering the outcomes of the current study, conducting numerical investigations on the thermal performance of PFHS under different pore densities of copper foam and wider twist ratios of twisted tapes is recommended to determine optimal working conditions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid38971061, year = {2024}, author = {Li, Z and Wang, B and Wang, F and Sun, B and Li, L}, title = {Flow dynamics and turbulent coherent structures around sediment reduction plates of a sewer system.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {366}, number = {}, pages = {121594}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121594}, pmid = {38971061}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {In the management of urban drainage networks, great interest has been generated in the removal of sediments from sewer systems. The unsteady three-dimensional (3D) flow and turbulent coherent structures surrounding sediment reduction plates in a sewer system are investigated by means of the detached-eddy simulation (DES). Particular emphasis is given to detailing the instantaneous velocity and vorticity fields within the grooves, along with an examination of the three-dimensional, long-term, average flow structure at a Reynolds number of approximately 10[5]. Velocity vectors demonstrate continuous flapping of the flow on the groove wall, periodically interacting with ejections of positive and negative vorticity originating from the grooves. The interaction between the three-dimensional groove flow and the shear flow leads to the downstream transport of patches of positive and negative vorticity, which significantly influence sediment transport. The high-velocity shear flows and strong vortices generated in undulating topography, as identified by the Q-criteria, are the key factors contributing to the efficient sediment reduction capabilities of the sediment reduction plates. The sediment reduction plates with partially enclosed structures exhibit low sedimentation rates in grooves on the plate, a broader acceleration region, and a lesser impact on the flow capacity. The results improve the understanding of the hydrodynamics and turbulent coherent structures surrounding the sediment reduction plates while elucidating the driving factors behind the enhancement of sediment scouring and suspension capacities. These results indicate that the redesign of the plates as partially enclosed structures contributes to further improving their sediment reduction performance.}, }
@article {pmid38968103, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, W and Chen, MA and Lee, SH and Kang, PK}, title = {Fluid inertia controls mineral precipitation and clogging in pore to network-scale flows.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {121}, number = {28}, pages = {e2401318121}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2401318121}, pmid = {38968103}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {DE-SC0023429//U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)/ ; ECCS-2025124//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {Mineral precipitation caused by fluid mixing presents complex control and predictability challenges in a variety of natural and engineering processes, including carbon mineralization, geothermal energy, and microfluidics. Precipitation dynamics, particularly under the influence of fluid flow, remain poorly understood. Combining microfluidic experiments and three-dimensional reactive transport simulations, we demonstrate that fluid inertia controls mineral precipitation and clogging at flow intersections, even in laminar flows. We observe distinct precipitation regimes as a function of Reynolds number (Re). At low Reynolds numbers (Re < 10), precipitates form a thin, dense layer along the mixing interface, which shuts precipitation off, while at high Reynolds numbers (Re > 50), strong three-dimensional flows significantly enhance precipitation over the entire intersection, resulting in rapid clogging. When injection rates from two inlets are uneven, flow symmetry-breaking leads to unexpected flow bifurcation phenomena, which result in enhanced concurrent precipitation in both downstream channels. Finally, we extend our findings to rough channel networks and demonstrate that the identified inertial effects on precipitation at the intersection scale are also present and even more dramatic at the network scale. This study sheds light on the fundamental mechanisms underlying mixing-induced mineral precipitation and provides a framework for designing and optimizing processes involving mineral precipitation.}, }
@article {pmid38958090, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, H and Xiong, J and Cai, Y and Fu, W and Zhong, Y and Jiang, T and Cheang, UK}, title = {Stabilization of CsPbBr3 Nanowires Through SU-8 Encapsulation for the Fabrication of Bilayer Microswimmers with Magnetic and Fluorescence Properties.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2400346}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202400346}, pmid = {38958090}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {52375569//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; RCYX20210609103644015//Science and Technology Innovation Committee Foundation of Shenzhen/ ; 2021ZDZX2037//Department of Education of Guangdong/ ; 2021A1515110212//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 2023A1515012229//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {All-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals have drawn great interest because of their excellent photophysical properties and potential applications. However, their poor stability in water greatly limited their use in applications that require stable structures. In this work, a facile approach to stabilize CsPbBr3 nanowires is developed by using SU-8 as a protection medium; thereby creating stable CsPbBr3/SU-8 microstructures. Through photolithography and layer-by-layer deposition, CsPbBr3/SU-8 is used to fabricate bilayer achiral microswimmers (BAMs), which consist of a top CsPbBr3/SU-8 layer and a bottom Fe3O4 magnetic layer. Compared to pure CsPbBr3 nanowires, the CsPbBr3/SU-8 shows long-term structural and fluorescence stability in water against ultrasonication treatment. Due to the magnetic layer, the motion of the microswimmers can be controlled precisely under a rotating magnetic field, allowing them to swim at low Reynolds number and tumble or roll on surfaces. Furthermore, CsPbBr3/SU-8 can be used to fabricate various types of planar microstructures with high throughput, high consistency, and fluorescence properties. This work provides a method for the stabilization of CsPbBr3 and demonstrates the potential to mass fabricate planar microstructures with various shapes, which can be used in different applications such as microrobotics.}, }
@article {pmid38950632, year = {2024}, author = {Stachurska, B and Sulisz, W}, title = {Laboratory investigations of wave-induced transport of plastic debris over a rippled bottom.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {174380}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174380}, pmid = {38950632}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Laboratory experiments are conducted in a wave flume to investigate the effect of water waves on the transport of plastic pellets over a rippled bottom. The horizontal velocities of plastic debris are analyzed over the rippled bottom for different wave conditions and plastic elements with different properties. Laboratory investigations determined the characteristic transport patterns of wave-induced plastic debris with a density of ~2.0g/cm3 moving along the rippled bottom. In the first, swing-type motion, the grains move only in the ripple trough with velocities lower than 0.10 m/s. For sliding-type movement, the grains move along the entire rippled surface with velocities in the range of 0.10-0.13 m/s. For higher velocities in the range of 0.15-0.20 m/s, a saltation-type motion becomes dominant. The results show that plastic grains may move up to 2-3 cm above the ripple crest depending on hydrodynamic conditions. The analysis shows that for velocity-skewed flows, sliding-type motion and onshore transport dominate. For acceleration-skewed flows, saltation-type motion and offshore transport dominate, which is attributed to higher boundary layer thickness and phase lag effects. The analysis of the relationship between the particle Reynolds number and the thickness of the turbulent boundary layer reveals that for values of Rep≥1000 and a boundary layer thickness mm saltation-type motion becomes dominant. The direction of transport is affected not only by the density of the sediment and the wave skewness coefficients but also by the dimensions of the bottom ripples. The laboratory investigations also provide insight into the hydrodynamic conditions affecting the transport of plastic debris along the bottom covered with ripples in oscillating nonlinear water flows.}, }
@article {pmid38947461, year = {2024}, author = {Amsie, AB and Ayalew, AT and Mada, ZM and Finsa, MM}, title = {Acclimatize experimental approach to adjudicate hydraulic coefficients under different bed material configurations and slopes with and without weir.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e32162}, pmid = {38947461}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic coefficient of coarse aggregate grain size beds and hydraulic parameters under random and perpendicular bed configurations, as well as to explore the discharge coefficient for rectangular weirs. The research objectives were to compare flow resistance coefficients, evaluate the discharge coefficient for rectangular weirs, investigate the relationship between roughness coefficient and hydraulic parameters, and validate the theoretical hydraulic equation for the rectangular weir. This was achieved by analysing different bed configurations, bed slopes, and 20 and 30-mm bed materials. Sieve analysis was conducted on bed materials using American-standard sieves to determine their particle size distribution. The experiment was performed in a rectangular flume measuring 12 m in length, 0.31 m in width, and 0.45 m in depth. In a laboratory experiment, water was pumped into a flume using centrifugal pumps, and a rectangular weir was attached downstream for discharge measurement. The experiment investigated factors such as Manning roughness coefficient, bed material geometry, bed slope, and weir shapes. Approximately 1680 tests were conducted to analysed the impact of these factors on discharge and the coefficient of discharge. The average Manning's roughness coefficients for a grain size of 20 mm were 0.019 (with weir) and 0.019 (without weir) in a random bed configuration, and 0.028 (with weir) and 0.027 (without weir) in a perpendicular flow bed configuration. For a grain size of 30 mm, the coefficients were 0.023 (with weir) and 0.022 (without weir) in a random bed configuration, and 0.033 (with weir) and 0.026 (without weir) in a perpendicular flow bed configuration. The presence of a weir has affected Manning's roughness coefficients and discharge coefficients. With a weir, the roughness coefficients have generally been higher compared to without a weir, indicating increased roughness in the channel. The discharge coefficient for a rectangular weir with a grain size of 20 mm ranged from 0.39 to 0.84 (random bed) and 0.27 to 0.68 (perpendicular flow bed), while for a grain size of 30 mm it ranged from 0.31 to 0.81 (random bed) and 0.23 to 0.48 (perpendicular flow bed). The discharge coefficients have varied depending on the grain size and bed configuration, reflecting different flow efficiencies over the weir. Rough particles influenced flow and Manning's roughness coefficient value, then reduced discharge and velocity values. Under two bed configurations and slopes, beds with a grain size of 30 mm have higher roughness coefficients compared to those with a grain size of 20 mm. The models have shown that the roughness coefficient is inversely proportional to the discharge and directly proportional to the tailgate water levels. The coefficient of roughness and discharge coefficient are mainly influenced by the channel slopes, bed roughness, bed grain size, and bed configuration. A randomly configured bed with a 20 mm grain size gravel bed is preferred over a perpendicular bed configuration to handle high discharges. Using a 20 mm grain-size gravel bed in open-channel flow is more suitable than a 30 mm grain-size bed. Relying on the constant friction factor, Manning's n, is not recommended as it may result in design errors. These findings have the potential to improve hydraulic engineering design practices, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of open-channel flow systems.}, }
@article {pmid38947451, year = {2024}, author = {Mahammedi, A and Tayeb, NT and Kim, JH and Hossain, S}, title = {Entropy generation analysis and thermal synergy efficiency in the T-shaped micro-kenics.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e32233}, pmid = {38947451}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In this work, three different twist angles of a micro helical insert in a T-shaped are studied numerically in order to evaluate the laminar steady flow behavior of Newtonian fluid in chaotic geometry. In the geometries under consideration, thermal mixing behavior is carried out using fluids having two distinct input temperatures. Under the influence of chaotic advection and low rates of Reynolds number, the second law of thermodynamics is controlled in terms of the entropy generation caused by hydrodynamic and thermal processes. The governing equations are numerically solved using the CFD Fluent code. Thus, the micromixer's configuration demonstrated a very significant improvement in mixing degree while minimizing friction and thermal irreversibilities. The synergy coefficient, which depicts the link between velocity and heat transfer in angle form, is analyzed and the results are provided.}, }
@article {pmid38937518, year = {2024}, author = {Akilu, S and Sharma, KV and Baheta, AT and Kanti, PK and Paramasivam, P}, title = {Machine learning analysis of thermophysical and thermohydraulic properties in ethylene glycol- and glycerol-based SiO2 nanofluids.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {14829}, pmid = {38937518}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The study investigates the heat transfer and friction factor properties of ethylene glycol and glycerol-based silicon dioxide nanofluids flowing in a circular tube under continuous heat flux circumstances. This study tackles the important requirement for effective thermal management in areas such as electronics cooling, the automobile industry, and renewable energy systems. Previous research has encountered difficulties in enhancing thermal performance while handling the increased friction factor associated with nanofluids. This study conducted experiments in the Reynolds number range of 1300 to 21,000 with particle volume concentrations of up to 1.0%. Nanofluids exhibited superior heat transfer coefficients and friction factor values than the base liquid values. The highest enhancement in heat transfer was 5.4% and 8.3% for glycerol and ethylene glycol -based silicon dioxide Nanofluid with a relative friction factor penalty of ∼30% and 75%, respectively. To model and predict the complicated, nonlinear experimental data, five machine learning approaches were used: linear regression, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, adaptive boosting, and decision tree. Among them, the decision tree-based model performed well with few errors, while the random forest and extreme gradient boosting models were also highly accurate. The findings indicate that these advanced machine learning models can accurately anticipate the thermal performance of nanofluids, providing a dependable tool for improving their use in a variety of thermal systems. This study's findings help to design more effective cooling solutions and improve the sustainability of energy systems.}, }
@article {pmid38930772, year = {2024}, author = {Kottmeier, J and Wullenweber, MS and Kampen, I and Kwade, A and Dietzel, A}, title = {A High-Aspect-Ratio Deterministic Lateral Displacement Array for High-Throughput Fractionation.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi15060802}, pmid = {38930772}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {SPP 2045//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {Future industrial applications of microparticle fractionation with deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) devices are hindered by exceedingly low throughput rates. To enable the necessary high-volume flows, high flow velocities as well as high aspect ratios in DLD devices have to be investigated. However, no experimental studies have yet been conducted on the fractionation of bi-disperse suspensions containing particles below 10 µm with DLD at a Reynolds number (Re) above 60. Furthermore, devices with an aspect ratio of more than 4:1, which require advanced microfabrication, are not known in the DLD literature. Therefore, we developed a suitable process with deep reactive ion etching of silicon and anodic bonding of a glass lid to create pressure-resistant arrays. With a depth of 120 µm and a gap of 23 µm between posts, a high aspect ratio of 6:1 was realized, and devices were investigated using simulations and fractionation experiments. With the two-segmented array of 3° and 7° row shifts, critical diameters of 8 µm and 12 µm were calculated for low Re conditions, but it was already known that vortices behind the posts can shift these values to lower critical diameters. Suspensions with polystyrene particles in different combinations were injected with an overall flow rate of up to 15 mL/min, corresponding to Re values of up to 90. Suspensions containing particle combinations of 2 µm with 10 µm as well as 5 µm with 10 µm were successfully fractionated, even at the highest flow rate. Under these conditions, a slight widening of the displacement position was observed, but there was no further reduction in the critical size as it was for Re = 60. With an unprecedented fractionation throughput of nearly 1 L per hour, entirely new applications are being developed for chemical, pharmaceutical, and recycling technologies.}, }
@article {pmid38930743, year = {2024}, author = {Juraeva, M and Kang, DJ}, title = {Mixing Performance of a Passive Micromixer Based on Split-to-Circulate (STC) Flow Characteristics.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi15060773}, pmid = {38930743}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {We propose a novel passive micromixer leveraging STC (split-to-circulate) flow characteristics and analyze its mixing performance comprehensively. Three distinct designs incorporating submerged circular walls were explored to achieve STC flow characteristics, facilitating flow along a convex surface and flow impingement on a concave surface. Across a broad Reynolds number range (0.1 to 80), the present micromixer substantially enhances mixing, with a degree of mixing (DOM) consistently exceeding 0.84. Particularly, the mixing enhancement is prominent within the low and intermediate range of Reynolds numbers (0.1<Re<20). This enhancement stems from key flow characteristics of STC: the formation of saddle points around convex walls and flow impingement on concave walls. Compared to other passive micromixers, the DOM of the present micromixer stands out as notably high over a broad range of Reynolds numbers (0.1≤Re≤80).}, }
@article {pmid38930665, year = {2024}, author = {Huang, H and Liu, J and Yu, J and Pan, W and Yan, Z and Pan, Z}, title = {Behind the Non-Uniform Breakup of Bubble Slug in Y-Shaped Microchannel: Dynamics and Mechanisms.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi15060695}, pmid = {38930665}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Bubble flow in confined geometries is a problem of fundamental and technological significance. Among all the forms, bubble breakup in bifurcated microchannels is one of the most commonly encountered scenarios, where an in-depth understanding is necessary for better leveraging the process. This study numerically investigates the non-uniform breakup of a bubble slug in Y-shaped microchannels under different flow ratios, Reynolds numbers, and initial bubble volumes. Overall, the bubble can either breakup or non-breakup when passing through the bifurcation and shows different forms depending on flow regimes. The flow ratio-Reynolds number phase diagrams indicate a power-law transition line of breakup and non-breakup. The bubble takes longer to break up with rising flow ratios yet breaks earlier with higher Reynolds numbers and volumes. Non-breakup takes less time than the breakup patterns. Flow ratio is the origin of non-uniform breakup. Both the Reynolds number and initial volume influence the bubble states when reaching the bifurcation and thus affect subsequent processes. Bubble neck dynamics are analyzed to describe the breakup further. The volume distribution after breaking up is found to have a quadratic relation with the flow ratio. Our study is hoped to provide insights for practical applications related to non-uniform bubble breakups.}, }
@article {pmid38930661, year = {2024}, author = {Ganguli, A and Bhatt, V and Yagodnitsyna, A and Pinjari, D and Pandit, A}, title = {A Review of Pressure Drop and Mixing Characteristics in Passive Mixers Involving Miscible Liquids.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi15060691}, pmid = {38930661}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {The present review focuses on the recent studies carried out in passive micromixers for understanding the hydrodynamics and transport phenomena of miscible liquid-liquid (LL) systems in terms of pressure drop and mixing indices. First, the passive micromixers have been categorized based on the type of complexity in shape, size, and configuration. It is observed that the use of different aspect ratios of the microchannel width, presence of obstructions, flow and operating conditions, and fluid properties majorly affect the mixing characteristics and pressure drop in passive micromixers. A regime map for the micromixer selection based on optimization of mixing index (MI) and pressure drop has been identified based on the literature data for the Reynolds number (Re) range (1 ≤ Re ≤ 100). The map comprehensively summarizes the favorable, moderately favorable, or non-operable regimes of a micromixer. Further, regions for special applications of complex micromixer shapes and micromixers operating at low Re have been identified. Similarly, the operable limits for a micromixer based on pressure drop for Re range 0.1 < Re < 100,000 have been identified. A comparison of measured pressure drop with fundamentally derived analytical expressions show that Category 3 and 4 micromixers mostly have higher pressure drops, except for a few efficient ones. An MI regime map comprising diffusion, chaotic advection, and mixed advection-dominated zones has also been devised. An empirical correlation for pressure drop as a function of Reynolds number has been developed and a corresponding friction factor has been obtained. Predictions on heat and mass transfer based on analogies in micromixers have also been proposed.}, }
@article {pmid38920538, year = {2024}, author = {Gerolymos, GA and Vallet, I}, title = {Entropy Fluctuations and Correlations in Compressible Turbulent Plane Channel Flow.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/e26060530}, pmid = {38920538}, issn = {1099-4300}, support = {2023-022139, 2022-022139, 2021-022139, 2020-022139, 2019-022139, 2018-022139 TGCC-CINES-IDRIS//Grand &#xc9;quipement National de Calcul Intensif (France)/ ; 2021-240083 JUWELS//Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe/ ; ANR-15-CE06-0009 NumERICCS//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {The thermodynamic turbulence structure of compressible aerodynamic flows is often characterised by the correlation coefficient of entropy with pressure or temperature. We study entropy fluctuations s' and their correlations with the fluctuations of the other thermodynamic variables in compressible turbulent plane channel flow using dns data. We investigate the influence of the hcb (Huang-Coleman-Bradshaw) friction Reynolds number (100⪅Reτ★⪅1000) and of the centreline Mach number (0.3⪅M¯CLx⪅2.5) on the magnitude and location of the peak of the root-mean-square srms'. The complete series expansions of s' with respect to the fluctuations of the basic thermodynamic variables (pressure p, density ρ and temperature T) are calculated for the general case of variable heat-capacity cp(T) thermodynamics. The correlation coefficients of s' with the fluctuations of the basic thermodynamic quantities (cs'p', cs'ρ', cs'T'), for varying (Reτ★,M¯CLx), are studied. Insight on these correlations is provided by considering the probability density function (pdf) of s' and its joint pdfs with the other thermodynamic variables.}, }
@article {pmid38919163, year = {2024}, author = {Tanriverdi, S and Cruz, J and Habibi, S and Amini, K and Costa, M and Lundell, F and Mårtensson, G and Brandt, L and Tammisola, O and Russom, A}, title = {Elasto-inertial focusing and particle migration in high aspect ratio microchannels for high-throughput separation.}, journal = {Microsystems &amp; nanoengineering}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {87}, pmid = {38919163}, issn = {2055-7434}, abstract = {The combination of flow elasticity and inertia has emerged as a viable tool for focusing and manipulating particles using microfluidics. Although there is considerable interest in the field of elasto-inertial microfluidics owing to its potential applications, research on particle focusing has been mostly limited to low Reynolds numbers (Re<1), and particle migration toward equilibrium positions has not been extensively examined. In this work, we thoroughly studied particle focusing on the dynamic range of flow rates and particle migration using straight microchannels with a single inlet high aspect ratio. We initially explored several parameters that had an impact on particle focusing, such as the particle size, channel dimensions, concentration of viscoelastic fluid, and flow rate. Our experimental work covered a wide range of dimensionless numbers (0.05 < Reynolds number < 85, 1.5 < Weissenberg number < 3800, 5 < Elasticity number < 470) using 3, 5, 7, and 10 µm particles. Our results showed that the particle size played a dominant role, and by tuning the parameters, particle focusing could be achieved at Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.2 (1 µL/min) to 85 (250 µL/min). Furthermore, we numerically and experimentally studied particle migration and reported differential particle migration for high-resolution separations of 5 µm, 7 µm and 10 µm particles in a sheathless flow at a throughput of 150 µL/min. Our work elucidates the complex particle transport in elasto-inertial flows and has great potential for the development of high-throughput and high-resolution particle separation for biomedical and environmental applications.}, }
@article {pmid38907454, year = {2024}, author = {Zero, EN and Crespi, VH}, title = {Emergence of inertia in the low-Reynolds regime of self-diffusiophoretic motion.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {109}, number = {5-1}, pages = {054602}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.109.054602}, pmid = {38907454}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {For isotropic swimming particles driven by self-diffusiophoresis at zero Reynolds number (where particle velocity responds instantaneously to applied force), the diffusive timescale of emitted solute can produce an emergent quasi-inertial behavior. These particles can orbit in a central potential and reorient under second-order dynamics, not the first-order dynamics of classical zero-Reynolds motion. They are described by a simple effective model that embeds their history-dependent behavior as an effective inertia, this being the most primitive expression of memory. The system can be parameterized with dynamic quantities such as particle size and swimming speed, without detailed knowledge of the diffusiophoretic mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid38905672, year = {2024}, author = {Matsuda, K and Yoshimatsu, K and Schneider, K}, title = {Heavy Particle Clustering in Inertial Subrange of High-Reynolds Number Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {132}, number = {23}, pages = {234001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.234001}, pmid = {38905672}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Direct numerical simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence shows pronounced clustering of inertial particles in the inertial subrange at high Reynolds number, in addition to the clustering typically observed in the near dissipation range. The clustering in the inertial subrange is characterized by the bump in the particle number density spectra and is due to modulation of preferential concentration. The number density spectrum can be modeled by a rational function of the scale-dependent Stokes number.}, }
@article {pmid38900310, year = {2024}, author = {Li, Z and Ye, H and Lin, J and Ouyang, Z}, title = {Analysis of the number of topological defects in active nematic fluids under applied shear flow.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {43}, pmid = {38900310}, issn = {1292-895X}, support = {12132015//Key Programme/ ; 12332015//Key Programme/ ; }, abstract = {The number of topological defects in the shear flow of active nematic fluids is numerically investigated in this study. The evolution of the flow state of extensile active nematic fluids is explored by increasing the activity of active nematic fluids. Evidently, medium-activity active nematic fluids exhibit a highly ordered vortex lattice fluid state. However, high-activity active nematic fluids exhibit a meso-scale turbulent flow accompanied by topological defects. The number of topological defects (Ndef) increases with increasing shear Reynolds number (Res). Fluid viscosity strongly influences Ndef, while the influence of fluid density is relatively weak. Ndef decreases with increasing activity length scale (lζ) value. A small Res value strongly influences Ndef, whereas a large lζ value only weakly influences Ndef. As the activity increases, Ndef in contractile active nematic fluids becomes larger than that of extensile active nematic fluids.}, }
@article {pmid38893741, year = {2024}, author = {Hanzlik, J and Vanek, J and Pata, V and Senkerik, V and Polaskova, M and Kruzelak, J and Bednarik, M}, title = {The Impact of Surface Roughness on Conformal Cooling Channels for Injection Molding.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {38893741}, issn = {1996-1944}, support = {IGA/FT/2024/003//Internal Grant Agency of Tomas Bata University in Zlin/ ; }, abstract = {Injection molding technology is widely utilized across various industries for its ability to fabricate complex-shaped components with exceptional dimensional accuracy. However, challenges related to injection quality often arise, necessitating innovative approaches for improvement. This study investigates the influence of surface roughness on the efficiency of conformal cooling channels produced using additive manufacturing technologies, specifically Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) and Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM). Through a combination of experimental measurements, including surface roughness analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and cooling system flow analysis, this study elucidates the impact of surface roughness on coolant flow dynamics and pressure distribution within the cooling channels. The results reveal significant differences in surface roughness between DMLS and ADAM technologies, with corresponding effects on coolant flow behavior. Following that fact, this study shows that when cooling channels' surface roughness is lowered up to 90%, the reduction in coolant media pressure is lowered by 0.033 MPa. Regression models are developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between surface roughness and key parameters, such as coolant pressure, Reynolds number, and flow velocity. Practical implications for the optimization of injection molding cooling systems are discussed, highlighting the importance of informed decision making in technology selection and post-processing techniques. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of surface roughness in injection molding processes and provides valuable insights for enhancing cooling system efficiency and product quality.}, }
@article {pmid38882326, year = {2024}, author = {Ali, I and Hussain, T and Unar, IN and Kumar, L and Ahad, IU}, title = {Turbulence model study for aerodynamic analysis of the leading edge tubercle wing for low Reynolds number flows.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e32148}, pmid = {38882326}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {A turbulence model study was performed to analyze the flow around the Tubercle Leading Edge (TLE) wing. Five turbulence models were selected to evaluate aerodynamic force coefficients and flow mechanism by comparing with existing literature results. The selected models are realizable k-ε, k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST), (γ - R e θ) SST model, Transition k-k l -ω model and Stress- ω Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). For that purpose, the TLE wing model was developed by using the NACA0021 airfoil profile. The wing model is designed with tubercle wavelength of 0.11c and amplitude of 0.03c. Numerical simulation was performed at chord-based Reynolds number of Rec = 120,000. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation reveals that among the selected turbulence models, Stress- ω RSM estimated aerodynamic forces (i.e. lift and drag) coefficients closest to that of the experimental values followed by realizable k-ε, (γ - R e θ) SST model, k-ω SST model and k-k l -ω model. However, at a higher angle of attacks i.e. at 16° &amp; 20° k-ω SST model predicted closest drag and lift coefficient to that of the experimental values. Additionally, the critical observation of pressure contour confirmed that at the lower angle of attack Stress- ω RSM predicted strong Leading Edge (LE) suction followed by realizable k-ε, (γ - R e θ)SST model, k-ω SST model and k-k l -ω model. Thus, the superiority of Stress- ω RSM in predicting the aerodynamic force coefficients is shown by the flow behavior. In addition to this pressure contours also confirmed that k-k l -ω model failed to predict tubercled wing aerodynamic performance. At higher angles of attacks k-ω SST model estimated aerodynamic force coefficients closest to that of the experimental values, thus k-ω SST model is used at 16° &amp; 20° AoAs. The observed streamline behavior for different turbulence models showed that the Stress- ω RSM model and k-k l -ω model failed to model flow behavior at higher AoAs, whereas k-ω SST model is a better approach to model separated flows that experience strong flow recirculation zone.}, }
@article {pmid38858424, year = {2024}, author = {Khashan, S and Odhah, AA and Taha, M and Alazzam, A and Al-Fandi, M}, title = {Enhanced microfluidic multi-target separation by positive and negative magnetophoresis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {13293}, pmid = {38858424}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {ENG/1/13/2018//Scientific Research and Innovation Support Fund (SRSF)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation/methods ; Cell Separation/methods/instrumentation ; Erythrocytes ; Microfluidics/methods/instrumentation ; Leukocytes ; Hydrodynamics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; }, abstract = {We introduce magnetophoresis-based microfluidics for sorting biological targets using positive Magnetophoresis (pM) for magnetically labeled particles and negative Magnetophoresis (nM) for label-free particles. A single, externally magnetized ferromagnetic wire induces repulsive forces and is positioned across the focused sample flow near the main channel's closed end. We analyze magnetic attributes and separation performance under two transverse dual-mode magnetic configurations, examining magnetic fields, hydrodynamics, and forces on microparticles of varying sizes and properties. In pM, the dual-magnet arrangement (DMA) for sorting three distinct particles shows higher magnetic gradient generation and throughput than the single-magnet arrangement (SMA). In nM, the numerical results for SMA sorting of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and prostate cancer cells (PC3-9) demonstrate superior magnetic properties and throughput compared to DMA. Magnetized wire linear movement is a key design parameter, allowing device customization. An automated device for handling more targets can be created by manipulating magnetophoretic repulsion forces. The transverse wire and magnet arrangement accommodate increased channel depth without sacrificing efficiency, yielding higher throughput than other devices. Experimental validation using soft lithography and 3D printing confirms successful sorting and separation, aligning well with numerical results. This demonstrates the successful sorting and separating of injected particles within a hydrodynamically focused sample in all systems. Both numerical and experimental findings indicate a separation accuracy of 100% across various Reynolds numbers. The primary channel dimensions measure 100 µm in height and 200 µm in width. N52 permanent magnets were employed in both numerical simulations and experiments. For numerical simulations, a remanent flux density of 1.48 T was utilized. In the experimental setup, magnets measuring 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.125 inches and 0.5 × 0.5 × 1 inch were employed. The experimental data confirm the device's capability to achieve 100% separation accuracy at a Reynolds number of 3. However, this study did not explore the potential impact of increased flow rates on separation accuracy.}, }
@article {pmid38857262, year = {2024}, author = {Islam, M and Ali, U and Mone, S}, title = {Harnessing flow-induced vibrations for energy harvesting: Experimental and numerical insights using piezoelectric transducer.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {e0304489}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0304489}, pmid = {38857262}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Vibration ; *Transducers ; Models, Theoretical ; Renewable Energy ; Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems/instrumentation ; Computer Simulation ; }, abstract = {Flow-induced vibrations (FIV) were considered as unwanted vibrations analogous to noise. However, in a recent trend, the energy of these vibrations can be harvested and converted to electrical power. In this study, the potential of FIV as a source of renewable energy is highlighted through experimental and numerical analyses. The experimental study was conducted on an elastically mounted circular cylinder using helical and leaf springs in the wind tunnel. The Reynolds number (Re) varied between 2300-16000. The motion of the cylinder was restricted in all directions except the transverse direction. The micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) was mounted on the leaf spring to harvest the mechanical energy. Numerical simulations were also performed with SST k-ω turbulence model to supplement the experiments and were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The flow separation and vortex shedding induce aerodynamic forces in the cylinder causing it to vibrate. 2S vortex shedding pattern was observed in all of the cases in this study. The maximum dimensionless amplitude of vibration (A/D) obtained was 0.084 and 0.068 experimentally and numerically, respectively. The results showed that the region of interest is the lock-in region where maximum amplitude of vibration is observed and, therefore, the maximum power output. The piezoelectric voltage and power output were recorded for different reduced velocities (Ur = 1-10) at different resistance values in the circuit. It was observed that as the amplitude of oscillation of the cylinder increases, the voltage and power output of the MEMS increases due to high strain in piezoelectric transducer. The maximum output voltage of 0.6V was observed at Ur = 4.95 for an open circuit, i.e., for a circuit with the resistance value of infinity. As the resistance value reduced, a drop in voltage output was observed. Maximum power of 10.5μW was recorded at Ur = 4.95 for a circuit resistance of 100Ω.}, }
@article {pmid38844512, year = {2024}, author = {Mizuno, Y and Misaka, T and Furukawa, Y}, title = {Fluid-particle-structure interaction in single shot peening.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {13029}, pmid = {38844512}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Shot peening is a widely used cold-working process. Physical phenomena of shot peening are analyzed using the developed fluid-particle-structure coupled solver. The influences of the flow field and shot peening parameters such as the shot impact velocity and shot size are investigated in the case of the falling, impacting, and rebounding single particle. The weakly coupled solver applies the immersed boundary method which enables direct evaluation of the interactions between the unsteady flow field and moving/deforming objects. The elastoplastic object of AISI4340 during the collision of rigid steel shot is analyzed dynamically using the finite element method. Consequently, it is clarified that the flow field of the post-collision between the shot and structure can be characterized by the relative Reynolds number, which is based on the shot diameter and relative velocity between the uniform flow and rebounding shot velocities. As the relative Reynolds number increases, the complex flow field and vortex structures are generated at the collision location. These fluid structures affect the collision phenomena resulting in the random behavior of the shot and the asymmetric indentation in the structure.}, }
@article {pmid38833948, year = {2024}, author = {Lou, S and Zou, Y and Wang, H and Zhou, F and Liu, S and Tu, J and Fedorova, IV}, title = {Influence of vegetation on heavy metal Cr release process from bottom sediment under unidirectional flows and regular waves.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {116535}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116535}, pmid = {38833948}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {As human activities become more intensive, a substantial number of heavy metals are discharged into estuarine or wetland environments. Due to the poor degradability, heavy metals are prone to adsorption and deposition on suspended particles in bottom sediments. Subsequently, under the influence of disturbances, there is a potential for their re-release, causing secondary pollution. To investigate the release process of the heavy metal Cr from sediment, laboratory experiments were conducted under both unidirectional flow and regular wave conditions. At the initial stage, the temporal trends of particulate (CrP) and dissolved (CrD) Chromium concentrations were both characterized by initial increments followed by stabilization and continuous escalation. Vertically, the stable concentrations of CrP and CrD increased with the presence of vegetation and the enhancement of hydrodynamics. The Elovich equation, pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, Double constant equation (Freundlich model), and parabolic diffusion equation were employed to predict the release process of CrD from bottom sediment. The Elovich equation proved most suitable for describing the release process of CrD, with an R[2] exceeding 0.9. In order to assess the influence of vegetation on the Cr release process, the Stem-Reynolds were introduced to modify the Elovich equation. The final maximum error was 12 % (excluding the initial stage), which was much lower than that using the original Elovich equation (maximum error of 32 %). The study findings provide practical support for estuarine and wetland managers to formulate effective heavy metal management measures, which contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid38809093, year = {2024}, author = {Li, D and Dong, J and Li, H}, title = {Electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of Jeffrey fluid through a rough circular microchannel with surface charge-dependent slip.}, journal = {Electrophoresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/elps.202300297}, pmid = {38809093}, issn = {1522-2683}, support = {11962021//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021MS05020//Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region/ ; JY20220138//Basic Science Research Fund in the Universities Directly under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region/ ; JY20220331//Basic Science Research Fund in the Universities Directly under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region/ ; }, abstract = {This research examines the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of Jeffrey fluid in a rough circular microchannel while considering the effect of surface charge on slip. The channel wall corrugations are described as periodic sinusoidal waves with small amplitudes. The perturbation method is employed to derive solutions for velocity and volumetric flow rate, and a combination of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) graphical representations is utilized to effectively illustrate the impacts of relevant parameters on them. The significance of the Reynolds number R e $Re$ in investigations of EMHD flow is particularly emphasized. Furthermore, the effect of wall roughness ε $\varepsilon $ and wave number k $k$ on velocity and the influence of wall roughness ε $\varepsilon $ and surface charge density σ s ${\sigma }_s$ on volumetric flow rate are primarily focused on, respectively, at various Reynolds numbers. The results suggest that increasing the wall roughness leads to a reduction in velocity at low Reynolds numbers (R e = 1 $Re = 1$) and an increment at high Reynolds numbers (R e = 10 $Re = 10$). For any Reynolds number, a roughness with an odd multiple of wave number (k = 6 , 10 $k = 6,10$) will result in a more stable velocity profile compared to one with an even multiple of wave number (k = 4 , 8 $k = 4,8$). Decreasing the relaxation time λ ¯ 1 ${\bar{\lambda }}_1$ while increasing the retardation time λ ¯ 2 ${\bar{\lambda }}_2$ and Hartmann number H a $Ha$ can diminish the impact of wall roughness ε $\varepsilon $ and surface charge density σ s ${\sigma }_s$ on volumetric flow rate, independent of the Reynolds number. Interestingly, in the existence of wall roughness, further consideration of the effect of surface charge on slip leads to a 15% drop in volumetric flow rate at R e = 1 $Re = 1$ and a 32% slippage at R e = 10 $Re = 10$ . However, in the condition where the effect of surface charge on slip is considered, further examination of the presence of wall roughness only results in a 1.4% decline in volumetric flow rate at R e = 1 $Re = 1$ and a 1.6% rise at R e = 10 $Re = 10$ . These findings are crucial for optimizing the EMHD flow models in microchannels.}, }
@article {pmid38794969, year = {2024}, author = {Shi, X and He, Q and Tan, W and Lu, Y and Zhu, G}, title = {Experiment study on focusing pattern prediction of particles in asymmetric contraction-expansion array channel.}, journal = {Electrophoresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/elps.202400042}, pmid = {38794969}, issn = {1522-2683}, support = {22078236//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21JCZDJC00420//Science and Technology Plan Project of Tianjin/ ; }, abstract = {Contraction-expansion array (CEA) microchannel is a typical structure applied on particle/cell manipulation. The prediction of the particle focusing pattern in CEA microchannel is worthwhile to be investigate deeply. Here, we demonstrated a virtual boundary method by flow field analysis and theoretical derivation. The calculating method of the virtual boundary location, related to the Reynolds number (Re) and the structure parameter RW, was proposed. Combining the approximate Poiseuille flow pattern based on the virtual boundary method with the simulation results of Dean flow, the main line pattern and the main/lateral lines pattern were predicted and validated in experiments. The transformation from the main line pattern to the main/lateral lines pattern can be facilitated by increasing Re, decreasing RW , and decreasing α. An empirical formula was derived to characterize the critical condition of the transformation. The virtual boundary method can provide a guidance for asymmetric CEA channel design and contribute to the widespread application of microfluidic particle focusing.}, }
@article {pmid38786503, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, H and Zhu, B and Chen, W}, title = {Enhancing Energy Harvesting Efficiency of Flapping Wings with Leading-Edge Magnus Effect Cylinder.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics9050293}, pmid = {38786503}, issn = {2313-7673}, support = {51576131//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 91852117//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23PJD070//Shanghai Pujiang Programme/ ; LAB-2023-07-WD//National Key Laboratory of Marine Engine Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {According to the Magnus principle, a rotating cylinder experiences a lateral force perpendicular to the incoming flow direction. This phenomenon can be harnessed to boost the lift of an airfoil by positioning a rotating cylinder at the leading edge. In this study, we simulate flapping-wing motion using the sliding mesh technique in a heaving coordinate system to investigate the energy harvesting capabilities of Magnus effect flapping wings (MEFWs) featuring a leading-edge rotating cylinder. Through analysis of the flow field vortex structure and pressure distribution, we explore how control parameters such as gap width, rotational speed ratio, and phase difference of the leading-edge rotating cylinder impact the energy harvesting characteristics of the flapping wing. The results demonstrate that MEFWs effectively mitigate the formation of leading-edge vortices during wing motion. Consequently, this enhances both lift generation and energy harvesting capability. MEFWs with smaller gap widths are less prone to induce the detachment of leading-edge vortices during motion, ensuring a higher peak lift force and an increase in the energy harvesting efficiency. Moreover, higher rotational speed ratios and phase differences, synchronized with wing motion, can prevent leading-edge vortex generation during wing motion. All three control parameters contribute to enhancing the energy harvesting capability of MEFWs within a certain range. At the examined Reynolds number, the optimal parameter values are determined to be a∗ = 0.0005, R = 3, and ϕ0 = 0°.}, }
@article {pmid38758518, year = {2024}, author = {Rezazadeh, MR and Dastan, A and Sadrizadeh, S and Abouali, O}, title = {A quasi-realistic computational model development and flow field study of the human upper and central airways.}, journal = {Medical &amp; biological engineering &amp; computing}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38758518}, issn = {1741-0444}, abstract = {The impact of drug delivery and particulate matter exposure on the human respiratory tract is influenced by various anatomical and physiological factors, particularly the structure of the respiratory tract and its fluid dynamics. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate airflow in two 3D models of the human air conducting zone. The first model uses a combination of CT-scan images and geometrical data from human cadaver to extract the upper and central airways down to the ninth generation, while the second model develops the lung airways from the first Carina to the end of the ninth generation using Kitaoka's deterministic algorithm. The study examines the differences in geometrical characteristics, airflow rates, velocity, Reynolds number, and pressure drops of both models in the inhalation and exhalation phases for different lobes and generations of the airways. From trachea to the ninth generation, the average air flowrates and Reynolds numbers exponentially decay in both models during inhalation and exhalation. The steady drop is the case for the average air velocity in Kitaoka's model, while that experiences a maximum in the 3rd or 4th generation in the quasi-realistic model. Besides, it is shown that the flow field remains laminar in the upper and central airways up to the total flow rate of 15 l/min. The results of this work can contribute to the understanding of flow behavior in upper respiratory tract.}, }
@article {pmid38755908, year = {2024}, author = {Vasconcelos, GL and Ribeiro, LRC and Macêdo, AMS and González, IRR and Ospina, R and Brum, AA}, title = {Turbulence hierarchy in foreign exchange markets.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {109}, number = {4-1}, pages = {044313}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.109.044313}, pmid = {38755908}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We present a multiscale stochastic analysis of foreign exchange rates using the H-theory formalism, which provides a hierarchical intermittency model for the information cascade in the currency market. We examine the distributions of returns and volatilities for the three most traded currency pairs: euro-U.S. dollar, U.S. dollar-Japanese yen, and British pound-U.S. dollar. We find that these markets have a hierarchy of timescales, with larger markets exhibiting more hierarchy levels. We provide a theoretical framework for understanding why the number of levels in the information cascade increases with market size, in analogy with similar behavior for the energy cascade in turbulence as a function of Reynolds number. We briefly argue that using turbulence-like models for financial markets can also provide valuable insights for developing efficient algorithmic trading strategies.}, }
@article {pmid38755871, year = {2024}, author = {Doranehgard, MH and Karimi, N and Borazjani, I and Li, LKB}, title = {Breaking the symmetry of a wavy channel alters the route to chaotic flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {109}, number = {4-2}, pages = {045103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.109.045103}, pmid = {38755871}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We numerically explore the two-dimensional, incompressible, isothermal flow through a wavy channel, with a focus on how the channel geometry affects the routes to chaos at Reynolds numbers between 150 and 1000. We find that (i) the period-doubling route arises in a symmetric channel, (ii) the Ruelle-Takens-Newhouse route arises in an asymmetric channel, and (iii) the type-II intermittency route arises in both asymmetric and semiwavy channels. We also find that the flow through the semiwavy channel evolves from a quasiperiodic torus to an unstable invariant set (chaotic saddle), before eventually settling on a period-1 limit-cycle attractor. This study reveals that laminar channel flow at elevated Reynolds numbers can exhibit a variety of nonlinear dynamics. Specifically, it highlights how breaking the symmetry of a wavy channel can not only influence the critical Reynolds number at which chaos emerges, but also diversify the types of bifurcation encountered en route to chaos itself.}, }
@article {pmid38744984, year = {2024}, author = {Refaie Ali, A and Mahmood, R and Asghar, A and Majeed, AH and Behiry, MH}, title = {AI-based predictive approach via FFB propagation in a driven-cavity of Ostwald de-Waele fluid using CFD-ANN and Levenberg-Marquardt.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {11024}, pmid = {38744984}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques into computational science has ushered in a new era of innovation and efficiency in various fields, with particular significance in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Several methods based on AI and Machine Learning (ML) have been standardized in many fields of computational science, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This study aims to couple CFD with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the fluid forces that arise when a flowing fluid interacts with obstacles installed in the flow domain. The momentum equation elucidating the flow has been simulated by adopting the finite element method (FEM) for a range of rheological and kinematic conditions. Hydrodynamic forces, including pressure drop between the back and front of the obstacle, surface drag, and lift variations, are measured on the outer surface of the cylinder via CFD simulations. This data has subsequently been fed into a Feed-Forward Back (FFB) propagation neural network for the prediction of such forces with completely unknown data. For all cases, higher predictivity is achieved for the drag coefficient (CD) and lift coefficient (CL) since the mean square error (MSE) is within ± 2% and the coefficient of determination (R) is approximately 99% for all the cases. The influence of pertinent parameters like the power law index (n) and Reynolds number (Re) on velocity, pressure, and drag and lift coefficients is also presented for limited cases. Moreover, a significant reduction in computing time has been noticed while applying hybrid CFD-ANN approach as compared with CFD simulations only.}, }
@article {pmid38725533, year = {2024}, author = {Si, X and Fang, L}, title = {Biologically generated turbulent energy flux in shear flow depends on tensor geometry.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {pgae056}, doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae056}, pmid = {38725533}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {It has been proposed that biologically generated turbulence plays an important role in material transport and ocean mixing. Both experimental and numerical studies have reported evidence of the nonnegligible mixing by moderate Reynolds number swimmers, such as zooplankton, in quiescent water, especially at aggregation scales. However, the interaction between biologically generated agitation and the background flow, as a key factor in biologically generated turbulence that could reshape our previous knowledge of biologically generated turbulence, has long been ignored. Here, we show that the geometry between the biologically generated agitation and the background hydrodynamic shear can determine both the intensity and direction of biologically generated turbulent energy flux. Measuring the migration of a centimeter-scale swimmer-as represented by the brine shrimp Artemia salina-in a shear flow and verifying through an analog experiment with an artificial jet revealed that different geometries between the biologically generated agitation and the background shear can result in spectral energy transferring toward larger or smaller scales, which consequently intensifies or attenuates the large-scale hydrodynamic shear. Our results suggest that the long ignored geometry between the biologically generated agitation and the background flow field is an important factor that should be taken into consideration in future studies of biologically generated turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid38707334, year = {2024}, author = {Mohadjer, A and Nobakhti, MH and Nezamabadi, A and Mousavi Ajarostaghi, SS}, title = {Thermohydraulic analysis of nanofluid flow in tubular heat exchangers with multi-blade turbulators: The adverse effects.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e30333}, pmid = {38707334}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Based on the significance of heat transfer in tubular flows, various methods of heat transfer enhancement have been developed by scholars. The use of turbulator inserts like twisted tapes is widely discussed and suggested by researchers, and many studies have concentrated on the positive influence of these devices. However, the question is whether these devices always positively impact heat transfer and fluid flow. In this study, efforts were made to find possible adverse impacts of using twisted tapes on the average Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), flow behavior, and performance evaluation criterion (PEC) of water-titania nanofluid. Three-dimensional (3D) numerical methods were used to assess a combination of three different configurations of 156 cases with/without turbulators with different numbers of blades and pitch ratios (PR). Results suggest that at Reynolds number (Re) = 4000, 6000, and 8000, only 25 %, 25 %, and 22.9 % of the examined cases led to PEC values over 1. Based on the results, while twisted tapes raised the Nu by up to 65.1 %, the f can be increased by up to more than six times. Furthermore, streamlines and velocity magnitude contours were employed to discuss the fluid flow behavior in the presence of the turbulators. According to the findings, while with the best turbulator, the PEC value was increased by only 6.3 %, some of the turbulators reduced this parameter by up to 11.8 %, which is more severe. The worst performance was observed with the Case C (three-bladed) turbulator at a PR value of 11, which reduced the PEC by 11.8 %.}, }
@article {pmid38702376, year = {2024}, author = {Bahrami, HR and Ghaedi, M}, title = {Enhancement of thermal energy transfer behind a double consecutive expansion utilizing a variable magnetic field.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {10236}, pmid = {38702376}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This research focuses on utilizing non-uniform magnetic fields, induced by dipoles, to control and enhance thermal energy transfer in a two-dimensional cooling conduit including a double backward-facing step. The presence of electronic equipment along the straight channel path creates such arrangements, and cooling is often ineffective in the corners of the formed steps. The use of a non-constant magnetic field is a passive technique to improve the cooling rate in these sections without changing the internal geometry, thereby increasing the heat transfer rate. A commercial software based on the finite volume technique is employed to solve the governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer. Multiple parameters are examined in this study, including the flow Reynolds number (12.5-50), dipole location and strength (0.1-5 A-m), and the number of dipoles (single or double). The results indicate that all of these parameters have a significant impact on the thermal energy transfer. The results of the study show that a single dipole increase the average heat transfer by about 22%, two magnetic fields by 40%, the strength of the magnetic source by 24% with respect to the non-magnetic field in the present study.}, }
@article {pmid38691288, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, ZL and Rao, QH and Yi, W and Huang, W}, title = {A modified drag coefficient model for calculating the terminal settling velocity and horizontal diffusion distance of irregular plume particles in deep-sea mining.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38691288}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {2021JC0010//Major project of Hunan Natural Science Foundation/ ; 2022zzts0036//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University/ ; }, abstract = {Deep-sea mining inevitably produces plumes, which will pose a serious threat to the marine environment with the continuous movement and diffusion of plumes along with ocean currents. The terminal settling velocity (wt) of irregular particles is one of the crucial factors for determining the plumes' diffusion range. It is generally calculated by drag coefficient (CD), while most existing CD models only consider single shape characteristic parameter or have a smaller range of Reynolds number (Re). In this study, a new shape factor (γ) of irregular particles is proposed by considering the thickness (one-dimension), the projected area (two-dimension), and the surface area (three-dimension) of irregular particles as well as their coupling effect to establish a modified CD model for calculating the wt. A modified Gaussian plume model is proposed to predict the horizontal diffusion distance of the plume particles by considering the settling velocity and diffusion effect of irregular particles. Research results show that the wt increases nearly linearly, with a gradually decreased slope and slightly then greatly with the increasing of γ, dp (diameter) and ρp (density), respectively. The modified CD model is verified to be more valid with a wider application range (Re < 3×10[5]) than five existing CD models by the test results. The larger the ρp or dp, the larger the wt and thus the smaller the Sh. This study could provide a theoretical basis for calculating the plume diffusion range to further study the impact of deep-sea mining on the ocean environment.}, }
@article {pmid38667261, year = {2024}, author = {Yoshida, M and Fukui, T}, title = {Numerical Simulation of the Advantages of the Figure-Eight Flapping Motion of an Insect on Aerodynamics under Low Reynolds Number Conditions.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics9040249}, pmid = {38667261}, issn = {2313-7673}, abstract = {In proceeding with the advanced development of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are small flying machines, understanding the flight of insects is important because UAVs that use flight are attracting attention. The figure-eight trajectory of the wing tips is often observed in the flight of insects. In this study, we investigated the more efficient figure-eight motion patterns in generating lift during the hovering motion and the relationship between figure-eight motion and Reynolds number. For this purpose, we compared the ratios of the cycle-averaged lift coefficient to the power coefficient generated from each motion by varying the elevation motion angle, which is the rotational motion that represents the figure-eight motion, and the Reynolds number. The result showed that the motion with a smaller initial phase of the elevation motion angle (φe0≤90°) could generate lift more efficiently at all Reynolds numbers. In addition, the figure-eight motion was more effective when the Reynolds number was low.}, }
@article {pmid38655341, year = {2024}, author = {Dong, H and Huang, L and Zhao, L}, title = {Influence of the internal structure of straight microchannels on inertial transport behavior of particles.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e29577}, pmid = {38655341}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The rapid advancement of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology has established microfluidics as a pivotal field. This technology marks the onset of a new era in various applications, including drug testing, cell culture, and disease monitoring, underscoring its extensive practicality and potential for future exploration. This research delves into the intricate behavior of particle inertial migration within microchannels, particularly focusing on the impact of different channel structures and Reynolds numbers (Re). Our studies reveal that particles in microchannels with one-sided sharp-cornered microstructures migrate towards the sharp corner at a relative position of 0.4 under low flow rates, and towards the straight wall side at a relative position of 0.8 under high flow rates. The migration pattern of equilibrium positions varies with different arrangements of sharp-corner structures, achieving stability at the channel's center only when the sharp corners are symmetrically arranged on both sides. Our investigation into the shape of microstructures indicates that sharp-cornered structures generate a more stable secondary flow compared to rectangular and semi-circular structures, preventing particle aggregation at the outlet. To address the challenges associated with handling variable cross-section geometries and solid-wall boundaries in dissipative particle dynamics methods effectively, we have developed a dissipative particle dynamics model specifically for analyzing such microchannels. Building upon our previous research, this model introduces a conservative force coefficient for particles within the microstructured region and an interaction zone that only involves repulsive forces, aligning well with experimental outcomes. Through the study of microstructures' geometric shapes, this paper offers guidance for designing microchannels for particle enrichment. Furthermore, the dissipative particle dynamics model established for the particle flow and solid structure interaction within microstructured channels provides insights into the mesoscale dynamics of liquid-solid two-phase flow and particle motion. In conclusion, this paper aims to enhance particle motion sample preparation techniques, thereby broadening the scope of microfluidic applications in the biomedical field.}, }
@article {pmid38654100, year = {2024}, author = {Lee, D and Ruf, M and Karadimitriou, N and Steeb, H and Manousidaki, M and Varouchakis, EA and Tzortzakis, S and Yiotis, A}, title = {Development of stochastically reconstructed 3D porous media micromodels using additive manufacturing: numerical and experimental validation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {9375}, pmid = {38654100}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {SFB1313-327154368//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 3DmicroPores//Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation/ ; }, abstract = {We propose an integrated methodology for the design and fabrication of 3D micromodels that are suitable for the pore-scale study of transport processes in macroporous materials. The micromodels, that bear the pore-scale characteristics of sandstone, such as porosity, mean pore size, etc, are designed following a stochastic reconstruction algorithm that allows for fine-tuning the porosity and the correlation length of the spatial distribution of the solid material. We then construct a series of 3D micromodels at very fine resolution (i.e. 16 μ m) using a state-of-the-art 3D printing infrastructure, specifically a ProJet MJP3600 3D printer, that utilizes the Material Jetting technology. Within the technical constraints of the 3D printer resolution, the fabricated micromodels represent scaled-up replicas of natural sandstones, that are suitable for the study of the scaling between the permeability, the porosity and the mean pore size. The REV- and pore-scale characteristics of the resulting physical micromodels are recovered using a combination of X-ray micro-CT and microfluidic studies. The experimental results are then compared with single-phase flow simulations at pore-scale and geostatistic models in order to determine the effects of the design parameters on the intrinsic permeability and the spatial correlation of the velocity profile. Our numerical and experimental measurements reveal an excellent match between the properties of the designed and fabricated 3D domains, thus demonstrating the robustness of the proposed methodology for the construction of 3D micromodels with fine-tuned and well-controlled pore-scale characteristics. Furthermore, a pore-scale numerical study over a wider range of 3D digital domain realizations reveals a very good match of the measured permeabilities with the predictions of the Kozeny-Carman formulation based on a single control parameter, k 0 , that is found to have a practically constant value for porosities ϕ ≥ 0.2 . This, in turn, enables us to customize the sample size to meet REV constraints, including enlarging pore morphology while considering the Reynolds number. It is also found that at lower porosities there is a significant increase in the fraction of the non-percolating pores, thus leading to different k 0 , as the porosity approaches a numerically determined critical porosity value, ϕ c , where the domain is no longer percolating.}, }
@article {pmid38649298, year = {2024}, author = {Smeltz, AM and Patel, DS and Williams, JH}, title = {The influence of needleless connectors and inserted catheters on flow rates through vascular introducer sheaths.}, journal = {Anaesthesia and intensive care}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {310057X241226715}, doi = {10.1177/0310057X241226715}, pmid = {38649298}, issn = {0310-057X}, abstract = {SummaryA vascular introducer sheath is often used for rapid volume replacement. However, common manipulations such as the addition of needleless connectors to infusion ports and the insertion of catheters or other devices through the introducer sheath may impede flow. In this study we utilised a rapid infuser to deliver room-temperature normal saline through two introducer sheath configurations with and without the addition of needleless connectors and the placement of catheters through the introducer sheaths. The maximal flow rate delivered by the rapid infuser was 1000 mL/min, which was observed with both introducer sheath sizes tested without additional resistive elements. However, with the addition of a needleless connector, flow rates through the introducer sheaths were substantially lower (64 (standard deviation (SD) 6) mL/min and 61 (SD 7) mL/min for the 8.5 Fr and 9 Fr introducers, respectively). Flow rates were also reduced when catheters were placed within the sheaths (298 (SD 9) mL/min with the 7 Fr catheter and 74 (SD 9) mL/min with the 8 Fr catheter placed in an 8.5 Fr sheath; 649 (SD 6) mL/min with the 7 Fr catheter and 356 (SD 14) mL/min with the 8 Fr catheter placed in the 9 Fr sheath). These findings indicated that both needleless connectors and the placement of catheters through vascular introducer sheaths substantially reduced potential flow rates. Even 'large' vascular introducer sheaths capable of delivering high flow rates could be rendered minimally effective for rapid fluid administration when used in this way. Clinicians should consider these impediments to flow when rapid fluid administration is required, and obtain alternative vascular access if necessary.}, }
@article {pmid38633639, year = {2024}, author = {Azad, AK and Parvin, S and Hossain, T}, title = {Performance evaluation of nanofluid-based photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system with regression analysis.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e29252}, pmid = {38633639}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The recent global energy crisis has shocked Bangladesh's power sectors, and experts recommend using alternative energy sources to conserve natural gas, fossil fuels, and electricity. Numerous investigations on the photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system have been carried out to get the source efficiently. As a result, a parametric evaluation of the PVT system's efficiency in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is investigated numerically using CNT nanofluid as a coolant. The numerical simulation is performed using the Galerkin weighted residual based finite element method. For accurate computations, the meteorological data for Dhaka, Bangladesh, is taken from open sources of Renewables.ninja. The effect of regulating parameters Reynolds number (200 ≤ Re ≤ 1000), solar irradiation (200 W/m[2] ≤ G ≤ 1000 W/m[2]), and the monthly influence on performance such as cell temperature, fluid domain exit temperature, efficiencies, and energy are discussed. In addition, regression analyses of electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency are discussed for the input variables Reynolds number and solar irradiation. After postprocessing, empirical results are compiled and presented as 3D surface graphs, tables, and line diagrams. As the Reynolds number increased, the cell temperature and discharge temperature decreased, resulting in increased efficiency. However, the opposite situation is found for solar irradiation. Month-to-month variation also has a considerable impact on photovoltaic thermal performance. This research will help to improve the efficacy of PVTs in Dhaka, Bangladesh, by identifying useful alternative renewable energy sources.}, }
@article {pmid38625980, year = {2024}, author = {Deissler, RJ and Al Helo, R and Brown, R}, title = {From an obliquely falling rod in a viscous fluid to the motion of suspended magnetic bead chains that are driven by a gradient magnetic field and that make an arbitrary angle with the magnetic force vector: A Stokes flow study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {e0301852}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0301852}, pmid = {38625980}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {In view of the growing role of magnetic particles under magnetic field influence in medical and other applications, and perforce the bead chaining, it is important to understand more generally the chain dynamics. As is well known, in the presence of a magnetic field, magnetic beads tend to form chains that are aligned with the magnetic field vector. In addition, if there is a magnetic field gradient, there will be a magnetic force acting on this chain. The main goal of the present research is to study the motion of a magnetic bead chain that makes an arbitrary angle with the magnetic force vector in the Stokes flow limit, that is, in the limit of zero Reynolds number. We used the public-domain computer program HYDRO++ to calculate the mobility matrix, which relates the magnetic force acting on the chain to the velocity of the chain, for a chain of N beads making an arbitrary angle with the magnetic force vector. Because of the presence of off-diagonal elements of the mobility matrix, as the chain is drawn in the direction of the magnetic force, it is also deflected to the side. We derived analytic solutions for this motion. Also, for bead chains moving in directions both parallel and perpendicular to their lengths, we fit three-parameter functions to solutions from HYDRO++. We found the fits to be excellent. Combining these results with the analytic solutions, we obtained expressions for the velocity components for the bead chains that provide excellent fits to HYDRO++ solutions for arbitrary angles. Finally, we apply the methodology used for the bead chain studies to the study of an obliquely falling rod in a viscous fluid and derive analytic solutions for the velocity components of the obliquely falling rod.}, }
@article {pmid38617919, year = {2024}, author = {Ahamed, R and Salehin, M and Ehsan, MM}, title = {Thermal-hydraulic performance and flow phenomenon evaluation of a curved trapezoidal corrugated channel with E-shaped baffles implementing hybrid nanofluid.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e28698}, pmid = {38617919}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {A numerical investigation of a curved trapezoidal-corrugated channel with E-shaped baffles is conducted for thermal-hydraulic performance and flow behavior involving the use of single and hybrid nanofluids. This investigation introduces a unique integrated methodology for enhancing heat transfer efficiency by simultaneously combining geometric modifications and optimizing coolant utilization. To simulate turbulent, single-phase flow in three-dimensional corrugated channels, a computational model has been developed. The model considers a Reynolds number (Re) range of 5 × 10[3]≤Re ≤ 35 × 10[3] and implies a uniform heat flux of 1000 W/m[2]. A commercial software, Ansys fluent was used in order to simulate the fluid flow by setting the inlet temperature at 300 K and velocity according to the Reynolds number. The continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equations are discretized using a second-order upwind method. The equation's residual has been assigned a value of 1 × 10[6] for absolute criteria. The study evaluates the thermal-hydraulic performance of single nanofluids (Al2O3/water, CuO/water, SiO2/water) and hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3-Cu/water, TiO2-SiO2/EG-water) at varying volume fractions (1%≤φ ≤ 5%). Additionally, the investigation examines the effects of corrugations, baffles, and geometric parameter: blockage ratio (BR = 0.10, 0.15, 0.25). The findings demonstrate that the effects of baffles and corrugations can lead to the creation of vortex flow and greater turbulence, which can promote heat transfer enhancement. Various nanofluids demonstrated a significant rise in the Nusselt number, ranging from 35% to 60%, when compared to water in a curved corrugated channel. Additionally, a lower BR resulted in a smaller but still notable gain of 15%-19%. An effective heat exchanger that results in a significant energy dissipation is measured by the energy ratio (ER). The use of corrugated channels with narrow baffles has been found to consistently outperform smooth channels in terms of thermo-hydraulic parameters, leading to enhanced heat transfer. Using BR = 0.10 over 0.25 resulted in an increase in ΔP, HTC, and ER of 48.44%, 18.71%, and 45.86%, respectively. The implementation of a hybrid nanofluid consisting of 1% (20% TiO2-80% SiO2)/(60% Water-40% EG) volume fraction in a curved corrugated channel with baffles resulted in a significant improvement of 36.49% in thermal performance. This finding suggests that the aforementioned nanofluid composition and design parameter, characterized by a blockage ratio of 0.10, are the most effective in enhancing thermal performance.}, }
@article {pmid38617679, year = {2024}, author = {Srinivasarao, M and Lee, BJ and Reddy, VM}, title = {Modified Reacting Solver: A Simplified Approach for Capturing the Molecular and Flow Diffusivities for the Nonpremixed MILD Flames.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {9}, number = {14}, pages = {15804-15817}, pmid = {38617679}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The present study investigates the applicability of the inlet boundary species Lewis number (combined effect of molecular and flow diffusion) for the nonpremixed moderate and intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) flames. A modified reactive solver named modifiedReactingFoam is developed by including the enthalpy flux in the energy equation and using modified model constants in OpenFOAM. The present solver is tested on the delft-jet-in-hot-coflow burner operating under a moderate and intense low oxygen dilution combustion environment. Along with the flame with Reynolds number 4100, eight other jet-in-hot-coflow flames are simulated to test the capability of the present proposed solver. The main aim of the current work is to investigate the efficacy of the proposed solver in predicting the velocity field, temperatures, and flame lift-off height for the considered flames with a significant reduction in computational time. The predictions with the modified eddy dissipation concept model are improved. However, a significant deviation is still observed in the downstream direction of the burner. The numerical simulations are performed with methane Lewis numbers of 0.9-1.14 by keeping the respective constant Lewis numbers for the inlet boundary species. The modifiedReactingFoam predictions at a methane Lewis number of 1.12 are in very close agreement with the experimental results. The maximum deviation in lift-off heights is within ±3% of the experimental results. The present modified solver outperformed the other combustion models in the literature and reduced the computational time up to 10 times with a combination of DLBFoam compared to the inbuilt solver.}, }
@article {pmid38620251, year = {2021}, author = {Qian, S and Jiang, M and Liu, Z}, title = {Inertial migration of aerosol particles in three-dimensional microfluidic channels.}, journal = {Particuology}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {23-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.partic.2020.08.001}, pmid = {38620251}, issn = {2210-4291}, abstract = {In recent years, manipulation of particles by inertial microfluidics has attracted significant attention. However, most studies focused on inertial focusing of particles suspended within liquid phase, in which the ratio of the density of the particle to that of the medium is O(1). The investigation on manipulation of aerosol particles in an inertial microfluidics is very limited. In this study, we numerically investigate the aerosol particle's motion in a 3D straight microchannel with rectangular cross section by fully resolved simulation of the particle-air flow. The air flow is modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations. The particle's motions, including translation and rotation, are governed, respectively, by the Newton's second law and the Euler equations without using any approximation models for the lift and drag forces. The coupled mathematical model is numerically solved by combining immersed boundary with lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). We find that the Reynolds number (Re), the particle's initial position, particle's density and diameter are the influential parameters in this process. The equilibrium positions and their stabilities of aerosols are different from those suspended in liquid.}, }
@article {pmid38610530, year = {2024}, author = {Magos-Rivera, M and Avilés-Cruz, C and Ramírez-Muñoz, J}, title = {A Novel Experimental Apparatus for Characterizing Flow Regime in Mechanically Stirred Tanks through Force Sensors.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s24072319}, pmid = {38610530}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {Pressure fluctuations in a mixing tank can provide valuable information about the existing flow regime within the tank, which in turn influences the degree of mixing that can be achieved. In the present work, we propose a prototype for identifying the flow regime in mechanically stirred tanks equipped with four vertical baffles through the characterization of pressure fluctuations. Our innovative proposal is based on force sensors strategically placed in the baffles of the mixing tank. The signals coming from the sensors are transmitted to an electronic module based on an Arduino UNO development board. In the electronic module, the pressure signals are conditioned, amplified and sent via Bluetooth to a computer. In the computer, the signals can be plotted or stored in an Excel file. In addition, the proposed system includes a moving average filtering and a hierarchical bottom-up clustering analysis that can determine the real-time flow regime (i.e., the Reynolds number, Re) in which the tank was operated during the mixing process. Finally, to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed prototype, experiments were conducted to identify the Reynolds number for different flow regimes (static, laminar, transition and turbulent), i.e., 0≤Re≤ 42,955. Obtained results were in agreement with the prevailing consensus on the onset and developed from different flow regimes in mechanically stirred tanks.}, }
@article {pmid38589633, year = {2024}, author = {Muñóz, AJ and Reca, J and Martínez, J}, title = {Application of a hydrophobic coating to a pressurized pipe and its effect on energy losses and fluid flow profile.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {8236}, pmid = {38589633}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {PID2020-118492RB-C21//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {The use of additives, generally called DRAs (Drag Reducing Additives), has been proposed to re-duce the energy consumption in pressurized pipes. Although many research works have been conducted to analyze the effect of these additives, less attention have been devoted to the application of coatings to the pipe wall. This paper demonstrates that the application of a hydrophobic coating to the pipe can lead to a head loss reduction for a transition flow regime with moderate Reynolds number values (Re). For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to compare the performance of both coated and uncoated pipes by measuring the head losses and assessing the Drag Reduction Percentage (%DR) and the pipe friction factor (f). This was done for two Polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes with different nominal diameters (PVC90 and PVC63). In addition, the flow velocity distribution was also measured in all these tests. The %DR decreased as the Re values increased, with the reduction being notably less pronounced for higher Re values. This could be explained by the fact that a partial slip condition is induced by the hydrophobic product. Its effect is significant for a transition regime where the effect of viscosity is important, but it becomes negligible for increasing levels of turbulence. No significant differences were observed in the flow distribution between coated and uncoated pipes, which seems to indicate that the velocity change could be limited to the near-wall viscous sublayer. The results of this work open an important research line aimed at reducing energy costs and the carbon footprint in pipe fluid distribution systems.}, }
@article {pmid38588326, year = {2024}, author = {Seder, I and Zheng, T and Zhang, J and Rojas, CC and Helalat, SH and Téllez, RC and Sun, Y}, title = {A Scalable Microfluidic Platform for Nanoparticle Formulation: For Exploratory- and Industrial-Level Scales.}, journal = {Nano letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05057}, pmid = {38588326}, issn = {1530-6992}, abstract = {Nanoparticle synthesis on microfluidic platforms provides excellent reproducibility and control over bulk synthesis. While there have been plenty of platforms for producing nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled physicochemical properties, such platforms often operate in a narrow range of predefined flow rates. The flow rate limitation restricts either up-scalability for industrial production or down-scalability for exploratory research use. Here, we present a universal flow rate platform that operates over a wide range of flow rates (0.1-75 mL/min) for small-scale exploratory research and industrial-level synthesis of NPs without compromising the mixing capabilities. The wide range of flow rate is obtained by using a coaxial flow with a triangular microstructure to create a vortex regardless of the flow regime (Reynolds number). The chip synthesizes several types of NPs for gene and protein delivery, including polyplex, lipid NPs, and solid polymer NPs via self-assembly and precipitation, and successfully expresses GFP plasmid DNA in human T cells.}, }
@article {pmid38577258, year = {2024}, author = {Cordes, J and Schadschneider, A and Nicolas, A}, title = {Dimensionless numbers reveal distinct regimes in the structure and dynamics of pedestrian crowds.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {pgae120}, pmid = {38577258}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {In fluid mechanics, dimensionless numbers like the Reynolds number help classify flows. We argue that such a classification is also relevant for crowd flows by putting forward the dimensionless Intrusion and Avoidance numbers, which quantify the intrusions into the pedestrians' personal spaces and the imminency of the collisions that they face, respectively. Using an extensive dataset, we show that these numbers delineate regimes where distinct variables characterize the crowd's arrangement, namely, Euclidean distances at low Avoidance number and times-to-collision at low Intrusion number. On the basis of these findings, a perturbative expansion of the individual pedestrian dynamics is carried out around the noninteracting state, in quite general terms. Simulations confirm that this expansion performs well in its expected regime of applicability.}, }
@article {pmid38560223, year = {2024}, author = {Tripty, TA and Nasrin, R}, title = {Efficiency upgrading of solar PVT finned hybrid system in Bangladesh: Flow rate and temperature influences.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e28323}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28323}, pmid = {38560223}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This research aims to determine the impact of mass flow rate and inflow temperature on the utility and effectiveness of solar thermal systems using fins with air in various applications in Bangladesh. This study examines a three-dimensional (3D) photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system where we analyze the behavior of a hybrid system with six aluminum sheets (1 mm thick fin as a heat exchange material) inside the heat exchanger where the air takes the direction to pass in waveform through the channels (made of aluminum) using fins. The top side of the fins is bent and affixed to the bottom of the floor of the PV panel to allow heat transfer utilizing the conduction-based method. This study selects inlet fluid mass flow rate and inflow temperature between (0.015-0.535 kg/s), and (10-40 °C) respectively, while comparing the result with experimental/numerical published data based on Bangladesh's weather conditions and applies the finite element method (FEM) to solve heat transfer equations. A brief analysis of the association among Reynolds number with pressure drop and fanning friction factor is included in this paper. Our model can be mounted on building rooftops or open fields where air velocity will be controlled mechanically; thus, it has many applications. This model can be implemented within an agricultural photovoltaic (APV) system, domestic functions, dry agricultural products, and provide heat for greenhouses. The result indicates that 302-514 W thermal energy has been produced for 0.015-0.535 kg/s. For growing inflow temperature, despite the reduction in electrical efficiency, the value of adding electrical and thermal efficiency (overall efficiency) comes with elevation. A 5 °C increase in inflow temperature leads to an overall efficiency increase of 0.33%. This study's findings can help researchers better comprehend air's properties as a heat exchanger in a developed design, and they can be applied to government and commercial projects.}, }
@article {pmid38534866, year = {2024}, author = {Gan, W and Zuo, Z and Zhuang, J and Bie, D and Xiang, J}, title = {Aerodynamic/Hydrodynamic Investigation of Water Cross-Over for a Bionic Unmanned Aquatic-Aerial Amphibious Vehicle.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics9030181}, pmid = {38534866}, issn = {2313-7673}, support = {U2141249, 11902018, and U2141252//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {An aerodynamic/hydrodynamic investigation of water cross-over is performed for a bionic unmanned aquatic-aerial amphibious vehicle (bionic UAAV). According to flying fish features and UAAV flight requirements of water cross-over, the bionic conceptual design of crossing over water is described and planned in multiple stages and modes of motion. A solution procedure for the numerical simulation method, based on a modified SST turbulence model and the VOF model, is expressed, and a verification study is presented using a typical case. Longitudinal-lateral numerical simulation analysis investigates the cruise performance underwater and in the air. The numerical simulation and principal experiment verification are conducted for crossing over water and water surface acceleration. The results indicate that the bionic UAAV has an excellent aerodynamic/hydrodynamic performance and variant configuration to adapt to water cross-over. The bionic UAAV has good water and air navigation stability, and the cruise flying lift-drag ratio is greater than 15 at a low Reynolds number. Its pitching moment has the phenomenon of a "water mound" forming and breaking at the water cross-over process. The present method and the bionic variant configuration provide a feasible water cross-over design and analysis strategy for bionic UAAVs.}, }
@article {pmid38518328, year = {2024}, author = {Zapata, F and Angriman, S and Ferran, A and Cobelli, P and Obligado, M and Mininni, PD}, title = {Turbulence Unsteadiness Drives Extreme Clustering.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {132}, number = {10}, pages = {104005}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.104005}, pmid = {38518328}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We show that the unsteadiness of turbulence has a drastic effect on turbulence parameters and in particle cluster formation. To this end we use direct numerical simulations of particle laden flows with a steady forcing that generates an unsteady large-scale flow. Particle clustering correlates with the instantaneous Taylor-based flow Reynolds number, and anticorrelates with its instantaneous turbulent energy dissipation constant. A dimensional argument for these correlations is presented. In natural flows, unsteadiness can result in extreme particle clustering, which is stronger than the clustering expected from averaged inertial turbulence effects.}, }
@article {pmid38518311, year = {2024}, author = {Bandak, D and Mailybaev, AA and Eyink, GL and Goldenfeld, N}, title = {Spontaneous Stochasticity Amplifies Even Thermal Noise to the Largest Scales of Turbulence in a Few Eddy Turnover Times.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {132}, number = {10}, pages = {104002}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.104002}, pmid = {38518311}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {How predictable are turbulent flows? Here, we use theoretical estimates and shell model simulations to argue that Eulerian spontaneous stochasticity, a manifestation of the nonuniqueness of the solutions to the Euler equation that is conjectured to occur in Navier-Stokes turbulence at high Reynolds numbers, leads to universal statistics at finite times, not just at infinite time as for standard chaos. These universal statistics are predictable, even though individual flow realizations are not. Any small-scale noise vanishing slowly enough with increasing Reynolds number can trigger spontaneous stochasticity, and here we show that thermal noise alone, in the absence of any larger disturbances, would suffice. If confirmed for Navier-Stokes turbulence, our findings would imply that intrinsic stochasticity of turbulent fluid motions at all scales can be triggered even by unavoidable molecular noise, with implications for modeling in engineering, climate, astrophysics, and cosmology.}, }
@article {pmid38516562, year = {2023}, author = {Marschik, C and Roland, W}, title = {Correction factors for the drag and pressure flows of power-law fluids through rectangular ducts.}, journal = {Polymer engineering and science}, volume = {63}, number = {7}, pages = {2043-2058}, doi = {10.1002/pen.26344}, pmid = {38516562}, issn = {1548-2634}, abstract = {There are many industrial examples of low Reynolds number non-Newtonian flows through rectangular ducts in polymer processing. They occur in all types of manufacturing processes in which raw polymeric materials are converted into products, ranging from screw extrusion to shaping operations in dies and molds. In addition, they are found in numerous rheological measurement systems. The literature provides various mathematical formulations for non-Newtonian flows through rectangular ducts, but-if not simplified further-their solution usually requires use of numerical techniques. Removing the need for these time-consuming techniques, we present novel analytical correction factors for the drag and pressure flows of power-law fluids in rectangular flow channels. We approximated numerical results for a fully developed flow under isothermal conditions using symbolic regression based on genetic programming. The correction factors can be applied to the analytical theory that describes the flow of power-law fluids between parallel plates to include effects of the side walls in the prediction of flow rate and viscous dissipation.}, }
@article {pmid38509923, year = {2024}, author = {Iqra, T and Nadeem, S and Ghazwani, HA and Duraihem, FZ and Alzabut, J}, title = {Instability analysis for MHD boundary layer flow of nanofluid over a rotating disk with anisotropic and isotropic roughness.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e26779}, pmid = {38509923}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The study focuses on the instability of local linear convective flow in an incompressible boundary layer caused by a rough rotating disk in a steady MHD flow of viscous nanofluid. Miklavčič and Wang's (Miklavčič and Wang, 2004) [9] MW roughness model are utilized in the presence of MHD of Cu-water nanofluid with enforcement of axial flows. This study will investigate the instability characteristics with the MHD boundary layer flow of nanofluid over a rotating disk and incorporate the effects of axial flow with anisotropic and isotropic surface roughness. The resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are obtained by using von Kàrmàn (Kármán, 1921) [3] similarity transformation on partial differential equations (PDEs). Subsequently, numerical solutions are obtained using the shooting method, specifically the Runge-Kutta technique. Steady-flow profiles for MHD and volume fractions of nanoparticles are analyzed by the partial-slip conditions with surface roughness. Convective instability for stationary modes and neutral stability curves are also obtained and investigated by the formulation of linear stability equations with the MHD of nanofluid. Linear convective growth rates are utilized to analyze the stability of magnetic fields and nanoparticles and to confirm the outcomes of this analysis. Stationary disturbances are also considered in the energy analysis. The investigation indicates the correlation between instability modes Type I and Type II, in the presence of MHD, nanoparticles, and the growth rates of the critical Reynolds number. An integral energy equation enhances comprehension of the fundamental physical mechanisms. The factors contributing to convective instability in the system are clarified using this approach.}, }
@article {pmid38509193, year = {2024}, author = {Rehman, N and Mahmood, R and Majeed, AH and Khan, I and Mohamed, A}, title = {Multigrid simulations of non-Newtonian fluid flow and heat transfer in a ventilated square cavity with mixed convection and baffles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {6694}, pmid = {38509193}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The impact of baffles on a convective heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid is experimentally studied within a square cavity. The non-Newtonian fluid is pumped into the cavity through the inlet and subsequently departs from the cavity via the outlet. Given the inherent non-linearity of the model, a numerical technique has been selected as the method for obtaining the outcomes. Primarily, the governing equations within the two-dimensional domain have been discretized using the finite element method. For approximating velocity and pressure, we have employed the reliable P 2 - P 1 finite element pair, while for temperature, we have opted for the quadratic basis. To enhance convergence speed and accuracy, we employ the powerful multigrid approach. This study investigates how key parameters like Richardson number (Ri), Reynolds number (Re), and baffle gap b g influence heat transfer within a cavity comprising a non-Newtonian fluid. The baffle gap (b g) has been systematically altered within the range of 0.2-0.6, and for this research, three distinct power law indices have been selected namely: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The primary outcomes of the investigation are illustrated through velocity profiles, streamlines, and isotherm visualizations. Furthermore, the study includes the computation of the Nu avg (average Nusselt number) across a range of parameter values. As the Richardson number (Ri) increases, Nu avg also rises, indicating that an increase in Ri results in augmented average heat transfer. Making the space between the baffles wider makes heat flow more intense. This, in turn, heats up more fluid within the cavity.}, }
@article {pmid38502909, year = {2024}, author = {Cao, Y and Liu, X and Zhang, L and Wu, Y and You, C and Li, H and Duan, H and Huang, J and Lv, P}, title = {Water Impalement Resistance and Drag Reduction of the Superhydrophobic Surface with Hydrophilic Strips.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.3c18905}, pmid = {38502909}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) offer versatile applications by trapping an air layer within microstructures, while water jet impact can destabilize this air layer and deactivate the functions of the SHS. The current work presents for the first time that introducing parallel hydrophilic strips to SHS (SHS-s) can simultaneously improve both water impalement resistance and drag reduction (DR). Compared with SHS, SHS-s demonstrates a 125% increase in the enduring time against the impact of water jet with velocity of 11.9 m/s and a 97% improvement in DR at a Reynolds number of 1.4 × 10[4]. The key mechanism lies in the enhanced stability of the air layer due to air confinement by the adjacent three-phase contact lines. These lines not only impede air drainage through the surface microstructures during water jet impact, entrapping the air layer to resist water impalement, but also prevent air floating up due to buoyancy in Taylor-Couette flow, ensuring an even spread of the air layer all over the rotor, boosting DR. Moreover, failure modes of SHS under water jet impact are revealed to be related to air layer decay and surface structure destruction. This mass-producible structured surface holds the potential for widespread use in DR for hulls, autonomous underwater vehicles, and submarines.}, }
@article {pmid38501605, year = {2024}, author = {Mattusch, AM and Schaldach, G and Bartsch, J and Thommes, M}, title = {Intrinsic dissolution rate modeling for the pharmacopoeia apparatus rotating disk compared to flow channel method.}, journal = {Pharmaceutical development and technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1080/10837450.2024.2329115}, pmid = {38501605}, issn = {1097-9867}, abstract = {For a solid understanding of drug characteristics, in vitro measurement of the intrinsic dissolution rate is important. Hydrodynamics are often emphasized as the decisive parameter influencing the dissolution. In this study, experiments and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations showed that the mixing behavior in the rotating disc apparatus causes an inhomogeneous flow field and a systematic error in the calculation of the intrinsic dissolution rate. This error is affected by both the experimental time and the velocity. Due to the rotational movement around the tablet center, commonly utilized in pharmacopeia methods, a broad variance is present with regard to the impact of fluid velocity on individual particles of the specimen surface. As this is significantly reduced in the case of uniform overflow, the flow channel is recommended for investigating the dissolution behavior. It is shown that rotating disc measurements can be compared with flow channel measurements after adjusting the measured data for the rotating disc based on a proposed, representative Reynolds number and a suggested apparatus-dependent correction factor. Additionally, modeling the apparatus-independent intrinsic dissolution rate for different temperatures in the rotating disc apparatus is possible using the adapted Levich's equation.}, }
@article {pmid38493264, year = {2024}, author = {Mwapinga, A}, title = {Mathematical formulation and computation of the dynamics of blood flow, heat and mass transfer during MRI scanning.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {6364}, pmid = {38493264}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Computational modeling of arterial blood flow, heat and mass transfer during MRI scanning is studied. The flow is assumed to be unsteady, in-compressible, and asymmetric. Mathematical formulation considers the presence of stenosis, joule heating viscous dissipation and chemical reaction. The explicit finite difference scheme is used to numerically solve the model equations. The MATLAB software was used to plot the graphical results. The study reveals that, during MRI scanning, both radial and axial velocities diminish with increase in the strength of magnetic fields. Besides, the study found that, Eckert number and Hartman number enhance the blood's temperature and the same, diminishes with increase in Prandtl and Reynolds numbers. Concentration profile is observed to decline with increase in chemical reaction parameter, Schmidt number and Reynolds number. Soret number on the other hand, is observed to positively influence the concentration.}, }
@article {pmid38467620, year = {2024}, author = {Labonte, D and Bishop, PJ and Dick, TJM and Clemente, CJ}, title = {Dynamic similarity and the peculiar allometry of maximum running speed.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {2181}, pmid = {38467620}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {851705//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; RGY0073/2020//Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)/ ; }, abstract = {Animal performance fundamentally influences behaviour, ecology, and evolution. It typically varies monotonously with size. A notable exception is maximum running speed; the fastest animals are of intermediate size. Here we show that this peculiar allometry results from the competition between two musculoskeletal constraints: the kinetic energy capacity, which dominates in small animals, and the work capacity, which reigns supreme in large animals. The ratio of both capacities defines the physiological similarity index Γ, a dimensionless number akin to the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics. The scaling of Γ indicates a transition from a dominance of muscle forces to a dominance of inertial forces as animals grow in size; its magnitude defines conditions of "dynamic similarity" that enable comparison and estimates of locomotor performance across extant and extinct animals; and the physical parameters that define it highlight opportunities for adaptations in musculoskeletal "design" that depart from the eternal null hypothesis of geometric similarity. The physiological similarity index challenges the Froude number as prevailing dynamic similarity condition, reveals that the differential growth of muscle and weight forces central to classic scaling theory is of secondary importance for the majority of terrestrial animals, and suggests avenues for comparative analyses of locomotor systems.}, }
@article {pmid38464493, year = {2024}, author = {Golmirzaee, N and Wood, DH}, title = {Some effects of domain size and boundary conditions on the accuracy of airfoil simulations.}, journal = {Advances in aerodynamics}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, pmid = {38464493}, issn = {2524-6992}, abstract = {This paper investigates a specific case of one of the most popular fluid dynamic simulations, the incompressible flow around an airfoil (NACA 0012 here) at a high Reynolds number (6×106). OpenFOAM software was used to study the effect of domain size and four common choices of boundary conditions on airfoil lift, drag, surface friction, and pressure. We also examine the relation between boundary conditions and the velocity, pressure, and vorticity distributions throughout the domain. In addition to the common boundary conditions, we implement the "point vortex" boundary condition that was introduced many years ago but is now rarely used. We also applied the point vortex condition for the outlet pressure instead of using the traditional Neumann condition. With the airfoil generating significant lift at incidence angles of 5∘,10∘, and 14∘, we confirm a previous finding that the boundary conditions combine with domain size to produce an induced (pressure) drag. The change in the pressure drag with domain size is significant for the commonly-used boundary conditions but is much smaller for the point vortex alternative. The point vortex boundary condition increases the execution time, but this is more than offset by the reduction in domain size needed to achieve a specified accuracy in the lift and drag. This study also estimates the error in total drag and lift due to domain size and shows it can be almost eliminated using the point vortex boundary condition. We also used the impulse form of the momentum equations to study the relation between drag and lift and spurious vorticity, which is generated as a result of using non-exact boundary conditions. These equations reveal that the spurious vorticity throughout the domain is associated with cancelling circulation around the domain boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid38463765, year = {2024}, author = {Uddin, MN and Hoque, KE and Billah, MM}, title = {The impact of multiple stenosis and aneurysms on arterial diseases: A cardiovascular study.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e26889}, pmid = {38463765}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The comparative effect of serial stenosis and aneurysms arteries on blood flow is examined to identify atherosclerotic diseases. The finite element approach has been used to solve the continuity, momentum, and Oldroyd-B partial differential equations to analyze the blood flow. Newtonian and non-Newtonian both cases are taken for the viscoelastic response of blood. In this study, the impact of multiple stenotic and aneurysmal arteries on blood flow have been studied to determine the severity of atherosclerosis diseases through the analysis of blood behavior. The novel aspect of the study is its assessment of the severity of atherosclerotic disorders for the occurrence of serial stenosis and aneurysm simultaneously in the blood vessel wall in each of the four cases. The maximum abnormal arterial blood flow effect is found for the presence of serial stenoses compared to aneurysms which refers to the severity of atherosclerosis. At the hub of stenosis, the blood velocity magnitude and wall shear stress (WSS) are higher, whereas the arterial wall normal gradient values are lower. For all cases, the contrary results are observed at the hub of the aneurysmal model. The blood flow has been affected significantly by the increases in Reynolds number for both models. The influence of stenotic and aneurysmal arteries on blood flow is graphically illustrated in terms of the velocity profile, pressure distribution, and WSS. Medical experts may use this study's findings to assess the severity of cardiovascular diseases.}, }
@article {pmid38457940, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, Z and Xu, P and Ren, Z and Yu, L and Zuo, Z and Liu, S}, title = {Dynamics of cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids in a tube during a transient process.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {104}, number = {}, pages = {106840}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106840}, pmid = {38457940}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {We experimentally, numerically, and theoretically investigate the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids in a tube during a transient process. In experiments, cavitation bubbles are generated by a modified tube-arrest setup, and the bubble evolution is captured with high-speed imaging. Numerical simulations using OpenFOAM are employed to validate our quasi-one-dimensional theoretical model, which effectively characterizes the bubble dynamics. We find that cavitation onset is minimally affected by the liquid viscosity. However, once cavitation occurs, various aspects of bubble dynamics, such as the maximum bubble length, bubble lifetime, collapse time, and collapse speed, are closely related to the liquid viscosity. We further establish that normalized bubble dynamics are solely determined by the combination of the Reynolds number and the Euler number. Moreover, we also propose a new dimensionless number, Ca2, to predict the maximum bubble length, a critical factor in determining the occurrence of liquid column separation.}, }
@article {pmid38445957, year = {2024}, author = {Hu, X and Chen, W and Lin, J and Nie, D and Zhu, Z and Lin, P}, title = {The motion of micro-swimmers over a cavity in a micro-channel.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm01589k}, pmid = {38445957}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {This article combines the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with the squirmer model to investigate the motion of micro-swimmers in a channel-cavity system. The study analyses various influential factors, including the value of the squirmer-type factor (β), the swimming Reynolds number (Rep), the size of the cavity, initial position and particle size on the movement of micro-swimmers within the channel-cavity system. We simultaneously studied three types of squirmer models, Puller (β > 0), Pusher (β < 0), and Neutral (β = 0) swimmers. The findings reveal that the motion of micro-swimmers is determined by the value of β and Rep, which can be classified into six distinct motion modes. For Puller and Pusher, when the β value is constant, an increase in Rep will lead to transition in the motion mode. Moreover, the appropriate depth of cavity within the channel-cavity system plays a crucial role in capturing and separating Neutral swimmers. This study, for the first time, explores the effect of complex channel-cavity systems on the behaviour of micro-swimmers and highlights their separation and capture ability. These findings offer novel insights for the design and enhancement of micro-channel structures in achieving efficient separation and capture of micro-swimmers.}, }
@article {pmid38434303, year = {2024}, author = {Wannapop, R and Jearsiripongkul, T and Jiamjiroch, K}, title = {Adaptive urban drinking water supply model using the effect of node elevation and head loss formula: A case study.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e26181}, pmid = {38434303}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Along with population growth and health improvement, water demand due to urbanization is increasing and creating a need to develop a strategy for handling water supply networks (WSNs). In the last decade, software modeling of WSNs has been developed to evaluate the state of networks in terms of pressure control, leakage analysis, and overall demand determination. In the case of very complex and extremely large networks, it is very difficult to manage the water supply. Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA) in Thailand has to supply drinking water to the three densely populated cities; Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Samut Prakan, that cover an area of 2944.05 km[2]. Hence, MWA has developed a main pipe model using EPANET software as a managing tool. This tool can offer a good solution for the water supply, but there is approximately a 14 percent error, mainly due to not having the elevation data of the pipe network. The current research is based on demand and pressure modeling analysis with utilizing two important parameters, node elevations, and head loss. The first trial model was an initial revision of the node elevation based on a road surface map. It was found that the model with elevation data could offer a better solution and was 3.95% more accurate than the existing model. The result was significantly improved, but another error, which may have been caused by using an inappropriate head loss model, was found. As the introduced model is based on the Hazen-William model, it cannot offer an accurate solution for all Reynolds number ranges. Even though Darcy-Weisbach is more complex to use, it could provide a better solution. The results indicate the Darcy-Weisbach model produces results that are 8.65% more accurate than the Hazen-William model.}, }
@article {pmid38430250, year = {2024}, author = {Pandey, SK and Prajapati, A}, title = {An analytical and comparative study of swallowing in a tumor-infected oesophagus: a mathematical model.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {37}, pmid = {38430250}, issn = {1432-1416}, abstract = {This study discusses non-steady effects encountered in peristaltic flows in oesophagus. The purpose of this communication is to evolve a mechanism to diagnose tumor in an oesophagus mathematically. The tumor is modelled by generic bump function of certain height and width. The method of solution follows long wavelength and low-Reynolds number approximations for unsteady flow, while integrations have been performed numerically in order to plot graphs, which reveal various characteristics of the flow. The goal is to assess how pressure varies across the tumor's width. The spatial, as well as temporal, dependence of pressure has been studied in the laboratory frame of reference. The pressure distribution for tumor-infected oesophagus is compared with that of normal oesophagus. An intensified pressure is obtained in the presence of tumor. The interruption while swallowing through benign oesophageal tumor is confirmed by an abrupt pressure rise across the tumor's width. Tumor position also plays a significant role whether it is at contraction or relaxation of walls. Additionally, wall-shear-stress, volumetric flow rate and streamlines have also been described and compared with that without tumor growth. The expressions corresponding to all the physical quantities are computed numerically. Further, this model may also be implemented to the two-dimensional channel flow for an industrial application.}, }
@article {pmid38427109, year = {2024}, author = {Zidi, K and Texier, BD and Gauthier, G and Seguin, A}, title = {Viscosimetric squeeze flow of suspensions.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {17}, pmid = {38427109}, issn = {1292-895X}, support = {ANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM//Laboratoire d'excellence Physique Atomes Lumi&#xe8;re Mati&#xe8;re/ ; }, abstract = {The rheology of particle suspensions has been extensively explored in the case of a simple shear flow, but less in other flow configurations which are also important in practice. Here we investigate the behavior of a suspension in a squeeze flow, which we revisit using local pressure measurements to deduce the effective viscosity. The flow is generated by approaching a moving disk to a fixed wall at constant velocity in the low Reynolds number limit. We measure the evolution of the pressure field at the wall and deduce the effective viscosity from the radial pressure drop. After validation of our device using a Newtonian fluid, we measure the effective viscosity of a suspension for different squeezing speeds and volume fractions of particles. We find results in agreement with the Maron-Pierce law, an empirical expression for the viscosity of suspensions that was established for simple shear flows. We prove that this method to determine viscosity remains valid in the limit of large gap width. This makes it possible to study the rheology of suspensions within this limit and therefore suspensions composed of large particles, in contrast to Couette flow cells which require small gaps.}, }
@article {pmid38413619, year = {2024}, author = {Elmhedy, Y and Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Alharbi, FM and Abdelhafez, MA}, title = {Influence of inclined magnetic field and heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of Rabinowitsch fluid model in an inclined channel.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {4735}, pmid = {38413619}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The recent study is focused on discussion of heat transfer and magnetic field results of peristaltic flow of Rabinowitsch fluid model in an Inclined Channel. In this piece of research, peristalsis's fundamental problem with heat transfer in the presence of a magnetic field is checked. An incompressible Rabinowitsch fluid is present in an inclined channel, which is considered as the reference for this research. The solutions are devised with the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The resulting equations are then solved exactly by implementing various command of MATHEMATICA subject to relevant boundary conditions. Results are discussed for various flow quantities like temperature, velocity, tangential stress, pressure gradient and rise, and friction force. Computational simulations are performed to determine the flow quantities. This investigation goes beyond mere calculations and examines particle motion to gain deeper insights into flow quantities. Furthermore, this investigates how magnetic field and heat transfer parameters influence these peristaltic flow phenomena. The outcomes of important parameters were plotted and scrutinized. There is amultitude of medical implementations derived from the current consideration, such as the depiction of the gastric juice motion in the small intestine when an endoscope is inserted through it.}, }
@article {pmid38407396, year = {2024}, author = {Chand, K and Rosenberger, H and Sanderse, B}, title = {A pressure-free long-time stable reduced-order model for two-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0168857}, pmid = {38407396}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {The present work presents a stable proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-Galerkin based reduced-order model (ROM) for two-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a square geometry for three Rayleigh numbers: 104 (steady state), 3×105 (periodic), and 6×106 (chaotic). Stability is obtained through a particular (staggered-grid) full-order model (FOM) discretization that leads to a ROM that is pressure-free and has skew-symmetric (energy-conserving) convective terms. This yields long-time stable solutions without requiring stabilizing mechanisms, even outside the training data range. The ROM's stability is validated for the different test cases by investigating the Nusselt and Reynolds number time series and the mean and variance of the vertical temperature profile. In general, these quantities converge to the FOM when increasing the number of modes, and turn out to be a good measure of accuracy. However, for the chaotic case, convergence with increasing numbers of modes is relatively difficult and a high number of modes is required to resolve the low-energy structures that are important for the global dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid38381133, year = {2024}, author = {Chang, R and Davydov, A and Jaroenlak, P and Budaitis, B and Ekiert, DC and Bhabha, G and Prakash, M}, title = {Energetics of the mokicrosporidian polar tube invasion machinery.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.86638}, pmid = {38381133}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {HHMI Faculty fellowship/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; R35GM128777/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Microsporidia are eukaryotic, obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts, leading to health and economic burdens worldwide. Microsporidia use an unusual invasion organelle called the polar tube (PT), which is ejected from a dormant spore at ultra-fast speeds, to infect host cells. The mechanics of PT ejection are impressive. Anncaliia algerae microsporidia spores (3-4 μm in size) shoot out a 100-nm-wide PT at a speed of 300 μm/s, creating a shear rate of 3000 s[-1]. The infectious cargo, which contains two nuclei, is shot through this narrow tube for a distance of ∼60-140 μm (Jaroenlak et al, 2020) and into the host cell. Considering the large hydraulic resistance in an extremely thin tube and the low-Reynolds-number nature of the process, it is not known how microsporidia can achieve this ultrafast event. In this study, we use Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy to capture 3-dimensional snapshots of A. algerae spores in different states of the PT ejection process. Grounded in these data, we propose a theoretical framework starting with a systematic exploration of possible topological connectivity amongst organelles, and assess the energy requirements of the resulting models. We perform PT firing experiments in media of varying viscosity, and use the results to rank our proposed hypotheses based on their predicted energy requirement. We also present a possible mechanism for cargo translocation, and quantitatively compare our predictions to experimental observations. Our study provides a comprehensive biophysical analysis of the energy dissipation of microsporidian infection process and demonstrates the extreme limits of cellular hydraulics.}, }
@article {pmid38378438, year = {2024}, author = {Qiao, S and Cai, C and Pan, C and Liu, Y and Zhang, Q}, title = {Study on the Performance of a Surface with Coupled Wettability Difference and Convex-Stripe Array for Improved Air Layer Stability.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03929}, pmid = {38378438}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The existence of an air layer reduces friction drag on superhydrophobic surfaces. Therefore, improving the air layer stability of superhydrophobic surfaces holds immense significance in reducing both energy consumption and environmental pollution caused by friction drag. Based on the properties of mathematical discretization and the contact angle hysteresis generated by the wettability difference, a surface coupled with a wettability difference treatment and a convex-stripe array is developed by laser engraving and fluorine modification, and its performance in improving the air layer stability is experimentally studied in a von Kármán swirling flow field. The results show that the destabilization of the air layer is mainly caused by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, which is triggered by the density difference between gas and liquid, as well as the tangential velocity difference between gas and liquid. When the air layer is relatively thin, tangential wave destabilization occurs, whereas for larger thicknesses, the destabilization mode is coupled wave destabilization. The maximum Reynolds number that keeps the air layer fully covering the surface of the rotating disk (with drag reduction performance) during the disk rotation process is defined as the critical Reynolds number (Rec), which is 1.62 × 10[5] for the uniform superhydrophobic surface and 3.24 × 10[5] for the superhydrophobic surface with a convex stripe on the outermost ring (SCSSP). Individual treatments of wettability difference and a convex-stripe array on the SCSSP further improve the air layer stability, but Rec remains at 3.24 × 10[5]. Finally, the coupling of the wettability difference treatment with a convex-stripe array significantly improves the air layer stability, resulting in an increase of Rec to 4.05 × 10[5], and the drag reduction rate stably maintained around 30%.}, }
@article {pmid38377615, year = {2024}, author = {Dunt, T and Heck, KS and Lyons, K and Murphy, CT and Cal, RB and Franck, JA}, title = {Wavelength-induced shedding frequency modulation of seal whisker inspired cylinders.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ad2b04}, pmid = {38377615}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {The spanwise undulated cylinder geometry inspired by seal whiskers has been shown to alter shedding frequency and reduce fluid forces significantly compared to smooth cylindrical geometry. Undulation wavelength is systematically investigated in order to explore its effect on unsteady lift force and shedding frequency. Prior research has parameterized the whisker-inspired geometry and demonstrated the relevance of geometric variations on force reduction properties. Among the geometric parameters, undulation wavelength was identified as a significant contributor to forcing changes. To analyze the effect of undulation wavelength, a thorough investigation isolating changes in wavelength is performed to expand upon previous research that parameterized whisker-inspired geometry and the relevance of geometric variations on the force reduction properties. A set of five whisker-inspired models of varying wavelength are computationally simulated at a Reynolds number of 250 and compared with an equivalent aspect ratio smooth elliptical cylinder. Above a critical nondimensional value, the undulation wavelength reduces the amplitude and frequency of vortex shedding accompanied by a reduction in oscillating lift force. Frequency shedding is tied to the creation of wavelength-dependent vortex structures which vary across the whisker span. These vortices produce distinct shedding modes in which the frequency and phase of downstream structures interact to decrease the oscillating lift forces on the whisker model with particular effectiveness around the wavelength values typically found in nature. The culmination of the these location-based modes produces a complex and spanwise dependent lift frequency spectra at those wavelengths exhibiting maximum force reduction. Understanding the mechanisms of unsteady force reduction and the application of this geometry to vibration tuning and passive flow control for vortex-induced vibration (VIV) reduction.}, }
@article {pmid38366478, year = {2024}, author = {Zhou, H and Blackman, EG}, title = {Helical dynamo growth and saturation at modest versus extreme magnetic Reynolds numbers.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {109}, number = {1-2}, pages = {015206}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.109.015206}, pmid = {38366478}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Understanding magnetic field growth in astrophysical objects is a persistent challenge. In stars and galaxies, turbulent flows with net kinetic helicity are believed to be responsible for driving large-scale magnetic fields. However, numerical simulations have demonstrated that such helical dynamos in closed volumes saturate at lower magnetic field strengths when increasing the magnetic Reynolds number Rm. This would imply that helical large-scale dynamos cannot be efficient in astrophysical bodies without the help of helicity outflows such as stellar winds. But do these implications actually apply for very large Rm? Here we tackle the long-standing question of how much helical large-scale dynamo growth occurs independent of Rm in a closed volume. We analyze data from numerical simulations with a new method that tracks resistive versus nonresistive drivers of helical field growth. We identify a presaturation regime when the large-scale field grows at a rate independent of Rm, but to an Rm-dependent magnitude. The latter Rm dependence is due to a dominant resistive contribution, but whose fractional contribution to the large-scale magnetic energy decreases with increasing Rm. We argue that the resistive contribution would become negligible at large Rm and an Rm-independent dynamical contribution would dominate if the current helicity spectrum in the inertial range is steeper than k^{0}. As such helicity spectra are plausible, this renews optimism for the relevance of closed dynamos. Our work pinpoints how modest Rm simulations can cause misapprehension of the Rm→∞ behavior.}, }
@article {pmid38361591, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, Y and Chong, KL and Liu, H and Verzicco, R and Lohse, D}, title = {Buoyancy-driven attraction of active droplets.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {980}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2024.18}, pmid = {38361591}, issn = {0022-1120}, abstract = {For dissolving active oil droplets in an ambient liquid, it is generally assumed that the Marangoni effect results in repulsive interactions, while the buoyancy effects caused by the density difference between the droplets, diffusing product and the ambient fluid are usually neglected. However, it has been observed in recent experiments that active droplets can form clusters due to buoyancy-driven convection (Krüger et al. Eur. Phys. J. E, vol. 39, 2016, pp. 1-9). In this study, we numerically analyze the buoyancy effect, in addition to the propulsion caused by Marangoni flow (with its strength characterized by Péclet number Pe). The buoyancy effects have their origin in (i) the density difference between the droplet and the ambient liquid, which is characterized by Galileo number Ga, and (ii) the density difference between the diffusing product (i.e. filled micelles) and the ambient liquid, which can be quantified by a solutal Rayleigh number Ra. We analyze how the attracting and repulsing behaviour of neighbouring droplets depends on the control parameters Pe, Ga, and Ra. We find that while the Marangoni effect leads to the well-known repulsion between the interacting droplets, the buoyancy effect of the reaction product leads to buoyancy-driven attraction. At sufficiently large Ra, even collisions between the droplets can take place. Our study on the effect of Ga further shows that with increasing Ga, the collision becomes delayed. Moreover, we derive that the attracting velocity of the droplets, which is characterized by a Reynolds number Red, is proportional to Ra[1/4]/(ℓ/R), where ℓ/R is the distance between the neighbouring droplets normalized by the droplet radius. Finally, we numerically obtain the repulsive velocity of the droplets, characterized by a Reynolds number Rerep, which is proportional to PeRa[-0.38]. The balance of attractive and repulsive effect leads to Pe ~ Ra[0.63], which agrees well with the transition curve between the regimes with and without collision.}, }
@article {pmid38359059, year = {2024}, author = {Xi, Y and Meng, F}, title = {Numerical study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of rectangular mini-channel of interpolated double S turbulators.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {e0297678}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0297678}, pmid = {38359059}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {In this study, we propose a new type of small-channel plug-in, the double S turbulators, for passive heat transfer enhancement to improve the flow and heat transfer performance of the fluid in the channel. In the range of Reynolds number 254.51~2545.09, under constant wall temperature heating conditions, the effects of interpolated double S turbulators with different long axial radii (1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm) on the average Nusselt number, pressure drop, total thermal resistance and field synergy number in the rectangular mini-channel were studied. The simulation results show that compared with the smooth rectangular mini-channel, after interpolating double S turbulators with different long axial radii (1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm), the average Nusselt number increased by 81.74%~101.74%, 71.29%~94.06%, 67.16%~88.48%, the total thermal resistance decreased by 45.1%~50.72%, 41.72%~48.74%, 40.28%~47.2%, and the number of field synergies increased by 85.58%~111.65%, 74.1%~102.6%, 69.64%~96.12%. At present, there are few studies on the boundary condition of constant wall temperature, and this paper supplements the research on this aspect. At the same time, the heat transfer performance of the rectangular mini-channel of the interpolated double S turbulators is stronger than that of the ordinary smooth rectangular mini-channel, which not only provides a new idea for the manufacture of micro heat dissipation equipment, but also improves the heat transfer performance of micro heat dissipation equipment and improves its work efficiency. According to the simulation data, the prediction formula of average Nusselt number and pressure drop was established by nonlinear regression method, which can be used to predict the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the rectangular mini-channel of the interpolated double S turbulators.}, }
@article {pmid38352662, year = {2024}, author = {Gnanasekaran, M and Satheesh, A}, title = {Numerical analysis of turbulent flow characteristics with the influence of speed ratio in a double-sided cavity.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {102594}, pmid = {38352662}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {The present study numerically investigates the two-dimensional steady incompressible turbulent flow characteristics in an enclosed cavity. The finite volume method (FVM) is used to discretize the governing equations, and k-ε turbulence models are adopted to predict the flow characteristics. The turbulent flow behavior is studied by varying the speed ratio (0.05 ≤ S ≤ 1.0), aspect ratio (0.5 ≤ K ≤ 2.0), and Reynolds number (1 × 10[4] ≤ Re ≤ 2 × 10[5]). The flow characteristics are analyzed using stream function (ψ), Reynolds stresses (u'v'), and turbulent quantities. Results show the Reynolds number and speed ratio significantly influence the formation of vortices over the selected range of operating parameters. With the speed ratio, the turbulent kinetic energy reduces considerably by increasing the Reynolds number and aspect ratio. Similarly, for S = 0.05 and K = 0.5, the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate are decreased by 89.16% and 42.28%, respectively. When Re is increased from 1 × 10[4] to 2 × 10[5], the turbulent viscosity increases by 92.10%. By comparing the results, average turbulent quantities are decreased by increasing the flow parameters.•Turbulent flow behavior is investigated by using the FVM near-wall treatment approach.One of the unique parameters called speed ratio is emphasized.•Contours of turbulence kinetic energy, dissipation, and viscosity are examined.•The average intensity of turbulent quantities is decreased by increasing the speed ratio.}, }
@article {pmid38336842, year = {2024}, author = {Kim, SJ and Kos, &#x17d; and Um, E and Jeong, J}, title = {Symmetrically pulsating bubbles swim in an anisotropic fluid by nematodynamics.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1220}, pmid = {38336842}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Swimming in low-Reynolds-number fluids requires the breaking of time-reversal symmetry and centrosymmetry. Microswimmers, often with asymmetric shapes, exhibit nonreciprocal motions or exploit nonequilibrium processes to propel. The role of the surrounding fluid has also attracted attention because viscoelastic, non-Newtonian, and anisotropic properties of fluids matter in propulsion efficiency and navigation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that anisotropic fluids, nematic liquid crystals (NLC), can make a pulsating spherical bubble swim despite its centrosymmetric shape and time-symmetric motion. The NLC breaks the centrosymmetry by a deformed nematic director field with a topological defect accompanying the bubble. The nematodynamics renders the nonreciprocity in the pulsation-induced fluid flow. We also report speed enhancement by confinement and the propulsion of another symmetry-broken bubble dressed by a bent disclination. Our experiments and theory propose another possible mechanism of moving bodies in complex fluids by spatiotemporal symmetry breaking.}, }
@article {pmid38335533, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, Z and Liu, X and Guo, Y and Tong, B and Zhang, G and Liu, K and Jiao, Y}, title = {Armored Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Excellent Drag Reduction in Complex Environmental Conditions.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03544}, pmid = {38335533}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) have possibilities for achieving significantly reduced solid-liquid frictional drag in the marine sector due to their excellent water-repelling properties. Although the stability of SHSs plays a key role in drag reduction, little consideration was given to the effect of extreme environments on the ability of SHSs to achieve drag reduction underwater, particularly when subjected to acidic conditions. Here, we propose interconnected microstructures to protect superhydrophobic coatings with the aim of enhancing the stability of SHSs in extreme environments. The stability of armored SHSs (ASHSs) was demonstrated by the contact angle and bounce time of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces treated by various methods, resulting in an ASHS surface with excellent stability under extreme environmental conditions. Additionally, inspired by microstructures protecting superhydrophobic nanomaterials from frictional wear, the armored superhydrophobic spheres (ASSPs) were designed to explain from theoretical and experimental perspectives why ASSPs can achieve sustainable drag reduction and demonstrate that the ASSPs can achieve drag reduction of over 90.4% at a Reynolds number of 6.25 × 10[4] by conducting water entry experiments on spheres treated in various solutions. These studies promote a fundamental understanding of what drives the application of SHSs under extreme environmental conditions and provide practical strategies to maximize frictional drag reduction.}, }
@article {pmid38335336, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, K and Sprinkle, B and Zuo, M and Ristroph, L}, title = {Centrifugal Flows Drive Reverse Rotation of Feynman's Sprinkler.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {132}, number = {4}, pages = {044003}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.044003}, pmid = {38335336}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The issue of reversibility in hydromechanical sprinklers that auto-rotate while ejecting fluid from S-shaped tubes raises fundamental questions that remain unresolved. Here, we report on precision experiments that reveal robust and persistent reverse rotation under suction and a model that accounts for the observed motions. We implement an ultralow friction bearing in an apparatus that allows for free rotation under ejection and suction for a range of flow rates and arbitrarily long times. Flow measurements reveal a rocketlike mechanism shared by the reverse and forward modes that involves angular momentum flux, whose subtle manifestation in the reverse case stems from centrifugal effects for flows in curved conduits. These findings answer Feynman's long-standing question by providing quantitatively accurate explanations of both modes, and they suggest further inquiries into flux-based force generation and the roles of geometry and Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid38322951, year = {2024}, author = {Mishra, NK and Sharma, P and Sharma, BK and Almohsen, B and Pérez, LM}, title = {Electroosmotic MHD ternary hybrid Jeffery nanofluid flow through a ciliated vertical channel with gyrotactic microorganisms: Entropy generation optimization.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e25102}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25102}, pmid = {38322951}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In this study, the computational analysis of entropy generation optimization for synthetic cilia regulated ternary hybrid Jeffery nanofluid (Ag-Au-TiO2/PVA) flow through a peristaltic vertical channel with swimming motile Gyrotactic microorganisms is investigated. Understanding the intricate interaction of multiple physical phenomena in biomedical applications is essential for optimizing entropy generation and advancing microfluidic systems. The characteristics of nanofluid are explored for the electroosmotic MHD fluid flow in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion, viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating and chemical reaction. Using the appropriate transformations, a set of ordinary differential equations are created from the governing partial differential equations. The resulting ODEs are numerically solved using the shooting technique using BVP5C in MATLAB after applying the long-wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation. The velocity, temperature, concentration, electroosmosis, and microorganism density profiles are analyzed graphically for different emerging parameters. Graphical investigation of engineering interest quantities like heat transfer rate, mass transfer rate, skin friction coefficient, and entropy generation optimization are also presented. It is observed that the rate of mass transfer increases for increasing thermophoretic parameter, while reverse effect is noted for Brownian motion parameter, Schmidt number, and chemical reaction number. The outcomes of present study can be pertinent in studying Cilia properties of respiratory tract, reproductive system, and brain ventricles.}, }
@article {pmid38322945, year = {2024}, author = {Selimefendigil, F and Ghachem, K and Albalawi, H and AlShammari, BM and Labidi, T and Kolsi, L}, title = {Magneto-convection of nanofluid flow over multiple rotating cylinders in a confined space with elastic walls and ventilated ports.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {e25101}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25101}, pmid = {38322945}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In this study, convective heat transfer for nanofluid flow over multiple rotating cylinder in a confined space is analyzed under magnetic field while enclosure has one inlet and one outlet port. Three identical circular cylinder are used and the two walls of the cavity are considered to be elastic. The coupled fluid-structure interaction and magneto-convection problem is solved by finite element method. Impacts of rotational Reynolds number (Rew between -100 and 100), Hartmann number (Ha between 0 and 50), cylinder size (R between 0.001H and 0.11H) and Cauchy number (Ca between 10-8 and 10-3) on the flow and thermal performance features are explored. The flow field and recirculation inside the cavity are significantly affected by the activation of rotation and magnetic field. The vortices are suppressed by increasing the strength of magnetic field and thermal performance is improved. Thermal performance of 56.6% is achieved by activation of magnetic field at the highest strength with rotations of the circular cylinders. When rotations are active, heat transfer rate is reduced while up to 40% reduction is obtained without magnetic field. Cylinder size has the highest impact on the overall thermal performance improvement while up to 132% enhancements are achieved. The contribution of elastic walls on the thermal performance is slight while less than 5% improvements in the average heat transfer is obtained. An optimization study leads to 12.7% higher thermal performance improvements as compared to best case of parametric computational fluid dynamics simulation results while the optimum values of (Rew, Ha, R) is obtained as (-80.66, 50, 0.11H).}, }
@article {pmid38321050, year = {2024}, author = {Massaro, D and Karp, M and Jansson, N and Markidis, S and Schlatter, P}, title = {Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent flow around a Flettner rotor.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {3004}, pmid = {38321050}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The three-dimensional turbulent flow around a Flettner rotor, i.e. an engine-driven rotating cylinder in an atmospheric boundary layer, is studied via direct numerical simulations (DNS) for three different rotation speeds ([Formula: see text]). This technology offers a sustainable alternative mainly for marine propulsion, underscoring the critical importance of comprehending the characteristics of such flow. In this study, we evaluate the aerodynamic loads produced by the rotor of height h, with a specific focus on the changes in lift and drag force along the vertical axis of the cylinder. Correspondingly, we observe that vortex shedding is inhibited at the highest [Formula: see text] values investigated. However, in the case of intermediate [Formula: see text], vortices continue to be shed in the upper section of the cylinder ([Formula: see text]). As the cylinder begins to rotate, a large-scale motion becomes apparent on the high-pressure side, close to the bottom wall. We offer both a qualitative and quantitative description of this motion, outlining its impact on the wake deflection. This finding is significant as it influences the rotor wake to an extent of approximately one hundred diameters downstream. In practical applications, this phenomenon could influence the performance of subsequent boats and have an impact on the cylinder drag, affecting its fuel consumption. This fundamental study, which investigates a limited yet significant (for DNS) Reynolds number and explores various spinning ratios, provides valuable insights into the complex flow around a Flettner rotor. The simulations were performed using a modern GPU-based spectral element method, leveraging the power of modern supercomputers towards fundamental engineering problems.}, }
@article {pmid38305052, year = {2024}, author = {Mandujano, F and Vázquez-Luis, E}, title = {Chaotic vortex-induced rotation of an elliptical cylinder.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0170987}, pmid = {38305052}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {Non-linear oscillations of an elliptical cylinder, which can rotate about an axis that passes through its symmetry axle due to a torsional spring and hydrodynamic torque produced by the flow of a Newtonian fluid, were analyzed in terms of a single parameter that compares vortex shedding frequency with the torsional spring's natural frequency. The governing equations for the flow coupled with a rigid body with one degree of freedom were solved numerically using the lattice-Boltzmann method. The Reynolds number used was Re=200, which, in the absence of torsional spring, produces chaotic oscillations of the elliptical cylinder. When the torsional spring is included, we identified three branches separated by transition regions when stiffness of the restorative torque changes, as in the case of vortex-induced vibrations. However, in this case, several regions presenting chaotic dynamics were identified. Two regions with stable limit cycles were found when both torques synchronized and when stiffness of the torsional spring is big enough so that the ellipse's oscillation is small.}, }
@article {pmid38302543, year = {2024}, author = {Ashkani, A and Jafari, A and Ghomsheh, MJ and Dumas, N and Funfschilling, D}, title = {Enhancing particle focusing: a comparative experimental study of modified square wave and square wave microchannels in lift and Dean vortex regimes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {2679}, pmid = {38302543}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Serpentine microchannels are known for their effective particle focusing through Dean flow-induced rotational effects, which are used in compact designs for size-dependent focusing in medical diagnostics. This study explores square serpentine microchannels, a geometry that has recently gained prominence in inertial microfluidics, and presents a modification of square wave microchannels for improved particle separation and focusing. The proposed modification incorporates an additional U-shaped unit to convert the square wave microchannel into a non-axisymmetric structure, which enhances the Dean flow and consequently increases the Dean drag force. Extensive experiments were conducted covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers and particle sizes (2.45 µm to 12 µm). The particle concentration capability and streak position dynamics of the two structures were compared in detail. The results indicate that the modified square-wave microchannel exhibits efficient particle separation in the lower part of the Dean vortex-dominated regime. With increasing Reynolds number, the particles are successively focused into two streaks in the lift force-dominated regime and into a single streak in the Dean vortex-dominated regime, in this modified square wave geometry. These streaks have a low standard deviation around a mean value. In the Dean vortex-dominated regime, the location of the particle stream is highly dependent on the particle size, which allows good particle separation. Particle focusing occurs at lower Reynolds numbers in both the lift-dominated and lift/Dean drag-dominated regions than in the square wave microchannel. The innovative serpentine channel is particularly useful for the Dean drag-dominated regime and introduces a unique asymmetry that affects the particle focusing dynamics. The proposed device offers significant advantages in terms of efficiency, parallelization, footprint, and throughput over existing geometries.}, }
@article {pmid38298735, year = {2024}, author = {Xia, Y and Lyu, S}, title = {Direct numerical simulation of contaminant removal in presence of underfloor air distribution system.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e24331}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24331}, pmid = {38298735}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Indoor contaminant removal over 0.5 ≤ FrT ≤ 5.0, 0.5 ≤ N ≤ 5.0, and 50 ≤ Re ≤ 500 was investigated numerically, wherein FrT refers to the Froude number, N refers to the buoyancy ratio, and Re refers to the Reynolds number. As demonstrated, the ventilation effectiveness increased with increasing contaminant source intensity and air supply intensity at a constant air temperature, indicating that increase the fresh air can effectively eliminate contaminants in this case. At high air supply temperatures, the heat retention time and contaminant transport was extremely short, and the fresh air induced by strong natural convection floating lift was rapidly discharged. Additioanlly, the air supply intensity had significant effects on contaminant removal. Quantification of the ventilation effectiveness under the combined effects of air supply intensity, air supply temperature and contaminant source intensity was determined based on the results of direct numerical simulations.}, }
@article {pmid38298636, year = {2024}, author = {Almutairi, DK}, title = {Mathematical modelling and heat transfer observations for Jeffrey nanofluid with applications of extended Fourier theory and temperature dependent thermal conductivity.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {e24353}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24353}, pmid = {38298636}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The suspension of non-Newtonian materials with nanoparticles is important to enhance the thermal phenomenon in various engineering and industrial processes. The versatile research in nanomaterials provide different applications in thermal processes, heat exchangers, thermoelectric devices, HVAC systems, energy processes etc. Following to such novel motivations in mind, current research endorsed the enhancement in heat transfer due to suspension of Jeffrey nanofluid comprising the variable thermal conductivity. The cause of flow is associated to two disks attaining fixed distance. The modified developed relations for Fourier's hypothesis are utilized to model the problem. The flow problem is modeled with appliance of fundamental novel laws. By applying suitable transformations, corresponding differential equations are renovated into dimensionless forms which are solved with applications of analytic homotopic algorithm. The behavior of temperature and velocity due to various parameters is discussed. The numerical calculations have been done for wall shear force and Nusselt number. The results show that the velocity profile boosted due to variation of stretching ratio constant. The enhancement in heat transfer is observed due to Reynolds number. Moreover, the increasing observations for wall shear force in upper and lower disk surfaces are obtained against larger material parameter. The simulated results may find applications in improving heat transfer phenomenon, manufacturing systems, recovery processes, cooling systems, chemical phenomenon, fuel cells etc.}, }
@article {pmid38298373, year = {2024}, author = {Gande, VV and Podupu, PKR and Berry, B and Nere, NK and Pushpavanam, S and Singh, MR}, title = {Engineering advancements in microfluidic systems for enhanced mixing at low Reynolds numbers.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {011502}, doi = {10.1063/5.0178939}, pmid = {38298373}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Mixing within micro- and millichannels is a pivotal element across various applications, ranging from chemical synthesis to biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. The inherent low Reynolds number flow in these channels often results in a parabolic velocity profile, leading to a broad residence time distribution. Achieving efficient mixing at such small scales presents unique challenges and opportunities. This review encompasses various techniques and strategies to evaluate and enhance mixing efficiency in these confined environments. It explores the significance of mixing in micro- and millichannels, highlighting its relevance for enhanced reaction kinetics, homogeneity in mixed fluids, and analytical accuracy. We discuss various mixing methodologies that have been employed to get a narrower residence time distribution. The role of channel geometry, flow conditions, and mixing mechanisms in influencing the mixing performance are also discussed. Various emerging technologies and advancements in microfluidic devices and tools specifically designed to enhance mixing efficiency are highlighted. We emphasize the potential applications of micro- and millichannels in fields of nanoparticle synthesis, which can be utilized for biological applications. Additionally, the prospects of machine learning and artificial intelligence are offered toward incorporating better mixing to achieve precise control over nanoparticle synthesis, ultimately enhancing the potential for applications in these miniature fluidic systems.}, }
@article {pmid38295375, year = {2024}, author = {Shi, Q and Wu, J and Chen, H and Xu, X and Yang, YB and Ding, M}, title = {Inertial migration of polymer micelles in a square microchannel.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm01304a}, pmid = {38295375}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Using a hybrid simulation approach that combines a lattice-Boltzmann method for fluid flow and a molecular dynamics model for polymers, we investigate the inertial migration of star-like and crew-cut polymer micelles in a square microchannel. It is found that they exhibit two types of equilibrium positions, which shift further away from the center of the microchannel when the Reynolds number (Re) increases, as can be observed for soft particles. What differs from the behaviors of soft particles is that here, the blockage ratio is no longer the decisive factor. When the sizes are the same, the star-like micelles are always relatively closer to the microchannel wall as they gradually transition from spherical to disc-like with the increase of Re. In comparison, the crew-cut micelles are only transformed into an ellipsoid. Conversely, when the hydrophobic core sizes are the same, the equilibrium position of the star-like micelles becomes closer to that of the crew-cut micelles. Our results demonstrate that for polymer micelles with a core-shell structure, the equilibrium position is no longer solely determined by their overall dimensions but depends on the core and shell's specific dimensions, especially the hydrophobic core size. This finding opens up a new approach for achieving the separation of micelles in inertial migration.}, }
@article {pmid38284759, year = {2024}, author = {Maar, K and Shavit, U and Andersen, A and Kiørboe, T}, title = {The fluid dynamics of barnacle feeding.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.246541}, pmid = {38284759}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Sessile barnacles feed by sweeping their basket-like cirral fan through the water, intercepting suspended prey. A primary component of the diet of adult barnacles is copepods that are sensitive to fluid disturbances and capable of escaping. How do barnacles manage to capture copepods despite the fluid disturbances they generate? We examined this question by describing the feeding current architecture of 1 cm sized Balanus crenatus using particle image velocimetry, and by studying the trajectories of captured copepods and the escapes of evading copepods. We find that barnacles produce a feeding current that arrives both from behind and the sides of the barnacle. The flow from the sides represents quiescent corridors of low fluid deformation and uninterrupted by the beating cirral fan. Potential prey arriving from behind are likely to encounter the cirral fan and, hence, capture here is highly unlikely. Accordingly, most captured copepods arrived through the quiet corridors, while most copepods arriving from behind managed to escape. Thus, it is the unique feeding flow architecture that allows feeding on evasive prey. We used the Landau-Squire jet as a simple model of the feeding current. For the Reynolds number of our experiments, the model reproduces the main features of the feeding current, including the lateral feeding corridors. Furthermore, the model suggests that smaller barnacle specimens, operating at lower Reynolds numbers, will produce a fore-and-aft symmetric feeding current without the lateral corridors. This suggests an ontogenetic diet shift from non-evasive prey to inclusion of evasive prey as the barnacle grows.}, }
@article {pmid38282920, year = {2023}, author = {Abbas, N and Mustafa, Z and Abodayeh, K and Shatnawi, TAM and Shatanawi, W}, title = {Darcy resistant of Soret and Dufour impact of radiative induced magnetic field sutterby fluid flow over stretching cylinder.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e22503}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22503}, pmid = {38282920}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The incompressible two-dimensional steady flow of Sutterby fluid over a stretching cylinder is taken into account. The magnetic Reynolds number is not deliberated low in the present analysis. Radiation and variable thermal conductivity are considered to debate the impact on the cylindrical surface. The Dufour and Soret impacts are considered on the cylinder. The mathematical model is settled by employing boundary layer approximations in the form of differential equations. The system of differential equations becomes dimensionless using suitable transformations. The dimensionless nonlinear differential equations are solved through a numerical scheme(bvp4c technique). The flow parameters of physical effects on the velocity, temperature, heat transfer rate, and friction between surface and liquid are presented in tabular as well as graphical form. The velocity function declined by improving the values of the Sponginess parameter. The fluid temperature is reduced by increment in curvature parameter.}, }
@article {pmid38276832, year = {2023}, author = {Chang, L and Zhao, G and Buren, M and Sun, Y and Jian, Y}, title = {Alternating Current Electroosmotic Flow of Maxwell Fluid in a Parallel Plate Microchannel with Sinusoidal Roughness.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi15010004}, pmid = {38276832}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {Nos. 12162003, 11862018, 12262026//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Grant Nos. 2022LHMS01001, 2021MS01007//the Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China/ ; No. NMGIRT2323//Innovative Research Team in the Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region/ ; No. NCYWT23035//Basic Research funds for Universities Directly under the Autonomous Region/ ; Grant No. NJZY23054//the Research Program of Science and Technology in the Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region/ ; }, abstract = {The EOF of a viscoelastic Maxwell fluid driven by an alternating pressure gradient and electric field in a parallel plate microchannel with sinusoidal roughness has been investigated within the Debye-Hückel approximation based on boundary perturbation expansion and separation of variables. Perturbation solutions were obtained for the potential distribution, the velocity and the mean velocity, and the relation between the mean velocity and the roughness. There are significant differences in the velocity amplitudes of the Newtonian and Maxwell fluids. It is shown here that the velocity distribution of the viscoelastic fluid is significantly affected by the roughness of the walls, which leads to the appearance of fluctuations in the fluid. Also, the velocity is strongly dependent on the phase difference θ of the roughness of the upper and lower plates. As the oscillation Reynolds number ReΩ increases, the velocity profile and the average velocity um(t) of AC EOF oscillate rapidly but the velocity amplitude decreases. The Deborah number De plays a similar role to ReΩ, which makes the AC EOF velocity profile more likely to oscillate. Meanwhile, phase lag χ (representing the phase difference between the electric field and the mean velocity) decreases when G and θ are increased. However, for larger λ (e.g., λ > 3), it almost has no phase lag χ.}, }
@article {pmid38267645, year = {2024}, author = {Salman, M and Liu, J and Chauhan, R and Souby, MM and Kim, SC}, title = {A MATLAB simulation-based analytical study of energy, exergy, and cost benefits in jet-impinged protrusion-roughened double pass solar air collector.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38267645}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {2019R1A5A8080290//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {This study analyzes the performance and cost-effectiveness of a protrusion-roughened jet-impinged double-pass solar air collector (PRJDPSAC) within a Reynolds number (Re) range of 2500 to 22,500. Examining jet slot parameters, i.e., the jet height ratio (Hjp/Dhd = 0.11-0.44), stream-wise pitch ratio (Xjp/Dhd = 0.44-1.32), and span-wise pitch ratio (Yjp/Dhd = 0.44-1.32), the model demonstrates enhanced energy conversion, minimizes losses, improves efficiency, and brings positive economic impact, making it a promising solution for diverse applications including drying processes, livestock facilities, remote accommodations, and HVAC system pre-heating. The examination incorporates advanced MATLAB simulations to assess energy-exergy performance and cost viability. At lower Re values, both energy ([Formula: see text]) and exergy ([Formula: see text]) efficiencies increase uniformly; however, stabilization and decline occur at higher Re values. The maximum [Formula: see text] for the PRJDPSAC is 4.38% under a temperature rise parameter of 60 × 10[-3] Km[2]/W for obtaining optimum values of Xjp/Dhd = 1.32, Hjp/Dhd = 0.22, and Yjp/Dhd = 1.32, which is 31% higher than that of the smooth double-pass solar air collector (DPSAC). Economic benefits are significant for PRJDPSAC within mair (0.01-0.07 kg/s), but above 0.07 kg/s, the DPSAC becomes more cost-effective. Integrating simulation and experimental data, the study highlights MATLAB's effectiveness for solar energy system analysis and optimization, reinforcing the practicality of the proposed collector design.}, }
@article {pmid38265427, year = {2024}, author = {Wu, Y and Wang, F and Zheng, S and Nestler, B}, title = {Evolution dynamics of thin liquid structures investigated using a phase-field model.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm01553j}, pmid = {38265427}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Liquid structures of thin-films and torus droplets are omnipresent in daily lives. The morphological evolution of liquid structures suspending in another immiscible fluid and sitting on a solid substrate is investigated by using three-dimensional (3D) phase-field (PF) simulations. Here, we address the evolution dynamics by scrutinizing the interplay of surface energy, kinetic energy, and viscous dissipation, which is characterized by Reynolds number Re and Weber number We. We observe special droplet breakup phenomena by varying Re and We. In addition, we gain the essential physical insights into controlling the droplet formation resulting from the morphological evolution of the liquid structures by characterizing the top and side profiles under different circumstances. We find that the shape evolution of the liquid structures is intimately related to the initial shape, Re, We as well as the intrinsic wettability of the substrate. Furthermore, it is revealed that the evolution dynamics are determined by the competition between the coalescence phenomenology and the hydrodynamic instability of the liquid structures. For the coalescence phenomenology, the liquid structure merges onto itself, while the hydrodynamic instability leads to the breakup of the liquid structure. Last but not least, we investigate the influence of wall relaxation on the breakup outcome of torus droplets on substrates with different contact angles. We shed light on how the key parameters including the initial shape, Re, We, wettability, and wall relaxation influence the droplet dynamics and droplet formation. These findings are anticipated to contribute insights into droplet-based systems, potentially impacting areas like ink-jet printing, drug delivery systems, and microfluidic devices, where the interplay of surface energy, kinetic energy, and viscous dissipation plays a crucial role.}, }
@article {pmid38264707, year = {2024}, author = {Jeon, H and Lee, SH and Shin, J and Song, K and Ahn, N and Park, J}, title = {Elasto-inertial microfluidic separation of microspheres with submicron resolution at high-throughput.}, journal = {Microsystems &amp; nanoengineering}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {15}, pmid = {38264707}, issn = {2055-7434}, abstract = {Elasto-inertial microfluidic separation offers many advantages including high throughput and separation resolution. Even though the separation efficiency highly depends on precise control of the flow conditions, no concrete guidelines have been reported yet in elasto-inertial microfluidics. Here, we propose a dimensionless analysis for precise estimation of the microsphere behaviors across the interface of Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. Reynolds number, modified Weissenberg number, and modified elastic number are used to investigate the balance between inertial and elastic lift forces. Based on the findings, we introduce a new dimensionless number defined as the width of the Newtonian fluid stream divided by microsphere diameter. The proposed dimensionless analysis allows us to predict whether the microspheres migrate across the co-flow interface. The theoretical estimation is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results using 2.1- and 3.2-μm-diameter polystyrene microspheres in a co-flow of water and polyethylene oxide solution. Based on the theoretical estimation, we also realize submicron separation of the microspheres with 2.1 and 2.5 μm in diameter at high throughput, high purity (>95%), and high recovery rate (>97%). The applicability of the proposed method was validated by separation of platelets from similar-sized Escherichia coli (E.coli).}, }
@article {pmid38248619, year = {2024}, author = {Macías, MM and García-Ortiz, JH and Oliveira, TF and Brasil Junior, ACP}, title = {Numerical Investigation of Dimensionless Parameters in Carangiform Fish Swimming Hydrodynamics.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics9010045}, pmid = {38248619}, issn = {2313-7673}, abstract = {Research into how fish and other aquatic organisms propel themselves offers valuable natural references for enhancing technology related to underwater devices like vehicles, propellers, and biomimetic robotics. Additionally, such research provides insights into fish evolution and ecological dynamics. This work carried out a numerical investigation of the most relevant dimensionless parameters in a fish swimming environment (Reynolds Re, Strouhal St, and Slip numbers) to provide valuable knowledge in terms of biomechanics behavior. Thus, a three-dimensional numerical study of the fish-like lambari, a BCF swimmer with carangiform kinematics, was conducted using the URANS approach with the k-ω-SST transition turbulence closure model in the OpenFOAM software. In this study, we initially reported the equilibrium Strouhal number, which is represented by St∗, and its dependence on the Reynolds number, denoted as Re. This was performed following a power-law relationship of St∝Re(-α). We also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the hydrodynamic forces and the effect of body undulation in fish on the production of swimming drag and thrust. Additionally, we computed propulsive and quasi-propulsive efficiencies, as well as examined the influence of the Reynolds number and Slip number on fish performance. Finally, we performed a vortex dynamics analysis, in which different wake configurations were revealed under variations of the dimensionless parameters St, Re, and Slip. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between the generation of a leading-edge vortex via the caudal fin and the peak thrust production within the motion cycle.}, }
@article {pmid38243509, year = {2023}, author = {Xiong, J and Liu, X and Feng, H and Huang, H}, title = {Inertial migration of spherical and oblate particles in a triangular microchannel.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {108}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065105}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.065105}, pmid = {38243509}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The. inertial migration of both spherical and oblate particles within an equilateral triangular channel is studied numerically. Our study primarily focuses on the effects of fluid inertia, quantified by the Reynolds number (Re) and particle size (β). Our observations reveal two distinct equilibrium positions: the corner equilibrium position (CEP) is situated along the angle bisector near the corner, while the face equilibrium position (FEP) is located on a segment of the line perpendicular from the triangle's center to one of its sides. Spherical particles with varying initial positions predominantly reach the FEP. For oblate particles initially positioned along the angle bisector with a specific orientation, meaning the particle's evolution axis is inside the plane bisecting the angle, they will migrate along the angle bisector to reach the CEP while rotating in the tumbling mode. Conversely, for particles with different initial orientations and positions, they will employ the log-rolling mode to reach the FEP. Notably, we identify a dual-stage particle migration process to the FEP, with trajectories converging to an equilibrium manifold, which bears a resemblance to the cross section of the channel. To further illustrate the transition between FEP and CEP under general initial conditions, except for those along the angle bisector, we construct a phase diagram in the (Re, β) parameter space. This transition is often triggered by the size of larger particles (as the FEP cannot accommodate them) or the influence of inertia for smaller particles. For the FEP, especially for medium- or small-size particles, we notice an initial outward movement of the FEP from the center of the cross section as Re increases, followed by a return towards the center. This behavior results from the interplay of three forces acting on the particle. This research holds potential implications for the design of microfluidic devices, offering insights into the behavior of particles within equilateral triangular channels.}, }
@article {pmid38243467, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, S and Wang, J and Deng, J}, title = {Effect of layer thickness for the bounce of a particle settling through a density transition layer.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {108}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065108}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.065108}, pmid = {38243467}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We study numerically a spherical particle settling through a density transition layer at moderate Reynolds numbers Re_{u}=69∼259 for the upper fluid. We investigate how the transition layer thickness affects the particle's bouncing behavior as it crosses the interface. The previous intuitive understanding was that the bounce occurs when the relative thickness of the transition layer, L/D, which is characterized by the ratio of the layer thickness L to the particle diameter D, is small. Indeed, we report no bounce phenomenon for very thick interfaces, i.e., L/D>10 in the current parametric range. However, we argue that the bounce can also be inhibited when L/D is too small. Upon a fixed upper layer Reynolds number Re_{u}=207 with varying L/D, we examine the flow evolution of these cases. We propose that this inhibition is attributed to two mechanisms. First, as the interface thickness decreases, the detachment of the attached lighter fluid from the upper layer occurs more rapidly, resulting in a faster decrease in buoyancy. Second, in the case of a very thin interface (L/D=0.5-3.0), the residual light fluid accumulates and undergoes a secondary detachment, separating from the particle at an angle relative to the central axis. This secondary detachment reduces the drag force and effectively prevents the particle from experiencing a rebound motion.}, }
@article {pmid38237184, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, T and Deng, H and He, F and Wu, Y and Wu, Z and Wan, F and Chen, T and Xu, W and Song, Y and Guo, X}, title = {Synthesizing high performance LNMO cathode materials with porous structure by manipulating Reynolds number in a microreactor.}, journal = {Nanotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6528/ad2017}, pmid = {38237184}, issn = {1361-6528}, abstract = {The demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significantly grown in the last decade due to their extensive use electric vehicles (EVs). To further advance the commercialization of LIBs for various applications, there is a pressing need to develop electrode materials with enhanced performance. The porous microsphere morphology LiNixMn2-xO4 (LNMO) is considered to be an effective material with both high energy density and excellent rate performance. Nevertheless, LNMO synthesis technology still has problem such as long reaction time, high energy consumption and environmental pollution. Herein, LNMO microsphere was successfully synthesized with short precursors reaction time (18 seconds) at 40oC without using chelating agent by microreaction technology combined solid-state lithiation. The optimized LNMO cathode shows microsphere (~8μm) morphology stacked by nano primary particles, with abundant mesoporous and fully exposed low-energy plane. The electrochemical analysis indicates that the optimized LNMO cathode demonstrates 97.33% capacity retention even after 200 cycles at 1C. Additionally, the material shows a highly satisfactory discharge capacity of 92.3 mAh·g-1 at 10C. Overall, microreaction technology is anticipated to offer a novel approach in the synthesis of LNMO cathode materials with excellent performance.}, }
@article {pmid38233489, year = {2024}, author = {Ashraf, H and Siddique, I and Siddiqa, A and Tawfiq, FMO and Tchier, F and Zulqarnain, RM and Rehman, HU and Bhatti, S and Rehman, A}, title = {Analysis of two layered peristaltic-ciliary transport of Jeffrey fluid and in vitro preimplantation embryo development.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {1469}, pmid = {38233489}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The analysis of peristaltic-ciliary transport in the human female fallopian tube, specifically in relation to the growing embryo, is a matter of considerable physiological importance. This paper proposes a biomechanical model that incorporates a finite permeable tube consisting of two layers, where the Jeffrey fluid model characterizes the viscoelastic properties of the growing embryo and continuously secreting fluid. Jeffrey fluid entering with some negative pressure gradient forms the core fluid layer while continuously secreting Jeffrey fluid forms the peripheral fluid layer. The resulting partial differential equations are solved for closed-form solutions after employing the assumption of long wavelength. The analysis delineated that increasing the constant secretion velocity, Darcy number, and Reynolds number leads to a decrease in the appropriate residue time of the core fluid layer and a reduction in the size of the secreting fluid bolus in the peripheral fluid layer. Eventually, the boluses completely disappear when the constant secretion velocity exceeds 3.0 Progesterone ([Formula: see text]) and estradiol ([Formula: see text]) directly regulate the transportation of the growing embryo, while luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have an indirect effects. Based on the number and size of blastomeres, the percentage of fragmentation, and the presence of multinucleated blastomeres two groups were formed in an in vitro experiment. Out of 50 patients, 26 (76.5%) were pregnant in a group of the good quality embryos, and only 8 (23.5%) were in a group of the bad quality embryos. The transport of growing embryo in the human fallopian tube and preimplantation development of human embryos in in vitro are constraint by baseline hormones FSH, LH, prolactin, [Formula: see text], AMH, and TSH.}, }
@article {pmid38233420, year = {2024}, author = {Akbar, NS and Rafiq, M and Muhammad, T and Alghamdi, M}, title = {Microbic flow analysis of nano fluid with chemical reaction in microchannel with flexural walls under the effects of thermophoretic diffusion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {1474}, pmid = {38233420}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The current investigation examines the peristaltic flow, in curved conduit, having complaint boundaries for nanofluid. The effects of curvature are taken into account when developing the governing equations for the nano fluid model for curved channels. Nonlinear &amp; coupled differential equations are then simplified by incorporating the long wavelength assumption along with smaller Reynolds number. The homotopy perturbation approach is used to analytically solve the reduced coupled differential equations. The entropy generation can be estimated through examining the contributions of heat and fluid viscosities. The results of velocity, temperature, concentration, entropy number, and stream functions have been plotted graphically in order to discuss the physical attributes of the essential quantities. Increase in fluid velocity within the curved conduit is noticed for higher values of thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion parameter further entropy generation number is boosted by increasing values of Grashof number.}, }
@article {pmid38213601, year = {2023}, author = {Allehiany, FM and Riaz, A and Shoukat, S and Alhamzi, G and Mahmoud, EE}, title = {Three dimensional study for entropy optimization in nanofluid flow through a compliant curved duct: A drug delivery and therapy application.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e22255}, pmid = {38213601}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This research explores the three-dimensional characteristics of nanofluid dynamics within curved ducts, in contrast to earlier studies that mainly focus on two-dimensional flow. By using this ground-breaking method, we can capture a more accurate depiction of fluid behavior that complies with the intricate duct design. In this study, we investigate the three dimensional flow and entropic analysis of peristaltic nanofluid flows in a flexible curved duct, comparing the effects of silver and copper nanoparticles. To obtain accurate results, we assume physical constraints such as long wavelength and low Reynolds number and used a perturbation technique through NDSolve commands for finding exact solutions of the obtained differential equations. A comprehensive error analysis is provided through residual error table and figures to estimate a suitable range of the physical factors. Our findings indicate that the velocity of the nanofluid is directly proportional to the elasticity of the walls, while the mass per unit volume inversely affects velocity. We show that reducing the aspect ratio of the duct rectangular section can decrease entropy generation by raising magnitudes of damping force exerted by to the flexible walls of the enclosure. Additionally, using a larger height of the channel than the breadth can reduce stream boluses. The practical implications of this study extend beyond turbines and endoscopy to biomedical processes such as drug delivery and microfluidic systems.}, }
@article {pmid38212397, year = {2024}, author = {Uttieri, M and Svetlichny, L}, title = {Escape performance in the cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {1078}, pmid = {38212397}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {CN00000033//Ministero dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; }, abstract = {Escaping a predator is one of the keys to success for any living creature. The performance of adults (males, females, and ovigerous females) of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae exposed to an electrical stimulus is analysed as a function of temperature by measuring characteristic parameters associated with the escape movement (distance covered, duration of the appendage movement, mean and maximum escape speeds, Reynolds number). In addition, as a proxy for the efficiency of the motion, the Strouhal number was calculated. The escape performance showed temperature-dependent relationships within each adult state, as well as differences between sexes; additionally, changes owing to the presence of the egg sac were recorded in females. In a broader perspective, the results collected reveal the occurrence of different behavioural adaptations in males and females, adding to the comprehension of the mechanisms by which O. davisae interacts with its environment and shedding new light on the in situ population dynamics of this species.}, }
@article {pmid38198675, year = {2024}, author = {Banerjee, A and Pavithran, I and Sujith, RI}, title = {Early warnings of tipping in a non-autonomous turbulent reactive flow system: Efficacy, reliability, and warning times.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0160918}, pmid = {38198675}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {Real-world complex systems such as the earth's climate, ecosystems, stock markets, and combustion engines are prone to dynamical transitions from one state to another, with catastrophic consequences. State variables of such systems often exhibit aperiodic fluctuations, either chaotic or stochastic in nature. Often, the parameters describing a system vary with time, showing time dependency. Constrained by these effects, it becomes difficult to be warned of an impending critical transition, as such effects contaminate the precursory signals of the transition. Therefore, a need for efficient and reliable early-warning signals (EWSs) in such complex systems is in pressing demand. Motivated by this fact, in the present work, we analyze various EWSs in the context of a non-autonomous turbulent thermoacoustic system. In particular, we investigate the efficacy of different EWS in forecasting the onset of thermoacoustic instability (TAI) and their reliability with respect to the rate of change of the control parameter. This is the first experimental study of tipping points in a non-autonomous turbulent thermoacoustic system. We consider the Reynolds number (Re) as the control parameter, which is varied linearly with time at finite rates. The considered EWSs are derived from critical slowing down, spectral properties, and fractal characteristics of the system variables. The state of TAI is associated with large amplitude acoustic pressure oscillations that could lead thermoacoustic systems to break down. We consider acoustic pressure fluctuations as a potential system variable to perform the analysis. Our analysis shows that irrespective of the rate of variation of the control parameter, the Hurst exponent and variance of autocorrelation coefficients warn of an impending transition well in advance and are more reliable than other EWS measures. Additionally, we show the variation in the warning time to an impending TAI with rates of change of the control parameter. We also investigate the variation in amplitudes of the most significant modes of acoustic pressure oscillations with the Hurst exponent. Such variations lead to scaling laws that could be significant in prediction and devising control actions to mitigate TAI.}, }
@article {pmid38191806, year = {2024}, author = {Faisal, S and Barbour, M and Seibel, EJ and Aliseda, A}, title = {Hemodynamics of Saline Flushing in Endoscopic Imaging of Partially Occluded Coronary Arteries.}, journal = {Cardiovascular engineering and technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {38191806}, issn = {1869-4098}, support = {1R43HL139323-01/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; GCR 2120774//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Intravascular endoscopy can aid in the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis by providing direct color images of coronary plaques. The procedure requires a blood-free optical path between the catheter and plaque, and achieving clearance safely remains an engineering challenge. In this study, we investigate the hemodynamics of saline flushing in partially occluded coronary arteries to advance the development of intravascular forward-imaging catheters that do not require balloon occlusion.<br><br>METHODS: In-vitro experiments and CFD simulations are used to quantify the influence of plaque size, catheter stand-off distance, saline injection flowrate, and injection orientation on the time required to achieve blood clearance.<br><br>RESULTS: Experiments and simulation of saline injection from a dual-lumen catheter demonstrated that flushing times increase both as injection flow rate (Reynolds number) decreases and as the catheter moves distally away from the plaque. CFD simulations demonstrated that successful flushing was achieved regardless of lumen axial orientation in a 95% occluded artery. Flushing time was also found to increase as plaque size decreases for a set injection flowrate, and a lower limit for injection flowrate was found to exist for each plaques size, below which clearance was not achieved. For the three occlusion sizes investigated (90, 95, 97% by area), successful occlusion was achieved in less than 1.2&#xa0;s. Investigation of the pressure fields developed during injection, highlight that rapid clearance can be achieved while keeping the arterial overpressure to&#x2009;<&#x2009;1&#xa0;mmHg.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A dual lumen saline injection catheter was shown to produce clearance safely and effectively in models of partially occluded coronary arteries. Clearance was achieved across a range of engineering and clinical parameters without the use of a balloon occlusion, providing development guideposts for a fluid injection system in forward-imaging coronary endoscopes.}, }
@article {pmid38181350, year = {2023}, author = {Inubushi, M and Saiki, Y and Kobayashi, MU and Goto, S}, title = {Characterizing Small-Scale Dynamics of Navier-Stokes Turbulence with Transverse Lyapunov Exponents: A Data Assimilation Approach.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {131}, number = {25}, pages = {254001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.254001}, pmid = {38181350}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Data assimilation (DA) of turbulence, which involves reconstructing small-scale turbulent structures based on observational data from large-scale ones, is crucial not only for practical forecasting but also for gaining a deeper understanding of turbulent dynamics. We propose a theoretical framework for DA of turbulence based on the transverse Lyapunov exponents (TLEs) in synchronization theory. Through stability analysis using TLEs, we identify a critical length scale as a key condition for DA; turbulent dynamics smaller than this scale are synchronized with larger-scale turbulent dynamics. Furthermore, considering recent findings for the maximal Lyapunov exponent and its relation with the TLEs, we clarify the Reynolds number dependence of the critical length scale.}, }
@article {pmid38177658, year = {2024}, author = {Akbar, NS and Rafiq, M and Muhammad, T and Alghamdi, M}, title = {Electro osmotically interactive biological study of thermally stratified micropolar nanofluid flow for Copper and Silver nanoparticles in a microchannel.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {518}, pmid = {38177658}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {A novel mathematical analysis is established that summits the key features of peristaltic propulsion for a non-Newtonian micropolar fluid with the electroosmosis and heat transfer enhancement using nanoparticles. In such physiological models, the channel have a symmetric configuration in accordance with the biological problem. Being mindful of this fact, we have disclosed an integrated analysis on symmetric channel that incorporates major physiological applications. The creeping flow inference is reviewed to model this realistic problem. Flow equations are model using cartesian coordinates and simplified using long wave length and low Reynolds number approximation. Nonlinear linear couple equations are solving numerically. We have studied the variation in the properties of nanofluid developed by two different types of nanoparticles (i.e. Cu and Ag nanoparticles). Graphical illustrations are unveiled to highlight the physical aspects of nanoparticles and flow parameters. The exploration demonstrates that the micro-rotation of the nano-liquid elements enhances the thermal conductivity of the fluid movement. The effect of micropolar fluid parameters on mean flow and pressure variables is also presented.}, }
@article {pmid38177235, year = {2024}, author = {Chinnasamy, P and Sivajothi, R and Sathish, S and Abbas, M and Jeyakrishnan, V and Goel, R and Alqahtani, MS and Loganathan, K}, title = {Peristaltic transport of Sutterby nanofluid flow in an inclined tapered channel with an artificial neural network model and biomedical engineering application.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {555}, pmid = {38177235}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R.G.P.2/453/44//Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University/ ; R.G.P.2/453/44//Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University/ ; }, abstract = {Modern energy systems are finding new applications for magnetohydrodynamic rheological bio-inspired pumping systems. The incorporation of the electrically conductive qualities of flowing liquids into the biological geometries, rheological behavior, and propulsion processes of these systems was a significant effort. Additional enhancements to transport properties are possible with the use of nanofluids. Due to their several applications in physiology and industry, including urine dynamics, chyme migration in the gastrointestinal system, and the hemodynamics of tiny blood arteries. Peristaltic processes also move spermatozoa in the human reproductive system and embryos in the uterus. The present research examines heat transport in a two-dimensional deformable channel containing magnetic viscoelastic nanofluids by considering all of these factors concurrently, which is vulnerable to peristaltic waves and hall current under ion slip and other situations. Nanofluid rheology makes use of the Sutterby fluid model, while nanoscale effects are modeled using the Buongiorno model. The current study introduces an innovative numerical computing solver utilizing a Multilayer Perceptron feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Data were collected for testing, certifying, and training the ANN model. In order to make the dimensional PDEs dimensionless, the non-similar variables are employed and calculated by the Homotopy perturbation technique. The effects of developing parameters such as Sutterby fluid parameter, Froude number, thermophoresis, ion-slip parameter, Brownian motion, radiation, Eckert number, and Hall parameter on velocity, temperature, and concentration are demonstrated. The machine learning model chooses data, builds and trains a network, and subsequently assesses its performance using the mean square error metric. Current results declare that the improving Reynolds number tends to increase the pressure rise. Improving the Hall parameter is shown to result in a decrease in velocity. When raising a fluid's parameter, the temperature profile rises.}, }
@article {pmid38167620, year = {2024}, author = {Heronimczak, M and Mrowiec, A and Rząsa, M and Koszela, K}, title = {Measurements of the flow of a liquid-solid mixture/suspension through a segmented orifice.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {269}, pmid = {38167620}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The paper attempts to solve the metrological problem that occurs when measuring the intensity of a flowing fluid with suspended solids with densities greater and less than the density of the fluid. The issue of the possibility of self-cleaning of a prototype variant of a segmented orifice from floating solid particles forming mixture/suspensions is discussed. For spherical particles of solids calculations have been made to allow for determining a borderline between their floating and entrainment by the flow, based on dimensionless numbers: Archimedes number and Reynolds number. Experimental tests and CFD simulations were conducted with a variable flow determined by Reynolds number for comparable segmental orifices with orifice module m = 0.102. Flow characteristics were plotted. Based on the results obtained from numerical simulations, positive influence of the inclination of skew segmental orifice downflow plane was presented. The results obtained from the study are a guideline for planning further studies to expand the knowledge of segmented orifices with inclined inflow plane.}, }
@article {pmid38164243, year = {2024}, author = {Jubaer, H and Thomas, M and Farkas, D and Kolanjiyil, AV and Momin, MAM and Hindle, M and Longest, W}, title = {Development of an effective two-equation turbulence modeling approach for simulating aerosol deposition across a range of turbulence levels.}, journal = {Journal of aerosol science}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {106262}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106262}, pmid = {38164243}, issn = {0021-8502}, abstract = {Pharmaceutical aerosol systems present a significant challenge to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling based on the need to capture multiple levels of turbulence, frequent transition between laminar and turbulent flows, anisotropic turbulent particle dispersion, and near-wall particle transport phenomena often within geometrically complex systems over multiple time scales. Two-equation turbulence models, such as the k-ω family of approximations, offer a computationally efficient solution approach, but are known to require the use of near-wall (NW) corrections and eddy interaction model (EIM) modifications for accurate predictions of aerosol deposition. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient and effective two-equation turbulence modeling approach that enables accurate predictions of pharmaceutical aerosol deposition across a range of turbulence levels. Key systems considered were the traditional aerosol deposition benchmark cases of a 90-degree bend (Re=6,000) and a vertical straight section of pipe (Re=10,000), as well as a highly complex case of direct-to-infant (D2I) nose-to-lung pharmaceutical aerosol delivery from an air-jet dry powder inhaler (DPI) including a patient interface and infant nasal geometry through mid-trachea (500<Re<7,000). Of the k-ω family of models, the low Reynolds number (LRN) shear stress transport (SST) approach was determined to provide the best agreement with experimental aerosol deposition data in the D2I system, based on an improved simulation of turbulent jet flow that frequently occurs in DPIs. Considering NW corrections, a new correlation was developed to quantitatively predict best regional values of the y+limit, within which anisotropic NW turbulence is approximated. Considering EIM modifications, a previously described drift correction approach was implemented in pharmaceutical aerosol simulations for the first time. Considering all model corrections and modifications applied to the D2I system, regional relative errors in deposition fractions between CFD predictions and new experimental data were improved from 19-207% (no modifications) to 2-15% (all modifications) with a notable decrease in computational time (up to ∼15%). In conclusion, the highly efficient two-equation k-ω models with physically realistic corrections and modifications provided a viable, efficient and accurate approach to simulate the transport and deposition of pharmaceutical aerosols in complex airway systems that include laminar, turbulent and transitional flows.}, }
@article {pmid38153415, year = {2023}, author = {Xu, Z and Chen, Z and Yang, S and Chen, S and Guo, T and Chen, H}, title = {Passive Focusing of Single Cells Using Microwell Arrays for High-Accuracy Image-Activated Sorting.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04195}, pmid = {38153415}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Sorting single cells from a population was of critical importance in areas such as cell line development and cell therapy. Image-based sorting is becoming a promising technique for the nonlabeling isolation of cells due to the capability of providing the details of cell morphology. This study reported the focusing of cells using microwell arrays and the following automatic size sorting based on the real-time recognition of cells. The simulation first demonstrated the converged streamlines to the symmetrical plane contributed to the focusing effect. Then, the influence of connecting microchannel, flowing length, particle size, and the sample flow rate on the focusing effect was experimentally analyzed. Both microspheres and cells could be aligned in a straight line at the Reynolds number (Re) of 0.027-0.187 and 0.027-0.08, respectively. The connecting channel was proved to drastically improve the focusing performance. Afterward, a tapered microwell array was utilized to focus sphere/cell spreading in a wide channel to a straight line. Finally, a custom algorithm was employed to identify and sort the size of microspheres/K562 cells with a throughput of 1 event/s and an accuracy of 97.8/97.1%. The proposed technique aligned cells to a straight line at low Reynolds numbers and greatly facilitated the image-activated sorting without the need for a high-speed camera or flow control components with high frequency. Therefore, it is of enormous application potential in the field of nonlabeled separation of single cells.}, }
@article {pmid38150446, year = {2023}, author = {Shams, M and Sarwar, S}, title = {Channelized water driven flow of MHD carbon-nanotube nanofluid influenced by rotation, heat source and thermal radiation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, pages = {e0295406}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295406}, pmid = {38150446}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The efficiency enhancements of thermal energy systems are made with advancements made in the effective use of thermal solar collectors, operating fluid and the introduction of curved and transparent solar panels. In this paper, we present a prototype theoretical/mathematical model for the carbon nanotube-based curved solar panels combined with the solar thermal collector and the porous rotating channel. The analysis is carried out to study the effect of transversely applied magnetic, rotation of the porous channel, linear thermal radiation and the uniformly distributed heat source on the heat transfer characteristics of the single-walled (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Due to the nonlinearity of the governing momentum and the heat transport equations and the limitation of the exact methods, numerical similarity solutions are obtained for the boundary value problem using the MATLAB function bvp4c. Influences of different parameters are observed through graphs on the nanofluid flow and temperature profiles. The velocity profile exhibits dual behavior for rising the nanoparticles' volume fraction, the magnetic parameter, rotation, and the Reynolds number. The temperature profile increases with increasing nanoparticles and heat source parameters and decreases for increasing suction, rotation, Reynolds number, and thermal radiation. In some cases, flow profiles for SWCNT exceed those of MWCNT.}, }
@article {pmid38148634, year = {2023}, author = {Jahangiri, AR and Ziarati, N and Dadkhah, E and Bucak, MN and Rahimizadeh, P and Shahverdi, A and Sadighi Gilani, MA and Topraggaleh, TR}, title = {Microfluidics: The future of sperm selection in assisted reproduction.}, journal = {Andrology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/andr.13578}, pmid = {38148634}, issn = {2047-2927}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Obtaining functional sperm cells is the first step to treat infertility. With the ever-increasing trend in male infertility, clinicians require access to effective solutions that are able to single out the most viable spermatozoa, which would max out the chance for a successful pregnancy. The new generation techniques for sperm selection involve microfluidics, which offers laminar flow and low Reynolds number within the platforms can provide unprecedented opportunities for sperm selection. Previous studies showed that microfluidic platforms can provide a novel approach to this challenge and since then researchers across the globe have attacked this problem from multiple angles.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: In this review, we seek to provide a much-needed bridge between the technical and medical aspects of microfluidic sperm selection. Here, we provide an up-to-date list on microfluidic sperm selection procedures and its application in assisted reproductive technology laboratories.<br><br>SEARCH METHOD: A literature search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus to select papers reporting microfluidic sperm selection using the keywords: microfluidic sperm selection, self-motility, non-motile sperm selection, boundary following, rheotaxis, chemotaxis, and thermotaxis. Papers published before March 31, 2023 were selected.<br><br>OUTCOMES: Our results show that most studies have used motility-based properties for sperm selection. However, microfluidic platforms are ripe for making use of other properties such as chemotaxis and especially rheotaxis. We have identified that low throughput is one of the major hurdles to current microfluidic sperm selection chips, which can be solved via parallelization.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Future work needs to be performed on numerical simulation of the microfluidics chip prior to fabrication as well as relevant clinical assessment after the selection procedure. This would require a close collaboration and understanding among engineers, biologists, and medical professionals. It is interesting that in spite of two decades of microfluidics sperm selection, numerical simulation and clinical studies are lagging behind. It is expected that microfluidic sperm selection platforms will play a major role in the development of fully integrated start-to-finish assisted reproductive technology systems.}, }
@article {pmid38144068, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, L and Meng, Z and Zhang, Y and Sun, Y}, title = {Simulation of High-Viscosity Generalized Newtonian Fluid Flows in the Mixing Section of a Screw Extruder Using the Lattice Boltzmann Model.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {8}, number = {50}, pages = {47991-48018}, pmid = {38144068}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The mixing quality of polymer melts in the mixing section of a single-screw extruder and an injection molding machine has considerable effects on the properties of the molded products. Therefore, the study of the flow field of polymer melts in the mixing section is of great importance. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) exhibits unique advantages in simulating non-Newtonian fluids. Many researchers have used LBM to study the flow of medium- and low-viscosity fluids. In their studies, the Reynolds number of fluid flows is generally moderate. However, polymer melts are typical high-viscosity fluids, and their flow Reynolds number is generally very small. The single-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (SRT-LBM) has been used previously to study the flow field of power law fluids in the mixing section. Herein, the flow field of high-viscosity generalized Newtonian fluids in the mixing section of a single-screw extruder is studied using SRT-LBM, the two-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (TRT-LBM), and the multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM). Through comparison, TRT-LBM has been found to exhibit obvious advantages regarding stability, calculation accuracy, calculation efficiency, and selection of simulation parameters. The TRT-LBM is more suitable for studying high-viscosity generalized Newtonian fluids than SRT-LBM and MRT-LBM. SRT-LBM has low computational efficiency when simulating high-viscosity generalized Newtonian fluids, and instability is easily caused when the fluid has a yield stress. For MRT-LBM, only by studying the relaxation parameters can its advantages be fully utilized. However, optimizing the accuracy and stability of the MRT-LBM via parameter research and linear stability analysis is difficult. For non-Newtonian fluids, it is difficult to optimize the relaxation parameters to make the MRT-LBM more stable and accurate than the TRT-LBM. It is difficult for the MRT-LBM to realize its potential when simulating high-viscosity generalized Newtonian fluids. In addition, we studied the flow pattern in the cross section of the screw channel and compared it to the results reported in previous studies.}, }
@article {pmid38132896, year = {2023}, author = {Qiao, Z and Pan, Y and Tang, Y and Cao, Y and Si, F}, title = {Numerical Simulation of Membrane Separation Characteristics of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water.}, journal = {Membranes}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/membranes13120892}, pmid = {38132896}, issn = {2077-0375}, abstract = {To solve the problem of water carryover in the supercritical CO2 separation and mining process in the CO2 plume geothermal system, a three-dimensional shell-tube hollow fiber membrane absorption separator is designed in this study. A coupled species transport model, a porous medium model, and an absorption mathematical model are established, and the flow field and separation characteristics in the circular and flat tubes are analyzed using numerical simulation. The results show that the membrane separation efficiency increases with an increase in the flatness and membrane tube length. When the inlet velocity of the mixture is 0.1 m/s, the separation efficiency can reach 75.92%. Selecting a smaller flow Reynolds number and a more significant membrane tube flatness will reduce the water mass fraction at the outlet. When adding baffles of different shapes to the membrane tube, the mixture fluid in the membrane tube meanders forward and flows in the shape of "Z" under the blocking effect of the arcuate baffles. With an increase in the number of arcuate baffles in the membrane tube, the membrane separation efficiency of the separator increases continuously. The mixture fluid flows in the membrane tube with the built-in torsional baffles in a spiral manner, and the separation efficiency of the membrane separator increases with a torsion ratio reduction in the membrane tube.}, }
@article {pmid38118145, year = {2023}, author = {L'Estimé, M and Schindler, M and Shahidzadeh, N and Bonn, D}, title = {Droplet Size Distribution in Emulsions.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02463}, pmid = {38118145}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The droplet size in emulsions is known to affect the rheological properties and plays a crucial role in many applications of emulsions. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanisms governing droplet size in emulsification remain poorly understood. We investigate the average drop size and size distribution upon emulsification with a high-shear mixer for model oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a surfactant. The size distribution is found to be a log-normal distribution resulting from the repetitive random breakup of drops. High-shear emulsification, the usual way of making emulsions, is therefore found to be very different from turbulent emulsification given by the Kolmogorov-Hinze theory, for which power-law distributions of the drop size are expected. In agreement with this, the mean droplet size does not follow a scaling with the Reynolds number of the emulsification flow but rather a capillary number scaling based on the viscosity of the continuous phase.}, }
@article {pmid38117193, year = {2023}, author = {Tang, Y and Li, G and Wu, J and Wang, G and He, Y and Wei, J}, title = {Charging characteristics of long distance accumulator for underwater electro-hydraulic control system.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0168419}, pmid = {38117193}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {Long distance accumulators are widely used in underwater electro-hydraulic control systems. However, as the working depth increases, the underwater umbilical cable becomes longer. The actual physical properties of the gas in the accumulator change. These factors affect the charging characteristics of the accumulator. To address the above issues, a simulation model of the charging of the long distance accumulator under real operating conditions is developed. Among them, the real properties of the gas inside the accumulator were calculated using the Redlich-Kwong-Soave method. The coefficient of friction within the umbilical cable is based on the Reynolds number and relative roughness. The simulation data were compared with the experimental results in the South China Sea to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. The effects of key factors on the charging characteristics of the long distance accumulators were also analyzed. The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The law of accumulator charging was analyzed: the greater the pressure of the gas source, the smaller the accumulator charging time; the greater the working water depth, the shorter the accumulator charging time. The research provides guidance for the design of long distance accumulators.}, }
@article {pmid38011727, year = {2023}, author = {Bao, H and Song, B and Ma, D and Xue, D}, title = {Aerodynamic performance of flapping wing with alula under different kinematics of complex flapping motion.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ad0ffd}, pmid = {38011727}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {The flight of birds is a remarkable feat, and their remarkable ability to fly derives from complex multi-degree-of-freedom flapping motions and small-scale feather structures that have evolved over millions of years. One of these feather structures is the alula, which can enhance the birds' flight performance at low speeds and large angles of attack. Previous studies on the alula have focused on the steady state. This undoubtedly ignores the unsteady effect caused by complex flapping motion, which is also the most important characteristic of avian flight. Therefore, this paper carries out a study on the effect of different motion modes and motion parameters on the aerodynamic mechanism of the alula. Previous studies found the dominate effect in the lift enhancement is influenced by Reynolds number, stall condition and geometric parameters. After coupling complex flapping motion, aerodynamic characteristics of the flapping wing are greatly influenced by different motion patterns and parameters. For pure plunge motion, both the slot effect and the vortex generator effect of the alula dominate the lift enhancement; while for plunge-twist and plunge-sweep motion, the vortex generator dominates more. At a low plunge amplitude, a low twist amplitude and a low sweep amplitude, the deflection of the alula has a good lift enhancement compared with the baseline wing. Increasing these amplitudes attenuates both the slot effect and the vortex generator effect. The alula can enhance the lift by 10.4% at the plunge amplitude of 25 deg (for pure plunge motion), by 7.9% at the plunge amplitude of 25 deg and twist amplitude of 10 deg (for plunge-twist motion), by 3.3% at the plunge amplitude of 25 deg and sweep amplitude of 15 deg (for plunge-sweep motion). Meanwhile, at a large sweep phase angle, the alula has a better lift enhancement. Increasing the phase angle enhances the vortex generator effect of the alula, and it has an optimal lift enhancement effect of 11% at the phase angle of 180 deg.}, }
@article {pmid38089999, year = {2023}, author = {Shuvo, MS and Mahmud, MJ and Saha, S}, title = {Multi-scaling analysis of turbulent boundary layers over an isothermally heated flat plate with zero pressure gradient.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e22721}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22721}, pmid = {38089999}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {A meticulous investigation into turbulent boundary layers over an isothermally heated flat plate with zero pressure gradient has been conducted. Eight distinct turbulence models, including algebraic yPlus, standard k-ω, standard k-ε, length-velocity, Spalart-Allmaras, low Reynolds number k-ε, shear stress transport, and v[2]-f turbulence models, are carefully chosen for numerical simulation alongside thermal energy and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. A comparative analysis has determined that the Spalart-Allmaras model exhibits remarkable agreement with the results from direct numerical simulation, making it a reliable tool for predicting turbulent heat transfer and fluid flow, particularly at higher Prandtl and Reynolds numbers. Subsequently, a multi-scale investigation employs a comprehensive four-layer structure scheme and encompasses various momentum thickness Reynolds numbers of 1432, 2522, and 4000, and Prandtl numbers of 0.71, 2, and 5. The subsequent investigation reveals the governing non-dimensional numbers' substantial impact on the distribution and magnitude of mean thermal and flow characteristics. Notably, the scaling of mean thermal and momentum fields discloses the existence of a meso or intermediate layer characterized by a logarithmic nature unique to itself. The multi-scaling analysis of the flow field demonstrates greater conformity with the selected scaling variables primarily relying on the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the scaling of the energy field yields compelling outcomes within the inner and intermediate layers. However, according to the four-layer theory, minor discrepancies are observed in the outer layer when using the current scaling.}, }
@article {pmid38083455, year = {2023}, author = {Akram, MM and Nazila Hosseini, S and Levesque, J and Shi, W and Gosselin, B}, title = {A fully-flexible and thermally adjustable implantable neural probe with a U-turn polyester microchannel.}, journal = {Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference}, volume = {2023}, number = {}, pages = {1-4}, doi = {10.1109/EMBC40787.2023.10340838}, pmid = {38083455}, issn = {2694-0604}, abstract = {This work presents a fully flexible implantable neural probe fabricated with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and including a thermally-tunable stiffness microchannel filled with Polyester. The probe includes an optimized microfluidics mixer for drug delivery. Polyester, which is solid at room temperature and has a low melting point close to body temperature, is used to decrease the stiffness of the probe after insertion, after getting in contact with tissues. We designed a U-turn microchannel inside the PDMS neural probe and filled it up with melted polyester. The microchannel has a cross-section of 30 μm × 5 μm and a length of 14.7 mm. The following probe dimensions were chosen after extensive simulation: thickness = 20 μm, width = 300 μm, and length = 7 mm. These values yield a buckling force above 1 mN, which is sufficient for proper insertion into the brain tissues. Simulation results show that the microfluidics mixer with a cross-section of 90 μm × 5 μm and a length of 7 mm has optimum performance for the desired flow rate and quantity of drug to deliver. The pressure drop inside the microfluidic channel is less than 0.43 kPa, which is appropriate for PDMS-PDMS bonding, whereas the Reynolds number is near 1.91k in the laminar regime. No leakage or bubble occurred during the experimental validation, which suggests an appropriate pressure and a laminar flow in the channel.}, }
@article {pmid38076113, year = {2023}, author = {Srivathsan, B and G, T and Ram, KV and R, H}, title = {Multiphase simulation of sustainable nanoenhanced ionic liquid coolants for improved thermal performance in Ti-6Al-4V alloy drilling.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {e23020}, pmid = {38076113}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Extensive research has been conducted by the manufacturing industry to enhance the efficiency of drilling processes by focusing on the utilization of nanoenhanced cutting fluids that possess excellent heat conductivity. Due to their eco-friendliness and adaptability of physical and chemical properties, ionic fluids offer enormous potential for application as cutting fluids. This study investigates the computational fluid dynamics analysis of the heat transfer performance of various ionanofluid pairs dispersed with nanoparticles as cutting fluids in the drilling process using Ansys Fluent software. For this purpose, 1-Hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-tetrafluoroborate is considered the ionic fluid, and its thermal behavior is examined by dispersing it with nanoparticles of copper, silver, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at different particle volume fractions and Reynolds numbers. The workpiece is composed of an alloy of titanium Ti-6Al-4V, while the drill bit is made of tungsten carbide-cobalt. It is observed that the ionic nanocoolant mist emanates from the spray tip and moves towards the drill bit-workpiece interface. Initially, the coolant's velocity is greatest close to the orifice, and as time passes, it approaches the drilling space. The data indicates that the spraying velocity of the coolant augments over time and that it disperses heat at the tool-chip interface. The results help us validate the flow and interaction of ionanocoolant with the drilling zone. With a rise in the volume fraction of added nanoparticles and Reynolds number, the results indicated a significant decrease in the drilling temperature. With a higher particle volume fraction, the MWCNT-ionic coolant combination decreases the drilling temperature of pure ionic liquid by 25.64 %. The copper, silver, and MWCNT ionanofluids enhance the average heat transfer coefficient of pure ionic coolant by 35.14 %, 47.42 %, and 62.75 %, respectively. In addition, MWCNT nanocoolants demonstrated improved thermal performance and heat removal rate in comparison to copper and silver ionanocoolants.}, }
@article {pmid38071256, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmadi Azar, A and Jalili, B and Jalili, P and Domiri Ganji, D}, title = {Investigating the effect of structural changes of two stretching disks on the dynamics of the MHD model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {21833}, pmid = {38071256}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The purpose of this theoretical study is to explore the behavior of an electrically conducting micropolar fluid when subjected to a uniform magnetic field along the vertical axis between two stretching disks as the structure of the problem changes. In this context, structural changes refer to alterations in the distance between the two discs or the stretching rate of the two discs. The governing equations of this problem are a set of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations, which are transformed into a nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equation set by a similarity transformation. The transformation results in four dimensionless quantities and their derivatives that appear in the equations. Nine dimensionless parameters are derived via similarity variables, including stretching Reynolds number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, Schmidt number, and three micropolar parameters. Previous similarity solutions focused on analyzing the effect of changes in each parameter on the four dimensionless quantities. However, this type of analysis is mainly mathematical and does not provide practical results. This study's primary novelty is to redefine the magnetic parameter, Eckert number, stretching Reynolds number, and two micropolar parameters to analyze physical parameters that depend on the stretching rate of the two discs or the distance between them. The semi-analytical hybrid analytical and numerical method (HAN-method) is used to solve the equations. The results demonstrate that structural changes affect all five quantities of radial velocity, axial velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration. The study's most significant finding is that an increase in the stretching rate of the two disks causes a sharp increase in temperature and Nusselt number. Conversely, increasing the distance between the two disks causes a sharp decrease in micro-rotation and wall couple stress. They were compared to a previous study in a specific case to validate the results' accuracy.}, }
@article {pmid38059033, year = {2023}, author = {Alqarni, MM and Memon, AA and Memon, MA and Mahmoud, EE and Fenta, A}, title = {Numerical investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of ternary nanofluids through convergent and divergent channels.}, journal = {Nanoscale advances}, volume = {5}, number = {24}, pages = {6897-6912}, pmid = {38059033}, issn = {2516-0230}, abstract = {The characteristics of nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in recent research on natural and forced convection. This study focuses on the forced convection characteristics of ternary nanofluids within convergent and divergent channels. The ternary nanofluid comprises titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver suspended in water, which serves as the base fluid. Using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0, a reliable software for finite element analysis, numerical simulations were conducted for steady and incompressible two-dimensional flow. Reynolds numbers varying from 100 to 800 were employed to investigate forced convection. Additionally, we explored aspect ratios (channel height divided by the height of the convergent or divergent section) of -0.4, -0.2, 0, 0.2, and 0.4. Our findings revealed that only at aspect ratio a = 0.4 did the average outlet temperature increase as the Reynolds number rose, while other aspect ratios exhibited decreasing average temperatures with declining Reynolds numbers. Moreover, as the Reynolds number increased from 100 to 800 and the total volume fraction of the ternary nanofluids ranged from 0.003 to 0.15, there was a significant 100% enhancement in the average Nusselt number. For clarity, this article briefly presents essential information, such as the study's numerical nature, fluid properties (constant-property fluid), and the methodology (COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0, finite element analysis). Key conclusions are highlighted to enable readers to grasp the main outcomes at a glance. These details are also adequately covered in the manuscript to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the research. The utilization of this emerging phenomenon holds immense potential in various applications, ranging from the development of highly efficient heat exchangers to the optimization of thermal energy systems. This phenomenon can be harnessed in scenarios in which effective cost management in thermal production is a critical consideration.}, }
@article {pmid38046301, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Q and Pang, Z and Tian, C and Chen, J}, title = {New Design Method of a Supersonic Steam Injection Nozzle and Its Numerical Simulation Verification.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {8}, number = {47}, pages = {44485-44496}, pmid = {38046301}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Steam huff-n-puff in horizontal wells often had limitations, such as uneven steam injection and low reservoir utilization. To improve steam injection efficiency, a new method for designing a supersonic nozzle was proposed based on the principles of aerodynamics and thermodynamics. The nozzle featured a tapering section, a throat, and a diverging section. The best geometric shape of the tapering section was the Witoszynski curve. A set of nozzle size designs were established, and the size parameters were optimized. The results showed that the nozzle could inject steam into the formation at supersonic speed and it had the characteristics of constant flow rate and uniform development of the steam chamber. According to the steam Reynolds number and the good aggregation distribution characteristics of the size design model, three sequential nozzles of 3.0, 5.0, and 6.5 mm were formed based on the throat. When the throat diameter was 5.0 mm, the tapering length was 4.3 mm, the diverging length was 5.5 mm, the throat length was 3.0 mm, the inlet diameter was 9.8 mm, and the outlet diameter was 6.2 mm. Numerical simulations indicated that the pressure drop loss during steam huff-n-puff injection in horizontal wells was within 10%. It was of great significance to establish the nozzle size design model of the steam injection effect of horizontal wells.}, }
@article {pmid38042993, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, X and Zhao, Z and Xu, S and Zhang, J and Zhou, Y and He, Y and Yamaguchi, T and Ouyang, H and Tanaka, T and Chen, MK and Shi, S and Qi, F and Tsai, DP}, title = {Meta-Lens Particle Image Velocimetry.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2310134}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202310134}, pmid = {38042993}, issn = {1521-4095}, abstract = {Fluid flow behavior is visualized through particle image velocimetry (PIV) for understanding and studying experimental fluid dynamics. However, traditional PIV methods require multiple cameras and conventional lens systems for image acquisition to resolve multi-dimensional velocity fields. In turn, it introduces complexity to the entire system. Meta-lenses are advanced flat optical devices composed of artificial nanoantenna arrays. It can manipulate the wavefront of light with advantages of ultrathin, compact, and no spherical aberration. Meta-lenses offer novel functionalities and promise to replace traditional optical imaging systems. Here, we propose a binocular meta-lens PIV technique, where a pair of GaN meta-lenses are fabricated on one substrate and integrated with a CMOS sensor to form a compact binocular PIV system. The meta-lens weigh only 116 mg, much lighter than commercial lenses. The three-dimensional velocity field can be obtained by the binocular disparity and particle image displacement information of fluid flow. The measurement error of vortex-ring diameter is about 1.25% experimentally validated via a Reynolds-number 2000 vortex-ring. This work demonstrates a new development trend for the PIV technique for rejuvenating traditional flow diagnostic tools towards a more compact, easy-to-deploy technique. It enables further miniaturization and low-power systems for portable, field-use, and space-constrained PIV applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid38039459, year = {2023}, author = {Buaria, D and Sreenivasan, KR}, title = {Saturation and Multifractality of Lagrangian and Eulerian Scaling Exponents in Three-Dimensional Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {131}, number = {20}, pages = {204001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.204001}, pmid = {38039459}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Inertial-range scaling exponents for both Lagrangian and Eulerian structure functions are obtained from direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence in triply periodic domains at Taylor-scale Reynolds number up to 1300. We reaffirm that transverse Eulerian scaling exponents saturate at ≈2.1 for moment orders p≥10, significantly differing from the longitudinal exponents (which are predicted to saturate at ≈7.3 for p≥30 from a recent theory). The Lagrangian scaling exponents likewise saturate at ≈2 for p≥8. The saturation of Lagrangian exponents and transverse Eulerian exponents is related by the same multifractal spectrum by utilizing the well-known frozen hypothesis to relate spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, this spectrum is different from the known spectra for Eulerian longitudinal exponents, suggesting that Lagrangian intermittency is characterized solely by transverse Eulerian intermittency. We discuss possible implications of this outlook when extending multifractal predictions to the dissipation range, especially for Lagrangian acceleration.}, }
@article {pmid38036626, year = {2023}, author = {Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Salah, DM and Bayones, FS and Abdelhafez, MA}, title = {Magneto-hydrodynamic peristaltic flow of a Jeffery fluid in the presence of heat transfer through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {21088}, pmid = {38036626}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In the present paper, the effects of magnetic field and heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of a Jeffery fluid through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel have been studied. The governing non-linear partial differential equations representing the flow model are transmuted into linear ones by employing the appropriate non-dimensional parameters under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. Exact solutions are presented for the stream function, pressure gradient, and temperature. The frictional force and pressure rise are both computed using numerical integration. Using MATLAB R2023a software, a parametric analysis is performed, and the resulting data is represented graphically. For all physical quantities considered, numerical calculations were made and represented graphically. Trapping phenomena are discussed graphically. The obtained results can be applied to enhance pumping systems in engineering and gastrointestinal functions. This analysis permits body fluids such as blood and lymph to easily move inside the arteries and veins, allowing oxygen supply, waste elimination, and other necessary elements.}, }
@article {pmid38036570, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmad, S and Ali, K and Castellanos, HG and Aryanfar, Y and Rashid, FL and Hendy, AS and Deifalla, A and Ragab, AE and Khan, M and Gomaa, HG}, title = {Complex dynamics of induced vortex formation and thermal-fluid coupling in tri-hybrid nanofluid under localized magnetic field: a novel study.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {21140}, pmid = {38036570}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RSPD2023R711//King Saud University/ ; }, abstract = {Hybrid nanofluids offer higher stability, synergistic effects, and better heat transfer compared to simple nanofluids. Their higher thermal conductivity, lower viscosity, and interaction with magnetic fields make them ideal for various applications, including materials science, transportation, medical technology, energy, and fundamental physics. The governing partial differential equations are numerically solved by employing a finite volume approach, and the effects of various parameters on the nanofluid flow and thermal characteristics are systematically examined from the simulations based on a self-developed MATLAB code. The parameters included magnetic field strength, the Reynolds number, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the number and position of the strips in which the magnetic field is localized. It has been noted that the magnetized field induces the spinning of the tri-hybrid nanoparticles, which generates the intricate structure of vortices in the flow. The local skin friction (CfRe) and the Nusselt number (Nu) increase significantly when the magnetic field is intensified. Moreover, adding more nanoparticles in the flow enhances both Nu and CfRe, but with different effects for different nanoparticles. Silver (Ag) shows the highest increase in both Nu (52%) and CfRe (110%), indicating strong thermal-fluid coupling. Alumina (Al2O3) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) show lower increases in both Nu (43% and 34%) and CfRe (14% and 10%), indicating weaker coupling in the flow. Finally, compared with the localized one, the uniform magnetic field has a minor effect on the flow and temperature distributions.}, }
@article {pmid38034878, year = {2023}, author = {Han, J and Lee, H}, title = {Control Volume Analysis of the Infusion Rate in Cephalic and Median Cubital Veins Based on Infusion Bag Height and Peripheral Venous Catheter Inner Diameter: Application of Bernoulli's Equation and Consideration of Frictional Forces.}, journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {3609-3618}, doi = {10.2147/JMDH.S409050}, pmid = {38034878}, issn = {1178-2390}, abstract = {PURPOSE: This pilot study aimed to provide basic data on intravenous infusion nursing by analyzing the infusion rate in the cephalic and median cubital veins depending on the height of the infusion bag and inner diameter of the peripheral venous catheter (PVC).<br><br>METHODS: While infusing 0.9% normal saline at 22 &#xb0;C (room temperature) into elbow cephalic and median cubital veins, the infusion rate may be controlled by adjusting the fluid height and PVC diameter. To assess the validity of the laminar flow assumption, the study estimated the Reynolds number (Re) using the velocity obtained by applying Bernoulli's equation considering the friction coefficient.<br><br>RESULTS: At a constant fluid height, the infusion rate increased with increasing PVC diameter. At a constant PVC diameter, the infusion rate increased with increasing fluid height. In a comparison between the cephalic and median cubital veins at constant fluid height and PVC diameter, the solution was infused at a higher rate into the cephalic vein, which was under lower venous pressure.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The analysis of the infusion rate according to fluid height and PVC diameter provided basic data on intravenous infusion nursing. The results are expected to provide evidence for the standardization of intravenous infusion nursing.}, }
@article {pmid38027788, year = {2023}, author = {Jamil, DF and Uddin, S and Kazi, M and Roslan, R and Gorji, MR and Kamalrulzaman Md Akhir, M}, title = {MHD blood flow effects of Casson fluid with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives through an inclined blood vessels with thermal radiation.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e21780}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21780}, pmid = {38027788}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This study investigates a fractional-order time derivative model of non-Newtonian magnetic blood flow in the presence of thermal radiation and body acceleration through an inclined artery. The blood flow is formulated using the Casson fluid model under the control of a uniformly distributed magnetic field and an oscillating pressure gradient. Caputo-Fabrizio's fractional derivative mathematical model was used, along with Laplace transform and the finite Hankel transform technique. Analytical expressions were obtained for the velocity of blood flow, magnetic particle distribution, and temperature profile. These distributions are presented graphically using Mathcad software. The results show that the velocity increases with the time, Reynolds number and Casson fluid parameters, and diminishes when Hartmann number increases. Moreover, fractional parameters, radiation values, and metabolic heat source play an essential role in controlling the blood temperature. More precisely, these results are beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of certain medical issues.}, }
@article {pmid38027752, year = {2023}, author = {Alklaibi, AM and Chandra Mouli, KVV and Syam Sundar, L}, title = {Experimental and support vector machine predictions of entropy generations and exergy efficiency of Fe3O4-SiO2/Water hybrid nanofluid in a plate heat exchanger.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e21730}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21730}, pmid = {38027752}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Several experiments of Fe3O4-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluids with volumetric concentrations ranging from 0.2 % to 1.0 % circulating in the cold-side of a plate heat exchanger at flow rates ranging from 0.05 kg/s to 0.1166 kg/s are performed. Under these ranges of flow rates and volumetric concentrations, the flow of Fe3O4-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluids remains laminar. The results of these experiments are predicted with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to determine hybrid nanofluid entropy generation thermal, entropy generation frictional, and efficiency of exergy. Fe3O4-SiO2 nanomaterials was synthesized with reduction of chemicals and insitu development techniques, with XRD, FTIR and VSM instruments, characterizations were done. The SVM model gives large precision predictions of the measured data with correlations coefficients of 0.9944, 0.99798, and 0.99428 for frictional entropy generation, thermal entropy generation and exergy efficiency. At a flow rate of 0.1166 kg/s in the cold-side of PHE, the exergy efficiency is found to be 77.96 % for water (Reynolds number of 935.4) and with 1.0 vol% of Fe3O4-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluid in the cold-side of PHE, the efficiency is increased to 82.97 %, respectively. Under similar conditions of 0.1166 kg/s of flow circulation and 1.0 % vol. concentration of hybrid nanofluid, the thermal entropy generation is dropped off to 18.37 %, but the frictional entropy generation is increased by 20.97 %, compared to water, with the results that the total entropy generation drops off by 15.91 %, compared to water data. Preliminary curve-fitting correlations have been developed for the frictional entropy generation, thermal entropy generation, and exergy efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid38005406, year = {2023}, author = {Krauter, N and Stefani, F}, title = {Simultaneous Measurement of Flow Velocity and Electrical Conductivity of a Liquid Metal Using an Eddy Current Flow Meter in Combination with a Look-Up-Table Method.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {23}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s23229018}, pmid = {38005406}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {787544/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {The Eddy Current Flow Meter (ECFM) is a commonly employed inductive sensor for assessing the local flow rate or flow velocity of liquid metals with temperatures up to 700 ∘C. One limitation of the ECFM lies in its dependency on the magnetic Reynolds number for measured voltage signals. These signals are influenced not only by the flow velocity but also by the electrical conductivity of the liquid metal. In scenarios where temperature fluctuations are significant, leading to corresponding variations in electrical conductivity, it becomes imperative to calibrate the ECFM while concurrently monitoring temperature to discern the respective impacts of flow velocity and electrical conductivity on the acquired signals. This paper introduces a novel approach that enables the concurrent measurement of electrical conductivity and flow velocity, even in the absence of precise knowledge of the liquid metal's conductivity or temperature. This method employs a Look-Up-Table methodology. The feasibility of this measurement technique is substantiated through numerical simulations and further validated through experiments conducted on the liquid metal alloy GaInSn at room temperature.}, }
@article {pmid38004897, year = {2023}, author = {Borbas, SW and Shen, K and Ji, C and Viallat, A and Helfer, E and Peng, Z}, title = {Transit Time Theory for a Droplet Passing through a Slit in Pressure-Driven Low Reynolds Number Flows.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14112040}, pmid = {38004897}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {DMS 1951526//National Science Foundation/ ; 1948347//National Science Foundation/ ; IIP-1841473//National Science Foundation/ ; PHY2210366//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Soft objects squeezing through small apertures are crucial for many in vivo and in vitro processes. Red blood cell transit time through splenic inter-endothelial slits (IESs) plays a crucial role in blood filtration and disease progression, while droplet velocity through constrictions in microfluidic devices is important for effective manipulation and separation processes. As these transit phenomena are not well understood, we sought to establish analytical and numerical solutions of viscous droplet transit through a rectangular slit. This study extends from our former theory of a circular pore because a rectangular slit is more realistic in many physiological and engineering applications. Here, we derived the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of a droplet passing through a slit by combining planar Poiseuille flow, the Young-Laplace equations, and modifying them to consider the lubrication layer between the droplet and the slit wall. Compared to the pore case, we used the Roscoe solution instead of the Sampson one to account for the flow entering and exiting a rectangular slit. When the surface tension and lubrication layer were negligible, we derived the closed-form solutions of transit time. When the surface tension and lubrication layer were finite, the ODEs were solved numerically to study the impact of various parameters on the transit time. With our solutions, we identified the impact of prescribed pressure drop, slit dimensions, and droplet parameters such as surface tension, viscosity, and volume on transit time. In addition, we also considered the effect of pressure drop and surface tension near critical values. For this study, critical surface tension for a given pressure drop describes the threshold droplet surface tension that prevents transit, and critical pressure for a given surface tension describes the threshold pressure drop that prevents transit. Our solutions demonstrate that there is a linear relationship between pressure and the reciprocal of the transit time (referred to as inverse transit time), as well as a linear relationship between viscosity and transit time. Additionally, when the droplet size increases with respect to the slit dimensions, there is a corresponding increase in transit time. Most notably, we emphasize the initial antagonistic effect of surface tension which resists droplet passage but at the same time decreases the lubrication layer, thus facilitating passage. Our results provide quantitative calculations for understanding cells passing through slit-like constrictions and designing droplet microfluidic experiments.}, }
@article {pmid37964837, year = {2023}, author = {Rahman, MT and Habib, K and Quader, MN and Aslfattahi, N and Kadirgama, K and Das, L}, title = {Effect of porous density of twisted tape inserts on heat transfer performance inside a closed conduit.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e21206}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21206}, pmid = {37964837}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This study examines the impact of varying the porosity density of twisted tape inserts (TTI) on the temperature distribution, fluid velocities, heat transfer coefficients (HTC), Nusselt numbers (Nu), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and performance from 5000 to 12500 Reynolds numbers (Re). The entire process involved the design of TTIs and double pipe heat exchangers using SolidWorks. Subsequently, a three-dimensional fluid flow model was employed to solve equations related to energy mass, energy, and momentum within the ANSYS Fluent interfaces. The findings highlight the noteworthy impact of high porosity TTIs, which consistently reduce temperature spans, increase fluid velocities, and greatly HTC and Nu when compared to low porosity TTI, typical TTI, and plain tubes. Furthermore, high porosity TTI significantly increases TKE, indicating increased fluid turbulence and higher heat transfer efficiency, especially at Re = 12500. The assessment of PEC emphasizes the superiority of high porosity TTI, demonstrating their significant performance increase potential of over 6.44 % over low porosity TTI and a staggering 62.5 % above typical TTI. In conclusion, high porosity TTI emerges as a potential solution for improving heat transfer efficiency and overall system performance in a variety of industrial applications, promising enhanced energy efficiency and superior performance.}, }
@article {pmid37963561, year = {2023}, author = {Htet, PH and Lauga, E}, title = {Cortex-driven cytoplasmic flows in elongated cells: fluid mechanics and application to nuclear transport in Drosophila embryos.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {20}, number = {208}, pages = {20230428}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2023.0428}, pmid = {37963561}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {The Drosophila melanogaster embryo, an elongated multi-nucleated cell, is a classical model system for eukaryotic development and morphogenesis. Recent work has shown that bulk cytoplasmic flows, driven by cortical contractions along the walls of the embryo, enable the uniform spreading of nuclei along the anterior-posterior axis necessary for proper embryonic development. Here, we propose two mathematical models to characterize cytoplasmic flows driven by tangential cortical contractions in elongated cells. Assuming Newtonian fluid flow at low Reynolds number in a spheroidal cell, we first compute the flow field exactly, thereby bypassing the need for numerical computations. We then apply our results to recent experiments on nuclear transport in cell cycles 4-6 of Drosophila embryo development. By fitting the cortical contractions in our model to measurements, we reveal that experimental cortical flows enable near-optimal axial spreading of nuclei. A second mathematical approach, applicable to general elongated cell geometries, exploits a long-wavelength approximation to produce an even simpler solution, with errors below [Formula: see text] compared with the full model. An application of this long-wavelength result to transport leads to fully analytical solutions for the nuclear concentration that capture the essential physics of the system, including optimal axial spreading of nuclei.}, }
@article {pmid37957450, year = {2023}, author = {Bureau, L and Coupier, G and Salez, T}, title = {Lift at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, pages = {111}, pmid = {37957450}, issn = {1292-895X}, support = {101039103/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Lift forces are widespread in hydrodynamics. These are typically observed for big and fast objects and are often associated with a combination of fluid inertia (i.e. large Reynolds numbers) and specific symmetry-breaking mechanisms. In contrast, the properties of viscosity-dominated (i.e. low Reynolds numbers) flows make it more difficult for such lift forces to emerge. However, the inclusion of boundary effects qualitatively changes this picture. Indeed, in the context of soft and biological matter, recent studies have revealed the emergence of novel lift forces generated by boundary softness, flow gradients and/or surface charges. The aim of the present review is to gather and analyse this corpus of literature, in order to identify and unify the questioning within the associated communities, and pave the way towards future research.}, }
@article {pmid37952804, year = {2023}, author = {Lordifard, P and Shariatpanahi, SP and Khajeh, K and Saboury, AA and Goliaei, B}, title = {Frequency dependence of ultrasonic effects on the kinetics of hen egg white lysozyme fibrillation.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {127871}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127871}, pmid = {37952804}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {Our study aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasound on the fibrillation kinetics of HEWL (hen egg white lysozyme) and its physicochemical properties. Ultrasound, a mechanical wave, can induce conformational changes in proteins. To achieve this, we developed an ultrasound exposure system and used various biophysical techniques, including ThT fluorescence spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, Far-UV CD spectrophotometry, Fluorescence microscopy, UV-spectroscopy, and seeding experiments. Our results revealed that higher frequencies significantly accelerated the fibrillation of lysozyme by unfolding the native protein and promoting the fibrillation process, thereby reducing the lag time. We observed a change in the secondary structure of the sonicated protein change to the β-structure, but there was no difference in the Tm of native and sonicated proteins. Furthermore, we found that higher ultrasound frequencies had a greater seeding effect. We propose that the effect of frequency can be explained by the impact of the Reynolds number, and for the Megahertz frequency range, we are almost at the transition regime of turbulence. Our results suggest that laminar flows may not induce any significant change in the fibrillation kinetics, while turbulent flows may affect the process.}, }
@article {pmid37942161, year = {2023}, author = {Abdalkarem, AAM and Ansaf, R and Muzammil, WK and Ibrahim, A and Harun, Z and Fazlizan, A}, title = {Preliminary assessment of the NACA0021 trailing edge wedge for wind turbine application.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e21193}, pmid = {37942161}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The airfoil blade is the primary component of a wind turbine, and its aerodynamic properties play a crucial role in determining the energy conversion efficiency of these blades. Many researchers have proposed different airfoil modifications intending to enhance the aerodynamic characteristics and limit the unsteady interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. This study evaluates the benefits of mounting wedge tails (WTs) on the trailing edge of an airfoil. The aerodynamic characteristics of a 2-D, steady-state NACA 0021 airfoil featuring the wedge tails (WT) and fish wedge tails (FWT) were studied computationally by employing the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. Different WT and FWT configurations were studied at various wedge length (L) to wedge height (H) ratios, L/H, at the airfoil's trailing edge. The effects of different L/H ratios, including L/H > 1, L/H = 1, and L/H < 1, were considered in the present study to determine the optimal configuration to achieve the maximum glide ratio, CL/CD at the Reynolds number of 180,000. The findings indicate that the performance of the NACA 0021 airfoil was notably affected by the height of the tail; however, the length had only a minor impact when L/H was less than 1. The mounted FWT resulted in significant enhancements to both the lift and glide ratio of the airfoil. Specifically, the lift ratio experienced an increase of over 41 % compared to the clean airfoil, while the glide ratio increased by more than 31 %. These improvements were observed at an ideal height and length of 2.5 % and 1 % of the airfoil, respectively. Moreover, the mounted FWT performed better than the Gurney flap using the same configurations.}, }
@article {pmid37939394, year = {2023}, author = {Fercak, O and Lyons, K and Murphy, CT and Kamensky, K and Cal, RB and Franck, JA}, title = {Multicolor dye-based flow structure visualization for seal-whisker geometry characterized by computer vision.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ad0aa8}, pmid = {37939394}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Pinniped vibrissae possess a unique and complex three-dimensional topography, which has beneficial fluid flow characteristics such as substantial reductions in drag, lift, and vortex induced vibration. To understand and leverage these effects, the downstream vortex dynamics must be studied. Dye visualization is a traditional qualitative method of capturing these downstream effects, specifically in comparative biological investigations where complex equipment can be prohibitive. High-fidelity numerical simulations or experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) are commonplace for quantitative high-resolution flow measurements, but are computationally expensive, require costly equipment, and can have limited measurement windows. This study establishes a method for extracting quantitative data from standard dye visualization experiments on seal whisker geometries by leveraging novel but intuitive computer vision techniques, which maintain simplicity and an advantageous large experimental viewing window while automating the extraction of vortex frequency, position, and advection. Results are compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for comparable geometries. Power spectra and Strouhal numbers show consistent behavior between methods for a Reynolds number of 500, with minima at the canonical geometry wavelength of 3.43 and a peak frequency of 0.2 for a Reynolds number of 250. The vortex tracking reveals a clear increase in velocity from roll-up to 3.5 whisker diameters downstream, with a strong overlap with the DNS data but shows steady results beyond the limited DNS window. This investigation provides insight into a valuable bio-inspired engineering model while advancing an analytical methodology that can readily be applied to a broad range of comparative biological studies.}, }
@article {pmid37927848, year = {2023}, author = {Gjerde, IG and Rognes, ME and Sánchez, AL}, title = {The directional flow generated by peristalsis in perivascular networks-Theoretical and numerical reduced-order descriptions.}, journal = {Journal of applied physics}, volume = {134}, number = {17}, pages = {174701}, pmid = {37927848}, issn = {0021-8979}, abstract = {Directional fluid flow in perivascular spaces surrounding cerebral arteries is hypothesized to play a key role in brain solute transport and clearance. While various drivers for a pulsatile flow, such as cardiac or respiratory pulsations, are well quantified, the question remains as to which mechanisms could induce a directional flow within physiological regimes. To address this question, we develop theoretical and numerical reduced-order models to quantify the directional (net) flow induceable by peristaltic pumping in periarterial networks. Each periarterial element is modeled as a slender annular space bounded internally by a circular tube supporting a periodic traveling (peristaltic) wave. Under reasonable assumptions of a small Reynolds number flow, small radii, and small-amplitude peristaltic waves, we use lubrication theory and regular perturbation methods to derive theoretical expressions for the directional net flow and pressure distribution in the perivascular network. The reduced model is used to derive closed-form analytical expressions for the net flow for simple network configurations of interest, including single elements, two elements in tandem, and a three element bifurcation, with results compared with numerical predictions. In particular, we provide a computable theoretical estimate of the net flow induced by peristaltic motion in perivascular networks as a function of physiological parameters, notably, wave length, frequency, amplitude, and perivascular dimensions. Quantifying the maximal net flow for specific physiological regimes, we find that vasomotion may induce net pial periarterial flow velocities on the order of a few to tens of μm/s and that sleep-related changes in vasomotion pulsatility may drive a threefold flow increase.}, }
@article {pmid37920481, year = {2023}, author = {Vakilabadi, KA and Ghafari, HR and Ghassemi, H}, title = {Experimental and numerical investigation on a trimaran airwake, geometry modification.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e21144}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21144}, pmid = {37920481}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The aerodynamic interaction between a helicopter and a trimaran ship's flight deck can be complex and have an impact on handling quality and performance, especially in turbulent conditions. This article presents research on the flight deck geometry of a trimaran vessel without the presence of a helicopter. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to analyze the effect of wind velocity on air pressure in the flight deck region. The study proposed and evaluated different geometries of the top structure at several air velocities to minimize pressure differences. The results of the numerical simulation were validated by experimental measurements using PIV, which showed that the effect of the Reynolds number on the non-dimensional pressure near the top structure is negligible except for the biggest Reynolds number (Re = 50e6), while at x/L = 0.5 the significant difference can be seen, however, the same result found for Re = 38e6 and 50e6. At the farthest distance (x/L = 1), the pressure difference for different Reynolds numbers case studies is negligible. Among the various geometries assessed, the maximum non-dimensional pressure differences along the lines show the highest value occurs for the base geometry (A) while geometries C and F show lower values, which have chamfering along the middle and side horizontal edges at a 45-degree angle and chamfering along all vertical and horizontal edges at a 30-degree angle.}, }
@article {pmid37918090, year = {2023}, author = {Zhou, ZL and Zhu, LF and Li, TX and Wu, LH and Guan, M and Ma, ZK and Liu, YH and Qin, J and Gao, BL}, title = {Sub-satisfactory stenting recanalization of severe vascular stenosis of the posterior circulation can significantly improve cerebral hemodynamic perfusion.}, journal = {European journal of radiology}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {111135}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.111135}, pmid = {37918090}, issn = {1872-7727}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of sub-satisfactory stenting recanalization of severe vascular stenosis of the posterior circulation on cerebral hemodynamic perfusion.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with severe vascular stenosis of the posterior circulation who had undergone three-dimensional cerebral angiography before and after stenting were retrospectively enrolled. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of hemodynamic parameters at the stenosis, perforating branch, and normal arterial segments proximal and distal to the stenosis were performed.<br><br>RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with basilar artery stenosis aged 60.9&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;9.6&#x202f;years were enrolled, and stent angioplasty resulted in the reduction of stenosis degree from 85.3&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;7.2% before to 18.6&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;6.4% after stenting. After stenting, at the proximal normal artery, the total pressures had significantly (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05) decreased, whereas all the other parameters (WSS, cell Reynolds number, velocity, vorticity, turbulence intensity, turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate) had significantly (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05) increased. At the stenosis, all hemodynamic parameters had significantly decreased. At the stenosis perforating branch, the WSS, cell Reynolds number, velocity, and vorticity were all significantly decreased, and the total pressure, turbulence intensity, kinetic energy, and dissipation rate were all significantly increased. At the distal normal artery, the total flow pressure (perfusion pressure) and velocity were both significantly (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05) increased, and the total pressure, WSS, cell Reynolds number, vorticity, turbulence intensity, kinetic energy, and dissipation rate were all significantly (P&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05) decreased. The hemodynamic parameters after stenting were closer to those after virtual stenosis repair at all measurements.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Sub-satisfactory recanalization has significantly restored the stenosis and improved the hemodynamic parameters near the stenosis and at the root of the perforating branch, thus significantly improving the cerebral perfusion, similar to the changes of hemodynamic status and cerebral perfusion after virtual removal of the vascular stenosis. This may indicate the good effect of sub-satisfactory stenting recanalization of the vascular stenosis at the posterior circulation.}, }
@article {pmid37914697, year = {2023}, author = {Javaherchian, J and Moosavi, A and Tabatabaei, SA}, title = {Numerical analysis of pressure drop reduction of bubbly flows through hydrophobic microgrooved channels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {18861}, pmid = {37914697}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Due to the high performance of hydrophobic surfaces in pressure drop reduction, they have been proposed for various applications. However, despite the extensive uses of two-phase flows in many industries, the effect of hydrophobic surfaces on the pressure drop reduction of two-phase flows has not been well understood yet. Thus, in the present study, by implementing the phase-field and finite element methods, the bubbly flows as an example of two-phase flows are considered for examining the effect of hydrophobic microgrooved microchannels on the pressure drop reduction of these regimes in the laminar state. We found out that hydrophobic microgrooved surfaces not only can be efficient in the bubbly flow but also can even cause a maximum pressure drop reduction of up to 70%, which is almost 3.5 times higher than in single-phase flow. We also studied the influence of each parameter, such as bubbles volume or length, Reynolds number, capillary number, and their combination on this phenomenon. The pressure drop reduction grows by increasing the volume of the bubbles but decreases by increasing the flow velocity or the surface tension coefficient. The combination of these parameters demonstrated different results in some circumstances.}, }
@article {pmid37909299, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, W and Shang, X and Zhang, B and Yuan, D and Nguyen, BTT and Wu, W and Zhang, JB and Peng, N and Liu, AQ and Duan, F and Chin, LK}, title = {Squeezed state in the hydrodynamic focusing regime for Escherichia coli bacteria detection.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3lc00434a}, pmid = {37909299}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {Flow cytometry is an essential technique in single particle analysis and cell sorting for further downstream diagnosis, exhibiting high-throughput and multiplexing capabilities for many biological and biomedical applications. Although many hydrodynamic focusing-based microfluidic cytometers have been demonstrated with reduced size and cost to adapt to point-of-care settings, the operating conditions are not characterized systematically. This study presents the flow transition process in the hydrodynamic focusing mechanism when the flow rate or the Reynolds number increases. The characteristics of flow fields and mass transport were studied under various operating conditions, including flow rates and microchannel heights. A transition from the squeezed focusing state to the over-squeezed anti-focusing state in the hydrodynamic focusing regime was observed when the Reynolds number increased above 30. Parametric studies illustrated that the focusing width increased with the Reynolds number but decreased with the microchannel height in the over-squeezed state. The microfluidic cytometric analyses using microbeads and E. coli show that the recovery rate was maintained by limiting the Reynolds number to 30. The detailed analysis of the flow transition will provide new insight into microfluidic cytometric analyses with a broad range of applications in food safety, water monitoring and healthcare sectors.}, }
@article {pmid37906645, year = {2023}, author = {Zöttl, A and Tesser, F and Matsunaga, D and Laurent, J and du Roure, O and Lindner, A}, title = {Asymmetric bistability of chiral particle orientation in viscous shear flows.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {45}, pages = {e2310939120}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2310939120}, pmid = {37906645}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {682367//European Commission (EC)/ ; M 2458-N36//Austrian Science Fund (FWF)/ ; ANR-10- EQPX-34//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; 21H05879//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JPMJPR21OA//MEXT | JST | Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)/ ; }, abstract = {The migration of helical particles in viscous shear flows plays a crucial role in chiral particle sorting. Attaching a nonchiral head to a helical particle leads to a rheotactic torque inducing particle reorientation. This phenomenon is responsible for bacterial rheotaxis observed for flagellated bacteria as Escherichia coli in shear flows. Here, we use a high-resolution microprinting technique to fabricate microparticles with controlled and tunable chiral shape consisting of a spherical head and helical tails of various pitch and handedness. By observing the fully time-resolved dynamics of these microparticles in microfluidic channel flow, we gain valuable insights into chirality-induced orientation dynamics. Our experimental model system allows us to examine the effects of particle elongation, chirality, and head heaviness for different flow rates on the orientation dynamics, while minimizing the influence of Brownian noise. Through our model experiments, we demonstrate the existence of asymmetric bistability of the particle orientation perpendicular to the flow direction. We quantitatively explain the particle equilibrium orientations as a function of particle properties, initial conditions and flow rates, as well as the time-dependence of the reorientation dynamics through a theoretical model. The model parameters are determined using boundary element simulations, and excellent agreement with experiments is obtained without any adjustable parameters. Our findings lead to a better understanding of chiral particle transport and bacterial rheotaxis and might allow the development of targeted delivery applications.}, }
@article {pmid37898603, year = {2023}, author = {Jalili, B and Shateri, A and Akgül, A and Bariq, A and Asadi, Z and Jalili, P and Ganji, DD}, title = {An investigation into a semi-porous channel's forced convection of nano fluid in the presence of a magnetic field as a result of heat radiation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {18505}, pmid = {37898603}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This study investigates the impact of heat radiation on magnetically-induced forced convection of nanofluid in a semi-porous channel. The research employs Akbari-Ganji's and Homotopy perturbation methods to analyze the effects of multiple parameters, including Hartmann number, Reynolds number, Eckert number, radiation parameter, and suction parameter, on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The results demonstrate that increasing Reynolds number, suction, and radiation parameters increases temperature gradient, providing valuable insights into improving heat transfer in semi-porous channels. The study validates the proposed methods by comparing the results with those obtained from other established methods in the literature. The main focus of this work is to understand the behavior of nanofluids in semi-porous channels under the influence of magnetic fields and heat radiation, which is essential for various industrial and engineering applications. The future direction of this research includes exploring the effects of different nanoparticle shapes and materials on heat transfer performance and investigating the influence of other parameters, such as buoyancy forces and variable properties, on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of more efficient thermal management systems in the future.}, }
@article {pmid37893255, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, H and Ma, H and Yan, X and Yu, H and Xiao, Y and Xiao, X and Liu, H}, title = {Investigation of Hydrothermal Performance in Micro-Channel Heat Sink with Periodic Rectangular Fins.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14101818}, pmid = {37893255}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {The micro-channel heat sink (MCHS) is an excellent choice due to its exceptional cooling capabilities, surpassing those of its competitors. In this research paper, a computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to investigate the laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of five different configurations of a variable geometry rectangular fin. The study utilized a water-cooled smooth MCHS as the basis. The results indicate that the micro-channel heat sink with a variable geometry rectangular fin has better heat dissipation capacity than a straight-type micro-channel heat sink, but at the same time, it has larger pressure loss. Based on the analysis of various rectangular fin shapes and Reynolds numbers in this study, the micro-channel heat sink with rectangular fins exhibits Nusselt numbers and friction factors that are 1.40-2.02 and 2.64-4.33 times higher, respectively, compared to the smooth heat sink. This significant improvement in performance results in performance evaluation criteria ranging from 1.23-1.95. Further, it is found that at a relatively small Reynolds number, the micro-channel heat sink with a variable geometry rectangular fin has obvious advantages in terms of overall cooling performance. Meanwhile, this advantage will decrease when the Reynolds number is relatively large.}, }
@article {pmid37886753, year = {2023}, author = {Vaferi, K and Vajdi, M and Nekahi, S and Heydari, A and Sadegh Moghanlou, F and Nami, H and Jafarzadeh, H}, title = {Thermo-hydraulic performance optimization of a disk-shaped microchannel heat sink applying computational fluid dynamics, artificial neural network, and response surface methodology.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e21031}, pmid = {37886753}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The current research focuses on optimizing the Nusselt number (Nu) and pressure drop (ΔP) in a bionic fractal heat sink. The artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to model the thermos-hydraulic behavior of the MCHS. The aspect ratios of t/b (cavities' upper side to bottom side ratio) and h/b (cavities' height to bottom side ratio), as well as the Reynolds number, were set as the independent variables in both ANN and RSM models. After finding the optimum state for the copper-made MCHS (containing the optimum design of the cavities along with the best applied velocity), different materials were tested and compared with the base case (heat sink made of copper). The obtained results indicated that both ANN and RSM models (with determination coefficient of 99.9 %) could exactly anticipate heat transfer and ΔP to a large extent. To achieve the optimal design of the microchannel heat sink (MCHS) with the objective of maximizing Nu and minimizing ΔP, the efficiency index of the device was evaluated. The analysis revealed that the highest efficiency index (1.070 by RSM and 1.067 by ANN methods) was attained when the aspect ratios were t/b = 0.2, h/b = 0.2, and the Reynolds number was 1000. Next, the effect of the different materials on heat sink performance was investigated, and it was observed that by reducing the thermal conductivity, the thermal resistance of the heat sink increased and its overall performance decreased.}, }
@article {pmid37849125, year = {2023}, author = {Paludan, MV and Biviano, MD and Jensen, KH}, title = {Elastohydrodynamic autoregulation in soft overlapping channels.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {108}, number = {3-2}, pages = {035106}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.035106}, pmid = {37849125}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Controlling fluid flow from an unsteady source is a challenging problem that is relevant in both living and man-made systems. Animals have evolved various autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in vital organs. This keeps the influx of nutrients essentially constant and independent of the perfusion pressure. Up to this point, the autoregulation processes have primarily been ascribed to active mechanisms that regulate vessel size, thereby adjusting the hydraulic conductance in response to, e.g., sensing of wall shear stress. We propose an alternative elastohydrodynamic mechanism based on contacting soft vessels. Inspired by Starling's resistor, we combine experiments and theory to study the flow of a viscous liquid through a self-intersecting soft conduit. In the overlapping region, the pressure difference between the two channel segments can cause one pipe segment to dilate while the other is compressed. If the tissue is sufficiently soft, this mode of fluid-structure interactions can lead to flow autoregulation. Our experimental observations compare well to a predictive model based on low-Reynolds-number fluid flow and linear elasticity. Implications for conduit arrangement and passive autoregulation in organs and limbs are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37850032, year = {2021}, author = {Xing, Y and Burdsall, AC and Owens, A and Magnuson, M and Harper, WF}, title = {The effect of mixing and free-floating carrier media on bioaerosol release from wastewater: a multiscale investigation with Bacillus globigii.}, journal = {Environmental science : water research &amp; technology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37850032}, issn = {2053-1400}, abstract = {Aeration tanks in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of bioaerosols, which contain microbial contaminants and can travel miles from the site of origin, risking the health of operators and the general public. One potential mitigation strategy is to apply free-floating carrier media (FFCM) to suppress bioaerosol emission. This article presents a multiscale study on the effects of mixing and FFCM on bioaerosol release using Bacillus globigii spores in well-defined liquid media. Bioaerosol release, defined as percentage of spores aerosolized during a 30 minute sampling period, ranged from 6.09 × 10[-7]% to 0.057%, depending upon the mixing mode and intensity. Bioaerosol release increased with the intensity of aeration (rotating speed in mechanical agitation and aeration rate in diffused aeration). A surface layer of polystyrene beads reduced bioaerosol released by >92% in the bench-scale studies and >74% in the pilot-scale study. This study discovered strong correlations (R[2] > 0.82) between bioaerosol release and superficial gas velocity, Froude number, and volumetric gas flow per unit liquid volume per minute. The Reynolds number was found to be poorly correlated with bioaerosol release (R[2] < 0.5). This study is a significant step toward the development of predictive models for full scale systems.}, }
@article {pmid37848600, year = {2023}, author = {Maruai, NM and Ali, MSM and Zaki, SA and Ardila-Rey, JA and Ishak, IA}, title = {The influence of different downstream plate length towards the flow-induced vibration on a square cylinder.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {17681}, pmid = {37848600}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {PY/2021/00886//Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/ ; PY/2021/00886//Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/ ; PY/2021/00886//Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/ ; Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo (ANID)//FONDECYT Regular 1230135/ ; }, abstract = {The investigations of flow-induced vibration have been around for decades to solve many engineering problems related to structural element. In a hindsight of advancing technology of microelectronics devices, the implementation of flow-induced vibration for energy harvesting is intrigued. The influence of downstream flat plate to flow-induced vibration experienced by a square cylinder is discussed in this study to surpass the limitation of wind energy due to geographical constraints and climate change. The mechanism of flow-induced vibration experienced by a square cylinder with downstream flat plate is numerically simulated based on the unsteady Reynolds Navier-Stokes (URANS) flow field. The Reynolds number, Re assigned in this study is ranging between [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] and the mass damping ratio designated for the square cylinder is [Formula: see text] = 2.48. The influence of three different flat plate lengths [Formula: see text], 1 and 3 is examined. Each case of different flat plate is explored for gap separation between the square cylinder and the plate in the range [Formula: see text]. Based on the numerical findings, the configuration of cylinder-flat plate with length [Formula: see text] has shown the highest potential to harvest high energy at comparatively low reduced velocity.}, }
@article {pmid37822907, year = {2023}, author = {Akram, M and Memon, AA and Memon, MA and Obalalu, AM and Khan, U}, title = {Investigation of a two-dimensional photovoltaic thermal system using hybrid nanofluids and a rotating cylinder.}, journal = {Nanoscale advances}, volume = {5}, number = {20}, pages = {5529-5542}, pmid = {37822907}, issn = {2516-0230}, abstract = {This article focuses on a numerical investigation aimed at enhancing the electrical performance of a two-dimensional photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) through the application of cooling using hybrid nanofluids. The hybrid nanofluids consist of titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles suspended in water, while the PV/T system is based on polycrystalline silicon, copper, and a flow channel with a rotating cylinder. PV/T devices generate electricity from sunlight, but their performance degrades over time due to the heat generated by solar radiation. Therefore, nanofluids can be circulated through the bottom flow channel to cool the device. This study utilizes 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations to control fluid flow and energy equations to manage energy distribution. The COMSOL 6.0 finite element software is employed for comprehensive modeling and simulation. To enhance the performance of the PV/T system, a parametric study is conducted by varying the Reynolds number (ranging from 100 to 1000), cylinder rotational speed (varying from 0.01 to 0.2 m s[-1]), and silver volume fraction (ranging from 0.01 to 0.2). The results show that increasing the Reynolds number and the volume fraction of silver leads to a reduction in the maximum temperature of the cell. The maximum temperature of the cell also decreases with the rotational speed of the cylinder but only for high Reynolds numbers. By applying the present model, the cell's efficiency is improved by 5.93%.}, }
@article {pmid37822766, year = {2023}, author = {Sutton, GP and Szczecinski, NS and Quinn, RD and Chiel, HJ}, title = {Phase shift between joint rotation and actuation reflects dominant forces and predicts muscle activation patterns.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {2}, number = {10}, pages = {pgad298}, pmid = {37822766}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {During behavior, the work done by actuators on the body can be resisted by the body's inertia, elastic forces, gravity, or viscosity. The dominant forces that resist actuation have major consequences on the control of that behavior. In the literature, features and actuation of locomotion, for example, have been successfully predicted by nondimensional numbers (e.g. Froude number and Reynolds number) that generally express the ratio between two of these forces (gravitational, inertial, elastic, and viscous). However, animals of different sizes or motions at different speeds may not share the same dominant forces within a behavior, making ratios of just two of these forces less useful. Thus, for a broad comparison of behavior across many orders of magnitude of limb length and cycle period, a dimensionless number that includes gravitational, inertial, elastic, and viscous forces is needed. This study proposes a nondimensional number that relates these four forces: the phase shift (ϕ) between the displacement of the limb and the actuator force that moves it. Using allometric scaling laws, ϕ for terrestrial walking is expressed as a function of the limb length and the cycle period at which the limb steps. Scale-dependent values of ϕ are used to explain and predict the electromyographic (EMG) patterns employed by different animals as they walk.}, }
@article {pmid37821662, year = {2023}, author = {Saparbayeva, N and Balakin, BV}, title = {CFD-DEM model of plugging in flow with cohesive particles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {17188}, pmid = {37821662}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {300286//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; }, abstract = {Plugging in flows with cohesive particles is crucial in many industrial and real-life applications such as hemodynamics, water distribution, and petroleum flow assurance. Although probabilistic models for plugging risk estimation are presented in the literature, multiple details of the process remain unclear. In this paper, we present a CFD-DEM model of plugging validated against several experimental benchmarks. Using the simulations, we consider the process of plugging in a slurry of ice in decane, focusing on inter-particle collisions and plugging dynamics. We conduct a parametric study altering the Reynolds number (3000...9000), particle concentration (1.6...7.3%), and surface energy (21...541 mJ/m[Formula: see text]). We note the process possesses complex non-linear behaviour for the cases where particle-wall adhesion reduces by more than 20% relative to inter-particle cohesion. Finally, we demonstrate how the simulation results match the flow maps based on the third-party experiments.}, }
@article {pmid37810730, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, T and Liu, H and Yan, T and Zhang, Y}, title = {Numerical Study on Enhanced Heat Transfer of Downhole Slotted-Type Heaters for In Situ Oil Shale Exploitation.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {8}, number = {39}, pages = {36043-36052}, pmid = {37810730}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {In order to improve the flow state of the heater shell side and enhance the performance evaluation of the heater, this paper proposes a perforated plate-type heater model. Based on Fluent, numerical studies are conducted on the heat transfer performance and shell-side fluid flow characteristics of a perforated plate-type heater. The variations of the heat transfer factor Nu, friction factor f, and evaluation parameter Nu/f[1/3] are analyzed for different helix angles β and ratios of the long and short semiaxes of the circular holes on the heating plate under different Reynolds numbers Re. The results reveal that under the same shell-side Reynolds number Re, the heat transfer factor Nu shows an increasing trend with the increase in the proportion of the helix angle β. The heat transfer factor Nu for the heating plate with the hole shape ratio a/b = 1 does not exhibit significant improvement compared to hole shape ratios a/b = 0.8 and a/b = 0.6, but it increases by 4.87 to 7.07% compared to the hole shape ratio a/b = 0.4 in the perforated plate-type heater. On the other hand, the friction factor f decreases as the helix angle β and the ratio of hole shapes on the heating plate increase. The lowest friction factor f is observed for the helix angle β of 25° and the hole shape ratio a/b = 1 in the perforated plate-type heater. When the helix angle β is 25° and the hole shape ratio is a/b = 1, the evaluation parameter Nu/f[1/3] reaches its highest value, indicating the optimal overall performance of the perforated plate-type heater.}, }
@article {pmid37809404, year = {2023}, author = {Hosseinzadeh, K and Roshani, M and Attar, MA and Ganji, DD and Shafii, MB}, title = {Heat transfer study and optimization of nanofluid triangular cavity with a pentagonal barrier by finite element approach and RSM.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e20193}, pmid = {37809404}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Nowadays, several engineering applications and academic investigations have demonstrated the significance of heat transfers in general and mixed convection heat transfer (MCHT) in particular in cavities containing obstacles. This study's main goal is to analyze the MCHT of a nanofluid in a triangular cavity with a pentagonal barrier using magneto hydrodynamics (MHD). The cavity's-oriented walls are continuous cold temperature, whereas the bottom wall of the triangle and all pentagonal obstacle walls are kept at a constant high temperature. For solving governing equations, we utilized the Galerkin's finite element approach. Four dimensionless factors, Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 5), Reynolds number (10 ≤ Re ≤ 50), Buoyancy ratio (0.01 ≤ Br ≤ 10) and Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤20) are examined for their effects on streamlines, isotherms, concentration, velocity, and the Nusselt number. Also, with the help of Taguchi method and Response Surface Method (RSM) the optimization of the studied dimensionless parameters has been done. The optimum values of Ri, Re, Ha and Br are obtained 4.95, 30.49,18.35 and 0.05 respectively. Ultimately, a correlation has been extracted for obtaining the optimum average Nusselt number (Nu) in mentioned cavity.}, }
@article {pmid37809384, year = {2023}, author = {Rasul, MG and Ahmed, S and Sattar, MA and Jahirul, MI}, title = {Hydrodynamic performance assessment of photocatalytic reactor with baffles and roughness in the flow path: A modelling approach with experimental validation.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {e19623}, pmid = {37809384}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Purification of wastewater is essential for human being as well as for the flora and fauna, and sustainable environment. Photocatalytic reactor with TiO2 coated layer can be used to degrade the pollutants but without proper pollutant mass transfer in the reactive surface, photocatalytic reactor decreases its effectiveness. The baffles and rough surface in the flow path can improve the fluid mixing to enhance pollutant mass transfer to improve the reactor's performance. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to investigate the effect of four top baffles and three rough surfaces (semi-circular, triangle, and rectangle) on pressure drops, mass transfer and the hydrodynamic performance of the reactor. The experimental investigation was carried out using Formic Acid (FA) as pollutant in feed water for model validation. The simulated result varies only within 5% with the experimental data of FA concentration versus feed flow rate and fluid velocity. The model was run at fluid velocity of 0.15 m/s and 0.5 m/s (Reynolds number of 2150 (laminar flow) and 7500 (turbulent flow), respectively. The simulation result shows that the addition of baffles and roughness on the reactive surfaces increases the turbulent kinetic energy (minimum increase 8%) and consequently increases the mass transfer (maximum increase 37%) of the pollutant. The highest wall shear was observed to be 40 Pa when both square and triangular elements were used as roughness elements at turbulent flow condition. The results also shows that the highest pressure-drop of 8 kPa was found when the square roughness element was used at turbulent flow condition. Overall, the photocatalytic reactor performance is significantly enhanced by the application of combined baffles and roughness elements in the reactive surface.}, }
@article {pmid37807009, year = {2023}, author = {Allehiany, FM and Memon, AA and Memon, MA and Fenta, A}, title = {Maximizing electrical output and reducing heat-related losses in photovoltaic thermal systems with a thorough examination of flow channel integration and nanofluid cooling.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16961}, pmid = {37807009}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In recent years, global energy demand has surged, emphasizing the need for nations to enhance energy resources. The photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system, capable of generating electrical energy from sunlight, is a promising renewable energy solution. However, it faces the challenge of overheating, which reduces efficiency. To address this, we introduce a flow channel within the PV/T system, allowing coolant circulation to improve electrical efficiency. Within this study, we explore into the workings of a PV/T system configuration, featuring a polycrystalline silicon panel atop a copper absorber panel. This innovative setup incorporates a rectangular flow channel, enhanced with a centrally positioned rotating circular cylinder, designed to augment flow velocity. This arrangement presents a forced convection scenario, where heat transfer primarily occurs through conduction in the uppermost two layers, while the flow channel beneath experiences forced convection. To capture this complex phenomenon, we accurately address the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations, employing simulations conducted via COMSOL 6.0 software, renowned for its utilization of the finite element method. To optimize heat dissipation and efficiency, we introduce a hybrid nanofluid comprised of titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles dispersed in water, circulating through the flow channel. Various critical parameters come under scrutiny, including the Reynolds number, explored across the range of 100-1000, the volume fractions of both nanoparticle types, systematically tested within the range of 0.001-0.05, and the controlled speed of the circular cylinder, maintained within the range of 0.1-0.25 m/s. It was found that incorporating silver nanoparticles as a suspended component is more effective in enhancing PV/T efficiency than the addition of titanium oxide. Additionally, maintaining the volume fraction of titanium oxide between 4 and 5% yields improved efficiency, provided that the cylinder rotates at a higher speed. It was observed that cell efficiency can be regulated by adjusting four parameters, such as the Reynolds number, cylinder rotation speed, and the volume fraction of both nanoparticles.}, }
@article {pmid37798525, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, B and Liu, G and Li, Y and Lin, Z}, title = {Experimental study on the seepage mutation of natural karst collapse pillar (KCP) fillings over mass outflow.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37798525}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {41807209//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Conduction between the unique geological formation karst collapse pillar (KCP) and the fractures caused by mining in the coal seam floor can lead to catastrophic water inrush disasters in many coalmines in Northern China. It is widely recognized that seepage mutation induced by the migration/loss of KCP fillings (highly broken rocks filling the fractured rocks) happens during occurrence of the KCP-related water inrush. However, roles of fluid path (mining-induced fracture) scale and KCP filling porosity in seepage mutation evolution remain unclear. Here, we conducted seepage tests on natural KCP fillings containing rock particles of different sizes. The filling specimens were deformed to different porosities from 14 to 26% through axial compression, and small to large fluid paths were simulated by seepage plates with distinct pore sizes from 2.5 to 12.5 mm. We found that seepage mutation occurs with significant permeability enhancement by 2 orders of magnitude under a pore diameter of 12.5 mm and a specimen porosity of 26%. There is a strong linear relationship between specimen permeability and Reynolds number (Re) over seepage mutation. The mutation is caused by the sudden collapse of the specimen skeleton and subsequent quick outflow of the particles. Therefore, it is inferred that the KCP-related water inrush is more likely to happen when highly porous KCP fillings are present and mining-induced fractures are well developed.}, }
@article {pmid37787128, year = {2023}, author = {Duraes, ADS and Gezelter, JD}, title = {A theory of pitch for the hydrodynamic properties of molecules, helices, and achiral swimmers at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {159}, number = {13}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0152546}, pmid = {37787128}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {We present a theory for pitch, a matrix property that is linked to the coupling of rotational and translational motion of rigid bodies at low Reynolds numbers. The pitch matrix is a geometric property of objects in contact with a surrounding fluid, and it can be decomposed into three principal axes of pitch and their associated moments of pitch. The moments of pitch predict the translational motion in a direction parallel to each pitch axis when the object is rotated around that axis and can be used to explain translational drift, particularly for rotating helices. We also provide a symmetrized boundary element model for blocks of the resistance tensor, allowing calculation of the pitch matrix for arbitrary rigid bodies. We analyze a range of chiral objects, including chiral molecules and helices. Chiral objects with a Cn symmetry axis with n > 2 show additional symmetries in their pitch matrices. We also show that some achiral objects have non-vanishing pitch matrices, and we use this result to explain recent observations of achiral microswimmers. We also discuss the small but non-zero pitch of Lord Kelvin's isotropic helicoid.}, }
@article {pmid37774714, year = {2023}, author = {Zhu, Q}, title = {Locomotion performance of an axisymmetric 'flapping fin'.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/acfeb9}, pmid = {37774714}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Inspired by the jet-propulsion mechanism of aquatic creatures such as sea salps, a novel locomotion system based on an axisymmetric body design is proposed. This system consists of an empty tube with two ends open. When the diameters of the front and back openings are changed periodically, the forward-backward symmetry is broken so that the system starts swimming. Viewed within a cross section, this system resembles a two-dimensional flapping fin with its leading edge located at the front opening and the trailing edge at the back opening. The feasibility of this system has been proven via numerical simulations using a fluid-structure interaction model based on the immersed-boundary framework. According to the results, at relatively low Reynolds number (O(100)), this simple locomotion method can easily achieve a mean swimming speed of 2 to 3 body lengthes per deformation period. Further simulations illustrate the following characteristics: 1) Within the chamber, the hydrodynamic interactions among different parts of the body leads to a performance-enhancing mechanism similar to the ground effect; 2) Reducing the diameter of the body can strengthen this effect so that both the swimming speed and the energy efficiency are improved; 3) For better performance the amplitude of diameter oscillation at the trailing edge should be larger or at least equal to the one at the leading edge. .}, }
@article {pmid37763958, year = {2023}, author = {Juraeva, M and Kang, DJ}, title = {Design and Mixing Analysis of a Passive Micromixer Based on Curly Baffles.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14091795}, pmid = {37763958}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {Daedong2023//Daedong Heavy Industry/ ; }, abstract = {A novel passive micromixer based on curly baffles is proposed and optimized through the signal-to-noise analysis of various design parameters. The mixing performance of the proposed design was evaluated across a wide Reynolds number range, from 0.1 to 80. Through the analysis, the most influential parameter was identified, and its value was found to be constant regardless of the mixing mechanism. The optimized design, refined using the signal-to-noise analysis, demonstrated a significant enhancement of mixing performance, particularly in the low Reynolds number range (Re< 10). The design set obtained at the diffusion dominance range shows the highest degree of mixing (DOM) in the low Reynolds number range of Re< 10, while the design set optimized for the convection dominance range exhibited the least pressure drop across the entire Reynolds number spectrum (Re< 80). The present design approach proved to be a practical tool for identifying the most influential design parameter and achieving excellent mixing and pressure drop characteristics. The enhancement is mainly due to the curvature of the most influential design parameter.}, }
@article {pmid37757685, year = {2023}, author = {Jafari, E and Malayeri, MR and Brückner, H and Weimer, T and Krebs, P}, title = {Innovative spiral electrode configuration for enhancement of electrocoagulation-flotation.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {347}, number = {}, pages = {119085}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119085}, pmid = {37757685}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {The performance of electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) process can profoundly be affected by the reactor design and electrode configuration. These may, in turn, influence the removal efficiency, flow hydrodynamic, floc formation, and flotation/settling characteristics. The present work aimed at developing a new spiral electrode configuration to enhance the ECF process. To do so, the impacts of parameters such as energy consumption, removal efficiency of the contaminants from industrial wastewater with a composition of turbidity, emulsified oil, and heavy metals (Si, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Cd), as well as stirring speed and foaming have been investigated. Comparison was also made between the experimental results of the new electrode configuration with the conventional rectangular cell with plate electrode configuration with the same volume and electrode surface area. The findings revealed that energy consumption of the spiral electrode configuration within the operating times of 10, 20, 30, 32, 48, and 70 min, was approximately 20% lower compared to that of the conventional ECF. Moreover, the maximum and minimum removal efficiency of 97% and 60% were obtained for turbidity and TOC for the stirring speed of 500 rpm and Reynolds number of 10,035, respectively. Finally, the formed gas bubbles tilted toward the center due to the enhanced flow hydrodynamic which resulted in substantial reduction of foam formation.}, }
@article {pmid37756554, year = {2023}, author = {Rajendran, S and Jog, MA and Manglik, RM}, title = {Predicting the Splash of a Drop Impacting a Thin Liquid Film.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02185}, pmid = {37756554}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {An experimental study is carried out to investigate droplet-film interactions when a drop impinges on a thin stagnant film of the same liquid. The impacting drop causes either liquid deposition or splash, consisting of prompt generation of secondary drops or a delayed process. By varying the drop diameter and impact velocity, measurements are made to characterize the phenomena using five different liquids that are chosen to cover a wide range of liquid properties (viscosity and surface tension). The drop impact dynamics are captured with a high-speed digital camera with real-time, high-resolution image processing. The drop-splash threshold is found to scale with inertial and viscous forces, or Reynolds number (Re), as well as capillary forces, as described by the balance of gravitational and interfacial tension forces, or Bond number (Bo); fluid properties are described by their Morton number (Mo). A correlation, functionally expressed as Re = ϕ(Bo,Mo), is devised to determine the splash/no-splash (or deposition) boundary, and the predictions for the splash/no-splash outcomes agree well with the experimental outcomes as well as those readily available in the literature.}, }
@article {pmid37756336, year = {2023}, author = {Hickey, DJ and Golestanian, R and Vilfan, A}, title = {Nonreciprocal interactions give rise to fast cilium synchronization in finite systems.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {40}, pages = {e2307279120}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2307279120}, pmid = {37756336}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {//Max Planck Society/ ; P1-0099//Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (ARRS)/ ; }, abstract = {Motile cilia beat in an asymmetric fashion in order to propel the surrounding fluid. When many cilia are located on a surface, their beating can synchronize such that their phases form metachronal waves. Here, we computationally study a model where each cilium is represented as a spherical particle, moving along a tilted trajectory with a position-dependent active driving force and a position-dependent internal drag coefficient. The model thus takes into account all the essential broken symmetries of the ciliary beat. We show that taking into account the near-field hydrodynamic interactions, the effective coupling between cilia even over an entire beating cycle can become nonreciprocal: The phase of a cilium is more strongly affected by an adjacent cilium on one side than by a cilium at the same distance in the opposite direction. As a result, synchronization starts from a seed at the edge of a group of cilia and propagates rapidly across the system, leading to a synchronization time that scales proportionally to the linear dimension of the system. We show that a ciliary carpet is characterized by three different velocities: the velocity of fluid transport, the phase velocity of metachronal waves, and the group velocity of order propagation. Unlike in systems with reciprocal coupling, boundary effects are not detrimental for synchronization, but rather enable the formation of the initial seed.}, }
@article {pmid37749273, year = {2023}, author = {Younis, O and Abderrahmane, A and Hatami, M and Mourad, A and Guedri, K}, title = {Nanoencapsulated phase change material in a trapezoidal prism wall under the magnetic field effect for energy storage purposes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16060}, pmid = {37749273}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Recently, Nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCM) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising application in thermal management. This research investigates magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection of NEPCM contained within a lid-driven trapezoidal prism enclosure containing a hot-centered elliptical obstacle. The upper cavity wall is moving at a constant velocity; both inclined walls are cold, while the rest of the walls are insulated. The Galerkin Finite Element Method was used to solve the system's governing equations. The influence of Reynolds number (Re 1-500), Hartmann number (Ha = 0-100), NEPCM volumetric fraction φ (0-8%), and elliptical obstacle orientation α (0-3π/4) on thermal fields and flow patterns are introduced and analyzed. The results indicated that the maximum heat transfer rate is observed when the hot elliptic obstacle is oriented at 90°; an increment of 6% in the Nu number is obtained in this orientation compared to other orientations. Reducing Ha from 100 to 0 increased Nu by 14%. The Maximum value of the Bejan number was observed for the case of Ha = 0, α = 90° and φ = 0.08.}, }
@article {pmid37749138, year = {2023}, author = {Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Abdelhafez, MA and Elmhedy, Y}, title = {Effect of heat and mass transfer on the nanofluid of peristaltic flow in a ciliated tube.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16008}, pmid = {37749138}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The current work focuses attention on discussing the peristaltic flow of Rabinowitsch nanofluid through ciliated tube. This technical study analyzes heat and mass transfer effects on the flow of a peristaltic flow, incompressible, nanofluid via a ciliated tube. The governing non-linear partial differential equations representing the flow model are transmuted into linear ones by employing the appropriate non-dimensional parameters under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The flow is examined in wave frame of reference moving with the velocity [Formula: see text]. The governing equations have been solved to determine velocity, temperature, concentration, the pressure gradient, pressure rise and the friction force. Using MATLAB R2023a software, a parametric analysis is performed, and the resulting data is represented graphically. The results indicate that the various emerging parameters of interest significantly affect the nanofluid properties within the tube. The present study enhances the comprehension of nanofluid dynamics in tube and offers valuable insights into the influence of heat and mass transfer in such setups. Convective heat transfer is found to be greater at the boundaries resulting in decreased temperature there.}, }
@article {pmid37749119, year = {2023}, author = {Abbas, N and Shatanawi, W and Hasan, F and Mustafa, Z}, title = {Thermodynamic flow of radiative induced magneto modified Maxwell Sutterby fluid model at stretching sheet/cylinder.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16002}, pmid = {37749119}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {A steady flow of Maxwell Sutterby fluid is considered over a stretchable cylinder. The magnetic Reynolds number is considered very high and induced magnetic and electric fields are applied on the fluid flow. Joule heating and radiation impacts are studied under the temperature-dependent properties of the liquid. Having the above assumptions, the mathematical model has been evolving via differential equations. The differential equations are renovated in the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations using the appropriate transformations. The numerical results have been developed employing numerical techniques on the ordinary differential equations. The impact of involving physical factors on velocity, induced magneto hydrodynamic, and temperature function is debated in graphical and tabular form. The velocity profile is boosted by thicker momentum boundary layers, which are caused by higher values of the magnetic field factor. So, the fluid flow becomes higher velocity due to enlarging values of the magnetic field factor. Heat transfer factor and friction at surface factor boosted up for increment of [Formula: see text] (Magnetic field factor). The [Formula: see text](Magnetic field factor) is larger which better-quality of heat transfer at surface and also offered the results of friction factor boosting up in both cases of stretching sheet/cylinder. The [Formula: see text](Magnetic Prandtl number) increased which provided better-quality of heat transfer at surface.}, }
@article {pmid37741030, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, Z and Sedighi, M}, title = {Dispersion properties of nanoplastic spheres in granular media at low Reynolds numbers.}, journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology}, volume = {259}, number = {}, pages = {104244}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104244}, pmid = {37741030}, issn = {1873-6009}, abstract = {Nanoplastic particles (<1 μm) are among the contaminants of emerging concern, and compared to microplastic (<5 mm), our understanding of the transport and fate of nanoplastic in water, sediments and soil is very limited. This paper focuses on developing fundamental insight into the dispersion behaviour (sum of hydrodynamic dispersion and diffusion) of nanoplastic spheres, which are likely the most mobile shape of nanoplastic. We measured the dispersion coefficient and dispersivity of nanoplastic spheres (100 nm, 300 nm and 1000 nm diameter) in granular media with a range of pore sizes. We investigated the mechanisms that control the behaviour at low Reynolds number (smaller than 2), relevant to the dispersion of nanoplastic across the riparian area at water velocities of the common river and shallow groundwater. The measured dispersion coefficients were compared with the predictions by two commonly used models. The results show that there are significant differences between measurements and predictions for the case of colloidal size nanoplastics (MAPE>100%). The retarded dispersion caused by the size-exclusion effect was observed to be important in the case of 1.7 mm and 0.4 mm granular media for 300 nm and 1000 nm nanoplastics, reducing the dispersivity and sensitivity to Reynolds number. The methodology in this paper can be adopted in studies on other sizes and shapes of nanoplastic, assisting with predicting the transport and fate of nanoplastic granular media.}, }
@article {pmid37723692, year = {2023}, author = {Mamori, H and Nabae, Y and Fukuda, S and Gotoda, H}, title = {Dynamic state of low-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {108}, number = {2-2}, pages = {025105}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.025105}, pmid = {37723692}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We numerically study the dynamic state of a low-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow from the viewpoints of symbolic dynamics and nonlinear forecasting. A low-dimensionally (high-dimensionally) chaotic state of the streamwise velocity fluctuations emerges at a viscous sublayer (logarithmic layer). The possible presence of the chaotic states is clearly identified by orbital instability-based nonlinear forecasting and ordinal partition transition network entropy in combination with the surrogate data method.}, }
@article {pmid37690262, year = {2023}, author = {Dong, B and Guo, Y and Yang, J and Yang, X and Wang, L and Huang, D}, title = {Turbulence induced shear controllable synthesis of nano FePO4 irregularly-shaped particles in a counter impinging jet flow T-junction reactor assisted by ultrasound irradiation.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {106590}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106590}, pmid = {37690262}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {FePO4 (FP) particles with a mesoporous structure amalgamated by nanoscale primary crystals were controllably prepared using an ultrasound-intensified turbulence T-junction microreactor (UTISR). The use of this type of reaction system can effectively enhance the micro-mixing and remarkably improve the mass transfer and chemical reaction rates. Consequently, the synergistic effects of the impinging streams and ultrasonic irradiation on the formation of mesoporous structure of FP nanoparticles have been systematically investigated through experimental validation and CFD simulation. The results revealed that the FP particles with a mesoporous structure can be well synthesised by precisely controlling the operation parameters by applying ultrasound irradiation with the input power in the range of 0-900 W and the impinging stream volumetric flow rate in the range of 17.15-257.22 mL·min[-1]. The findings obtained from the experimental observation and CFD modelling has clearly indicated that there exists a strong correlation between the particle size, morphology, and the local turbulence shear. The application of ultrasonic irradiation can effectively intensify the local turbulence shear in the reactor even at low Reynolds number based on the impinging stream diameter (Re < 2000), leading to an effective reduction in the particle size (from 273.48 to 56.1 nm) and an increase in the specific surface area (from 21.97 to 114.97 m[2]·g[-1]) of FP samples. The FPirregularly-shaped particles prepared by UTISR exhibited a mesoporous structure with a particle size of 56.10 nm, a specific surface area of 114.97 m[2]·g[-1]and a total pore adsorption volume of 0.570 cm[3]·g[-1] when the volumetric flow rate and ultrasound power are 85.74 mL·min[-1]and 600 W, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid37689862, year = {2023}, author = {Fuciños, C and Rodríguez-Sanz, A and García-Caamaño, E and Gerbino, E and Torrado, A and Gómez-Zavaglia, A and Rúa, ML}, title = {Microfluidics potential for developing food-grade microstructures through emulsification processes and their application.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {113086}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113086}, pmid = {37689862}, issn = {1873-7145}, abstract = {The food sector continues to face challenges in developing techniques to increase the bioavailability of bioactive chemicals. Utilising microstructures capable of encapsulating diverse compounds has been proposed as a technological solution for their transport both in food and into the gastrointestinal tract. The present review discusses the primary elements that influence the emulsification process in microfluidic systems to form different microstructures for food applications. In microfluidic systems, reactions occur within small reaction channels (1-1000 μm), using small amounts of samples and reactants, ca. 102-103 times less than conventional assays. This geometry provides several advantages for emulsion and encapsulating structure production, like less waste generation, lower cost and gentle assays. Also, from a food application perspective, it allows the decrease in particle dispersion, resulting in a highly repeatable and efficient synthesis method that also improves the palatability of the food products into which the encapsulates are incorporated. However, it also entails some particular requirements. It is important to obtain a low Reynolds number (Re < approx. 250) for greater precision in droplet formation. Also, microfluidics requires fluid viscosity typically between 0.3 and 1400 mPa s at 20 °C. So, it is a challenge to find food-grade fluids that can operate at the micro-scale of these systems. Microfluidic systems can be used to synthesise different food-grade microstructures: microemulsions, solid lipid microparticles, microgels, or self-assembled structures like liposomes, niosomes, or polymersomes. Besides, microfluidics is particularly useful for accurately encapsulating bacterial cells to control their delivery and release on the action site. However, despite the significant advancement in these systems' development over the past several years, developing and implementing these systems on an industrial scale remains challenging for the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid37676785, year = {2023}, author = {Giurgiu, V and Caridi, GCA and Alipour, M and De Paoli, M and Soldati, A}, title = {The TU Wien Turbulent Water Channel: Flow control loop and three-dimensional reconstruction of anisotropic particle dynamics.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {94}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0157490}, pmid = {37676785}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {A horizontal water channel facility was built to study particle dynamics in a turbulent flow. The channel is sufficiently long to produce fully developed turbulence at the test section, and the width-to-height ratio is sufficiently large to avoid the sidewall effect for a large proportion of the cross-section. The system was designed to study the dynamics of complex-shaped particles in wall-bounded turbulence, the characteristics of which can be finely controlled. A maximum bulk velocity of up to 0.8 m s-1 can be achieved, corresponding to a bulk Reynolds number of up to 7 × 104 (shear Reynolds number ≈1580), and flow parameters can be controlled within ±0.1%. The transparent channel design and aluminum structures allow easy optical access, which enables multiple laser and camera arrangements. With the current optical setup, a measurement volume of up to 54 × 14 × 54 mm3 can be imaged and reconstructed with six cameras from the top, bottom, and sides of the channel. Finally, the in-house developed reconstruction and tracking procedure allows us to measure the full motion of complex objects (i.e., shape reconstruction, translational, and rotational motions), and in this instance, it is applied to the case of microscopic, non-isotropic polyamide fibers.}, }
@article {pmid37663493, year = {2023}, author = {Zheng, Y and Min, F and Zhu, H}, title = {Study on the Classification Performance of a Novel Wide-Neck Classifier.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {8}, number = {34}, pages = {31237-31245}, pmid = {37663493}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {A novelty-designed wide-neck classifier (WNC) was proposed to enhance the passing ability and classification efficiency of fine particles. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we studied the flow field and velocity distribution in the newly designed WNC. The velocity of the fluid gradually decreased from the wall to the center and from the cylinder to the cone, which facilitates particle classification and thickening. The Reynolds number (Re) and turbulent intensity (I) inside the WNC were discussed. The turbulent intensity increased with increasing feed velocity and overflow outlet diameter and decreased with increasing feed concentration and spigot diameter. The classification of coal slurry was performed to analyze the performance of WNC. The classification efficiency increased with increasing feed velocity but decreased as the feed concentration, spigot diameter, and overflow outlet diameter increased. The predictive models for classification efficiency influenced by the operational and structural parameters were constructed at high correlation coefficients, and the average error of these models was analyzed at 0.28%. Our results can provide valuable insights into the development of mineral classification.}, }
@article {pmid37663238, year = {2022}, author = {Beaver, LE and Wu, B and Das, S and Malikopoulos, AA}, title = {A First-Order Approach to Model Simultaneous Control of Multiple Microrobots.}, journal = {... International Conference on Manipulation Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS). International Conference on Manipulation Automation and Robotics at Small Scales}, volume = {2022}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37663238}, abstract = {The control of swarm systems is relatively well understood for simple robotic platforms at the macro scale. However, there are still several unanswered questions about how similar results can be achieved for microrobots. In this paper, we propose a modeling framework based on a dynamic model of magnetized self-propelling Janus microrobots under a global magnetic field. We verify our model experimentally and provide methods that can aim at accurately describing the behavior of microrobots while modeling their simultaneous control. The model can be generalized to other microrobotic platforms in low Reynolds number environments.}, }
@article {pmid37660186, year = {2023}, author = {Mishra, NK and Sharma, BK and Sharma, P and Muhammad, T and Pérez, LM}, title = {Entropy generation optimization of cilia regulated MHD ternary hybrid Jeffery nanofluid with Arrhenius activation energy and induced magnetic field.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {14483}, pmid = {37660186}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {SA77210040//Convocatoria Nacional Subvenci&#xf3;n a Instalaci&#xf3;n en la Academia Convocatoria A&#xf1;o 2021/ ; }, abstract = {This study deals with the entropy generation analysis of synthetic cilia using a ternary hybrid nanofluid (Al-Cu-Fe2O3/Blood) flow through an inclined channel. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of entropy generation optimization, heat, and mass transfer on ternary hybrid nanofluid passing through an inclined channel in the proximity of the induced magnetic field. The novelty of the current study is present in studying the combined effect of viscous dissipation, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, exponential heat sink/source, porous medium, endothermic-exothermic chemical reactions, and activation energy in the proximity of induced magnetic field is examined. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate transformations. Applying the low Reynolds number and the long-wavelength approximation, resultant ODEs are numerically solved using shooting technique via BVP5C in MATLAB. The velocity, temperature, concentration, and induced magnetism profiles are visually discussed and graphically analyzed for various fluid flow parameters. Graphical analysis of physical interest quantities like mass transfer rate, heat transfer rate, entropy generation optimization, and skin friction coefficient are also graphically discussed. The entropy generation improves for enhancing values of Reynolds number, solutal Grashof number, heat sink/source parameter, Brinkman number, magnetic Prandtl number, and endothermic-exothermic reaction parameter while the reverse effect is noticed for chemical reaction and induced magnetic field parameter. The findings of this study can be applied to enhance heat transfer efficiency in biomedical devices, optimizing cooling systems, designing efficient energy conversion processes, and spanning from renewable energy technologies to aerospace propulsion systems.}, }
@article {pmid37659126, year = {2023}, author = {Adeyemi, I and Meribout, M and Khezzar, L and Kharoua, N and AlHammadi, K and Tiwari, V}, title = {Experimental and numerical analysis of the emulsification of oil droplets in water with high frequency focused ultrasound.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {99}, number = {}, pages = {106566}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106566}, pmid = {37659126}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {Focused high frequency ultrasound emulsification provides significant benefits such as enhanced stability, finer droplets, elevated focal pressure, lowered power usage, minimal surfactant usage and improved dispersion. Hence, in this study, the high frequency focused ultrasound emulsification of oil droplets in water was investigated through experiments and numerical modeling. The effect of transducer power (74-400 W), frequency (1.1 and 3.3 MHz), oil viscosity (10.6-512 mPas), interfacial tension (25-250 mN/m) and initial droplet radius (10-750 µm) on the emulsification process was assessed. In addition, the mechanism of droplet break-up was examined. The experiments showed that the acoustic pressure increased from 9.01 MPa to 26.24 MPa as the power was raised from 74 W to 400 W. At 74 W, the Weber number (We) at the surface and focal zone are 0.5 and 939.8, respectively. However, at 400 W, the We at the transducer surface and focal region reached 2.7 and 6451.8, respectively. Thus, bulb-like and weak catastrophic break up dominates the emulsification at 74 W. The catastrophic break up at 400 W is more vigorous because the ultrasound disruptive stress and We are higher. The time for the catastrophic dispersion of a single droplet at We = 939.8 and We = 6451.8 are 1.01 ms and 0.45 ms, respectively. The numerical model gives reasonable prediction of the trend and magnitude of the experimental acoustic pressure data. The surface and focal pressure amplitudes were estimated with errors of ∼ 6.5% and ∼ 10%, respectively. The predicted Reynolds number (Re) between 74 and 400 W were 8442 and 21364, respectively. The acoustic pressure at the focal region were ∼ 26 MPa and ∼ 69 MPa at frequencies of 1.1 MHz and 3.3 MHz, respectively. Moreover, the acoustic velocities were ∼ 16 m/s and ∼ 42 m/s at 1.1 MHz and 3.3 MHz, respectively. Hence, smaller droplets could be attained at higher frequency excitation under intense catastrophic modes. The Ohnesorge number (Oh) increased from 0.062 to 3.12 with the viscosity between 10.6 mPas and 530 mPas. However, the We remained constant at 856.14 for the studied range. Generally, higher critical We is required for the different breakup stages as the viscosity ratio is elevated. Moreover, the We increased from 25.68 to 1284.22 as the droplet radius was elevated from 15 to 750 µm. Larger droplets allow for higher possibility and intensity of breakup due to diminished viscous and interfacial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid37655637, year = {2023}, author = {Gladman, NW and Askew, GN}, title = {The hydrodynamics of jet propulsion swimming in hatchling and juvenile European common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, Linnaeus (1758).}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.246225}, pmid = {37655637}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Cuttlefish swim using jet propulsion, taking a small volume of fluid into the mantle cavity before it is expelled through the siphon to generate thrust. Jet propulsion swimming has been shown to be more metabolically expensive than undulatory swimming, which has been suggested to be due to the lower efficiency of jet propulsion. The whole cycle propulsive efficiency of cephalopod molluscs ranges from 38-76%, indicating that in some instances jet propulsion can be relatively efficient. Here, we determined the hydrodynamics of hatchling and juvenile cuttlefish during jet propulsion swimming to understand the characteristics of their jets, and whether their whole cycle propulsive efficiency changes during development. Cuttlefish were found to utilise two jet types: isolated jet vortices (termed jet mode I) and elongated jets (leading edge vortex ring followed by a trailing jet; termed jet mode II). The use of these jet modes differed between the age classes, with newly hatched animals nearly exclusively utilising mode I jets, while juveniles showed no strong preferences. Whole cycle propulsive efficiency was found to be high, ranging from 72-80%, and did not differ between age-classes. During development, Strouhal number decreased as Reynolds number increased, which is consistent with animals adjusting their jetting behaviour in order to maximise whole cycle propulsive efficiency and locomotor performance. While jet propulsion swimming can have a relatively high energetic cost, in cuttlefish and nautilus, both neutrally buoyant species, the whole cycle propulsive efficiency is actually relatively high.}, }
@article {pmid37651341, year = {2023}, author = {Sun, B and Zheng, W and Tong, A and Di, D and Li, Z}, title = {Prediction of the roughness coefficient for drainage pipelines with sediments using GA-BPNN.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {1111-1130}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2023.249}, pmid = {37651341}, issn = {0273-1223}, abstract = {Accurate prediction of the roughness coefficient of sediment-containing drainage pipes can help engineers optimize urban drainage systems. In this paper, the variation of the roughness coefficient of circular drainage pipes containing different thicknesses of sediments under different flows and slopes was studied by experimental measurements. Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation Neural Network (GA-BPNN) were used to predict the roughness coefficient. To explore the potential of artificial neural networks to predict the roughness coefficient, a formula based on drag segmentation was established to calculate the roughness coefficient. The results show that the variation trend of the roughness coefficient with flow, hydraulic radius, and Reynolds number is consistent. With the increase of the three parameters, the roughness coefficient decreases overall. Compared to the traditional empirical formula, the BPNN model and the GA-BPNN model increased the determination factors in the testing stage by 3.47 and 3.99%, respectively, and reduced the mean absolute errors by 41.18 and 47.06%, respectively. The study provides an intelligent method for accurate prediction of sediment-containing drainage pipes roughness coefficient.}, }
@article {pmid37646074, year = {2023}, author = {Pandian, SK and Broom, M and Balzan, M and Willmott, GR}, title = {Influence of rheology and micropatterns on spreading, retraction and fingering of an impacting drop.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm00944k}, pmid = {37646074}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Rheology and surface microstructure affect many drop impact processes, including in emerging printing and patterning applications. This study reports on experiments systematically addressing the influence of these parameters on drop impacts. The experiments involved drop impacts of water, glycerol, and shear-thinning carbopol solutions on ten different microstructured surfaces, captured using high-speed photography. The impact Weber number (We) was varied from 70 to 350, and the microstructures consisted of 20 μm wide pillars with circular and square cross sections arranged in square arrays. The data focus on maximum spreading, retraction rates, threshold conditions for asymmetric (non-circular) spreading, and fingers protruding from the spreading rim. The extent of spreading was reduced by the presence of micropillars, and was well-explained using a hybrid scaling model. The drop retraction rate ((?)) showed moderate agreement with the inertial regime scaling (?) ∝ We[-0.50], but did decrease with effective viscosity. Retraction was slower when the contact line was pinned on surfaces that were flat or had relatively tall or closely-spaced pillars, and was disrupted by drop break-up at We ≳ 250 for low-viscosity fluids. Impact velocities at the onset of asymmetric spreading had weak dependence on viscosity. Fingers were more numerous for greater We, lower effective viscosity, lower pillar height, and for pillars with square cross-sections. Fingers were favoured in directions parallel to the rows of the pillar array, especially near the onset of finger formation. Consistent comparisons between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were enabled by calculating an effective Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid37631640, year = {2023}, author = {Gao, S and Rui, X and Zeng, X and Zhou, J}, title = {EWOD Chip with Micro-Barrier Electrode for Simultaneous Enhanced Mixing during Transportation.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {23}, number = {16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s23167102}, pmid = {37631640}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {62274039//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Digital microfluidic platforms have been extensively studied in biology. However, achieving efficient mixing of macromolecules in microscale, low Reynolds number fluids remains a major challenge. To address this challenge, this study presents a novel design solution based on dielectric electro-wetting (EWOD) by optimizing the geometry of the transport electrode. The new design integrates micro-barriers on the electrodes to generate vortex currents that promote mixing during droplet transport. This design solution requires only two activation signals, minimizing the number of pins required. The mixing performance of the new design was evaluated by analyzing the degree of mixing inside the droplet and quantifying the motion of the internal particles. In addition, the rapid mixing capability of the new platform was demonstrated by successfully mixing the sorbitol solution with the detection solution and detecting the resulting reaction products. The experimental results show that the transfer electrode with a micro-barrier enables rapid mixing of liquids with a six-fold increase in mixing efficiency, making it ideal for the development of EWOD devices.}, }
@article {pmid37630135, year = {2023}, author = {Fu, Q and Liu, Z and Cao, S and Wang, Z and Liu, G}, title = {Topology-Optimized Micromixer Design with Enhanced Reverse Flow to Increase Mixing Efficiency.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14081599}, pmid = {37630135}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In this work, a serpentine mixing unit model based on topology optimization is proposed to enhance the reverse flow in both horizontal and vertical directions. The increase in reverse flow in both directions can enhance the chaotic advection phenomenon, leading to a rapid increase in the mixing index. The proposed mixing unit model is applied in a T-shaped micromixer to create a new micromixer design, named TOD. Numerical simulations of TOD are performed using Comsol Multiphysics software to analyze the characteristics of the liquid flow, mixing surface, and pressure drop. The simulation results confirm that TOD has an outstanding mixing performance. By widening the surface area of contact and enhancing the chaotic advection phenomenon, TOD shows an excellent mixing performance at both a high and low Reynolds number, making it a promising micromixer design. For Re > 5, the mixing indexes of TOD are all beyond 90%.}, }
@article {pmid37630030, year = {2023}, author = {Knüppel, F and Sun, A and Wurm, FH and Hussong, J and Torner, B}, title = {Effect of Particle Migration on the Stress Field in Microfluidic Flows of Blood Analog Fluids at High Reynolds Numbers.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14081494}, pmid = {37630030}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {469384587//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {In the present paper, we investigate how the reductions in shear stresses and pressure losses in microfluidic gaps are directly linked to the local characteristics of cell-free layers (CFLs) at channel Reynolds numbers relevant to ventricular assist device (VAD) applications. For this, detailed studies of local particle distributions of a particulate blood analog fluid are combined with wall shear stress and pressure loss measurements in two complementary set-ups with identical flow geometry, bulk Reynolds numbers and particle Reynolds numbers. For all investigated particle volume fractions of up to 5%, reductions in the stress and pressure loss were measured in comparison to a flow of an equivalent homogeneous fluid (without particles). We could explain this due to the formation of a CFL ranging from 10 to 20 μm. Variations in the channel Reynolds number between Re = 50 and 150 did not lead to measurable changes in CFL heights or stress reductions for all investigated particle volume fractions. These measurements were used to describe the complete chain of how CFL formation leads to a stress reduction, which reduces the apparent viscosity of the suspension and results in the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect. This chain of causes was investigated for the first time for flows with high Reynolds numbers (Re∼100), representing a flow regime which can be found in the narrow gaps of a VAD.}, }
@article {pmid37622989, year = {2023}, author = {Gojon, R and Parisot-Dupuis, H and Mellot, B and Jardin, T}, title = {Aeroacoustic radiation of low Reynolds number rotors in interaction with beams.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {154}, number = {2}, pages = {1248-1260}, doi = {10.1121/10.0020672}, pmid = {37622989}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {The radiation characteristics of rotor-beam interaction noise are studied experimentally for low Reynolds number small-scale rotors in interaction with beams of different shapes, sizes, and downstream positions. The number of blades ranges from two to four. For the two-bladed rotor, the presence of the beam has no effect on the mean aerodynamic performance. Moreover, the blade passing frequency (BPF) and the high frequency broadband noise (BBN) appear not to be affected by the presence of the beam. On the contrary, the magnitude of the 2×BPF-25×BPF harmonics increases up to 30 dB compared to the case without beam, with an envelope consisting of two humps: one centered around 5×BPF and another around 20×BPF-25×BPF. For the first hump, a dipole-like pattern with minimal amplitude aligned with the beam can be observed, whereas another dipole-like pattern is observed for the higher frequency hump, but with a minimal amplitude over all the rotor disk plane. Compared to the two-bladed rotor, the presence of the beam has an effect on the mean aerodynamic performance of the three- and four-bladed rotors, increasing both the torque and the thrust at iso-rotational speed. This change leads to a change in the directivity of the BPF tone that decreases at a latitude angle of θ=0° and increases at a latitude angle of θ=40°. Moreover, the same two competing humps are observed on the BPF harmonics envelope. Interestingly, the frequency range over which an amplification of the harmonic magnitude is observed seems not to be influenced by the number of blades. Finally, the magnitude of the low frequency hump increases with the beam diameter, the rotational speed, and the number of blades but decreases with the rotor-beam distance. That of the high frequency hump increases also with the rotational speed and the number of blades, but not anymore with the beam diameter, and reaches a maximum value when the rotor-beam distance is at an intermediate distance of L = 25 mm. This hump is also influenced, to a lesser extent, by the shape of the beam. The two different evolutions permit us to conclude that the noise generation mechanisms leading to the two humps must be different. Scaling laws of the acoustical energy are derived for all those parameters. As already done for previous experiments without beam, all of the results are made available as an open database, at https://dataverse.isae-supaero.fr/.}, }
@article {pmid37611057, year = {2023}, author = {Cui, Z and Wang, Y and Zhang, S and Wang, T and den Toonder, JMJ}, title = {Miniaturized metachronal magnetic artificial cilia.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {35}, pages = {e2304519120}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2304519120}, pmid = {37611057}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; }, abstract = {Biological cilia, hairlike organelles on cell surfaces, often exhibit collective wavelike motion known as metachrony, which helps generating fluid flow. Inspired by nature, researchers have developed artificial cilia as microfluidic actuators, exploring several methods to mimic the metachrony. However, reported methods are difficult to miniaturize because they require either control of individual cilia properties or the generation of a complex external magnetic field. We introduce a concept that generates metachronal motion of magnetic artificial cilia (MAC), even though the MAC are all identical, and the applied external magnetic field is uniform. This is achieved by integrating a paramagnetic substructure in the substrate underneath the MAC. Uniquely, we can create both symplectic and antiplectic metachrony by changing the relative positions of MAC and substructure. We demonstrate the flow generation of the two metachronal motions in both high and low Reynolds number conditions. Our research marks a significant milestone by breaking the size limitation barrier in metachronal artificial cilia. This achievement not only showcases the potential of nature-inspired engineering but also opens up a host of exciting opportunities for designing and optimizing microsystems with enhanced fluid manipulation capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid37607926, year = {2023}, author = {Barbhuiya, NH and Yodh, AG and Mishra, CK}, title = {Direction-dependent dynamics of colloidal particle pairs and the Stokes-Einstein relation in quasi-two-dimensional fluids.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {5109}, pmid = {37607926}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Hydrodynamic interactions are important for diverse fluids, especially those with low Reynolds number such as microbial and particle-laden suspensions, and proteins diffusing in membranes. Unfortunately, while far-field (asymptotic) hydrodynamic interactions are fully understood in two- and three-dimensions, near-field interactions are not, and thus our understanding of motions in dense fluid suspensions is still lacking. In this contribution, we experimentally explore the hydrodynamic correlations between particles in quasi-two-dimensional colloidal fluids in the near-field. Surprisingly, the measured displacement and relaxation of particle pairs in the body frame exhibit direction-dependent dynamics that can be connected quantitatively to the measured near-field hydrodynamic interactions. These findings, in turn, suggest a mechanism for how and when hydrodynamics can lead to a breakdown of the ubiquitous Stokes-Einstein relation (SER). We observe this breakdown, and we show that the direction-dependent breakdown of the SER is ameliorated along directions where hydrodynamic correlations are smallest. In total, the work uncovers significant ramifications of near-field hydrodynamics on transport and dynamic restructuring of fluids in two-dimensions.}, }
@article {pmid37595246, year = {2023}, author = {Bätge, T and Fouxon, I and Wilczek, M}, title = {Quantitative Prediction of Sling Events in Turbulence at High Reynolds Numbers.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {131}, number = {5}, pages = {054001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.054001}, pmid = {37595246}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Collisional growth of droplets, such as occurring in warm clouds, is known to be significantly enhanced by turbulence. Whether particles collide depends on their flow history, in particular on their encounters with highly intermittent small-scale turbulent structures, which despite their rarity can dominate the overall collision rate. Here, we develop a quantitative criterion for sling events based on the velocity gradient history along particle paths. We show by a combination of theory and simulations that the problem reduces to a one-dimensional localization problem as encountered in condensed matter physics. The reduction demonstrates that the creation of slings is controlled by the minimal real eigenvalue of the velocity gradient tensor. We use fully resolved turbulence simulations to confirm our predictions and study their Stokes and Reynolds number dependence. We also discuss extrapolations to the parameter range relevant for typical cloud droplets, showing that sling events at high Reynolds numbers are enhanced by an order of magnitude for small Stokes numbers. Thus, intermittency could be a significant ingredient in the collisional growth of rain droplets.}, }
@article {pmid37585463, year = {2023}, author = {Tian, Y and Woodward, M and Stepanov, M and Fryer, C and Hyett, C and Livescu, D and Chertkov, M}, title = {Lagrangian large eddy simulations via physics-informed machine learning.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {34}, pages = {e2213638120}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2213638120}, pmid = {37585463}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {20180059DR//DOE | NNSA | LDRD | Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)/ ; }, abstract = {High-Reynolds number homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) is fully described within the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations, which are notoriously difficult to solve numerically. Engineers, interested primarily in describing turbulence at a reduced range of resolved scales, have designed heuristics, known as large eddy simulation (LES). LES is described in terms of the temporally evolving Eulerian velocity field defined over a spatial grid with the mean-spacing correspondent to the resolved scale. This classic Eulerian LES depends on assumptions about effects of subgrid scales on the resolved scales. Here, we take an alternative approach and design LES heuristics stated in terms of Lagrangian particles moving with the flow. Our Lagrangian LES, thus L-LES, is described by equations generalizing the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics formulation with extended parametric and functional freedom, which is then resolved via Machine Learning training on Lagrangian data from direct numerical simulations of the NS equations. The L-LES model includes physics-informed parameterization and functional form, by combining physics-based parameters and physics-inspired Neural Networks to describe the evolution of turbulence within the resolved range of scales. The subgrid-scale contributions are modeled separately with physical constraints to account for the effects from unresolved scales. We build the resulting model under the differentiable programming framework to facilitate efficient training. We experiment with loss functions of different types, including physics-informed ones accounting for statistics of Lagrangian particles. We show that our L-LES model is capable of reproducing Eulerian and unique Lagrangian turbulence structures and statistics over a range of turbulent Mach numbers.}, }
@article {pmid37583155, year = {2023}, author = {Keirsbulck, L and Cadot, O and Basley, J and Lippert, M}, title = {Base suction, entrainment flux, and wake modes in the vortex formation region at the rear of a three-dimensional blunt bluff body.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {108}, number = {1-2}, pages = {015101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.015101}, pmid = {37583155}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A slitted base cavity of constant depth with a varying filling ratio 0≤R_{f}≤100% is experimentally investigated to reduce the form drag of a three-dimensional blunt body (the so-called squareback Ahmed body) at a Reynolds number Re=2.89×10^{5}. The drag reduction is achieved by a decrease of base suction (or, equivalently, the increase of pressure at the base). The plain cavity (R_{f}=100%) reduces the base suction by 22% compared to the case with no cavity (R_{f}=0). All intermediate filling ratio are obtained by the enlargement of the slits, initially having a zero width for the plain cavity case. It is shown that the gradual base suction change can be related to the level of the entrainment flux of the free shear layers developing from the rear separation and to the suppression of the transverse steady asymmetric instability of the wake. The model of the vortex formation region length of Gerrard [J. Fluid Mech. 25, 401 (1966)0022-112010.1017/S0022112066001721] is shown to provide an insightful interpretation of the drag reduction mechanism using ventilated base cavities.}, }
@article {pmid37583143, year = {2023}, author = {Maji, M and Eswaran, KS and Ghosh, S and Seshasayanan, K and Shukla, V}, title = {Equivalence of nonequilibrium ensembles: Two-dimensional turbulence with a dual cascade.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {108}, number = {1-2}, pages = {015102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.015102}, pmid = {37583143}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We examine the conjecture of equivalence of nonequilibrium ensembles for turbulent flows in two dimensions in a dual-cascade setup. We construct a formally time-reversible Navier-Stokes equation in two dimensions by imposing global constraints of energy and enstrophy conservation. A comparative study of the statistical properties of its solutions with those obtained from the standard Navier-Stokes equations clearly shows that a formally time-reversible system is able to reproduce the features of a two-dimensional turbulent flow. Statistical quantities based on one- and two-point measurements show an excellent agreement between the two systems for the inverse- and direct-cascade regions. Moreover, we find that the conjecture holds very well for two-dimensional turbulent flows with both conserved energy and enstrophy at finite Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid37576259, year = {2023}, author = {Uwadoka, O and Adelaja, AO and Olakoyejo, OT and Fadipe, OL and Efe, S}, title = {Numerical study of heat transfer, pressure drop and entropy production characteristics in inclined heat exchangers with uniform heat flux using mango bark/CO2 nanofluid.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e18694}, pmid = {37576259}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {For sustainable low-carbon cities, using sustainable urban energy system solutions is imperative. CO2-based bionanofluid is one proposed energy system solution that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. This paper examines the thermal-hydraulic and entropy production properties of mango bark/CO2 nanofluid for industrial-inclined gas cooling applications. The influence of gravitational force (in terms of tube inclination angle), volume fraction, and Reynolds number on the heat transfer, pressure drop, and entropy production of CO2-based mango bark nanofluids in laminar flow through a circular aluminum tube are numerically studied. The bionanofluid flows through a tube with an inner radius of 2.25 mm, a length of 970.0 mm, and an initial temperature of 320.0 K. A constant heat flux of -10.0 W/m[2] is applied to the flow at its walls. The laminar flow regime with Reynolds numbers of 100, 400, 700, and 1000 are subjected to flow inclinations of ±90°, ±60°, ±45°, ±30°, and 0° and bionanofluid volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%. Results show that ±45° tube inclination angle offers the optimal heat transfer coefficient, maximum pressure drop, and minimum total entropy production rates for Re > 100; however, for Re = 100, these occur at the inclination angle of -30° and +60°. The pressure drop shows less sensitivity to the inclination angle; however, it offers peak values at the same inclination angles as the heat transfer coefficient for the respective Reynolds number values. The maximum thermal enhancements due to gravitational effect are 42%, 93.98%, 121.28%, and 150% for Reynolds numbers of 100, 400, 700, and 1000, respectively, while that due to nanofluid volume fraction are less than 16%.}, }
@article {pmid37567889, year = {2023}, author = {Mohamed, RA and Abo-Dahab, SM and Abd-Alla, AM and Soliman, MS}, title = {Magnetohydrodynamic double-diffusive peristaltic flow of radiating fourth-grade nanofluid through a porous medium with viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {13096}, pmid = {37567889}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This article focuses on determining how to double diffusion affects the non-Newtonian fourth-grade nanofluids peristaltic motion within a symmetrical vertical elastic channel supported by a suitable porous medium as well as, concentrating on the impact of a few significant actual peculiarities on the development of the peristaltic liquid, such as rotation, initial pressure, non-linear thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption in the presence of viscous dissipation and joule heating with noting that the fluid inside the channel is subject to an externally induced magnetic field, giving it electromagnetic properties. Moreover, the constraints of the long-wavelength approximation and neglecting the wave number along with the low Reynolds number have been used to transform the nonlinear partial differential equations in two dimensions into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations in one dimension, which serve as the basic governing equations for fluid motion. The suitable numerical method for solving the new system of ordinary differential equations is the Runge-Kutta fourth-order numerical method with the shooting technique using the code MATLAB program. Using this code, a 2D and 3D graphical analysis was done to show how each physical parameter affected the distributions of axial velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, solutal concentration, pressure gradients, induced magnetic field, magnetic forces, and finally the trapping phenomenon. Under the influence of rotation [Formula: see text], heat Grashof number [Formula: see text], solutal Grashof number [Formula: see text], and initial stress [Formula: see text], the axial velocity distribution [Formula: see text] changes from increasing to decreasing, according to some of the study's findings. On the other hand, increasing values of nonlinear thermal radiation [Formula: see text] and temperature ratio [Formula: see text] have a negative impact on the temperature distribution [Formula: see text] but a positive impact on the distributions of nanoparticle volume fraction [Formula: see text] and solutal concentration [Formula: see text]. Darcy number [Formula: see text] and mean fluid rate [Formula: see text] also had a positive effect on the distribution of pressure gradients, making it an increasing function.}, }
@article {pmid37535112, year = {2023}, author = {Mounkaila Noma, D and Dagois-Bohy, S and Millet, S and Ben Hadid, H and Botton, V and Henry, D}, title = {Nonlinear evolution of viscoplastic film flows down an inclined plane.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {46}, number = {8}, pages = {68}, pmid = {37535112}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {In this article, we experimentally investigate the nonlinear behaviour of a viscoplastic film flow down an inclined plane. We focus on the nonlinear instabilities that appear as roll waves. Roll waves are generated by perturbing a permanent flow of Herschel-Bulkley fluid (Carbopol 980) at low frequencies. To determine the local thickness of the film, we used a laser sensor and a camera to globally capture the transverse shape of the waves. For a regular forcing, the results show the existence of different regimes. First, we observe primary instabilities below the cut-off frequency at the entrance of the channel. After the exponential growth of the wave in the linear regime, we recognise the nonlinear dynamics with the existence of finite amplitude waves. This finite amplitude depends on the frequency, the Reynolds number and the inclination angle. The results show that this instability is supercritical. At moderate Reynolds numbers, the finite 2-D waves become sensitive to transverse perturbations, due to a secondary instability, and become 3-D waves. The experimental results illustrate a phenomenology of viscoplastic film flows similar to Newtonian fluids, except for the capillary waves.}, }
@article {pmid37519826, year = {2023}, author = {Kechagidis, K and Owen, B and Guillou, L and Tse, H and Di Carlo, D and Krüger, T}, title = {Numerical investigation of the dynamics of a rigid spherical particle in a vortical cross-slot flow at moderate inertia.}, journal = {Microsystems &amp; nanoengineering}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100}, pmid = {37519826}, issn = {2055-7434}, abstract = {The study of flow and particle dynamics in microfluidic cross-slot channels is of high relevance for lab-on-a-chip applications. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of a rigid spherical particle in a cross-slot junction for a channel height-to-width ratio of 0.6 and at a Reynolds number of 120 for which a steady vortex exists in the junction area. Using an in-house immersed-boundary-lattice-Boltzmann code, we analyse the effect of the entry position of the particle in the junction and the particle size on the dynamics and trajectory shape of the particle. We find that the dynamics of the particle depend strongly on its lateral entry position in the junction and weakly on its vertical entry position; particles that enter close to the centre show trajectory oscillations. Larger particles have longer residence times in the junction and tend to oscillate less due to their confinement. Our work contributes to the understanding of particle dynamics in intersecting flows and enables the design of optimised geometries for cytometry and particle manipulation.}, }
@article {pmid37518499, year = {2023}, author = {Yokoo, H and Yamamoto, M and Matsumoto, T and Yamada, T and Kanda, T}, title = {Study of the reverse transition in pipe flow.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {12333}, pmid = {37518499}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In the reverse transition in pipe flow, turbulent flow changes to less disturbed laminar flow. The entropy of the flow appears to decrease. This study examined the reverse transition experimentally and theoretically using entropy change and momentum balance models, not in terms of disturbance in the flow. The reverse transition was accomplished by decreasing the Reynolds number. The transitions approximately correlated with local Reynolds numbers. The initial Reynolds number of the transition became larger, and the pressure at low Reynolds numbers was greater than in ordinary pipe flow. These behaviours were caused by turbulent flow in the pipe undergoing a reverse transition. We showed that the entropy did not decrease in the reverse transition by including the entropy due to friction in the development region.}, }
@article {pmid37512778, year = {2023}, author = {Mihai, I and Suciu, C and Picus, CM}, title = {Assessment of Vapor Formation Rate and Phase Shift between Pressure Gradient and Liquid Velocity in Flat Mini Heat Pipes as a Function of Internal Structure.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14071468}, pmid = {37512778}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Flat mini heat pipes (FMHPs) are often used in cooling systems for various power electronic components, as they rapidly dissipate high heat flux densities. The main objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate whether differences in the rate of vapor formation occur on an internal structure containing trapezoidal microchannels and porous sintered copper powder material. Several parameters, such as hydraulic diameter and fluid velocity through the material, as a function of the internal structure porosity, were determined by calculation for a steady state regime. Reynolds number was determined as a function of porosity, according to Darcy's law, and the Nusselt number was calculated. Since the flow is Darcy-type through the porous medium inside the FMHP, the Darcy friction factor was calculated using five methods: Colebrook, Darcy-Weisbach, Swamee-Jain, Blasius, and Haaland. After experimental tests, it was found that when the porous and trapezoidal microchannel layers are wetted at the same time, the vaporization progresses at a faster rate in the porous material, and the duration of the process is shorter. This recommends the use of such an internal structure in FMHPs since the manufacturing technology is simpler, the materials are cheaper, and the heat flux transport capacity is higher.}, }
@article {pmid37512729, year = {2023}, author = {Ray, DR and Das, DK}, title = {Simulations of Flows via CFD in Microchannels for Characterizing Entrance Region and Developing New Correlations for Hydrodynamic Entrance Length.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14071418}, pmid = {37512729}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Devices with microchannels are relatively new, and many correlations are not yet developed to design them efficiently. In microchannels, the flow regime is primarily laminar, where entrance length may occupy a significant section of the flow channel. Therefore, several computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed in this research to characterize the developing flow regime. The new correlations of entrance length were developed from a vast number of numerical results obtained from these simulations. A three-dimensional laminar flow for 37 Reynolds numbers (0.1, 0.2, …, 1, 2, …, 10, 20, …, 100, 200, …, 1000), primarily in low regime with water flow through six rectangular microchannels (aspect ratio: 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.2, 0.125), has been modeled, conducting 222 simulations to characterize flow developments and ascertain progressive velocity profile shapes. Examination of the fully developed flow condition was considered using traditional criteria such as velocity and incremental pressure drop number. Additionally, a new criterion was presented based on fRe. Numerical results from the present simulations were validated by comparing the fully developed velocity profile, friction factor, and hydrodynamic entrance length for Re > 100 in rectangular channels, for which accurate data are available in the literature. There is a need for hydrodynamic entrance length correlations in a low Reynolds number regime (Re < 100). So, the model was run numerous times to generate a vast amount of numerical data that yielded two new correlations based on the velocity and fRe criteria.}, }
@article {pmid37507561, year = {2023}, author = {Singh, S and Suman, S and Mitra, S and Kumar, M}, title = {Optimization of a novel trapezoidal staggered ribs configuration for enhancement of a solar air heater performance using CFD.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37507561}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {A novel transverse trapezoidal staggered ribs configuration as artificial roughness is investigated using CFD to understand the fluid flow and heat transfer behaviors for improving the performance of a solar air heater. In addition, experimental validation of Nusselt numbers for smooth duct against CFD results is established. The staggered ribs arrangement outperforms the continuous ribs and insights obtained from the thermal-fluid flow behaviors are further applied to optimize the staggered arrangements of the rib. Reynolds number Re is varied from 5000 to 24,000, and rib parameters are optimized with a special focus on understanding the effects of discontinuous rib width (w) and gap width (g). Two widely studied shapes of rib, namely, cylindrical and rectangular, are also investigated for the transverse staggered arrangement with the same optimized parameters for the comparison of thermo-hydraulic performances. Trapezoidal ribs having discontinuous rib width of 50 mm and gap width of 10 mm give the maximum thermo-hydraulic performance of 1.57 at Reynolds number of 5000. The optimized staggered trapezoidal ribs outperform the staggered cylindrical and rectangular ribs. However, staggered rectangular ribs give the highest increase in the Nusselt number and these may be preferred for application when pressure drop is not of concern.}, }
@article {pmid37506216, year = {2023}, author = {Shinder, II and Johnson, AN and Filla, BJ and Khromchenko, VB and Moldover, MR and Boyd, J and Wright, JD and Stoup, J}, title = {Non-nulling protocols for fast, accurate, 3-D velocity measurements in stacks.}, journal = {Journal of the Air &amp; Waste Management Association (1995)}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, pages = {600-617}, doi = {10.1080/10962247.2023.2218827}, pmid = {37506216}, issn = {2162-2906}, abstract = {The authors present protocols for making fast, accurate, 3D velocity measurements in the stacks of coal-fired power plants. The measurements are traceable to internationally-recognized standards; therefore, they provide a rigorous basis for measuring and/or regulating the emissions from stacks. The authors used novel, five-hole, hemispherical, differential-pressure probes optimized for non-nulling (no-probe rotation) measurements. The probes resist plugging from ash and water droplets. Integrating the differential pressures for only 5 seconds determined the axial velocity Va with an expanded relative uncertainty Ur(Va) ≤ 2% of the axial velocity at the probe's location, the flow's pitch (α) and yaw (β) angles with expanded uncertainties U(α) = U(β) = 1 °, and the static pressure ps with Ur(ps) = 0.1% of the static pressure. This accuracy was achieved 1) by calibrating each probe in a wind tunnel at 130, strategically-chosen values of (Va, α, β) spanning the conditions found in the majority of stacks (|α| ≤ 20 °; |β| ≤ 40 °; 4.5 m/s ≤ Va ≤27 m/s), and 2) by using a long-forgotten definition of the pseudo-dynamic pressure that scales with the dynamic pressure. The resulting calibration functions span the probe-diameter Reynolds number range from 7,600 to 45,000.Implications: The continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) that measure the flue gas flow rate in coal-fired power plant smokestacks are calibrated (at least) annually by a velocity profiling method. The stack axial velocity profile is measured by traversing S-type pitot probes (or one of the other EPA-sanctioned pitot probes) across two orthogonal, diametric chords in the stack cross-section. The average area-weighted axial velocity calculated from the pitot traverse quantifies the accuracy of the CEMS flow monitor. Therefore, the flow measurement accuracy of coal-fired power plants greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions depends on the accuracy of pitot probe velocity measurements. Coal-fired power plants overwhelmingly calibrate CEMS flow monitors using S-type pitot probes. Almost always, stack testers measure the velocity without rotating or nulling the probe (i.e., the non-nulling method). These 1D non-nulling velocity measurements take significantly less time than the corresponding 2D nulling measurements (or 3D nulling measurements for other probe types). However, the accuracy of the 1D non-nulling velocity measurements made using S-type probes depends on the pitch and yaw angles of the flow. Measured axial velocities are accurate at pitch and yaw angles near zero, but the accuracy degrades at larger pitch and yaw angles.The authors developed a 5-hole hemispherical pitot probe that accurately measures the velocity vector in coal-fired smokestacks without needing to rotate or null the probe. This non-nulling, 3D probe is designed with large diameter pressure ports to prevent water droplets (or particulates) from obstructing its pressure ports when applied in stack flow measurement applications. This manuscript presents a wind tunnel calibration procedure to determine the non-nulling calibration curves for 1) dynamic pressure; 2) pitch angle; 3) yaw angle; and 4) static pressure. These calibration curves are used to determine axial velocities from 6 m/s to 27 m/s, yaw angles between ±40°, and pitch angles between ±20°. The uncertainties at the 95% confidence limit for axial velocity, yaw angle, and pitch angle are 2% (or less), 1°, and 1°, respectively. Therefore, in contrast to existing EPA-sanctioned probes, the non-nulling hemispherical probe provides fast, low uncertainty velocity measurements independent of the pitch and yaw angles of the stack flow.}, }
@article {pmid37505953, year = {2023}, author = {Küchler, C and Bewley, GP and Bodenschatz, E}, title = {Universal Velocity Statistics in Decaying Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {131}, number = {2}, pages = {024001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.024001}, pmid = {37505953}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {In turbulent flows, kinetic energy is transferred from large spatial scales to small ones, where it is converted to heat by viscosity. For strong turbulence, i.e., high Reynolds numbers, Kolmogorov conjectured in 1941 that this energy transfer is dominated by inertial forces at intermediate spatial scales. Since Kolmogorov's conjecture, the velocity difference statistics in this so-called inertial range have been expected to follow universal power laws for which theoretical predictions have been refined over the years. Here we present experimental results over an unprecedented range of Reynolds numbers in a well-controlled wind tunnel flow produced in the Max Planck Variable Density Turbulence Tunnel. We find that the measured second-order velocity difference statistics become independent of the Reynolds number, suggesting a universal behavior of decaying turbulence. However, we do not observe power laws even at the highest Reynolds number, i.e., at turbulence levels otherwise only attainable in atmospheric flows. Our results point to a Reynolds number-independent logarithmic correction to the classical power law for decaying turbulence that calls for theoretical understanding.}, }
@article {pmid37501997, year = {2023}, author = {Aich, W and Javid, K and Tag-ElDin, ESM and Ghachem, K and Ullah, I and Iqbal, MA and Khan, SU and Kolsi, L}, title = {Thermal and physical impact of viscoplastic nanoparticles in a complex divergent channel due to peristalsis phenomenon: Heat generation and multiple slip effects.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e17644}, pmid = {37501997}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {In the advance studies, researchers have performed productive research contributions in the field of nanofluid mechanics under various biological assumptions. These contributions are fruitful to understand the applications of nanofluids in the various fields such as hybrid-powered engine, heart-diagnose, to prevent numerous diseases, heat exchanger, pharmaceutical processes, etc. The current analysis explores the combined effects of heat generation and chemical reaction on the peristaltic flow of viscoplastic nanofluid through a non-uniform (divergent) channel. The physical effects of second-order velocity slip, thermal slip and mass slip parameters on the rheological characteristics are also considered. To describe non-Newtonian effects, the Casson fluid is deployed. The greater wavelength assumption and low Reynolds number theory are used to attain the rheological equations. Numerical solutions of these governing equations associated with suitable boundary conditions are obtained via Mathematica symbolic software. The velocity magnitude of Casson fluid is higher than associated with Newtonian fluid. Radiation parameter has a vigorous impact in the reduction (enhancement) of temperature (mass concentration) profile. The porous parameter has a remarkable impact in reduction of temperature and velocity profile. Thermal enhancement is perceived by intensifying the chemical reaction parameter, and opposite inclination is noticed in mass concentration. Temperature has been demonstrated to be increased by increasing the Darcy number. The magnitudes of both axial velocity and temperature distribution are smaller in the presence of second-order velocity slip parameters effect as compared with no-slip condition. The magnitudes of axial velocity and mass (or, nanoparticle) concentration are augmented by accumulating the Prandtl number. A rise in Brownian parameter is noticed to depress the mass concentration. The present study has been used in bio-mechanical processes, nanomaterial devices, heat transfer enhancement, radiators, and electronics cooling systems.}, }
@article {pmid37467268, year = {2023}, author = {Buaria, D and Sreenivasan, KR}, title = {Forecasting small-scale dynamics of fluid turbulence using deep neural networks.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {30}, pages = {e2305765120}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2305765120}, pmid = {37467268}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Turbulence in fluid flows is characterized by a wide range of interacting scales. Since the scale range increases as some power of the flow Reynolds number, a faithful simulation of the entire scale range is prohibitively expensive at high Reynolds numbers. The most expensive aspect concerns the small-scale motions; thus, major emphasis is placed on understanding and modeling them, taking advantage of their putative universality. In this work, using physics-informed deep learning methods, we present a modeling framework to capture and predict the small-scale dynamics of turbulence, via the velocity gradient tensor. The model is based on obtaining functional closures for the pressure Hessian and viscous Laplacian contributions as functions of velocity gradient tensor. This task is accomplished using deep neural networks that are consistent with physical constraints and explicitly incorporate Reynolds number dependence to account for small-scale intermittency. We then utilize a massive direct numerical simulation database, spanning two orders of magnitude in the large-scale Reynolds number, for training and validation. The model learns from low to moderate Reynolds numbers and successfully predicts velocity gradient statistics at both seen and higher (unseen) Reynolds numbers. The success of our present approach demonstrates the viability of deep learning over traditional modeling approaches in capturing and predicting small-scale features of turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid37464695, year = {2023}, author = {Zheng, JL and Liu, YL}, title = {Experimental study on the flow structures and dynamics of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in an annular cell.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065112}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.065112}, pmid = {37464695}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We conduct an experimental study on the flow structures and dynamics of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in an annular cell with radius ratio η≃0.5 and aspect ratio Γ≃4. The working fluid is water with a Prandtl number of Pr≃5.4, and the Rayleigh number (Ra) ranges from 5.05×10^{7} to 5.05×10^{8}. The multithermal-probe method and the particle image velocimetry technique are employed to measure the temperature profiles and the velocity fields, respectively. Two distinct states with multiroll standing waves are observed, which are the quadrupole state (QS) characterized by a four-roll structure and the sextupole state (SS) by a six-roll structure. The scaling exponents of Reynolds number Re with Ra are different for the two states, which are 0.56 for QS and 0.41 for SS. In addition, the standing waves become unstable upon tilting the cell by 1^{∘} in relation to the horizontal plane, and they evolve into traveling waves. At relatively high Ra, for instance, Ra⩾2.55×10^{8}, it is observed that the traveling wave state SS undergoes a transition to the traveling wave state QS. However, the opposite transition from QS to SS is not observed in our experiments. Our findings provide insights into the flow structures and dynamics in the convection flow with rotation symmetry.}, }
@article {pmid37455389, year = {2023}, author = {Zhang, T and Inglis, DW and Ngo, L and Wang, Y and Hosokawa, Y and Yalikun, Y and Li, M}, title = {Inertial Separation of Particles Assisted by Symmetrical Sheath Flows in a Straight Microchannel.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02089}, pmid = {37455389}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Over the past two decades, inertial microfluidics, which works at an intermediate range of Reynolds number (∼1 < Re < ∼100), has been widely used for particle separation due to its high-throughput and label-free features. This work proposes a novel method for continuous separation of particles by size using inertial microfluidics, with the assistance of symmetrical sheath flows in a straight microchannel. Here, larger particles (>3 μm) are arranged close to the channel sidewalls, while smaller particles (<2 μm) remain flowing along the channel centerline. This conclusion is supported by experimental data with particles of different sizes ranging from 0.79 to 10.5 μm. Symmetrical Newtonian sheath flows are injected on both sides of particle mixtures into a straight rectangular microchannel with an aspect ratio (AR = height/width) of 2.5. Results show that the separation performance of the developed microfluidic device is affected by three main factors: channel length, total flow rate, and flow rate ratio of sheath to sample. Besides, separation of platelets from whole blood is demonstrated. The developed microfluidic platform owns the advantages of low fabrication cost, simple experiment setup, versatile selections of particle candidates, and stable operations. This systematic study provides a new perspective for particle separation, which is expected to find applications across various fields spanning physics, biology, biomedicine, and industry.}, }
@article {pmid37449188, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmad, S and Ali, K and Katbar, NM and Akhtar, Y and Cai, J and Jamshed, W and El Din, SM and Abd-Elmonem, A and Elmki Abdalla, NS}, title = {Vortex generation due to multiple localized magnetic fields in the hybrid nanofluid flow - A numerical investigation.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e17756}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17756}, pmid = {37449188}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Vortices capture the attention of every scientist (as soon as they come into existence) while studying any flow problem because of their significance in comprehending fluid mixing and mass transport processes. A vortex is indeed a physical phenomenon that happens when a liquid or a gas flow in a circular motion. They are generated due to the velocity difference and may be seen in hurricanes, air moving across the plane wing, tornadoes, etc. The study of vortices is important for understanding various natural phenomena in different settings. This work explores the complex dynamics of the Lorentz force that drives the rotation of nanostructures and the emergence of intricate vortex patterns in a hybrid fluid with Fe3O4-Cu nanoparticles. The hybrid nanofluid is modeled as a single-phase fluid, and the partial differential equations (PDEs) that govern its behavior are solved numerically. This work also introduces a novel analysis that enables us to visualize the flow lines and isotherms around the magnetic strips in the flow domain. The Lorentz force confined to the strips causes the spinning of hybrid nanoparticles, resulting in complex vortex structures in the flow domain. The results indicate that the magnetic field lowers the Nusselt number by 34% while raising the skin friction by 9%. The Reynolds number amplifies the influence of the localized magnetic field on the flow dynamics. Lastly, the nano-scaled structures in the flow enhance the Nusselt number significantly while having a minor effect on the skin friction factor.}, }
@article {pmid37449115, year = {2023}, author = {Li, S and Khan, MI and Alruqi, AB and Khan, SU and Abdullaev, SS and Fadhl, BM and Makhdoum, BM}, title = {Entropy optimized flow of Sutterby nanomaterial subject to porous medium: Buongiorno nanofluid model.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e17784}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17784}, pmid = {37449115}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Owing to enhanced thermal impact of nanomaterials, different applications are suggested in engineering and industrial systems like heat transfer devices, energy generation, extrusion processes, engine cooling, thermal systems, heat exchanger, chemical processes, manufacturing systems, hybrid-powered plants etc. The current communication concerns the optimized flow of Sutterby nanofluid due to stretched surface in view of different thermal sources. The investigation is supported with the applications of external heat source, magnetic force and radiative phenomenon. The irreversibility investigation is deliberated with implementation of thermodynamics second law. The thermophoresis and random movement characteristics are also studied. Additionally, first order binary reaction is also examined. The nonlinear system of the governing problem is obtained which are numerically computed by s method. The physical aspects of prominent flow parameters are attributed graphically. Further, the analysis for entropy generation and Bejan number is focused. It is observed that the velocity profile increases due to Reynolds number and Deborah number. Larger Schmidt number reduces the concentration distribution. Further, the entropy generation is improved against Reynolds number and Brinkman parameter.}, }
@article {pmid37437157, year = {2023}, author = {Saxena, A and Kroll-Rabotin, JS and Sanders, RS}, title = {Role of Flow Inertia in Aggregate Restructuring and Breakage at Finite Reynolds Numbers.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01012}, pmid = {37437157}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Forces acting on aggregates depend on their properties, such as size and structure. Breakage rate, stable size, and structure of fractal aggregates in multiphase flows are strongly related to the imposed hydrodynamic forces. While these forces are prevalently viscous for finite Reynolds number conditions, flow inertia cannot be ignored, thereby requiring one to fully resolve the Navier-Stokes equations. To highlight the effect of flow inertia on aggregate evolution, numerical investigation of aggregate evolution in simple shear flow at the finite Reynolds number is conducted. The evolution of aggregates exposed to shear flow is tracked over time. Particle coupling with the flow is resolved with an immersed boundary method, and flow dynamics are solved using a lattice Boltzmann method. Particle dynamics are tracked by a discrete element method, accounting for interactions between primary particles composing the aggregates. Over the range of aggregate-scale Reynolds numbers tested, the breakage rate appears to be governed by the combined effect of momentum diffusion and the ratio of particle interaction forces to the hydrodynamic forces. For higher shear stresses, even when no stable size exists, breakage is not instantaneous because of momentum diffusion kinetics. Simulations with particle interaction forces scaled with the viscous drag, to isolate the effect of finite Reynolds hydrodynamics on aggregate evolution, show that flow inertia at such moderate aggregate Reynolds numbers has no impact on the morphology of nonbreaking aggregates but significantly favors breakage probability. This is a first-of-its-kind study that establishes the role of flow inertia in aggregate evolution. The findings present a novel perspective into breakage kinetics for systems in low but finite Reynolds number conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37425484, year = {2023}, author = {Birtek, MT and Alseed, MM and Sarabi, MR and Ahmadpour, A and Yetisen, AK and Tasoglu, S}, title = {Machine learning-augmented fluid dynamics simulations for micromixer educational module.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {044101}, pmid = {37425484}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Micromixers play an imperative role in chemical and biomedical systems. Designing compact micromixers for laminar flows owning a low Reynolds number is more challenging than flows with higher turbulence. Machine learning models can enable the optimization of the designs and capabilities of microfluidic systems by receiving input from a training library and producing algorithms that can predict the outcomes prior to the fabrication process to minimize development cost and time. Here, an educational interactive microfluidic module is developed to enable the design of compact and efficient micromixers at low Reynolds regimes for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The optimization of Newtonian fluids designs was based on a machine learning model, which was trained by simulating and calculating the mixing index of 1890 different micromixer designs. This approach utilized a combination of six design parameters and the results as an input data set to a two-layer deep neural network with 100 nodes in each hidden layer. A trained model was achieved with R[2] = 0.9543 that can be used to predict the mixing index and find the optimal parameters needed to design micromixers. Non-Newtonian fluid cases were also optimized using 56700 simulated designs with eight varying input parameters, reduced to 1890 designs, and then trained using the same deep neural network used for Newtonian fluids to obtain R[2] = 0.9063. The framework was subsequently used as an interactive educational module, demonstrating a well-structured integration of technology-based modules such as using artificial intelligence in the engineering curriculum, which can highly contribute to engineering education.}, }
@article {pmid37420830, year = {2023}, author = {Scheuer, KG and DeCorby, RG}, title = {All-Optical, Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Detection of Low-Pressure Gas Leaks and Observation of Jet Tones in the MHz Range.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s23125665}, pmid = {37420830}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {Innovation Catalyst Grant//Government of Alberta/ ; AI//Alberta Innovates/ ; CREATE 495446-17//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/ ; Quantum Technologies//Alberta EDT Major Innovation Fund/ ; }, abstract = {We used an ultrasensitive, broadband optomechanical ultrasound sensor to study the acoustic signals produced by pressurized nitrogen escaping from a variety of small syringes. Harmonically related jet tones extending into the MHz region were observed for a certain range of flow (i.e., Reynolds number), which is in qualitative agreement with historical studies on gas jets emitted from pipes and orifices of much larger dimensions. For higher turbulent flow rates, we observed broadband ultrasonic emission in the ~0-5 MHz range, which was likely limited on the upper end due to attenuation in air. These observations are made possible by the broadband, ultrasensitive response (for air-coupled ultrasound) of our optomechanical devices. Aside from being of theoretical interest, our results could have practical implications for the non-contact monitoring and detection of early-stage leaks in pressured fluid systems.}, }
@article {pmid37420356, year = {2022}, author = {Li, X and Su, H}, title = {A Modular Grad-Div Stabilization Method for Time-Dependent Thermally Coupled MHD Equations.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/e24101336}, pmid = {37420356}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {In this paper, we consider a fully discrete modular grad-div stabilization algorithm for time-dependent thermally coupled magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to add an extra minimally intrusive module to penalize the divergence errors of velocity and improve the computational efficiency for increasing values of the Reynolds number and grad-div stabilization parameters. In addition, we provide the unconditional stability and optimal convergence analysis of this algorithm. Finally, several numerical experiments are performed and further indicated these advantages over the algorithm without grad-div stabilization.}, }
@article {pmid37418738, year = {2023}, author = {Gotoh, T and Watanabe, T and Saito, I}, title = {Kinematic Effects on Probability Density Functions of Energy Dissipation Rate and Enstrophy in Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {130}, number = {25}, pages = {254001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.254001}, pmid = {37418738}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {Direct numerical simulation and theoretical analyses showed that the probability density functions (PDFs) of the energy dissipation rate and enstrophy in turbulence are asymptotically stretched gamma distributions with the same stretching exponent, and both the left and right tails of the enstrophy PDF are longer than those of the energy dissipation rate regardless of the Reynolds number. The differences in PDF tails arise due to the kinematics, with differences in the number of terms contributing to the dissipation rate and enstrophy. Meanwhile, the stretching exponent is determined by the dynamics and likeliness of singularities.}, }
@article {pmid37414852, year = {2023}, author = {Kim, M and Schanz, D and Novara, M and Godbersen, P and Yeom, E and Schröder, A}, title = {Experimental study on flow and turbulence characteristics of jet impinging on cylinder using three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking velocimetry.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {10929}, pmid = {37414852}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2021R1C1C2009287//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2021R1I1A3047664//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; DFG SPP 1881//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {When a round jet impinges on a convex cylindrical surface, complex three-dimensional (3D) flow structures occur, accompanied by the Coanda effect. To characterize the flow and turbulence properties of the general system, ensemble averages of 3D Lagrangian particle tracking velocimetry measurements were taken. The radial bin-averaging method was used in post-processing the tracked particles and corresponding instantaneous velocity vectors to generate appropriate ensemble-averaged statistics. Two impinging angles were selected, and at a fixed Reynolds number, the ensemble-averaged volumetric velocity field and turbulent stress tensor components were measured. The flow and turbulence characteristics of the impinging jet on the cylinder were notably different based on the impinging angle, especially in the downstream region. Surprisingly, the attached wall jet with a half-elliptic shape was abruptly thickened in the wall-normal direction, similar to the axis switching phenomenon observed in elliptic jets in the case of oblique impingement. In the jet-impinging region, the flow spread in all directions with high mean vorticity values. With the development of a 3D curved wall jet, both the Coanda effect and centrifugal force played a significant role in the flow behavior. A notable feature of the self-preserving region was the similarity of mean velocity profiles with scaling by the maximum velocity and the jet half-width for both impinging angle cases. Local isotropy of turbulent normal stresses was observed in this region, supporting the existence of self-preservation in the 3D curved wall jet. The volumetric ensemble-averaged Reynolds stress tensor revealed strong inhomogeneous turbulence in the boundary layer region and the curvature effect on the Reynolds shear stress in the free shear layer.}, }
@article {pmid37407860, year = {2023}, author = {Dutt, N and Hedau, AJ and Kumar, A and Awasthi, MK and Singh, VP and Dwivedi, G}, title = {Thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air heater having discrete D-shaped ribs as artificial roughness.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37407860}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {In this paper, the thermo-hydraulic performance of a solar air heater (SAH) duct roughened with discrete D-shaped ribs is numerically investigated using ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2. The numerical investigation is carried out at rib radius to transverse pitch ratio (r/Pt) from 0.1 to 0.35 and longitudinal pitch to rib radius ratio (Pl /r) from 4 to 10 under various operating conditions with Reynolds number (Re) varied from 10,200 to 20,200. The numerical results are validated with previous experimental results for the Nusselt number (Nu) values, and good agreement is found with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.6%. Based on the results of the numerical investigation, it was found that the value of Nu and the friction factor (f) decreases with the increase of the value of Pl/r, while the ratio r/Pt is kept constant. From the overall analysis, it is concluded that the optimum results are obtained for r/Pt of 0.25 and Pl/r = 4, and the maximum thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is 1.12. Further correlations are developed for the value of Nu and f for the whole range of r/Pt as 0.10-0.35 and Pl/r as 4-10. According to the developed correlations, the values of Nu are within ± 2% of the results of CFD, while the values of f are within ± 2.7% of the results of CFD.}, }
@article {pmid37391140, year = {2023}, author = {Firatoglu, ZA}, title = {The effect of natural ventilation on airborne transmission of the COVID-19 virus spread by sneezing in the classroom.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {165113}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165113}, pmid = {37391140}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Since school classrooms are of vital importance due to their impact on public health in COVID-19 and similar epidemics, it is imperative to develop new ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of transmission of the virus in the classroom. To be able to develop new ventilation strategies, the effect of local flow behaviors in the classroom on the airborne transmission of the virus under the most dramatic conditions must first be determined. In this study, the effect of natural ventilation on the airborne transmission of COVID-19-like viruses in the classroom in the case of sneezing by two infected students in a reference secondary school classroom was investigated in five scenarios. Firstly, experimental measurements were carried out in the reference class to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results and determine the boundary conditions. Next, the effects of local flow behaviors on the airborne transmission of the virus were evaluated for five scenarios using the Eulerian-Lagrange method, a discrete phase model, and a temporary three-dimensional CFD model. In all scenarios, immediately after sneezing, between 57 and 60.2 % of the droplets containing the virus, mostly large and medium-sized (150 μm < d < 1000 μm) settled on the infected student's desk, while small droplets continued to move in the flow field. In addition, it was determined that the effect of natural ventilation in the classroom on the travel of virus droplets in the case of Redh < 8.04 × 10[4] (Reynolds number, Redh=Udh/νu, dh and are fluid velocity, hydraulic diameters of the door and window sections of the class and kinematic viscosity, respectively) was negligible.}, }
@article {pmid37388310, year = {2023}, author = {Théry, A and Maaß, CC and Lauga, E}, title = {Hydrodynamic interactions between squirmers near walls: far-field dynamics and near-field cluster stability.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {230223}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.230223}, pmid = {37388310}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Confinement increases contacts between microswimmers in dilute suspensions and affects their interactions. In particular, boundaries have been shown experimentally to lead to the formation of clusters that would not occur in bulk fluids. To what extent does hydrodynamics govern these boundary-driven encounters between microswimmers? We consider theoretically the symmetric boundary-mediated encounters of model microswimmers under gravity through far-field interaction of a pair of weak squirmers, as well as the lubrication interactions occurring after contact between two or more squirmers. In the far field, the orientation of microswimmers is controlled by the wall and the squirming parameter. The presence of a second swimmer influences the orientation of the original squirmer, but for weak squirmers, most of the interaction occurs after contact. We thus analyse next the near-field reorientation of circular groups of squirmers. We show that a large number of swimmers and the presence of gravity can stabilize clusters of pullers, while the opposite is true for pushers; to be stable, clusters of pushers thus need to be governed by other interactions (e.g. phoretic). This simplified approach to the phenomenon of active clustering enables us to highlight the hydrodynamic contribution, which can be hard to isolate in experimental realizations.}, }
@article {pmid37366832, year = {2023}, author = {Saeed, A and Farooq, H and Akhtar, I and Tariq, MA and Khalid, MSU}, title = {Deep-Learning-Based Reduced-Order Model for Power Generation Capacity of Flapping Foils.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics8020237}, pmid = {37366832}, issn = {2313-7673}, support = {Digital Pakistan Lab, National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing//Higher Education Commission/ ; }, abstract = {Inspired by nature, oscillating foils offer viable options as alternate energy resources to harness energy from wind and water. Here, we propose a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based reduced-order model (ROM) of power generation by flapping airfoils in conjunction with deep neural networks. Numerical simulations are performed for incompressible flow past a flapping NACA-0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 1100 using the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The snapshots of the pressure field around the flapping foil are then utilized to construct the pressure POD modes of each case, which serve as the reduced basis to span the solution space. The novelty of the current research relates to the identification, development, and employment of long-short-term neural network (LSTM) models to predict temporal coefficients of the pressure modes. These coefficients, in turn, are used to reconstruct hydrodynamic forces and moment, leading to computations of power. The proposed model takes the known temporal coefficients as inputs and predicts the future temporal coefficients followed by previously estimated temporal coefficients, very similar to traditional ROM. Through the new trained model, we can predict the temporal coefficients for a long time duration that can be far beyond the training time intervals more accurately. It may not be attained by traditional ROMs that lead to erroneous results. Consequently, the flow physics including the forces and moment exerted by fluids can be reconstructed accurately using POD modes as the basis set.}, }
@article {pmid37361718, year = {2023}, author = {Ben Mariem, I and Kaziz, S and Belkhiria, M and Echouchene, F and Belmabrouk, H}, title = {Numerical optimization of microfluidic biosensor detection time for the SARS-CoV-2 using the Taguchi method.}, journal = {Indian journal of physics and proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (2004)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1007/s12648-023-02632-z}, pmid = {37361718}, issn = {0973-1458}, abstract = {The performance of microfluidic biosensor of the SARS-Cov-2 was numerically analyzed through finite element method. The calculation results have been validated with comparison with experimental data reported in the literature. The novelty of this study is the use of the Taguchi method in the optimization analysis, and an L8(2[5]) orthogonal table of five critical parameters-Reynolds number (Re), Damköhler number (Da), relative adsorption capacity (σ), equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), and Schmidt number (Sc), with two levels was designed. ANOVA methods are used to obtain the significance of key parameters. The optimal combination of the key parameters is Re = 10[-2], Da = 1000, σ = 0.2, KD = 5, and Sc 10[4] to achieve the minimum response time (0.15). Among the selected key parameters, the relative adsorption capacity (σ) has the highest contribution (42.17%) to the reduction of the response time, while the Schmidt number (Sc) has the lowest contribution (5.19%). The presented simulation results are useful in designing microfluidic biosensors in order to reduce their response time.}, }
@article {pmid37360015, year = {2023}, author = {Ahmed, A and Ul Islam, S and Khan, AQ and Wahid, A}, title = {Reduction of fluid forces for flow past side-by-side cylinders using downstream attached splitter plates.}, journal = {Computational particle mechanics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-19}, doi = {10.1007/s40571-023-00565-2}, pmid = {37360015}, issn = {2196-4378}, abstract = {A two-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to investigate the drag reduction and vortex shedding suppression behind three square cylinders with attached splitter plates in the downstream region at a low Reynolds number (Re = 150). Numerical calculations are carried out using the lattice Boltzmann method. The study is carried out for various values of gap spacing between the cylinders and different splitter plate lengths. The vortices are completely chaotic at very small spacing, as observed. The splitter plates are critical in suppressing shedding and reducing drag on the objects. The splitter plates with lengths greater than two fully control the jet interaction at low spacing values. There is maximum percentage reduction in CDmean for small spacing and the selected largest splitter plate length. Furthermore, systematic investigation reveals that splitter plates significantly suppress the fluctuating lift in addition to drastically reducing the drag.}, }
@article {pmid37344457, year = {2023}, author = {Baldygin, A and Ahmed, A and Baily, R and Ismail, MF and Khan, M and Rodrigues, N and Salehi, AR and Ramesh, M and Bhattacharya, S and Willers, T and Gowanlock, D and Waghmare, PR}, title = {Effect of gravity on the spreading of a droplet deposited by liquid needle deposition technique.}, journal = {NPJ microgravity}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {49}, pmid = {37344457}, issn = {2373-8065}, support = {19FAALBB36 - FAST 2019//Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Space Agency (Agence Spatiale Canadienne)/ ; }, abstract = {This study represents an experimental investigation, complemented with a mathematical model, to decipher the effect of gravity on the spreading dynamics of a water droplet. For the theoretical discussion, an overall energy balance approach is adopted to explain the droplet spreading under both microgravity (μg) and terrestrial gravity condition. Besides explaining the mechanism of the droplet spreading under microgravity condition achieved during the parabolic flight, a technique with a detailed experimental set-up has also been developed for the successful deposition of droplet. A rational understanding is formulated through experimental investigation and theoretical analysis, which allows us to distinguish the transient variation of the spreading of a droplet, between microgravity and terrestrial gravity condition. The spreading of the droplet is predicted by the non-linear overall energy balance equation, which accounts for the operating parameters in the form of non-dimensional groups like Reynolds number ([Formula: see text]), Weber number (We) and Bond number (Bo). To distinctly identify the difference in the drop spreading at terrestrial and microgravity conditions, the Bo with transient gravitational field obtained through the on-board accelerometer is considered. The obtained theoretical results are further corroborated by experimental results which are obtained from the parabolic flight.}, }
@article {pmid37338259, year = {2023}, author = {Qiao, S and Ouyang, H and Zheng, X and Qi, C and Ma, L}, title = {Magnetically actuated hydrogel-based capsule microrobots for intravascular targeted drug delivery.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3tb00852e}, pmid = {37338259}, issn = {2050-7518}, abstract = {Microrobots for targeted drug delivery in blood vessels have attracted increasing interest from researchers. In this work, hydrogel-based capsule microrobots are used to wrap drugs and deliver drugs in blood vessels. In order to prepare capsule microrobots of different sizes, a triaxial microfluidic chip is designed and built, and the formation mechanism of three flow phases including the plug flow phase, bullet flow phase and droplet phase during the preparation of capsule microrobots is studied. The analysis and simulation results show that the size of the capsule microrobots can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of two phases in the microfluidic chip, and when the flow rate of the outer phase is 20 times that of the inner phase in the microfluidic chip, irregular multicore capsule microrobots can be prepared. On this basis, a three degree of freedom magnetic drive system is developed to drive the capsule microrobots to reach the destination along the predetermined trajectory in the low Reynolds number environment, and the magnetic field performance of the magnetic drive system is simulated and analyzed. Finally, in order to verify the feasibility of targeted drug delivery of the capsule microrobots in the blood vessel, the motion process of the capsule microrobots in the vascular microchannel is simulated, and the relationship between the motion performance of the capsule microrobots and the magnetic field is studied. The experimental results show that the capsule microrobots can reach a speed of 800 μm s[-1] at a low frequency of 0.4 Hz. At the same time, the capsule microrobots can reach a peak speed of 3077 μm s[-1] and can continuously climb over a 1000 μm high obstacle under a rotating magnetic field of 2.4 Hz and 14.4 mT. Experiments show that the capsule microrobots have excellent drug delivery potential in similar vascular curved channels driven by this system.}, }
@article {pmid37330555, year = {2023}, author = {Algehyne, EA and Ahammad, NA and Elnair, ME and Zidan, M and Alhusayni, YY and El-Bashir, BO and Saeed, A and Alshomrani, AS and Alzahrani, F}, title = {Entropy optimization and response surface methodology of blood hybrid nanofluid flow through composite stenosis artery with magnetized nanoparticles (Au-Ta) for drug delivery application.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9856}, pmid = {37330555}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Entropy creation by a blood-hybrid nanofluid flow with gold-tantalum nanoparticles in a tilted cylindrical artery with composite stenosis under the influence of Joule heating, body acceleration, and thermal radiation is the focus of this research. Using the Sisko fluid model, the non-Newtonian behaviour of blood is investigated. The finite difference (FD) approach is used to solve the equations of motion and entropy for a system subject to certain constraints. The optimal heat transfer rate with respect to radiation, Hartmann number, and nanoparticle volume fraction is calculated using a response surface technique and sensitivity analysis. The impacts of significant parameters such as Hartmann number, angle parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, body acceleration amplitude, radiation, and Reynolds number on the velocity, temperature, entropy generation, flow rate, shear stress of wall, and heat transfer rate are exhibited via the graphs and tables. Present results disclose that the flow rate profile increase by improving the Womersley number and the opposite nature is noticed in nanoparticle volume fraction. The total entropy generation reduces by improving radiation. The Hartmann number expose a positive sensitivity for all level of nanoparticle volume fraction. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the radiation and nanoparticle volume fraction showed a negative sensitivity for all magnetic field levels. It is seen that the presence of hybrid nanoparticles in the bloodstream leads to a more substantial reduction in the axial velocity of blood compared to Sisko blood. An increase in the volume fraction results in a noticeable decrease in the volumetric flow rate in the axial direction, while higher values of infinite shear rate viscosity lead to a significant reduction in the magnitude of the blood flow pattern. The blood temperature exhibits a linear increase with respect to the volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles. Specifically, utilizing a hybrid nanofluid with a volume fraction of 3% leads to a 2.01316% higher temperature compared to the base fluid (blood). Similarly, a 5% volume fraction corresponds to a temperature increase of 3.45093%.}, }
@article {pmid37329080, year = {2023}, author = {Kim, M and Borhan, A}, title = {Critical conditions for development of a second pair of Dean vortices in curved microfluidic channels.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {5-2}, pages = {055103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.055103}, pmid = {37329080}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The centrifugal force in flow through a curved channel initiates a hydrodynamic instability that results in the development of Dean vortices, a pair of counter-rotating roll cells across the channel that deflect the high velocity fluid in the center toward the outer (concave) wall. When this secondary flow toward the concave (outer) wall is too strong to be dissipated by viscous effects, an additional pair of vortices emerges near the outer wall. Combining numerical simulation and dimensional analysis, we find that the critical condition for the onset of the second vortex pair depends on γ^{1/2}Dn (γ: channel aspect ratio; Dn: Dean number). We also investigate the development length for the additional vortex pair in channels with different aspect ratios and curvatures. The larger centrifugal force at higher Dean numbers produces the additional vortices further upstream, with the required development length being inversely proportional to the Reynolds number and increasing linearly with the radius of curvature of the channel.}, }
@article {pmid37329043, year = {2023}, author = {Mizerski, KA}, title = {Helical correction to turbulent magnetic diffusivity.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {5-2}, pages = {055205}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.055205}, pmid = {37329043}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The effect of helicity in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence on the effective turbulent magnetic diffusion is considered here. The helical correction to turbulent diffusivity is analytically calculated with the use of the renormalization group approach. In agreement with previous numerical findings, this correction is shown to be negative and proportional to the second power of the magnetic Reynolds number, when the latter is small. In addition, the helical correction to turbulent diffusivity is found to obey a power-law-type dependence on the wave number of the most energetic turbulent eddies, k_{ℓ}, of the form k_{ℓ}^{-10/3}.}, }
@article {pmid37329025, year = {2023}, author = {Parfenyev, V and Mogilevskiy, E and Falkovich, G}, title = {Sum-of-squares bounds on correlation functions in a minimal model of turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {5-1}, pages = {054114}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.054114}, pmid = {37329025}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We suggest a new computer-assisted approach to the development of turbulence theory. It allows one to impose lower and upper bounds on correlation functions using sum-of-squares polynomials. We demonstrate it on the minimal cascade model of two resonantly interacting modes when one is pumped and the other dissipates. We show how to present correlation functions of interest as part of a sum-of-squares polynomial using the stationarity of the statistics. That allows us to find how the moments of the mode amplitudes depend on the degree of nonequilibrium (analog of the Reynolds number), which reveals some properties of marginal statistical distributions. By combining scaling dependence with the results of direct numerical simulations, we obtain the probability densities of both modes in a highly intermittent inverse cascade. As the Reynolds number tends to infinity, we show that the relative phase between modes tends to π/2 and -π/2 in the direct and inverse cascades, respectively, and derive bounds on the phase variance. Our approach combines computer-aided analytical proofs with a numerical algorithm applied to high-degree polynomials.}, }
@article {pmid37324036, year = {2023}, author = {Jiang, J and Wang, F and Huang, W and Sun, J and Ye, Y and Ou, J and Liu, M and Gao, J and Wang, S and Fu, D and Chen, B and Liu, L and Peng, F and Tu, Y}, title = {Mobile mechanical signal generator for macrophage polarization.}, journal = {Exploration (Beijing, China)}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {20220147}, pmid = {37324036}, issn = {2766-2098}, abstract = {The importance of mechanical signals in regulating the fate of macrophages is gaining increased attention recently. However, the recently used mechanical signals normally rely on the physical characteristics of matrix with non-specificity and instability or mechanical loading devices with uncontrollability and complexity. Herein, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of self-assembled microrobots (SMRs) based on magnetic nanoparticles as local mechanical signal generators for precise macrophage polarization. Under a rotating magnetic field (RMF), the propulsion of SMRs occurs due to the elastic deformation via magnetic force and hydrodynamics. SMRs perform wireless navigation toward the targeted macrophage in a controllable manner and subsequently rotate around the cell for mechanical signal generation. Macrophages are eventually polarized from M0 to anti-inflammatory related M2 phenotypes by blocking the Piezo1-activating protein-1 (AP-1）-CCL2 signaling pathway. The as-developed microrobot system provides a new platform of mechanical signal loading for macrophage polarization, which holds great potential for precise regulation of cell fate.}, }
@article {pmid37323615, year = {2023}, author = {Madonia, M and Guzmán, AJA and Clercx, HJH and Kunnen, RPJ}, title = {Reynolds number scaling and energy spectra in geostrophic convection.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {962}, number = {}, pages = {A36}, pmid = {37323615}, issn = {0022-1120}, abstract = {We report flow measurements in rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection in the rotationally-constrained geostrophic regime. We apply stereoscopic particle image velocimetry to measure the three components of velocity in a horizontal cross-section of a water-filled cylindrical convection vessel. At a constant, small Ekman number Ek = 5 × 10[-8] we vary the Rayleigh number Ra between 10[11] and 4 × 10[12] to cover various subregimes observed in geostrophic convection. We also include one nonrotating experiment. The scaling of the velocity fluctuations (expressed as the Reynolds number Re) is compared to theoretical relations expressing balances of viscous-Archimedean-Coriolis (VAC) and Coriolis-inertial-Archimedean (CIA) forces. Based on our results we cannot decide which balance is most applicable here; both scaling relations match equally well. A comparison of the current data with several other literature datasets indicates a convergence towards diffusion-free scaling of velocity as Ek decreases. However, the use of confined domains leads at lower Ra to prominent convection in the wall mode near the sidewall. Kinetic energy spectra point at an overall flow organisation into a quadrupolar vortex filling the cross-section. This quadrupolar vortex is a quasi-two-dimensional feature; it only manifests in energy spectra based on the horizontal velocity components. At larger Ra the spectra reveal the development of a scaling range with exponent close to -5/3, the classical exponent for inertial-range scaling in three-dimensional turbulence. The steeper Re(Ra) scaling at low Ek and development of a scaling range in the energy spectra are distinct indicators that a fully developed, diffusion-free turbulent bulk flow state is approached, sketching clear perspectives for further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid37308628, year = {2023}, author = {Sharma, M and Jilte, R}, title = {Heat transfer and hydraulics for a novel receiver pipe of solar parabolic trough: a computational approach.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37308628}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {The effect of symmetrical convex-concave corrugations on receiver pipe of a parabolic trough solar collector is numerically investigated. Twelve distinct geometrically configured receiver pipes with corrugations have been examined for this purpose. The computational study is conducted for varying corrugation pitch (4 mm to 10 mm) and height (1.5 mm to 2.5 mm). Heat transfer enhancement, flow behavior, and overall thermal performance of fluid moving through a pipe under non-uniform heat flux condition are all determined in this work. The Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 50,000. The findings reveal that presence of corrugations leads to axial whirling and vortices in the receiver pipe, thus enhancing the heat transfer. The receiver pipe having corrugations of 8 mm pitch and 2 mm height gave the best results. The maximum enhancement in average Nusselt number over smooth pipe has been observed as 28.51%. In addition, relationships of Nusselt number and friction factor against selected design parameters and operating conditions are also displayed as correlations.}, }
@article {pmid37303552, year = {2023}, author = {Alizadeh, A and Shahabi Takami, SF and Iranmanesh, R and Pasha, P}, title = {Evaluation of AGM and FEM method for thermal radiation on nanofluid flow between two tubes in nearness of magnetism field.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e16788}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16788}, pmid = {37303552}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The nanofluid flow through two orbicular cylinders is explored utilizing the overall Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li (KKL) model within the nearness of a magnetic field. The impact of thermal radiation is considered in the energy equation. The novelty of this study is examining convective heat transfer for nanofluid flow between two flat tubes with the Akbari-Ganji method and Finite Element Techniques to examine the heat flux field by implies of 2D forms of temperature and velocity at unprecedented Reynolds numbers. The approaches for solving ODEs are AGM and FEM. Semi-analytical methods are assessed for specific parameters of aspect ratio, Hartmann number, Eckert number, and Reynolds quantity with various values. Adding Ha, Ec, and G causes the temperature gradient to grow, while adding the Reynolds number causes it to decrease. As the Lorentz forces increase, the velocity decreases; nevertheless, as the Reynolds number rises, the velocity decreases. With the reduction of the fluid's dynamic viscosity, the temperature will decrease, which will decrease the thermal trend along the vertical length of the pipes.}, }
@article {pmid37297077, year = {2023}, author = {Tang, TL and Salleh, H and Sadiq, MI and Mohd Sabri, MA and Ahmad, MIM and Ghopa, WAW}, title = {Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flow Structure and Heat Transfer Behavior of Multiple Jet Impingement Using MgO-Water Nanofluids.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ma16113942}, pmid = {37297077}, issn = {1996-1944}, abstract = {Nanofluids have attracted significant attention from researchers due to their ability to significantly enhance heat transfer, especially in jet impingement flows, which can improve their cooling performance. However, there is a lack of research on the use of nanofluids in multiple jet impingements, both in terms of experimental and numerical studies. Therefore, further investigation is necessary to fully understand the potential benefits and limitations of using nanofluids in this type of cooling system. Thus, an experimental and numerical investigation was performed to study the flow structure and heat transfer behavior of multiple jet impingement using MgO-water nanofluids with a 3 × 3 inline jet array at a nozzle-to-plate distance of 3 mm. The jet spacing was set to 3, 4.5, and 6 mm; the Reynolds number varies from 1000 to 10,000; and the particle volume fraction ranges from 0% to 0.15%. A 3D numerical analysis using ANSYS Fluent with SST k-ω turbulent model was presented. The single-phase model is adopted to predict the thermal physical nanofluid. The flow field and temperature distribution were investigated. Experimental results show that a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement at a small jet-to-jet spacing using a high particle volume fraction under a low Reynolds number; otherwise, an adverse effect on heat transfer may occur. The numerical results show that the single-phase model can predict the heat transfer trend of multiple jet impingement using nanofluids correctly but with significant deviation from experimental results because it cannot capture the effect of nanoparticles.}, }
@article {pmid37296306, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, Y and Zou, Z and Pak, OS and Tsang, ACH}, title = {Learning to cooperate for low-Reynolds-number swimming: a model problem for gait coordination.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9397}, pmid = {37296306}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Biological microswimmers can coordinate their motions to exploit their fluid environment-and each other-to achieve global advantages in their locomotory performance. These cooperative locomotion require delicate adjustments of both individual swimming gaits and spatial arrangements of the swimmers. Here we probe the emergence of such cooperative behaviors among artificial microswimmers endowed with artificial intelligence. We present the first use of a deep reinforcement learning approach to empower the cooperative locomotion of a pair of reconfigurable microswimmers. The AI-advised cooperative policy comprises two stages: an approach stage where the swimmers get in close proximity to fully exploit hydrodynamic interactions, followed a synchronization stage where the swimmers synchronize their locomotory gaits to maximize their overall net propulsion. The synchronized motions allow the swimmer pair to move together coherently with an enhanced locomotion performance unattainable by a single swimmer alone. Our work constitutes a first step toward uncovering intriguing cooperative behaviors of smart artificial microswimmers, demonstrating the vast potential of reinforcement learning towards intelligent autonomous manipulations of multiple microswimmers for their future biomedical and environmental applications.}, }
@article {pmid37296249, year = {2023}, author = {Kumar, D and Layek, A and Kumar, A}, title = {Enhancement of thermal efficiency and development of Nusselt number correlation for the solar air heater collector roughened with artificial ribs for thermal applications.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {37296249}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {The thermal efficiency of conventional solar air heater is very low. This research article concentrates on incorporating V-shaped staggered twisted ribs over absorber surface of solar air heater. Various roughness parameters were tested to determine their effect on the Nusselt number, friction factor, thermo-hydraulic performance index, and thermal efficiency. During experiment, the Reynolds number is varied from 3000 to 21,000; while relative roughness length varied for 4.39 to 10.26 and relative staggered distance for 2 to 6. However, relative roughness pitch, twist length, and angle of attack were kept constant. The Nusselt number and friction factor of the roughened collector enhances to 3.41 and 2.56 times that of the smooth collector, respectively. The thermal efficiency of the roughened solar air heater increases to 73.64% of the roughened plate as it was noticed 42.63% for smooth surface due to breakage of the laminar sublayer. The correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor as function of Reynolds number and roughness parameters are also developed. The maximum thermohydraulic performance gained at the optimum parameters of d/e of 4 and S/e of 6.15 is 2.69. The percentage deviation between the developed correlations and the experimental findings shows very satisfactory outcomes. Therefore, it can be concluded that inclusion of twisted V staggered ribs enhances the thermal performance of solar air heater with the lowest frictional penalty.}, }
@article {pmid37295437, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, F and Li, S and Dong, X and Wang, Z and Xiang, J and Li, D and Tu, Z}, title = {Design, modelling, and experimental validation of a self-rotating flapping wing rotorcraft with motor-spring resonance actuation system.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/acdd3d}, pmid = {37295437}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Compared with traditional flapping motion, Flapping Wing Rotor (FWR) frees the rotating freedom by installing the two wings asymmetrically, which introduces rotor's motion characteristics and enables FWR to have higher lift and aerodynamic efficiency at low Reynolds number. However, most of the proposed FWRs contain linkage mechanical transmission structures, the fixed degrees of freedom (DoFs) of which prohibit the wings from achieving variable flapping trajectories, limiting the further optimization and controller design of FWRs. In order to fundamentally address the above challenges of FWRs, this paper presents a new type of FWR with two mechanically decoupled wings, which are directly driven by two independent motor- spring resonance actuation systems. The proposed FWR has 12.4 grams of system weight and 165-205mm wingspan. In addition, a theoretical electromechanical model based on the DC motor model and quasi-steady aerodynamic forces is established, and a series of experiments are conducted in order to figure out the ideal working point of the proposed FWR. It is notable that both our theoretical model and experiments exhibit uneven rotation of the FWR during flight, i.e., rotation speed dropping in the downstroke while boosting in the upstroke, which further tests the proposed theoretical model and uncover the relationship between flapping and passive rotation in the FWR. To further validate the performance of the design, free flight tests are conducted, and the proposed FWR demonstrates stable liftoff at the designed working point.}, }
@article {pmid37295099, year = {2023}, author = {Zhu, HY and Xie, JH and Xia, KQ}, title = {Circulation in Quasi-2D Turbulence: Experimental Observation of the Area Rule and Bifractality.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {130}, number = {21}, pages = {214001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.214001}, pmid = {37295099}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We present an experimental study of the velocity circulation in a quasi-two-dimensional turbulent flow. We show that the area rule of circulation around simple loops holds in both the forward cascade enstrophy inertial range (ΩIR) and the inverse cascade energy inertial range (EIR): When the side lengths of a loop are all within the same inertial range, the circulation statistics depend on the loop area alone. It is also found that, for circulation around figure-eight loops, the area rule still holds in EIR but is not applicable in ΩIR. In ΩIR, the circulation is nonintermittent; whereas in EIR, the circulation is bifractal: space filling for moments of the order of 3 and below and a monofractal with a dimension of 1.42 for higher orders. Our results demonstrate, as in a numerical study of 3D turbulence [K. P. Iyer et al., Circulation in High Reynolds Number Isotropic Turbulence is a Bifractal, Phys. Rev. X 9, 041006 (2019).PRXHAE2160-330810.1103/PhysRevX.9.041006], that, in terms of circulation, turbulent flows exhibit a simpler behavior than velocity increments, as the latter are multifractals.}, }
@article {pmid37292291, year = {2023}, author = {Das, A and Mahmood, FT and Smriti, RB and Saha, S and Hasan, MN}, title = {CFD analysis of heat transfer enhancement by wall mounted flexible flow modulators in a channel with pulsatile flow.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {e16741}, pmid = {37292291}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The aim of the present study is to explore heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a pulsating channel flow due to wall-mounted flexible flow modulators (FFM). Cold air in pulsating fashion is forced to enter through the channel having isothermally heated top and bottom walls with one/multiple FFMs mounted on them. The dynamic conditions of pulsating inflow are characterized by Reynolds number, non-dimensional pulsation frequency and amplitude. Applying the Galerkin finite element method in an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework, the present unsteady problem has been solved. Flexibility (10[-4] ≤ Ca ≤ 10[-7]), orientation angle (60° ≤ θ ≤ 120°), and location of FFM(s) have been considered in this study to find out the best-case scenario for heat transfer enhancement. The system characteristics have been analyzed by vorticity contours and isotherms. Heat transfer performance has been evaluated in terms of Nusselt number variations and pressure drop across the channel. Besides, power spectrum analysis of thermal field oscillation along with that of the FFM's motion induced by pulsating inflow has been performed. The present study reveals that single FFM having flexibility of Ca = 10[-5] and an orientation angle of θ = 90° offers the best-case scenario for heat transfer enhancement.}, }
@article {pmid37285818, year = {2023}, author = {Derikvand, M and Salehi, AA and Solari, MS and Najafi, F}, title = {Investigation of the effects of hydrophobic surfaces on thermohydraulic characteristics and entropy generation of hybrid nanofluids with magnetic properties in a micro-heat sink under a magnetic field.}, journal = {Nanotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6528/acdc2f}, pmid = {37285818}, issn = {1361-6528}, abstract = {The cooling process of the devices is a big challenge in the electronic industry, and most of the process units (graphical are central) experience defects under harsh temperature conditions, so dissipating generated heat under various working conditions should seriously be studied. This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamics of hybrid-ferro nanofluids in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces in a micro-heat sink. To scrutinize this study, a Finite Volume Method (FVM is applied. The ferro nanofluid includes water as base fluid and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Fe3O4 as nano-additives, which are used in three concentrations (0, 1 and 3%). The other parameters such as Reynold number (5-120), Hartmann number (magnitude of the magnetic field from 0 to 6) and hydrophobicity of surfaces are considered to be scrutinized for their impacts on heat transfer and hydraulic variables as well as entropy generation ones. The outcomes indicate that increasing the level of hydrophobicity in surfaces leads to improve heat exchange and reduces the pressure drop simultaneously. Likewise, it decreases the frictional and thermal types of entropy generations. Intensifying the magnitude of the magnetic field enhances the heat exchange as much as the pressure drop. In the same result, it can decrease the thermal term in entropy generation equations for the fluid, but it increases the frictional one and adds a new term named magnetic entropy generation. Incrementing Reynolds number improves the convection heat transfer parameters although it intensifies the pressure drop in the length of the channel. Also, the thermal and frictional kinds of entropy generation decrease and increase with increasing the flow rate (Reynold number).}, }
@article {pmid37280357, year = {2023}, author = {Ibrahim, MG and Abou-Zeid, MY}, title = {Computational simulation for MHD peristaltic transport of Jeffrey fluid with density-dependent parameters.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {9191}, pmid = {37280357}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This study aimed to give a new theoretical recommendation for non-dimensional parameters depending on the fluid temperature and concentration. This suggestion came from the fact of fluid density may change with the fluid temperature ([Formula: see text]) and concentration ([Formula: see text]). So, a newly released mathematical form of Jeffrey fluid with peristalsis through the inclined channel is constructed. The problem model defines a mathematical fluid model which converts using non-dimensional values. A sequentially used technique called the Adaptive shooting method for finding the problem solutions. Axial velocity behavior has become a novel concern to Reynolds number. In contradiction to different values of parameters, the temperature and concentration profiles are designated/sketched. The results show that the high value of the Reynolds number acts as a fluid temperature damper, while it boosts the concentration of the fluid particle. The non-constant fluid density recommendation makes the Darcy number controls with a fluid velocity which is virtually significant in drug carries applications or blood circulation systems. To verify the obtained results, a numerical comparison for obtained results has been made with a trustful algorithm with aid of AST using wolfram Mathematica version 13.1.1.}, }
@article {pmid37278331, year = {2023}, author = {Shashank, HJ and Melikhov, Y and Ekiel-Jeżewska, ML}, title = {Dynamics of ball chains and highly elastic fibres settling under gravity in a viscous fluid.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm00255a}, pmid = {37278331}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {We study experimentally the dynamics of one and two ball chains settling under gravity in a highly viscous silicon oil at a Reynolds number much smaller than unity. We record the motion and shape deformation using two cameras. We demonstrate that single ball chains in most cases do not tend to be planar and often rotate, not keeping the ends at the same horizontal level. Shorter ball chains usually form shapes resembling distorted U. Longer ones in the early stage of the evolution form a shape resembling distorted W, and later deform non-symmetrically and significantly out of a plane. The typical evolution of shapes observed in our experiments with single ball chains is reproduced in our numerical simulations of a single elastic filament. In the computations, the filament is modelled as a chain of beads. Consecutive beads are connected by springs. Additional springs link consecutive pairs of beads. Elastic forces are assumed to be much smaller than gravity. As a result, the fibre is very flexible. We assume that the fluid sticks to the surfaces of the beads. We perform multipole expansion of the Stokes equations, with a lubrication correction. This method is implemented in the precise HYDROMULTIPOLE numerical codes. In our experiments, two ball chains, initially one above the other, later move away or approach each other, for a larger or smaller initial distance, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid37276558, year = {2023}, author = {Lustro, JRT and Shimizu, Y and Kawahara, G}, title = {Homoclinic bifurcation and switching of edge state in plane Couette flow.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0133492}, pmid = {37276558}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {We identify the presence of three homoclinic bifurcations that are associated with edge states in a system that is governed by the full Navier-Stokes equation. In plane Couette flow with a streamwise period slightly longer than the minimal unit, we describe a rich bifurcation scenario that is related to new time-periodic solutions and the Nagata steady solution [M. Nagata, J. Fluid Mech. 217, 519-527 (1990)]. In this computational domain, the vigorous time-periodic solution (PO3) with comparable fluctuation amplitude to turbulence and the lower branch of the Nagata steady solution are considered as edge states at different ranges of Reynolds number. These edge states can help in understanding the mechanism of subcritical transition to turbulence in wall-bounded shear flows. At the Reynolds numbers at which the homoclinic bifurcations occur, we find the creation (or destruction) of the time-periodic solutions. At a higher Reynolds number, we observe the edge state switching from the lower-branch Nagata steady solution to PO3 at the creation of this vigorous cycle due to the homoclinic bifurcation. Consequently, the formation of the boundary separating the basins of attraction of the laminar attractor and the time-periodic/chaotic attractor also switches to the respective stable manifolds of the edge states, providing a change in the behavior of a typical amplitude of perturbation toward triggering the transition to turbulence.}, }
@article {pmid37274523, year = {2023}, author = {Ijaz, S and Abdullah, M and Sadaf, H and Nadeem, S}, title = {Generalized complex cilia tip modeled flow through an electroosmotic region.}, journal = {Journal of Central South University}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {1217-1230}, pmid = {37274523}, issn = {2227-5223}, abstract = {In this analysis, we explore a nanofluid model that represents the role of ciliary carpets in the transport of magnetohydrodynamic fluid in an electroosmotic channel. Hybrid nanofluid features are also taken into interpretation. The equations leading the flow analysis are converted into non-dimensional form by supposing long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Analytical solutions for velocity distribution, pressure gradient and stream function are acquired and solved by a mathematic solver. The effects of the relevant physical parameters are graphically noted. The consequence of the present model has remarkable applications, which can be used in various areas of biological transport processes, artificial cilia design and in the operation of other mechanical devices.}, }
@article {pmid37263239, year = {2023}, author = {Ronco, C and Bellomo, R}, title = {The Process of Adsorption and Cartridge Design.}, journal = {Contributions to nephrology}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1159/000529295}, pmid = {37263239}, issn = {1662-2782}, abstract = {The mechanism of adsorption is regulated by various factors including the nature of the sorbent and the molecules involved in the adsorption process. The design of a device for adsorption therapies must fulfil specific requirements. The device should allow the use of the minimum amount of sorbent material sufficient to achieve safe and effective blood purification therapy. Each component of the device must respond to criteria of safety and function in order to maximize the efficiency of the cartridge. The design should be optimized to enable utilization of all the sorbent surface available for adsorption. The structure and packing of the sorbent particles should allow the even distribution of flow inside the cartridge and the avoidance of channeling phenomena and excessive resistance to flow. All these factors depend on specific governing laws such as the Kozeny-Carman equation and Darcy's law. The system must also consider blood viscosity and possible turbulent flows (Reynolds number). The final manufacturing process of a sorbent unit must also consider the dimensions and the cost, and the final performance after sterilization and storage.}, }
@article {pmid37259126, year = {2023}, author = {Bocanegra Evans, H and Segnini, JM and Doosttalab, A and Cordero, J and Castillo, L}, title = {Effect of cartilaginous rings in tracheal flow with stenosis.}, journal = {BMC biomedical engineering}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {37259126}, issn = {2524-4426}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In respiratory fluid dynamics research, it is typically assumed that the wall of the trachea is smooth. However, the trachea is structurally supported by a series of cartilaginous rings that create undulations on the wall surface, which introduce perturbations into the flow. Even though many studies use realistic Computer Tomography (CT) scan data to capture the complex geometry of the respiratory system, its limited spatial resolution does not resolve small features, including those introduced by the cartilaginous rings.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we present an experimental comparison of two simplified trachea models with Grade II stenosis (70% blockage), one with smooth walls and second with cartilaginous rings. The use a unique refractive index-matching method provides unprecedented optical access and allowed us to perform non-intrusive velocity field measurements close to the wall (e.g., Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)). Measurements were performed in a flow regime comparable to a resting breathing state (Reynolds number ReD&#x2009;=&#x2009;3350). The cartilaginous rings induce velocity fluctuations in the downstream flow, enhancing the near-wall transport of momentum flux and thus reducing flow separation in the downstream flow. The maximum upstream velocity in the recirculation region is reduced by 38%, resulting in a much weaker recirculation zone- a direct consequence of the cartilaginous rings.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of the cartilaginous rings in respiratory flow studies and the mechanism to reduce flow separation in trachea stenosis.}, }
@article {pmid37255166, year = {2023}, author = {Silva, MLFD and Gonçalves, SF and Haniel, J and Lucas, TC and Huebner, R}, title = {Comparative study between 1-way and 2-way coupled fluid-structure interaction in numerical simulation of aortic arch aneurysms.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {95}, number = {suppl 1}, pages = {e20210859}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202320210859}, pmid = {37255166}, issn = {1678-2690}, abstract = {Hemodynamic forces are related to pathological variations of the cardiovascular system, and numerical simulations for fluid-structure interaction have been systematically used to analyze the behavior of blood flow and the arterial wall in aortic aneurysms. This paper proposes a comparative analysis of 1-way and 2-way coupled fluid-structure interaction for aortic arch aneurysm. The coupling models of fluid-structure interaction were conducted using 3D geometry of the thoracic aorta from computed tomography. Hyperelastic anisotropic properties were estimated for the Holzapfel arterial wall model. The rheological behavior of the blood was modeled by the Carreau-Yasuda model. The results showed that the 1-way approach tends to underestimate von Mises stress, displacement, and strain over the entire cardiac cycle, compared to the 2-way approach. In contrast, the behavior of the variables of flow field, velocity, wall shear stress, and Reynolds number when coupled by the 1-way model was overestimated at the systolic moment and tends to be equal at the diastolic moment. The quantitative differences found, especially during the systole, suggest the use of 2-way coupling in numerical simulations of aortic arch aneurysms due to the hyperelastic nature of the arterial wall, which leads to a strong iteration between the fluid and the arterial wall.}, }
@article {pmid37249683, year = {2023}, author = {Deng, X and Sheng, P}, title = {Evolution of channel flow and Darcy's law beyond the critical Reynolds number.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {37}, pmid = {37249683}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {For incompressible channel flow, there is a critical state, characterized by a critical Reynolds number Rec and a critical wavevector mc along the channel direction, beyond which the channel flow becomes unstable in the linear regime. In this work, we investigate the channel flow beyond the critical state and find the existence of a new fluctuating, quasi-stationary flow that comprises the laminar Poiseuille flow superposed with a counter-flow component, accompanied by vortices and anti-vortices. The net flow rate is reduced by ~ 15% from the linear, laminar regime. Our study is facilitated by the analytical solution of the linearized, incompressible, three-dimensional (3D) Navier-Stokes (NS) equation in the channel geometry, with the Navier boundary condition, alternatively denoted as the hydrodynamic modes (HMs). By using the HMs as the complete mathematical basis for expanding the velocity in the NS equation, the Rec is evaluated to 5-digit accuracy when compared to the well-known Orszag result, without invoking the standard Orr-Sommerfeld equation. Beyond Rec, the analytical solution is indispensable in offering physical insight to those features of the counter-flow component that differs from any of the pressure-driven channel flows. In particular, the counter flow is found to comprise multiple HMs, some with opposite flow direction, that can lead to a net boundary reaction force along the counter-flow direction. The latter is analyzed to be necessary for satisfying Newton's law. Experimental verification of the predictions is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid37241559, year = {2023}, author = {Che, H and Xu, Q and Xu, G and Fu, X and Wang, X and He, N and Zhu, Z}, title = {Numerical Study on Characteristics of Convection and Temperature Evolution in Microchannel of Thermal Flowmeter.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14050935}, pmid = {37241559}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {During practical usage, thermal flowmeters have a limited range of applications. The present work investigates the factors influencing thermal flowmeter measurements and observes the effects of buoyancy convection and forced convection on the flow rate measurement sensitivity. The results show that the gravity level, inclination angle, channel height, mass flow rate, and heating power affect the flow rate measurements by influencing the flow pattern and the temperature distribution. Gravity determines the generation of convective cells, while the inclination angle affects the location of the convective cells. Channel height affects the flow pattern and temperature distribution. Higher sensitivity can be achieved with smaller mass flow rates or higher heating power. According to the combined influence of the aforementioned parameters, the present work investigates the flow transition based on the Reynolds number and the Grashof number. When the Reynolds number is below the critical value corresponding to the Grashof number, convective cells emerge and affect the accuracy of flowmeter measurements. The research on influencing factors and flow transition presented in this paper has potential implications for the design and manufacture of thermal flowmeters under different working conditions.}, }
@article {pmid37230014, year = {2023}, author = {Yeom, J and Park, J and Park, JY}, title = {Fluid dynamic simulation for cellular damage due to lymphatic flow within the anatomical arrangement of the outer hair cells in the cochlea.}, journal = {Computers in biology and medicine}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {106986}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106986}, pmid = {37230014}, issn = {1879-0534}, abstract = {Damage to the sensory hair cells in the cochlea is a major cause of hearing loss since human sensory hair cells do not regenerate naturally after damage. As these sensory hair cells are exposed to a vibrating lymphatic environment, they may be affected by physical flow. It is known that the outer hair cells (OHCs) are physically more damaged by sound than the inner hair cells (IHCs). In this study, the lymphatic flow is compared using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the arrangement of the OHCs, and the effects of such flow on the OHCs is analyzed. In addition, flow visualization is used to validate the Stokes flow. The Stokes flow behavior is attributed to the low Reynolds number, and the same behavior is observed even when the flow direction is reversed. When the distance between the rows of the OHCs is large, each row is independent, but when this distance is short, the flow change in each row influences the other rows. The stimulation caused by flow changes on the OHCs is confirmed through surface pressure and shear stress. The OHCs located at the base with a short distance between the rows receive excess hydrodynamic stimulation, and the tip of the V-shaped pattern receives an excess mechanical force. This study attempts to understand the contributions of lymphatic flow to OHC damage by quantitatively suggesting stimulation of the OHCs and is expected to contribute to the development of OHC regeneration technologies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid37231052, year = {2023}, author = {Li, S and Mao, L and Alizadeh, A and Zhang, X and Mousavi, SV}, title = {The application of non-uniform magnetic field for thermal enhancement of the nanofluid flow inside the U-turn pipe at solar collectors.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {8471}, pmid = {37231052}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The improvement of heat transfer inside the solar heat exchangers is important for the development of solar energy in an urban area. In this study, the usage of a non-uniform magnetic field on the thermal efficiency of the nanofluid (Fe3O4) streaming inside the U-turn pipe of solar heat exchangers is examined. Computational fluid dynamic is applied to visualize the nanofluid flow inside the solar heat exchanger. The role of magnetic intensity and Reynolds number on thermal efficiency are fully investigated. The effect of single and triple sources of the magnetic field is also studied in our research. Obtained results indicate that the usage of the magnetic field results in the production of vortex in the base fluid and heat transfer improves inside the domain. Our finding indicates that the usage of the magnetic field with Mn = 25 K would improve the average heat transfer by about 21% along the U-turn pipe of solar heat exchangers.}, }
@article {pmid37220708, year = {2023}, author = {Tisdell, CC}, title = {Improved perturbation solution for two-dimensional viscous flow between expanding or contracting permeable walls.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {111642}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111642}, pmid = {37220708}, issn = {1873-2380}, abstract = {Despite the continuing interest in the transport of biological fluid within contracting or expanding vessels, our knowledge is yet to be fully developed, even in the two-dimensional case. For example, explicit solutions and close approximations to these models remain unknown, and the physical problem has been restricted to the "slow" expansion or contraction of the walls. Thus, the purpose of this short communication is to partially address such challenges and gaps by generating explicit solutions and improving approximations to the flow problem without the "slowness" restriction being imposed. We show that when the Reynolds number is zero (i.e., the inviscid case), the corresponding homogeneous differential equation under consideration may be completely solved. We then illustrate how this exact solution may be leveraged to form more precise approximations to the flow via perturbation techniques when the Reynolds number is small. Our perturbation approach is only in one parameter (the Reynolds number) instead of the usual two parameters (the Reynolds number and wall dilation rate), and thus we make no restriction regarding the "slowness" of wall expansion or contraction for our general perturbation scheme. Our act of "shining new light through old windows" improves and extends the results of Majdalani, Zhou and Dawson and, moreover, our method has significant potential to be applied by researchers to form more precise one-parameter perturbation approximations to flow problems in contrast to the limitations of the traditional two-parameter perturbation approaches that have dominated the literature.}, }
@article {pmid37215871, year = {2023}, author = {Zhao, L and Wang, Y and Qi, Z}, title = {Investigation of periodic characteristics of perturbed flow over a slender body.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {e16194}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16194}, pmid = {37215871}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The asymmetric flow over a slender body was particularly sensitive to the nose at a high angle of attack (AoA). Two patterns of separation occurred on the noses of the pointed-nosed slender body and blunt-nosed slender body as open- and close-type separation, respectively. The effects of the bluntness were investigated at high AoA (α = 50°) to clarify the evolution of the separated pattern from open-to close-type separation by the nose and by the periodic characteristics of perturbed flow. Wind tunnel experimental tests were conducted to investigate the periodic characteristics of asymmetric flow at a Reynolds number ReD = 1.54 × 10[5], based on incoming free-stream velocity (U∞) and the diameter (D) of the model. A particle was attached to the tip of the nose to induce the perturbed flow and attain a definite and predictable asymmetric flow in experimental tests. The pressure scanning and surface oil-flow visualization techniques were used to capture the pressure distributions and flow separations. The major findings were that axial flow increases with the increase of bluntness, resulting in open-type separation turning into close-type separation, and the perturbation moved from downstream to upstream of starting points of the separation line. The critical bluntness of separation pattern switching from open-type to close-type located between 1.5 and 3. Thus, the management of perturbation on asymmetric flow pattern switched from directly participating in separation to influencing separation through micro-flow. Therefore, the locations of perturbation and starting points of the separation line were closely related to asymmetric flow management by perturbation, then affecting the periodic characteristics of perturbed flow.}, }
@article {pmid37198775, year = {2023}, author = {Yoo, H and Wissocq, G and Jacob, J and Favier, J and Sagaut, P}, title = {Compressible lattice Boltzmann method with rotating overset grids.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {4-2}, pages = {045306}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.045306}, pmid = {37198775}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The numerical instability of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) at high Mach or high Reynolds number flow is well identified, and it remains a major barrier to its application in more complex configurations such as moving geometries. This work combines the compressible lattice Boltzmann model with rotating overset grids (the so-called Chimera method, sliding mesh, or moving reference frame) for high Mach flows. This paper proposes to use the compressible hybrid recursive regularized collision model with fictitious forces (or inertial forces) in a noninertial rotating reference frame. Also, polynomial interpolations are investigated, which allow fixed inertial and rotating noninertial grids to communicate with each other. We suggest a way to effectively couple the LBM with the MUSCL-Hancock scheme in the rotating grid, which is needed to account for thermal effect of compressible flow. As a result, this approach is demonstrated to have an extended Mach stability limit for the rotating grid. It also demonstrates that this complex LBM scheme can maintain the second-order accuracy of the classic LBM by appropriately using numerical methods like polynomial interpolations and the MUSCL-Hancock scheme. Furthermore, the method shows a very good agreement on aerodynamic coefficients compared to experiments and the conventional finite-volume scheme. This work presents a thorough academic validation and error analysis of the LBM for simulating moving geometries in high Mach compressible flows.}, }
@article {pmid37190405, year = {2023}, author = {Niven, RK}, title = {Dimensionless Groups by Entropic Similarity: I - Diffusion, Chemical Reaction and Dispersion Processes.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {37190405}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {Since the time of Buckingham in 1914, dimensional analysis and similarity arguments based on dimensionless groups have served as powerful tools for the analysis of systems in all branches of science and engineering. Dimensionless groups are generally classified into those arising from geometric similarity, based on ratios of length scales; kinematic similarity, based on ratios of velocities or accelerations; and dynamic similarity, based on ratios of forces. We propose an additional category of dimensionless groups based on entropic similarity, defined by ratios of (i) entropy production terms; (ii) entropy flow rates or fluxes; or (iii) information flow rates or fluxes. Since all processes involving work against friction, dissipation, diffusion, dispersion, mixing, separation, chemical reaction, gain of information or other irreversible changes are driven by (or must overcome) the second law of thermodynamics, it is appropriate to analyze them directly in terms of competing entropy-producing and transporting phenomena and the dominant entropic regime, rather than indirectly in terms of forces. In this study, entropic groups are derived for a wide variety of diffusion, chemical reaction and dispersion processes relevant to fluid mechanics, chemical engineering and environmental engineering. It is shown that many dimensionless groups traditionally derived by kinematic or dynamic similarity (including the Reynolds number) can also be recovered by entropic similarity-with a different entropic interpretation-while many new dimensionless groups can also be identified. The analyses significantly expand the scope of dimensional analysis and similarity arguments for the resolution of new and existing problems in science and engineering.}, }
@article {pmid37186956, year = {2023}, author = {Guo, Q and Zhang, J and Li, D and Yu, H}, title = {Effect of Wettability on the Collision Behavior of Acoustically Excited Droplets.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00571}, pmid = {37186956}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) is a noncontact technique for micro-liquid handling (usually nanoliters or picoliters) that is not restricted by nozzles and enables high-throughput liquid dispensing without sacrificing precision. It is widely regarded as the most advanced solution for liquid handling in large-scale drug screening. Stable coalescence of the acoustically excited droplets on the target substrate is a fundamental requirement during the application of the ADE system. However, it is challenging to investigate the collision behavior of nanoliter droplets flying upward during the ADE. In particular, the dependence of the droplet's collision behavior on substrate wettability and droplet velocity has yet to be thoroughly analyzed. In this paper, the kinetic processes of binary droplet collisions were investigated experimentally for different wettability substrate surfaces. Four states occur as the droplet collision velocity increases: coalescence after minor deformation, complete rebound, coalescence during rebound, and direct coalescence. For the hydrophilic substrate, there are wider ranges of Weber number (We) and Reynolds number (Re) in the complete rebound state. And with the decrease of the substrate wettability, the critical Weber and Reynolds numbers for the coalescence during rebound and the direct coalescence decrease. It is further revealed that the hydrophilic substrate is susceptible to droplet rebound because the sessile droplet has a larger radius of curvature and the viscous energy dissipation is greater. Besides, the prediction model of the maximum spreading diameter was established by modifying the droplet morphology in the complete rebound state. It is found that, under the same Weber and Reynolds numbers, droplet collisions on the hydrophilic substrate achieve a smaller maximum spreading coefficient and greater viscous energy dissipation, so the hydrophilic substrate is prone to droplet bounce.}, }
@article {pmid37123410, year = {2023}, author = {Ishimoto, K and Gaffney, EA and Smith, DJ}, title = {Squirmer hydrodynamics near a periodic surface topography.}, journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1123446}, pmid = {37123410}, issn = {2296-634X}, abstract = {The behaviour of microscopic swimmers has previously been explored near large-scale confining geometries and in the presence of very small-scale surface roughness. Here, we consider an intermediate case of how a simple microswimmer, the tangential spherical squirmer, behaves adjacent to singly and doubly periodic sinusoidal surface topographies that spatially oscillate with an amplitude that is an order of magnitude less than the swimmer size and wavelengths that are also within an order of magnitude of this scale. The nearest neighbour regularised Stokeslet method is used for numerical explorations after validating its accuracy for a spherical tangential squirmer that swims stably near a flat surface. The same squirmer is then introduced to different surface topographies. The key governing factor in the resulting swimming behaviour is the size of the squirmer relative to the surface topography wavelength. For instance, directional guidance is not observed when the squirmer is much larger, or much smaller, than the surface topography wavelength. In contrast, once the squirmer size is on the scale of the topography wavelength, limited guidance is possible, often with local capture in the topography troughs. However, complex dynamics can also emerge, especially when the initial configuration is not close to alignment along topography troughs or above topography crests. In contrast to sensitivity in alignment and topography wavelength, reductions in the amplitude of the surface topography or variations in the shape of the periodic surface topography do not have extensive impacts on the squirmer behaviour. Our findings more generally highlight that the numerical framework provides an essential basis to elucidate how swimmers may be guided by surface topography.}, }
@article {pmid37115869, year = {2023}, author = {Ambruş, VE and Schlichting, S and Werthmann, C}, title = {Establishing the Range of Applicability of Hydrodynamics in High-Energy Collisions.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {130}, number = {15}, pages = {152301}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.152301}, pmid = {37115869}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We simulate the space-time dynamics of high-energy collisions based on a microscopic kinetic description in the conformal relaxation time approximation, in order to determine the range of applicability of an effective description in relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. We find that hydrodynamics provides a quantitatively accurate description of collective flow when the average inverse Reynolds number Re^{-1} is sufficiently small and the early preequilibrium stage is properly accounted for. We further discuss the implications of our findings for the (in)applicability of hydrodynamics in proton-proton, proton-nucleus, and light nucleus collisions.}, }
@article {pmid37112102, year = {2023}, author = {Lin, W and Li, Z and Zhang, S and Lin, J}, title = {Numerical Study on the Distribution of Rodlike Particles in Laminar Flows of Power Law Fluids Past a Cylinder.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/polym15081956}, pmid = {37112102}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {The contraction/expansion laminar flow containing rodlike particles in power-law fluid is studied numerically when the particles are in a dilute phase. The fluid velocity vector and streamline of flow are given at the finite Reynolds number (Re) region. The effects of Re, power index n and particle aspect ratio β on the spatial and orientation distributions of particles are analyzed. The results showed that for the shear-thickening fluid, particles are dispersed in the whole area in the contraction flow, while more particles are gathered near the two walls in the expansion flow. The spatial distribution of particles with small β is more regular. Β has a significant, n has a moderate, but Re has a small impact on the spatial distribution of particles in the contraction and expansion flow. In the case of large Re, most particles are oriented in the flow direction. The particles near the wall show obvious orientation along the flow direction. In shear-thickening fluid, when the flow changes from contraction to expansion, the orientation distribution of particles becomes more dispersed; while in shear-thinning fluid, the opposite is true. More particles orient to the flow direction in expansion flow than that in contraction flow. The particles with a large β tend to align with the flow direction more obviously. Re, n and β have great influence on the orientation distribution of particles in the contraction and expansion flow. Whether the particles initially located at the inlet can bypass the cylinder depends on the transverse position and initial orientation of the particles at the inlet. The number of particles with θ0 = 90° bypassing the cylinder is the largest, followed by θ0 = 45° and θ0 = 0°. The conclusions obtained in this paper have reference value for practical engineering applications.}, }
@article {pmid37100809, year = {2023}, author = {Pilloton, C and Lugni, C and Graziani, G and Fedele, F}, title = {Wave dispersion in moderate channel turbulence.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {6801}, pmid = {37100809}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {We study channel turbulence by interpreting its vorticity as a random sea of ocean wave packet analogues. In particular, we investigate the ocean-like properties of vortical packets applying stochastic methods developed for oceanic fields. Taylor's hypothesis of frozen eddies does not hold when turbulence is not weak, and vortical packets change shape as they are advected by the mean flow, altering their own speed. This is the physical manifestation of a hidden wave dispersion of turbulence. Our analysis at the bulk Reynolds number Reb = 5600 suggests that turbulent fluctuations behave dispersively as gravity-capillary waves, with capillarity being dominant near the wall region.}, }
@article {pmid37097943, year = {2023}, author = {Prasad, V and Sharma, A and Kulkarni, SS}, title = {Chaotic advection in a recirculating flow: Effect of a fluid multiple-flexible-solid interaction.}, journal = {Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1063/5.0132986}, pmid = {37097943}, issn = {1089-7682}, abstract = {This paper deals with chaotic advection due to a two-way interaction between flexible elliptical-solids and a laminar lid-driven cavity flow in two dimensions. The present Fluid multiple-flexible-Solid Interaction study involves various number N(= 1-120) of equal-sized neutrally buoyant elliptical-solids (aspect ratio β = 0.5) such that they result in the total volume fraction Φ = 10 % as in our recent study on single solid, done for non-dimensional shear modulus G ∗ = 0.2 and Reynolds number R e = 100. Results are presented first for flow-induced motion and deformation of the solids and later for chaotic advection of the fluid. After the initial transients, the fluid as well as solid motion (and deformation) attain periodicity for smaller N ≤ 10 while they attain aperiodic states for larger N > 10. Adaptive material tracking (AMT) and Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE)-based Lagrangian dynamical analysis revealed that the chaotic advection increases up to N = 6 and decreases at larger N(= 6-10) for the periodic state. Similar analysis for the transient state revealed an asymptotic increase in the chaotic advection with increasing N ≤ 120. These findings are demonstrated with the help of two types of chaos signatures: exponential growth of material blob's interface and Lagrangian coherent structures, revealed by the AMT and FTLE, respectively. Our work, which is relevant to several applications, presents a novel technique based on the motion of multiple deformable-solids for enhancement of chaotic advection.}, }
@article {pmid37092929, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, C and Arcondoulis, EJG and Yang, Y and Guo, J and Maryami, R and Bi, C and Liu, Y}, title = {Active control of airfoil turbulent boundary layer noise with trailing-edge blowing.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {153}, number = {4}, pages = {2115}, doi = {10.1121/10.0017787}, pmid = {37092929}, issn = {1520-8524}, abstract = {Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings acoustic analogy are performed to study the effect of trailing-edge blowing on airfoil self-noise. Simulations were conducted using a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 0012 airfoil at zero angle of attack and a chord-based Reynolds number of 4 × 10 5. The aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of the baseline airfoil were thoroughly verified by comparison with previous numerical and experimental data. The noise reduction effects of continuous and local blowing with different blowing ratios and blowing momentum coefficients were compared. A maximum noise reduction of 20 dB was achieved via trailing-edge blowing and the noise reduction mechanisms of the two blowing methods were discussed. The LES results show a pair of recirculation bubbles in the airfoil wake which are suppressed by trailing-edge blowing. As the blowing vortices convect into the wake, they stretch and stabilize the shear flows from airfoil surfaces. Instantaneous vorticity and root mean square velocity fluctuations are also weakened. There is a decrease in the spanwise coherence and an increase in the phase difference, which contribute to noise reduction. It is concluded that the suppression of turbulence fluctuations in the near wake is the main mechanism of noise reduction for airfoil trailing-edge blowing.}, }
@article {pmid37073470, year = {2023}, author = {Roggeveen, JV and Stone, HA and Kurzthaler, C}, title = {Transport of a passive scalar in wide channels with surface topography: An asymptotic theory.}, journal = {Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal}, volume = {35}, number = {27}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1361-648X/acc8ad}, pmid = {37073470}, issn = {1361-648X}, abstract = {We generalize classical dispersion theory for a passive scalar to derive an asymptotic long-time convection-diffusion equation for a solute suspended in a wide, structured channel and subject to a steady low-Reynolds-number shear flow. Our asymptotic theory relies on a domain perturbation approach for small roughness amplitudes of the channel and holds for general surface shapes expandable as a Fourier series. We determine an anisotropic dispersion tensor, which depends on the characteristic wavelengths and amplitude of the surface structure. For surfaces whose corrugations are tilted with respect to the applied flow direction, we find that dispersion along the principal direction (i.e. the principal eigenvector of the dispersion tensor) is at an angle to the main flow direction and becomes enhanced relative to classical Taylor dispersion. In contrast, dispersion perpendicular to it can decrease compared to the short-time diffusivity of the particles. Furthermore, for an arbitrary surface shape represented in terms of a Fourier decomposition, we find that each Fourier mode contributes at leading order a linearly-independent correction to the classical Taylor dispersion diffusion tensor.}, }
@article {pmid37069324, year = {2023}, author = {Nyatchouba Nsangue, BT and Tang, H and Liu, W and Xu, L and Hu, F}, title = {Turbulent flow interacting with flexible trawl net structure including simulation catch in flume tank.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {6249}, pmid = {37069324}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The interaction between fluid and the midwater trawl with stocked catches is extremely complex, but essential to improve the understanding of the drag force acting on the trawl, the behavior of the fishing structure during a trawling process, and to predict its selectivity process. The present study assesses the turbulent characteristics inside and around the midwater trawls with catch and without catch linked to its fluttering motion. The analysis is based on three-dimensional electromagnetic current velocity meter measurements performed in the multiple points inside and outside different parts of a 1/35 scaled midwater trawl model with the aim of access the main turbulent flow structure inside and around the gear. Time-averaged normalized flow velocity fields and turbulent flow parameters were analyzed from the measured flow data. Furthermore, Fourier analysis was conducted by watching the time-frequency Power spectrum content of instantaneous flow velocities fields, the fluttering trawl motions, turbulent kinetic energy, and momentum flux. Based on successive analyzes of mean flow characteristics and turbulent flow parameters, it has been demonstrated that the presence of catch inside the trawl net impacts the evolution of unsteady turbulent flow by creating large trawl fluttering motions that strongly affect the flow passage. The results showed that the time-averaged normalized streamwise and transverse flow velocities inside and around the trawl net with catch were 12.41% lower compared with that obtained inside and around the trawl without catch. The turbulent length scale and turbulent Reynolds number obtained in the different part of the trawl net with catch were about 33.05% greater than those obtained on the trawl net without catch, confirming that the unsteady turbulent flow developing inside and around the midwater trawl is influence by the catch and liner. It is observed that the motions of both the trawl without catch and the trawl with catch are mainly of a low-frequency activity and another component related to unsteady turbulent flow street. A complex fluid-structure interaction is then demonstrated where the fluttering motions of the trawl net affect the fluid flow inside and around trawl net, the fluid force, turbulent pattern, and simultaneously, the periodic unsteady turbulent flow influence the trawl motions.}, }
@article {pmid37064396, year = {2023}, author = {Ding, Y and Liu, Z and Wang, X and Xin, R and Shan, D and He, B and Jing, J and Gao, Q and Yang, J and Chen, Y}, title = {Validation of hemodynamic stress calculation in coronary computed tomography angiography versus intravascular ultrasound.}, journal = {Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {2339-2351}, pmid = {37064396}, issn = {2223-4292}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Development in computational fluid dynamics and 3D construction could facilitate the calculation of hemodynamic stresses in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). However, the agreement between CCTA derived stresses and intravascular ultrasound/intravascular coronary angiography (IVUS/ICA)-derived stresses remains undetermined. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate if CCTA can serve as alternative to IVUS/ICA for hemodynamic evaluation.<br><br>METHODS: In this retrospective study, 13 patients (14 arteries) with unstable angina who underwent both CCTA and IVUS/ICA at an interval of less than 7 days were consecutively included at the Chinese PLA General Hospital within the year of 2021. Slice-level minimal lumen area (MLA), percent area stenosis, velocity, pressure, Reynolds number, wall shear stress (WSS) and axial plaque stress (APS) were determined by both modalities. The agreement between CCTA and IVUS/ICA was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: CCTA overestimated the degree of area stenosis (50.22%&#xb1;16.15% vs. 36.41%&#xb1;19.37%, P=0.004) with the MLA showing no significant difference (5.81&#xb1;2.24 vs. 6.72&#xb1;2.04 mm[2], P=0.126). No statistical difference was observed in WSS (6.57&#xb1;6.26 vs. 5.98&#xb1;5.55 Pa, P=0.420) and APS (16.03&#xb1;1,159.45 vs. -1.27&#xb1;890.39 Pa, P=0.691) between CCTA and IVUS. Good correlation was found in velocity (ICC: 0.796, 95% CI: 0.752-0.833), Reynolds number (ICC: 0.810, 95% CI: 0.768-0.844) and WSS (ICC: 0.769, 95% CI: 0.718-0.810), while the ICC of APS was (ICC: 0.341, 95% CI: 0.197-0.458), indicating a relatively poor correlation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: CCTA can serve as a satisfactory alternative to the reference standard, IVUS/ICA in morphology simulation and hemodynamic stress calculation, especially in the calculation of WSS.}, }
@article {pmid37064764, year = {2011}, author = {Fan, DL and Zhu, FQ and Cammarata, RC and Chien, CL}, title = {Electric Tweezers.}, journal = {Nano today}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {339-354}, pmid = {37064764}, issn = {1748-0132}, abstract = {Electric tweezers utilize DC and AC electric fields through voltages applied on patterned electrodes to manipulate nanoentities suspended in a liquid. Nanowires with a large aspect ratio are particularly suitable for use in electric tweezers for patterning, assembling, and manipulation. Despite operating in the regime of extremely small particle Reynolds number (of order 10[-5]), electric tweezers can manipulate nanowires with high precision to follow any prescribed trajectory, to rotate nanowires with controlled chirality, angular velocity and rotation angle, and to assemble nanowires to fabricate nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) devices such as nanomotors and nano-oscillators. Electric tweezers have also been used to transport in a highly controlled manner drug-carrying functionalized nanowires for cell-specific drug delivery.}, }
@article {pmid37039923, year = {2023}, author = {Guastoni, L and Rabault, J and Schlatter, P and Azizpour, H and Vinuesa, R}, title = {Deep reinforcement learning for turbulent drag reduction in channel flows.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {27}, pmid = {37039923}, issn = {1292-895X}, support = {2021-CoG-101043998/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {We introduce a reinforcement learning (RL) environment to design and benchmark control strategies aimed at reducing drag in turbulent fluid flows enclosed in a channel. The environment provides a framework for computationally efficient, parallelized, high-fidelity fluid simulations, ready to interface with established RL agent programming interfaces. This allows for both testing existing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms against a challenging task, and advancing our knowledge of a complex, turbulent physical system that has been a major topic of research for over two centuries, and remains, even today, the subject of many unanswered questions. The control is applied in the form of blowing and suction at the wall, while the observable state is configurable, allowing to choose different variables such as velocity and pressure, in different locations of the domain. Given the complex nonlinear nature of turbulent flows, the control strategies proposed so far in the literature are physically grounded, but too simple. DRL, by contrast, enables leveraging the high-dimensional data that can be sampled from flow simulations to design advanced control strategies. In an effort to establish a benchmark for testing data-driven control strategies, we compare opposition control, a state-of-the-art turbulence-control strategy from the literature, and a commonly used DRL algorithm, deep deterministic policy gradient. Our results show that DRL leads to 43% and 30% drag reduction in a minimal and a larger channel (at a friction Reynolds number of 180), respectively, outperforming the classical opposition control by around 20 and 10 percentage points, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid37037634, year = {2023}, author = {Wang, YH and Lin, XY and Cheng, Y and Wang, H and Liu, W and Zhuge, XK and Huo, XL and Bao, N}, title = {Vibration for enhancement of electrochemical analysis of biomolecules in a droplet on the rough surface of a disposable working electrode.}, journal = {Analytica chimica acta}, volume = {1256}, number = {}, pages = {341158}, doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2023.341158}, pmid = {37037634}, issn = {1873-4324}, abstract = {Although electrochemical detection of microliters-level solutions is attractive for analysis of low-amount biological samples, its performance could be weakened by limited mass transfer due to low Reynolds number and laminar flow. Herein we designed a 3D-printed electroanalytical device to apply vibration for improvement of mass transfer during electrochemical detection. In our approach, the droplet-size sample solution containing Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, as a model) was directly applied on the effective surface of a disposable working electrode. We demonstrated that vibration could enhance electrochemical responses of IAA more on the rough surface than on the smooth surface of the working electrodes. After optimization, the sensitivity for electrochemical detection of a 20-μL droplet under vibration with the voltage of 7 V increased more than 100% compared with the static condition. The enhanced electrochemical responses brought by vibration could be achieved reproducibly, which could be ascribed to improved mass transfer. Our strategy could be practically applied for differentiation of IAA in different tissues of Marchantia polymorpha with enhanced responses. This study suggested that vibration might become a simple and effective method to improve mass transfer in analysis of microliter-volume solutions, which might be extended for more biochemical assays.}, }
@article {pmid37034318, year = {2023}, author = {Dyverfeldt, P and Trenti, C and Ziegler, M and Bjarnegård, N and Lindenberger, M}, title = {Helical flow in tortuous aortas and its relationship to turbulence: A whole-aorta 4D flow MRI study.}, journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1124604}, pmid = {37034318}, issn = {2297-055X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Increased vascular tortuosity is a hallmark of ageing of the vascular system, including the aorta. However, the impact of tortuosity on aortic blood flow is unknown. We hypothesized that increased tortuosity would be associated with increased blood flow helicity and with decreased degree of blood flow turbulence as measured by the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).<br><br>METHODS: 4D Flow MR images covering the entire aorta from the aortic valve to the iliac bifurcation were acquired in 23 normal volunteers aged 18-30 years ("Young") and 23 normal volunteers aged 66-76 years ("Old") without aortic disease. The aorta was segmented and divided into four regions: the ascending, descending, suprarenal abdominal and infrarenal abdominal aorta. Tortuosity, helicity, TKE, flow velocity, and Reynolds number were computed for the whole aorta and for each section.<br><br>RESULTS: Tortuosity and helicity were higher whereas TKE, velocity, and Reynolds number were lower in Old than in Young, for all aortic regions (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) except for helicity in the descending aorta. Tortuosity correlated positively with helicity and negatively with TKE for all aortic regions (Spearman rho=&#xb1;0.45-&#xb1;0.72, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;=0.002) except for TKE in the ascending aorta. Further, helicity correlated with TKE in the descending, suprarenal abdominal and infrarenal abdominal aorta (Spearman rho=-0.56--0.77).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Tortuosity increases with age and blood flow in tortuous aortas is more helical. Increasing helicity, in turn, is associated with decreasing TKE.}, }
@article {pmid37033871, year = {2023}, author = {Meng, M and Yang, Q}, title = {Investigation of the Microscopic Process of the Media Coalescence Treatment of Water-in-Oil Emulsion.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {8}, number = {13}, pages = {11908-11915}, pmid = {37033871}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Medium coalescence technology is a research hotspot for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions. However, the coalescence mechanism is still unclear, making it challenging to effectively improve the separation performance. Herein, the microscopic mechanism of medium coalescence was revealed. We found that the effective collision positions under the action of the flow field include the exposed granule surface, adherent droplet surface, and three-phase contact line. Furthermore, a numerical model of the microscopic process of water-in-oil emulsion permeation through a granular bed was established. The effects of different parameters (including the number of medium layers, Reynolds number, and inlet concentration) on the microscopic process of capturing dispersed-phase droplets in the bed and the pressure drop in the coalescence area were studied. The numerical results show that the droplets form the bridging structure between the granules. On the one hand, the bridging structure promotes the capture of the droplets by the bed; on the other hand, it causes pressure-drop fluctuations in the coalescence area and asymmetric distribution of the velocity field.}, }
@article {pmid37029144, year = {2023}, author = {Abdelhafez, MA and Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Elmhedy, Y}, title = {Influence of an inclined magnetic field and heat and mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of blood in an asymmetric channel.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {5749}, pmid = {37029144}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This article presents a theoretical study on heat and mass transfer analysis of the peristaltic flow of blood conveying through an asymmetric channel in the presence of inclined to the magnetic field. The effects of ratio of relaxation to retardation times, non-uniform parameter, the non-dimensional amplitude, Hartman number and phase difference have been taken into account. The governing coupled non-linear partial differential equations representing the flow model are transmuted into linear ones by assuming that the wave is very long with a small Reynolds number. The converted mathematical formulations are solved analytically via the Mathematica software. Analytical expressions for the dimensionless velocity profiles of fluid, temperature, concentration, pressure gradient, increase in pressure, heat transfer coefficient and shear stress of the blood are derived. The velocity, temperature, concentration, pressure gradient, increase in pressure, heat transfer coefficient and shear stress were calculated numerically for different values of the parameters, which were represented graphically and find their physical meaning.}, }
@article {pmid37025873, year = {2023}, author = {Nishu, IZ and Samad, MF}, title = {Modeling and simulation of a split and recombination-based passive micromixer with vortex-generating mixing units.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e14745}, pmid = {37025873}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {As a state-of-the-art technology, micromixers are being used in various chemical and biological processes, including polymerization, extraction, crystallization, organic synthesis, biological screening, drug development, drug delivery, etc. The ability of a micromixer to perform efficient mixing while consuming little power is one of its basic needs. In this paper, a passive micromixer having vortex-generating mixing units is proposed which shows effective mixing with a small pressure drop. The micromixer works on the split and recombination (SAR) flow principle. In this study, four micromixers are designed with different arrangements of mixing units, and the effect of the placement of connecting channels is evaluated in terms of mixing index, pressure drop, and mixing performance. The channel width of 200 μm, height of 300 μm, and size of mixing units are maintained constant for all the micromixers throughout the evaluation process. The numerical simulation is performed for the Reynolds number (Re) range of 0.1-100 using Comsol Multiphysics software. By categorizing the flow patterns into three regimes based on the range of Re, the fluid flow throughout the length of the micromixer is visualized. The micromixer with dislocated connecting channels provides a satisfactory result with the mixing index of 0.96 and 0.94, and the pressure drop of 2.5 Pa and 7.8 kPa at Re = 0.1 and Re = 100 respectively. It also outperformed the other models in terms of the mixing performance. The proposed micromixer might very well be used in microfluidic devices for a variety of analytical procedures due to its straightforward construction and outstanding performance.}, }
@article {pmid37018723, year = {2023}, author = {Van Impe, M and Caboor, L and Deleeuw, V and Olbinado, M and De Backer, J and Sips, P and Segers, P}, title = {Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of the Aortic Hemodynamics in Adult Zebrafish: a Pilot Study based on Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering}, volume = {PP}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2023.3236488}, pmid = {37018723}, issn = {1558-2531}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The zebrafish is increasingly used as a small animal model for cardiovascular disease, including vascular disorders. Nevertheless, a comprehensive biomechanical understanding of the zebrafish cardiovascular circulation is still lacking and possibilities for phenotyping the zebrafish heart and vasculature at adult - no longer optically transparent - stages are limited. To improve these aspects, we developed imaging-based 3D models of the cardiovascular system of wild-type adult zebrafish.<br><br>METHODS: In vivo high-frequency echocardiography and ex vivo synchrotron x-ray tomography were combined to build fluid-structure interaction finite element models of the fluid dynamics and biomechanics inside the ventral aorta.<br><br>RESULTS: We successfully generated a reference model of the circulation in adult zebrafish. The dorsal side of the most proximal branching region was found as the location of highest first principal wall stress and was also a location of low wall shear stress. Reynolds number and oscillatory shear were very low compared to mice and humans.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: The presented wild-type results provide a first extensive biomechanical reference for adult zebrafish. This framework can be used for advanced cardiovascular phenotyping of adult genetically engineered zebrafish models of cardiovascular disease, showing disruptions of the normal mechano-biology and homeostasis. By providing reference values for key biomechanical stimuli (including wall shear stress and first principal stress) in wild-type animals, and a pipeline for image-based animal-specific computational biomechanical models, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of altered biomechanics and hemodynamics in heritable cardiovascular pathologies.}, }
@article {pmid37012373, year = {2023}, author = {Lee, S and Bui-Vinh, D and Baek, M and Kwak, DB and Lee, H}, title = {Modeling pressure drop values across ultra-thin nanofiber filters with various ranges of filtration parameters under an aerodynamic slip effect.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {5449}, pmid = {37012373}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Computational fluid dynamics simulations of fibrous filters with 56 combinations of different fiber sizes, packing densities, face velocities, and thicknesses were conducted for developing models that predict pressure drops across nanofiber filters. The accuracy of the simulation method was confirmed by comparing the numerical pressure drops to the experimental data obtained for polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber filters. In the simulations, an aerodynamic slip effect around the surface of the small nanofibers was considered. The results showed that, unlike in the case of conventional filtration theory, pressure drops across the thin layers of electrospun nanofiber filters are not proportional to the thickness. This might be a critical factor for obtaining precise pressure drops across the electrospun nanofiber filters with extremely thin layers. Finally, we derived the product of drag coefficient and Reynolds number as a function of packing density, Knudsen number, and ratio of thickness to fiber diameter to get the correlation equation for pressure drop prediction. The obtained equation predicted the pressure drops across the nanofiber filters with the maximum relative difference of less than 15%.}, }
@article {pmid37009788, year = {2023}, author = {Connor, AA and Webster, DR}, title = {Hydrodynamics of the fast-start caridoid escape response in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {5376}, pmid = {37009788}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Krill are shrimp-like crustaceans with a high degree of mobility and variety of documented swimming behaviors. The caridoid escape response, a fast-start mechanism unique to crustaceans, occurs when the animal performs a series of rapid abdominal flexions and tail flipping that results in powerful backward strokes. The current results quantify the animal kinematics and three-dimensional flow field around a free-swimming Euphausia superba as it performs the caridoid escape maneuver. The specimen performs a single abdominal flexion-tail flip combination that leads to an acceleration over a 42 ms interval allowing it to reach a maximum speed of 57.0 cm/s (17.3 body lengths/s). The krill's tail flipping during the abdominal closure is a significant contributor to the thrust generation during the maneuver. The krill sheds a complex chain of vortex rings in its wake due to the viscous flow effects while the organism accelerates. The vortex ring structure reveals a strong suction flow in the wake, which suggests that the pressure distribution and form drag play a role in the force balance for this maneuver. Antarctic krill typically swim in a low to intermediate Reynolds number (Re) regime where viscous forces are significant, but as shown by this analysis, its high maneuverability allows it to quickly change its body angle and swimming speed.}, }
@article {pmid37004257, year = {2023}, author = {Ozawa, K and Nakamura, H and Shimamura, K and Dietze, GF and Yoshikawa, HN and Zoueshtiagh, F and Kurose, K and Mu, L and Ueno, I}, title = {Capillary-driven horseshoe vortex forming around a micro-pillar.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {642}, number = {}, pages = {227-234}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.039}, pmid = {37004257}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {HYPOTHESIS: Horseshoe vortices are known to emerge around large-scale obstacles, such as bridge pillars, due to an inertia-driven adverse pressure gradient forming on the upstream-side of the obstacle. We contend that a similar flow structure can arise in thin-film Stokes flow around micro-obstacles, such as used in textured surfaces to improve wettability. This could be exploited to enhance mixing in microfluidic devices, typically limited to creeping-flow regimes.<br><br>EXPERIMENTS: Numerical simulations based on the Navier-Stokes equations are carried out to elucidate the flow structure associated with the wetting dynamics of a liquid film spreading around a 50&#xa0;&#x3bc;m diameter micro-pillar. The employed multiphase solver, which is based on the volume of fluid method, accurately reproduces the wetting dynamics observed in current and previous (Mu et al., Langmuir, 2019) experiments.<br><br>FINDINGS: The flow structure within the liquid meniscus forming at the foot of the micro-pillar evinces a horseshoe vortex wrapping around the obstacle, notwithstanding that the Reynolds number in our system is extremely low. Here, the adverse pressure gradient driving flow reversal near the bounding wall is caused by capillarity instead of inertia. The horseshoe vortex is entangled with other vortical structures, leading to an intricate flow system with high-potential mixing capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid36997565, year = {2023}, author = {Monti, A and Olivieri, S and Rosti, ME}, title = {Collective dynamics of dense hairy surfaces in turbulent flow.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {5184}, pmid = {36997565}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Flexible filamentous beds interacting with a turbulent flow represent a fundamental setting for many environmental phenomena, e.g., aquatic canopies in marine current. Exploiting direct numerical simulations at high Reynolds number where the canopy stems are modelled individually, we provide evidence on the essential features of the honami/monami collective motion experienced by hairy surfaces over a range of different flexibilities, i.e., Cauchy number. Our findings clearly confirm that the collective motion is essentially driven by fluid flow turbulence, with the canopy having in this respect a fully-passive behavior. Instead, some features pertaining to the structural response turn out to manifest in the motion of the individual canopy elements when focusing, in particular, on the spanwise oscillation and/or on sufficiently small Cauchy numbers.}, }
@article {pmid36984947, year = {2023}, author = {Lei, Y and Wang, J and Li, Y and Gao, Q}, title = {In-Hover Aerodynamic Analysis of a Small Rotor with a Thin Circular-Arc Airfoil and a Convex Structure at Low Reynolds Number.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi14030540}, pmid = {36984947}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {This study focused on the in-hover aerodynamics of a small rotor with a thin circular-arc airfoil and a convex structure at a low Reynolds number. The method combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the blade element momentum theory (BEMT). The former was used for studying the two-dimensional parametric aerodynamics of the airfoil at a low Reynolds number and the latter was used for the prediction of the rotor's hover performance. A novel thin circular-arc airfoil with a convex structure with a high aerodynamic performance, high structural strength, light weight and easy manufacturing process is presented in this paper. A convex curve on the upper surface was adopted to increase the thickness of the airfoil at partial chord, and a stiffener in the airfoil was installed to improve the structural strength of rotor span-wise. The aerodynamic performance of the airfoil was numerically simulated by the two-dimensional steady and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The in-hover performance of the rotor for small-scale vehicles was predicted by an improved version of the blade element momentum theory (BEMT). Finally, a carbon-fiber rotor with the presented airfoil was manufactured that had a diameter of 40 cm and a pitch of 6.2 inches. The analysis results were verified by experiments. It was shown that the maximum calculation errors were below 6%. The improved BEMT can be used in the analysis of in-hover micro-rotor aerodynamics at low Reynolds numbers.}, }
@article {pmid36984677, year = {2023}, author = {Park, JE and Kang, TG and Moon, H}, title = {The Effect of the Rotating Disk Geometry on the Flow and Flux Enhancement in a Dynamic Filtration System.}, journal = {Membranes}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/membranes13030291}, pmid = {36984677}, issn = {2077-0375}, abstract = {A numerical study was conducted to investigate the effect of rotating patterned disks on the flow and permeate flux in a dynamic filtration (DF) system. The DF system consists of a rotating patterned disk and a stationary housing with a circular flat membrane. The feed flow is driven by the rotating disk with the angular velocity ranging from 200 to 1000 rpm and the applied pressure difference between inlet and outlet ports. Wheel-shaped patterns are engraved on the disk surfaces to add perturbation to the flow field and improve the permeate flux in the filtration system. Five disks with varying numbers of patterns were used in numerical simulations to examine the effects of the number of patterns and the angular velocity of the disk on the flow and permeate flux in the DF system. The flow characteristics are studied using the velocity profiles, the cross-sectional velocity vectors, the vortex structures, and the shear stress distribution. The wheel-shaped patterns shift the central core layer in the circumferential velocity profile towards the membrane, leading to higher shear stresses at the membrane and higher flux compared to a plain disk. When the number of patterns on the disk exceeded eight at a fixed Reynolds number, there were significant increases in wall shear stress and permeate flux compared to a plain disk filtration system with no pattern.}, }
@article {pmid36967929, year = {2023}, author = {Sakib, MN and Shuvo, MS and Rahman, R and Saha, S}, title = {Particle deposition and fluid flow characteristics in turbulent corrugated pipe flow using Eulerian-Lagrangian approach.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e14603}, pmid = {36967929}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {A numerical simulation of aerosol particle deposition in a horizontal circular pipe with a corrugated wall under turbulent flow has been carried out in this research. This paper uses the RNG k-ε turbulence model with Enhanced Wall Treatment to simulate fluid flow. Furthermore, the Lagrangian particle tracking model simulates particle deposition in the corrugated pipe. Air-particle interaction is influenced by Stokes number, surface roughness, flow velocity, particle diameter, and pipe diameter. For the parametric simulation, particle diameter varies from 1 to 30 μm, whereas the Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 10,000. The effect of corrugation height and pipe diameter on deposition efficiency is also investigated. This study shows that corrugation height significantly increases particle deposition compared to the smooth wall pipe. As the pipe diameter decreases, keeping the corrugation ratio constant, deposition efficiency also increases. Moreover, high flow velocity enhances deposition efficiency for particle diameters lower than 5 μm.}, }
@article {pmid36966222, year = {2023}, author = {Memon, AA and Memon, MA and Fenta, A}, title = {A laminar forced convection via transport of water-copper-aluminum hybrid nanofluid through heated deep and shallow cavity with Corcione model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {4915}, pmid = {36966222}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The article explores how fluid flows and heat transfers in both deep and shallow cavities when using a nanofluid made of water, copper, and aluminum oxide. The study applies the Corcione model to hybrid nanofluids, which considers viscosity, conductivity, and the size of the nanoparticle, temperature, and Reynolds number. The cavity is connected to a rectangular channel, with the cavity's length being half the total length of the enclosure, and the aspect ratio (cavity height divided by height of the channel) is tested from 1 to 3. The study uses the Navier-Stokes equation and energy equation in two dimensions, along with finite element-based software, COMSOL 5.6, to simulate the combination of fluid flow and heat transmission. The results show a circular distribution of temperature in the cavity, and the average temperature drops as the volume fraction of copper upsurges. However, both the Reynolds number and volume fraction of copper improve the average Nusselt number, which shows how well the fluid transfers heat, along the cavity's middle line. The percentage change in the average Nusselt number decreases as the aspect ratio increases, indicating improved conduction.}, }
@article {pmid36959904, year = {2023}, author = {Xiong, J and Zhang, J and Zhong, Y and Song, X and Wang, H and Cheang, UK}, title = {Magnetically-actuated hydrogel-based achiral planar microswimmers for SERS detection: In situ coprecipitation for continuous loading of iron oxide nanoparticles.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1086106}, pmid = {36959904}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Ultraviolet lithography is a very promising technology used for the batch fabrication of biomedical microswimmers. However, creating microswimmers that can swim at low Reynolds number using biocompatible materials while retaining strong magnetic properties and excellent biomedical functionality is a great challenge. Most of the previously reported biomedical microswimmers possess either strong magnetic properties by using non-biocompatible nickel coating or good biocompatibility by using iron oxide particle-embedded hydrogel with weak magnetism, but not both. Alternatively, iron oxide nanoparticles can be coated on the surface of microswimmers to improve magnetic properties; however, this method limited the usability of the microswimmers' surfaces. To address these shortcomings, this work utilized an in situ synthesis technique to generate high magnetic content inside hydrogel-based achiral planar microswimmers while leaving their surfaces free to be functionalized for SERS detection. The hydrogel matrices of the magnetically actuated hydrogel-based microswimmers were first prepared by ultraviolet lithography. Then, the high concentration of iron oxide was achieved through multiple continuous in situ coprecipitation cycles. Finally, the SERS detection capability of magnetically actuated hydrogel-based microswimmers was enabled by uniformly growing silver nanoparticles on the surface of the microswimmers. In the motion control tests, the microswimmers showed a high swimming efficiency, high step-out frequency, and consistent synchronized motion. Furthermore, the magnetically actuated hydrogel-based microswimmers were able to improve the detection efficiency of analytes under magnetic guidance.}, }
@article {pmid36951265, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, D and Chen, S and Luo, X}, title = {Influence factors of channel geometry for separation of circulating tumor cells by four-ring inertial focusing microchannel.}, journal = {Cell biochemistry and function}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/cbf.3791}, pmid = {36951265}, issn = {1099-0844}, abstract = {Inertial microfluidics is a high-throughput and high-efficiency cell separation approach to which attention has been progressively paid in recent years. However, research on the influencing factors that compromise the efficiency of cell separation is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cell separation efficiency by changing the influencing factors. A four-ring inertial focusing spiral microchannel was designed to separate two kinds of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood. Human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells and human epithelial cervical cancer (HeLa) cells enter the four-ring inertial focusing spiral microchannel together with blood cells, and cancer cells and blood cells were separated from each other at the outlet of the channel by inertial force. The cell separation efficiency at the inlet flow rate in the Reynolds number range of 40-52 was studied by changing the influencing factors such as the cross-sectional shape of the microchannel, the average thickness of the cross-section, and the trapezoidal inclination angle. The results showed that the reduction of the channel thickness and the increase of a certain trapezoidal inclination enhanced the cell separation efficiency to a certain extent, the study showed that when the channel inclination was 6 ° and the average channel thickness was 160 μm. The two kinds of CTC cells could be completely separated from the blood and the efficiency could reached 100%.}, }
@article {pmid36938115, year = {2023}, author = {Kitzinger, E and Leclercq, T and Marquet, O and Piot, E and Sipp, D}, title = {Attachment-line, crossflow and Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities on swept ONERA-D and Joukowski airfoils.}, journal = {Journal of fluid mechanics}, volume = {957}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2023.38}, pmid = {36938115}, issn = {0022-1120}, abstract = {Linear stability analyses are performed to investigate the boundary layer instabilities developing in an incompressible flow around the whole leading-edge of swept ONERA-D and Joukowski airfoils of infinite span. The stability analyses conducted in our study are global in the chordwise direction and local in the spanwise direction. A neutral curve is drawn at a given leading-edge Reynolds number ReR and several overlapping regions, called "lobes", are identified on a physical basis. A detailed study of the marginal modes reveals the presence of attachment-line and crossflow instabilities, as well as modes whose features do not fall within the standards of a specific type. Connected crossflow/Tollmien-Schlichting modes, that show a dominant spatial structure reminiscent of Tollmien-Schlichting waves but whose destabilization is linked to a crossflow mechanism, have been identified. The comparison of several neutral curves at different ReR values reveals the greater stabilizing effect of the increase of ReR on the crossflow instability compared to the attachment-line instability. The influence of the airfoil shape is also studied by comparing the neutral curves of the ONERA-D with the neutral curves of the Joukowski airfoil. These curves reveal similar characteristics with the presence of distinct lobes and their comparison at constant sweep angle shows that, under the conditions studied, the ONERA-D airfoil is more stable than the Joukowski airfoil, even for crossflow instabilities. The absolutely or convectively unstable nature of the flow in the spanwise direction is also tackled and our results suggest that the flow is only convectively unstable.}, }
@article {pmid36936325, year = {2023}, author = {Rehman, S and Hashim,  and Hassine, SBH and Tag Eldin, E and Shah, SO}, title = {Investigation of Entropy Production with Thermal Analysis under Soret and Dufour Effects in MHD Flow between Convergent and Divergent Channels.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {9121-9136}, pmid = {36936325}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Hydromagnetic flow and heat transport have sustainable importance in conventional system design along with high-performance thermal equipment and geothermal energy structures. The current computational study investigates the energy transport and entropy production due to the pressure-driven flow of non-Newtonian fluid filled inside the wedge-shaped channel. The nonlinear radiation flux and uniform magnetic field are incorporated into the flow analysis. To be more precise, non-Newtonian fluid initiates from an inlet with the bound of the parabolic profile and leaves at outlet of a convergent/divergent channel. We assume that the channel flow is adiabatic and influenced by the wall friction. The leading flow equations are modeled via the Carreau fluid model using fundamental conservation laws. The thermodynamical aspect of the system is visualized using a two-phase model and analyses of the entropy equation due to fluid friction, ohmic heating, and diffusion of heat and mass fluxes. The modeled system of equations is normalized using a dimensionless variable mechanism. The system was elevated for the significant variation of controlling parameters. The outcomes obtained from the computational investigation are validated with the theoretical results that are available in the literature. An increasing semivertex angle and Reynolds number increase the converging channel flow. In the core flow zone, an increase in the divergent semiangle causes the flow to decelerate, while near and at the channel wall it causes a slight acceleration. Outcomes designate that the main contribution to the irreversibility is due to ohmic loss, frictional loss, and heat loss. The thermal performance and entropy production is dominant for a diverging flow. The outcomes of this research will assist in comprehending the process of entropy minimization in conjunction with the flow of nanomaterials in a nonuniform channel, which is essential in engineering processes such as the creation of micro machines, supersonic Jets, nozzles, and clean energy.}, }
@article {pmid36932601, year = {2023}, author = {Fan, Y and Cadot, O}, title = {Reynolds number effect on the bistable dynamic of a blunt-base bluff body.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {2-2}, pages = {025103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.025103}, pmid = {36932601}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A three-dimensional blunt-base bluff body in a uniform flow is subjected to long-time stochastic dynamics of switching between two opposite wake states. This dynamic is investigated experimentally within the Reynolds number range Re ≃10^{4}-10^{5}. Long-time statistics coupled to a sensitivity analysis to the body attitude (defined as the pitch angle of the body with respect to the incoming flow) show that the wake switching rate decreases as Re increases. Equipping the body with passive roughness elements (turbulators) modifies the boundary layers before separation, seen as the inlet condition for the wake dynamic. Depending on their location and Re, the viscous sublayer length scale and the turbulent layer thickness can be modified independently. This sensitivity analysis to the inlet condition shows that a decrease of the viscous sublayer length scale at a given turbulent layer thickness leads to a decrease in the switching rate, whereas the modification of the turbulent layer thickness has almost no effect on the switching rate.}, }
@article {pmid36932550, year = {2023}, author = {Ginzburg, I and Silva, G and Marson, F and Chopard, B and Latt, J}, title = {Unified directional parabolic-accurate lattice Boltzmann boundary schemes for grid-rotated narrow gaps and curved walls in creeping and inertial fluid flows.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {107}, number = {2-2}, pages = {025303}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.025303}, pmid = {36932550}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The goal of this work is to advance the characteristics of existing lattice Boltzmann Dirichlet velocity boundary schemes in terms of the accuracy, locality, stability, and mass conservation for arbitrarily grid-inclined straight walls, curved surfaces, and narrow fluid gaps, for both creeping and inertial flow regimes. We reach this objective with two infinite-member boundary classes: (1) the single-node "Linear Plus" (LI^{+}) and (2) the two-node "Extended Multireflection" (EMR). The LI^{+} unifies all directional rules relying on the linear combinations of up to three pre- or postcollision populations, including their "ghost-node" interpolations and adjustable nonequilibrium approximations. On this basis, we propose three groups of LI^{+} nonequilibrium local corrections: (1) the LI_{1}^{+} is parametrized, meaning that its steady-state solution is physically consistent: the momentum accuracy is viscosity-independent in Stokes flow, and it is fixed by the Reynolds number (Re) in inertial flow; (2) the LI_{3}^{+} is parametrized, exact for arbitrary grid-rotated Poiseuille force-driven Stokes flow and thus most accurate in porous flow; and (3) the LI_{4}^{+} is parametrized, exact for pressure and inertial term gradients, and hence advantageous in very narrow porous gaps and at higher Reynolds range. The directional, two-relaxation-time collision operator plays a crucial role for all these features, but also for efficiency and robustness of the boundary schemes due to a proposed nonequilibrium linear stability criterion which reliably delineates their suitable coefficients and relaxation space. Our methodology allows one to improve any directional rule for Stokes or Navier-Stokes accuracy, but their parametrization is not guaranteed. In this context, the parametrized two-node EMR class enlarges the single-node schemes to match exactness in a grid-rotated linear Couette flow modeled with an equilibrium distribution designed for the Navier-Stokes equation (NSE). However, exactness of a grid-rotated Poiseuille NSE flow requires us to perform (1) the modification of the standard NSE term for exact bulk solvability and (2) the EMR extension towards the third neighbor node. A unique relaxation and equilibrium exact configuration for grid-rotated Poiseuille NSE flow allows us to classify the Galilean invariance characteristics of the boundary schemes without any bulk interference; in turn, its truncated solution suggests how, when increasing the Reynolds number, to avoid a deterioration of the mass-leakage rate and momentum accuracy due to a specific Reynolds scaling of the kinetic relaxation collision rate. The optimal schemes and strategies for creeping and inertial regimes are then singled out through a series of numerical tests, such as grid-rotated channels and rotated Couette flow with wall-normal injection, cylindrical porous array, and Couette flow between concentric cylinders, also comparing them against circular-shape fitted FEM solutions.}, }
@article {pmid36930713, year = {2023}, author = {Hu, T and Wang, H and Gomez, H}, title = {Direct van der Waals simulation (DVS) of phase-transforming fluids.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {eadg3007}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adg3007}, pmid = {36930713}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {We present the method of direct van der Waals simulation (DVS) to study computationally flows with liquid-vapor phase transformations. Our approach is based on a discretization of the Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations, which couple flow dynamics with van der Waals' nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory of phase transformations, and opens an opportunity for first-principles simulation of a wide range of boiling and cavitating flows. The proposed algorithm enables unprecedented simulations of the Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations involving cavitating flows at strongly under-critical conditions and 𝒪(10[5]) Reynolds number. The proposed technique provides a pathway for a fundamental understanding of phase-transforming flows with multiple applications in science, engineering, and medicine.}, }
@article {pmid36929245, year = {2023}, author = {Sheikhshoaei, A and Rajabi, M}, title = {Utilizing passive elements to break time reversibility at low Reynolds number: a swimmer with one activated element.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {15}, pmid = {36929245}, issn = {1292-895X}, abstract = {In the realm of low Reynolds number, the shape-changing biological and artificial matters need to break time reversibility in the course of their strokes to achieve motility. This necessity is well described in the so-called scallop theorem. In this work, considering low Reynolds number, a novel and versatile swimmer is proposed as an example of a new scheme to break time reversibility kinematically and, in turn, produce net motion. The swimmer consists of one sphere as a cargo or carried body, joined by one activated link with time-varying length, to another perpendicular rigid link, as the support of two passively flapping disks, at its end. The disks are free to rotate between their fixed minimum and maximum angles. The system's motion in two dimensions is simulated, and the maneuverability of the swimmer is discussed. The minimal operating parameters for steering of the swimmer are studied, and the limits of the swimmer are identified. The introduced swimming mechanism can be employed as a simple model system for biological living matters as well as artificial microswimmers.}, }
@article {pmid36920868, year = {2023}, author = {Spatafora-Salazar, A and Kuei, S and Cunha, LHP and Biswal, SL}, title = {Coiling of semiflexible paramagnetic colloidal chains.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm00066d}, pmid = {36920868}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Semiflexible filaments deform into a variety of configurations that dictate different phenomena manifesting at low Reynolds number. Harnessing the elasticity of these filaments to perform transport-related processes at the microfluidic scale requires structures that can be directly manipulated to attain controllable geometric features during their deformation. The configuration of semiflexible chains assembled from paramagnetic colloids can be readily controlled upon the application of external time-varying magnetic fields. In circularly rotating magnetic fields, these chains undergo coiling dynamics in which their ends close into loops that wrap inward, analogous to the curling of long nylon filaments under shear. The coiling is promising for the precise loading and targeted transport of small materials, however effective implementation requires an understanding of the role that field parameters and chain properties play on the coiling features. Here, we investigate the formation of coils in semiflexible paramagnetic chains using numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the size and shape of the initial coils are governed by the Mason and elastoviscous numbers, related to the field parameters and the chain bending stiffness. The size of the initial coil follows a nonmonotonic behavior with Mason number from which two regions are identified: (1) an elasticity-dependent nonlinear regime in which the coil size decreases with increasing field strength and for which loop shape tends to be circular, and (2) an elasticity-independent linear regime where the size increases with field strength and the shape become more elliptical. From the time scales associated to these regimes, we identify distinct coiling mechanisms for each case that relate the coiling dynamics to two other configurational dynamics of paramagnetic chains: wagging and folding behaviors.}, }
@article {pmid36916641, year = {2023}, author = {Lim, S and Yadunandan, A and Khalid Jawed, M}, title = {Bacteria-inspired robotic propulsion from bundling of soft helical filaments at low Reynolds number.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d2sm01398c}, pmid = {36916641}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {The bundling of flagella is known to create a "run" phase, where the bacteria moves in a nearly straight line rather than making changes in direction. Historically, mechanical explanations for the bundling phenomenon intrigued many researchers, and significant advances were made in physical models and experimental methods. Contributing to the field of research, we present a bacteria-inspired centimeter-scale soft robotic hardware platform and a computational framework for a physically plausible simulation model of the multi-flagellated robot under low Reynolds number (∼10[-1]). The fluid-structure interaction simulation couples the discrete elastic rods algorithm with the method of regularized Stokeslet segments. Contact between two flagella is handled by a penalty-based method. We present a comparison between our experimental and simulation results and verify that the simulation tool can capture the essential physics of this problem. Preliminary findings on robustness to buckling provided by the bundling phenomenon and the efficiency of a multi-flagellated soft robot are compared with the single-flagellated counterparts. Observations were made on the coupling between geometry and elasticity, which manifests itself in the propulsion of the robot by nonlinear dependency on the rotational speed of the flagella.}, }
@article {pmid36907215, year = {2023}, author = {Kang, C and Mirbod, P}, title = {Transitions in Taylor-Couette flow of concentrated non-colloidal suspensions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2246}, pages = {20220126}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0126}, pmid = {36907215}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {Taylor-Couette flow of concentrated non-colloidal suspensions with a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer one is numerically investigated. We consider suspensions of the bulk particle volume fraction ϕb = 0.2, 0.3 with the ratio of annular gap to the particle radius ε = 60 confined in a cylindrical annulus of the radius ratio (i.e. ratio of inner and outer radii) η = 0.877. Numerical simulations are performed by applying suspension-balance model and rheological constitutive laws. To observe flow patterns caused by suspended particles, the Reynolds number of the suspension, based on the bulk particle volume fraction and the rotating velocity of the inner cylinder, is varied up to 180. At high Reynolds number, modulated patterns undiscovered in the flow of a semi-dilute suspension emerge beyond a wavy vortex flow. Thus, a transition occurs from the circular Couette flow via ribbons, spiral vortex flow, wavy spiral vortex flow, wavy vortex flow and modulated wavy vortex flow for the concentrated suspensions. Moreover, friction and torque coefficients for suspensions are estimated. It turns out that suspended particles significantly enhance the torque on the inner cylinder while reducing friction coefficient and the pseudo-Nusselt number. In particular, the coefficients are reduced in the flow of more dense suspensions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (Part 2)'.}, }
@article {pmid36907213, year = {2023}, author = {Nagata, M}, title = {Taylor-Couette flow in the narrow-gap limit.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2246}, pages = {20220134}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0134}, pmid = {36907213}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {A Cartesian representation of the Taylor-Couette system in the vanishing limit of the gap between coaxial cylinders is presented, where the ratio, [Formula: see text], of the angular velocities, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], of the inner and the outer cylinders, respectively, affects its axisymmetric flow structures. Our numerical stability study finds remarkable agreement with previous studies for the critical Taylor number, [Formula: see text], for the onset of axisymmetric instability. The Taylor number [Formula: see text] can be expressed as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] (the rotation number) and [Formula: see text] (the Reynolds number) in the Cartesian system are related to the average and the difference of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The instability sets in the region [Formula: see text], while the product of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is kept finite. Furthermore, we developed a numerical code to calculate nonlinear axisymmetric flows. It is found that the mean flow distortion of the axisymmetric flow is antisymmetric across the gap when [Formula: see text], while a symmetric part of the mean flow distortion appears additionally when [Formula: see text]. Our analysis also shows that for a finite [Formula: see text] all flows with [Formula: see text] approach the [Formula: see text] axis, so that the plane Couette flow system is recovered in the vanishing gap limit. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (Part 2)'.}, }
@article {pmid36907211, year = {2023}, author = {Moazzen, M and Lacassagne, T and Thomy, V and Bahrani, SA}, title = {Friction dynamics of elasto-inertial turbulence in Taylor-Couette flow of viscoelastic fluids.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2246}, pages = {20220300}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0300}, pmid = {36907211}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {Dynamic properties of elasto-inertial turbulence (EIT) are studied in a Taylor-Couette geometry. EIT is a chaotic flow state that develops upon both non-negligible inertia and viscoelasticity. A combination of direct flow visualization and torque measurement allows to verify the earlier onset of EIT compared with purely inertial instabilities (and inertial turbulence). The scaling of the pseudo-Nusselt number with inertia and elasticity is discussed here for the first time. Variations in the friction coefficient, temporal frequency spectra and spatial power density spectra highlight that EIT undergoes an intermediate behaviour before transitioning to its fully developed chaotic state that requires both high inertia and elasticity. During this transition, the contribution of secondary flows to the overall friction dynamics is limited. This is expected to be of great interest in the aim of achieving efficiency mixing at low drag and low but finite Reynolds number. This article is part of the theme issue "Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical transactions paper (Part 2)".}, }
@article {pmid36907210, year = {2023}, author = {Krivonosova, O and Gritsevich, M and Zhilenko, D and Read, P}, title = {Noise induced effects in the axisymmetric spherical Couette flow.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2246}, pages = {20220124}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0124}, pmid = {36907210}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {We study the axisymmetric, wide gap, spherical Couette flow in the presence of noise in numerical simulations and experiments. Such studies are important because most of the flows in nature are subjected to random fluctuations. Noise is introduced into the flow by adding fluctuations to the inner sphere rotation which are random in time with zero mean. Flows of a viscous incompressible fluid are induced either by rotation of the inner sphere only or by the co-rotation of the spheres. Mean flow generation was found to occur under the action of additive noise. A higher relative amplification of meridional kinetic energy compared to the azimuthal component was also observed under certain conditions. Calculated flow velocities were validated by laser Doppler anemometer measurements. A model is proposed to elucidate the rapid growth of meridional kinetic energy for flows induced by varying the co-rotation of the spheres. Our linear stability analysis for flows induced by the rotation of the inner sphere revealed a decrease in the critical Reynolds number, corresponding to the onset of the first instability. Also, in this case, a local minimum of the mean flow generation on approaching the critical Reynolds number was observed, which is consistent with the available theoretical predictions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (Part 2)'.}, }
@article {pmid36903819, year = {2023}, author = {Akram, S and Athar, M and Saeed, K and Razia, A and Muhammad, T and Alghamdi, HA}, title = {Mechanism of Double-Diffusive Convection on Peristaltic Transport of Thermally Radiative Williamson Nanomaterials with Slip Boundaries and Induced Magnetic Field: A Bio-Nanoengineering Model.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nano13050941}, pmid = {36903819}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {The present work has mathematically modeled the peristaltic flow in nanofluid by using thermal radiation, induced a magnetic field, double-diffusive convection, and slip boundary conditions in an asymmetric channel. Peristalsis propagates the flow in an asymmetric channel. Using the linear mathematical link, the rheological equations are translated from fixed to wave frames. Next, the rheological equations are converted to nondimensional forms with the help of dimensionless variables. Further, the flow evaluation is determined under two scientific assumptions: a finite Reynolds number and a long wavelength. Mathematica software is used to solve the numerical value of rheological equations. Lastly, the impact of prominent hydromechanical parameters on trapping, velocity, concentration, magnetic force function, nanoparticle volume fraction, temperature, pressure gradient, and pressure rise are evaluated graphically.}, }
@article {pmid36902954, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, C and Wang, W and Hu, X and Liu, F}, title = {Drag Reduction Technology of Water Flow on Microstructured Surfaces: A Novel Perspective from Vortex Distributions and Densities.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ma16051838}, pmid = {36902954}, issn = {1996-1944}, abstract = {Revealing the turbulent drag reduction mechanism of water flow on microstructured surfaces is beneficial to controlling and using this technology to reduce turbulence losses and save energy during water transportation. Two microstructured samples, including a superhydrophobic and a riblet surface, were fabricated near which the water flow velocity, and the Reynolds shear stress and vortex distribution were investigated using a particle image velocimetry. The dimensionless velocity was introduced to simplify the Ω vortex method. The definition of vortex density in water flow was proposed to quantify the distribution of different strength vortices. Results showed that the velocity of the superhydrophobic surface (SHS) was higher compared with the riblet surface (RS), while the Reynolds shear stress was small. The vortices on microstructured surfaces were weakened within 0.2 times that of water depth when identified by the improved ΩM method. Meanwhile, the vortex density of weak vortices on microstructured surfaces increased, while the vortex density of strong vortices decreased, proving that the reduction mechanism of turbulence resistance on microstructured surfaces was to suppress the development of vortices. When the Reynolds number ranged from 85,900 to 137,440, the drag reduction impact of the superhydrophobic surface was the best, and the drag reduction rate was 9.48%. The reduction mechanism of turbulence resistance on microstructured surfaces was revealed from a novel perspective of vortex distributions and densities. Research on the structure of water flow near the microstructured surface can promote the drag reduction application in the water field.}, }
@article {pmid36899067, year = {2023}, author = {Suresh Kumar, Y and Hussain, S and Raghunath, K and Ali, F and Guedri, K and Eldin, SM and Khan, MI}, title = {Numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamics Casson nanofluid flow with activation energy, Hall current and thermal radiation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {4021}, pmid = {36899067}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In this study we analyzed the flow, heat and mass transfer behavior of Casson nanofluid past an exponentially stretching surface under the impact of activation energy, Hall current, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Transverse magnetic field with the assumption of small Reynolds number is implemented vertically. The governing partial nonlinear differential equations of the flow, heat and mass transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and solved numerically by using Matlab bvp4c package. The impact of each of the Hall current parameter, thermal radiation parameter, heat source/sink parameter, Brownian motion parameter, Prandtl number, thermophoresis parameter and magnetic parameter on velocity, concentration and temperature, is discussed through graphs. The skin friction coefficient along the x-and z-directions, the local Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are calculated numerically to look into the inside behavior of the emerging parameters. It is witnessed that the flow velocity is a diminishing function of the thermal radiation parameter and the behavior has observed in the case of Hall parameter. Moreover, mounting values of Brownian motion parameter reduce the nanoparticle concentration profile.}, }
@article {pmid36897856, year = {2023}, author = {Bae, AJ and Ahmad, R and Bodenschatz, E and Pumir, A and Gholami, A}, title = {Flagellum-driven cargoes: Influence of cargo size and the flagellum-cargo attachment geometry.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e0279940}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0279940}, pmid = {36897856}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The beating of cilia and flagella, which relies on an efficient conversion of energy from ATP-hydrolysis into mechanical work, offers a promising way to propel synthetic cargoes. Recent experimental realizations of such micro-swimmers, in which micron-sized beads are propelled by isolated and demembranated flagella from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii), revealed a variety of propulsion modes, depending in particular on the calcium concentration. Here, we investigate theoretically and numerically the propulsion of a bead as a function of the flagellar waveform and the attachment geometries between the bead and the flagellum. To this end, we take advantage of the low Reynolds number of the fluid flows generated by the micro-swimmer, which allows us to neglect fluid inertia. By describing the flagellar waveform as a superposition of a static component and a propagating wave, and using resistive-force theory, we show that the asymmetric sideways attachment of the flagellum to the bead makes a contribution to the rotational velocity of the micro-swimmer that is comparable to the contribution caused by the static component of the flagellar waveform. Remarkably, our analysis reveals the existence of a counter-intuitive propulsion regime in which an increase in the size of the cargo, and hence its drag, leads to an increase in some components of the velocity of the bead. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the uncovered mechanisms for the fabrication of synthetic, bio-actuated medical micro-robots for targeted drug delivery.}, }
@article {pmid36895389, year = {2023}, author = {Lei, Y and Wang, X and Zhou, D and Qiu, T and Jin, W and Qin, C and Zhou, D}, title = {Experimental investigation on high-pressure methane jet characteristic single-hole injector.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e13645}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13645}, pmid = {36895389}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {High-pressure gas direct injection (DI) technology benefits engines with high efficiency and clean emissions, and the gas jet process causes crucial effects especially inside an mm-size space. This study presents an investigation on the high-pressure methane jet characteristics from a single-hole injector by analysing jet performance parameters including jet impact force, gas jet impulse, and jet mass flow rate. The results show that the methane jet exhibited a two-zone behaviour along the jet direction in the spatial dimension induced by high-speed jet flow from the nozzle: zone 1 near the nozzle-the jet impact force and jet impulse increased consistently except for a fluctuation due to shock wave effects induced by the sonic jet and no entrainment occurs, and zone II farther away from the nozzle-the jet impact force and jet impulse became stable when the shock wave effects became weak and the jet impulse was conserved with a linear conservation boundary. The Mach disk height was exactly the turning point of two zones. Moreover, the methane jet parameters, such as the methane jet mass flow rate, jet initial jet impact force, jet impulse, and Reynolds number had a monotonous and linearly increasing correlation with injection pressure.}, }
@article {pmid36890189, year = {2023}, author = {Vieira, GS and Allshouse, MR and Mahadevan, A}, title = {Seagrass deformation affects fluid instability and tracer exchange in canopy flow.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3910}, pmid = {36890189}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Monami is the synchronous waving of a submerged seagrass bed in response to unidirectional fluid flow. Here we develop a multiphase model for the dynamical instabilities and flow-driven collective motions of buoyant, deformable seagrass. We show that the impedance to flow due to the seagrass results in an unstable velocity shear layer at the canopy interface, leading to a periodic array of vortices that propagate downstream. Our simplified model, configured for unidirectional flow in a channel, provides a better understanding of the interaction between these vortices and the seagrass bed. Each passing vortex locally weakens the along-stream velocity at the canopy top, reducing the drag and allowing the deformed grass to straighten up just beneath it. This causes the grass to oscillate periodically even in the absence of water waves. Crucially, the maximal grass deflection is out of phase with the vortices. A phase diagram for the onset of instability shows its dependence on the fluid Reynolds number and an effective buoyancy parameter. Less buoyant grass is more easily deformed by the flow and forms a weaker shear layer, with smaller vortices and less material exchange across the canopy top. While higher Reynolds number leads to stronger vortices and larger waving amplitudes of the seagrass, waving amplitude is maximized at intermediate grass buoyancy. All together, our theory and computations develop an updated schematic of the instability mechanism consistent with experimental observations.}, }
@article {pmid36889000, year = {2023}, author = {Zhu, Q}, title = {Wall effect on the start maneuver of a jet swimmer.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/acc293}, pmid = {36889000}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Inspired by aquatic creatures such as squid, the novel propulsion method based on pulsed jetting is a promising way to achieve high speed and high maneuverability for soft-body robots. Since these robots are often designed to operate in confined space with complicated boundary conditions, it is critical to understand their dynamics in the vicinity of solid boundaries. In this study we numerically examine the start maneuver of an idealized jet swimmer near a wall. Our simulations illustrate three important mechanisms: 1) Due to the blocking effect of the wall the pressure inside the body is affected so that the forward acceleration is increased during deflation and decreased during inflation; 2) The wall affects the internal flow so that the momentum flux at the nozzle and subsequently the thrust generation during the jetting phase are slightly increased; 3) the wall affects the wake so that the refilling phase is influenced, leading to a scenario in which part of the energy expended during jetting is recovered during refilling to increase forward acceleration and reduce power expenditure. In general, the second mechanism is weaker than the other two. The exact effects of these mechanisms depend on physical parameters such as the initial phase of the body deformation, the distance between the swimming body and the wall, and the Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid36888616, year = {2023}, author = {Gao, P and Wang, Q and Liu, T}, title = {Numerical method investigation on the aggregation characteristics of non-spherical particles.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e0282804}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0282804}, pmid = {36888616}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Under the background of the mechanical mechanism research of microfluidic technology for separating and screening pipeline particulate matter, this paper proposes an improved relative motion model by combining the multiple reference frame method and the relative motion model. Worked with a quasi-fixed constant method, this model can numerically calculate the aggregation features of non-spherical particles in the low Reynolds number channels. The results demonstrate that when Re = 40~80, ellipsoids exhibit an aggregation trend similar to circular particles with the same diameter as its largest circumscribed sphere. The aggregation position is affected by the ratio of long and short axes of particles, and the distribution trend is determined by the relative size of these particles. When the channel's Reynolds number is less than the critical Reynolds number, the aggregation position of elliptical particles will be closer to the pipe center with the increase in the Reynolds number, which is contrary to the aggregation tendency of circular particles more proximate to the pipe wall with the increase in the Reynolds number. This finding provides a novel idea and method for further exploring the aggregation rules of non-spherical particles and offers substantial guidance for separating and monitoring pipeline particulate matter via microfluidic technology and other related industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid36871543, year = {2023}, author = {Ram, D and Bhandari, DS and Sharma, K and Tripathi, D}, title = {Progression of blood-borne viruses through bloodstream: A comparative mathematical study.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {107425}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107425}, pmid = {36871543}, issn = {1872-7565}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Blood-borne pathogens are contagious microorganisms that can cause life-threatening illnesses, and are found in human blood. It is crucial to examine how these viruses spread through blood flow in the blood vessel. Keeping that in view, this study aims to determine how blood viscosity, and diameter of the viruses can affect the virus transmission through the blood flow in the blood vessel. A comparative study of bloodborne viruses (BBVs) such as HIV, Hepatitis B, and C, has been addressed in the present model. A couple stress fluid model is used to represent blood as a carrying medium for virus transmission. The Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen equation is taken into account for the simulation of virus transmission.<br><br>METHODS: An analytical approach to derive the exact solutions under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations is employed. For the computation of the results, a segment (wavelength) of blood vessels about 120&#x2005;mm with wave velocities in the range of 49&#xa0;-&#xa0;190&#x2005;mm/sec&#x2005;are considered, where the diameter of BBVs ranges from 40-120&#xa0;nm. The viscosity of the blood varies from 3.5-5.5&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[-3]Ns/m[2] which affect the virion motion having a density range 1.03&#xa0;-&#xa0;1.&#x2005;25&#x2005;g/m[3].<br><br>RESULTS: It shows that the Hepatitis B virus is more harmful than other blood-borne viruses considered in the analysis. Patients with high blood pressure are highly susceptible for transmission of BBVs.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The present fluid dynamics approach for virus spread through blood flow can be helpful in understanding the dynamics of virus propagation inside the human circulatory system.}, }
@article {pmid36869078, year = {2023}, author = {Ashin, K and Girishkumar, MS and D'Asaro, E and Jofia, J and Sherin, VR and Sureshkumar, N and Rao, EPR}, title = {Observational evidence of salt finger in the diurnal thermocline.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3627}, pmid = {36869078}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Due to strong turbulent mixing, the ocean surface boundary layer region is generally not conducive to double diffusion. However, vertical microstructure profiles observations in the northeastern Arabian Sea during May 2019 imply the formation of salt fingers in the diurnal thermocline (DT) region during the daytime. In the DT layer, conditions are favorable for salt fingering: Turner angle values are between 50 and 55° with both temperature and salinity decreasing with depth; shear-driven mixing is weak with a turbulent Reynolds number of about 30. The presence of salt fingering in the DT is confirmed by the presence of staircase-like structures with step sizes larger than the Ozmidov length and by the dissipation ratio that is larger than the mixing coefficient. The unusual daytime salinity maximum in the mixed layer that supports salt fingering is primarily due to a daytime reduction in vertical entrainment of fresh water along with minor contributions from evaporation and horizontal advection and a significant contribution from detrainment processes.}, }
@article {pmid36858981, year = {2023}, author = {Arif, I and Leung, RCK and Naseer, MR}, title = {A computational study of trailing edge noise suppression with embedded structural compliance.}, journal = {JASA express letters}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {023602}, doi = {10.1121/10.0017321}, pmid = {36858981}, issn = {2691-1191}, abstract = {A unique concept for suppression of trailing edge noise scattering from a splitter plate in a low Reynolds number flow is proposed. The key idea of the concept is the adoption of a structural compliance system embedded with a finite number of elastic panels. Specific compliance system designs are devised for promotion of panel structural resonance that effectively absorbs broadband flow/acoustic fluctuation energy responsible for noise scattering. The concept is examined using high-fidelity direct aeroacoustic simulation together with spatiotemporal aeroacoustic-structural interaction analysis. The concept is confirmed feasible and outperforms many similar trailing edge noise reduction approaches reported in the literature.}, }
@article {pmid36853773, year = {2023}, author = {Stricker, M and Littfinski, T and Pecher, KH and Lübken, M and Wichern, M}, title = {Hydraulic modeling of a compact stormwater treatment device applying concepts of dynamic similitude.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {87}, number = {4}, pages = {954-968}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2023.025}, pmid = {36853773}, issn = {0273-1223}, abstract = {The development of compact treatment devices (CTDs) with high removal efficiencies and low space requirements is a key objective of urban stormwater treatment. Thus, many devices utilize a combination of sedimentation and upward-flow filtration in a single system. Here, sedimentation is used before filtration, which makes it difficult to evaluate the individual treatment stages separately. This study determines the removal efficiency by sedimentation and the expected filter load in a specific compact treatment device designed for a catchment area of up to 10,000 m[2]. In contrast to a full-scale investigation, small-scale physical hydraulic modeling is applied as a new cost-saving alternative. To validate upscaling laws, tracer signals and particle-size-specific removal efficiencies are determined for two geometrically similar models at different length scales. Thereby, Reynolds number similarity produces similar flow patterns, while the similarity of Hazen numbers allows to upscale removal efficiencies. Upscaling to the full-scale reveals that the filter in the device is only partly loaded by particulate matter that consists mostly of particles ≤63 μm. Thus, sedimentation upstream of a filter is of relevant importance in CTDs. The proposed dimensionless relationship may be used for particles from different catchments and helps to size the device accordingly.}, }
@article {pmid36842977, year = {2023}, author = {Lyubimova, TP and Fomicheva, AA and Ivantsov, AO}, title = {Dynamics of a bubble in oscillating viscous liquid.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2245}, pages = {20220085}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0085}, pmid = {36842977}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {This article is devoted to the investigation of gaseous bubble dynamics in oscillating viscous liquids of different density values. The study is conducted numerically using the level-set method with a non-stationary approach. The bubble is initially located near the upper wall of the container. The effects of the inclusion and host liquid viscosities on interaction of the bubble with the wall are analysed. The calculations show that in the absence of gravity, for low-viscosity fluids the bubble is attracted to the nearest wall, which is consistent with previous analytical and experimental results. With increasing viscosity, the vibrational attraction to the wall becomes weaker and is then replaced by repulsion, which can be explained by the decelerative effect of viscosity in the boundary layer near the rigid surface, where the average flow becomes less intensive. The dependencies of the repulsion force on the parameter values are obtained by using the balance method (investigation of the gravity level needed to attain the quasi-equilibrium state at a certain distance between the bubble and the wall). The calculations show that the repulsion force grows with decreasing Reynolds number (increase of the viscosity). This article is part of the theme issue 'New trends in pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics of extended systems'.}, }
@article {pmid36842115, year = {2023}, author = {Abe, K and Takabe, K and Nakamura, S}, title = {Force Measurement of Bacterial Swimming Using Optical Tweezers.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2646}, number = {}, pages = {169-179}, pmid = {36842115}, issn = {1940-6029}, abstract = {Velocity is a physical parameter most commonly used to quantify bacterial swimming. In the steady-state motion at a low Reynolds number, the swimming force can be estimated from the swimming velocity and the drag coefficient based on the assumption that the swimming force balances with the drag force exerted on the bacterium. Though the velocity-force relation provides a significant clue to understand the swimming mechanism, the odd configuration of bacteria could develop problems with the accuracy of the force estimation. This chapter describes the force measurement using optical tweezers. The method uses parameters obtained from the shape and movement of a microsphere attached to the bacteria, improving the quantitativeness of force measurement.}, }
@article {pmid36828913, year = {2023}, author = {Omrani, V and Targhi, MZ and Rahbarizadeh, F and Nosrati, R}, title = {High-throughput isolation of cancer cells in spiral microchannel by changing the direction, magnitude and location of the maximum velocity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3213}, pmid = {36828913}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are scarce cancer cells that rarely spread from primary or metastatic tumors inside the patient's bloodstream. Determining the genetic characteristics of these paranormal cells provides significant data to guide cancer staging and treatment. Cell focusing using microfluidic chips has been implemented as an effective method for enriching CTCs. The distinct equilibrium positions of particles with different diameters across the microchannel width in the simulation showed that it was possible to isolate and concentrate breast cancer cells (BCCs) from WBCs at a moderate Reynolds number. Therefore we demonstrate high throughput isolation of BCCs using a passive, size-based, label-free microfluidic method based on hydrodynamic forces by an unconventional (combination of long loops and U-turn) spiral microfluidic device for isolating both CTCs and WBCs with high efficiency and purity (more than 90%) at a flow rate about 1.7 mL/min, which has a high throughput compared to similar ones. At this golden flow rate, up to 92% of CTCs were separated from the cell suspension. Its rapid processing time, simplicity, and potential ability to collect CTCs from large volumes of patient blood allow the practical use of this method in many applications.}, }
@article {pmid36827557, year = {2023}, author = {Moore, CP and Husson, J and Boudaoud, A and Amselem, G and Baroud, CN}, title = {Clogging of a Rectangular Slit by a Spherical Soft Particle.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {130}, number = {6}, pages = {064001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.064001}, pmid = {36827557}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The capture of a soft spherical particle in a rectangular slit leads to a nonmonotonic pressure-flow rate relation at low Reynolds number. Simulations reveal that the flow induced deformations of the trapped particle focus the streamlines and pressure drop to a small region. This increases the resistance to flow by several orders of magnitude as the driving pressure is increased. As a result, two regimes are observed in experiments and simulations: a flow-dominated regime for small particle deformations, where flow rate increases with pressure, and an elastic-dominated regime in which solid deformations block the flow.}, }
@article {pmid36820228, year = {2023}, author = {Baba, YD and Chiacchia, M and Patwardhan, SV}, title = {A Novel Method for Understanding the Mixing Mechanisms to Enable Sustainable Manufacturing of Bioinspired Silica.}, journal = {ACS engineering Au}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {17-27}, pmid = {36820228}, issn = {2694-2488}, abstract = {Bioinspired silica (BIS) has received unmatched attention in recent times owing to its green synthesis, which offers a scalable, sustainable, and economical method to produce high-value silica for a wide range of applications, including catalysis, environmental remediation, biomedical, and energy storage. To scale-up BIS synthesis, it is critically important to understand how mixing affects the reaction at different scales. In particular, successful scale-up can be achieved if mixing time is measured, modeled, and kept constant across different production scales. To this end, a new image analysis technique was developed using pH, as one of the key parameters, to monitor the reaction and the mixing. Specifically, the technique involved image analysis of color (pH) change using a custom-written algorithm to produce a detailed pH map. The degree of mixing and mixing time were determined from this analysis for different impeller speeds and feed injection locations. Cross validation of the mean pH of selected frames with measurements using a pH calibration demonstrated the reliability of the image processing technique. The results suggest that the bioinspired silica formation is controlled by meso- and, to a lesser extent, micromixing. Based on the new data from this investigation, a mixing time correlation is developed as a function of Reynolds number-the first of a kind for green nanomaterials. Further, we correlated the effects of mixing conditions on the reaction and the product. These results provide valuable insights into the scale-up to enable sustainable manufacturing of BIS and other nanomaterials.}, }
@article {pmid36813941, year = {2023}, author = {Han, F and Zhao, Y and Liu, M and Hu, F and Peng, Y and Ma, L}, title = {Wetting behavior during impacting bituminous coal surface for dust suppression droplets of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36813941}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {The wetting behavior of droplets during impacting coal surface widely exists in the dust control process. Understanding the effect of surfactants on the diffusion of water droplets on coal surface is critical. To study the effect of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO) on the dynamic wetting behavior of droplets on bituminous coal surface, a high-speed camera is used to record the impact process of ultrapure water droplets and three different molecular weight AEO solution droplets. A dynamic evaluation index, dimensionless spreading coefficient ([Formula: see text]), is used to evaluate the dynamic wetting process. The research results show that maximum dimensionless spreading coefficient ([Formula: see text]) of AEO-3, AEO-6, and AEO-9 droplets is greater than that of ultrapure water droplets. With the increase of impact velocity, the [Formula: see text] increases, but the required time decreases. Moderately increasing the impact velocity is conducive to promoting the spreading of droplets on the coal surface. Below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the concentration of AEO droplets is positively correlated with the [Formula: see text] and the required time. When the polymerization degree increases, the Reynolds number ([Formula: see text]) and Weber number ([Formula: see text]) of droplets decrease, and the [Formula: see text] decreases. AEO can effectively enhance the spreading of droplets on the coal surface, but the increase in polymerization degree can inhibit this process. Viscous force hinders droplet spreading during droplet interaction with the coal surface, and surface tension promotes droplet retraction. Under the experimental conditions of this paper ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), there is a power exponential relationship between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].}, }
@article {pmid36813725, year = {2023}, author = {Rahimi, A and Shahsavari, A and Pakzad, H and Moosavi, A and Nouri-Borujerdi, A}, title = {Laminar drag reduction ability of liquid-infused microchannels by considering different infused lubricants.}, journal = {The Journal of chemical physics}, volume = {158}, number = {7}, pages = {074702}, doi = {10.1063/5.0137100}, pmid = {36813725}, issn = {1089-7690}, abstract = {We numerically investigate the pressure drop reduction (PDR) performance of microchannels equipped with liquid-infused surfaces, along with determining the shape of the interface between the working fluid and lubricant within the microgrooves. The effects of different parameters, such as the Reynolds number of working fluid, density and viscosity ratios between the lubricant and working fluid, the ratio of the thickness of the lubricant layer over the ridges to the depth of the groove, and the Ohnesorge number as a representative of the interfacial tension, on the PDR and interfacial meniscus within the microgrooves are comprehensively studied. The results reveal that the density ratio and Ohnesorge number do not significantly affect the PDR. On the other hand, the viscosity ratio considerably affects the PDR, and a maximum PDR of 62% compared to a smooth non-lubricated microchannel is achieved for a viscosity ratio of 0.01. Interestingly, the higher the Reynolds number of the working fluid, the higher the PDR. The meniscus shape within the microgrooves is strongly affected by the Reynolds number of the working fluid. Despite the insignificant effect of interfacial tension on the PDR, the interface shape within the microgrooves is appreciably influenced by this parameter.}, }
@article {pmid36810678, year = {2023}, author = {O'Callaghan, F and Lehmann, FO}, title = {Flow development and leading edge vorticity in bristled insect wings.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36810678}, issn = {1432-1351}, abstract = {Small flying insects such as the tiny thrip Gynaikothrips ficorum have wings with bristles attached to a solid shaft instead of solid membranes. Air passing through the bristle fringe, however, makes bristled insect wings less effective for aerodynamic force production. In this study, we quantified the ability of bristled wings to generate a leading edge vortex (LEV) for lift support during wing flapping, scored its circulation during wing translation, and investigated its behaviour at the stroke reversals. The data were measured in robotic model wings flapping with a generic kinematic pattern at Reynolds number of ~ 3.4, while applying two-dimensional particle image velocimetry. We found that aerodynamic performance due to LEV circulation linearly decreases with increasing bristle spacing. The wings of Gynaikothrips ficorum might thus produce approximately 9% less aerodynamic force for flight than a solid membranous wing. At the stroke reversals, leading and trailing edge vortices dissipate quickly within no more than ~ 2% of the stroke cycle duration. This elevated dissipation makes vortex shedding obsolete during the reversals and allows a quick build-up of counter-vorticity when the wing reverses flapping direction. In sum, our findings highlight the flow conditions associated with bristled wing design in insects and are thus significant for assessing biological fitness and dispersal of insects flying in a viscosity-dominated fluid regime.}, }
@article {pmid36789875, year = {2023}, author = {Hamlet, CL and Strickland, WC and Battista, N and Miller, LA}, title = {Multiscale flow between the branches and polyps of gorgonians.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.244520}, pmid = {36789875}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Gorgonians, including sea fans, are soft corals well known for their elaborate branching structure and how they sway in the ocean. This branching structure can modify environmental flows to be beneficial for feeding in a particular range of velocities and, presumably, for a particular size of prey. As water moves through the elaborate branches, it is slowed, and recirculation zones can form downstream of the colony. At the smaller scale, individual polyps that emerge from the branches expand their tentacles, further slowing the flow. At the smallest scale, the tentacles are covered in tiny pinnules where exchange occurs. In this paper, we quantify the gap to diameter ratios for various gorgonians at the scale of the branches, the polyp tentacles, and the pinnules. We then use computational fluid dynamics to determine the flow patterns at all three levels of branching. We quantify the leakiness between the branches, tentacles, and pinnules over the biologically relevant range of Reynolds numbers and gap-to-diameter ratios. We find that the branches and tentacles can either act as leaky rakes or solid plates depending upon these dimensionless parameters. The pinnules, on the other hand, mostly impede the flow. Using an agent-based modeling framework, we quantify plankton capture as a function of the gap-to-diameter ratio of the branches and the Reynolds number. We find that the capture rate depends critically on both morphology and Reynolds number. The results of the study have implications for how gorgonians modify ambient flows for efficient feeding and exchange.}, }
@article {pmid36785427, year = {2023}, author = {Liu, W and Yu, Z and Duan, F and Hu, H and Fu, X and Bao, R}, title = {Robust five-degree-of-freedom measurement system with self-compensation and air turbulence protection.}, journal = {Optics express}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {4652-4666}, doi = {10.1364/OE.480772}, pmid = {36785427}, issn = {1094-4087}, abstract = {A robust five-degree-of-freedom (5-DOF) measurement system is proposed in this paper. The compact optical configuration with high resolution is designed based on lens combination and multiple reflections. Beam drift and dual-beam parallelism are monitored and compensated by autocollimator units and a polarizer unit respectively. In addition, a protection method is proposed to reduce the intensity of air turbulence by reducing the Reynolds number of the beam path. The performance of the system is verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the self-compensation methods and air turbulence protection can effectively improve the accuracy and stability of the system under the long-term interference of external environments. The proposed system has high precision, desirable robustness, and convenient pre-calibration, which can be used for error measurement of precision machines.}, }
@article {pmid36779398, year = {2023}, author = {Millett, PC}, title = {Rheology and structure of elastic capsule suspensions within rectangular channels.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d3sm00055a}, pmid = {36779398}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {Three-dimensional simulations of the pressure-driven flow dynamics of elastic capsule suspensions within both slit and rectangular cross-section channels are presented. The simulations utilize the Immersed Boundary Method and the Lattice-Boltzmann Method models. The capsule volume fraction is fixed at 0.1 (i.e., a semi-dilute suspension), while the channel Reynolds number (Re), the capillary number (Ca), and the cross-sectional channel dimensions are systematically varied. Comparing results for slit and rectangular channels, it is found that multi-directional confinement hinders inertial focusing due to the capsule-free layers that develop in the two transverse directions. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the capsule-free layers in the two transverse directions differ when the height and width of the channel are not equal. Both the size and aspect ratio of the channel impact the apparent viscosity. It is found that square channels exhibit maximal viscosity and that holding one dimension fixed while increasing or decreasing the other results in a decrease in viscosity. The results therefore represent an expansion of the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect from 1D cylindrical channels to 2D rectangular channels.}, }
@article {pmid36736259, year = {2023}, author = {Yang, G and Yu, Z and Baki, ABM and Yao, W and Ross, M and Chi, W and Zhang, W}, title = {Settling behaviors of microplastic disks in water.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {114657}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114657}, pmid = {36736259}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Microplastic (MP) disks have not been studied for settling behaviors in aquatic environments, which affects the transport and fate of MPs. Therefore, settling experiments were conducted on MP disks of three shapes and four common-seen materials. Lighter MP disks (with density ρs = 1.038 g/cm[3] and length l ≤ 5 mm) followed rectilinear vertical trajectories, while heavier MP disks (ρs = 1.161-1.343 g/cm[3] and l = 5 mm) followed zigzag trajectories with oscillations and rotations. The mean terminal settling velocities of MP disks were 19.6-48.8 mm/s. Instantaneous settling velocities of heavier MP disks fluctuated. Existing formulas could not accurately predict the settling velocity of MP disks; thus, a new model was proposed with an error of 15.5 %. Finally, the Red - I* diagram (Red is the disk Reynolds number and I* is the dimensionless moment of inertia) was extended for MP disks to predict settling trajectories.}, }
@article {pmid36733611, year = {2022}, author = {Fahim, T and Laouedj, S and Abderrahmane, A and Driss, Z and Tag-ElDin, ESM and Guedri, K and Younis, O}, title = {Numerical study of perforated obstacles effects on the performance of solar parabolic trough collector.}, journal = {Frontiers in chemistry}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1089080}, pmid = {36733611}, issn = {2296-2646}, abstract = {The current work presents and discusses a numerical analysis of improving heat transmission in the receiver of a parabolic trough solar collector by introducing perforated barriers. While the proposed approach to enhance the collector's performance is promising, the use of obstacles results in increased pressure loss. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model analysis is conducted based on the renormalization-group (RNG) k-ɛ turbulent model associated with standard wall function using thermal oil D12 as working fluid The thermo-hydraulic analysis of the receiver tube with perforated obstacles is taken for various configurations and Reynolds number ranging from 18,860 to 81,728. The results are compared with that of the receiver without perforated obstacles. The receiver tube with three holes (PO3) showed better heat transfer characteristics. In addition, the Nusselt number (Nu) increases about 115% with the increase of friction factor 5-6.5 times and the performance evaluation criteria (PEC) changes from 1.22 to 1.24. The temperature of thermal oil fluid attains its maximum value at the exit, and higher temperatures (462.1 K) are found in the absorber tube with perforated obstacles with three holes (PO3). Accordingly, using perforated obstacles receiver for parabolic trough concentrator is highly recommended where significant enhancement of system's performance is achieved.}, }
@article {pmid36725545, year = {2023}, author = {Chen, X and Sun, S and Tian, X and Liu, L and Yang, J}, title = {A quasi-two-dimensional fluid experimental apparatus based on tank-in-tank configuration.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {015115}, doi = {10.1063/5.0125679}, pmid = {36725545}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {The fluid tank is an essential facility for experimental research on fluid mechanics. However, owing to the hydrostatic fluid pressure, a fine uniformity of the narrow channel is difficult to be maintained in a tall narrow-channel tank. To address this issue, we proposed a quasi-two-dimensional fluid experimental apparatus based on a "tank-in-tank" configuration and built with an outer tank and an inner tank. The outer tank was cuboid-shaped and used to load the fluid medium, while the inner tank, consisting of two parallel glass plates, was embedded into the outer tank and served as the experimental channel. The hydrostatic pressure acting on the channel was balanced so that a high level of uniformity was maintained over the whole channel. The available height and width of the channel were 2800 and 1500 mm, respectively, while its gap distance could be adaptive from 0 to 120 mm. Experimental research on motion characteristics of circular disks falling in the quasi-2D channel was implemented to investigate the effects of the falling environment and disk geometry. Four distinct falling types were observed, and the wake flow fields of the falling disks were visualized. The Reynolds numbers of falling disks ranged from 400 to 63 000 presently. Chaotic motion and regular motion were demarcated at Re ≈ 30 000. An analytical model was established to predict the final average falling velocity and Reynolds number. Finally, potential directions for future research and improvements to the apparatus were suggested.}, }
@article {pmid36718068, year = {2017}, author = {Niu, Z and Wang, R and Jiao, K and Du, Q and Yin, Y}, title = {Direct numerical simulation of low Reynolds number turbulent air-water transport in fuel cell flow channel.}, journal = {Science bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {31-39}, doi = {10.1016/j.scib.2016.11.010}, pmid = {36718068}, issn = {2095-9281}, abstract = {With performance improvement of low-temperature fuel cell (FC), high reactant supply and water generation rates may induce air-water turbulence in the FC flow channel. In this research, an air-water turbulent direct numerical simulation (DNS) model is developed to simulate different droplet sizes, locations and interactions in the air-water transport processes comprehensively. It is found that a larger droplet breaks up more easily in turbulence, and a smaller droplet tends to keep lumped. The droplet at corner does not break up because it is away from channel center. The droplet interaction simulations show that the small droplets merge to form slugs, but still keep lumped in turbulence. It is suggested that two conditions need to be satisfied for droplet break up in FC flow channel, one is turbulent flow, and another is that the droplet needs to be large enough and occupy the center region of flow channel to suffer sufficient turbulence fluctuations. The DNS results illustrate some unique phenomena in turbulent flow, and show that the turbulence has significant effect on the air-water flow behavior in FC flow channel.}, }
@article {pmid36714791, year = {2023}, author = {Misiulia, D and Lidén, G and Antonyuk, S}, title = {Secondary Lip Flow in a Cyclone Separator.}, journal = {Flow, turbulence and combustion}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-20}, pmid = {36714791}, issn = {1573-1987}, abstract = {Three secondary flows, namely the inward radial flow along the cyclone lid, the downward axial flow along the external surface of the vortex finder, and the radial inward flow below the vortex finder (lip flow) have been studied at a wide range of flow rate 0.22-7.54 LPM using the LES simulations. To evaluate these flows the corresponding methods were originally proposed. The highly significant effect of the Reynolds number on these secondary flows has been described by equations. The main finding is that the magnitude of all secondary flows decrease with increasing Reynolds number. The secondary inward radial flow along the cyclone lid is not constant and reaches its maximum value at the central radial position between the vortex finder external wall and the cyclone wall. The secondary downward axial flow along the external surface of the vortex finder significantly increases at the lowest part of the vortex finder and it is much larger than the secondary flow along the cyclone lid. The lip flow is much larger than the secondary inward radial flow along the cyclone lid, which was assumed in cyclone models to be equal to the lip flow, and the ratio of these two secondary flows is practically independent of the Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid36711805, year = {2023}, author = {Chang, R and Davydov, A and Jaroenlak, P and Budaitis, B and Ekiert, DC and Bhabha, G and Prakash, M}, title = {Energetics of the Microsporidian Polar Tube Invasion Machinery.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2023.01.17.524456}, pmid = {36711805}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Microsporidia are eukaryotic, obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts, leading to health and economic burdens worldwide. Microsporidia use an un-usual invasion organelle called the polar tube (PT), which is ejected from a dormant spore at ultra-fast speeds, to infect host cells. The mechanics of PT ejection are impressive. Anncaliia algerae microsporidia spores (3-4 μ m in size) shoot out a 100-nm-wide PT at a speed of 300 μ m/sec, creating a shear rate of 3000 sec [- 1] . The infectious cargo, which contains two nuclei, is shot through this narrow tube for a distance of ~60-140 μ m [1] and into the host cell. Considering the large hydraulic resistance in an extremely thin tube and the low-Reynolds-number nature of the process, it is not known how microsporidia can achieve this ultrafast event. In this study, we use Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy to capture 3-dimensional snapshots of A. algerae spores in different states of the PT ejection process. Grounded in these data, we propose a theoretical framework starting with a systematic exploration of possible topological connectivity amongst organelles, and assess the energy requirements of the resulting models. We perform PT firing experiments in media of varying viscosity, and use the results to rank our proposed hypotheses based on their predicted energy requirement, pressure and power. We also present a possible mechanism for cargo translocation, and quantitatively compare our predictions to experimental observations. Our study provides a comprehensive biophysical analysis of the energy dissipation of microsporidian infection process and demonstrates the extreme limits of cellular hydraulics.<br><br>STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming, intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts (including humans). Once triggered, microsporidian spores (3-4 &#x3bc; m in size) shoot out a specialized organelle called the polar tube (PT) (60-140 &#x3bc; m long, 100 nm wide) at ultrafast speed (300 &#x3bc; m/sec), penetrating host cells and acting as a conduit for the transport of infectious cargo. Although this process has fascinated biologists for a century, the biophysical mechanisms underlying PT extrusion are not understood. We thus take a data-driven approach to generate models for the physical basis of PT firing and cargo transport through the PT. Our approach here demonstrates the extreme limits of cellular hydraulics and the potential applications of biophysical approaches to other cellular architectures.}, }
@article {pmid36709783, year = {2023}, author = {Jeganathan, V and Alba, K and Ostilla-Mónico, R}, title = {Exploring the origin of turbulent Taylor rolls.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2243}, pages = {20220130}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0130}, pmid = {36709783}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {Since Taylor's seminal paper, the existence of large-scale quasi-axisymmetric structures has been a matter of interest when studying Taylor-Couette flow. In this article, we probe their formation in the highly turbulent regime by conducting a series of numerical simulations at a fixed Reynolds number [Formula: see text] while varying the Coriolis parameter to analyse the flow characteristics as the structures arise and dissipate. We show how the Coriolis force induces a one-way coupling between the radial and azimuthal velocity fields inside the boundary layer, but in the bulk, there is a two-way coupling that causes competing effects. We discuss how this complicates the analogy of narrow-gap Taylor-Couette to other convective flows. We then compare these statistics with a similar shear flow without no-slip boundary layers, showing how this double coupling causes very different effects. We finish by reflecting on the possible origins of turbulent Taylor rolls. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (part 1)'.}, }
@article {pmid36709780, year = {2023}, author = {Baroudi, L and Majji, MV and Peluso, S and Morris, JF}, title = {Taylor-Couette flow of hard-sphere suspensions: overview of current understanding.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {2243}, pages = {20220125}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0125}, pmid = {36709780}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {Although inertial particle-laden flows occur in a wide range of industrial and natural processes, there is both a lack of fundamental understanding of these flows and continuum-level governing equations needed to predict transport and particle distribution. Towards this effort, the Taylor-Couette flow (TCF) system has been used recently to study the flow behaviour of particle-laden fluids under inertia. This article provides an overview of experimental, theoretical and computational work related to the TCF of neutrally buoyant non-Brownian suspensions, with an emphasis on the effect of finite-sized particles on the series of flow transitions and flow structures. Particles, depending on their size and concentration, cause several significant deviations from Newtonian fluid behaviour, including shifting the Reynolds number corresponding to transitions in flow structure and changing the possible structures present in the flow. Furthermore, particles may also migrate depending on the flow structure, leading to hysteretic effects that further complicate the flow behaviour. The current state of theoretical and computational modelling efforts to describe the experimental observations is discussed, and suggestions for potential future directions to improve the fundamental understanding of inertial particle-laden flows are provided. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (part 1)'.}, }
@article {pmid36688050, year = {2022}, author = {Hasan, HA and Sherza, JS and Abed, AM and Togun, H and Ben Khedher, N and Sopian, K and Mahdi, JM and Talebizadehsardari, P}, title = {Thermal and flow performance analysis of a concentrated linear Fresnel solar collector with transverse ribs.}, journal = {Frontiers in chemistry}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1074581}, pmid = {36688050}, issn = {2296-2646}, abstract = {This article deals with the impact of including transverse ribs within the absorber tube of the concentrated linear Fresnel collector (CLFRC) system with a secondary compound parabolic collector (CPC) on thermal and flow performance coefficients. The enhancement rates of heat transfer due to varying governing parameters were compared and analyzed parametrically at Reynolds numbers in the range 5,000-13,000, employing water as the heat transfer fluid. Simulations were performed to solve the governing equations using the finite volume method (FVM) under various boundary conditions. For all Reynolds numbers, the average Nusselt number in the circular tube in the CLFRC system with ribs was found to be larger than that of the plain absorber tube. Also, the inclusion of transverse ribs inside the absorber tube increases the average Nusselt number by approximately 115% at Re = 5,000 and 175% at Re = 13,000. For all Reynolds numbers, the skin friction coefficient of the circular tube with ribs in the CLFRC system is larger than that of the plain absorber tube. The coefficient of surface friction reduces as the Reynolds number increases. The performance assessment criterion was found to vary between 1.8 and 1.9 as the Reynolds number increases.}, }
@article {pmid36673306, year = {2023}, author = {Fuchs, M and Lubos, N and Kabelac, S}, title = {Numerical Calculation of the Irreversible Entropy Production of Additively Manufacturable Off-Set Strip Fin Heat-Transferring Structures.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/e25010162}, pmid = {36673306}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {In this manuscript, off-set strip fin structures are presented which are adapted to the possibilities of additive manufacturing. For this purpose, the geometric parameters, including fin height, fin spacing, fin length, and fin longitudinal displacement, are varied, and the Colburn j-factor and the Fanning friction factor are numerically calculated in the Reynolds number range of 80-920. The structures are classified with respect to their entropy production number according to Bejan. This method is compared with the results from partial differential equations for the calculation of the irreversible entropy production rate due to shear stresses and heat conduction. This study reveals that the chosen temperature difference leads to deviation in terms of entropy production due to heat conduction, whereas the dissipation by shear stresses shows only small deviations of less than 2%. It is further shown that the variation in fin height and fin spacing has only a small influence on heat transfer and pressure drop, while a variation in fin length and fin longitudinal displacement shows a larger influence. With respect to the entropy production number, short and long fins, as well as large fin spacing and fin longitudinal displacement, are shown to be beneficial. A detailed examination of a single structure shows that the entropy production rate due to heat conduction is dominated by the entropy production rate in the wall, while the fluid has only a minor influence.}, }
@article {pmid36673217, year = {2022}, author = {Rajupillai, K and Alessa, N and Eswaramoorthi, S and Loganathan, K}, title = {Thermal Behavior of the Time-Dependent Radiative Flow of Water-Based CNTs/Au Nanoparticles Past a Riga Plate with Entropy Optimization and Multiple Slip Conditions.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/e25010076}, pmid = {36673217}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {This communication deliberates the time-reliant and Darcy-Forchheimer flow of water-based CNTs/gold nanoparticles past a Riga plate. In addition, nonlinear radiation, heat consumption and multiple slip conditions are considered. Entropy generation is computed through various flow parameters. A suitable transformation with symmetry variables is invoked to remodel the governing mathematical flow models into the ODE equations. The homotopy analysis scheme and MATLAB bvp4c method are imposed to solve the reduced ODE equations analytically and numerically. The impact of sundry flow variables on nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature, skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, entropy profile and Bejan number are computed and analyzed through graphs and tables. It is found that the nanofluid velocity is reduced by greater porosity and slip factors. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer increases with increasing radiation, temperature ratio, and heat consumption/generation parameters. The surface drag force is reduced when there is a higher Forchheimer number, unsteadiness parameter and porosity parameter. The amount of entropy created is proportional to the radiation parameter, porosity parameter and Reynolds number. The Bejan number profile increases with radiation parameter, heat consumption/generation parameter and the Forchheimer number.}, }
@article {pmid36658185, year = {2023}, author = {Méry, F and Sebbane, D}, title = {Aerodynamic characterisation of porous fairings: pressure drop and Laser Doppler Velocimetry measurements.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {39}, pmid = {36658185}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Wind tunnel measurements of pressure drop and steady and unsteady velocity field of a flow through fairing samples are described. 10 samples have been tested in pressure drop among which the velocity fields of 3 samples have been characterized by means of laser Doppler velocimetry. The samples are perforated plates, wiremesh plates or complex 3D geometries resulting from additive manufacturing methods. The Reynolds number of the experiments ranges from 55 000 to 117 000.}, }
@article {pmid36649407, year = {2023}, author = {Li, Y and Pahlavan, AA and Chen, Y and Liu, S and Li, Y and Stone, HA and Granick, S}, title = {Oil-on-water droplets faceted and stabilized by vortex halos in the subphase.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, pages = {e2214657120}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2214657120}, pmid = {36649407}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {For almost 200 y, the dominant approach to understand oil-on-water droplet shape and stability has been the thermodynamic expectation of minimized energy, yet parallel literature shows the prominence of Marangoni flow, an adaptive gradient of interfacial tension that produces convection rolls in the water. Our experiments, scaling arguments, and linear stability analysis show that the resulting Marangoni-driven high-Reynolds-number flow in shallow water overcomes radial symmetry of droplet shape otherwise enforced by the Laplace pressure. As a consequence, oil-on-water droplets are sheared to become polygons with distinct edges and corners. Moreover, subphase flows beneath individual droplets can inhibit the coalescence of adjacent droplets, leading to rich many-body dynamics that makes them look alive. The phenomenon of a "vortex halo" in the liquid subphase emerges as a hidden variable.}, }
@article {pmid36648820, year = {2023}, author = {Jo, BW and Majid, T}, title = {Enhanced Range and Endurance Evaluation of a Camber Morphing Wing Aircraft.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics8010034}, pmid = {36648820}, issn = {2313-7673}, abstract = {Flight range, endurance, maneuverability, and agility are the key elements that determine an aircraft's performance. Both conventional and morphing wing aircraft have been well studied and estimated in all aspects of performance. When considering the performance of morphing aircraft, most works address aspects of the aerodynamical performance such as L and D as well as flight envelopes for flight dynamics and control perspectives. However, the actual benefits of adopting morphing technologies in practical aspects such as aircraft operation, mission planning, and sustainability have not been addressed so far. Thus, this paper addresses the practical aspect of the benefits when adopting a camber morphing wing aircraft. Identical geometrical and computational conditions were applied to an already-existing aircraft: the RQ-7a Shadow. The wing structure was switched between a fixed wing and a camber morphing wing to generate conventional and morphing wing geometries. The fixed-wing cases had varying flap deflection angles, and the camber morphing wing cases had varying camber rates from 4% to 8%. Once the CL values of the fixed and morphing wing cases were matched up to two significant figures, the CD and CL/CD were analyzed for these matching cases to calculate the flight endurance, range, and improvement. When NACA 6410 is adopted, a 17% improvement in flight range and endurance average was expected. In the case of NACA 8410, an average 60% improvement was expected.}, }
@article {pmid36648720, year = {2023}, author = {Jain, PK and Lanjewar, A and Chaurasiya, PK and Tiwari, D and Sharma, VK}, title = {Experimental testing of solar-based air heater roughed with discrete V-down rib and staggered element.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36648720}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {A rough rectangular channel of solar-based air heater (SBAH) is made and tested. The work consists of an effort to perceive the proportion of heat discharge and frictional behavior of air passing over a roughened rectangular channel. The absorber surface of SBAH is roughed with discrete V-down rib and staggered element roughness having different values of relative rib pitch (P/e) that ranged from 6 to 14. Fixed parameters such as relative gap size (g/e), relative staggered element pitch (P'/P), numeral of gaps (Ng), relative staggered element size (r/g), and relative rib height (e/D) are considered 4, 0.4, 3,1, and 0.0433, respectively, all throughout the study. The flow Reynolds number (Re) changes from 4000 to 14,000; consequently the Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) reach up to 2.16 and 2.73 times, respectively, with respect to plane surface. The optimum rise in terms of thermal-hydraulic performance (THP) is gained analogous to a P/e of 10. The correlation for heat transfer function, R(e[+]), and roughness function, G(e[+]), is given to anticipate the performance of roughness.}, }
@article {pmid36643326, year = {2022}, author = {Voskoboinick, V and Onyshchenko, A and Voskoboinyk, O and Makarenkova, A and Voskobiinyk, A}, title = {Junction flow inside and around three-row cylindrical group on rigid flat surface.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e12595}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12595}, pmid = {36643326}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Groups of bluff bodies are widespread in nature and technology. These are the supports of bridge crossings, high-rise buildings in cities, offshore drilling and wind platforms, algae and vegetation in the seas and rivers, forests and other objects. The flow of air or water around such structures has a complex vortex and jet character and requires significant efforts in the process of scientific research to improve the environmental situation and reduce material and technical costs in the process of operating such structures. The purpose of the research is study the features of the generation and evolution of vortex and jet flows near and inside the three-row group of cylinders, which are installed on the rigid flat surface. The results of experimental studies showed that the flow around the group of cylinders had a complex unsteady nature, which is due to the interaction of vortex and jet flows typical flow elements with the three-row cylindrical group, which was located installed on the rigid flat surface. The three-row cylindrical group (31 piles with a diameter of 0.027 m) is a model of a bridge support, which was streamlined at a velocity of 0.06 m/s to 0.5 m/s (Reynolds number Red=(1600-6700) and Froude number Fr=(0.04-0.18)). Visual investigations and measurements of the velocity field were carried out inside and around the three-row structure. The features of the formation and evolution of vortex and jet flows inside and near the cylindrical group were established. Integral, spectral and correlation characteristics of the velocity fluctuation field were obtained. Mean, root-mean-square values of velocity and probability density functions of velocity fluctuations integrally displayed the changes in the velocity field in the spatial and temporal domain in the junction area of grillage and plate. The power spectral densities of velocity fluctuations and mutual correlation functions made it possible to study the features of the generation of the velocity fluctuation field in the frequency domain and its interrelationships in space. It was revealed that the velocity field inside the horseshoe vortex structures was multimodal. The spectral levels of velocity fluctuations at the periphery of the quasistable horseshoe vortex structures were higher than in the cores of these structures. The highest levels of the velocity fluctuation spectra were observed in front of the second lateral cylinder where the interaction of the vortex and jet flows took place. Discrete peaks in the spectral levels of velocity fluctuations are found at the frequencies of formation of large-scale wake vortices and the frequencies of formation of small-scale vortex structures of the shear layer, which are due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. It has been established that the frequency of formation of shear layer vortices is (10-40) times higher than the frequency of formation of wake vortices.}, }
@article {pmid36622597, year = {2023}, author = {Munusamy, A and Barik, D and Sharma, P and Medhi, BJ and Bora, BJ}, title = {Performance analysis of parabolic type solar water heater by using copper-dimpled tube with aluminum coating.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36622597}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {A solar water heater has been developed to convert solar radiation into heat for use in residential and commercial settings. The collector makes up the bulk of a solar water heating system. The solar energy is captured by the collector and transferred to the tube that delivers the working fluid, water. In addition to the collector's tube, which carries the working fluid, researchers have focused on the design of the collector's tube. This paper examines the performance of a parabolic plate solar water heater that uses a copper dimpled tube with aluminum-coated tube channels. During the test, the flow rate of base fluid was in the range of 1.0 to 3.0 kg/min in steps of 0.5. The performance of the solar water heater was also evaluated and verified using CFD. The test data such as friction factor, Reynolds number, uncertainty analysis, Nusselt number, solar collector efficiency, coefficient of convective heat transfer, linear dimpled tube velocity analysis, achieving maximum energy efficiency and thermal efficiency have been used to generate parametric values for parabolic plate solar water heaters. The results suggest that the best outcomes can be achieved with a mass flow rate of 2.5 kg/min and the overall thermal efficiency was raised to 31.85%, which is 11% greater than that of the plain tube with base fluid. At mass flow rates of 2.5 kg/min, the pressure drop was found to be 6.24% higher than that of 3.0 kg/min. The experimental results were analyzed and compared with the CFD results, and the overall deviation was ± 3.24% which is in the acceptable range.}, }
@article {pmid36597964, year = {2023}, author = {Kanies, OS and Kremer, KR and Mason, BM and Dudley, MG and Hlavay, JM and Miller, CT and Spero, RC and Fisher, JK}, title = {A modular microfluidic device that uses magnetically actuatable microposts for enhanced magnetic bead-based workflows.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d2lc00859a}, pmid = {36597964}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {Magnetic beads have been widely and successfully used for target enrichment in life science assays. There exists a large variety of commercially available magnetic beads functionalized for specific target capture, as well as options that enable simple surface modifications for custom applications. While magnetic beads are ideal for use in the macrofluidic context of typical laboratory workflows, their performance drops in microfluidic contexts, such as consumables for point-of-care diagnostics. A primary cause is the diffusion-limited analyte transport in these low Reynolds number environments. A new method, BeadPak, uses magnetically actuatable microposts to enhance analyte transport, improving yield of the desired targets. Critical parameters were defined for the operation of this technology and its performance characterized in canonical life-science assays. BeadPak achieved up to 1000× faster capture than a microfluidic chamber relying on diffusion alone, enabled a significant specimen concentration via volume reduction, and demonstrated compatibility with a range of biological specimens. The results shown in this work can be extended to other systems that utilize magnetic beads for target capture, concentration, and/or purification.}, }
@article {pmid36597923, year = {2023}, author = {Tingting, Q and Jianzhong, L and Zhenyu, O and Jue, Z}, title = {Settling mode of a bottom-heavy squirmer in a narrow vessel.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d2sm01442d}, pmid = {36597923}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {The lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary (IB-LB) method is used to numerically simulate the sedimentation motion of a single two-dimensional, bottom-heavy squirmer in a narrow vessel. The effects of the swimming Reynolds number Res = 0.1-3, eccentricity distance l = 0.15d-0.75d, and density ratio of squirmer to fluid γ = 1.1-2.0 on the settlement motion characteristics are investigated and analyzed. The results showed that four settling modes exist: vertical motion, unilateral oscillation, oscillation, and tilt. The bottom-heavy neutral squirmer and puller settle in the vessel during vertical motion when Res is 0.1-1.5. By increasing Res and swimming strength |β|, the bottom-heavy squirmer becomes more self-driven, shifting its settling mode from vertical motion to unilateral oscillation or oscillation. Increasing l or |β| does not affect the bottom-heavy neutral squirmer and puller's vertical settling mode but shifts the bottom-heavy pusher's settling mode from unilateral oscillation to oscillation or oscillation to unilateral oscillation. Similarly, altering γ or |β| has no impact on the eccentric neutral squirmer and puller's settling mode; however, pushers will switch from oscillation mode to attraction mode or from oscillation mode to tilt mode. Additionally, it was found that after the squirmer collided with the bottom wall, the bottom-heavy squirmer settled at the bottom of the vessel in a different state of motion.}, }
@article {pmid36583152, year = {2022}, author = {Abed, AM and Mouziraji, HR and Bakhshi, J and Dulaimi, A and Mohammed, HI and Ibrahem, RK and Ben Khedher, N and Yaïci, W and Mahdi, JM}, title = {Numerical analysis of the energy-storage performance of a PCM-based triplex-tube containment system equipped with arc-shaped fins.}, journal = {Frontiers in chemistry}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1057196}, pmid = {36583152}, issn = {2296-2646}, abstract = {This study numerically intends to evaluate the effects of arc-shaped fins on the melting capability of a triplex-tube confinement system filled with phase-change materials (PCMs). In contrast to situations with no fins, where PCM exhibits relatively poor heat response, in this study, the thermal performance is modified using novel arc-shaped fins with various circular angles and orientations compared with traditional rectangular fins. Several inline and staggered layouts are also assessed to maximize the fin's efficacy. The effect of the nearby natural convection is further investigated by adding a fin to the bottom of the heat-storage domain. Additionally, the Reynolds number and temperature of the heat-transfer fluid (HTF) are evaluated. The outcomes showed that the arc-shaped fins could greatly enhance the PCMs' melting rate and the associated heat-storage properties. The melting rate is 17% and 93.1% greater for the case fitted with an inline distribution of the fins with a circular angle of 90° and an upward direction, respectively, than the cases with uniform rectangular fins and no fins, which corresponded to the shorter melting time of 14.5% and 50.4%. For the case with arc-shaped fins with a 90° circular angle, the melting rate increases by 9% using a staggered distribution. Compared to the staggered fin distribution, adding an extra fin to the bottom of the domain indicates adverse effects. The charging time reduces by 5.8% and 9.2% when the Reynolds number (Re) rises from 500 to 1000 and 1500, respectively, while the heat-storage rate increases by 6.3% and 10.3%. When the fluid inlet temperature is 55°C or 50°C, compared with 45°C, the overall charging time increases by 98% and 47%, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid36579881, year = {2022}, author = {Issa, M and Haupt, D and Muddemann, T and Kunz, U and Sievers, M}, title = {Investigation of an electrolysis system with boron-doped diamond anode and gas diffusion cathode to remove water micropollutants.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {86}, number = {12}, pages = {3236-3247}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2022.390}, pmid = {36579881}, issn = {0273-1223}, abstract = {Using electrolysis systems to degrade organics in wastewater encourages this technique to remove micropollutants (MPs) in different types of water. In this work, a cell consisting of an anode as a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode combined with a gas diffusion (GDE) cathode without a separator showed that MPs degradation can be effectively achieved. Investigating different operating parameters, it was stated that applying a low current density (2 mA/cm[2]) and setting the Reynolds number of the electrolyte flow through the cell at the laminar range raised the treatment time by 3-fold at the same energy demand. This arrangement increased the MPs removal. Some substances like diclofenac were removed up to 84% at a longer treatment time of 180 min coupled with an increase in energy demand. The results at the mentioned parameters indicated an adequate generation rate of radicals needed to remove MPs and the oxidation reactions were promoted. The results show high potential to the investigated electrolysis system in removing MPs in wastewater under considering the need for further reduction of the energy demand.}, }
@article {pmid36574794, year = {2022}, author = {Abbas Al-Amshawee, SK and Bin Mohd Yunus, MY}, title = {Electrodialysis desalination: The impact of solution flowrate (or Reynolds number) on fluid dynamics throughout membrane spacers.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {115115}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2022.115115}, pmid = {36574794}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The incorporation of a spacer among membranes has a major influence on fluid dynamics and performance metrics. Spacers create feed channels and operate as turbulence promoters to increase mixing and reduce concentration/temperature polarization effects. However, spacer geometry remains unoptimized, and studies continue to investigate a wide range of commercial and custom-made spacer designs. The in-depth discussion of the present systematic review seeks to discover the influence of Reynolds number or solution flowrate on flow hydrodynamics throughout a spacer-filled channel. A fast-flowing solution sweeping one membrane's surface first, then the neighboring membrane's surface produces good mixing action, which does not happen commonly at laminar solution flowrates. A sufficient flowrate can suppress the polarization layer, which may normally require the utilization of a simple feed channel rather than complex spacer configurations. When a recirculation eddy occurs, it disrupts the continuous flow and effectively curves the linear fluid courses. The higher the flowrate, the better the membrane performance, the higher the critical flux (or recovery rate), and the lower the inherent limitations of spacer design, spacer shadow effect, poor channel hydrodynamics, and high concentration polarization. In fact, critical flow achieves an acceptable balance between improving flow dynamics and reducing the related trade-offs, such as pressure losses and the occurrence of concentration polarization throughout the cell. If the necessary technical flowrate is not used, the real concentration potential for transport is relatively limited at low velocities than would be predicted based on bulk concentrations. Electrodialysis stack therefore may suffer from the dissociation of water molecules. Next studies should consider that applying a higher flowrate results in greater process efficiency, increased mass transfer potential at the membrane interface, and reduced stack thermal and electrical resistance, where pressure drop should always be indicated as a consequence of the spacer and circumstances used, rather than a problem.}, }
@article {pmid36562423, year = {2022}, author = {de Timary, G and Rousseau, CJ and Van Melderen, L and Scheid, B}, title = {Shear-enhanced sorting of ovoid and filamentous bacterial cells using pinch flow fractionation.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d2lc00969b}, pmid = {36562423}, issn = {1473-0189}, abstract = {In this paper, we experimentally investigate the influence of the flow rate on the trajectory of ovoid and filamentous bacterial cells of E. coli in a low aspect ratio pinch flow fractionation device. To that aim, we vary the Reynolds number over two orders of magnitude, while monitoring the dynamics of the cells across our device. At low flow rates, filamentous cells adopt several rotational motions in the pinched segment, which are induced both by the shear rate and by their close interactions with the nearest wall. As a result, the geometrical centre of the filamentous cells deviates towards the centre of the channel, which increases their effective sorting diameter depending on the length of their major axis as well as on the rotational mode they adopt in the pinch. As the flow rate increases, particles are forced to align vertically in the pinch, in the direction of the main shear gradient, which reduces the amplitude of the lateral deviation generated by their rotation. The trajectory of the particles in the expansion is directly determined by their position at the pinch outlet. As a consequence, the position of the filamentous cells at the outlet of the device strongly depends on the flow rate as well as on the length of their major axis. Based on these observations we optimized the flow conditions to successfully extract an ultra high purity sample of filamentous cells from a solution containing mainly ovoid cells.}, }
@article {pmid36562333, year = {2022}, author = {Marnoto, S and Hashmi, SM}, title = {Application of droplet migration scaling behavior to microchannel flow measurements.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d2sm00980c}, pmid = {36562333}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {In confined channels in low Reynolds number flow, droplets drift perpendicular to the flow, moving across streamlines. The phenomenon has proven useful for understanding microfluidic droplet separation, drug delivery vehicle optimization, and single-cell genomic amplification. Particles or droplets undergo several migration mechanisms including wall migration, hydrodynamic diffusion, and migration down gradients of shear. In simple shear flow only wall migration and hydrodynamic diffusion are present. In parabolic flow, droplets also move down gradients of shear. The resulting separation depends on parameters including particle size and stiffness, concentration, and flow rate. Computational methods can incorporate these effects in an exact manner to predict margination phenomena for specific systems, but do not generate a descriptive parametric dependence. In this paper, we present a scaling model that elucidates the parametric dependence of margination on emulsion droplet size, volume fraction, shear rate and suspending fluid viscosity. We experimentally measure the droplet depletion layer of silicone oil droplets and compare the results to theoretical scaling behavior that includes hydrodynamic diffusion and wall migration with and without an added shear-gradient migration. Results demonstrate the viability and limitations of applying a simple scaling behavior to experimental systems to describe parametric dependence. Our conclusions open the possibility for parametric descriptions of migration with broad applicability to particle and droplet systems.}, }
@article {pmid36559702, year = {2022}, author = {Ayas, M and Skočilas, J and Štípek, J and Gutiérrez, CA and Žitný, R and Jirout, T}, title = {An Approximate Method for Predicting the Friction Factor of Viscoplastic Shear-Thinning Fluids in Non-Circular Channels of Regular Cross-Sections.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/polym14245337}, pmid = {36559702}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {The objective of this study is to provide a straightforward generalized simple and quick method for the prediction of the friction factor for fully developed laminar flow of viscoplastic shear-thinning fluids in non-circular channels of regular cross-sections. The most frequently represented substances processed under these conditions are polymers in the processing and plastics industry. A generalized approximate method was proposed to express the relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number for the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model. This method uses the generalized Reynolds number for power-law fluids. Moreover, an additional simplified method for rapid engineering calculations was obtained as well. The suggested method was verified by comparing experimental data for concentric annulus found in the literature and results from simulations for concentric annulus, rectangular, square duct with a central cylindrical core and elliptical cross-sections. The results showed that the suggested methods enable us to estimate the friction factor with high accuracy for the investigated geometries.}, }
@article {pmid36559442, year = {2022}, author = {Moriconi, L and Pereira, RM}, title = {Statistics of extreme turbulent circulation events from multifractality breaking.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {5-1}, pages = {054121}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.054121}, pmid = {36559442}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Recent numerical explorations of extremely intense circulation fluctuations at high Reynolds number flows have brought to light novel aspects of turbulent intermittency. Vortex gas modeling ideas, which are related to a picture of turbulence as a dilute system of vortex tube structures, have been introduced alongside such developments, leading to accurate descriptions of the core and the intermediate tails of circulation probability distribution functions (cPDFs), as well as the scaling exponents associated to statistical moments of circulation. We extend the predictive reach of the vortex gas picture of turbulence by emphasizing that multifractality breaking, one of its salient phenomenological ingredients, is the key concept to disclose the asymptotic form of cPDF tails. A remarkable analytical agreement is found with previous results derived within the framework of the instanton approach to circulation intermittency, a functional formalism devised to single out the statistically dominant velocity configurations associated to extreme circulation events.}, }
@article {pmid36559415, year = {2022}, author = {Maity, R and Burada, PS}, title = {Near- and far-field hydrodynamic interaction of two chiral squirmers.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {5-1}, pages = {054613}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.054613}, pmid = {36559415}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Hydrodynamic interaction strongly influences the collective behavior of microswimmers. With this work, we study the behavior of two hydrodynamically interacting self-propelled chiral swimmers in the low Reynolds number regime, considering both the near- and far-field interactions. We use the chiral squirmer model [see Burada et al., Phys. Rev. E 105, 024603 (2022)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.105.024603], a spherically shaped body with nonaxisymmetric surface slip velocity, which generalizes the well-known squirmer model. The previous work was restricted only to the case, while the far-field hydrodynamic interaction was influential among the swimmers. It did not approach the scenario while both the swimmers are very close and lubrication effects become dominant. We calculate the lubrication force between the swimmers when they are very close. By varying the slip coefficients and the initial configuration of the swimmers, we investigate their hydrodynamic behavior. In the presence of lubrication force, the swimmers either repel each other or exhibit bounded motion where the distance between the swimmers alters periodically. We identify the possible behaviors exhibited by the chiral squirmers, such as monotonic divergence, divergence, and bounded, as was found in the previous study. However, in the current study, we observe that both the monotonic convergence and the convergence states are converted into divergence states due to the arising lubrication effects. The lubrication force favors the bounded motion in some parameter regimes. This study helps to understand the collective behavior of dense suspension of ciliated microorganisms and artificial swimmers.}, }
@article {pmid36559353, year = {2022}, author = {Lutz, T and Richter, SK and Menzel, AM}, title = {Effect of boundaries on displacements and motion in two-dimensional fluid or elastic films and membranes.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {5-1}, pages = {054609}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.054609}, pmid = {36559353}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Thin fluid or elastic films and membranes are found in nature and technology, for instance, as confinements of living cells or in loudspeakers. When applying a net force, the resulting flows in an unbounded two-dimensional incompressible low-Reynolds-number fluid or displacements in a two-dimensional linearly elastic solid seem to diverge logarithmically with the distance from the force center, which has led to some debate. Recently, we have demonstrated that such divergences cancel when the total (net) force vanishes. Here, we illustrate that if a net force is present, the boundaries play a prominent role. Already a single no-slip boundary regulates the flow and displacement fields and leads to their decay to leading order inversely in distance from a force center and the boundary. In other words, it is the boundary that stabilizes the system in this situation, unlike the three-dimensional case, where an unbounded medium by itself is able to absorb a net force. We quantify the mobility and displaceability of an inclusion as a function of the distance from the boundary, as well as interactions between different inclusions. In the case of free-slip boundary conditions, a kinked boundary is necessary to achieve stabilization.}, }
@article {pmid36557435, year = {2022}, author = {Guan, X and Xie, Z and Nan, G and Xi, K and Lu, Z and Ge, Y}, title = {Thermal-Hydrodynamic Behavior and Design of a Microchannel Pin-Fin Hybrid Heat Sink.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi13122136}, pmid = {36557435}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {A three-dimensional convective heat transfer model of a microchannel pin-fin hybrid heat sink was established. Considering the non-uniform heat generation of 3D stacked chips, the splitting distance of pin-fins was optimized by minimizing the maximum heat sink temperature under different heat fluxes in the hotspot, the Reynolds numbers at the entrance of the microchannel, and the proportions of the pin-fin volume. The average pressure drop and the performance evaluation criteria were considered to be the performance indexes to analyze the influence of each parameter on the flow performance and comprehensive performance, respectively. The results showed that the maximum temperature of the hybrid heat sink attained a minimum value with an increase in the splitting distance. The average pressure drop in the center passage of the microchannel first increased and then decreased. Furthermore, the optimal value could not be simultaneously obtained with the maximum temperature. Therefore, it should be comprehensively considered in the optimization design. The heat flux in the hotspot was positively correlated with the maximum heat sink temperature. However, it had no effect on the flow pressure drop. When the Reynolds number and the pin-fin diameter increased, the maximum heat sink temperature decreased and the average pressure drop of the microchannel increased. The comprehensive performance of the hybrid heat sink was not good at small Reynolds numbers, but it significantly improved as the Reynolds number gradually increased. Choosing a bigger pin-fin diameter and the corresponding optimal value of the splitting distance in a given Reynolds number would further improve the comprehensive performance of a hybrid heat sink.}, }
@article {pmid36547837, year = {2022}, author = {Salman, M and Chauhan, R and Singh, T and Prabakaran, R and Kim, SC}, title = {Experimental investigation and optimization of dimple-roughened impinging jet solar air collector using a novel AHP-MABAC approach.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-17}, pmid = {36547837}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {The effect of the flow and geometric parameters of a dimple-roughened absorber plate on the enactment of solar air collectors (SACs) with air-impinged jets was investigated in this study. The performance-defining criteria (PDCs) of a jet-impinged dimple-roughened SAC (JIDRSAC)-forced convection airflow system are significantly affected by variations in the system's control factors (CFs), such as the arc angle (αaa) ranging from 30° to 75°, dimple pitch ratio (pd/Dh) ranging from 0.269 to 1.08, and dimple height ratio (ed/Dh) ranging from 0.016 to 0.0324. The constant parameters of the jet slot are a stream-wise pitch ratio (Xi/Dhd) is 1.079, a span-wise pitch ratio (Yi/Dhd) is 1.619, and a jet diameter(Di/Dhd) is 0.081. Based on the combined approach of the analytic hierarchy process and multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (AHP-MABAC), the Reynolds number (Re) = 15,000, αaa = 60°, pd/Dh = 0.27, and ed/Dh = 0.027 depicted the best alternative (A-9) set among 16 alternatives to deliver the optimal performance of the JIDRSAC. The jet impingement pass compared to the smooth pass, the Nusselt number increased by 2.16-2.81, and friction factor increased by 3.35-5.95, and JIDRSAC was compared to the jet impingement pass, exhibiting an enhancement in Nusselt number and friction factor in the range of 0.55-0.80 and 0.05-0.15, respectively. In addition, sensitivity analysis is used to examine the ranking's stability and reliability in relation to the PDC weights.}, }
@article {pmid36547831, year = {2022}, author = {Raju, LB and Sastry, GR and Gugulothu, SK and Kumar, R and Balakrishnan, D}, title = {Computational analysis on solar air heater with combination of alternate dimple protrusions and intrusions on absorber plate with one rounded corner triangular duct.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36547831}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {This study focuses on improving heat transfer by converting one of the corners of the duct to a rounded structure. To study the effect of dimpled shaped protrusions and intrusions on the rounded corner triangular duct with a constant radius of curvature by varying relative streamwise distance (z/e) with a constant transverse distance x'/e = 10,14 and 18. Steady-state, turbulent flow heat transfer under thermal boundary conditions is to be analyzed by varying different Reynolds numbers (5600 to 21000). The duct with dimple-shaped protrusions and intrusions is compared with a simple triangular duct. Optimization of relative horizontal distance (z'/e) by keeping constant protrusion to protrusion distance as z/e = 28 and relative transverse distance as x/e = 10, 14, and 18. It was noted that there was a significant loss in friction and a rise in heat transfer. The relationship between friction factor and Nusselt number was formulated using operating and roughness parameters, using the data collected from the numerical investigation. The friction factor increases significantly with roughness elements, and it is maximum for x'/e = 20 at a low Reynolds number. Nusselt number increases with roughness elements, and it is maximum for x'/e = 14 for all Reynolds numbers and all the models. Enhancement of Nusselt number is due to increase of local heat transfer because of local vortex neat heat transfer zone. The maximum outlet temperature is obtained at a low Reynolds number. The maximum temperature of the heated surface is obtained for Rc = 0.67 h and the minimum for Rc = 0.33 h.}, }
@article {pmid36533860, year = {2022}, author = {Lim, S and Du, Y and Lee, Y and Panda, SK and Tong, D and Khalid Jawed, M}, title = {Fabrication, control, and modeling of robots inspired by flagella and cilia.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/aca63d}, pmid = {36533860}, issn = {1748-3190}, abstract = {Flagella and cilia are slender structures that serve important functionalities in the microscopic world through their locomotion induced by fluid and structure interaction. With recent developments in microscopy, fabrication, biology, and modeling capability, robots inspired by the locomotion of these organelles in low Reynolds number flow have been manufactured and tested on the micro-and macro-scale, ranging from medicalin vivomicrobots, microfluidics to macro prototypes. We present a collection of modeling theories, control principles, and fabrication methods for flagellated and ciliary robots.}, }
@article {pmid36517549, year = {2022}, author = {Hafez, NM and Alsemiry, RD and Alharbi, SA and Abd-Alla, AM}, title = {Peristaltic transport characteristics of a second-grade dusty fluid flown with heat transfer through a tube revisited.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {21605}, pmid = {36517549}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This paper provides a rudimentary insight into the influence of heat transfer on the transport characteristics of a second-grade dusty fluid flown in a flexible tube with walls subjected to the peristaltic motion. Both dust particles and fluid movements were modeled using the coupled differential equations. The effects of different types of parameters such as Reynolds number, Prandtl number, Grashof number, wave number, wave amplitude ratio, second grade parameter as well as nature of the heat source and sink are studies on the dust particles velocity, fluid velocity, temperature, pressure profiles of the fluid and streamline patterns of the fluid. The derived equations were solved analytically via the standard perturbation method to determine the fluid temperature, streamline pattern and velocity of the dust particles as well as fluid. The values in the increase of pressure and frictional forces were calculated numerically using DSolve of the Mathematica 11 software (https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/new-in-11/). In addition, the trapping mechanisms were ascertained by computing the streamlines and various physical parameters. The obtained results were validated with the state-of-the-art literature reports. It was claimed that our systematic approach may constitute a basis for accurately examining the impact of heat transfer on the peristaltic transport of a complex fluid through narrow tubes, useful for diverse medical applications such as the gastric fluid flow through the small intestine during endoscopy. Numerical results are computed and discussed numerically and presented through graphs. The impacts of pertinent parameters on the aforementioned quantities are examined by plotting graphs on the basis of computational results. The results indicate that the effect of parameters is very pronounced. A suitable comparison has been made with the prior results in the literature as a limiting case of the considered problem.}, }
@article {pmid36513785, year = {2022}, author = {Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Thabet, EN and Abdelhafez, MA}, title = {Heat and mass transfer for MHD peristaltic flow in a micropolar nanofluid: mathematical model with thermophysical features.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {21540}, pmid = {36513785}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {According to a survey of the literature, nanofluids are superior to traditional fluids at transferring heat. A detailed analysis of the models mentioned above is crucial since there are large gaps in the illumination of current solutions for improving heat transfer in nanomaterials. The ongoing investigation's purpose is to ascertain the tiny size gold particles drift in free with the heat and mass transfer, buoyancy forces, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion of a micropolar nanofluid being transported through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel with a uniform magnetic field using a long-wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation. The resulting dimensionless nonlinear governing equations have been numerically solved using a MATLAB software and the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration scheme. Two comparisons with previously investigated problems are also made to confirm our findings, and an excellent concurrence is discovered. As a result, trustworthy results are being given. Numerical solutions are used to describe the effects of different thermal-fluidic parameters on velocity profiles, temperature, concentration, micropolar rotation, pressure gradient, shear stress, heat flux, and nanoparticle volume flux, etc. Tables, graphs, and bar charts are used to present and discuss numerical results that have been produced. A comparison of the resulting numerical solution to earlier literature also reveals a satisfactory level of agreement. Insight into real-world applications such nanofluidic, energy conservation, friction reduction, and power generation are provided by this work. Furthermore, the Brownian and thermophoresis parameters behave significantly differently in a concentration field. On the other hand, the study puts forward an important note that for peristaltic flow of a micropolar fluid with nanoparticles can be controlled by suitably adjusting the micropolar parameter, thermophoresis parameter, nanoparticle Grashof number, and Brownian motion parameter.}, }
@article {pmid36506398, year = {2022}, author = {Shuvo, MS and Hasib, MH and Saha, S}, title = {Entropy generation and characteristics of mixed convection in lid-driven trapezoidal tilted enclosure filled with nanofluid.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e12079}, pmid = {36506398}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The investigation of steady, incompressible, laminar mixed convective fluid flow within two different types of tilted lid-driven trapezoidal enclosures filled with nanofluid composed of water and Al2O3 nanoparticles has been carried out in this paper. The upper wall of the enclosure is an isothermal cold surface that travels at a constant speed, while the bottom surface of the cavity maintains a constant high temperature. Non-dimensional governing equations along with the appropriate boundary conditions are solved using Galerkin finite element technique. Parametric simulation has been conducted by varying tilt angle of the base wall from 0° to 45°, Reynolds number from 0.1 to 10[3], Grashof number from 10[-2] to 10[6], and Richardson number between 0.1 and 10 for three different cases. The streamlines and the isotherms are used to describe the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics within the enclosure. Besides, the quantitative evaluations of thermal enhancement in terms of the average Nusselt number, average fluid temperature, and Bejan number of the enclosure are presented. Effects of base wall tilt angle and the presence of nanofluid on convection heat transmission characteristics as well as Bejan number are also explored.}, }
@article {pmid36506374, year = {2022}, author = {Hamza, NFA and Aljabair, S}, title = {Evaluation of thermal performance factor by hybrid nanofluid and twisted tape inserts in heat exchanger.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e11950}, pmid = {36506374}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The thermal performance parameters of an improved heat exchanger tube fitted with various vortex generator inserts were investigated using numerical and experimental methods. The governing equations have been solved numerically by a Finite Volume approach employing the turbulence model (κ - ε). Two twisted tape types, which being inserted across a circular pipe (plain twisted tape) and (Double V-cut twisted tape), have been achieved. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared by using metal oxide [Al2O3+CuO] with distilled water at volume fraction range (0.6%, 1.2% and 1.8%), Reynolds number range (3560-8320) at twisted ratio (9.25). The experimental data for a plain tube, plain twisted tapes and double v-cut twisted tape are validated using the standard correlations available in the literature. The effect of such variables upon the average Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance factor have been investigated and compared with a plain tube at the same conditions. As compared to plain twisted tape, the tube equipped with a double V-cut twisted tape with hybrid nanofluid displayed increased thermal performance. The greater vortex flow induced by the V-cuts results in more active thermal boundary layer disturbance, resulting in a greater heat transfer rate. The results show that thermal performance factor for hybrid nanofluid in plain circular tube at (∅ = 1.8 %) and Reynolds number (8320) is about (1.068), when the plain twisted tape and double v-cut twisted tape inserted with hybrid nanofluid the thermal performance factor increased to (1.33) and (1.37), respectively. The results show a similar trend for both numerical and experimental cases. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results have maximum error was (9.7)%.}, }
@article {pmid36500800, year = {2022}, author = {Arshad, M and Hassan, A and Haider, Q and Alharbi, FM and Alsubaie, N and Alhushaybari, A and Burduhos-Nergis, DP and Galal, AM}, title = {Rotating Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Chemical Reaction and Thermal Radiation between Parallel Plates.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {23}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nano12234177}, pmid = {36500800}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {This research investigates the two different hybrid nanofluid flows between two parallel plates placed at two different heights, y0&amp;nbsp;and yh, respectively. Water-based hybrid nanofluids are obtained by using Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu as nanoparticles, respectively. The upper-level plate is fixed, while the lower-level plate is stretchable. The fluid rotates along the y-axis. The governing equations of momentum, energy and concentration are transformed into partial differential equations by using similarity transformations. These transformed equations are grasped numerically at MATLAB by using the boundary value problem technique. The influence of different parameters are presented through graphs. The numerical outcomes for rotation, Nusselt, Prandtl, and Schmidt numbers are obtained in the form of tables. The heat transfer rate increases by augmentation in the thermophoresis parameter, while it decays by increasing the Reynolds number. Oxide nanoparticles hybrid nanofluid proved more efficient as compared to mixed nanoparticles hybrid nanofluid. This research suggests using oxide nanoparticles for good heat transfer.}, }
@article {pmid36475799, year = {2022}, author = {Dong, C and Wang, L and Huang, YM and Comisso, L and Sandstrom, TA and Bhattacharjee, A}, title = {Reconnection-driven energy cascade in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {8}, number = {49}, pages = {eabn7627}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abn7627}, pmid = {36475799}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence regulates the transfer of energy from large to small scales in many astrophysical systems, including the solar atmosphere. We perform three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations with unprecedentedly large magnetic Reynolds number to reveal how rapid reconnection of magnetic field lines changes the classical paradigm of the turbulent energy cascade. By breaking elongated current sheets into chains of small magnetic flux ropes (or plasmoids), magnetic reconnection leads to a previously undiscovered range of energy cascade, where the rate of energy transfer is controlled by the growth rate of the plasmoids. As a consequence, the turbulent energy spectra steepen and attain a spectral index of -2.2 that is accompanied by changes in the anisotropy of turbulence eddies. The omnipresence of plasmoids and their consequences on, for example, solar coronal heating, can be further explored with current and future spacecraft and telescopes.}, }
@article {pmid36464577, year = {2022}, author = {Song, F and Yan, Y and Sun, J}, title = {Review of insect-inspired wing micro air vehicle.}, journal = {Arthropod structure &amp; development}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101225}, doi = {10.1016/j.asd.2022.101225}, pmid = {36464577}, issn = {1873-5495}, abstract = {Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have wide application prospects in environmental monitoring, disaster rescue and other civil fields because of their flexibility and maneuverability. Compared with fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft, flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) have higher energy utilization efficiency and lower cost and have attracted extensive attention from scientists. Insects have become excellent bionic objects for the study of FWMAVs due to their characteristics of low Reynolds number, low noise, hoverability, small size and light weight. By mimicking flying insects, it may be possible to create highly efficient biomimetic FWMAVs. In this paper, insect flight aerodynamics are reviewed, and the mechanism designs of insect-inspired FWMAVs and their aerodynamics are summarized, including the wing type effect, vibration characteristics and aerodynamic characteristics of the flapping wing.}, }
@article {pmid36462002, year = {2022}, author = {Jiang, H and Wang, D and Liu, S and Sun, C}, title = {Experimental Evidence for the Existence of the Ultimate Regime in Rapidly Rotating Turbulent Thermal Convection.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {20}, pages = {204502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.204502}, pmid = {36462002}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {What is the final state of turbulence when the driving parameter approaches infinity? For the traditional Rayleigh-Bénard convection, a possible ultimate scaling dependence of the heat transport (quantified by the Nusselt number Nu) on the Rayleigh number (Ra), which can be extrapolated to arbitrarily high Ra, is predicted by theories. The existence of the ultimate scaling has been intensively debated in the past decades. In this Letter, we adopt a novel supergravitational thermal convection experimental setup to study the possible transition to the ultimate regime. This system is characterized by the combined effects of radial-dependent centrifugal force, the Earth's gravity, and the Coriolis force. With an effective gravity up to 100 times the Earth's gravity, both Ra and shear Reynolds number can be boosted due to the increase of the buoyancy driving and the additional Coriolis forces. With over a decade of Ra range, we demonstrate the existence of ultimate regime with four direct evidences: the ultimate scaling dependence of Nu versus Ra; the appearance of the turbulent velocity boundary layer profile; the enhanced strength of the shear Reynolds number; and the new statistical properties of local temperature fluctuations. The present findings will greatly improve the understanding of the flow dynamics in geophysical and astrophysical flows.}, }
@article {pmid36461968, year = {2022}, author = {Rorai, C and Toschi, F and Pagonabarraga, I}, title = {Coexistence of Active and Hydrodynamic Turbulence in Two-Dimensional Active Nematics.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {21}, pages = {218001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.218001}, pmid = {36461968}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {In active nematic liquid crystals, activity is able to drive chaotic spatiotemporal flows referred to as active turbulence. Active turbulence has been characterized through theoretical and experimental work as a low Reynolds number phenomenon. We show that, in two dimensions, the active forcing alone is able to trigger hydrodynamic turbulence leading to the coexistence of active and inertial turbulence. This type of flow develops for sufficiently active and extensile flow-aligning nematics. We observe that the combined effect of an extensile nematic and large values of the flow-aligning parameter leads to a broadening of the elastic energy spectrum that promotes a growth of kinetic energy able to trigger an inverse energy cascade.}, }
@article {pmid36437305, year = {2022}, author = {Robles, V and Gonzalez-Parra, JC and Cuando-Espitia, N and Aguilar, G}, title = {The effect of scalable PDMS gas-entrapping microstructures on the dynamics of a single cavitation bubble.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20379}, pmid = {36437305}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The effect of gas-entrapping polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructures on the dynamics of cavitation bubbles laser-induced next to the PDMS surface is investigated and compared against the cavitation dynamics next to a flat smooth boundary. Local pressure gradients produced by a cavitation bubble cause the air pockets entrapped in the PDMS microstructures to expand and oscillate, leading to a repulsion of the cavitation bubble. The microstructures were fabricated as boxed crevices via a simple and scalable laser ablation technique on cast acrylic, allowing for testing of variable structure sizes and reusable molds. The bubble dynamics were observed using high speed photography and the surrounding flows were visualized and quantified using particle tracking velocimetry. Smaller entrapped air pockets showed an enhanced ability to withstand deactivation at three stand-off distances and over 50 subsequent cavitation events. This investigation provides insight into the potential to direct the collapse of a cavitation bubble away from a surface to mitigate erosion or to enhance microfluidic mixing in low Reynolds number flows.}, }
@article {pmid36429949, year = {2022}, author = {Luo, J and Ma, X and Wang, L and Zhang, B and Yang, X and Yue, T}, title = {The Influence of Short-Term Heavy Rainfall on Hydraulic Characteristics and Rill Formation in the Yuanmou Dry-Hot Valley.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph192215232}, pmid = {36429949}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Water Movements ; *Rain ; Geologic Sediments ; Soil ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Rill erosion is one of the major environmental problems in the world; it is an important factor with regard to land degradation and has a serious impact on production and daily life in the region. The widely distributed Yuanmou group stratum promotes the development of rill erosion, whereby the strong time-concentrated rainfall and the alternating arid-humid climate prepare the ground for the development of rills in soils. Therefore, a study of the processes of slope rill erosion was carried out, and a gravel-soil slope in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley was chosen to simulate short-term heavy rainfall (25 mm/h) (No. 1 plot) and moderate rainfall (15 mm/h) (No. 2 plot), to study the erosion processes of soil and the dynamic characteristics of runoff involved in erosion. The study results showed that the width of runoff was significantly different between the two plots, while the depth of runoff was not significantly different. During the rill formation process, the width of the two plots first decreased and then increased with increasing washout duration, while its depth did not change significantly. Flow was the key factor in determining the hydraulic characteristics of runoff, and it had a significant or extremely significant positive correlation with hydraulic characteristics parameters, except in the case of Fr (Froude number) (r = 0.039). The total sediment content (CS) of plot No. 1 (0.158 g/cm[3]) was significantly different from that of plot No. 2 (0.153 g/cm[3]), and both CSs in the two plots decreased with increasing washout duration. The CS had an extremely significant negative correlation with τ (runoff shear force) (r = -0.863 **) and DW-f (Darcy-Weisbach drag coefficient) (r = -0.863 **) and a significant negative correlation with Re (Reynolds number) (r = -0.735 *) in the short-term heavy rainfall experiment, while the CS had a significant positive correlation with V (velocity) (r = 0.814 *), R (hydraulic radius) (r = 0.811 *) and P (unit stream power) (r = 0.811 *) in the moderate rainfall experiment. The results of this study will help guide further examination of the processes involved in the dynamic mechanisms of rill erosion on slopes under short-term heavy rainfall conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36422415, year = {2022}, author = {Kumari, N and Alam, T and Ali, MA and Yadav, AS and Gupta, NK and Siddiqui, MIH and Dobrotă, D and Rotaru, IM and Sharma, A}, title = {A Numerical Investigation on Hydrothermal Performance of Micro Channel Heat Sink with Periodic Spatial Modification on Sidewalls.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36422415}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Electronic gadgets have been designed to incorporating very small components such as microcontrollers, electronic chips, transistors, microprocessors, etc. These components are exceptionally heat sensitive and can be wrecked if heat is not released. As a result, the thermal control of such components is critical to their optimum performance and extended life. The use of a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) has shown promising solutions to remove the excess heat. In this paper, we have proposed a novel design of MCHS and investigated it numerically. Four different surface modifications on the sidewall of the passage, namely, extended triangular surface (ETS), extended circular surface (ECS), triangular groove surface (TGS), and the circular groove surface (CGS) in the passage of the microchannel have been exploited in the Reynolds number of 100-900. In the presence of geometrical modification, the cooling capacities have been enhanced. The results show that the Nusselt numbers of ETS-MCHS, ECS-MCHS, TGS-MCHS, and CGS-MCHS are increased by 4.30, 3.61, 1.62, and 1.41 times in comparison to the Nusselt number of MCHS with smooth passage, while the friction factor values are increased by 7.33, 6.03, 2.74, and 1.68 times, respectively. In addition, the thermohydraulic performance parameter (THPP) has been evaluated and discussed. The fact that MCHS have THPP values greater than unity demonstrates that the passage's geometries are a practical means of achieving effective thermal management.}, }
@article {pmid36411532, year = {2022}, author = {Toyama, K and Togi, F and Harada, S}, title = {Mass Transfer from Mobile to Immobile Regions in Irregularly Shaped Micro-Channels at Low Reynolds Number.}, journal = {Ground water}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gwat.13276}, pmid = {36411532}, issn = {1745-6584}, abstract = {Transient mass transfer in rough-walled micro-channels was investigated experimentally. We conducted experiments using rough-walled channels with various irregularities at small Reynolds number conditions. Mass transfer in the mainstream (mobile region) and dead water region (immobile region) were quantified using an image analysis technique based on absorption photometry. The experimental results showed that the solute dispersion in the mobile region was influenced by the irregular shape of the channel wall complicatedly. In contrast, mass transfer in the immobile region occurred by molecular diffusion independently on the wall roughness in our experimental conditions. The irregular shape of channel wall may enhance the mass transfer in mobile region by distorting the velocity distribution (Togi et al., 2020), while the solute redistribution to immobile region may suppress it in streamwise direction, just on a longer time scale. We developed a mass transfer model analogous to Mobile-Immobile model (MIM model) proposed by previous studies. The concept of the model is the same as the previous study (Zhou et al., 2019) and the coefficients of the model describing mass transfer in each region were quantified from the experimental results as functions of geometric characteristics of the rough-walled channel. In addition, mass transfer coefficient from mobile to immobile regions were derived mathematically based on the experimental results. The MIM model with the coefficients derived in this study well describes solute dispersion in variously shaped irregular channels quantitatively.}, }
@article {pmid36405040, year = {2022}, author = {Kaziz, S and Ben Mariem, I and Echouchene, F and Belkhiria, M and Belmabrouk, H}, title = {Taguchi optimization of integrated flow microfluidic biosensor for COVID-19 detection.}, journal = {European physical journal plus}, volume = {137}, number = {11}, pages = {1235}, pmid = {36405040}, issn = {2190-5444}, abstract = {In this research, Taguchi's method was employed to optimize the performance of a microfluidic biosensor with an integrated flow confinement for rapid detection of the SARS-CoV-2. The finite element method was used to solve the physical model which has been first validated by comparison with experimental results. The novelty of this study is the use of the Taguchi approach in the optimization analysis. An L 8 2 7 orthogonal array of seven critical parameters-Reynolds number (Re), Damköhler number (Da), relative adsorption capacity (σ), equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), Schmidt number (Sc), confinement coefficient (α) and dimensionless confinement position (X), with two levels was designed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods are also used to calculate the contribution of each parameter. The optimal combination of these key parameters was Re = 10[-2], Da = 1000, σ = 0.5, K D = 5, Sc = 10[5], α = 2 and X = 2 to achieve the lowest dimensionless response time (0.11). Among the all-optimization factors, the relative adsorption capacity (σ) has the highest contribution (37%) to the reduction of the response time, while the Schmidt number (Sc) has the lowest contribution (7%).}, }
@article {pmid36399789, year = {2022}, author = {Jhun, CS and Xu, L and Siedlecki, C and Bartoli, CR and Yeager, E and Lukic, B and Scheib, CM and Newswanger, R and Cysyk, JP and Shen, C and Bohnenberger, K and Weiss, WJ and Rosenberg, G}, title = {Kinetic and Dynamic Effects on Degradation of von Willebrand Factor.}, journal = {ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1097/MAT.0000000000001848}, pmid = {36399789}, issn = {1538-943X}, abstract = {The loss of high molecular weight multimers (HMWM) of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in aortic stenosis (AS) and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (cf-LVADs) is believed to be associated with high turbulent blood shear. The objective of this study is to understand the degradation mechanism of HMWM in terms of exposure time (kinetic) and flow regime (dynamics) within clinically relevant pathophysiologic conditions. A custom high-shear rotary device capable of creating fully controlled exposure times and flows was used. The system was set so that human platelet-poor plasma flowed through at 1.75 ml/sec, 0.76 ml/sec, or 0.38 ml/sec resulting in the exposure time (texp) of 22, 50, or 100 ms, respectively. The flow was characterized by the Reynolds number (Re). The device was run under laminar (Re = 1,500), transitional (Re = 3,000; Re = 3,500), and turbulent (Re = 4,500) conditions at a given texp followed by multimer analysis. No degradation was observed at laminar flow at all given texp. Degradation of HMWM at a given texp increases with the Re. Re (p < 0.0001) and texp (p = 0.0034) are significant factors in the degradation of HMWM. Interaction between Re and texp, however, is not always significant (p = 0.73). http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A920.}, }
@article {pmid36399753, year = {2022}, author = {Bermudez, G and Alexakis, A}, title = {Saturation of Turbulent Helical Dynamos.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {19}, pages = {195101}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.195101}, pmid = {36399753}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The presence of large scale magnetic fields in nature is often attributed to the inverse cascade of magnetic helicity driven by turbulent helical dynamos. In this Letter, we show that in turbulent helical dynamos, the inverse flux of magnetic helicity toward the large scales Π_{H} is bounded by |Π_{H}|≤cεk_{η}^{-1}, where ε is the energy injection rate, k_{η} is the Kolmogorov magnetic dissipation wave number, and c an order one constant. Assuming the classical isotropic turbulence scaling, the inverse flux of magnetic helicity Π_{H} decreases at least as a -3/4 power law with the magnetic Reynolds number Rm: |Π_{H}|≤cεℓ_{f}Rm^{-3/4}max[Pm,1]^{1/4}, where Pm is the magnetic Prandtl number and ℓ_{f} the forcing length scale. We demonstrate this scaling with Rm using direct numerical simulations of turbulent dynamos forced at intermediate scales. The results further indicate that nonlinear saturation is achieved by a balance between the inverse cascade and dissipation at domain size scales L for which the saturation value of the magnetic energy is bounded by E_{m}≤cL(εℓ_{f})^{2/3}Rm^{1/4}max[1,Pm]^{1/4}. Numerical simulations also demonstrate this bound. These results are independent of the dynamo mechanism considered. In our setup, they imply that inviscid mechanisms cannot explain large scale magnetic fields and have critical implications for the modeling of astrophysical dynamos.}, }
@article {pmid36397500, year = {2022}, author = {Budanur, NB and Kantz, H}, title = {Scale-dependent error growth in Navier-Stokes simulations.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {4-2}, pages = {045102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.045102}, pmid = {36397500}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We estimate the maximal Lyapunov exponent at different resolutions and Reynolds numbers in large eddy simulations (LES) and direct numerical simulations of sinusoidally driven Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions. Independent of the Reynolds number when nondimensionalized by Kolmogorov units, the LES Lyapunov exponent diverges as an inverse power of the effective grid spacing showing that the fine scale structures exhibit much faster error growth rates than the larger ones. Effectively, i.e., ignoring the cutoff of this phenomenon at the Kolmogorov scale, this behavior introduces an upper bound to the prediction horizon that can be achieved by improving the precision of initial conditions through refining of the measurement grid.}, }
@article {pmid36388976, year = {2022}, author = {Yao, N and Wang, H and Wang, B and Wang, X and Huang, J}, title = {Convective thermal cloaks with homogeneous and isotropic parameters and drag-free characteristics for viscous potential flows.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {105461}, pmid = {36388976}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Although convective thermal cloaking has been advanced significantly, the majority of related researches have concentrated on creeping viscous potential flows. Here, we consider convective thermal cloaking works in non-creeping viscous potential flows, and propose a combination of the separation of variables method and the equivalent-medium integral method to analytically deduce the parameters of convective thermal cloaks with isotropic-homogeneous dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity. Through numerical simulation, we demonstrate the cloaks can hide the object from thermo-hydrodynamic fields. Besides, by comparing the drag force cloaks bear in cloak case and the objects bear in object-existent case, we find convective thermal cloaks can considerably reduce the drag force, which appears drag-free characteristics. Finally, it is our hope that these developed methods can reduce the difficulties of metadevices fabrications, promote the development of drag reduction technology under higher Reynolds number, and shed light on the control of other multi-physics systems.}, }
@article {pmid36384832, year = {2022}, author = {Cao, BZ and Wang, J and Zhao, YJ and Liu, C}, title = {[Hydrodynamic characteristics of grass swale runoff in Guanzhong area of Loess Plateau, Northwest China.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, pages = {2979-2986}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.023}, pmid = {36384832}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Poaceae ; *Water Movements ; Hydrodynamics ; Rain ; Soil ; China ; }, abstract = {Grass swale has been widely used in sponge city construction, which can effectively improve the urban ecological environment. To explore the regulation mechanism of runoff in grass swale, runoff scouring experiment was carried out to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of runoff and the distribution of cross-section velocity under the combined conditions of five slopes (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) and five scour flows (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 L·min[-1]). With the increases of flow rate and slope, flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number all increased gradually, while the Manning roughness coefficient and Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient decreased gradually. The velocity (V) could be expressed as a power function V=0.3387Q[0.555]S[0.6601] of flow rate (Q) and slope (S). The variation ranges of Reynolds number and Froude number were 1160.95-6596.82 and 0.17-1.21, respectively. The runoff flow patterns were all turbulent. The flow pattern was greatly affected by the slope. When flow rate and slope were small, they had great influence on friction coefficient. Under the experimental conditions, the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient was negatively correlated with Reynolds number. The velocity distribution of cross-section showed symmetrical distribution on both sides of the center. The maximum velocity point was located at the center of water surface. With the increases of flow rate and slope, the velocity contours of cross section gradually became dense and the gradient of the velocity change increased. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the design, application and hydraulic calculation of grass swale in the construction of sponge cities in loess areas, and reveal the runoff regulation mechanism by analyzing the hydraulic characteristics of grass swale runoff.}, }
@article {pmid36383261, year = {2022}, author = {Karami, A and Ranjbar, B and Rahimi, M and Mohammadi, F}, title = {Novel hybrid neuro-fuzzy model to anticipate the heat transfer in a heat exchanger equipped with a new type of self-rotating tube insert.}, journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter}, volume = {45}, number = {11}, pages = {92}, pmid = {36383261}, issn = {1292-895X}, mesh = {*Hot Temperature ; *Algorithms ; Friction ; }, abstract = {In this investigation, a combination of the wingsuit flying search (WFS) and teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithms is developed as a new combinatorial optimization algorithm. The proposed combinatorial algorithm is tested over some well-known benchmark functions and then integrated with the artificial neural network (ANN) to construct a novel hybrid model. After that, the obtained hybrid model is employed to anticipate the experimentally obtained values of the average Nusselt number (Nu), average friction coefficient (f) as well as thermal-hydraulic performance ratio (η), in a heat exchanger equipped with a new type of self-rotating tube insert, against governing parameters. The insert is placed in the tube side of the water heater to heat natural gas. The proposed insert consists of various numbers of self-rotating modules. Indeed, the rotating insert is introduced to create effective secondary sweeping flow on the inner side of the tube. Since this type of tube insert simultaneously provides heat transfer enhancement and undesired pressure drop, a thermal-hydraulic performance ratio is defined to consider both of them. The governing parameters are the number of inserts (0 ≤ N ≤ 30), reservoir's temperature (40 °C ≤ TR ≤ 50 °C) as well as Reynolds number (6 × 10[3] ≤ Re ≤ 18 × 10[3]). It was found that the WFS-TLBO enhances the effectiveness of the main ANN in anticipating the Nusselt number (Nu), average friction coefficient (f) as well as performance ratio (η). Moreover, introducing the WFS-TLBO algorithm into the neural network provides an enhancement in the effectiveness of the hybrid models based on the single WFS and TLBO algorithms in anticipating the same parameters.}, }
@article {pmid36378533, year = {2022}, author = {Wei, SX and Yang, H and Au, CT and Xie, TL and Yin, SF}, title = {Mixing Characteristic and High-Throughput Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles with Cubic Hexagonal Phase Junctions in a Chaotic Millireactor.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {38}, number = {47}, pages = {14439-14450}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02087}, pmid = {36378533}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {A four-stage oscillating feedback millireactor with splitters (S-OFM) was designed to improve the mixing performance based on chaotic advection. Three-dimensional CFD simulations were used to investigate its flow characteristics and mixing performance, and the generation mechanisms of secondary flows were examined. The results show that the mixing index (MIcup) increased with the increase in the Reynolds number (Re), and MIcup could reach 99.8% at Re = 663. Poincaré mapping and Kolmogorov entropy were adopted to characterize the chaotic advection intensity, which indicates that there is a intensity increase with the increase in Re. In addition, the results of Villermaux-Dushman experiments demonstrate that S-OFM performs excellently, and the mixing time could reach 1.04 ms at Re = 2764. Finally, S-OFM was successfully used to synthesize CdS nanoparticles with cubic hexagonal phase junctions. At a flow rate of 180 mL/min, the average particle size was 10.5 nm and the particle size distribution was narrow (with a coefficient of variation of 0.14).}, }
@article {pmid36374705, year = {2022}, author = {Antunes, GC and Malgaretti, P and Harting, J and Dietrich, S}, title = {Pumping and Mixing in Active Pores.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {18}, pages = {188003}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.188003}, pmid = {36374705}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We show both numerically and analytically that a chemically patterned active pore can act as a micro- or nanopump for fluids, even if it is fore-aft symmetric. This is possible due to a spontaneous symmetry breaking which occurs when advection rather than diffusion is the dominant mechanism of solute transport. We further demonstrate that, for pumping and tuning the flow rate, a combination of geometrical and chemical inhomogeneities is required. For certain parameter values, the flow is unsteady, and persistent oscillations with a tunable frequency appear. Finally, we find that the flow exhibits convection rolls and hence promotes mixing in the low Reynolds number regime.}, }
@article {pmid36374283, year = {2022}, author = {Hopkins, CC and Shen, AQ and Haward, SJ}, title = {Effect of blockage ratio on flow of a viscoelastic wormlike micellar solution past a cylinder in a microchannel.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {18}, number = {46}, pages = {8856-8866}, doi = {10.1039/d2sm01162j}, pmid = {36374283}, issn = {1744-6848}, abstract = {We present experiments on the flow of a viscoelastic wormlike micellar solution around cylinders (radius R) confined in straight microchannels (width W). Thirteen flow geometries are tested where the blockage ratio is varied over a wide range 0.055 ≤ BR = 2R/W ≤ 0.63. Experiments are performed at negligible Reynolds number, and for Weissenberg numbers Wi = λU/R up to 1000, where U is the average flow speed and λ is the relaxation time of the fluid. Micro-particle image velocimetry is used to characterise the flow state at each BR and Wi. In all of the geometries, a first critical Weissenberg number marks a transition from symmetric flow to an asymmetric but time-steady flow state, while a second higher critical Weissenberg number marks the onset of time-dependent flows. However, we report a clear shift in behaviour over a narrow intermediate range of 0.33 ≲ BR ≲ 0.41. Channels with BR ≤ 0.33 fall in a 'low' BR regime, with instabilities that originate from the downstream stagnation point, while those with BR ≥ 0.44 fall in a 'high' BR regime, with instabilities developing at the upstream stagnation point. Behaviour within the newly-identified intermediate BR regime is complex due to the competing influence of the two stagnation points. We summarise all our results in a flow state diagram covering Wi-BR parameter space, clearly defining the different regimes of blockage ratio for the first time. Our results contribute to the understanding of the complexities of viscoelastic flow in this benchmark geometry.}, }
@article {pmid36369608, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, Y and Feng, X and Shi, X and Cai, W and Li, B and Zhao, Y}, title = {Evaluation of computational fluid dynamics models for predicting pediatric upper airway airflow characteristics.}, journal = {Medical &amp; biological engineering &amp; computing}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36369608}, issn = {1741-0444}, abstract = {Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has the potential for use as a clinical tool to predict the aerodynamics and respiratory function in the upper airway (UA) of children; however, careful selection of validated computational models is necessary. This study constructed a 3D model of the pediatric UA based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. The pediatric UA was 3D printed for pressure and velocity experiments, which were used as reference standards to validate the CFD simulation models. Static wall pressure and velocity distribution inside of the UA under inhale airflow rates from 0 to 266.67 mL/s were studied by CFD simulations based on the large eddy simulation (LES) model and four Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models. Our results showed that the LES performed best for pressure prediction; however, it was much more time-consuming than the four RANS models. Among the RANS models, the Low Reynolds number (LRN) SST k-ω model had the best overall performance at a series of airflow rates. Central flow velocity determined by particle image velocimetry was 3.617 m/s, while velocities predicted by the LES, LRN SST k-ω, and k-ω models were 3.681, 3.532, and 3.439 m/s, respectively. All models predicted jet flow in the oropharynx. These results suggest that the above CFD models have acceptable accuracy for predicting pediatric UA aerodynamics and that the LRN SST k-ω model has the most potential for clinical application in pediatric respiratory studies.}, }
@article {pmid36365668, year = {2022}, author = {de Araujo, MT and Furlan, L and Brandi, A and Souza, L}, title = {A Semi-Analytical Method for Channel and Pipe Flows for the Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner Fluid Model with a Solvent Contribution.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {36365668}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {This work presents a semi-analytical method for laminar steady-state channel and pipe flows of viscoelastic fluids using the Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner (LPTT) constitutive equation, with solvent viscosity contribution. For the semi-analytical method validation, it compares its results and two analytical solutions: the Oldroyd-B model and the simplified LPTT model (without solvent viscosity contribution). The results adopted different values of the dimensionless parameters, showing their influence on the viscoelastic fluid flow. The results include the distribution of the streamwise velocity component and the extra-stress tensor components in the wall-normal direction. In order to investigate the proposed semi-analytical method, different solutions were obtained, both for channel and pipe flows, considering different values of Reynolds number, solvent viscosity contribution in the homogeneous mixture, elongational parameter, shear parameter, and Weissenberg number. The results show that the proposed semi-analytical method can find a laminar solution using the non-Newtonian LPTT model with solvent viscosity contribution and verify the effect of the parameters in the resulting flow field.}, }
@article {pmid36364597, year = {2022}, author = {Baig, MF and Chen, GM and Tso, CP}, title = {The Thermal Performance Analysis of an Al2O3-Water Nanofluid Flow in a Composite Microchannel.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {36364597}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Partial filling of porous medium insert in a channel alleviates the tremendous pressure drop associated with a porous medium saturated channel, and enhances heat transfer at an optimum fraction of porous medium filling. This study pioneered an investigation into the viscous dissipative forced convective heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel, partially occupied with a porous medium at the core, under local thermal non-equilibrium condition. Solving the thermal energy equation along the Darcy-Brinkman equation, new exact temperature fields and Nusselt number are presented under symmetrical isoflux thermal boundary condition. Noteworthy is the heat flux bifurcation at the interface between the clear fluid and porous medium driven by viscous dissipation, in cases where the combined hydrodynamic resistance to fluid flow and thermal resistance to fluid conduction is considerable in low Darcy number porous medium insert. However, viscous dissipation does not affect the qualitative variation of the Nusselt number with the fraction of porous medium filling. By using Al2O3-Water nanofluid as the working fluid in a uniformly heated microchannel, partially filled with an optimum volume fraction of porous medium, the heat transfer coefficient improves as compared to utilizing water. The accompanied viscous dissipation however has a more adverse impact on the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids with an increasing Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid36363954, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, Z and Wang, Y and Zhou, S}, title = {Numerical Analysis of Mixing Performance in an Electroosmotic Micromixer with Cosine Channel Walls.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36363954}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Micromixers have significant potential in the field of chemical synthesis and biological pharmaceuticals, etc. In this study, the design and numerical simulations of a passive micromixer and a novel active electroosmotic micromixer by assembling electrode pairs were both presented with a cosine channel wall. The finite element method (FEM) coupled with Multiphysics modeling was used. To propose an efficient micromixer structure, firstly, different geometrical parameters such as amplitude-to-wavelength ratio (a/c) and mixing units (N) in the steady state without an electric field were investigated. This paper aims to seek a high-quality mixing solution. Therefore, based on the optimization of the above parameters of the passive micromixer, a new type of electroosmotic micromixer with an AC electric field was proposed. The results show that the vortices generated by electroosmosis can effectively induce fluid mixing. The effects of key parameters such as the Reynolds number, the number of electrode pairs, phase shift, voltage, and electrode frequency on the mixing performance were specifically discussed through numerical analysis. The mixing efficiency of the electroosmotic micromixer is quantitatively analyzed, which can be achieved at 96%. The proposed micromixer has a simple structure that can obtain a fast response and high mixing index.}, }
@article {pmid36363898, year = {2022}, author = {Dai, Y and Cha, H and Nguyen, NK and Ouyang, L and Galogahi, F and Yadav, AS and An, H and Zhang, J and Ooi, CH and Nguyen, NT}, title = {Dynamic Behaviours of Monodisperse Double Emulsion Formation in a Tri-Axial Capillary Device.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36363898}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {We investigated experimentally, analytically, and numerically the formation process of double emulsion formations under a dripping regime in a tri-axial co-flow capillary device. The results show that mismatches of core and shell droplets under a given flow condition can be captured both experimentally and numerically. We propose a semi-analytical model using the match ratio between the pinch-off length of the shell droplet and the product of the core growth rate and its pinch-off time. The mismatch issue can be avoided if the match ratio is lower than unity. We considered a model with the wall effect to predict the size of the matched double emulsion. The model shows slight deviations with experimental data if the Reynolds number of the continuous phase is lower than 0.06 but asymptotically approaches good agreement if the Reynolds number increases from 0.06 to 0.14. The numerical simulation generally agrees with the experiments under various flow conditions.}, }
@article {pmid36363842, year = {2022}, author = {Cao, M and Cao, S and Zhao, J and Zhu, J}, title = {Numerical Study of Thermal Enhancement in a Single- and Double-Layer Microchannel Heat Sink with Different Ribs.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36363842}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In this paper, a microchannel heat sink model was proposed to realize single- and double- layer flow through built-in ribs. The finite element volume method was used to analyze the influence of the length, thickness and angle of the inner rib on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the microchannel heat sink. The pressure drop, temperature field, flow field, and thermal characteristics are given. The numerical simulation results show that the rectangular rib plate makes the fluid in the microchannel heat sink flow alternately in the upper and lower layers, which can effectively enhance heat transfer. However, with the increase in rib length, the comprehensive evaluation factor decreases. The change of the angle of the rectangular rib plate has little influence on the Nusselt number. The change rate of the comprehensive evaluation factor of the thickness of the rectangular rib plate is the largest. When the Reynolds number is 1724, the comprehensive evaluation factor of Case 9 is 4.7% higher than that of Case 2. According to the parameter study of the built-in rib plate, the optimal parameter combination is given, in which the angle is 0°, the length is 7.5 mm, and the thickness is 0.2-0.3 mm.}, }
@article {pmid36363584, year = {2022}, author = {Cancilla, N and Tamburini, A and Tarantino, A and Visconti, S and Ciofalo, M}, title = {Friction and Heat Transfer in Membrane Distillation Channels: An Experimental Study on Conventional and Novel Spacers.}, journal = {Membranes}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {36363584}, issn = {2077-0375}, abstract = {The results of an experimental investigation on pressure drop and heat transfer in spacer-filled plane channels, which are representative of Membrane Distillation units, are presented and discussed. Local and mean heat transfer coefficients were obtained by using Thermochromic Liquid Crystals and Digital Image Processing. The performances of a novel spacer geometry, consisting of spheres that are connected by cylindrical rods, and are hereafter named spheres spacers, were compared with those of more conventional woven and overlapped spacers at equal values of the Reynolds number Re (in the range ~150 to ~2500), the pitch-to-channel height ratio, the flow attack angle and the thermal boundary conditions (two-side heat transfer). For any flow rate, the novel spacer geometry provided the least friction coefficient and a mean Nusselt number intermediate between those of the overlapped and the woven spacers. For any pressure drop and for any pumping power, the novel spacer provided the highest mean Nusselt number over the whole Reynolds number range that was investigated. The influence of buoyancy was also assessed for the case of the horizontal channels. Under the experimental conditions (channel height H ≈ 1 cm, ΔT ≈ 10 °C), it was found to be large in empty (spacer-less) channels that were up to Re ≈ 1200 (corresponding to a Richardson number Ri of ~0.1), but it was much smaller and limited to the range Re < ~500 (Ri < ~0.5) in the spacer-filled channels.}, }
@article {pmid36359756, year = {2022}, author = {Soulsbury, CD and Humphries, S}, title = {Biophysical Determinants and Constraints on Sperm Swimming Velocity.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {11}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {36359756}, issn = {2073-4409}, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; *Sperm Motility ; *Semen ; Spermatozoa ; Biological Evolution ; Flagella ; }, abstract = {Over the last 50 years, sperm competition has become increasingly recognised as a potent evolutionary force shaping male ejaculate traits. One such trait is sperm swimming speed, with faster sperm associated with increased fertilisation success in some species. Consequently, sperm are often thought to have evolved to be longer in order to facilitate faster movement. However, despite the intrinsic appeal of this argument, sperm operate in a different biophysical environment than we are used to, and instead increasing length may not necessarily be associated with higher velocity. Here, we test four predictive models (ConstantPower Density, Constant Speed, Constant Power Transfer, Constant Force) of the relationship between sperm length and speed. We collated published data on sperm morphology and velocity from 141 animal species, tested for structural clustering of sperm morphology and then compared the model predictions across all morphologically similar sperm clusters. Within four of five morphological clusters of sperm, we did not find a significant positive relationship between total sperm length and velocity. Instead, in four morphological sperm clusters we found evidence for the Constant Speed model, which predicts that power output is determined by the flagellum and so is proportional to flagellum length. Our results show the relationship between sperm morphology (size, width) and swimming speed is complex and that traditional models do not capture the biophysical interactions involved. Future work therefore needs to incorporate not only a better understanding of how sperm operate in the microfluid environment, but also the importance of fertilising environment, i.e., internal and external fertilisers. The microenvironment in which sperm operate is of critical importance in shaping the relationship between sperm length and form and sperm swimming speed.}, }
@article {pmid36351992, year = {2022}, author = {Abdizadeh, GR and Farokhinejad, M and Ghasemloo, S}, title = {Numerical investigation on the aerodynamic efficiency of bio-inspired corrugated and cambered airfoils in ground effect.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {19117}, pmid = {36351992}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Flight, Animal ; *Wings, Animal ; Models, Biological ; Computer Simulation ; }, abstract = {This research numerically investigates the flapping motion effect on the flow around two subsonic airfoils near a ground wall. Thus far, the aerodynamic efficiency of the dragonfly-inspired flapping airfoil has not been challenged by an asymmetric cambered airfoil considering the ground effect phenomenon, especially in the MAV flight range. The analysis is carried out on the basis of an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-stokes (URANS) simulation, whereby the Transition SST turbulence model simulates the flow characteristics. Dragonfly-inspired and NACA4412 airfoils are selected in this research to assess the geometry effect on aerodynamic efficiency. Moreover, the impacts of Reynolds number (Re), Strouhal number (St), and average ground clearance of the flapping airfoil are investigated. The results indicate a direct relationship between the airfoil's aerodynamic performance ([Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]) and the ground effect. The [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] increases by reducing the airfoil and ground distance, especially at [Formula: see text]. At [Formula: see text], by increasing the St from 0.2 to 0.6, the values of [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] decrease from 10.34 to 2.1 and 3.22 to 1.8 for NACA4412 and dragonfly airfoils, respectively. As a result, the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] of the NACA4412 airfoil is better than that of the dragonfly airfoil, especially at low oscillation frequency. The efficiency difference between the two airfoils at St=0.6 is approximately 14%, indicating that the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] difference decreases substantially with increasing frequency. For [Formula: see text], the results show the dragonfly airfoil to have better [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] in all frequencies than the NACA4412 airfoil.}, }
@article {pmid36340085, year = {2022}, author = {Dang, J and Duan, X and Tian, S}, title = {Wall Effects for Spheroidal Particle in Confined Bingham Plastic Fluids.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {7}, number = {43}, pages = {38717-38727}, pmid = {36340085}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The wall effects on the sedimentation motion of a single spheroidal particle in cylindrical tubes filled with Bingham plastic fluid are investigated with the fixed computational domain using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model in steady-state mode. The CFD model is validated with literature in both bounded and unbounded mediums. The rheological model of the Bingham plastic fluid is regularized with a smoothly varying viscosity. The retardation effects of the tube wall are presented in functions of Reynolds number Re, radius ratio λ (the radius of the tube to the semiaxis of the particle normal to the flow λ = R/r), aspect ratio E (the ratio of the semiaxis of the particle along the flow to r, E = b/r), and Bingham number Bn. The simulation results demonstrate that the drag coefficient C D declines with the rise in Reynolds number. The relative contribution to drag coefficient from the pressure force increases with larger Bingham number comparing with that from the friction force. The formation and size of the recirculation wake is suppressed by the yield stress. While Bn is approaching infinity, the limiting behavior is observed in the location of yield surface and the value of yield-gravity parameter. The values of critical yield-gravity parameter are explicitly given at different values of E, showing independence with Re and λ. For the flow with Bn ≥ 100, the influence of wall can be even ignored while λ is larger than 5.}, }
@article {pmid36337262, year = {2022}, author = {Rutledge, KM}, title = {Sniffing out Stingray Noses: The Functional Morphology of Batoid Olfaction.}, journal = {Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England)}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {obac043}, pmid = {36337262}, issn = {2517-4843}, abstract = {Batoid fishes (rays, skates, sawfishes, and guitarfishes) are macrosmatic, meaning they rely on their sense of smell as one of the primary senses for survival and reproduction. Olfaction is important for long-distance tracking and navigation, predator and prey recognition, and conspecific signaling. However, the mechanisms by which batoids harness odorants is unknown. Without a direct pump-like system, it is hypothesized that batoids irrigate their nostrils via one or a combination of the following: the motion pump, buccopharyngeal pump, pressure (ex. pitot-like mechanism), or a shearing force (ex. viscous entrainment). These mechanisms rely on the size, shape, and position of the nostrils with respect to the head and to each other. Batoids are united as a group by their dorsoventrally compressed body plans, with nostrils on the ventral side of their body. This position presents several challenges for odor capture and likely limits the effectivity of the motion pump. Batoid fishes display an expansive nasal morphology, with inlet nostrils ranging from thin, vertical slits to wide, horizontal ovals to protruding, tube-like funnels, and more. In this paper, a morphometric model is developed to quantify the vast diversity in batoid nose shapes, sizes, and positions on the head in an ecological and functional framework. Specifically, swimming mode, lifestyle, habitat, and diet are examined for correlations with observed nasal morphotypes. Morphometric measurements were taken on all 4 orders present in Batoidea to broadly encompass batoid nasal diversity (Rhinopristiformes 4/5 families; Rajiformes 2/4 families; Torpediniformes 4/4 families; Myliobatiformes 8/11 families). All batoid external nasal diversity was found to be categorized into 5 major morphological groups and were termed: flush nare [circle, comma, intermediate], open nare, and protruding nare. Several morphometric traits remained significant when accounting for shared ancestry, including the position and angle of the nostril on the head, the width of the inlet hole, and the spacing of the nostrils from each other. These measurements were found to be closely correlated and statistically significant with the swimming mode of the animal. This study provides the first crucial step in understanding batoid olfaction, by understanding the diversity of the morphology of the system. Because odor capture is a strictly hydrodynamic process, it may be that factors relating more directly to the fluid dynamics (i.e., swimming mode, velocity, Reynolds number) may be more important in shaping the evolution of the diversity of batoid noses than other ecological factors like habitat and diet.}, }
@article {pmid36332888, year = {2022}, author = {Saleem, T and Powell, T and Walker, W and Raju, S}, title = {Assessment of flow mechanics in the lower extremity venous system.}, journal = {Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.10.009}, pmid = {36332888}, issn = {2213-3348}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless parameter that describes fluid flow mechanics. Veins are compliant and collapsible vascular conduits that can accommodate large volume changes in response to small pressure changes. However, only sparse information is available about flow parameters such as the Re in the venous system.<br><br>METHODS: Bilateral duplex ultrasound examination of 15 healthy volunteers (30 limbs) was performed before and after exercise (four flights of stairs) of the veins of the lower extremity (left and right sides) and inferior vena cava. These volunteers had been confirmed to not have any signs or symptoms of lower extremity venous disease via focused history and physical examination findings.<br><br>RESULTS: Most of the volunteers were women (73%). Their mean age was 37&#xa0;&#xb1; 12.8&#xa0;years. The Re was highest in the inferior vena cava among all the veins examined (470&#xa0;&#xb1; 144 before exercise and 589&#xa0;&#xb1; 205 after exercise; P&#xa0;= .04). The association between the change in Re before and after exercise and the specific vein examined was also significant for the right and left external iliac veins, right and left common femoral veins, right and left profunda femoris veins, right and left femoral veins, and right common iliac vein. Resistance and velocity maps for the lower extremity venous system were also created. The velocity increased and the resistance decreased as one moved up the venous tree toward the right atrium.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The Re increased for most of the lower extremity veins after exercise in our healthy volunteers. However, the critical value for turbulent flow was not reached despite the exercise.}, }
@article {pmid36329077, year = {2022}, author = {Roósz, A and Rónaföldi, A and Svéda, M and Veres, Z}, title = {Effect of crucible wall roughness on the laminar/turbulent flow transition of the Ga75In25 alloy stirred by a rotating magnetic field.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {18592}, pmid = {36329077}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The critical magnetic induction (Bcr) values of a melt flow produced by a rotating magnetic field (RMF), remaining laminar or turbulent, are essential in different solidification processes. In an earlier paper (Metall Res Technol 100: 1043-1061, 2003), we showed that Bcr depends on the crucible radius (R) and frequency of the magnetic field (f). The effect of wall roughness (WR) on Bcr was investigated in this study. Using ten different wall materials, we determined the angular frequency (ω) and Reynolds number (Re) as a function of the magnetic induction (B) and f using two different measuring methods (pressure compensation method, PCM; height measuring method, HMM). The experiments were performed at room temperature; therefore, the Ga75wt%In25wt% alloy was chosen for the experiments. Based on the measured and calculated results, a simple relationship was determined between Bcr and Re*, f, R, and WR, where the constants K1, K2, K3, and K4 depended on the physical properties of the melt and wall material:[Formula: see text].}, }
@article {pmid36319372, year = {2022}, author = {Datta, R and Russell, DR and Tang, I and Clayson, T and Suttle, LG and Chittenden, JP and Lebedev, SV and Hare, JD}, title = {Time-resolved velocity and ion sound speed measurements from simultaneous bow shock imaging and inductive probe measurements.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {93}, number = {10}, pages = {103530}, doi = {10.1063/5.0098823}, pmid = {36319372}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {We present a technique to measure the time-resolved velocity and ion sound speed in magnetized, supersonic high-energy-density plasmas. We place an inductive ("b-dot") probe in a supersonic pulsed-power-driven plasma flow and measure the magnetic field advected by the plasma. As the magnetic Reynolds number is large (RM > 10), the plasma flow advects a magnetic field proportional to the current at the load. This enables us to estimate the flow velocity as a function of time from the delay between the current at the load and the signal at the probe. The supersonic flow also generates a hydrodynamic bow shock around the probe, the structure of which depends on the upstream sonic Mach number. By imaging the shock around the probe with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, we determine the upstream Mach number from the shock Mach angle, which we then use to determine the ion sound speed from the known upstream velocity. We use the sound speed to infer the value of Z̄Te, where Z̄ is the average ionization and Te is the electron temperature. We use this diagnostic to measure the time-resolved velocity and sound speed of a supersonic (MS ∼ 8), super-Alfvénic (MA ∼ 2) aluminum plasma generated during the ablation stage of an exploding wire array on the Magpie generator (1.4 MA, 250 ns). The velocity and Z̄Te measurements agree well with the optical Thompson scattering measurements reported in the literature and with 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations in GORGON.}, }
@article {pmid36313190, year = {2022}, author = {Qiao, Y and Ma, Z and Onyango, C and Cheng, X and Dorfman, KD}, title = {DNA fragmentation in a steady shear flow.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {054109}, pmid = {36313190}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {We have determined the susceptibility of T4 DNA (166 kilobase pairs, kbp) to fragmentation under steady shear in a cone-and-plate rheometer. After shearing for at least 30 min at a shear rate of 6000 s - 1 , corresponding to a Reynolds number of O (10 3) and a Weissenberg number of O (10 3) , 97.9 ± 1.3 % of the sample is broken into a polydisperse mixture with a number-averaged molecular weight of 62.6 ± 3.2 kbp and a polydispersity index of 1.29 ± 0.03 , as measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (with a 95% confidence interval). The molecular weight distributions observed here from a shear flow are similar to those produced by a (dominantly extensional) sink flow of DNA and are qualitatively different than the midpoint scission observed in simple extensional flow. Given the inability of shear flow to produce a sharp coil-stretch transition, the data presented here support a model where polymers can be fragmented in flow without complete extension. These results further indicate that DNA fragmentation by shear is unlikely to be a significant issue in microfluidic devices, and anomalous molecular weight observations in experiments are due to DNA processing prior to observation in the device.}, }
@article {pmid36301473, year = {2023}, author = {Bryan, MT}, title = {Assessing the Challenges of Nanotechnology-Driven Targeted Therapies: Development of Magnetically Directed Vectors for Targeted Cancer Therapies and Beyond.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2575}, number = {}, pages = {105-123}, pmid = {36301473}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/genetics/therapy ; Nanotechnology ; Magnetics ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Motion ; }, abstract = {Targeted delivery, in which therapeutic agents are preferentially concentrated at the diseased site, has the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes by minimizing off-target interactions in healthy tissue. Both passive and active methods of targeting delivery have been proposed, often with particular emphasis on cancer treatment. Passive methods rely on the overexpression of a biomarker in diseased tissue that can then be used to target the therapy. Active techniques involve physically guiding therapeutic agents toward the target region. Since the motion of magnetic particles can be remotely controlled by external magnetic fields, magnetic technologies have the potential to drive and hold drugs or other cargo at the required therapeutic site, increasing the localized dose while minimizing overall exposure. Directed motion may be generated either by simple magnetic attraction or by causing the particles to perform swimming strokes to produce propulsion. This chapter will compare the different strategies using magnetic nanotechnology to produce directed motion compatible with that required for targeted cargo delivery and magnetically assisted therapies and assess their potential to meet the challenges of operating within the human body.}, }
@article {pmid36296816, year = {2022}, author = {Beck, J and Palmer, M and Inman, K and Wohld, J and Cummings, M and Fulmer, R and Scherer, B and Vafaei, S}, title = {Heat Transfer Enhancement in the Microscale: Optimization of Fluid Flow.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36296816}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {The focus of this paper is to investigate the effects of the addition of a connector between two serial microchannels. The idea of adding connector at the inlet of microchannels to enhance the random motion of molecules or nanoparticles in low Reynolds numbers was developed in our research group for the first time. It was experimentally determined that the shape of a connector between two microchannels has a significant impact on the enhancement of the random motion of molecules or nanoparticles. Consequently, the heat transfer coefficient is improved inside the second microchannel. The connector is large enough to refresh the memory of the fluid before entering the second channel, causing a higher maximum heat transfer coefficient in the second channel. It was also observed that the heat transfer coefficient can be increased at the end of the channel when the outlet temperature is relatively high. This may be explained by the fact that as temperature increases, the fluid viscosity tends to decrease, which generally drives an increase in the local random motion of base fluid molecules and nanoparticles. This causes an increase in the microchannel heat transfer coefficient. It was found that the addition of nanoparticles significantly modified the impact of the connector on the microchannel heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the effects of changing the Reynolds number and the shape of the connector were investigated through use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. It was found that both factors have an important impact on the variation of velocity and enhancement of random motion of molecules and consequently significantly affect the heat transfer coefficient.}, }
@article {pmid36296785, year = {2022}, author = {Chang, Q and Fu, Z and Zhang, S and Wang, M and Pan, X}, title = {Experimental Investigation of Reynolds Number and Spring Stiffness Effects on Vortex-Induced Vibration Driven Wind Energy Harvesting Triboelectric Nanogenerator.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {36296785}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is a process that wind energy converts to the mechanical energy of the bluff body. Enhancing VIV to harvest wind energy is a promising method to power wireless sensor nodes in the Internet of Things. In this work, a VIV-driven square cylinder triboelectric nanogenerator (SC-TENG) is proposed to harvest broadband wind energy. The vibration characteristic and output performance are studied experimentally to investigate the effect of the natural frequency by using five different springs in a wide range of stiffnesses (27&amp;nbsp;N/m<K<90&amp;nbsp;N/m). The square cylinder is limited to transverse oscillation and experiments were conducted in the Reynolds regime (3.93×103-3.25×104). The results demonstrate the strong dependency of VIV on natural frequency and lock-in observed in a broad range of spring stiffness. Moreover, the amplitude ratio and range of lock-in region increase by decreasing spring stiffness. On the other hand, the SC-TENG with higher spring stiffness can result in higher output under high wind velocities. These observations suggest employing an adjustable natural frequency system to have optimum energy harvesting in VIV-based SC-TENG in an expanded range of operations.}, }
@article {pmid36290555, year = {2022}, author = {Khan, MI and Lashin, MMA and Khedher, NB and Ahmed, B and Khan, SU and Oreijah, M and Guedri, K and Tag-ElDin, ESM and Galal, AM}, title = {Peristaltic Phenomenon in an Asymmetric Channel Subject to Inclined Magnetic Force and Porous Space.}, journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {36290555}, issn = {2306-5354}, abstract = {This research is engaged to explore biological peristaltic transport under the action of an externally applied magnetic field passing through an asymmetric channel which is saturated with porous media. The set of governing partial differential equations for the present peristaltic flow are solved in the absence of a low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumptions. The governing equations are to be solved completely, so that inertial effects can be studied. The numerical simulations and results are obtained by the help of a finite element method based on quadratic six-noded triangular elements equipped with a Galerkin residual procedure. The inertial effects and effects of other pertinent parameters are discussed by plotting graphs based on a finite element (FEM) solution. Trapped bolus is discussed using the graphs of streamlines. The obtained results are also compared with the results given in the literature which are highly convergent. It is concluded that velocity and the number of boluses is enhanced by an increase in Hartmann number and porosity parameter K Increasing inertial forces increase the velocity of flow but increasing values of the porosity parameter lead to a decrease in the pressure gradient. The study elaborates that magnetic field and porosity are useful tools to control the velocity, pressure, and boluses in the peristaltic flow pattern.}, }
@article {pmid36284940, year = {2022}, author = {Ebrahimi, S and Tahmasebipour, M}, title = {Numerical Study of a Centrifugal Platform for the Inertial Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Contraction-Expansion Array Microchannels.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {647-660}, pmid = {36284940}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {Animals ; Erythrocytes ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/methods/veterinary ; *Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology ; Cell Separation/instrumentation/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Label-free inertial separation of the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has attracted significant attention recently. The present study proposed a centrifugal platform for the inertial separation of the CTCs from the white blood cells. Particle trajectories of the contraction-expansion array (CEA) microchannels were analyzed by the finite element method. Four expansion geometries (i.e., circular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular) were compared to explore their differences in separation possibilities. Different operational and geometrical parameters were investigated to achieve maximum separation efficiency. Results indicated that the trapezoidal CEA microchannel with ten expansions and a 100 µm channel depth had the best separation performance at an angular velocity of 100 rad/s. Reynolds number of 47 was set as the optimum value to apply minimum shear stress on the CTCs leading to 100% efficiency and 95% purity. Furthermore, the proposed system was simulated for whole blood by considering the red blood cells.}, }
@article {pmid36283263, year = {2023}, author = {Treegosol, P and Priyadumkol, J and Kamutavanich, W and Katchasuwanmanee, K and Chaiworapuek, W}, title = {Experimental investigation of the heat transfer and friction loss of turbulent flow in circular pipe under low-frequency ultrasound propagation along the mainstream flow.}, journal = {Ultrasonics}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {106866}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106866}, pmid = {36283263}, issn = {1874-9968}, abstract = {The characteristics of the heat transfer and friction loss of turbulent water flow in a circular pipe were investigated experimentally at a constant surface temperature of 45 ℃ for 28 kHz ultrasound propagation along the mainstream flow. Transducers were installed in five rows and three columns in the upstream section of the test pipe, and the number of active transducers was varied (1, 3, and 15) for a Reynolds number range of 10,000-25,000. The results indicated that the ultrasonic effects yielded positive results for both the heat transfer and pressure loss of the pipe flow. Under the influence of 15 ultrasonic transducers, the maximum Nusselt number ratio was 1.57 and the greatest reduction in the friction factor was 21.6 % for a Reynolds number of 10,000. The corresponding maximum thermal performance factor was approximately 1.7. However, the thermal efficiency tended to decrease with an increase in the number of transducers. The maximum thermal efficiency values under ultrasonic waves with 1, 3, and 15 transducers were 5.43, 3.37, and 1.95, respectively. When the change in the friction factor per ultrasonic input power was considered, the most suitable number of ultrasonic transducers was three. Finally, predictive formulas were proposed for the Nusselt number ratio and friction factor ratio under low-frequency ultrasound, with deviations from -5.5 % to 5.4 % and -7.4 % to 7.4 %, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid36282393, year = {2022}, author = {Sharma, A and Gunreddy, N and Mulamalla, AR and Duraisamy, S and Sivan, S and Poongavanam, GK and Kumar, B}, title = {Conductive and convective heat transfer augmentation in flat plate solar collector from energy, economic and environmental perspectives - a comprehensive review.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {29}, number = {58}, pages = {87019-87067}, pmid = {36282393}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {*Hot Temperature ; Silicon Dioxide ; Sunlight ; Models, Theoretical ; Water ; *Solar Energy ; }, abstract = {The primary objective of the paper is to identify the effective way to enhance the conductive and convective heat transfer of the FPSC. The performance enhancements of different FPSC components such as absorber plate, absorber tube, and heat transfer fluid are reviewed in detail. The influence of absorber plate configurations, material properties, a center-to-center distance of the absorber tube, plate thickness, coatings, and tube geometry have been assessed to increase the conduction heat transfer. Also, the augmentations of convective heat transfer using different nanofluids in FPSC such as Al2O3/water, CuO/water, CNT/water, TiO2/water, SiO2/water, graphene oxide/water, MgO/water, CeO2/water, WO3/water, ZnO/water, and hybrid nanofluids are evaluated in detail. The performance improvements using both conductive and convective (combined) passive technique have been elaborated. The table representation has been used to describe the activities performed in each paper which include FPSC type, passive technique detail, properties of heat transfer fluid, Reynolds number, heat transfer aspects, pumping power, energy, exergy, environmental aspects, and inference. These data will help the researcher to identify existing activities and the potential gap. This review paper also deals with the suggestions for the research work which can be carried out in the direction of heat transfer from solar flat plate collectors.}, }
@article {pmid36278718, year = {2022}, author = {Molteno, TCA}, title = {Nature's Wind Turbines: The Measured Aerodynamic Efficiency of Spinning Seeds Approaches Theoretical Limits.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {36278718}, issn = {2313-7673}, abstract = {This paper describe a procedure to measure experimentally the power coefficient, Cp, of winged seeds, and apply this technique to seeds from the Norway maple (Acer platanoides). We measure Cp=56.9±2% at a tip speed ratio of 3.21±0.06. Our results are in agreement with previously published CFD simulations that indicate that these seeds-operating in low-Reynolds number conditions-approach the Betz limit (Cp=59.3%) the maximum possible efficiency for a wind turbine. In addition, this result is not consistent with the recent theoretical work of Okulov &amp; Sørensen, which suggests that a single-bladed turbine with a tip-speed ratio of 3.2 can achieve a power efficiency of no more than 30%.}, }
@article {pmid36271129, year = {2022}, author = {Tao, H and Alawi, OA and Hussein, OA and Ahmed, W and Abdelrazek, AH and Homod, RZ and Eltaweel, M and Falah, MW and Al-Ansari, N and Yaseen, ZM}, title = {Thermohydraulic analysis of covalent and noncovalent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets in circular tube fitted with turbulators.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {17710}, pmid = {36271129}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Covalent and non-covalent nanofluids were tested inside a circular tube fitted with twisted tape inserts with 45° and 90° helix angles. Reynolds number was 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17,000, and thermophysical properties were assessed at 308 K. The physical model was solved numerically via a two-equation eddy-viscosity model (SST k-omega turbulence). GNPs-SDBS@DW and GNPs-COOH@DW nanofluids with concentrations (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% and 0.1 wt.%) were considered in this study. The twisted pipes' walls were heated under a constant temperature of 330 K. The current study considered six parameters: outlet temperature, heat transfer coefficient, average Nusselt number, friction factor, pressure loss, and performance evaluation criterion. In both cases (45° and 90° helix angles), GNPs-SDBS@DW nanofluids presented higher thermohydraulic performance than GNPs-COOH@DW and increased by increasing the mass fractions such as 1.17 for 0.025 wt.%, 1.19 for 0.05 wt.% and 1.26 for 0.1 wt.%. Meanwhile, in both cases (45° and 90° helix angles), the value of thermohydraulic performance using GNPs-COOH@DW was 1.02 for 0.025 wt.%, 1.05 for 0.05 wt.% and 1.02 for 0.1 wt.%.}, }
@article {pmid36270503, year = {2022}, author = {Ibanez, R and Kelley, DH}, title = {A bioinspired apparatus for modeling peristaltic pumping in biophysical flows.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ac9c7e}, pmid = {36270503}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {*Models, Biological ; *Peristalsis ; Biophysics ; Biomimetics ; }, abstract = {In this study, we present a novel, bioinspired experimental apparatus, its construction, data acquisition methodology, and validation for the study of peristaltic flows. The apparatus consists of a series of stepper motor actuators, which deflect a deformable membrane to produce peristaltic flows. We show that this apparatus design has significant advantages over previous designs that have been used to study peristaltic flows by offering a much wider range of modeling capabilities. Comparisons between the capabilities of our apparatus and previous ones show our apparatus spanning a larger range of wavelengthλ, wave speedc, amplitudeA, and waveform (i.e. the apparatus is not constrained to nondispersive waves or to a sinusoidal shape). This large parameter range makes the apparatus a useful tool for biomimetic experimental modeling, particularly for systems that have complex waveforms, such as peristaltic flows in perivascular vessels, arteries, the cochlea, and the urethra. We provide details on the experimental design and construction for ease of reconstruction to the reader. The apparatus capabilities are validated for a large parameter range by comparing experimental measurements to analytic results from (Ibanezet al2021Phys. Rev. Fluids6103101) for high Reynolds number (Re > 1) and (Jaffrin and Shapiro 1971Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.33-37) for low Reynolds number (Re < 1) applications. We show that the apparatus is useful for biophysical peristaltic studies and has potential applications in other types of studies.}, }
@article {pmid36266390, year = {2022}, author = {Benhanifia, K and Redouane, F and Lakhdar, R and Brahim, M and Al-Farhany, K and Jamshed, W and Eid, MR and El Din, SM and Raizah, Z}, title = {Investigation of mixing viscoplastic fluid with a modified anchor impeller inside a cylindrical stirred vessel using Casson-Papanastasiou model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {17534}, pmid = {36266390}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Bioreactors ; *Hydrodynamics ; }, abstract = {In process engineering as chemical and biotechnological industry, agitated vessels are commonly used for various applications; mechanical agitation and mixing are performed to enhance heat transfer and improve specific Physico-chemical characteristics inside a heated tank. The research subject of this work is a numerical investigation of the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior of viscoplastic fluid (Casson-Papanastasiou model) in a stirred tank, with introducing a new anchor impeller design by conducting some modifications to the standard anchor impeller shape. Four geometry cases have been presented for achieving the mixing process inside the stirred vessel, CAI; classical anchor impeller, AI1; anchor impeller with added horizontal arm blade, AI2 and AI3 anchor impeller with two and three added arm blades, respectively. The investigation is focused on the effect of inertia and plasticity on the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior (flow pattern, power consumption, and heat transfer) by varying the Reynolds number (Re = 1, 10, 100, 200), Bingham number (Bn = 1, 10, 50), in addition to the effect of geometry design in the overall stirred system parameters. The findings revealed an excellent enhancement of flow pattern and heat transfer in the stirred system relatively to the increase of inertia values. Also, an energy reduction has been remarked and the effect of anchor impeller shape. AI3 geometry design significantly improves the flow pattern and enhances heat transfer by an increased rate of 10.46% over the other cases.}, }
@article {pmid36261993, year = {2022}, author = {Ji, Y and Cao, R and Wang, C and Xu, X and Zhu, L}, title = {Effect of flow regime on mass transfer diffusion and stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in view of interfacial thermodynamic.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {323}, number = {}, pages = {116293}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116293}, pmid = {36261993}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Humans ; *Sewage/chemistry ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Waste Water ; Bioreactors ; Aerobiosis ; Thermodynamics ; Proteins ; Oxygen ; Water ; }, abstract = {Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology has been widely studied as "The Next Generation Wastewater Treatment technology". The effect of hydraulic conditions on the structural stability of AGS has been widely studied. However, the function of flow regime on the AGS stability, especially dissolved oxygen (DO) mass transfer, is still unknown. In this study, we used the Reynolds number (Re) to quantify the flow regime and selected different stages of AGS as experimental subjects. Results showed that the relatively suitable Re (Re = 150) could create lower DO mass transfer limitation (Lc = 27.4 μm) and increase protein (PN) contents and the abundance of hydrophobic functional groups in AGS. At this condition (Re = 150), the interfacial Gibbs free energy of sludge-water (ΔGLS[a]) was at a lower state (-129.75 ± 2.15 mJ·m[-2]), which favored the stability of AGS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis indicated that the response of ΔGLS[a] was affected by Lc, PN, and hydrophobic groups. In addition, results obtained for unstable AGS further verified that suitable Re regulates the structural stability of AGS. This study deepens the understanding of Re as an important hydraulic parameter for structural stability of AGS, which is also of great significance for energy saving of sequential batch reactors (SBRs) with agitation in practical engineering.}, }
@article {pmid36261048, year = {2022}, author = {Ben-Gida, H and Gurka, R}, title = {The leading-edge vortex over a swift-like high-aspect-ratio wing with nonlinear swept-back geometry.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ac9bb5}, pmid = {36261048}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Flight, Animal ; *Wings, Animal ; Birds ; Rheology/methods ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The leading-edge vortex (LEV) is a common flow structure that forms over wings at high angles of attack. Over the years, LEVs were exploited for augmenting the lift of man-made slender delta wings aircraft. However, recent observations suggested that natural flyers with high-aspect-ratio (high-AR) wings, such as the common swift (Apus apus), can also generate LEVs while gliding. We hypothesize that the planform shape and nonlinear sweep (increasing towards the wingtip) enable the formation and control of such LEVs. In this paper, we investigate whether a stationary LEV can form over a nonlinear swept-back high-AR wing inspired by the swift's wing shape and evaluate its characteristics and potential aerodynamic benefit. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were performed in a water flume on a high-AR swept-back wing inspired by the swift wing. Experiments were performed at four spanwise sections and a range of angles of attack for a chord-based Reynolds number of20000. Stationary LEV structures were identified across the wingspan by utilizing the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method for angles of attack of 5[∘]-15[∘]. The size and circulation of the stationary LEV were found to grow towards the wingtip in a nonlinear manner due to shear layer feeding and spanwise transport of mass and vorticity within the LEV, thus confirming that nonlinear high-AR swept-back wings can generate stationary LEVs. Our results suggest that the common swift can generate stationary LEVs over its swept-back wings to glide slower and at a higher rate of descent, with the LEVs potentially supporting up to 60% of its weight.}, }
@article {pmid36234399, year = {2022}, author = {Abderrahmane, A and Younis, O and Al-Khaleel, M and Laidoudi, H and Akkurt, N and Guedri, K and Marzouki, R}, title = {2D MHD Mixed Convection in a Zigzag Trapezoidal Thermal Energy Storage System Using NEPCM.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {36234399}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {In a magnetic field, two-dimensional (2D) mixed convection is investigated within a zigzagged trapezoidal chamber. The lower side of the trapezoidal chamber is irregular, in particular, a zigzagged wall with different zigzag numbers N. The fluid particles move in the room due to the motion of the upper wall, while the porosity-enthalpy approach represents the melting process. The thermal parameters of the fluid are enhanced by what is called a nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) consisting of polyurethane as the shell and a nonadecane as the core, while water is used as the base fluid. In order to treat the governing equations, the well-known Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is applied. In addition, the heat transfer (HT) irreversibility and the fluid friction (FF) irreversibility are compared in terms of the average Bejan number. The main results show that the melt band curve behaves parabolically at smaller values of Reynolds number (Re) and larger values of Hartmann number (Ha). Moreover, minimizing the wave number is better in order to obtain a higher heat transfer rate.}, }
@article {pmid36229498, year = {2022}, author = {Khan, A and Khan, MS and Pasha, AA and Marzouki, R and Rahman, MM and Mahmoud, O and Galal, AM and Najati, SA}, title = {Hydrodynamic analysis of the magnetic field dependent viscous fluid flow and thermosolutal convection between rotating channels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {17170}, pmid = {36229498}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Colloids ; *Convection ; Humans ; *Hydrodynamics ; Magnetic Fields ; Models, Theoretical ; Reproducibility of Results ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {According to research, exposing a person to a magnetic field enhances blood flow and minimizes their risk of suffering a heart attack. Ferrohydrodynamics is the study of fluid motion mechanics that is affected by strong magnetic polarisation forces (FHD). Ferrofluids may transmit heat in a variety of ways by using magnetic fluids. This behaviour is demonstrated by liquid-cooled speakers, which utilise less ferrofluid to prevent heat from reaching the speaker coil. This modification boosts the coil's ability to expand, which enables the loudspeaker to create high-fidelity sound. It is investigated how the fluid dynamics of spinning, squeezing plates are affected by thermosolutal convection and a magnetic field dependent (MFD) viscosity. Standard differential equations are used to represent the equations of the modified form of Navier Stokes, Maxwell's, and thermosolutal convection. The magnetic field, modified velocity field equations, and thermosolutal convection equations all yield suitable answers. Additionally computed and thoroughly detailed are the MHD torque and fluid pressure that are imparted to the top plate. To create a technique with quick and certain convergence, the resulting equations for uniform plates are solved using the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) with appropriate starting estimates and auxiliary parameters. The validity and reliability of the HAM outcomes are shown by comparing the HAM solutions with the BVP4c numerical solver programme. It has been found that a magnetic Reynolds number lowers the temperature of the fluid as well as the tangential and axial components of the velocity field. Additionally, when the fluid's MFD viscosity rises, the axial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field behave in opposition to one another. This study has applications in the development of new aircraft take-off gear, magnetorheological airbags for automobiles, heating and cooling systems, bio-prosthetics, and biosensor systems.}, }
@article {pmid36219300, year = {2022}, author = {Tang, P and Chen, L and Zhang, W and Zhou, Y}, title = {Bioclogging alleviation for constructed wetland based on the interaction among biofilm growth and hydrodynamics.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36219300}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Bioclogging is the most crucial operation problem of the constructed wetlands, which reduce its removal efficiency and life span. A strategy through properly increasing hydraulic loading is proposed in this study to alleviate the bioclogging for CWs. The two-dimensional porous media flow cell (2D PMFC) test indicated that a quadratic correlation was found between local biofilms growth rate and the near-wall Reynolds number (r > 0.765, p < 0.05). The biofilm growth rate declined with the flowrate when Re exceeded about 6.0. It was also found that the higher flowrate (6 mL/min) lead to the homogeneous biofilm and velocity distribution in the PMFC. The column test indicated that the highest hydraulic loading (9.2 cm/h) produced the smallest decrease in hydraulic conductivity, which was 80 times more than that of low hydraulic load (3.0 cm/h) at the end (40 days) of experiment. Moreover, the relatively homogenized distribution of biofilm was found along the column with the highest hydraulic loading, which confirmed that the proper increase in hydraulic loading can alleviate bioclogging.}, }
@article {pmid36215970, year = {2022}, author = {Li, H and Nabawy, MRA}, title = {Capturing wake capture: a 2D numerical investigation into wing-wake interaction aerodynamics.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ac98e5}, pmid = {36215970}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; *Flight, Animal ; Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Insecta ; *Stroke ; }, abstract = {A wing generating lift leaves behind a region of disturbed air in the form of a wake. For a hovering insect, the wings must return through the wake produced by the previous half-stroke and this can have significant effects on the aerodynamic performance. This paper numerically investigates 2D wings interacting with their own wake at Reynolds numbers of 10[2]and 10[3], enabling an improved understanding of the underlying physics of the 'wake capture' aerodynamic mechanism of insect flight. We adopt a simple kinematic motion pattern comprised of a translational stroke motion followed by a complete stop to expose wake interaction effects. Representative stroke distance to chord ratios between 1.5 and 6.0 are considered, enabling different leading-edge vortex (LEV) attachment states. We also allow pitching rotation towards the end of stroke, leading to wake intercepting angles of 135°, 90°, and 45°, analogous to delayed, symmetric, and advanced pitching rotations of insect wings. It is shown that both vortex suction and jet flow impingement mechanisms can lead to either positive or negative effects depending on the LEV attachment state, and that stroke distances resulting in a detached/attached LEV lead to beneficial/detrimental wake interaction lift. Pitching rotation at the end of the stroke motion is found to induce a strong rotational trailing-edge vortex (RTEV). For advanced pitching, this RTEV serves to enable either a stronger flow impingement effect leading to positive wake interaction lift if the LEV is detached, or a less favourable vortex suction effect leading to negative wake interaction lift if the LEV is closely attached. The higher Reynolds number led to faster development of the wake vortices, but the primary wake interaction mechanisms remained the same for both Reynolds numbers.}, }
@article {pmid36202970, year = {2022}, author = {Usman,  and Memon, AA and Alghamdi, M and Muhammad, T}, title = {A forced convection of water aluminum oxide nanofluid flow and heat transfer study for a three dimensional annular with inner rotated cylinder.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16735}, pmid = {36202970}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The article examines a water alumina nanofluid and heat transfer through the three-dimensional annular. The annular is constructed by the two concentric cylinders in which the inner cylinder can rotate along the tangential direction at a constant speed. A slip boundary condition will be imposed to vanish the viscous effect in the vicinity of the outer cylinder wall. Moreover, the rotating cylinder is kept at a hot temperature, and the outer one is at a cold temperature. A three-dimensional incompressible Navier Stokes and energy equations were carried in cylindrical coordinates. The simulation was observed using the emerging computational tool of COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6, which implements Least Square Galerkin's scheme of finite element method. The parametric study will be done by altering the speed of rotation of the inner cylinder from 1 to 4, volume fraction from 0.001 to 0.9, and the aspect ratio from 0.4 to 0.6 for a fixed Reynolds number of 35,000. The results will be displayed with graphs and tables for average values of the Nusselt number, the percentage change in the temperature, and the skin friction at the middle plan. It was found that the average Nusselt number at the middle of the annular increases before the volume fraction of 0.2 and then decreases for all values of the volume fraction for a fixed rotation of the inner cylinder. The average percentage change relative to the inner cylinder's hot temperature decreases with the volume fraction increase for the fixed rotation. Also, it was found that the quantity of nanoparticles in the domain is improving the average skin friction in the middle of the channel, and it can be reduced by improving the rotation of the inner cylinder by about 10-23% strictly depending upon the aspect ratio for a particular case.}, }
@article {pmid36198707, year = {2022}, author = {Shoukat, G and Idrees, H and Sajid, M and Ali, S and Ayaz, Y and Nawaz, R and Ansari, AR}, title = {Numerical analysis of permeate flux in reverse osmosis by varying strand geometry.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16636}, pmid = {36198707}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofouling ; *Drinking Water ; Membranes, Artificial ; Osmosis ; *Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {In regions with limited potable water availability, membrane desalination is being employed to filter water using a pressure-driven approach. Because of the high energy consumption required to produce the pressure differential needed for this method, researchers have been trying different geometric designs of spacer filaments to enhance the amount of permeate flux in terms of energy utilization. The purpose of spacer filaments is to support membranes structurally and induce turbulent mixing in spiral wound membrane desalination. In this paper, the improvement of mass transfer in desalination driven by reverse osmosis has been studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with the introduction of spiral wound membranes that are lined with spacer filaments in a zig-zag formation having alternating diameters for strands. The fluid flow characteristics for a 2-dimensional geometric model were resolved using the open-source program OpenFOAM by changing the Reynolds number to just before the inception of instabilities. Ratios of alternate strand diameters were also varied between one and two. Based on a detailed analysis of velocity contours, pressure distribution, wall shear stresses, and steady-state vortex systems, the research findings offer guidance for employing alternating strand design in zig-zag formation for optimum mass transfer and minimal pressure drop when accounting for concentration polarization.}, }
@article {pmid36193889, year = {2023}, author = {Pinto Costa, R and Nwotchouang, BST and Yao, J and Biswas, D and Casey, D and McKenzie, R and Sebastian, F and Amini, R and Steinman, DA and Loth, F}, title = {Impact of Blood Rheology on Transition to Turbulence and Wall Vibration Downstream of a Stenosis.}, journal = {Journal of biomechanical engineering}, volume = {145}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1115/1.4055856}, pmid = {36193889}, issn = {1528-8951}, mesh = {Humans ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Stress, Mechanical ; *Vibration ; Rheology ; Blood Flow Velocity ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; }, abstract = {Previous experimental flow studies have demonstrated a delay (∼20%) in transition to turbulence for whole blood compared to a Newtonian analog fluid in both a straight pipe and eccentric stenosis model with ridged walls. The impact of wall compliance on the transition to turbulence of blood compared to Newtonian analog and on wall vibration is unknown. The present study employed flexible walls downstream of an eccentric stenosis model and examined the wall vibration during the transition to turbulence with whole blood and a Newtonian analog. Measurements of tube wall vibration velocity (WVV) were used as an indicator of the turbulence level within the flexible tube. WVV was measured at 5, 10, and 15 diameters downstream of the stenosis using a laser Doppler vibrometer at Reynolds numbers 0, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, and 750. The root mean squares (RMS) of the measured WVV were utilized as an indirect measure of fluid velocity fluctuations present at that location, and hence, an indicator of transition to turbulence. WVV RMS was near-constant until approximately Reynolds number 400. It increased monotonically with Reynolds number for both whole blood and the Newtonian fluid. No differences in the transition to turbulence were observed between whole blood and the Newtonian fluid, as the WVV RMS curves were remarkably similar in shape. This result suggests that rheology had minimal impact on the WVV downstream of a stenosis for transition to turbulence since the fluids had a similar level of vibration.}, }
@article {pmid36182967, year = {2022}, author = {Moon, J and Kang, G and Im, B and Kim, J and Cho, DH and Byun, D}, title = {Flapping and powering characteristics of a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator at Reynolds number range simulating ocean current.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16465}, pmid = {36182967}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {For effective ocean energy harvesting, it is necessary to understand the coupled motion of the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) and ocean currents. Herein, we experimentally investigate power performance of the PENG in the perspective of the fluid-structure interaction considering ocean conditions with the Reynolds number (Re) values ranging from 1 to 141,489. A piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride micromesh was constructed via electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technique to produce the β-phase dominantly that is desirable for powering performance. Water channel was set to generate water flow to vibrate the flexible PENG. By plotting the Re values as a function of nondimensional bending rigidity (KB) and the structure-to-fluid mass ratio (M*), we could find neutral curves dividing the stable and flapping regimes. Analyzing the flow velocities between the vortex and surroundings via a particle image velocimetry, the larger displacement of the PENG in the chaotic flapping regime than that in the flapping regime was attributed to the sharp pressure gradient. By correlating M*, Re, KB, and the PENG performance, we conclude that there is critical KB that generate chaotic flapping motion for effective powering. We believe this study contributes to the establishment of a design methodology for the flexible PENG harvesting of ocean currents.}, }
@article {pmid36171438, year = {2022}, author = {Ismael, AM and Eldabe, NT and Abou Zeid, MY and El Shabouri, SM}, title = {Thermal micropolar and couple stresses effects on peristaltic flow of biviscosity nanofluid through a porous medium.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {16180}, pmid = {36171438}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Gold ; *Metal Nanoparticles ; Peristalsis ; Porosity ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {The main aim of the current study is to analyze couple stresses effects on MHD peristaltic transport of a micropolar non-Newtonian nanofluid. The fluid flows through a porous media between two horizontal co-axial tubes. The effects of radiation, chemical reaction, viscous and ohmic dissipation are considered. The inner tube is solid and uniform, while the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The governing equations have been simplified using low-Reynolds number and long wave-length approximations, thus a semi-analytical solutions have been obtained using the homotopy perturbation method. Numerical results for the behaviors of the axial velocity, microrotation velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration with the physical parameters are depicted graphically through a set of graphs. Furthermore, the values of the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and nano Sherwood numbers are computed and presented graphically through some draws. Moreover, the trapping phenomenon is discussed throughout a set of figures. The present study is very important in many medical applications, as the gastric juice motion in the small intestine when an endoscope is inserted through it. Further, gold nanoparticles are utilized in the remedy of cancer tumor.}, }
@article {pmid36154406, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, Y and Gilson, EP and Ebrahimi, F and Goodman, J and Ji, H}, title = {Observation of Axisymmetric Standard Magnetorotational Instability in the Laboratory.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {11}, pages = {115001}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.115001}, pmid = {36154406}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {We report the first direct evidence for the axisymmetric standard magnetorotational instability (SMRI) from a combined experimental and numerical study of a magnetized liquid-metal shear flow in a Taylor-Couette cell with independently rotating and electrically conducting end caps. When a uniform vertical magnetic field B_{i} is applied along the rotation axis, the measured radial magnetic field B_{r} on the inner cylinder increases linearly with a small magnetic Reynolds number Rm due to the magnetization of the residue Ekman circulation. Onset of the axisymmetric SMRI is identified from the nonlinear increase of B_{r} beyond a critical Rm in both experiments and nonlinear numerical simulations. The axisymmetric SMRI exists only at sufficiently large Rm and intermediate B_{i}, a feature consistent with theoretical predictions. Our simulations further show that the axisymmetric SMRI causes the velocity and magnetic fields to contribute an outward flux of axial angular momentum in the bulk region, just as it should in accretion disks.}, }
@article {pmid36153578, year = {2022}, author = {}, title = {Correction to: Trends in Stroke Kinematics, Reynolds Number, and Swimming Mode in Shrimp-Like Organisms.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icac142}, pmid = {36153578}, issn = {1557-7023}, }
@article {pmid36145671, year = {2022}, author = {Bernad, SI and Socoliuc, V and Susan-Resiga, D and Crăciunescu, I and Turcu, R and Tombácz, E and Vékás, L and Ioncica, MC and Bernad, ES}, title = {Magnetoresponsive Functionalized Nanocomposite Aggregation Kinetics and Chain Formation at the Targeted Site during Magnetic Targeting.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36145671}, issn = {1999-4923}, abstract = {Drug therapy for vascular disease has been promoted to inhibit angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques and prevent restenosis following surgical intervention. This paper investigates the arterial depositions and distribution of PEG-functionalized magnetic nanocomposite clusters (PEG_MNCs) following local delivery in a stented artery model in a uniform magnetic field produced by a regionally positioned external permanent magnet; also, the PEG_MNCs aggregation or chain formation in and around the implanted stent. The central concept is to employ one external permanent magnet system, which produces enough magnetic field to magnetize and guide the magnetic nanoclusters in the stented artery region. At room temperature (25 °C), optical microscopy of the suspension model's aggregation process was carried out in the external magnetic field. According to the optical microscopy pictures, the PEG_MNC particles form long linear aggregates due to dipolar magnetic interactions when there is an external magnetic field. During magnetic particle targeting, 20 mL of the model suspensions are injected (at a constant flow rate of 39.6 mL/min for the period of 30 s) by the syringe pump in the mean flow (flow velocity is Um = 0.25 m/s, corresponding to the Reynolds number of Re = 232) into the stented artery model. The PEG_MNC clusters are attracted by the magnetic forces (generated by the permanent external magnet) and captured around the stent struts and the bottom artery wall before and inside the implanted stent. The colloidal interaction among the MNC clusters was investigated by calculating the electrostatic repulsion, van der Waals and magnetic dipole-dipole energies. The current work offers essential details about PEG_MNCs aggregation and chain structure development in the presence of an external magnetic field and the process underlying this structure formation.}, }
@article {pmid36144168, year = {2022}, author = {Mostefa, T and Eddine, AD and Tayeb, NT and Hossain, S and Rahman, A and Mohamed, B and Kim, KY}, title = {Kinematic Properties of a Twisted Double Planetary Chaotic Mixer: A Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36144168}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In this study, a numerical investigation based on the CFD method is carried out to study the unsteady laminar flow of Newtonian fluid with a high viscosity in a three-dimensional simulation of a twisted double planetary mixer, which is composed of two agitating rods inside a moving tank. The considered stirring protocol is a "Continuous sine squared motion" by using the dynamic mesh model and user-defined functions (UDFs)to define the velocity profiles. The chaotic advection is obtained in our active mixers by the temporal modulation of rotational velocities of the moving walls in order to enhance the mixing of the fluid for a low Reynolds number and a high Peclet number. For this goal, we applied the Poincaré section and Lyapunov exponent as reliable mathematic tools for checking mixing quality by tracking a number of massless particles inside the fluid domain. Additionally, we investigated the development of fluid kinematics proprieties, such as vorticity, helicity, strain rate and elongation rate, at various time periods in order to view the impact of temporal modulation on the flow properties. The results of the mentioned simulation showed that it is possible to obtain a chaotic advection after a relatively short time, which can deeply enhance mixing fluid efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid36144120, year = {2022}, author = {Ahmed, MF and Zaib, A and Ali, F and Bafakeeh, OT and Khan, NB and Mohamed Tag-ElDin, ES and Oreijah, M and Guedri, K and Galal, AM}, title = {Cattaneo-Christov Double Diffusion (CCDD) on Sutterby Nanofluid with Irreversibility Analysis and Motile Microbes Due to a RIGA Plate.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36144120}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In this article, a Riga plate is exhibited with an electric magnetization actuator consisting of permanent magnets and electrodes assembled alternatively. This Riga plate creates an electric and magnetic field, where a transverse Lorentz force is generated that contributes to the flow along the plate. A new study field has been created by Sutterby nanofluid flows down the Riga plate, which is crucial to the creation of several industrial advancements, including thermal nuclear reactors, flow metres, and nuclear reactor design. This article addresses the second law analysis of MHD Sutter by nanofluid over a stretching sheet with the Riga plate. The Cattaneo-Christov Double Diffusion heat and mass flux have been created to examine the behaviour of relaxation time. The bioconvection of motile microorganisms and chemical reactions are taken into consideration. Similarity transformations are used to make the governing equations non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODE's) that are subsequently solved through an efficient and powerful analytic technique, the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effect of pertained variables on velocity, temperature, concentration, and motile microorganism distributions are elaborated through the plot in detail. Further, the velocity distribution enhances and reduces for greater value Deborah number and Reynold number for the two cases of pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Microorganism distribution decreases with the augmented magnitude of Peclet number (Pe), Bioconvection Lewis number (Lb), and microorganism concentration difference number (ϖ). The entropy production distribution is increased for the greater estimations of the Reynolds number (ReL) and Brinkman parameter (Br). Two sets of graphical outputs are presented for the Sutterby fluid parameter. Finally, for the justification of these outcomes, tables of comparison are made with various variables.}, }
@article {pmid36143998, year = {2022}, author = {Juraeva, M and Kang, DJ}, title = {Mixing Performance of the Modified Tesla Micromixer with Tip Clearance.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36143998}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {A passive micromixer based on the modified Tesla mixing unit was designed by embedding tip clearance above the wedge-shape divider, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wider range of the Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 80. The mixing performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the required pressure load between inlet and outlet. The height of tip clearance was varied from 40 μm to 80 μm, corresponding to 25% to 33% of the micromixer depth. The numerical results show that the mixing enhancement by the tip clearance is noticeable over a wide range of the Reynolds numbers Re < 50. The height of tip clearance is optimized in terms of the DOM, and the optimum value is roughly h = 60 μm. It corresponds to 33% of the present micromixer depth. The mixing enhancement in the molecular diffusion regime of mixing, Re ≤ 1, is obtained by drag and connection of the interface in the two sub-streams of each Tesla mixing unit. It appears as a wider interface in the tip clearance zone. In the intermediate range of the Reynolds number, 1 < Re ≤ 50, the mixing enhancement is attributed to the interaction of the flow through the tip clearance and the secondary flow in the vortex zone of each Tesla mixing unit. When the Reynolds number is larger than about 50, vortices are formed at various locations and drive the mixing in the modified Tesla micromixer. For the Reynolds number of Re = 80, a pair of vortices is formed around the inlet and outlet of each Tesla mixing unit, and it plays a role as a governing mechanism in the convection-dominant regime of mixing. This vortex pattern is little affected as long as the tip clearance remains smaller than about h = 70 μm. The DOM at the outlet is little enhanced by the presence of tip clearance for the Reynolds numbers Re ≥ 50. The tip clearance contributes to reducing the required pressure load for the same value of the DOM.}, }
@article {pmid36135913, year = {2022}, author = {Yokoyama, F and Nakajima, M and Ichikawa, S}, title = {Analysis of Calcium Sulfate Scaling Phenomena on Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Scaling-Based Flux Model.}, journal = {Membranes}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {36135913}, issn = {2077-0375}, abstract = {In this study, the behavior of permeate flux decline due to scale precipitation of calcium sulfate on reverse osmosis membranes was investigated. The proposed scaling-based flux model is able to explain that permeate fluxes attributed to three mechanisms of scale precipitation-cake formation, surface blockage, and mixed crystallization-converge to the same newly defined scaling-based critical flux. In addition, a scaling index is defined, which determines whether scale precipitates on the membrane. The experimental results were analyzed based on this index. The mass-transfer coefficients of flat membrane cells used in the experiments were measured and, although the coefficients differed, they could be summarized in the same form as the Leveque equation. Considering the results of the scale precipitation experiments, where the operating conditions of pressure, solute concentration, temperature, and Reynolds number were varied, the convergent values of the permeate fluxes are explained by the scaling-based critical fluxes and the scale precipitation zones by the scaling indexes.}, }
@article {pmid36120040, year = {2022}, author = {Shakeel, MR and Mokheimer, EMA}, title = {Numerical Study of Stratified Flames Using Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Modeling.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {7}, number = {36}, pages = {31822-31833}, pmid = {36120040}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes technique was used to develop a validated numerical model for stratified flames. The validation was carried out with the experimental data of the non-swirl flames of the Cambridge dual annulus swirl burner. The RNG k-ε turbulence model along with the SG-35 skeletal chemical mechanism was found to give a good prediction of scalar and vector quantities while resulting in the reduction of computational time by 99.75% in comparison with that required for large eddy simulation techniques used in the literature. The effect of stratification at a constant input power, global equivalence ratio, and Reynolds number was examined. At stratification ratios (SRs = ϕin/ϕout) 1 and 2, intense burning, marked by the higher OH concentration, was observed close to the bluff body. Beyond SR = 2, the region of intense burning shifts downstream away from the bluff body. This is a result of the high equivalence ratio in the inner annulus, which is beyond the rich flammability limit of methane-air flames, and as a result, the primary flame region is shifted downstream after the mixtures from inner and outer annulus have mixed properly to produce a mixture with the equivalence ratio in the flammability limit. The maximum temperature was found to increase by 24.1% when the SR is increased from 1 to 2 and the combustion efficiency was found to significantly improve by 267%. The highest maximum temperature of 2249 K is observed for the mildly stratified flame at SR = 2. Beyond SR = 2, the maximum temperature decreases, while the combustion efficiency increases slightly.}, }
@article {pmid36119891, year = {2022}, author = {Kotnurkar, AS and Talawar, VT}, title = {Influence of thermal jump and inclined magnetic field on peristaltic transport of Jeffrey fluid with silver nanoparticle in the eccentric annulus.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e10543}, pmid = {36119891}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This study investigates the impacts of thermal jump and inclined magnetic field on the peristaltic transport of Jeffrey fluid containing silver nanoparticles in the eccentric annuls under the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumption. In medical studies, the impact of thermal jumps and slanted magnetic fields on public health is of interest. Peristaltic motion's ability to transmit heat and create a magnetic field has several uses in biomedical and bioengineering. The non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid with silver nanoparticles is considered in the space between two cylindrical tubes that are eccentrically aligned. The homotopic perturbation method is semi-analytical for modeling and nonlinear partial differential equations (HPM). Analytical solutions for velocity, pressure gradient, and pressure rise were found. To show how physical parameters affect temperature, velocity, concentration, frictional force, and pressure rise of inner and outer tubes were plotted. A comparison of the present method with the exact solution for temperature and nanoparticle concentration profile is shown graphically. The present analysis of analytical solution approaches to the exact solution. The most significant thing in the current investigation is that the Hartmann number and thermophoresis number make the velocity profile decline. Jeffrey fluid parameter and magnetic field angle make the velocity rise. The nanofluid's temperature rises as a result of the thermal jump. In addition, the Jeffrey nanofluid has a higher momentum and temperature than the Jeffrey fluid. This analysis can better evaluate the syringe's injection speed and fluid flow features during cancer treatment, artery blockage removal, and reduced bleeding throughout the surgery.}, }
@article {pmid36115732, year = {2023}, author = {Akram, J and Akbar, NS and Tripathi, D}, title = {Blood-based graphene oxide nanofluid flow through capillary in the presence of electromagnetic fields: A Sutterby fluid model.}, journal = {Microvascular research}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {104435}, doi = {10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104435}, pmid = {36115732}, issn = {1095-9319}, abstract = {Pumping devices with the electrokinetics phenomena are important in many microscale transport phenomena in physiology. This study presents a theoretical and numerical investigation on the peristaltic pumping of non-Newtonian Sutterby nanofluid through capillary in presence of electromagnetohydrodynamics. Here blood (Sutterby fluid) is taken as a base fluid and nanofluid is prepared by the suspension of graphene oxide nanoparticles in blood. Graphene oxide is extremely useful in the medical domain for drug delivery and cancer treatment. The modified Buongiorno model for nanofluids and Poisson-Boltzmann ionic distribution is adopted for the formulation of the present problem. Constitutive flow equations are linearized by the implementation of approximations of low Reynolds number, large wavelength, and the Debye-Hückel linearization. The numerical solution of reduced coupled and nonlinear set of equations is computed through Mathematica and graphical illustration is presented. Further, the impacts of buoyancy forces, thermal radiation, and mixed convection are also studied. It is revealed in this investigation that the inclusion of a large number of nanoparticles alters the flow characteristics significantly and boosts the heat transfer mechanism. Moreover, the pumping power of the peristaltic pump can be enhanced by the reduction in the width of the electric double layer which can be done by altering the electrolyte concentration.}, }
@article {pmid36112448, year = {2022}, author = {Serafini, F and Battista, F and Gualtieri, P and Casciola, CM}, title = {Drag Reduction in Turbulent Wall-Bounded Flows of Realistic Polymer Solutions.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {10}, pages = {104502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.104502}, pmid = {36112448}, issn = {1079-7114}, mesh = {*DNA ; Friction ; *Polymers ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Suspensions of DNA macromolecules (0.8 wppm, 60 kbp), modeled as finitely extensible nonlinear elastic dumbbells coupled to the Newtonian fluid, show drag reduction up to 27% at friction Reynolds number 180, saturating at the previously unachieved Weissenberg number ≃10^{4}. At a large Weissenberg number, the drag reduction is entirely induced by the fully stretched polymers, as confirmed by the extensional viscosity field. The polymer extension is strongly non-Gaussian, in contrast to the assumptions of classical viscoelastic models.}, }
@article {pmid36109998, year = {2022}, author = {Parfenyev, V}, title = {Profile of a two-dimensional vortex condensate beyond the universal limit.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {2-2}, pages = {025102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.025102}, pmid = {36109998}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {It is well known that an inverse turbulent cascade in a finite (2π×2π) two-dimensional periodic domain leads to the emergence of a system-sized coherent vortex dipole. We report a numerical hyperviscous study of the spatial vorticity profile inside one of the vortices. The exciting force was shortly correlated in time, random in space, and had a correlation length l_{f}=2π/k_{f} with k_{f} ranging from 100 to 12.5. Previously, it was found that in the asymptotic limit of small-scale forcing, the vorticity exhibits the power-law behavior Ω(r)=(3ε/α)^{1/2}r^{-1}, where r is the distance to the vortex center, α is the bottom friction coefficient, and ε is the inverse energy flux. Now we show that for a spatially homogeneous forcing with finite k_{f} the vorticity profile becomes steeper, with the difference increasing with the pumping scale but decreasing with the Reynolds number at the forcing scale. Qualitatively, this behavior is related to a decrease in the effective pumping of the coherent vortex with distance from its center. To support this statement, we perform an additional simulation with spatially localized forcing, in which the effective pumping of the coherent vortex, on the contrary, increases with r, and show that in this case the vorticity profile can be flatter than the asymptotic limit.}, }
@article {pmid36109911, year = {2022}, author = {Koyano, Y and Kitahata, H}, title = {Anomalous diffusion and transport by a reciprocal convective flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {2-1}, pages = {024102}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.024102}, pmid = {36109911}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {Under low-Reynolds-number conditions, dynamics of convection and diffusion are usually considered separately because their dominant spatial and temporal scales are different, but cooperative effects of convection and diffusion can cause diffusion enhancement [Koyano et al., Phys. Rev. E 102, 033109 (2020)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.102.033109]. In this paper, such cooperative effects are investigated in detail. Numerical simulations based on the convection-diffusion equation revealed that anisotropic diffusion and net shift as well as diffusion enhancement occur under a reciprocal flow. Such anomalous diffusion and transport are theoretically derived by the analyses of the Langevin dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid36109885, year = {2022}, author = {Agrawal, V and Mitra, D}, title = {Chaos and irreversibility of a flexible filament in periodically driven Stokes flow.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {106}, number = {2-2}, pages = {025103}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.106.025103}, pmid = {36109885}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {The flow of Newtonian fluid at low Reynolds number is, in general, regular and time-reversible due to absence of nonlinear effects. For example, if the fluid is sheared by its boundary motion that is subsequently reversed, then all the fluid elements return to their initial positions. Consequently, mixing in microchannels happens solely due to molecular diffusion and is very slow. Here, we show, numerically, that the introduction of a single, freely floating, flexible filament in a time-periodic linear shear flow can break reversibility and give rise to chaos due to elastic nonlinearities, if the bending rigidity of the filament is within a carefully chosen range. Within this range, not only the shape of the filament is spatiotemporally chaotic, but also the flow is an efficient mixer. Overall, we find five dynamical phases: the shape of a stiff filament is time-invariant-either straight or buckled; it undergoes a period-two bifurcation as the filament is made softer; becomes spatiotemporally chaotic for even softer filaments but, surprisingly, the chaos is suppressed if bending rigidity is decreased further.}, }
@article {pmid36089943, year = {2022}, author = {Bohm, S and Phi, HB and Moriyama, A and Runge, E and Strehle, S and König, J and Cierpka, C and Dittrich, L}, title = {Highly efficient passive Tesla valves for microfluidic applications.}, journal = {Microsystems &amp; nanoengineering}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {97}, pmid = {36089943}, issn = {2055-7434}, abstract = {A multistage optimization method is developed yielding Tesla valves that are efficient even at low flow rates, characteristic, e.g., for almost all microfluidic systems, where passive valves have intrinsic advantages over active ones. We report on optimized structures that show a diodicity of up to 1.8 already at flow rates of 20 μl s[-] [1] corresponding to a Reynolds number of 36. Centerpiece of the design is a topological optimization based on the finite element method. It is set-up to yield easy-to-fabricate valve structures with a small footprint that can be directly used in microfluidic systems. Our numerical two-dimensional optimization takes into account the finite height of the channel approximately by means of a so-called shallow-channel approximation. Based on the three-dimensionally extruded optimized designs, various test structures were fabricated using standard, widely available microsystem manufacturing techniques. The manufacturing process is described in detail since it can be used for the production of similar cost-effective microfluidic systems. For the experimentally fabricated chips, the efficiency of the different valve designs, i.e., the diodicity defined as the ratio of the measured pressure drops in backward and forward flow directions, respectively, is measured and compared to theoretical predictions obtained from full 3D calculations of the Tesla valves. Good agreement is found. In addition to the direct measurement of the diodicities, the flow profiles in the fabricated test structures are determined using a two-dimensional microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) method. Again, a reasonable good agreement of the measured flow profiles with simulated predictions is observed.}, }
@article {pmid36080113, year = {2022}, author = {Xiao, X and Li, G and Liu, T and Gu, M}, title = {Experimental Study of the Jetting Behavior of High-Viscosity Nanosilver Inks in Inkjet-Based 3D Printing.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {36080113}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Inkjet printing of high-viscosity (up to 10[5] mPa·s) nanosilver inks is an interesting emerging technology to achieve the 3D fully printed fabrication of electronic products. The highly viscous force of the ink makes it impossible to achieve droplet ejection with the traditional piezoelectric-driven drop-on-demand inkjet method. In this study, a pneumatic needle jetting valve is adopted to provide sufficient driving force. A large number of high-viscosity inkjet printing tests are carried out, and the jetting behavior is recorded with a high-speed camera. Different jetting states are determined according to the recorded images, and the causes of their formation are revealed. Additionally, the effects of the operating pressure, preload angle, and fluid pressure on jetting states are elucidated. Furthermore, the jetting phase diagram is obtained with the characterization of the Reynolds number and the printable region is clarified. This provides a better understanding of high-viscosity inkjet printing and will promote the application of high-viscosity inkjet printing in 3D fully printed electronic products.}, }
@article {pmid36067311, year = {2022}, author = {Zhao, D and Bittner, B and Clifton, G and Gravish, N and Revzen, S}, title = {Walking is like slithering: A unifying, data-driven view of locomotion.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {119}, number = {37}, pages = {e2113222119}, pmid = {36067311}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Foot ; Friction ; Gait ; *Locomotion ; *Models, Biological ; *Walking ; }, abstract = {Legged movement is ubiquitous in nature and of increasing interest for robotics. Most legged animals routinely encounter foot slipping, yet detailed modeling of multiple contacts with slipping exceeds current simulation capacity. Here we present a principle that unifies multilegged walking (including that involving slipping) with slithering and Stokesian (low Reynolds number) swimming. We generated data-driven principally kinematic models of locomotion for walking in low-slip animals (Argentine ant, 4.7% slip ratio of slipping to total motion) and for high-slip robotic systems (BigANT hexapod, slip ratio 12 to 22%; Multipod robots ranging from 6 to 12 legs, slip ratio 40 to 100%). We found that principally kinematic models could explain much of the variability in body velocity and turning rate using body shape and could predict walking behaviors outside the training data. Most remarkably, walking was principally kinematic irrespective of leg number, foot slipping, and turning rate. We find that grounded walking, with or without slipping, is governed by principally kinematic equations of motion, functionally similar to frictional swimming and slithering. Geometric mechanics thus leads to a unified model for swimming, slithering, and walking. Such commonality may shed light on the evolutionary origins of animal locomotion control and offer new approaches for robotic locomotion and motion planning.}, }
@article {pmid36056085, year = {2022}, author = {Hasegawa, M and Chen, YC and Sakaue, H}, title = {Drag reduction study of a microfiber-coated cylinder.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {15022}, pmid = {36056085}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Drag reduction for a bluff body is imperative in a time of increasing awareness of the environmental impact and sustainability of air travel. Microfiber coating has demonstrated its ability to reduce drag on a bluff body. This was done by applying strips of the coating to a cylinder. To widen the application range of the microfiber coating, a fully microfiber-coated cylinder is studied as it has no directionality relative to incoming flow. It is hypothesized that a large coating coverage will cause a reduction in drag dependent on the Reynolds number Re. The fully microfiber-coated cylinder is studied in a wind tunnel and the drag coefficient is determined at a range of Re in the subcritical-flow regime. It is found that the drag coefficient of the microfiber-coated cylinder is a function of Re, and the critical Reynolds number, where the maximum drag reduction occurs, is lower for a microfiber-coated cylinder compared to that of a conventional smooth-surface cylinder.}, }
@article {pmid36050069, year = {2022}, author = {Bearden, KP and Padilla, VE and Taubert, L and Craig, SA}, title = {Calibration and performance characterization of a Mach 5 Ludwieg tube.}, journal = {The Review of scientific instruments}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {085104}, doi = {10.1063/5.0093052}, pmid = {36050069}, issn = {1089-7623}, abstract = {Calibration, commissioning, and design features of a new Mach 5 Ludwieg Tube wind tunnel at the University of Arizona are discussed. Mach number uniformity and free-stream noise levels are measured using a Pitot rake at a range of unit Reynolds numbers and at multiple spanwise and streamwise positions. The wind tunnel is shown to have a free-stream Mach number of 4.82 with maximum variance less than 0.8% (and less than 0.5% at most streamwise positions). The average free-stream acoustic noise level in the core (based on Pitot pressure) is shown to be less than 1.2% at an intermediate Reynolds number with some regions dropping locally below 1.0%. The core flow region is measured to be 282.4 mm (11.1 in.) in diameter at the nozzle exit.}, }
@article {pmid36044879, year = {2022}, author = {Luo, Y and Xiao, Q and Zhu, Q and Pan, G}, title = {Thrust and torque production of a squid-inspired swimmer with a bent nozzle for thrust vectoring.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ac8e3f}, pmid = {36044879}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Decapodiformes ; *Swimming ; Torque ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {A three-dimensional pulsed-jet propulsion model consisting of a flexible body and a steerable bent nozzle in tethered mode is presented and studied numerically. By prescribing the body deformation and nozzle angle, we examine the flow evolution and propulsive/turning performance via thrust vectoring. Our results show that the vortex ring is no longer axis-symmetric when the jet is ejected at an angle with the incoming flow. A torque peak is observed during jetting, which is mainly sourced from the suction force (negative pressure) at the lower part of the internal nozzle surface when the flow is directed downward through an acute angle. After this crest, the torque is dominated by the positive pressure at the upper part of the internal nozzle surface, especially at a relatively low jet-based Reynolds number (O(10[2])). The torque production increases with a larger nozzle bent angle as expected. Meanwhile, the thrust production remains almost unchanged, showing little trade-off between thrust and torque production which demonstrates the advantage of thrust vectoring via a bent nozzle. By decoupling the thrust at the internal and outer surfaces considering special characteristics of force generation by pulsed-jet propulsion, we find that variations in Reynolds number mostly affect the viscous friction at the outer surfaces. The influence of the maximum stroke ratio is also studied. Results show that both the time-averaged thrust and the torque decrease at a larger stroke ratio.}, }
@article {pmid36043842, year = {2022}, author = {Werwinski, S and Wharton, JA and Nie, M and Stokes, KR}, title = {Monitoring Aerobic Marine Bacterial Biofilms on Gold Electrode Surfaces and the Influence of Nitric Oxide Attachment Control.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {94}, number = {36}, pages = {12323-12332}, pmid = {36043842}, issn = {1520-6882}, mesh = {Biofilms ; Electrodes ; *Gold/pharmacology ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Detection of aerobic marine bacterial biofilms using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been done to monitor the interfacial response of Pseudoalteromonas sp. NCIMB 2021 attachment and growth in order to identify characteristic events on a 0.2 mm diameter gold electrode surface. Uniquely, the applicability of surface charge density has been proven to be valuable in determining biofilm attachment and cell enumeration over a 72 h duration on a gold surface within a modified continuous culture flow cell (a controlled low laminar flow regime with Reynolds number ≈ 1). In addition, biofilm dispersal has been evaluated using 500 nM sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor (nitric oxide is important for the regulation of several diverse biological processes). Ex situ confocal microscopy studies have been performed to confirm biofilm coverage and morphology, plus the determination and quantification of the nitric oxide biofilm dispersal effects. Overall, the capability of the sensor to electrochemically detect the presence of initial bacterial biofilm formation and extent has been established and shown to have potential for real-time biofilm monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid36036196, year = {2022}, author = {Khan, M and Sarfraz, M and Mehmood, S and Ullah, MZ}, title = {Irreversibility process analysis for SiO2-MoS2/water-based flow over a rotating and stretching cylinder.}, journal = {Journal of applied biomaterials &amp; functional materials}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {22808000221120329}, doi = {10.1177/22808000221120329}, pmid = {36036196}, issn = {2280-8000}, mesh = {Entropy ; *Hydrodynamics ; *Nanostructures ; Nanotechnology ; Water ; }, abstract = {Entropy is the measure of the amount of energy in any physical system that is not accessible for the useful work, which causes a decrease in a system's thermodynamic efficiency. The idea of entropy generation analysis plays a vital role in characterizing the evolution of thermal processes and minimizing the impending loss of available mechanical power in thermo-fluid systems from an analytical perspective. It has a wide range of applications in biological, information, and engineering systems, such as transportation, telecommunication, and rate processes. The analysis of the entropy generation of axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid (SiO2-MoS2)/water flow induced by rotating and stretching cylinder in the presence of heat radiation, ohmic heating, and the magnetic field is focus of this study. Thermal energy transport of hybrid nanofluids is performed by applying the Maxwell model. Heat transport is carried out by using convective boundary condition. The dimensionless ordinary differential equations are acquired by similarity transformations. The numerical solution for these differential equations is obtained by the bvp4c program in MATLAB. A comparison between nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid is made for flow field, temperature, and entropy generation. Comparison of nanofluid flow with hybrid nanofluid flow exhibits a higher rate of heat transmission, while entropy generation exhibits the opposite behavior. It is observed that the flow and heat distribution increase as the solid volume fraction's value grows. An increase in entropy is indicated by augmentation in the Brinkman number and temperature ratio parameter, but the Bejan number shows a declining trend. Furthermore, outcomes of the Nusselt number for hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid are calculated for various parameters. It is noticed that the Nusselt number is reduced for enlarging the magnetic field and Eckert number. The axial and azimuthal wall stress parameters are declined by augmenting the Reynolds number.}, }
@article {pmid36031990, year = {2022}, author = {Saeed, A and Shah, RA and Khan, MS and Fernandez-Gamiz, U and Bani-Fwaz, MZ and Noeiaghdam, S and Galal, AM}, title = {Theoretical analysis of unsteady squeezing nanofluid flow with physical properties.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {10176-10191}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2022477}, pmid = {36031990}, issn = {1551-0018}, abstract = {Theoretical analysis of physical characteristics of unsteady, squeezing nanofluid flow is studied. The flow of nanofluid between two plates that placed parallel in a rotating system by keeping the variable physical properties: viscosity and thermal conductivity. It is analyzed by using Navier Stokes Equation, Energy Equation and Concentration equation. The prominent equations are transformed by virtue of suitable similarity transformation. Nanofluid model includes the important effects of Thermophoresis and Brownian motion. For analysis graphical results are drawn for verity parameters of our interest i.e., Injection parameter, Squeezing number, Prandtle number and Schmidt number are investigated for the Velocity field, Temperature variation and Concentration profile numerically. The findings underline that the parameter of skin friction increases when the Squeezing Reynolds number, Injection parameter and Prandtle number increases. However, it shows inverse relationship with Schmidt number and Rotation parameter. Furthermore, direct relationship of Nusselt number with injection parameter and Reynolds number is observed while its relation with Schmidt number, Rotation parameter, Brownian parameter and Thermophoretic parameter shows an opposite trend. The results are thus obtained through Parametric Continuation Method (PCM) which is further validated through BVP4c. Moreover, the results are tabulated and set forth for comparison of findings through PCM and BVP4c which shows that the obtained results correspond to each other.}, }
@article {pmid36030369, year = {2022}, author = {Marfoglio, S and Kovarovic, B and Fiorella, DJ and Sadasivan, C}, title = {A novel angiographic method to estimate arterial blood flow rates using contrast reflux: Effect of injection parameters.}, journal = {Medical physics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/mp.15948}, pmid = {36030369}, issn = {2473-4209}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Contrast reflux, which is the retrograde movement of contrast against flow direction, is commonly observed during angiography. Despite a vast body of literature on angiography, the hemodynamic factors affecting contrast reflux have not been studied. Numerous methods have been developed to extract flow from angiography, but the reliability of these methods is not yet sufficient to be of routine clinical use.<br><br>PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of baseline blood flow rates and injection conditions on the extent of contrast reflux. To estimate arterial flow rates based on measurement of contrast reflux length.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Iodinated contrast was injected into an idealized tube as well as a physiologically accurate model of the cervico-cerebral vasculature. A total of 194 high-speed angiograms were acquired under varying "blood" flow rates and injection conditions (catheter size, injection rate, and injection time). The length of contrast reflux was compared to the input variables and to dimensionless fluid dynamics parameters at the catheter-tip. Arterial blood flow rates were estimated using contrast reflux length as well as a traditional transit-time method and compared to measured flow rates.<br><br>RESULTS: Contrast reflux lengths were significantly affected by contrast injection rate (p < 0.0001), baseline blood flow rate (p&#xa0;= 0.0004), and catheter size (p&#xa0;= 0.04), but not by contrast injection time (p&#xa0;= 0.4). Reflux lengths were found to be correlated to dimensionless fluid dynamics parameters by an exponential function (R[2] &#xa0;= 0.6-0.99). When considering the entire dataset in unison, flow estimation errors with the reflux-length method (39% &#xb1; 33%) were significantly higher (p&#xa0;= 0.003) than the transit-time method (33% &#xb1; 36%). However, when subgrouped by catheter, the error with the reflux-length method was substantially reduced and was significantly lower (14% &#xb1; 14%, p < 0.0001) than the transit-time method.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Results show correlations between contrast reflux length and baseline hemodynamic parameters that have not been reported previously. Clinically relevant blood flow rate estimation is feasible by simple measurement of reflux length. In vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm these correlations and to refine the methodology of estimating blood flow by reflux.}, }
@article {pmid36014668, year = {2022}, author = {Shi, R and Lin, J and Yang, H}, title = {Particle Distribution and Heat Transfer of SiO2/Water Nanofluid in the Turbulent Tube Flow.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {36014668}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {In order to clarify the effect of particle coagulation on the heat transfer properties, the governing equations of nanofluid together with the equation for nanoparticles in the SiO2/water nanofluid flowing through a turbulent tube are solved numerically in the range of Reynolds number 3000 ≤ Re ≤ 16,000 and particle volume fraction 0.005 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04. Some results are validated by comparing with the experimental results. The effect of particle convection, diffusion, and coagulation on the pressure drop ∆P, particle distribution, and heat transfer of nanofluid are analyzed. The main innovation is that it gives the effect of particle coagulation on the pressure drop, particle distribution, and heat transfer. The results showed that ∆P increases with the increase in Re and φ. When inlet velocity is small, the increase in ∆P caused by adding particles is relatively large, and ∆P increases most obviously compared with the case of pure water when the inlet velocity is 0.589 m/s and φ is 0.004. Particle number concentration M0 decreases along the flow direction, and M0 near the wall is decreased to the original 2% and decreased by about 90% in the central area. M0 increases with increasing Re but with decreasing φ, and basically presents a uniform distribution in the core area of the tube. The geometric mean diameter of particle GMD increases with increasing φ, but with decreasing Re. GMD is the minimum in the inlet area, and gradually increases along the flow direction. The geometric standard deviation of particle diameter GSD increases sharply at the inlet and decreases in the inlet area, remains almost unchanged in the whole tube, and finally decreases rapidly again at the outlet. The effects of Re and φ on the variation in GSD along the flow direction are insignificant. The values of convective heat transfer coefficient h and Nusselt number Nu are larger for nanofluids than that for pure water. h and Nu increase with the increase in Re and φ. Interestingly, the variation in φ from 0.005 to 0.04 has little effect on h and Nu.}, }
@article {pmid36014601, year = {2022}, author = {Akram, S and Athar, M and Saeed, K and Razia, A and Alghamdi, M and Muhammad, T}, title = {Impact of Partial Slip on Double Diffusion Convection of Sisko Nanofluids in Asymmetric Channel with Peristaltic Propulsion and Inclined Magnetic Field.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {36014601}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {The current article discusses the outcomes of the double diffusion convection of peristaltic transport in Sisko nanofluids along an asymmetric channel having an inclined magnetic field. Consideration is given to the Sisko fluid model, which can forecast both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid properties. Lubricating greases are the best examples of Sisko fluids. Experimental research shows that most realistic fluids, including human blood, paint, dirt, and other substances, correspond to Sisko's proposed definition of viscosity. Mathematical modelling is considered to explain the flow behavior. The simpler non-linear PEDs are deduced by using an elongated wavelength and a minimal Reynolds number. The expression is also numerically calculated. The impacts of the physical variables on the quantities of flow are plotted graphically as well as numerically. The results reveal that there is a remarkable increase in the concentration, temperature, and nanoparticle fraction with the rise in the Dufour and thermophoresis variables.}, }
@article {pmid36001259, year = {2022}, author = {Canli, E and Kucuksariyildiz, H and Carman, K}, title = {Impact assessment of new generation high-speed agricultural tractor aerodynamics on transportation fuel consumption and related phenomena.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {36001259}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {New generation agricultural tractors contribute to transportation by increased travel speeds. There is not any available aerodynamic data on the authentic agricultural tractor form. On-road transportation by tractors is between 8 and 30% of their operational time. In this work, two agricultural tractors are modelled via computational fluid dynamics for nine different speeds to determine aerodynamic resistances. Constant speed travel scenarios are analyzed. Corresponding speeds are 5 and 10 to 80 km/h with 10 km/h increments. Reynolds number changes between 1.6 × 10[5] and 2.98 × 10[6]. The characteristic lengths are taken as the square root of the streamwise projected area of the tractor geometries. Aerodynamic forces exerted on the tractors change between 3 and 746 N. The calculated drag coefficients are found as independent from Reynolds number and are 0.6 and 0.78 for the two different types of driver compartments. The approximated aerodynamic related fuel consumptions for 1-h changes between 0.002 and 8.28 lt/s which correspond to 0.001 to 5.76 kg/s carbon emission. A potential improvement in decreasing aerodynamic resistance about 20% is discussed by spatial data. Since the conducted work is being regarded as the first instance in the literature, it is estimated that several consecutive reports will be triggered.}, }
@article {pmid35999194, year = {2022}, author = {Nan, K and Shi, Y and Zhao, T and Tang, X and Zhu, Y and Wang, K and Bai, J and Zhao, W}, title = {Mixing and Flow Transition in an Optimized Electrokinetic Turbulent Micromixer.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {94}, number = {35}, pages = {12231-12239}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02960}, pmid = {35999194}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Micromixer is a key element in a lab on a chip for broad applications in the analysis and measurement of chemistry and engineering. Previous investigations reported that electrokinetic (EK) turbulence could be realized in a "Y" type micromixer with a cross-sectional dimension of 100 μm order. Although the ultrafast turbulent mixing can be generated at a bulk flow Reynolds number on the order of unity, the micromixer has not been optimized. In this investigation, we systematically investigated the influence of electric field intensity, AC frequency, electric conductivity ratio, and channel width at the entrance on the mixing effect and transition electric Rayleigh number in the "Y" type electrokinetic turbulent micromixer. It is found that the optimal mixing is realized in a 350 μm wide micromixer, under 100 kHz and 1.14 × 10[5] V/m AC electric field, with an electric conductivity ratio of 1:3000. Under these conditions, a degree of mixedness of 0.93 can be achieved at 84 μm from the entrance and 100 ms. A further investigation of the critical electric field and the critical electric Rayleigh number indicates that the most unstable condition of EK flow instability is inconsistent with that of the optimal mixing in EK turbulence. To predict the evolution of EK flow under high Raσ and guide the design of EK turbulent micromixers, it is necessary to apply a computational turbulence model instead of linear instability analysis.}, }
@article {pmid35990482, year = {2022}, author = {Mondal, T and Hnaien, N and Ajmi, M and Ghachem, K and Kolsi, L}, title = {CFD Investigation of Thermal Characteristics for a Dual Jet with a Parallel Co-flow.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {7}, number = {32}, pages = {27864-27875}, pmid = {35990482}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {A combined turbulent wall jet and offset jet (also known as the dual jet) with and without the presence of a parallel co-flow stream is studied. The standard k-ω turbulence model is used to predict the turbulent flow. The study focuses on the effects of the co-flow velocity (CFV) on the heat-transfer characteristics of the dual jet flow with the bottom wall maintained at a constant wall temperature. The CFV is varied up to 40% of the jet inlet velocity, and the height of the offset jet is varied from 5 to 11 times the jet width with the inlet Reynolds number taken as 15,000. The heat-transfer results reveal that the local Nusselt number (Nu x) along the bottom wall exhibits a peak at the immediate downstream of the nozzle exit, followed by a continuous decay in the rest of the converging region before showing a small rise for a short streamwise distance in the merging region. Further downstream, in the combined region, Nu x gradually decreases with the downstream distance. Except the merging region, no influence of co-flow is observed in the other two flow zones (converging and combined regions). In the merging region, for a given offset ratio (OR), Nu x remains nearly constant for a certain axial distance, and it decreases as the CFV increases. As a result of the increase in the CFV, the average Nusselt number decreases, indicating a reduction in overall convective heat transfer for higher values of the CFV. A regression analysis among the average Nusselt number (), CFV, and OR results in a correlation function in the form of within the range OR = 5-11 and CFV = 0-40%.}, }
@article {pmid35965667, year = {2022}, author = {Wüthrich, D and Shi, R and Chanson, H}, title = {Hydraulic jumps with low inflow Froude numbers: air-water surface patterns and transverse distributions of two-phase flow properties.}, journal = {Environmental fluid mechanics (Dordrecht, Netherlands : 2001)}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {789-818}, pmid = {35965667}, issn = {1567-7419}, abstract = {ABSTRACT: Hydraulic jumps are commonly employed as energy dissipators to guarantee long-term operation of hydraulic structures. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of their main features is therefore fundamental. In this context, the current study focused on hydraulic jumps with low Froude numbers, i.e. Fr1 = 2.1 and 2.4, at relatively high Reynolds number: Re ~2 × 10[5]. Experimental tests employed a combination of dual-tip phase-detection probes and ultra-high-speed video camera to provide a comprehensive characterisation of the main air-water flow properties of the hydraulic jump, including surface flow features, void fraction, bubble count rate and interfacial velocities. The current research also focused on the transverse distributions of air-water flow properties, i.e. across the channel width, with the results revealing lower values of void fraction and bubble count rate next to the sidewalls compared to the channel centreline data. Such a spatial variability in the transverse direction questions whether data near the side walls may be truly representative of the behaviour in the bulk of the flow, raising the issue of sidewall effects in image-based techniques. Overall, these findings provide new information to both researchers and practitioners for a better understanding of the physical processes inside the hydraulic jump with low Froude numbers, leading to an optimised design of hydraulic structures.<br><br>ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS: Experimental investigation of air-water flow properties in hydraulic jumps with low Froude numbersDetailed description of the main air-water surface features on the breaking rollerTransversal distribution of the air-water flow properties across the channel width and comparison between centreline and sidewall.}, }
@article {pmid35958096, year = {2022}, author = {Mohanty, RK and Setia, N and Khurana, G and Manchanda, G}, title = {High precision compact numerical approximation in exponential form for the system of 2D quasilinear elliptic BVPs on a discrete irrational region.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {101790}, pmid = {35958096}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {This article presents a new approximation of order four in exponential form for two-dimensional (2D) quasilinear partial differential equation (PDE) of elliptic form with solution domain being irrational. It is further extended for application to a system of quasilinear elliptic PDEs with Dirichlet boundary conditions (DBCs). The main highlights of the method framed in this article are as under:•It uses a 9-point stencil with unequal mesh to approach the solution. The error analysis is discussed to authenticate the order of convergence of the proposed numerical approximation.•Various validating problems, for instance the Burgers' equation, Poisson equation in cylindrical coordinates, Navier-Stokes (NS) equations in rectangular and cylindrical coordinates are solved using the proposed techniques to depict their stability. The proposed approximation produces solution free of oscillations for large values of Reynolds Number in the vicinity of a singularity.•The results of the proposed method are superior in comparison to the existing methods of [49] and [56].}, }
@article {pmid35957150, year = {2022}, author = {Togun, H and Homod, RZ and Yaseen, ZM and Abed, AM and Dhabab, JM and Ibrahem, RK and Dhahbi, S and Rashidi, MM and Ahmadi, G and Yaïci, W and Mahdi, JM}, title = {Efficient Heat Transfer Augmentation in Channels with Semicircle Ribs and Hybrid Al2O3-Cu/Water Nanofluids.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {35957150}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Global technological advancements drive daily energy consumption, generating additional carbon-induced climate challenges. Modifying process parameters, optimizing design, and employing high-performance working fluids are among the techniques offered by researchers for improving the thermal efficiency of heating and cooling systems. This study investigates the heat transfer enhancement of hybrid "Al2O3-Cu/water" nanofluids flowing in a two-dimensional channel with semicircle ribs. The novelty of this research is in employing semicircle ribs combined with hybrid nanofluids in turbulent flow regimes. A computer modeling approach using a finite volume approach with k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model was used in these simulations. Six cases with varying rib step heights and pitch gaps, with Re numbers ranging from 10,000 to 25,000, were explored for various volume concentrations of hybrid nanofluids Al2O3-Cu/water (0.33%, 0.75%, 1%, and 2%). The simulation results showed that the presence of ribs enhanced the heat transfer in the passage. The Nusselt number increased when the solid volume fraction of "Al2O3-Cu/water" hybrid nanofluids and the Re number increased. The Nu number reached its maximum value at a 2 percent solid volume fraction for a Reynolds number of 25,000. The local pressure coefficient also improved as the Re number and volume concentration of "Al2O3-Cu/water" hybrid nanofluids increased. The creation of recirculation zones after and before each rib was observed in the velocity and temperature contours. A higher number of ribs was also shown to result in a larger number of recirculation zones, increasing the thermal performance.}, }
@article {pmid35926485, year = {2022}, author = {Bhattacharjee, A and Jabbarzadeh, M and Kararsiz, G and Fu, HC and Kim, MJ}, title = {Bacteria-inspired magnetically actuated rod-like soft robot in viscous fluids.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ac870f}, pmid = {35926485}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {Magnets ; Models, Biological ; *Robotics ; Swimming ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {This paper seeks to design, develop, and explore the locomotive dynamics and morphological adaptability of a bacteria-inspired rod-like soft robot propelled in highly viscous Newtonian fluids. The soft robots were fabricated as tapered, hollow rod-like soft scaffolds by applying a robust and economic molding technique to a polyacrylamide-based hydrogel polymer. Cylindrical micro-magnets were embedded in both ends of the soft scaffolds, which allowed bending (deformation) and actuation under a uniform rotating magnetic field. We demonstrated that the tapered rod-like soft robot in viscous Newtonian fluids could perform two types of propulsion; boundary rolling was displayed when the soft robot was located near a boundary, and swimming was displayed far away from the boundary. In addition, we performed numerical simulations to understand the swimming propulsion along the rotating axis and the way in which this propulsion is affected by the soft robot's design, rotation frequency, and fluid viscosity. Our results suggest that a simple geometrical asymmetry enables the rod-like soft robot to perform propulsion in the low Reynolds number (Re≪ 1) regime; these promising results provide essential insights into the improvements that must be made to integrate the soft robots into minimally invasivein vivoapplications.}, }
@article {pmid35918493, year = {2022}, author = {Xiao, L and Liu, Q and Huang, W}, title = {Experimental research and analysis on the resistance characteristics of simulated ore bin in water.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {13211}, pmid = {35918493}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In order to research the variation law of the longitudinal resistance coefficient of the ore bin in the marine mining system under different length-diameter ratio, external shape, additional weight and Reynolds number, a set of experimental system for testing the resistance coefficient was designed and built independently. By analyzing the experimental results, it can be seen that under the same conditions, the resistance coefficient decreases gradually with the increase of Reynolds number and finally fluctuates around a certain value. Increasing the excitation displacement will reduce the overall resistance coefficient of the ore bin. The smaller the length-diameter ratio is, the larger the corresponding force value when the vibration acceleration of the ore bin is 0, and the larger the overall resistance coefficient is. The resistance coefficient of the cylindrical section is greater than that of the rectangular shape. In order to reduce the longitudinal vibration and the transverse towing offset, the shape of the ore bin should be cylindrical in actual design and production. At low Reynolds number, the increase of added weight will increase the resistance coefficient, while at high Reynolds number, the change of added weight will not cause the change of resistance coefficient.}, }
@article {pmid35912042, year = {2022}, author = {Ram, D and Bhandari, DS and Tripathi, D and Sharma, K}, title = {Propagation of H1N1 virus through saliva movement in oesophagus: a mathematical model.}, journal = {European physical journal plus}, volume = {137}, number = {7}, pages = {866}, pmid = {35912042}, issn = {2190-5444}, abstract = {H1N1 (Swine flu) is caused by the influenza A virus which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza A is very harmful to the elderly, and people with chronic respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is essential to analyse the behaviour of virus transmission through the saliva movement in oesophagus. A mathematical paradigm is developed to study the saliva movement under the applications of transverse magnetic field. Jeffrey fluid model is considered for saliva to show the viscoelastic nature. The flow nature is considered creeping and assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number are adopted for analytical solutions. The Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen equation is employed to understand the propagation of H1N1 virus through saliva under the effect of applicable forces such as gravity, virtual mass, basset force, and drag forces. The suitable data for saliva, oesophagus and H1N1 virus are taken from the existing literature for simulation of the results using MATLAB software. From the graphical results, it is observed that the susceptibility to viral infections is less because the magnetic field reduces the motion of the virus particle. Further, the chances of infections in males are more as compared to females and children due to variation in viscosity of saliva. Such findings provide an understanding of the mechanics of the virus floating through the saliva (viscoelastic fluids) in the oesophagus.}, }
@article {pmid35912036, year = {2022}, author = {Strazzullo, M and Girfoglio, M and Ballarin, F and Iliescu, T and Rozza, G}, title = {Consistency of the full and reduced order models for evolve-filter-relax regularization of convection-dominated, marginally-resolved flows.}, journal = {International journal for numerical methods in engineering}, volume = {123}, number = {14}, pages = {3148-3178}, pmid = {35912036}, issn = {0029-5981}, abstract = {Numerical stabilization is often used to eliminate (alleviate) the spurious oscillations generally produced by full order models (FOMs) in under-resolved or marginally-resolved simulations of convection-dominated flows. In this article, we investigate the role of numerical stabilization in reduced order models (ROMs) of marginally-resolved, convection-dominated incompressible flows. Specifically, we investigate the FOM-ROM consistency, that is, whether the numerical stabilization is beneficial both at the FOM and the ROM level. As a numerical stabilization strategy, we focus on the evolve-filter-relax (EFR) regularization algorithm, which centers around spatial filtering. To investigate the FOM-ROM consistency, we consider two ROM strategies: (i) the EFR-noEFR, in which the EFR stabilization is used at the FOM level, but not at the ROM level; and (ii) the EFR-EFR, in which the EFR stabilization is used both at the FOM and at the ROM level. We compare the EFR-noEFR with the EFR-EFR in the numerical simulation of a 2D incompressible flow past a circular cylinder in the convection-dominated, marginally-resolved regime. We also perform model reduction with respect to both time and Reynolds number. Our numerical investigation shows that the EFR-EFR is more accurate than the EFR-noEFR, which suggests that FOM-ROM consistency is beneficial in convection-dominated, marginally-resolved flows.}, }
@article {pmid35905362, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, X and Shih, HY and Goldenfeld, N}, title = {Stochastic Model for Quasi-One-Dimensional Transitional Turbulence with Streamwise Shear Interactions.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {129}, number = {3}, pages = {034501}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.034501}, pmid = {35905362}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The transition to turbulence in wall-bounded shear flows is typically subcritical, with a poorly understood interplay between spatial fluctuations, pattern formation, and stochasticity near the critical Reynolds number. Here, we present a spatially extended stochastic minimal model for the energy budget in transitional pipe flow, which successfully recapitulates the way localized patches of turbulence (puffs) decay, split, and grow, respectively, as the Reynolds number increases through the laminar-turbulent transition. Our approach takes into account the flow geometry, as we demonstrate by extending the model to quasi-one-dimensional Taylor-Couette flow, reproducing the observed directed percolation pattern of turbulent patches in space and time.}, }
@article {pmid35899947, year = {2022}, author = {Godeau, AL and Leoni, M and Comelles, J and Guyomar, T and Lieb, M and Delanoë-Ayari, H and Ott, A and Harlepp, S and Sens, P and Riveline, D}, title = {3D single cell migration driven by temporal correlation between oscillating force dipoles.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {35899947}, issn = {2050-084X}, mesh = {*Actins/metabolism ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Cell Polarity/physiology ; Myosins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Directional cell locomotion requires symmetry breaking between the front and rear of the cell. In some cells, symmetry breaking manifests itself in a directional flow of actin from the front to the rear of the cell. Many cells, especially in physiological 3D matrices, do not show such coherent actin dynamics and present seemingly competing protrusion/retraction dynamics at their front and back. How symmetry breaking manifests itself for such cells is therefore elusive. We take inspiration from the scallop theorem proposed by Purcell for micro-swimmers in Newtonian fluids: self-propelled objects undergoing persistent motion at low Reynolds number must follow a cycle of shape changes that breaks temporal symmetry. We report similar observations for cells crawling in 3D. We quantified cell motion using a combination of 3D live cell imaging, visualization of the matrix displacement, and a minimal model with multipolar expansion. We show that our cells embedded in a 3D matrix form myosin-driven force dipoles at both sides of the nucleus, that locally and periodically pinch the matrix. The existence of a phase shift between the two dipoles is required for directed cell motion which manifests itself as cycles with finite area in the dipole-quadrupole diagram, a formal equivalence to the Purcell cycle. We confirm this mechanism by triggering local dipolar contractions with a laser. This leads to directed motion. Our study reveals that these cells control their motility by synchronizing dipolar forces distributed at front and back. This result opens new strategies to externally control cell motion as well as for the design of micro-crawlers.}, }
@article {pmid35896094, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, JD and Sung, HJ and Huang, WX}, title = {Hydrodynamic interaction of dorsal fin and caudal fin in swimming tuna.}, journal = {Bioinspiration &amp; biomimetics}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ac84b8}, pmid = {35896094}, issn = {1748-3190}, mesh = {*Animal Fins ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Hydrodynamics ; *Swimming ; Tuna ; }, abstract = {Tuna, which are known for high-performance swimming, possess a large crescent dorsal fin (DF) and a caudal fin (CF) that differ from those of other fishes. The hydrodynamic interaction between the DF and CF in tuna, which are represented by two tandem 3D flapping plates, is numerically explored in the present study. Hydrodynamic properties and wake structures of the models with and without a DF are compared to investigate the effects of the DF. The thrust on the CF is substantially enhanced by the DF, whereas the force on the DF is not affected by the CF. The constructive interaction between the leading-edge vortex (LEV) on the CF and the vortices shed from the dorsal fin (DFVs) is identified from 3D wake topology and 2D vorticity distributions. The circulation of spanwise vorticity quantitatively reveals that the LEV on the CF is strengthened by the same-signed DFV. The effect of the flapping phase of the CF is examined. The DF-CF interaction is sensitive to the flapping phase at a short spacing, whereas a long spacing between the two fins enables a robust constructive interaction in tuna swimming. A systematic study is carried out to explore the effects of the Strouhal number (St) and the Reynolds number (Re) on the interaction of the fins. The enhancement of thrust due to the DF is diminished at St = 0.63, whereas the Re does not substantially influence the constructive DF-CF interaction.}, }
@article {pmid35892036, year = {2022}, author = {Mane, NS and Puri, DB and Mane, S and Hemadri, V and Banerjee, A and Tripathi, S}, title = {Separation of motile human sperms in a T-shaped sealed microchannel.}, journal = {Biomedical engineering letters}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {331-342}, pmid = {35892036}, issn = {2093-985X}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Microfluidic methods act as an effective motile sperm separation technique used in infertility treatments. This work presents a standalone microfluidic device to separate motile sperm cells from non-motile sperm cells and debris. The separation mechanism is based on the centrifugal force acting on sperms and the ability of progressive motile sperms to swim upstream. The separation of motile sperm is carried out using a simple T-shaped microchannel which constitutes three reservoirs: one inlet and two outlets. Herein, one of the outlets is kept sealed. The sealed channel leads to a high-velocity gradient and a rheotaxis zone at the T junction resulting in the separation of motile sperms. Separated sperms are isolated in a sealed channel with a low Reynolds number flow so that sperms cannot have a net displacement, which ensures that the sperms do not re-enter the fluid flow. CFD simulation is conducted to study the flow fields inside the channel and experimental investigation is carried to observe the separation behaviour of sperms. The reported device provides 100% sperm separation efficiency and ensures the entrapment of sperm cells for a longer period. A modified colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium test conducted on separated sperm cells shows that there is only a marginal increase in superoxide (O2 [-]) production, proving normal sperm integrity. This device offers an effective and safe alternative to conventional sperm sorting methods.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13534-022-00229-9.}, }
@article {pmid35889690, year = {2022}, author = {Ghachem, K and Selimefendigil, F and Alshammari, BM and Maatki, C and Kolsi, L}, title = {Coupled Effects of Using Magnetic Field, Rotation and Wavy Porous Layer on the Forced Convection of Hybrid Nanoliquid Flow over 3D-Backward Facing Step.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {35889690}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {In the present study, the effects of using a corrugated porous layer on the forced convection of a hybrid nanofluid flow over a 3D backward facing step are analyzed under the coupled effects of magnetic field and surface rotation. The thermal analysis is conducted for different values of the Reynolds number (Re between 100 and 500), the rotational Reynolds number (Rew between 0 and 2000), the Hartmann number (Ha between 0 and 15), the permeability of the porous layer (the Darcy number, Da between 10-5 and 10-2) and the amplitude (ax between 0.01 ap and 0.7 ap) and wave number (N between 1 and 16) of the porous layer corrugation. When rotations are activated, the average Nusselt number (Nu) and pressure coefficient values rise, while the increment of the latter is less. The increment in the average Nu is higher for the case with a higher permeability of the layer. When the corrugation amplitude and wave number are increased, favorable impacts of the average Nu are observed, but at the same time pressure coefficients are increased. Successful thermal performance estimations are made by using a neural-based modeling approach with a four input-two output system.}, }
@article {pmid35889569, year = {2022}, author = {Minea, AA and El-Maghlany, WM and Massoud, EZ}, title = {Heat Transfer Analysis of Nanocolloids Based on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Dispersed in PEG 400.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {35889569}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Cooling and heating are extremely important in many industrial applications, while the thermal performance of these processes generally depends on many factors, such as fluid flow rate, inlet temperature, and many more. Hence, tremendous efforts are dedicated to the investigation of several parameters to reach an efficient cooling or heating process. The interest in adding nanoparticles in regular heat transfer fluids delivered new fluids to the market, the nanofluids. In this paper, a new nanoparticle-enhanced fluid based on polyethylene glycol with ZnO nanoparticles is considered and its hydrothermal performance is investigated for HVAC applications. The thermophysical properties of PEG 400-ZnO and their variation with temperature at different nanoparticle loading are previously determined on experimental bases and here implemented in a numerical application. The numerical results are completed at Reynolds number from 200 to 2000, while the nanoparticle concentration varies from 0.5 to 5%. Results are discussed in terms of Nusselt number, friction factor, and dimensionless pressure drop ratio at different temperatures and ZnO loading in the PEG 400 base fluid. Additionally, the evaluation performance criteria (EC) are calculated and discussed. Concluding, the newly developed fluid enhances the heat transfer up to 16% with a 13% pressure drop penalty, while the performance evaluation criteria are enhanced. Plus, several correlations are developed for both Nusselt number and friction factor as a function of relevant operating conditions.}, }
@article {pmid35888927, year = {2022}, author = {Wang, Y and Yin, Z and Bao, F and Shen, J}, title = {CFD-DEM Coupling Model for Deposition Process Analysis of Ultrafine Particles in a Micro Impinging Flow Field.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35888927}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Gas with ultrafine particle impaction on a solid surface is a unique case of curvilinear motion that can be widely used for the devices of surface coatings or instruments for particle size measurement. In this work, the Eulerian-Lagrangian method was applied to calculate the motion of microparticles in a micro impinging flow field with consideration of the interactions between particle to particle, particle to wall, and particle to fluid. The coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the discrete element method (DEM) was employed to investigate the different deposition patterns of microparticles. The vortex structure and two types of particle deposits ("halo" and "ring") have been discussed. The particle deposition characteristics are affected both by the flow Reynolds number (Re) and Stokes number (stk). Moreover, two particle deposition patterns have been categorized in terms of Re and stk. Finally, the characteristics and mechanism of particle deposits have been analyzed using the particle inertia, the process of impinging (particle rebound or no rebound), vortical structures, and the kinetic energy conversion in two-phase flow, etc.}, }
@article {pmid35888885, year = {2022}, author = {Zhou, Y and Dai, L and Jiao, N}, title = {Review of Bubble Applications in Microrobotics: Propulsion, Manipulation, and Assembly.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35888885}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {In recent years, microbubbles have been widely used in the field of microrobots due to their unique properties. Microbubbles can be easily produced and used as power sources or tools of microrobots, and the bubbles can even serve as microrobots themselves. As a power source, bubbles can propel microrobots to swim in liquid under low-Reynolds-number conditions. As a manipulation tool, microbubbles can act as the micromanipulators of microrobots, allowing them to operate upon particles, cells, and organisms. As a microrobot, microbubbles can operate and assemble complex microparts in two- or three-dimensional spaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bubble applications in microrobotics including propulsion, micromanipulation, and microassembly. First, we introduce the diverse bubble generation and control methods. Then, we review and discuss how bubbles can play a role in microrobotics via three functions: propulsion, manipulation, and assembly. Finally, by highlighting the advantages and current challenges of this progress, we discuss the prospects of microbubbles in microrobotics.}, }
@article {pmid35888870, year = {2022}, author = {Juraeva, M and Kang, DJ}, title = {Mixing Enhancement of a Passive Micromixer with Submerged Structures.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35888870}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {A passive micromixer combined with two different mixing units was designed by submerging planar structures, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wider range of the Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 80. The two submerged structures are a Norman window and rectangular baffles. The mixing performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the required pressure load between inlet and outlet. The amount of submergence was varied from 30 μm to 70 μm, corresponding to 25% to 58% of the micromixer depth. The enhancement of mixing performance is noticeable over a wide range of the Reynolds numbers. When the Reynolds number is 10, the DOM is improved by 182% from that of no submergence case, and the required pressure load is reduced by 44%. The amount of submergence is shown to be optimized in terms of the DOM, and the optimum value is about 40 μm. This corresponds to a third of the micromixer depth. The effects of the submerged structure are most significant in the mixing regime of convection dominance from Re = 5 to 80. In a circular passage along the Norman window, one of the two Dean vortices burst into the submerged space, promoting mixing in the cross-flow direction. The submerged baffles in the semi-circular mixing units generate a vortex behind the baffles that contributes to the mixing enhancement as well as reducing the required pressure load.}, }
@article {pmid35888205, year = {2022}, author = {Vatsa, A and Alam, T and Siddiqui, MIH and Ali, MA and Dobrotă, D}, title = {Performance of Microchannel Heat Sink Made of Silicon Material with the Two-Sided Wedge.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {35888205}, issn = {1996-1944}, abstract = {New designs of the microchannel with a two-sided wedge shape at the base were studied numerically. Five different wedge angles ranging from 3° to 15° were incorporated into the microchannel design. Simulation of this novel microchannel was carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Three-dimensional models of the microchannel heat sink were created, discretized, and based on Navier-Stokes and energy equations; laminar numerical solutions were obtained for heat transfer and pressure drop. Flow characteristics of water as coolant in a microchannel were studied. It was observed that numerical results are in good agreement with experimental results. It was found that the Nusselt number and friction factor are significantly varied with the increase in Reynolds number. The Nusselt number varies in the following ranges of 5.963-8.521, 5.986-8.550, 6.009-8.568, 6.040-8.609, and 6.078-8.644 at 3°, 6°, 9°, 12°, and 15°, respectively. The microchannel with a wedge angle of 15° was found to be better in terms of Nusselt number and thermo-hydraulic performance. The enhancement in the Nusselt number is found as 1.017-1.036 for a wedge angle of 15°; however, friction factors do not show the perceptible values at distinct values of wedge angle. Moreover, the thermo-hydraulic performance parameters (THPP) were evaluated and found to be maximum in the range of 1.027-1.045 for a wedge angle of 15°. However, minimum THPP was found in the range of 1.005-1.0185 for a wedge angle of 3°.}, }
@article {pmid35885078, year = {2022}, author = {Qi, T and Lin, J and Ouyang, Z}, title = {Hydrodynamic Behavior of Self-Propelled Particles in a Simple Shear Flow.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {35885078}, issn = {1099-4300}, abstract = {The hydrodynamic properties of a squirmer type of self-propelled particle in a simple shear flow are investigated using the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method in the range of swimming Reynolds number 0.05 ≤ Res ≤ 2.0, flow Reynolds number 40 ≤ Rep ≤ 160, blocking rate 0.2 ≤ κ ≤ 0.5. Some results are validated by comparing with available other results. The effects of Res, Rep and κ on the hydrodynamic properties of squirmer are discussed. The results show that there exist four distinct motion modes for the squirmer, i.e., horizontal mode, attractive oscillation mode, oscillation mode, and chaotic mode. Increasing Res causes the motion mode of the squirmer to change from a constant tumbling near the centerline to a stable horizontal mode, even an oscillatory or appealing oscillatory mode near the wall. Increasing the swimming intensity of squirmer under the definite Res will induce the squirmer to make periodic and stable motion at a specific distance from the wall. Increasing Rep will cause the squirmer to change from a stable swimming state to a spiral motion or continuous rotation. Increasing κ will strengthen the wall's attraction to the squirmer. Increasing swimming intensity of squirmer will modify the strength and direction of the wall's attraction to the squirmer if κ remains constant.}, }
@article {pmid35879876, year = {2022}, author = {Punyaratabandhu, N and Dechadilok, P and Triampo, W and Katavetin, P}, title = {Hydrodynamic model for renal microvascular filtration: Effects of physiological and hemodynamic changes on glomerular size-selectivity.}, journal = {Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, pages = {e12779}, doi = {10.1111/micc.12779}, pmid = {35879876}, issn = {1549-8719}, mesh = {Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; *Diabetic Nephropathies ; Models, Biological ; Hemodynamics/physiology ; *Hypertension ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The first step in renal urine formation is ultrafiltration across the glomerular barrier. The change in its nanostructure has been associated with nephrotic syndromes. Effects of physiological and hemodynamic factor alterations associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) on glomerular permselectivity are examined through a mathematical model employing low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics and hindered transport theory.<br><br>METHODS: Glomerular capillaries are represented as networks of cylindrical tubes with multilayered walls. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a fibrous medium with bimodal fiber sizes. Epithelial slit fiber spacing follows a lognormal distribution based on reported electron micrographs with the highest resolution. Endothelial fenestrae are filled with fibers the size of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Effects of fiber-macromolecule steric and hydrodynamic interactions are included. Focusing on diabetic nephropathy, the physiological and hemodynamic factors employed in the computation are those reported for healthy humans and patients with early-but-overt diabetic nephropathy. The macromolecule concentration is obtained as a finite element solution of the convection-diffusion equation.<br><br>RESULTS: Computed sieving coefficients averaged along the capillary length agree well with ficoll sieving coefficients from studies in humans for most solute radii. GBM thickening and the loss of the slit diaphragm hardly affect glomerular permselectivity. GAG volume fraction reduction in the endothelial fenestrae, however, significantly increases macromolecule filtration. Increased renal plasma flow rate (RPF), glomerular hypertension, and reduction of lumen osmotic pressure cause a slight sieving coefficient decrease. These effects are amplified by an increased macromolecule size.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that glomerular hypertension and the reduction in the oncotic pressure decreases glomerular macromolecule filtration. Reduction of RPF and changes in the glomerular barrier structure associated with DN, however, increase the solute sieving. Damage to GAGs caused by hyperglycemia is likely to be the most prominent factor affecting glomerular size-selectivity.}, }
@article {pmid35879342, year = {2022}, author = {Skotnicka-Siepsiak, A}, title = {Pressure distribution on a flat plate in the context of the phenomenon of the Coanda effect hysteresis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {12687}, pmid = {35879342}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {As a result of the Coanda effect, a symmetrical free jet will flow as an asymmetrical wall jet. At the same time, at the obstacle along which the flow is observed, the wall jet generates pressure distribution. In this study, the obstacle located at the diffuser outlet is a flat plate with a variable inclination angle. The article presents results of the study on pressure distributions on a flat plate with a variable angle of inclination. In the experiment, the Reynolds number ranged from 16,192 to 42,240. A fixed geometry diffuser (Witoszyński nozzle) with a height of 0.60 m, width of 0.02 m and outlet velocity of 11.33-29.57 m/s was used. A plate with a length of 1.00 m and a variable inclination angle was installed at the diffuser outlet. What is new, however, is that the presented results of the experimental research include the influence of the Coanda effect hysteresis on the pressure distribution on the plate. The article shows how pressure distributions change on the plate depending on whether the initial angle of inclination was 0° and was increased gradually in the course of the experiment until a detachment of the jet flowing from the plate was observed, or the initial angle of inclination was close to 90° in the primal state and as the angle of the plate inclination was decreased, the jet flowing towards the plate reached the state of attachment to the plate surface. The study demonstrated that for a turbulent jet, pressure distribution on a flat plate is determined not only by the plate's inclination angle, but also by the direction of its rotation.}, }
@article {pmid35863190, year = {2022}, author = {Hatte, S and Pitchumani, R}, title = {Novel nonwetting solid-infused surfaces for superior fouling mitigation.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {627}, number = {}, pages = {308-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.155}, pmid = {35863190}, issn = {1095-7103}, mesh = {*Calcium Sulfate ; *Copper ; Lubricants ; }, abstract = {Fouling is a ubiquitous issue in several environmental and energy applications. Here we introduce novel nonwetting solid-infused surfaces (SIS) with superior anti-fouling characteristics that are durable than conventional nonwetting surfaces in a dynamic flow environment. A systematic study is presented to elucidate the fouling mitigation performance of SIS in comparison to lubricant-infused surface (LIS) and conventional smooth surface. Copper tubes with SIS, LIS or smooth inner walls are fabricated and subjected to accelerated calcium sulfate fouling in a flow fouling experimental setup. Fouling on the various surface types is quantified in terms of asymptotic fouling resistance, and the fundamental morphological differences in the interactions of the foulant and the various surface types are analyzed. Based on a systematic sweep of the parameter combinations using design of experiments and Taguchi analysis, an analytical dependence of asymptotic fouling resistance on the governing parameters namely, Reynolds number, foulant concentration and temperature is derived. The analytical model is shown to predict the asymptotic fouling resistance to within 20% accuracy with a 95% confidence. In addition, for the first time, the effects of shear durability on the fouling mitigation performance of LIS vis-à-vis SIS are studied. It is shown that the novel nonwetting SIS offers a robust option for superior fouling mitigation over LIS in the long run.}, }
@article {pmid35859200, year = {2022}, author = {Pumm, AK and Engelen, W and Kopperger, E and Isensee, J and Vogt, M and Kozina, V and Kube, M and Honemann, MN and Bertosin, E and Langecker, M and Golestanian, R and Simmel, FC and Dietz, H}, title = {A DNA origami rotary ratchet motor.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {607}, number = {7919}, pages = {492-498}, pmid = {35859200}, issn = {1476-4687}, support = {724261/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {*DNA/chemistry ; *Facilitated Diffusion ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Molecular Motor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Motion ; Movement ; Osmolar Concentration ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/chemistry/metabolism ; Stochastic Processes ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; }, abstract = {To impart directionality to the motions of a molecular mechanism, one must overcome the random thermal forces that are ubiquitous on such small scales and in liquid solution at ambient temperature. In equilibrium without energy supply, directional motion cannot be sustained without violating the laws of thermodynamics. Under conditions away from thermodynamic equilibrium, directional motion may be achieved within the framework of Brownian ratchets, which are diffusive mechanisms that have broken inversion symmetry[1-5]. Ratcheting is thought to underpin the function of many natural biological motors, such as the F1F0-ATPase[6-8], and it has been demonstrated experimentally in synthetic microscale systems (for example, to our knowledge, first in ref. [3]) and also in artificial molecular motors created by organic chemical synthesis[9-12]. DNA nanotechnology[13] has yielded a variety of nanoscale mechanisms, including pivots, hinges, crank sliders and rotary systems[14-17], which can adopt different configurations, for example, triggered by strand-displacement reactions[18,19] or by changing environmental parameters such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, external fields and by coupling their motions to those of natural motor proteins[20-26]. This previous work and considering low-Reynolds-number dynamics and inherent stochasticity[27,28] led us to develop a nanoscale rotary motor built from DNA origami that is driven by ratcheting and whose mechanical capabilities approach those of biological motors such as F1F0-ATPase.}, }
@article {pmid35854607, year = {2022}, author = {Bandak, D and Goldenfeld, N and Mailybaev, AA and Eyink, G}, title = {Dissipation-range fluid turbulence and thermal noise.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {105}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065113}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.105.065113}, pmid = {35854607}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We revisit the issue of whether thermal fluctuations are relevant for incompressible fluid turbulence and estimate the scale at which they become important. As anticipated by Betchov in a prescient series of works more than six decades ago, this scale is about equal to the Kolmogorov length, even though that is several orders of magnitude above the mean free path. This result implies that the deterministic version of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is inadequate to describe the dissipation range of turbulence in molecular fluids. Within this range, the fluctuating hydrodynamics equation of Landau and Lifschitz is more appropriate. In particular, our analysis implies that both the exponentially decaying energy spectrum and the far-dissipation-range intermittency predicted by Kraichnan for deterministic Navier-Stokes will be generally replaced by Gaussian thermal equipartition at scales just below the Kolmogorov length. Stochastic shell model simulations at high Reynolds numbers verify our theoretical predictions and reveal furthermore that inertial-range intermittency can propagate deep into the dissipation range, leading to large fluctuations in the equipartition length scale. We explain the failure of previous scaling arguments for the validity of deterministic Navier-Stokes equations at any Reynolds number and we provide a mathematical interpretation and physical justification of the fluctuating Navier-Stokes equation as an "effective field theory" valid below some high-wave-number cutoff Λ, rather than as a continuum stochastic partial differential equation. At Reynolds number around a million, comparable to that in Earth's atmospheric boundary layer, the strongest turbulent excitations observed in our simulation penetrate down to a length scale of about eight microns, still two orders of magnitude greater than the mean free path of air. However, for longer observation times or for higher Reynolds numbers, more extreme turbulent events could lead to a local breakdown of fluctuating hydrodynamics.}, }
@article {pmid35854520, year = {2022}, author = {Margazoglou, G and Biferale, L and Cencini, M and Gallavotti, G and Lucarini, V}, title = {Nonequilibrium ensembles for the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {105}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065110}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.105.065110}, pmid = {35854520}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {At the molecular level fluid motions are, by first principles, described by time reversible laws. On the other hand, the coarse grained macroscopic evolution is suitably described by the Navier-Stokes equations, which are inherently irreversible, due to the dissipation term. Here, a reversible version of three-dimensional Navier-Stokes is studied, by introducing a fluctuating viscosity constructed in such a way that enstrophy is conserved, along the lines of the paradigm of microcanonical versus canonical treatment in equilibrium statistical mechanics. Through systematic simulations we attack two important questions: (a) What are the conditions that must be satisfied in order to have a statistical equivalence between the two nonequilibrium ensembles? (b) What is the empirical distribution of the fluctuating viscosity observed by changing the Reynolds number and the number of modes used in the discretization of the evolution equation? The latter point is important also to establish regularity conditions for the reversible equations. We find that the probability to observe negative values of the fluctuating viscosity becomes very quickly extremely small when increasing the effective Reynolds number of the flow in the fully resolved hydrodynamical regime, at difference from what was observed previously.}, }
@article {pmid35854514, year = {2022}, author = {Choudhury, A and Samanta, A}, title = {Linear stability of a falling film over a heated slippery plane.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {105}, number = {6-2}, pages = {065112}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.105.065112}, pmid = {35854514}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {A detailed parametric study on the linear stability analysis of a three-dimensional thin liquid film flowing down a uniformly heated slippery inclined plane is carried out for disturbances of arbitrary wavenumbers, where the liquid film satisfies Newton's law of cooling at the film surface. A coupled system of boundary value problems is formulated in terms of the amplitudes of perturbation normal velocity and perturbation temperature, respectively. Analytical solution of the boundary value problems demonstrates the existence of three dominant modes, the so-called H mode, S mode, and P mode, where the S mode and P mode emerge due to the thermocapillary effect. It is found that the onset of instabilities for the H mode, S mode, and P mode reduces in the presence of wall slip and leads to a destabilizing influence. Numerical solution based on the Chebyshev spectral collocation method unveils that the finite wavenumber H-mode instability can be stabilized, but the S-mode instability and the finite wavenumber P-mode instability can be destabilized by increasing the value of the Marangoni number. On the other hand, the Biot number shows a dual role in the H-mode and S-mode instabilities. But the P-mode instability can be made stable with the increasing value of the Biot number and the decreasing values of the Marangoni number and the Prandtl number. Furthermore, the H-mode and S-mode instabilities become weaker, but the P-mode instability becomes stronger, with the increasing value of the spanwise wavenumber. In addition, the shear mode emerges in the numerical simulation when the Reynolds number is large, which can be destabilized slightly with the increasing value of the Marangoni number; however, it can be stabilized with the increasing value of the slip length and introducing the spanwise wavenumber to the infinitesimal perturbation.}, }
@article {pmid35854482, year = {2022}, author = {Ishimoto, K and Moreau, C and Yasuda, K}, title = {Self-organized swimming with odd elasticity.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {105}, number = {6-1}, pages = {064603}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.105.064603}, pmid = {35854482}, issn = {2470-0053}, abstract = {We theoretically investigate self-oscillating waves of an active material, which were recently introduced as a nonsymmetric part of the elastic moduli, termed odd elasticity. Using Purcell's three-link swimmer model, we reveal that an odd-elastic filament at low Reynolds number can swim in a self-organized manner and that the time-periodic dynamics are characterized by a stable limit cycle generated by elastohydrodynamic interactions. Also, we consider a noisy shape gait and derive a swimming formula for a general elastic material in the Stokes regime with its elasticity modulus being represented by a nonsymmetric matrix, demonstrating that the odd elasticity produces biased net locomotion from random noise.}, }
@article {pmid35851297, year = {2022}, author = {Shahzad, H and Wang, X and Ghaffari, A and Iqbal, K and Hafeez, MB and Krawczuk, M and Wojnicz, W}, title = {Fluid structure interaction study of non-Newtonian Casson fluid in a bifurcated channel having stenosis with elastic walls.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {12219}, pmid = {35851297}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Arteries ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Computer Simulation ; Constriction, Pathologic ; *Hemodynamics ; Humans ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Stress, Mechanical ; }, abstract = {Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) gained a huge attention of scientists and researchers due to its applications in biomedical and mechanical engineering. One of the most important applications of FSI is to study the elastic wall behavior of stenotic arteries. Blood is the suspension of various cells characterized by shear thinning, yield stress, and viscoelastic qualities that can be assessed by using non-Newtonian models. In this study we explored non-Newtonian, incompressible Casson fluid flow in a bifurcated artery with a stenosis. The two-dimensional Casson model is used to study the hemodynamics of the flow. The walls of the artery are supposed to be elastic and the stenosis region is constructed in both walls. Suitable scales are used to transform the nonlinear differential equations into a dimensionless form. The problem is formulated and discretized using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach. The finite element method (FEM) technique is used to solve the system of equations, together with appropriate boundary conditions. The analysis is carried out for the Bingham number, Hartmann number, and Reynolds number. The graphical results of pressure field, velocity profile, and load on the walls are assessed and used to study the influence of hemodynamic effects on stenotic arteries, bifurcation region, and elastic walls. This study shows that there is an increase in wall shear stresses (WSS) with increasing values of Bingham number and Hartmann number. Also, for different values of the Bingham number, the load on the upper wall is computed against the Hartmann number. The result indicate that load at the walls increases as the values of Bingham number and Hartmann number increase.}, }
@article {pmid35820476, year = {2022}, author = {Zhao, X and Zuo, H and Jia, G}, title = {Effects of the continuous pulsation regeneration on the soot combustion in diesel particulate filter for heavy-duty truck.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {306}, number = {}, pages = {135651}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135651}, pmid = {35820476}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Dust ; Motor Vehicles ; *Soot/analysis ; Temperature ; *Vehicle Emissions/analysis ; }, abstract = {Continuous pulsation regeneration combustion of soot is employed for sine and cosine simulation study. Data showed that pressure uniformity of sine condition is better than that of cosine condition with the maximum pressure difference of 4353.5 Pa under the same simulation boundary conditions. The maximum regeneration temperature under cosine pressure is 46.12 K which is higher than that in sine form. Regeneration combustion reaction zone tends to be more stable laminar flow and Reynolds number of sine condition is 435.23 less than that of under cosine condition. The maximum Stanton number of cosine pressure condition is 3.67 and that of sine pressure condition is 5.15, which investigates heat transfer capacity of the sine pressure condition is better than that of the pressure of cosine form. The regeneration efficiency of inlet gradually increased from the minimum regeneration efficiency 74.18%-88.45% of sine and cosine. The soot under both pressure forms has achieved complete regeneration and the regeneration efficiency has exceeded 88% of porous medium filter body section. The soot regeneration combustion efficiency of the porous media filter section and outlet section is more sufficient under sine condition and the heat carried by the fluid can maintain the soot regeneration.}, }
@article {pmid35811899, year = {2022}, author = {Sun, R and Chen, P and Li, L and Liu, Y and Zhai, X}, title = {Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Behavior of Transformer Oil Jet Flame.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {7}, number = {26}, pages = {22969-22976}, pmid = {35811899}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Transformer oil jet fire is one of the most dangerous types of fires in substations. The combustion behavior of transformer oil jet fire produces uncontrollable hazards to personnel and equipment and even triggers a domino effect. However, the jet fire combustion behavior of such materials as transformer oil has not been revealed before. Investigation of the combustion behavior of transformer oil jet fire has positive implications for the prevention and control of substation fires. In this paper, KI25X transformer oil was used as fuel. A series of transformer oil jet fire experiments were conducted with variable orifice diameters (5, 10, and 15 mm) with heat release rates ranging from 200 to 659.2 kW. The results showed that the entrainment coefficient of transformer oil jet fire was greater than that of pure gas phase jet fire. The entrainment coefficient of transformer oil jet fire was 0.029. Using dimensionless theory, it was proposed that the imaginary point source was proportional to the 0.317 power of Froude number. Based on the point source model, a dimensional analysis model with Reynolds number was developed. The radiation fraction of transformer oil jet fire was proportional to the -0.133 power of Reynolds number. This study played an important role in improving the jet combustion behavior of transformer oil.}, }
@article {pmid35787191, year = {2022}, author = {Jamshed, W and Safdar, R and Rehman, Z and Lashin, MMA and Ehab, M and Moussa, M and Rehman, A}, title = {Computational technique of thermal comparative examination of Cu and Au nanoparticles suspended in sodium alginate as Sutterby nanofluid via extending PTSC surface.}, journal = {Journal of applied biomaterials &amp; functional materials}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {22808000221104004}, doi = {10.1177/22808000221104004}, pmid = {35787191}, issn = {2280-8000}, mesh = {*Alginates ; Copper ; Gold ; Hot Temperature ; *Metal Nanoparticles ; }, abstract = {Current research underscores entropy investigation in an infiltrating mode of Sutterby nanofluid (SNF) stream past a dramatically expanding flat plate that highlights Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC). Satisfactory likeness factors are utilized to change halfway differential conditions (PDEs) to nonlinear conventional differential conditions (ODEs) along with relating limit requirements. A productive Keller-box system is locked in to achieve approximated arrangement of decreased conventional differential conditions. In the review, two sorts of nanofluids including Copper-sodium alginate (Cu-SA) and Gold-sodium alginate (Au-SA) are dissected. Results are graphically plotted as well as talked about in actual viewpoints. As indicated by key discoveries, an improvement in Brinkmann, as well as Reynolds number, brings about expanding the general framework entropy. Sutterby nanofluid boundary improves heat rate in PTSC. Additionally, Copper-sodium alginate nanofluid is detected as a superior thermal conductor than Gold-sodium alginate nanofluid. Further to that, the reported breakthroughs are beneficial to updating extremely bright lighting bulbs, heating and cooling machinery, fiber required to generate light, power production, numerous boilers, and other similar technologies.}, }
@article {pmid35771996, year = {2022}, author = {Saro-Cortes, V and Cui, Y and Dufficy, T and Boctor, A and Flammang, BE and Wissa, AW}, title = {An Adaptable Flying Fish Robotic Model for Aero- and Hydrodynamic Experimentation.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icac101}, pmid = {35771996}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) are known for achieving multi-modal locomotion through air and water. Previous work on understanding this animal's aerodynamic and hydrodynamic nature has been based on observations, numerical simulations, or experiments on preserved dead fish, and has focused primarily on flying pectoral fins. The first half of this paper details the design and validation of a modular flying fish inspired robotic model organism (RMO). The second half delves into a parametric aerodynamic study of flying fish pelvic fins, which to date have not been studied in-depth. Using wind tunnel experiments at a Reynolds number of 30,000, we investigated the effect of the pelvic fin geometric parameters on aerodynamic efficiency and longitudinal stability. The pelvic fin parameters investigated in this study include the pelvic fin pitch angle and its location along the body. Results show that the aerodynamic efficiency is maximized for pelvic fins located directly behind the pectoral fins and is higher for more positive pitch angles. In contrast, pitching stability is neither achievable for positive pitching angles nor pelvic fins located directly below the pectoral fin. Thus, there is a clear a trade-off between stability and lift generation, and an optimal pelvic fin configuration depends on the flying fish locomotion stage, be it gliding, taxiing, or taking off. The results garnered from the RMO experiments are insightful for understanding the physics principles governing flying fish locomotion and designing flying fish inspired aerial-aquatic vehicles.}, }
@article {pmid35764779, year = {2022}, author = {Wu, YK and Liu, YP and Sun, M}, title = {Aerodynamics of two parallel bristled wings in low Reynolds number flow.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10928}, pmid = {35764779}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Flight, Animal/physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Wings, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Most of the smallest flying insects use bristled wings. It was observed that during the second half of their upstroke, the left and right wings become parallel and close to each other at the back, and move upward at zero angle of attack. In this period, the wings may produce drag (negative vertical force) and side forces which tend to push two wings apart. Here we study the aerodynamic forces and flows of two simplified bristled wings experiencing such a motion, compared with the case of membrane wings (flat-plate wings), to see if there is any advantage in using the bristled wings. The method of computational fluid dynamics is used in the study. The results are as follows. In the motion of two bristled wings, the drag acting on each wing is 40% smaller than the case of a single bristled wing conducting the same motion, and only a very small side force is produced. But in the case of the flat-plate wings, although there is similar drag reduction, the side force on each wing is larger than that of the bristled wing by an order of magnitude (the underlying physical reason is discussed in the paper). Thus, if the smallest insects use membrane wings, their flight muscles need to overcome large side forces in order to maintain the intended motion for less negative lift, whereas using bristled wings do not have this problem. Therefore, the adoption of bristled wings can be beneficial during upward movement of the wings near the end of the upstroke, which may be one reason why most of the smallest insects adopt them.}, }
@article {pmid35755331, year = {2022}, author = {Huang, X and Wang, Y and Wang, L and Yu, G and Wang, F}, title = {Effect of Structural Optimization of Scrubbing Cooling Rings on Vertical Falling Film Flow Characteristics.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {7}, number = {24}, pages = {21291-21305}, pmid = {35755331}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {In order to study the influence of the structural optimization of the scrubbing cooling ring in the scrubbing cooling chamber on the flow characteristics of the vertical falling film, the flow characteristics of the turbulent falling film in the rising section of the development region at different internal platform heights of the scrubbing cooling ring and a high Reynolds number were studied by FLUENT software. First, the correctness of the model was verified by the maximum error of simulation and experimental results of no more than 9.836%. Then, the distribution of liquid film thickness (δ), velocity (V), and turbulence intensity (I z) at 0° of the tube in the axial direction x = 0-500 mm were calculated and obtained when the platform height (H) was 0-30 mm and the liquid film Reynolds number (Re l) = 1.1541 × 10[4]-3.4623 × 10[4]. The results showed that δ in the entrance region increased sharply due to the "jet" effect with solid wall constraints formed by the structure of the water inlet pipe and the scrubbing cooling ring. On the contrary, the liquid film in the fully developed region showed a stable fluctuation trend due to the weakening of the "jet" effect. When H = 30 mm, the change of δ was relatively stable and the change of I z was small, indicating that this platform height is conducive to the stable and uniform distribution of the liquid film. In addition, when Re l < 1.1541 × 10[4], the liquid film was unstable due to the low flow rate and insufficient cohesion of the liquid film, but V increased slightly. In addition, with the increase of Re l, δ did not change significantly along the axial direction, that is, the Plateau-Rayleigh hindered the growth of δ. Finally, the empirical formula for δ applicable to Re l = 1.1541 × 10[4]-3.4623 × 10[4] at the axial fixed position was fitted for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid35751170, year = {2022}, author = {Ducos, S and Pugliese, S and Demolliens, M and Beraud, L and Boussard, A and Delmas, A and Agostini, S and Garcia, J and Aiello, A and Durieux, EDH}, title = {Ontogeny of swimming performance of hatchery-reared post-larvae and juvenile fish: a case of two threatened Mediterranean species.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {846-856}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.15144}, pmid = {35751170}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Fishes/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; *Perciformes/physiology ; *Swimming/physiology ; }, abstract = {Swimming performance is a well-established key physiological parameter of fish that is highly linked to their fitness in the wild. In the context of fish restocking purposes, it therefore appears crucial to study this specific behaviour. Here, the authors investigated intra and interspecies differences in the swimming performance of hatchery-reared post-larvae and juveniles belonging to two Mediterranean candidate threatened species, the common dentex, Dentex dentex (Sparidae), and the brown meagre, Sciaena umbra (Sciaenidae), with body sizes ranging from 8 to 37 mm total length (TL, from 24 to 58 days post-hatch). The swimming abilities were estimated through the calculation of their critical swimming speed (Ucrit), their relative Ucrit and their Reynolds number (Re). Two different patterns were observed between D. dentex and S. umbra, showing a different effect of ontogeny on the performance of both species. The relative Ucrit of S. umbra decreased linearly through ontogeny, whereas the relative Ucrit and Ucrit of D. dentex increased linearly through the range of sizes tested. The ontogenetic change in Ucrit of S. umbra occurred in two stages: a first stage of sharp improvement and a second stage of a slow decrease in performance. Both stages were separated by a breakpoint that coincided with the appearance of a refusal to swim behaviour that occurred shortly after the end of metamorphosis and can potentially be associated with the establishment of this species sedentary behaviour. The swimming performance of both species showed ontogenetic differences. Sciaena umbra had the highest relative performance when its body sizes were the smallest, whereas D. dentex showed the highest relative performance when its body sizes were the largest. These results will be linked to future research on both of these species concerning their escape, exploratory and predatory behaviours, and for restocking purposes to draw a more realistic overview of hatchery-reared juvenile performance. Knowledge of both species' behavioural and swimming performance through ontogeny is important to consider when using hatchery-reared fish juveniles for restocking, as size-at-release can have a large impact on fish survival and thus on restocking success.}, }
@article {pmid35750772, year = {2022}, author = {Zhang, S and Ahmad, F and Khan, A and Ali, N and Badran, M}, title = {Performance improvement and thermodynamic assessment of microchannel heat sink with different types of ribs and cones.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10802}, pmid = {35750772}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The present study aims to investigate the performance of microchannel heat sink via numerical simulations, based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. The heat transfer and flow characteristics of rectangular microchannel heat sinks have been improved by adding six different types of surface enhancers. The cross-sections include rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal-shaped ribs and cones. The cones have been created from the same cross-sections of ribs by drafting them at an angle of 45° orthogonal to the base, which is expected to decrease the pressure drop, dramatically. The performance of ribs and cones has been evaluated using different parameters such as friction factor, wall shear stress, entropy generation rate, augmentation entropy generation number, thermal resistance, and transport efficiency of thermal energy. The results of the present study revealed that the novel effect of coning at an angle of 45° reduces frictional losses (Maximum pressure drop reduced is 85%), however; a compromise on thermal behavior has been shown (Maximum Nusselt number reduced is 25%). Similarly, the application of coning has caused a significant reduction in wall shear stress and friction factor which can lead to reducing the pumping power requirements. Moreover, triangular ribs have more ability to transfer thermal energy than rectangular and hexagonal ribs. Furthermore, it has been examined in the present study that the trend of total entropy generation rate for triangular ribs decreases up to Re = 400 and then increases onwards which means that thermal losses are more significant than frictional losses at lower Reynolds number. However, frictional losses dominate over thermal losses at higher Reynolds numbers, where vortex generation takes place, especially in triangular ribs.}, }
@article {pmid35749192, year = {2022}, author = {Buaria, D and Sreenivasan, KR}, title = {Scaling of Acceleration Statistics in High Reynolds Number Turbulence.}, journal = {Physical review letters}, volume = {128}, number = {23}, pages = {234502}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.234502}, pmid = {35749192}, issn = {1079-7114}, abstract = {The scaling of acceleration statistics in turbulence is examined by combining data from the literature with new data from well-resolved direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence, significantly extending the Reynolds number range. The acceleration variance at higher Reynolds numbers departs from previous predictions based on multifractal models, which characterize Lagrangian intermittency as an extension of Eulerian intermittency. The disagreement is even more prominent for higher-order moments of the acceleration. Instead, starting from a known exact relation, we relate the scaling of acceleration variance to that of Eulerian fourth-order velocity gradient and velocity increment statistics. This prediction is in excellent agreement with the variance data. Our Letter highlights the need for models that consider Lagrangian intermittency independent of the Eulerian counterpart.}, }
@article {pmid35745944, year = {2022}, author = {Chen, D and Lin, J}, title = {Steady State of Motion of Two Particles in Poiseuille Flow of Power-Law Fluid.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {35745944}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {The steady state of motion of two particles in Poiseuille flow of power-law fluid is numerically studied using the lattice Boltzmann method in the range of Reynolds number 20 ≤ Re ≤ 60, diameter ratio of two particles 0.125 ≤ β ≤ 2.4, and power-law index of the fluid 0.4 ≤ n ≤ 1.2. Some results are validated by comparing with other available results. The effects of Re, β, and n on the steady state of motion of two particles are discussed. The results show that, for two particles of the same diameter, the particle spacing l in the steady state is independent of n. In shear-thinning fluid, l increases rapidly at first and then slowly, finally approaching a constant for different Re. In shear-thickening fluid, although l tends to be stable in the end, the values of l after stabilization are different. For two particles of different sizes, l does not always reach a stable state, and whether it reaches a stable state depends on n. When the small particle is downstream, l increases rapidly at first and then slowly in shear-thickening fluid, but increases rapidly at first and then decreases slowly, finally approaching a constant in a shear-thinning fluid. In shear-thinning fluid, the larger n is, the smaller l is. In shear-thickening fluid, β has no effect on l in steady-state. When the large particle is downstream, l increases rapidly at first and then slowly in shear-thinning fluid but increases rapidly at first and then decreases in a shear-thickening fluid. The effect of n on l in the steady state is obvious. In shear-thinning fluid, l increases rapidly at first and then slowly, the larger Re is, the smaller l is. In shear- thickening fluid, l will reach a stable state.}, }
@article {pmid35745906, year = {2022}, author = {Bui, CM and Ho, AT and Nguyen, XB}, title = {Flow Behaviors of Polymer Solution in a Lid-Driven Cavity.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {35745906}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {In this work, a numerical study of polymer flow behaviors in a lid-driven cavity, which is inspired by the coating process, at a broad range of Oldroyd numbers (0≤Od≤50), is carried out. The Reynolds number is height-based and kept at Re=0.001. The fluid investigated is of Carbopol gel possessing yield stress and shear-thinning properties. To express rheological characteristics, the Herschel-Bulkley model cooperated with Papanastasiou's regularization scheme is utilized. Results show that the polymer flow characteristics, i.e., velocity, viscosity, and vortex distributions, are considerably influenced by viscoplastic behaviors. Additionally, there exist solid-like regions which can be of either moving rigid or static dead types in the flow patterns; they become greater and tend to merge together to construct larger ones when Od increases. Furthermore, various polymer flow aspects in different cavity configurations are discussed and analyzed; the cavity width/aspect ratio and skewed angle are found to have significant impacts on the vortex structures and the formation of solid-like regions. Moreover, results for the critical aspect ratio at which the static dead zone is broken into two parts and the characteristic height of this zone are also reported in detail.}, }
@article {pmid35744569, year = {2022}, author = {Saghir, MZ and Rahman, MM}, title = {Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pin-Fins in Wavy and Straight Configurations.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35744569}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Pin-fins configurations have been investigated recently for different engineering applications and, in particular, for a cooling turbine. In the present study, we investigated the performance of three different pin-fins configurations: pin-fins forming a wavy mini-channel, pin-fins forming a straight mini-channel, and a mini-channel without pin-fins considering water as the working fluid. The full Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation are solved numerically using the finite element technique. Different flow rates are studied, represented by the Reynolds number in the laminar flow regime. The thermo-hydraulic performance of the three configurations is determined by examining the Nusselt number, the pressure drop, and the performance evaluation criterion. Results revealed that pin-fins forming a wavy mini-channel exhibited the highest Nusselt number, the lowest pressure drop, and the highest performance evaluation criterion. This finding is valid for any Reynolds number under investigation.}, }
@article {pmid35744548, year = {2022}, author = {Tayeb, NT and Hossain, S and Khan, AH and Mostefa, T and Kim, KY}, title = {Evaluation of Hydrodynamic and Thermal Behaviour of Non-Newtonian-Nanofluid Mixing in a Chaotic Micromixer.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35744548}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {Three-dimensional numerical investigations of a novel passive micromixer were carried out to analyze the hydrodynamic and thermal behaviors of Nano-Non-Newtonian fluids. Mass and heat transfer characteristics of two heated fluids have been investigated to understand the quantitative and qualitative fluid faction distributions with temperature homogenization. The effect of fluid behavior and different Al2O3 nanoparticles concentrations on the pressure drop and thermal mixing performances were studied for different Reynolds number (from 0.1 to 25). The performance improvement simulation was conducted in intervals of various Nanoparticles concentrations (φ = 0 to 5%) with Power-law index (n) using CFD. The proposed micromixer displayed a mixing energy cost of 50-60 comparable to that achieved for a recent micromixer (2021y) in terms of fluid homogenization. The analysis exhibited that for high nanofluid concentrations, having a strong chaotic flow enhances significantly the hydrodynamic and thermal performances for all Reynolds numbers. The visualization of vortex core region of mass fraction and path lines presents that the proposed design exhibits a rapid thermal mixing rate that tends to 0.99%, and a mass fraction mixing rate of more than 0.93% with very low pressure losses, thus the proposed micromixer can be utilized to enhance homogenization in different Nano-Non-Newtonian mechanism with minimum energy.}, }
@article {pmid35739213, year = {2022}, author = {Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Thabet, EN and Abdelhafez, MA}, title = {Peristaltic pump with heat and mass transfer of a fractional second grade fluid through porous medium inside a tube.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {10608}, pmid = {35739213}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Friction ; *Hot Temperature ; Magnetic Fields ; *Peristalsis ; Porosity ; }, abstract = {In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), this MRI is used for the diagnosis of the brain. The dynamic of these particles occurs under the action of the peristaltic waves generated on the flexible walls of the brain. Studying such fluid flow of a Fractional Second-Grade under this action is therefore useful in treating tissues of cancer. This paper deals with a theoretical investigation of the interaction of heat and mass transfer in the peristaltic flow of a magnetic field fractional second-grade fluid through a tube, under the assumption of low Reynolds number and long-wavelength. The analytical solution to a problem is obtained by using Caputo's definition. The effect of different physical parameters, the material constant, magnetic field, and fractional parameter on the temperature, concentration, axial velocity, pressure gradient, pressure rise, friction forces, and coefficient of heat and mass transfer are discussed with particular emphasis. The computed results are presented in graphical form. It is because the nature of heat and mass transfer coefficient is oscillatory which is following the physical expectation due to the oscillatory nature of the tube wall. It is perceived that with an increase in Hartmann number, the velocity decreases. A suitable comparison has been made with the prior results in the literature as a limiting case of the considered problem.}, }
@article {pmid35736684, year = {2022}, author = {Zubairova, US and Kravtsova, AY and Romashchenko, AV and Pushkareva, AA and Doroshkov, AV}, title = {Particle-Based Imaging Tools Revealing Water Flows in Maize Nodal Vascular Plexus.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {35736684}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {In plants, water flows are the major driving force behind growth and play a crucial role in the life cycle. To study hydrodynamics, methods based on tracking small particles inside water flows attend a special place. Thanks to these tools, it is possible to obtain information about the dynamics of the spatial distribution of the flux characteristics. In this paper, using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we show that gadolinium chelate, used as an MRI contrast agent, marks the structural characteristics of the xylem bundles of maize stem nodes and internodes. Supplementing MRI data, the high-precision visualization of xylem vessels by laser scanning microscopy was used to reveal the structural and dimensional characteristics of the stem vascular system. In addition, we propose the concept of using prototype "Y-type xylem vascular connection" as a model of the elementary connection of vessels within the vascular system. A Reynolds number could match the microchannel model with the real xylem vessels.}, }
@article {pmid35699409, year = {2022}, author = {Martin, AR and Finlay, WH}, title = {Empirical Deposition Correlations.}, journal = {Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {109-120}, doi = {10.1089/jamp.2022.29062.arm}, pmid = {35699409}, issn = {1941-2703}, mesh = {Administration, Inhalation ; Aerosols ; *Lung/diagnostic imaging ; Particle Size ; *Pharynx ; }, abstract = {Traditionally, empirical correlations for predicting respiratory tract deposition of inhaled aerosols have been developed using limited available in vivo data. More recently, advances in medical image segmentation and additive manufacturing processes have allowed researchers to conduct extensive in vitro deposition experiments in realistic replicas of the upper and central branching airways. This work has led to a collection of empirical equations for predicting regional aerosol deposition, especially in the upper, nasal and oral airways. The present section reviews empirical correlations based on both in vivo and in vitro data, which may be used to predict total and regional deposition. Equations are presented for predicting total respiratory deposition fraction, mouth-throat fraction, nasal, and nose-throat fractions for a large variety of aerosol sizes, subject age groups, and breathing maneuvers. Use of these correlations to estimate total lung deposition is also described.}, }
@article {pmid35683052, year = {2022}, author = {George, GR and Bockelmann, M and Schmalhorst, L and Beton, D and Gerstle, A and Lindermeir, A and Wehinger, GD}, title = {Influence of Foam Morphology on Flow and Heat Transport in a Random Packed Bed with Metallic Foam Pellets-An Investigation Using CFD.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {35683052}, issn = {1996-1944}, abstract = {Open-cell metallic foams used as catalyst supports exhibit excellent transport properties. In this work, a unique application of metallic foam, as pelletized catalyst in a packed bed reactor, is examined. By using a wall-segment Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) setup, parametric analyses are carried out to investigate the influence of foam morphologies (cell size ϕ=0.45-3&amp;nbsp;mm and porosity ε=0.55-0.95) and intrinsic conductivity on flow and heat transport characteristics in a slender packed bed (N=D/dp=6.78) made of cylindrical metallic foam pellets. The transport processes have been modeled using an extended version of conventional particle-resolved CFD, i.e., flow and energy in inter-particle spaces are fully resolved, whereas the porous-media model is used for the effective transport processes inside highly-porous foam pellets. Simulation inputs include the processing parameters relevant to Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), analyzed for low (Rep~100) and high (Rep~5000) flow regimes. The effect of foam morphologies on packed beds has shown that the desired requirements contradict each other, i.e., an increase in cell size and porosity favors the reduction in pressure drop, but, it reduces the heat transfer efficiency. A design study is also conducted to find the optimum foam morphology of a cylindrical foam pellet at a higher Rep~5000, which yields ϕ = 0.45, ε = 0.8. Suitable correlations to predict the friction factor and the overall heat transfer coefficient in a foam-packed bed have been presented, which consider the effect of different foam morphologies over a range of particle Reynolds number, 100≤Rep≤5000.}, }
@article {pmid35676272, year = {2022}, author = {Castro, JM and Feisel, Y}, title = {Eruption of ultralow-viscosity basanite magma at Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, Canary Islands.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {3174}, pmid = {35676272}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {The viscosity of magma exerts control on all aspects of its migration through the crust to eruption. This was particularly true for the 2021 eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma), which produced exceptionally fast and fluid lava at high discharge rates. We have performed concentric cylinder experiments to determine the effective viscosities of the Cumbre Vieja magma, while accounting for its chemistry, crystallinity, and temperature. Here we show that this event produced a nepheline-normative basanite with the lowest viscosity of historical basaltic eruptions, exhibiting values of less than 10 to about 160 Pa s within eruption temperatures of ~1200 to ~1150 °C. The magma's low viscosity was responsible for many eruptive phenomena that lead to particularly impactful events, including high-Reynolds number turbulent flow and supercritical states. Increases in viscosity due to crystallization-induced melt differentiation were subdued in this eruption, due in part to subtle degrees of silica enrichment in alkaline magma.}, }
@article {pmid35662323, year = {2022}, author = {Ruszczyk, M and Webster, DR and Yen, J}, title = {Trends in Stroke Kinematics, Reynolds Number, and Swimming Mode in Shrimp-Like Organisms.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icac067}, pmid = {35662323}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Metachronal propulsion is commonly seen in organisms with the caridoid facies body plan, i.e. shrimp-like organisms, as they beat their pleopods in an adlocomotory sequence. These organisms exist across length scales ranging several orders of Reynolds number magnitude, from 10 to 104, during locomotion. Further, by altering their stroke kinematics, these organisms achieve three distinct swimming modes. To better understand the relationship between Reynolds number, stroke kinematics, and resulting swimming mode, Euphausia pacifica stroke kinematics were quantified using high-speed digital recordings and compared to the results for the larger E. superba. Euphausia pacifica consistently operate with a greater beat frequency and smaller stroke amplitude than E. superba for each swimming mode, suggesting that length scale may affect the kinematics needed to achieve similar swimming modes. To expand on this observation, these euphausiid data are used in combination with previously-published stroke kinematics from mysids and stomatopods to identify broad trends across swimming mode and length scale in metachrony. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals trends in stroke kinematics and Reynolds number as well as the variation among taxonomic order. Overall, larger beat frequencies, stroke amplitudes, between-cycle phase lags, and Reynolds numbers are more representative of the fast forward swimming mode compared to the slower hovering mode. Additionally, each species has a unique combination of kinematics that result in metachrony, indicating that there are other factors, perhaps morphological, which affect the overall metachronal characteristics of an organism. Finally, uniform phase lag, in which the timing between power strokes of all pleopods is equal, in 5-paddle systems is achieved at different Reynolds numbers for different swimming modes, highlighting the importance of taking into consideration stroke kinematics, length scale, and the resulting swimming mode.}, }
@article {pmid35642428, year = {2022}, author = {Broadley, P and Nabawy, MRA and Quinn, MK and Crowther, WJ}, title = {Dynamic experimental rigs for investigation of insect wing aerodynamics.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {19}, number = {191}, pages = {20210909}, pmid = {35642428}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Flight, Animal ; Insecta ; *Models, Biological ; Wings, Animal ; }, abstract = {This paper provides a systematic and critical review of dynamic experimental rigs used for insect wing aerodynamics research. The goal is to facilitate meaningful compar