@article {pmid42282683, year = {2026}, author = {Taddei, SM and Deka, N and Marin, A and Hunt, BC and Guterman, LB and Ma, M and Qu, J and Armbruster, CE}, title = {L-Fucose-Dependent Biofilm Formation by Escherichia coli Enhances Polymicrobial Interactions and Antibiotic Tolerance on Urinary Catheters.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.06.01.729324}, pmid = {42282683}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Urinary tract infections are common healthcare associated infections, a large subset of which are caused by indwelling catheters. Long term catheterization causes persistent, asymptomatic, polymicrobial colonization despite catheters changes and antibiotic usage. In these polymicrobial populations, P. mirabilis , E. faecalis , and E. coli were found as the most common co-colonizing species. We investigated how interactions between P. mirabilis , E. coli , and E. faecalis contribute to biofilm formation and colonization of urinary catheters. Our results show that the interaction between these three species leads to enhanced biofilm biomass driven by an increase in total protein content of the biofilm. Biofilm enhancement required all three species and was also media-dependent, especially for dual-species combinations. Importantly, triple species biofilms also demonstrate biofilm enhancement when established under flow conditions in a biofilm reactor model using silicone urinary catheters. Additionally, triple species biofilm enhancement occurred in co-colonizing isolates from catheterized patients and was found to be specific to interactions between these three species. Triple species biofilms also demonstrated a species-dependent resistance to two commonly used antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. By examining priority effects, E. coli was found to be the main facilitator of biofilm enhancement in a flow model. Finally, proteomics revealed that an L-fucose utilization pathway in E. coli was a key contributor to triple species biofilm enhancement. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant impact of polymicrobial interactions on biofilm formation in the catheterized environment and highlight ways in which complex microbial interplay and priority effects can shape the establishment of persistent colonization.}, }
@article {pmid42282684, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, BS and Godejohann, M and Mishra, R and Gürtler, F and Deloria, AJ and Liu, M and Leitgeb, R and Drexler, W and Thacker, VV and Berney, M and Haindl, R}, title = {A functional amyloid matrix underpins the PDIM-architected corded superstructure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.11.07.687260}, pmid = {42282684}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) biofilm formation is associated with antibiotic tolerance, but its architecture remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that these biofilms form highly-organized superstructures of cords, and through their deconstruction, provide a new molecular insight into Mtb biofilms. Using multimodal imaging, we demonstrate that the lipid Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate (PDIM) is required for organizing bacilli into foundational cords and contributes specifically to biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance. In contrast, the ESX-1 secretion system enhances the biochemical complexity of the extracellular matrix. Notably, we identified a functional amyloid matrix that encases bacterial cords or aggregates within the biofilm, likely conferring structural integrity. Together, these findings support a three-component model that distinguishes structural integrity, physical organization, and biochemical maturation, establishing a new architectural framework for Mtb biofilms. Finally, we show that the natural compound epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) disrupts biofilm formation, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting this architecture to overcome drug tolerance in tuberculosis.}, }
@article {pmid42284502, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, X and Yang, J and An, M and Lin, B and Liu, T and Zhang, L}, title = {Inside-Outside ROS Therapeutic Strategy Based on Piezoelectric Nano-Urchin for Drug-Resistant Bacteria Biofilm Infections.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e76086}, doi = {10.1002/advs.76086}, pmid = {42284502}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {22022402//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21974051//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ECNU-SPDH CCTM-202510//East China Normal University-Shanghai Putuo District Central Hospital Collaborative Research Center for Translational Medicine/ ; 2025M771003//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; GZC20240477//Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections pose a critical clinical challenge due to their inherent antibiotic resistance and limited therapeutic penetrability. Herein, we engineered a mechano-piezoelectric nano-urchin system, NiCo2S4@UiO-66, which utilizes ultrasound to achieve mechanical biofilm disruption and spatially hierarchical reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation for synergistic antimicrobial therapy. The spiky architecture of NiCo2S4 nano-urchins acts as physical penetrators, mechanically compromising biofilm integrity. Under ultrasound activation, a graded ROS generation mechanism is greatly enhanced via two distinct pathways. Externally, the NiCo2S4 nanozyme activated by piezoelectric UiO-66 successfully catalyzes pathogenic H2O2 at the biofilm periphery into highly destructive ·OH radicals, which not only degrade the extracellular polymeric matrix, but avoids additional oxidative stress. Internally, the mechanically driven piezoelectric UiO-66 component generates long-diffusing singlet oxygen ([1]O2), capable of targeting and eliminating bacteria embedded deep within the biofilm. Driven by the nano-urchin mechanical action, this hierarchical ROS mechanism integrates intra-biofilm [1]O2 production with peripheral ·OH-mediated decomposition, ensuring robust and comprehensive biofilm eradication. In a murine model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected wounds, the system achieved rapid biofilm clearance and accelerated tissue repair through immunomodulation and angiogenesis promotion. This strategy addresses key limitations of conventional antimicrobial therapies and offers an effective approach for treating multidrug-resistant biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid42284781, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Huang, X and Ge, Z and Zhao, G and Xie, B and Zhan, M and Zhou, S and Su, Y}, title = {Exogenous quorum sensing signal enhances central energy metabolism to fuel biofilm formation and denitrification on microplastics.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {514}, number = {}, pages = {142627}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142627}, pmid = {42284781}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are known to host dense microbial biofilms and form the plastisphere, which serve as significant sites for various biogeochemical processes, including nitrogen transformation. The communication within these complex microbial communities is facilitated by quorum sensing (QS) signals. However, how this inter-bacteria signal crosstalk impacts the colonization and function of key microbes, such as denitrifiers, remains inadequately elucidated. This research delves into the impact of the external signaling molecule N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C12-oxo-HSL) on biofilm development and denitrification processes by the model bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans (P. denitrificans) on microplastic surfaces. Treatment with 10 μM C12-oxo-HSL increased biofilm biomass 2.67-fold and nitrate removal rates 2.61-fold relative to controls, while planktonic biomass remained comparable to or lower than untreated samples, refuting the hypothesis that increased biofilm mass merely reflects accelerated planktonic growth. Transcriptomic analysis unveiled a sophisticated regulatory network. C12-oxo-HSL not only stimulated the expression of genes involved in initial adhesion and motility but also orchestrated a substantial upregulation of key energy metabolism pathways, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolic upregulation likely increased ATP availability for the augmented production of extracellular polymeric substances, ultimately leading to the formation of a more resilient and efficient biofilm structure. Our findings suggest a potential energy-centric mechanism where exogenous AHLs prime the cellular bioenergetic status to support the structural and functional demands of plastisphere colonization. This highlights the pivotal role of signal-mediated resource allocation in shaping the biogeochemical impact of microplastic pollution.}, }
@article {pmid42286775, year = {2026}, author = {Uruén, C and Marín, CM and González-Vázquez, LD and Gottschalk, M and Arenas, M and Arenas, J}, title = {Clinically relevant genomic and phenotypic differences in virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-associated tolerance between Streptococcus suis lineages ST1 and ST123.}, journal = {Veterinary research}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42286775}, issn = {1297-9716}, support = {PID2023-151032NB-C22//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Española de Investigación/ ; PID2020-114617RB-100//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Española de Investigación/ ; PID2023-151032NB-C22//MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ ; LMP58_21//Gobierno de Aragón/ ; LMP58_21//Gobierno de Aragón, Department of I+D+I project in priority lines/ ; }, mesh = {*Streptococcus suis/genetics/physiology/drug effects/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms ; *Streptococcal Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Animals ; Virulence/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Spain ; *Swine Diseases/microbiology ; Mice ; Swine ; Phenotype ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Streptococcus suis is a Gram-positive bacterium and an important pathogen in pigs and humans. It can be classified into more than 3000 sequence types (STs), among which the ST1 and ST123 lineages are highly prevalent in Spain. ST1 is a globally distributed lineage, while ST123 has emerged within the last decade only in Spain. In this study, we compared the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of representative isolates from both lineages to better understand the factors driving the emergence of ST123. Comparative genomic analysis revealed higher genetic variability in ST123 than in ST1. The genomes of both lineages share approximately 1429 genes, representing about 61% of the total genome. Among the lineage-specific genes, we identified 131-143 genes encoding proteins involved in diverse biological functions, including metabolism, regulation, transport, and virulence. Some of these genes were located on genetic islands, encoding for proteins involved in nutrition and catabolism of specific carbohydrates. In mouse infection models, both STs showed a strong capacity to cause systemic infection, although they differed in tissue persistence patterns. In macrophage cultures, ST123 isolates showed reduced adherence and intracellular survival compared with ST1. In contrast, ST123 isolates demonstrated the capacity to acquire ampicillin resistance under laboratory conditions. Moreover, ST123 isolates exhibited increased biofilm formation and enhanced tolerance to β-lactam antibiotics within biofilms compared with ST1. In conclusion, the combination of virulence, increased biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance, and increased propensity to acquire antimicrobial resistance may explain the rising prevalence of ST123 in Spain. Its recent detection in Italy further supports its potential for expansion and establishment across Europe in the coming years.}, }
@article {pmid42287196, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Zhang, R and Gao, Z and Liu, X and Pian, Y}, title = {Antimicrobial Peptide SAAP-148 Inhibits Helicobacter pylori and Is Associated with Membrane Disruption, Biofilm Suppression, and Reduced Cell-Associated Urease Activity.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag145}, pmid = {42287196}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity and related phenotypic effects of the novel antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SAAP-148 against H. pylori strains, including multidrug-resistant isolates, was determined using the broth microdilution method. Its activity after short-term exposure to pH-adjusted conditions and its cytotoxicity toward gastric epithelial cells were evaluated. The effects of SAAP-148 on cell morphology, membrane permeability, established biofilms, bacterial viability, cell-associated urease activity, and ureA/ureB gene expression were assessed. Antibacterial activity against one four-drug-resistant H. pylori clinical isolate was further evaluated by colony counting and OD600 measurement.<br><br>RESULTS: SAAP-148 exhibited potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori strains with different resistance profiles, with MIC values ranging from 16-32 &#xb5;g/mL. SAAP-148 retained antibacterial activity after short-term exposure to pH-adjusted conditions and showed low cytotoxicity toward gastric epithelial cells. SAAP-148 treatment was associated with bacterial morphological damage, increased inner and outer membrane permeability, reduced biofilm biomass and biofilm-associated protein content, decreased cell-associated urease activity, and reduced ureA/ureB mRNA expression. In the dedicated MDR model, SAAP-148 also reduced viable counts of one four-drug-resistant H. pylori clinical isolate.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SAAP-148 demonstrated promising in vitro activity against H. pylori and was associated with membrane disruption, antibiofilm effects, and reduced urease-associated readouts. These findings support further preclinical evaluation of SAAP-148 as a potential antimicrobial strategy against difficult-to-eradicate H. pylori.}, }
@article {pmid42287247, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, D and Luo, L and Zhang, L and Zhang, L and Lu, S and Li, D and Bi, F and Chen, J and Peng, X}, title = {Iron-Hijacking Trojan Horse Nanoplatform Combats Implant-Associated Biofilm Infections Through Immuno-Fibrotic Remodeling.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e73711}, doi = {10.1002/adma.73711}, pmid = {42287247}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {82402838//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82472461//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; LHGJ20240264//Henan Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Joint Venture Project/ ; }, abstract = {Implant-associated biofilm infections persist due to a vicious cycle of biofilm resilience and fibrosis-driven immune exclusion. To break this cycle, we engineered a photothermal nanoplatform (CHPB@H) consisting of curcumin-loaded hollow Prussian blue (CHPB) nanoparticles embedded in an injectable thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel for near-infrared (NIR)-triggered local delivery. Upon NIR irradiation, the platform releases iron ions and curcumin that self-assemble into Fe-curcumin (Fe-Cur) complexes. These complexes act as a molecular "Trojan horse" that hijacks bacterial iron-acquisition pathways to induce ferroptosis. Concurrently, CHPB scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) via its intrinsic nanozyme activity and suppresses oxidative stress-driven fibroblast activation, thereby dismantling the fibrotic barrier that excludes immune effector cells. This dual action eliminates biofilms and restores immune cell infiltration into the infection site. In preclinical animal models, the therapy clears established implant infections, remodels the immune-fibrotic microenvironment, and promotes tissue regeneration. This work establishes a "clear-and-remodel" paradigm that integrates active targeted ferroptosis (via iron hijacking) with immuno-fibrotic remodeling, offering a translatable strategy for complex implant-associated biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid42287983, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, P and Zhao, J and Yang, JC and Su, X and Zhang, P and Feng, HT and Tang, BZ}, title = {A membrane-to-nucleus targeting photosensitizer featuring aggregation-induced emission for dual-color imaging-guided antifungal therapy and biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Biomaterials}, volume = {335}, number = {}, pages = {124367}, doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124367}, pmid = {42287983}, issn = {1878-5905}, abstract = {The management of superficial fungal infections is a major global public health burden, driving the need for precise and resistance-free therapies. While photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by photosensitizers (PSs) offers a promising alternative, the lack of self-reporting capability in antifungal PSs hampers the accurate control of treatment and increases collateral risk from excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) PSs consisting of triphenylamine and 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione units, and found a versatile PS (named as ITTPM) that not only generates ROS efficiently but also simultaneously discriminates between live and dead fungi via a distinct fluorescence signal switch. In live fungi, ITTPM targets the cell membranes emitting red fluorescence. Upon fungal cell death, it relocates to the nuclei, staining them green. Mechanistic investigations via molecule imaging, lipid membrane mimicking experiment, DNA-responsive experiments and molecular docking revealed that ITTPM interacts with fungal membrane phospholipids via its aryl-substituted indanedione fragment and one pyridinium group in live fungi, versus binding to DNA bases via two cationic pyridinium fragments in dead cells. Furthermore, ITTPM shows potent photodynamic antifungal efficacy against planktonic fungi, effectively inhibits biofilm formation, and eradicates mature biofilms. In vivo studies on fungi-infected mouse wounds demonstrated that ITTPM achieved complete fungal eradication, facilitated wound healing and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. This study provides a promising candidate PS for precise clinical treatment of superficial fungal infections and novel insights into developing multifunctional antifungal PSs.}, }
@article {pmid42289118, year = {2026}, author = {Rashova, M and Kabduova, A and Sailau, Z and Serikberli, G and Nurmukhamed, K and Munaidarova, A}, title = {COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS IN PURULENT-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.}, journal = {Georgian medical news}, volume = {}, number = {373}, pages = {98-108}, pmid = {42289118}, issn = {1512-0112}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Suppuration/microbiology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Treatment of biofilms is a priority in purulent surgery. A biofilm consists of 75-85% extracellular polymeric matrix and 15-20% microbial cells. Polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA within the matrix protect bacteria from adverse environmental factors (pH, antibiotics, phagocytosis). Communication between bacteria occurs through the "quorum sensing" system. Bacteria within biofilms are 100-1000 times more resistant to antibiotics compared to planktonic forms. This is explained by the limited penetration of antibiotics into the matrix and the reduced metabolic activity of the cells. Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are currently recognized as the main causative agents of purulent-inflammatory diseases.<br><br>OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: to comprehensively assess the biofilm-forming activity of staphylococcal strains isolated from patients with purulent-inflammatory diseases of soft tissues (PIDs), as well as to determine the characteristics of their sensitivity to the main antimicrobial agents.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve the objectives of the study, we conducted a research project and examined 80 strains of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from purulent-inflammatory diseases. Of these, 50 belonged to the main group (MG) and 30 to the control group (CG). The identification of species characteristics of the 80 strains from the main and control groups was carried out based on their morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties. In addition, these strains were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of the obtained results showed that S. aureus was predominant in both groups. During the study, 50 staphylococcal strains and two species-S. aureus and S. epidermidis-were identified among samples collected from patients with purulent-inflammatory diseases. In the control group, out of 30 strains, only one species-S. aureus-was identified. Biofilm-forming activity was also assessed based on microcolony size, and the morphological and tinctorial properties of isolated biofilm samples were studied. The field of view, number of objects, and their proportion within the field of view were calculated using digital images of the samples. The following microcolony sizes were taken into account: up to 10 &#xb5;m&#xb2;, from 10 to 100 &#xb5;m&#xb2;, from 100 to 1000 &#xb5;m&#xb2;, from 1000 to 10,000 &#xb5;m&#xb2;, and over 10,000 &#xb5;m&#xb2;.}, }
@article {pmid42289247, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, Y and Nie, B and Liu, X and Zhang, Q}, title = {Mechanistic insights into superior biofilm formation with heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria under polypropylene microplastic stress.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {135159}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135159}, pmid = {42289247}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Microplastics may disturb microbial activity and biofilm development in biological wastewater treatment systems, yet the response of three-dimensional rotating biological contactor start-up biofilms to polypropylene microplastic stress remains unclear. This study evaluated a biofilm initiation strategy using heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria (H-3D-RBCs) and compared it with activated sludge-inoculated systems (A-3D-RBCs) under polypropylene microplastic (PP-MP) exposure. H-3D-RBCs showed superior resistance to PP-MP disturbance, with total nitrogen removal decreasing by only 14 %, compared with an approximately 60 % decline in A-3D-RBCs. Respiratory activity inhibition remained below 15 % in H-3D-RBCs but exceeded 90 % in A-3D-RBCs. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that PP-MP reduced species richness and diversity in A-3D-RBCs and was associated with a > 90 % loss of core denitrifying genera, including Corynebacterium and Pseudoxanthomonas, whereas H-3D-RBCs maintained community stability and enriched Pseudoxanthomonas to 13.8 %. Metagenomic analysis indicated that PP-MP impaired nitrification and denitrification potential in A-3D-RBCs, as reflected by decreased genes encoding AMO and HAO, a 51.78 % decrease in nosZ abundance, and enhanced dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), which likely intensified competition with denitrification and promoted nitrogen conversion to ammonia. In contrast, H-3D-RBCs suppressed DNRA and maintained high nosZ abundance. Untargeted metabolomics further showed that PP-MP was associated with metabolic disorders in A-3D-RBCs, especially disruptions in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and arginine biosynthesis, whereas H-3D-RBCs preserved these key nitrogen metabolic processes. Overall, this study identifies key vulnerabilities of nitrogen-removal biofilms under PP-MP disturbance and provides multi-omics evidence to support the development of microplastic-resistant biofilm wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid42290085, year = {2026}, author = {Cruz, AF and Hamann, PRV and Guimaraes, FEG and Dabul, ANG and Mamani, RCC and Pileggi, M and Neto, MO and Sauda, MR and Valente, GT and Matsui, T and Weiss, TM and Araújo, EA and Polikarpov, I}, title = {Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Two-domain Glycoside Hydrolase PgaB from Serratia marcescens and Its Application for S. aureus Biofilm Degradation.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.6c00086}, pmid = {42290085}, issn = {2373-8227}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, with projections estimating up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050. One of the strategies for developing bacterial AMR is the formation of microbial biofilms (BFs). Thus, enzymes capable of degrading BF exopolysaccharides represent potential tools for BF disruption. In this work, we characterize β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Serratia marcescens (SmPgaB), a two-domain enzyme with covalently attached GH153 and CE4 modules. Small-angle scattering data demonstrate that SmPgaB is monomeric in solution. We also demonstrate that SmPgaB degrades Staphylococcus aureus biofilms with up to 92% efficiency and inhibits biofilm formation by over 95%. Furthermore, SmPgaB enhances the effectiveness of gentamicin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, reducing the viability of planktonic cells by approximately 50% when used in combination with these antibiotics. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed considerable morphological changes in the biofilm post-treatment. These results showcase the potential of β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminidases as adjunct therapies for BF-related infections, particularly when combined with conventional antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid42291458, year = {2026}, author = {Dekkerová, J and Walentín, T and Jozefíková, A and Liščáková, J and Bujdáková, H}, title = {Incidence of carbapenemase-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a regional hospital in Slovakia; contribution of virulence genes and biofilm production to overall pathogenicity.}, journal = {New microbes and new infections}, volume = {72}, number = {}, pages = {101778}, pmid = {42291458}, issn = {2052-2975}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The prevalence of carbapenemase (CPE)-producing K. pneumoniae isolates has increased in hospitals worldwide over the past decade. Resistance is often associated with the ability of clinical isolates to form biofilm. The main objective was to investigate biofilm development in 30 hospital isolates of K. pneumoniae with confirmed CPE production as well as to analyze the distribution of resistance genes, the frequency of virulence genes, and their role in the regulation of biofilm.<br><br>METHODS: Selected isolates of K. pneumoniae with CPE production were examined for their ability to form biofilms using crystal violet staining. The presence of resistance genes (blaSHV1, blaTEM1, blaCTXM1) and genes (fimH, mrkD, entB) associated with biofilm formation was confirmed by PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR was then performed to compare the expression of biofilm-associated genes in weak, moderate and strong biofilm formers among K. pneumoniae.<br><br>RESULTS: More than 50% of all K. pneumoniae isolates were confirmed to be strong biofilm producers. PCR confirmed the presence of resistance-associated genes and genes important for biofilm development in all clinical isolates tested. Additionally, qPCR showed increased regulation of the adhesion-related genes fimH and mrkD in moderate or strong biofilm formers of K. pneumoniae compared to weak biofilm formers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The present results provide valuable information on the relationship between increased CPE resistance, biofilm production, and its genetic regulation in K. pneumoniae hospital isolates.}, }
@article {pmid42291756, year = {2026}, author = {Reichardt, E and Assar, S and Kristensen, MF and Lund, MB and Schlafer, S}, title = {The effect of probiotic bacteria on community composition, microscale pH and matrix architecture in a saliva-derived model of oral biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2682457}, pmid = {42291756}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18 have recently gained interest as probiotic organisms for caries control. This study investigated the impact of S. salivarius K12 and M18 supplementation on biofilm virulence in a complex saliva-derived in vitro model compared to treatment with Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 and no treatment.<br><br>METHODS: Biofilms were grown under low (0.05%) and high (1%) sucrose conditions and supplemented with S. salivarius K12, S. salivarius M18 or L. reuteri. Microscale pH dynamics were assessed using confocal microscopy-based pH ratiometry. The biofilm matrix composition was analyzed by glucan and extracellular DNA mapping. Microbial community composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.<br><br>RESULTS: At 0.05% sucrose, pH was significantly higher in S. salivarius M18 biofilms, but not in S. salivarius K12 biofilms, compared to control. pH in L. reuteri biofilms was significantly lower. At 1% sucrose, no significant effects of probiotic supplementation on biofilm pH were observed. Shifts in the bacterial composition were minor, most notably an increased abundance of lactobacilli in L. reuteri-treated biofilms at 1% sucrose. No significant effects on the biofilm matrix composition were observed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, probiotic supplementation exerted only minor effects on biofilm composition and virulence.}, }
@article {pmid42291757, year = {2026}, author = {Oh, H and Kim, J and Bai, J}, title = {Antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of postbiotic mediator derived from Jeotgal isolate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KMC12 against Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2684130}, pmid = {42291757}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, is a progressive breakdown of tooth tissues caused by the biofilm-producing bacteria, Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans plays a primary role in the initiation and progression of dental caries by producing a biofilm called dental plaque.<br><br>AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of the neutralized postbiotic mediator (nPM) derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KMC12 and to assess its potential as a therapeutic agent against S. mutans.<br><br>METHODS: KMC12 nPM was prepared through centrifugation, filtration and lyophilization. Its antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects were investigated through MIC/MBC assays, membrane permeability tests, biofilm formation quantification, EPS production measurement, RT-qPCR analysis of biofilm-related genes, and cytotoxicity assays using Caco-2 cells.<br><br>RESULTS: KMC12 nPM exhibited antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC values of 128 and 256&#x2009; mg/mL, respectively, and caused approximately 87% membrane damage at 512&#x2009;mg/mL. Biofilm formation was inhibited by 36% at 256&#x2009;mg/mL and 83% at 512&#x2009;mg/mL. Furthermore, KMC12 nPM significantly downregulated gtfB, gtfD, ftf, aguD and atpD gene expression and reduced EPS production without showing cytotoxicity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest KMC12 nPM as a promising, novel therapeutic agent for inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation and caries prevention.}, }
@article {pmid42291886, year = {2026}, author = {Bhujugade, SR and Patil, HV and Patil, SR}, title = {Biofilm-Forming Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Comprehensive Phenotypic and Genotypic Review.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {e108813}, pmid = {42291886}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major global pathogen, capable of forming biofilms that confer enhanced antimicrobial tolerance, virulence, and persistence in both hospital and community settings. Biofilms are structured microbial communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances, composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Complex genetic networks, including the ica operon, the agr quorum-sensing system, the sarA regulatory system, and stress-response genes such as sigB, regulate MRSA biofilm formation. Phenotypic methods (Congo red agar, microtiter plate, and tube test) and genotypic assays (PCR-based detection of ica, fnbA/B, clfA/B, sarA, and agr) provide insights into biofilm capacity and virulence potential. Clinically, MRSA biofilms contribute to device-related infections, chronic wounds, and recurrent infections, challenging conventional therapies such as vancomycin, daptomycin, and rifampicin. Emerging strategies, including enzymatic matrix degradation, bacteriophage therapy, quorum-sensing inhibitors, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery, offer potential alternatives. This review synthesizes current knowledge on MRSA biofilm phenotypes and genotypes, highlighting molecular mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic approaches.}, }
@article {pmid42293286, year = {2026}, author = {Hillman, EBM and Walters, JRF and Carson, D and Rijpkema, S}, title = {Response to Kårhus et al. Regarding "Ruminococcus gnavus and Biofilm Markers in Feces From Primary Bile Acid Diarrhea Patients Indicate New Disease Mechanisms and Potential for Diagnostic Testing".}, journal = {Gastro hep advances}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, pages = {100951}, pmid = {42293286}, issn = {2772-5723}, }
@article {pmid42293296, year = {2026}, author = {Bodle, KB and Vahidi, G and Johnson, E and Walker, D and Parker, A and Jones, C and Goeres, D and Peyton, BM and Smith, HJ}, title = {Assessing a method for single- and multidomain biofilm growth in a novel biofilm reactor: shear stress, ruggedness, repeatability, and reproducibility.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100372}, pmid = {42293296}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Numerous lab-scale bioreactor systems exist to cultivate biofilms under desired growth conditions. However, existing systems have not been able to simultaneously deliver low shear stress, high gas transfer, and intermittent wetting. The industrial surfaces biofilm reactor (ISBR) was specifically developed to overcome these limitations by simultaneously providing these conditions. This study presents the first standard operating procedure (SOP) for the growth of a model biofilm-forming organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, within the ISBR, providing a reproducible framework for investigating biofilm development under conditions that closely mimic industrial environments. Statistical analyses confirmed the SOP's repeatability, ruggedness, and reproducibility using biofilm density and biovolume data, supported by an analytical shear stress model for ISBR coupons. Biofilm densities were rugged to recycle and rotation rate deviations but increased with influent feed rate. Conversely, biovolumes were rugged to influent feed and rotation rate changes but declined with higher recycle rates. Both metrics demonstrated excellent repeatability and reproducibility, underscoring the need to assess these characteristics for consistent biofilm formation. Additionally, as a proof-of-concept, two multidomain biofilms (a Legionella pneumophila-Vermamoeba vermiformis model and a Rhodotorula mucilaginosa yeast-P. aeruginosa bacterial coculture) were cultivated and analyzed. Both exhibited high repeatability, and the coculture remained stable over a month-long growth period.}, }
@article {pmid42293568, year = {2026}, author = {Tareau, AS and Parente, AMES and Furtado, AA and Barreau, M and Le, H and Amorim-Carmo, B and de Sousa, LHN and Maillot, O and Gonzalez, M and Forge, A and Tahrioui, A and Resende, JM and Lesouhaitier, O and Mendonça Araújo, R and Fernandes-Pedrosa, MF and Chevalier, S}, title = {Stigmurin derivatives as potent-biofilm eradicating agents against the major human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1827386}, pmid = {42293568}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile opportunistic pathogen whose capacity to form biofilms contributes to persistent and difficult-to-treat infections, particularly in clinical environments. Conventional antibiotics often fail to eliminate biofilm-embedded bacteria, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Here, we investigated the anti-biofilm activity of Stigmurin, an antimicrobial peptide identified in the venom of Tityus stigmurus, together with six lysine-enriched analogs. The peptides were synthesized and characterized at a physicochemical level, and their effects on bacterial growth, biofilm development, and disruption of pre-established biofilms were evaluated under both static and dynamic conditions. Their influence on pyocyanin production, membrane fluidity, and the tridimensional structure of the most active analog, StigA31, was also analyzed. The peptides revealed no marked impact on bacterial growth or biofilm formation. However, several of them were able to disrupt mature biofilms on polystyrene pegs. Stigmurin (24 h exposition) reduced biofilm biomass by nearly 47%, while StigA31 achieved dispersal levels of up to 35%, even at nanomolar concentrations. Under dynamic flow conditions, both peptides strongly reduced biofilm biovolume and thickness within 2 h and altered matrix exopolysaccharide detection. None of the compounds stimulated pyocyanin production. Stigmurin altered membrane fluidity, whereas StigA31 displayed a distinct mechanism that may be associated with its helical conformation. These findings indicate that Stigmurin analogs, particularly StigA31, promote P. aeruginosa biofilm dispersal through non-bactericidal mechanisms. Their activity at sub-inhibitory concentrations highlights their potential as promising candidates for use in strategies aimed at controlling biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42282017, year = {2026}, author = {Chaulagain, D and Paul, B and Leslie, S and Artigues-Lleixà, M and Cros, MP and Toloza, L and Tang, Z and Hoover, A and Güell, M and Karig, D}, title = {Rational assembly of synthetic marine biofilm community with chitinase production.}, journal = {Research square}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-9419003/v1}, pmid = {42282017}, issn = {2693-5015}, abstract = {Highly diverse multispecies biofilms are ubiquitous in microbial ecosystems; however, our current understanding of biofilm dynamics is limited to single species or low richness studies. We aimed to design a multispecies biofilm with a targeted function, chitinase production, using natural marine bacteria. We present a top-down assembly approach to design functional biofilm communities. Using our method, we found that final community membership was established within 24 hours, regardless of nutrient availability. However, cultivation in nutrient-rich media enabled rapid identification of the competitive dominant taxon, Pseudoalteromonas , among the 17 initial isolates used in the assembly. By repeating community assembly in a low-nutrient medium without these highly competitive taxa, we achieved the highest species diversity in the biofilm. The resulting multispecies biofilm exhibited chitinase production and maintained ~ 50% persistence during peak invasion. By comparison, a single species chitinase-producing biofilm formed lower biomass and suffered higher displacement during invasion. Importantly, one member that withstood invasion challenge in the multispecies community was completely undetectable at seven days post-invasion as a single species biofilm, indicating collective invasion resilience in the multispecies community. Further evidence of cooperation for coexistence is supported by increased β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin oligomers, in the 14-member community at later timepoints, while the detected exochitinase activity remained stable. Our findings present a streamlined strategy to assemble diverse and functional biofilm communities for targeted biofilm engineering in marine and applied microbiome contexts, and our achievement of engineered function using natural bacteria offers a powerful complement to synthetic biology.}, }
@article {pmid42274673, year = {2026}, author = {Delle Fave, F and Froio, M and Cisternino, D and Jayaraman, S and Ashley, C and Medaglia, PG and Giorgi, F}, title = {Characterising the Antimicrobial Performance of Engineered Layered Double Hydroxide Surfaces for Biofilm Control.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {42274673}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health concern driven by bacterial biofilm formation, which increases tolerance to treatments. Developing surface-based strategies to limit biofilm formation is therefore critical. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are 2D brucite-like nanomaterials with tuneable physicochemical properties that may reduce bacterial colonisation. Their ease of synthesis, with scalability potential for industrial production, alongside their characteristic and tunable physicochemical properties, makes them a promising nanostructured coating for antimicrobial applications. This study evaluates LDH thin-film coatings as intrinsic antimicrobial surfaces, focusing on the combined effects of chemical composition, nanotopography, and wettability on biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four aluminium-based LDHs (ZnAl-NO3, ZnAl-Cl2, MgAl-NO3, MgAl-Cl2) were synthesised via coprecipitation or in situ growth on aluminium substrates. Materials were characterised by XRD, SEM, EDS, and contact angle measurements. Antimicrobial performance was assessed by quantifying colony-forming units (CFU mL[-1]) after bacterial exposure. ZnAl-LDH surfaces showed significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, while MgAl-LDHs showed no effect and occasionally increased bacterial growth. None of the LDH surfaces tested exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa strain. The antimicrobial performance of ZnAl-LDH can be attributed to the concurrent effect of the surface chemistry, wettability, and sharp platelet-like nanotopography. The results obtained demonstrate that ZnAl-LDH-based coatings are promising antimicrobial materials with potential relevance for translational research in clinical antimicrobial surface development.}, }
@article {pmid42275129, year = {2026}, author = {Consuegra-Asprilla, JM and González-Idarraga, M and Montoya-Carrascal, S and Tello-Tobón, DX and Gómez, AA and Martins, FS and González, &#xc1;}, title = {Effect of postbiotics on biofilm formation and gene expression in Candida spp. isolates from patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.}, journal = {Medical mycology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/mmy/myag061}, pmid = {42275129}, issn = {1460-2709}, abstract = {First-line treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has reduced efficacy in patients with recurrent VVC (RVVC), prompting the search for therapeutic alternatives such as probiotics. Recently, postbiotics (cellular components and metabolites derived from probiotics) have gained relevance because they offer similar benefits to probiotics without the risks associated with live microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) derived from probiotic strains against Candida spp. isolates from patients with RVVC, as well as their impact on the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation. Therefore, the anti-biofilm activity of CFSs from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus DM-UFMG 63, Bifidobacterium longum 5,1A and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM SD 5221 was evaluated in 40 Candida spp. isolates. The CFSs from L. acidophilus NCFM SD 5221 and Lc. rhamnosus 63 were analyzed using the XTT assay, and their effect on gene expression was measured by qPCR. At an estimated protein concentration of ∼200μg/mL, these CFSs significantly inhibited biofilm formation by approximately 50% (p<0.01)). This phenotypic effect correlated with the downregulation of key biofilm-associated genes (ALS3, HWP1, EFG1, TEC1, and UME6), alongside a concomitant upregulation of the transcriptional repressor NRG1. The findings of this study demonstrate that CFSs derived from Lc. rhamnosus DM-UFMG 63 and L. acidophilus NCFM SD 5221 exhibit significant antagonistic activity against biofilm formation in clinical isolates from patients with RVVC. Consequently, these cell-free supernatants represent a promising therapeutic and prophylactic alternative for the management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.}, }
@article {pmid42276153, year = {2026}, author = {Diessner, NM and Stones, DH and Read, A}, title = {Analyzing Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Cranioplasty Implants.}, journal = {Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.joms.2026.05.067}, pmid = {42276153}, issn = {1531-5053}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cranioplasty (CP) is associated with high surgical site infections, compared to other deep-buried implant surgeries, including total knee and hip replacements.<br><br>PURPOSE: This study purpose was to measure and compare in vitro biofilm formation between polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and titanium CP implants.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN, AND SETTING: To address the research purpose, the investigator designed and implemented an in vitro cross-sectional study. Samples matching custom-made CP implants design were produced at NHS North Bristol trust. Microbiology testing was carried out at University of Gloucestershire, School of Education Health and Science and Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.<br><br>PREDICTOR VARIABLES: The predictor variable was between the implant materials unfinished titanium (cp-Ti), pressed titanium (polished cp-Ti), titanium (Ti-6Al-4V), and PEEK.<br><br>MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome variable was the development of Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) biofilm on prepared CP samples. Colony-forming unit test were undertaken and images were taken 24 hours post incubation, and Image J was used to count the colonies. Crystal violet biofilm assays were undertaken and absorbance levels of each well (570 um wavelength) and is proportional to the concentration of the crystal violet staining of S aureus biofilm formed on the sample surfaces.<br><br>COVARIATES: Not applicable.<br><br>ANALYSES: One-way analysis of variance statistical analysis and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to compare parameters between various groups. The level of statistical significance was set at P value .05.<br><br>RESULTS: The studies used n = 40 (100%) samples, cp-Ti n = 10 (25%), polished cp-Ti n = 10 (25%), Ti-6Al-4V n = 10 (25%), and PEEK n = 10 (25%). Microbiology tests were used to measure the biofilm formation of S aureus on manufactured samples. PEEK had a statistically significant higher biofilm formation when compared to polished cp-Ti (P < .04) and cp-Ti (P < .05). However, there was not statistically significant result between PEEK and Ti-6Al-4V (P < .12).<br><br>CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: This study found that commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V has more resistance to biofilm formation by S aureus than PEEK on CP implant surfaces. Titanium CP implants may help lower S aureus adhesion compared to other materials, possibly limiting the risk of infections related to S aureus and improving patients' safety.}, }
@article {pmid42276819, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Q and Lin, R and Zhao, Y and Zhan, P and Zhao, X and Zou, W}, title = {Biofilm-mediated antibiotic tolerance in bacterial pathogens: Integrated molecular networks and novel therapeutic avenues.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {2687214}, doi = {10.1080/21505594.2026.2687214}, pmid = {42276819}, issn = {2150-5608}, abstract = {The stable structure of biofilms and the characteristics of the bacteria within them make biofilms an important barrier for bacteria to resist external stress, and a key factor contributing to the difficulty of eradicating clinical infections. This article reviews the multi-stage formation process of biofilms, the various mechanisms of antibiotic tolerance and resistance (such as physical barriers, metabolic adaptations, horizontal gene transfer, etc.), as well as the integrated regulatory roles of molecular networks like quorum sensing (QS) and cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). These multiple protective mechanisms in biofilms compose a closed "structure-function" loop system. In the past few years, the emergence of new anti-biofilm intervention approaches (matrix-degrading enzymes, phage therapy, nanomaterials, gene editing, etc.) revealed the possibility to break the limitations of conventional antibiotics by compromising structural integrity or interfering with signaling pathways, providing new ideas for drug-resistance infection control.}, }
@article {pmid42277069, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, S and Sharma, S and Kumar, A}, title = {Pyruvate carboxylase is critical for biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01044-1}, pmid = {42277069}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {IA/S/20/2/505220//Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance/ ; }, abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) forms biofilms. Biofilm formation is critical in Mtb's virulence. The metabolic pathways governing mycobacterial biofilm formation remain largely unexplored. This study evaluated how different carbon sources influence Mtb biofilm formation. Fermentable substrates-glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate-significantly promoted thick, mature biofilm formation compared to non-fermentable alternatives. In this study, we analyzed the role of pyruvate carboxylase (Pca), an anaplerotic enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, in biofilm formation, as it regulates carbon metabolic flux into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and gluconeogenesis. To this end, a transposon mutant of the pca gene was investigated for its ability to form biofilms. We observed that the pca transposon mutant is deficient in pellicle, submerged, and macrocolony biofilm formation. Confocal microscopy indicated that the pca mutant does not accumulate extracellular cellulose in the biofilms and has lower biomass. These defects could be rescued upon complementing the mutant with an episomal copy of the pca gene or adding glucose or pyruvate to the medium. These observations suggest that biofilm formation requires a regulated flow of carbon flux into gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle to ensure the supply of precursors for EPS biosynthesis and sustained energy production to fuel EPS synthesis.}, }
@article {pmid42280735, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Li, Y and Zhang, H and Wang, W and Yao, L and Makar, RS and Chen, Z and Han, H}, title = {Biofilm-Forming Enterobacter sp. W5 Mitigates Cadmium and Polystyrene Microplastic Stress in Wheat via Synergistic Immobilization and Proteomic Reprogramming.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15111698}, pmid = {42280735}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {42377039//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) and polystyrene (PS) microplastic co-contamination in agricultural soils poses a potential threat to food security. Some functional microorganisms in soil can alleviate the dual stress of Cd and PS on crops. In this study, a biofilm-forming bacterium, Enterobacter sp. W5, was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated rhizosphere soil. Strain W5 exhibited Cd removal efficiency (46.3%) and strong biofilm-forming capacity (OD570 = 5.05), and it effectively colonized PS microplastic surfaces. XPS analysis detected bacterial functional groups (C-O-C, C=O) and PS-associated signals (O-C=O), which may act synergistically in Cd[2+] adsorption. Furthermore, XPS and XRD analyses revealed the presence of Cd-containing precipitates (including CdS, CdO, and Cd3(PO4)2). In hydroponic wheat experiments, W5 inoculation alleviated Cd-PS combined stress, thus significantly promoting plant growth and reducing Cd accumulation by 22.6% in roots and by 34.2% in aboveground tissues. Subcellular distribution analysis revealed that W5 enhanced Cd retention in root cell walls, thereby limiting its translocation to active cellular compartments. Proteomic analysis identified a set of 11 consistently downregulated proteins, including A0A3B6HQ68 and A0A3B6KJV9, which were enriched in secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that these proteins may be associated with Cd stress responses, though their exact roles remain to be verified. Collectively, this study provides a valuable microbial resource and mechanistic insights into the application of biofilm-forming bacteria for mitigating combined heavy metal-microplastic pollution in agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid42263990, year = {2026}, author = {Meng, Q and Zeng, W and Zhang, J and Liu, H and Li, S and Peng, Y}, title = {Efficient nutrient removal from low C/N municipal wastewater using a phototrophic biofilm system integrating simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal (SND).}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124859}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124859}, pmid = {42263990}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Microalgae-bacteria systems based on phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) offer low-energy and low-carbon-emission solutions for wastewater treatment, but their performance declines with low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios municipal wastewater. In this study, a phototrophic biofilm system capable of coupling simultaneous nitrification-denitrification with phosphorus removal (P-SNDPRB) was developed to enhance low C/N ratios (3.32-4.11) municipal wastewater treatment. Before biofilm integration, total nitrogen (TN) removal was below 75%. After integration, TN removal increased to over 82%, while organic matter and phosphorus removal efficiencies remained at 85% and 90% in the P-SNDPRB system, respectively. Microalgae photosynthesis supplied oxygen to the biofilm, enabling denitrification. Chemometric and metagenomic analyses revealed denitrification and phosphorus accumulating metabolism (PAM) as key pathways for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Flow cytometry sorting showed that biofilm spatial distribution promoted synergistic interactions among Accumulibacter, Competibacter, Nitrosomonas, Chlorella, and Cyanobacteria, further enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This study provides a low-energy and sustainable approach for the treatment of municipal wastewater with a low C/N ratio.}, }
@article {pmid42264144, year = {2026}, author = {Darrouzet, E and Luche, S and Diemer, H and Cianférani, S and Lafond-Fenonjoie, D and Rabilloud, T and Lelong, C}, title = {Growth mode-dependent proteomic responses of Bacillus subtilis to cerium oxide nanoparticles: Pellicle biofilm versus swarming.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105696}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2026.105696}, pmid = {42264144}, issn = {1876-7737}, abstract = {Proteomic analysis revealed that Bacillus subtilis exhibits markedly different physiological adaptations under pellicle biofilm and swarming growth conditions, and that these lifestyles strongly influence the bacterial response to CeO2 nanoparticles. In pellicle biofilms, proteins involved in respiration, amino acid acquisition, Mn/Fe uptake, and SUF-mediated iron‑sulfur cluster synthesis were upregulated, together with oxidative stress defense systems, indicating adaptation to microaerobic and heterogeneous biofilm conditions. In contrast, swarming cells displayed increased sporulation-associated processes and a stronger stringent response. Exposure to CeO2 nanoparticles induced a pronounced response, particularly under swarming conditions, where central carbon metabolism enzymes were strongly repressed and stringent response pathways were reinforced. In biofilms, CeO2 effects were more moderate, with limited metabolic perturbation and a slight stimulation of biofilm formation. The contrasting responses between lifestyles appear primarily linked to differences in metabolic state, oxidative stress physiology, and nanoparticle accessibility within the biofilm matrix rather than to direct nanoparticle toxicity alone. Overall, these findings demonstrate that nanoceria impacts B. subtilis physiology in a growth mode-dependent manner and highlight the importance of considering bacterial lifestyle when evaluating nanoparticle toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE: This research provides a biologically understanding of how Bacillus subtilis, an important bacterium for soil, plant, and animal health, adapts to environmental stress under more physiologically realistic growth conditions. Using shotgun proteomics, we demonstrated that pellicle biofilm and swarming lifestyles are associated with profoundly distinct physiological states, notably in metabolism, oxidative stress management, metal homeostasis, and developmental regulation. Extending this approach to exposure to cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs), a widely distributed environmental nanomaterial, we showed that bacterial responses are strongly dependent on growth mode. Swarming cells exhibited pronounced metabolic repression and activation of stringent response pathways, whereas biofilms displayed more limited perturbations together with slight stimulation of biofilm formation. These contrasting responses appear to result primarily from lifestyle-dependent differences in metabolic activity, oxidative stress physiology, and nanoparticle accessibility within the biofilm matrix rather than from direct nanoparticle toxicity alone. Since regulatory toxicology frameworks such as REACH often overlook subtle physiological adaptations, this study highlights the importance of considering microbial lifestyle and physiological context when assessing the ecological risks of emerging chemicals and nanomaterials.}, }
@article {pmid42264315, year = {2026}, author = {Kashi, M and Hariri, Y and Kahbazi, M and Chegini, Z and Shariati, A}, title = {Natural compounds targeting multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Anti-Biofilm, anti-resistance, and synergistic strategies.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {108621}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108621}, pmid = {42264315}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The emergence of drug-resistant strains has made most current antibiotics ineffective. The limited number of antibiotics currently in development has prompted the development of innovative strategies. One of these strategies is the use of natural compounds with potent antibacterial activity. Among them, carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, quercetin, eucalyptol, linalool, catechin, limonene, geraniol, coumarin, and eugenol have demonstrated considerable activity against A. baumannii. Natural compounds primarily act by compromising the integrity of the cell membrane, leading to leakage of intracellular contents and cell lysis and death. These compounds also inhibit ATP synthesis, induce oxidative stress, and interact with OmpA. Inhibition of efflux pumps, interaction with enzymes such as PBP, OXA, IMP, VIM, and NDM, disruption of secretion systems, and induction of DNA damage are among the mechanisms by which these compounds act against antibiotic resistance and may help limit the emergence of further resistance. Natural compounds also showed synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics, including imipenem, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and colistin, and could re-sensitize bacteria to these agents. To enhance the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of natural compounds, nanoformulations have been used as effective vehicles, improving their bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of natural compounds as effective agents against A. baumannii and its biofilm, offering promising avenues for developing novel strategies to prevent and manage drug-resistant A. baumannii infections, overcome antibiotic resistance, and provide a foundation for future therapeutic innovations.}, }
@article {pmid42264402, year = {2026}, author = {Li, C and Tan, Y and Ma, S and Wang, J and Bai, W and Li, Z and Gao, S and Zhao, Q and Qin, J and Ye, Z}, title = {Concentration-dependent roles of hydrazine in immobilized denitrifying biofilm for industrial wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {135122}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135122}, pmid = {42264402}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Hydrazine-bearing industrial wastewater is challenging to treat biologically because hydrazine can simultaneously act as a reducing substrate and a microbial inhibitor. In this study, an immobilized denitrifying biofilm system was used to evaluate the concentration-dependent effects of hydrazine on denitrification performance, electron contribution, and microbial response under anoxic conditions. Under sufficient co-substrate conditions, 5-10 mg/L hydrazine was effectively removed, with a maximum removal efficiency of approximately 94%, while stable denitrification was maintained. Nitrogen-15 isotope tracing showed that approximately 31% of the electrons released from hydrazine oxidation were transferred to denitrification-coupled nitrate reduction, indicating that hydrazine can partially contribute reducing equivalents in the denitrifying biofilm. However, elevated hydrazine concentrations impaired hydrazine oxidation and denitrification, induced nitrite and ammonium accumulation, and reduced carbon utilization. Mechanistic analyses showed that this deterioration was associated with oxidative stress, membrane damage, and inhibition of key enzymes, particularly nitrite reductase and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. Metagenomic analysis further revealed a stress-induced shift in the microbial community from central carbon metabolism toward compensatory pathways. Overall, this study provides mechanistic and process-level insights into the feasibility and operational limitations of using immobilized denitrifying biofilms for treating hydrazine-bearing industrial wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid42264454, year = {2026}, author = {Tuan, DA and Masak, J}, title = {Poultry-derived Lactiplantibacillus sp. PCE3 cell-free supernatant inhibits Candida albicans biofilm biomass and hyphal morphogenesis in vitro.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag142}, pmid = {42264454}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate whether the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of a poultry-derived Lactiplantibacillus sp. strain PCE3 can inhibit biofilm biomass accumulation and hyphal morphogenesis of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 in vitro.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining after 48 h growth in RPMI 1640 plus 2% glucose with 10%, 20%, or 40% (v/v) CFS. Filamentation was induced in RPMI 1640 plus 10% fetal bovine serum at 37&#xb0;C and assessed qualitatively by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and representative 24 h microscopy observations. Planktonic growth was summarized by 24 h colony-forming unit counts. CFS inhibited biofilm biomass in a concentration-dependent manner, with mean inhibition of 29.6 &#xb1; 8.3%, 48.1 &#xb1; 7.2%, and 79.8 &#xb1; 5.8% at 10%, 20%, and 40% (v/v), respectively (all p < 0.05 vs control). Under hypha-inducing conditions, 40% CFS shifted morphology from extensive filamentation in untreated controls to predominantly moderate or suppressed filamentation, and representative microscopy supported persistence of this non-filamentous phenotype over the observation period. Planktonic viable counts decreased by up to approximately 1.1 log10 at 40% CFS, indicating partial growth inhibition without eradication.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Poultry-derived Lactiplantibacillus sp. strain PCE3 CFS showed in vitro anti-virulence activity against C. albicans, reducing biofilm biomass and restraining filamentation more strongly than planktonic growth. These findings support avian-derived postbiotic preparations as an underexplored source of anti-Candida activity for further characterization and validation.}, }
@article {pmid42269295, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, J and Gong, J and Li, J}, title = {Synergistic nZVI-biochar and biofilm remediation of thiamethoxam at soil-water interfaces.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {514}, number = {}, pages = {142650}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142650}, pmid = {42269295}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides such as thiamethoxam poses significant ecological risks due to their persistence and mobility, particularly at the soil-water interface (SWI). This study investigated a nanoscale zero-valent iron-loaded biochar composite (nZVI-BC) synergized with indigenous phototrophic biofilms to enhance in situ degradation. While biochar alone immobilized thiamethoxam, it also prolonged its persistence in soil. The nZVI-BC composites significantly reduced pesticide leaching (49.7-62.6%) and accelerated its soil degradation, achieving 85.3-96.6% removal within 40 days, which was 2.1-2.4 times greater than biochar alone, while reducing the pesticide's half-life to 6.73-14.6 days. Phototrophic biofilms were the primary driver at the SWI, mediating aqueous-phase degradation (half-life of 0.67 days). Integrated analysis revealed that nZVI provided electrons for reductive transformation and enriched functional microbes, while biochar acted as a stable carrier and electron shuttle, facilitating microbial co-metabolism. This work demonstrates a synergistic "adsorption-reduction-biodegradation" strategy, effectively overcoming the limitation of biochar's contaminant retention and offering a sustainable approach to pesticide remediation at critical environmental interfaces.}, }
@article {pmid42269853, year = {2026}, author = {Karim, ME and Eubank, T and Begum, K and Alam, MJ and Garey, KW}, title = {Reproducibility Assessment of the Crystal Violet Biofilm Assay in Clostridioides difficile.}, journal = {Anaerobe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103056}, doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103056}, pmid = {42269853}, issn = {1095-8274}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Crystal violet staining is widely used assay to quantitate bacterial biofilms. However, reproducibility remains a persistent challenge, particularly for anaerobic pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile. The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of the crystal violet biofilm assay in C. difficile, systematically assessing the impact of microplate surface chemistry, plate format, and isolate-level heterogeneity on assay reproducibility.<br><br>METHODS: Reference strains (CD630 and R20291) and fifteen clinical isolates were grown anaerobically in tissue-culture treated and untreated 24-, 48-, and 96-well microplates. Biofilm biomass was quantified spectrophotometrically after 48h using crystal violet staining. All experiments were performed in three independent biological replicates. Reproducibility was assessed using within-plate and across-experiment coefficients of variation (CV%).<br><br>RESULTS: Tissue-culture treated 96-well plates consistently reduced variability relative to untreated plates in within-plate and across-experiment comparisons. Increasing well size in tissue-culture treated plates markedly improved reproducibility, with 24-well plates yielding the lowest CV% values and 96-well plates showing the greatest variability. Linear mixed-effects modeling confirmed these trends in effect direction and showed substantial experiment-to-experiment noise in small-volume plate formats. Mixed-effects variance partitioning across the fifteen isolate panel demonstrated that biological heterogeneity between isolates accounted for &#x223c;20% of total within-plate CV% variance, whereas experiment-level variance was negligible, indicating high day-to-day assay stability under optimized conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Crystal violet assay reproducibility for C. difficile biofilm quantitation is governed by technical parameters and isolate-specific biofilm physiology. Tissue-culture treated, 24-well plates can limit technical variability between experiments.}, }
@article {pmid42270263, year = {2026}, author = {Langlois, JP and Jubinville, E and Goulet-Beaulieu, V and Jean, J}, title = {Occurrence and control challenges of biofilm-forming bacteria in industrial fresh produce processing.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {239}, number = {}, pages = {119551}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119551}, pmid = {42270263}, issn = {1873-7145}, abstract = {Microbial contamination remains a major challenge in industrial fresh produce processing, despite rigorous washing and sanitation procedures, and contribute to product spoilage and losses. The objective of this study was to characterize cultivable bacteria associated with industrial-scale processing of frozen fresh vegetables and to assess their biofilm-forming capability as well as their tolerance to commonly used disinfectants and to heat treatment under industry relevant conditions. Equipment surfaces, wash water and products were collected from operating commercial processing facility. A total of 153 bacterial isolates were identified by Sanger sequencing. Among these isolates, 27% were classified as strong producers of biofilm, 32% as moderate producers and 41% as weak producers. Susceptibility testing of strong biofilm-producing isolates showed that approximately 13% were susceptible to both sodium hypochlorite (70 ppm) and peracetic acid (0.05% w/v), 7% were susceptible to only one of the two disinfectants, and 80% did not achieve a more than 3-log reduction in viable counts under the conditions tested. In contrast, heat treatment representative of commercial blanching was effective at eliminating all tested strong biofilm producers in the planktonic state. Overall, these finding highlight the prevalence of biofilm-forming bacteria in industrial fresh produce processing environments and illustrate limitations of commonly used disinfectant against established biofilms. The results underscore the importance of optimizing sanitation strategies and biofilms-control approaches under industrial processing conditions. IMPORTANCE: Biofilms formed by bacteria in produce-processing environments pose a persistent challenge to sanitation and can contribute to product spoilage and losses. This study demonstrates that a substantial proportion of bacteria isolated from an industrial frozen fresh vegetable producing facility are capable of forming biofilms and exhibit limited susceptibility to commonly used disinfectants under industry-relevant conditions. The observation that heat treatment was effective against all tested isolates between biofilm-associated and free-living bacterial tolerance. By focusing on native bacterial isolates recovered directly from an operating processing facility, this work provides practical insight into biofilm persistence and sanitation limitations in industrial fresh produce processing. These findings are relevant for optimizing hygiene strategies and improving microbial control in commercial produce-processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid42270277, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Tian, L and Li, F and Wang, Q and Tan, Y and Ning, Y and Cao, X and Liu, Y and Shangguan, J and Li, H and Jiang, A and Zhao, M and Hyde, KD and Ren, A}, title = {Hypoxia-induced downregulation of cAMP drives Ganoderic acid biosynthesis and restricts biofilm development in Ganoderma lucidum.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {239}, number = {}, pages = {119570}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119570}, pmid = {42270277}, issn = {1873-7145}, abstract = {Hypoxia, as a widely prevalent environmental factor, profoundly influences the adaptability of filamentous fungi by regulating energy metabolism and developmental processes. Previous studies have shown that oxygen-limited conditions can induce biosynthesis of GAs. However, the regulatory network governing GA synthesis under hypoxia remains unclear. This study shows hypoxic stress decreases intracellular ATP and increases transcription of oxygen sensor ofd1, while inhibiting AC activity and reducing cAMP signaling. Reducing cAMP levels through pharmacological and genetic approaches enhances hypoxia-induced GAs accumulation, confirming cAMP's negative regulatory role in GA synthesis. Additionally, the study found that AC activation significantly accelerates biofilm formation and increases its thickness, indicating that cAMP signaling participates in hypoxic adaptation by positively regulating biofilm development. Thus, hypoxia coordinates GA biosynthesis and biofilm maturation through cAMP-dependent signaling in G. lucidum, revealing novel insights into the synergistic adaptation of metabolism and development under environmental stress.}, }
@article {pmid42270662, year = {2026}, author = {Sachla, AJ and Piñeros, M and Helmann, JD}, title = {MeeY and YybP, two proteins regulated by manganese-sensing riboswitches, are required for Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01045-0}, pmid = {42270662}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {R35GM122461/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {In the rhizosphere, Bacillus subtilis forms biofilms on plant roots and contributes to improved plant growth and disease resistance. Manganese stimulates biofilm formation in B. subtilis 3610, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that YybP and MeeY (formerly YkoY), two proteins regulated by the eponymous manganese-sensing yybP-ykoY riboswitches, are required for biofilm formation. MeeY is a TerC family membrane protein implicated in manganese export and YybP is of unknown function. Inactivation of either meeY or yybP leads to reduced synthesis of matrix-associated exopolysaccharide and a loss of biofilm-associated divalent cations.Deletion of sinR restores exopolysaccharide but does not restore normal metalation of the biofilm matrix. We conclude that the YybP and MeeY membrane proteins are previously unappreciated regulators of biofilm formation important for the production and metalation of exopolysaccharide.}, }
@article {pmid42273085, year = {2026}, author = {Stevenson, D and MacPhee, CE and Stanley-Wall, N}, title = {Microplate-based quantification of poly-γ-glutamic acid levels in biofilm samples.}, journal = {Access microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42273085}, issn = {2516-8290}, abstract = {Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a commercially useful biopolymer produced by many Bacillus species. PGA has a diverse range of applications across medicine and industry, generating significant interest in optimizing PGA production and enhancing yields. One approach to improve PGA recovery involves identifying high-yield PGA-producing strains and determining optimal production conditions, both of which require an appropriate screening method. Here, we present a sensitive and reproducible assay for quantifying PGA from Bacillus subtilis biofilms, whereby the spectral profile of methylene blue changes when bound to PGA. PGA was purified and lyophilized from NCIB 3610 ΔtasA liquid cultures grown at 50 °C, allowing production of protein-free PGA for use as a standard at known concentrations. Standard curves were generated from methylene blue absorbance readings at 564 and 664 nm, enabling subsequent quantification of PGA from biofilm extracts. We validated the quantification protocol and determined the treatment steps required to minimize interference. The assay has a 96-well plate format, enabling quantification of many samples at low sample volume, while minimizing waste of laboratory consumables. Overall, our method offers a sensitive, reproducible approach for PGA quantification in biofilm research and should facilitate comparative analyses across strains, treatments or environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42274278, year = {2026}, author = {Fan, S and Sun, S and An, H and Dai, W and Zhang, K and Yang, Z and Meng, X}, title = {Ag-Based Schottky-Engineered MOF Sonosensitizers Delivered via Dissolvable Microneedles for Sonodynamic Biofilm Eradication and Wound Healing.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.6c08500}, pmid = {42274278}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Biofilms with dense, multibacterial communities formed at the infected wound represent a major pathological barrier to effective healing, which are also closely associated with persistent inflammation and therapeutic failure. Conventional strategies, including mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy, often result in incomplete biofilm removal and accelerated development of antimicrobial resistance. In this work, we propose a synergistic sonodynamic-microneedle (SDT-MN) platform for efficient biofilm eradication and promoted wound healing. A zirconium-based metal-organic framework sonosensitizer (Ag@Zr-BT), in situ decorated with silver nanoparticles, is engineered to enhance charge separation via Schottky junction formation, thereby amplifying the generation of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound (US) activation. Ag@Zr-BT with optimal properties is integrated into dissolvable hyaluronic acid-based microneedle patches to facilitate direct drug delivery into biofilms. Under US irradiation, this SDT-MN system exhibits potent antibiofilm activity, efficiently destroying preformed Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms and inhibiting their regrowth. In an infected wound mouse model, SDT-MN-mediated delivery significantly enhances the sonosensitizer's penetration into biofilms and infected tissues, yielding improved therapeutic efficacy. This work establishes an antibiotic-independent therapeutic paradigm that integrates engineered MOF sonosensitizers with a microneedle-assisted delivery system, offering a promising strategy for treating biofilm-associated wound infections.}, }
@article {pmid42274649, year = {2026}, author = {Musil, O and Klíma, K}, title = {Use of Micro/Nanorobots In Vivo for the Eradication of Bacterial Biofilm: A Review of Challenges and Strategies.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nano16110642}, pmid = {42274649}, issn = {2079-4991}, support = {NW24-08-00473//Agency for Health Research of the Czech Republic/ ; }, abstract = {The term bacterial biofilm refers to a complex community of microorganisms embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. This structural organization creates an environment that, when present in an infectious context within a living organism, limits the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy. Consequently, such conditions substantially promote the development of antibiotic resistance. The decline in the discovery of novel antibiotic agents, coupled with a concurrent increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, has intensified the search for alternative strategies to combat such infections. At the same time, advances in nanoscience have stimulated substantial research into the use of micro/nanorobots for the eradication of bacterial biofilms. These devices, engineered at the micro- to nanoscale, are capable of targeted intervention in otherwise inaccessible sites. However, the development of such "microscopic therapeutic agents" is still at an early stage. To date, the vast majority of available data has been derived from in vitro studies, while evidence regarding their feasibility, safety, and therapeutic effects in living organisms remains limited. This review discusses their antimicrobial mechanisms and critically evaluates the current evidence concerning their in vivo applications.}, }
@article {pmid42260342, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, SB and Ku, D and Kwack, KH and Jang, EY and Jun, SK and Moon, JH and Lee, JH}, title = {Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus lingualis isolated from subgingival biofilm.}, journal = {BMC genomic data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12863-026-01450-6}, pmid = {42260342}, issn = {2730-6844}, support = {RS-2024-00404660//Korea Basic Science Institute/ ; RS-2021-NR061563//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2025-16066503//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2025-20512973//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus lingualis is a recently described oral streptococcal species; however, genomic information for this species remains limited, with only a single complete genome currently available for the type strain S5ᵀ. The objective of this study was to generate a high-quality complete genome sequence of a subgingival biofilm-derived S. lingualis isolate and expand the genomic resources available for this species.<br><br>DATA DESCRIPTION: The S. lingualis strain KHUD_012 was isolated from subgingival biofilm of a healthy adult and sequenced using the PacBio Sequel IIe platform. A single SMRT cell produced 144,821 HiFi reads, which were assembled de novo using the IPA HiFi genome assembler v2.0. The complete genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 2,115,610&#xa0;bp with a G&#x2009;+&#x2009;C content of 42.0%, encoding 1,956 protein-coding genes, four rRNA operons, and 62 tRNAs. BUSCO analysis indicated 99.5% completeness. Pairwise whole-genome comparisons with closely related type strains showed that KHUD_012 was most closely related to S. lingualis S5&#x1d40;, with an OrthoANI value of 96.44%, and Parsnp-based core-genome SNP analysis supported this phylogenetic placement. Comparative genomic analysis with S5&#x1d40; identified 1,717 shared core gene clusters and 198 unique gene clusters in KHUD_012, many of which were functionally uncharacterized.}, }
@article {pmid42262105, year = {2026}, author = {Sharma, S and Tiwari, V}, title = {Autophagy modulation by OmpA-targeted lead compounds restores autophagic flux, reduces biofilm, and enhances immune response in Acinetobacter baumannii-infected pulmonary cells.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0003626}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00036-26}, pmid = {42262105}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen known for causing severe nosocomial infections. Autophagy, a key host defense mechanism against invading pathogens, is modulated by the virulence factor OmpA. OmpA is also responsible for bacterial adherence to host cells. Targeting OmpA provides a potential strategy to counteract these autophagic disruptions. In silico analysis (molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations) and experimental validation of identified small molecule lead against OmpA were performed. These leads were tested in A549 cells infected with A. baumannii, revealing significant autophagic modulations. mRNA expression analysis showed accumulation of the autophagy marker LC3B and suppression of elongation-associated genes upon infection. Confocal microscopy of mCherry-GFP-LC3-transfected cells demonstrated a reduced mCherry/GFP ratio, indicating downregulated autophagic flux during infection. Treatment with the leads reversed these effects, restoring autophagic activity to levels seen in uninfected cells. Additionally, SEM analysis confirmed that the leads inhibited OmpA-mediated biofilm formation. They also reduced the internalization of A. baumannii in A549 cells. The leads also enhanced IFN-γ and IL-13 expression while reducing IL-10, promoting immune clearance of A. baumannii via autophagy modulation and suppression of Treg functions. These findings suggest that the identified leads hold promise as autophagy modulators, potentially regressing A. baumannii's ability to escape host defense.IMPORTANCEAutophagic escape of Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by OmpA; therefore, targeting OmpA represents a promising strategy to counteract autophagy disruption. The identified lead effectively reverses autophagy modulation, inhibits OmpA-mediated biofilm formation and bacterial internalization, and promotes a pro-clearance immune response.}, }
@article {pmid42262127, year = {2026}, author = {Qu, Y and Kaye, DM and McGiffin, D and Peleg, AY}, title = {Using biofilm-targeting local antibiotics to treat recalcitrant medical device-associated infections: driveline infection as a model.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {81}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkag203}, pmid = {42262127}, issn = {1460-2091}, support = {//Artificial Heart Frontier Program Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Driveline infection, exemplifying medical device-associated infection, is a difficult-to-treat complication of ventricular assist device implantation in which biofilm formation underlies both infection onset and recurrence. Although clinical experience remains limited, treatment success has been reported in cases where local antibiotics at high concentrations were used in combination with surgical debridement and/or device reimplantation. We recently identified the low metabolic state of biofilm cells as the central mechanism underlying the high antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcal biofilms and as a potential therapeutic target for driveline infections. We hypothesize that rationally combining weakly and strongly metabolism-dependent antibiotics at high concentrations for an extended period may eradicate staphylococcal biofilms, including the embedded tolerant and persister cells. If clinically validated, this strategy may hold the key to achieving long-term treatment success in many medical device-associated infections, including the driveline infection.}, }
@article {pmid42263057, year = {2026}, author = {Beckman I V, RL and Victoria, B and Santiago, FZ and Echeverria, GN and Pinheiro, BV and D T Torres, M and Suits, L and Garcia, S and Wantuch, PL and de la Fuente-Nunez, C and Eswara, P and Rosen, DA and Fleeman, RM}, title = {Correction: Molecular response to the non-lytic peptide bac7 (1-35) triggers disruption of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {e1014298}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1014298}, pmid = {42263057}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013437.].}, }
@article {pmid42263215, year = {2026}, author = {Cibik, S and Duran, A}, title = {Effects of Lysozyme and Silver Anode Treatment on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Growth and Biofilm Formation in Raw Milk.}, journal = {Journal of food science}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {e71179}, pmid = {42263215}, issn = {1750-3841}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important spoilage‑associated and opportunistic pathogen in raw milk, producing heat‑stable enzymes and robust biofilms that resist conventional sanitation. The limitations of existing decontamination methods necessitate novel, nonthermal, and ecofriendly strategies. This study evaluated the antibacterial and anti‑biofilm effects of lysozyme combined with the silver anode technique (SAT) against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 in raw milk. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lysozyme was estimated by disk diffusion (8 g/100 mL). Raw milk samples were assigned to eight experimental groups: untreated controls, lysozyme alone, SAT alone, and their combination. Bacterial counts (log CFU/mL) and biofilm formation (crystal violet assay) were monitored over 72 h of refrigerated storage, and silver ion migration was quantified by ICP‑MS. Lysozyme alone was predominantly bacteriostatic, while SAT alone produced a bactericidal reduction (up to 1.5-2 log). The combination reduced planktonic counts by up to 2.5 log and biofilm by up to 78%. These reductions were greater than either treatment alone, although the effect was additive, not strictly synergistic. Silver migration (3.88 µg/L) gave a daily intake of 0.055 µg/kg for an adult consuming 1 L, well below EPA (5 µg/kg/day) and EFSA (50 µg/kg food) limits. The combination offers an effective, non‑thermal, eco‑friendly dairy pretreatment strategy. It can extend shelf life, reduce biofilm contamination, and minimize chemical disinfectants, aligning with green technology.}, }
@article {pmid42256333, year = {2026}, author = {Grøn, LV and Muñoz-Duarte, L and Marshall, IPG and Johnsen, NK and Eser, BE and Ma, Y and Eken, M and Kofoed, MVW and Koren, K and Philips, J}, title = {Adaptive laboratory evolution increased biofilm formation by Sporomusa ovata through a mutation in galU.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100368}, pmid = {42256333}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Acetogenic bacteria are attractive biocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 with H2 into acetate, as in gas fermentation. Gas fermentation reactors may benefit from biofilm formation, but attachment by acetogens is often limited. This study indeed found that the acetogen Sporomusa ovata 2663 was mainly planktonic and aimed to increase its biofilm formation through adaptive laboratory evolution. The adaptation strategy consisted of growing S. ovata on plastic (HDPE) carriers in bottles with a H2:CO2 headspace and transferring two carriers to a bottle with fresh carriers over eight serial transfers. This procedure resulted in the evolved S. ovata 2663-BF, which had a consistent increased propensity to attach. In heterotrophic growth conditions, four times more cells attached to the bottom of well plates in comparison to the wild type, while the adapted S. ovata produced 1.8 times more extracellular polysaccharides. Moreover, twice as many cells adhered to carriers when grown on H2:CO2. This improved attachment, however, did not lead to higher acetate production rates in simple trickle bed reactors, as the experimental setup rather stimulated planktonic growth. Only medium replacement sometimes favored the rate of the adapted strain. Interestingly, the evolved S. ovata had a point mutation in the gene galU, which likely increased the activity of the encoding UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, i.e. an enzyme involved in the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides. Overall, this study demonstrates that cell attachment by S. ovata was increased through adaptive laboratory evolution, offering the prospect of investigating the importance of biofilm formation in biofilm-based gas fermentation reactors.}, }
@article {pmid42256692, year = {2026}, author = {Requena-Mendizábal, M and Bocanegra-Arista, R and Maurtua-Torres, DJ and Rosales-Cifuentes, T and Collantes-Díaz, IE and Flores-León, DC and Valdez-Jurado, FR and Calla-Poma, R}, title = {Antibacterial activity of organic crude extract of Camellia sinensis on bi-species cariogenic biofilm.}, journal = {Revista cientifica odontologica (Universidad Cientifica del Sur)}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e285}, pmid = {42256692}, issn = {2523-2754}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the antibacterial inhibitory activity and anti-biofilm effect of the ethanolic crude extract of Camellia sinensis leaves on bi-species oral bacterial biofilms.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ethanolic crude extract of Camellia sinensis leaves was used. Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Streptococcus gordonii ATCC 51656 were cultivated and used under anaerobic conditions for biofilm formation. Three groups were formed: Camellia sinensis extract, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The inhibitory effect was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Agar method, measuring the zone of inhibition formed around each of them. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration was identified, considering the concentration where no growth of bacteria was observed. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to evaluate cell viability in biofilms. Student's t-test for independent samples was used to compare groups.<br><br>RESULTS: A zone of inhibition of 17.4&#xb1;0.4 mm for S. mutans, and 13.1 &#xb1; 0.3 mm for S. gordonii was produced by Camellia sinensis, while chlorhexidine produced 23.6 &#xb1; 0.3 mm for S. mutans, and 13.2 &#xb1; 0.5 mm for S. gordonii. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 3.12 mg/dL for S. mutans and 1.56 mg/dL for S. gordonii. Analysis of cell viability after 48 hours of incubation showed that the Camellia sinensis extract reduced the viability of biofilm cells.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite the study's limitations, Camellia sinensis shows antibacterial activity against multispecies cariogenic biofilms, with sensitivity in the tested bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid42257234, year = {2026}, author = {Karahutová, L and Čobanová, K and Bujňáková, D}, title = {Virulence profiling and biofilm-forming capacity of different E. coli pathotypes and phylogroups isolated from calf diarrhoea.}, journal = {Veterinary and animal science}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {100710}, pmid = {42257234}, issn = {2451-943X}, abstract = {Different Escherichia coli (E. coli) pathotypes are known to cause recurring and widespread calf diarrhoea, leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of E. coli in calves with diarrhoea and to describe the molecular characteristics of 100 obtained isolates. The isolates were tested for virulence genes, such as papC, eaeA, stI, stII, ltI, stx1, stx2, cnf1 and cnf2, and genes for phylogenetic classification (chuA, yjaA, arpA, TspE4.C2 DNA fragment, arpAgpE, and trpAgpC). Additionally, their biofilm-forming ability was evaluated. The study also examined and compared the effectiveness of two forms of zinc oxide (ZnO) - classical inorganic and nanoparticle - at five different concentrations against strong biofilm producers. The detected virulence gene frequencies were: papC (44%), stx2 (20%), cnf1 (16%), eaeA (13%), cnf2 (13%), stx1 (4%) and st1 (1%). The isolates were divided into seven phylogroups, with the most common being D (32%), followed by B1 (25%), B2 (12%), C (10%), E (10%), A (9%) and F (2%). About 87% of the isolates could form biofilms, with 32% classified as strong biofilm producers. Both forms of ZnO inhibited biofilm formation at all tested concentrations, with nanoparticles showing slightly better efficacy. These findings demonstrate that calves with diarrhoea harbour various E. coli pathotypes, including STEC, NTEC, EPEC, ETEC and EHEC, many of which can form biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42259706, year = {2026}, author = {Takeda, TTS and Borges, MHR and Malheiros, SS and Costa, RC and Bertolini, MME and Nagay, BE and Souza, JGS and Barão, VAR}, title = {Effect of probiotics on oral biofilm formation on titanium and SLA implant surfaces: An in vitro and in situ study.}, journal = {The Journal of prosthetic dentistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.prosdent.2026.05.032}, pmid = {42259706}, issn = {1097-6841}, abstract = {STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Peri-implant biofilm formation is a key etiologic factor in peri-implant disease. Although probiotic supplementation has been proposed as an adjunct strategy to modulate oral biofilms, its effect on early biofilm development on implant-related titanium implant surfaces remains unclear.<br><br>PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to Lactobacillus reuteri influenced early biofilm formation, architecture, and antimicrobial susceptibility on machined and airborne-particle abraded, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium implant surfaces.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 2-part study was conducted. In vitro polymicrobial biofilms were formed on machined and SLA titanium implant surface disks for 2 or 24 hours under control (untreated), placebo (oil vehicle), or probiotic conditions. Viable counts, metabolic activity, and biofilm biomass were assessed. In situ, 4-day biofilms were developed intraorally using a randomized, double-blind, crossover palatal appliance model under identical treatments. Microbial counts, metabolic activity, biofilm architecture, and susceptibility to 0.12% chlorhexidine were evaluated. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (&#x3b1;=.05).<br><br>RESULTS: In vitro, probiotic exposure increased early viable counts and metabolic activity (P<.05), particularly on machined surfaces. After 24 hours, probiotic-treated groups showed higher viable counts than the control and placebo groups, while biofilm biomass was surface-dependent (P<.05). In the intraoral model, L. reuteri exposure did not increase lactobacilli, anaerobes, or Candida albicans counts. Untreated SLA surfaces exhibited higher streptococcal and total viable counts, whereas placebo- and probiotic-treated SLA surfaces demonstrated reduced levels comparable to machined titanium. Probiotic-treated biofilms displayed a less compact architecture. Chlorhexidine susceptibility was unchanged.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus reuteri modulated early peri-implant biofilm organization, increasing microbial activity and viable counts in vitro, without increasing pathogenic burden or altering chlorhexidine susceptibility in situ, with effects more evident on SLA surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid42259815, year = {2026}, author = {Liang, W and Guan, S and Bing, J and Du, H and Zheng, Q and Tao, L and Li, B and Huang, G and Chu, H}, title = {The Wor2 phenotypic switching regulator controls biofilm formation in Candida auris.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01043-2}, pmid = {42259815}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {24PJD124//Shanghai Pujiang Program/ ; 32170193//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32370202//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32530005//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025YFE0205500//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {The emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris is a serious global public health threat due to its ability to persist in healthcare environments and on human skin. Here, we report a prevalent cluster of clinical C. auris strains with enhanced biofilm formation, a contributor to environmental and skin persistence. Genomic analyses show that the clinical isolates with enhanced biofilm formation ability carry a loss-of-function mutation in the WOR2 locus, which encodes a white-opaque switching regulator in Candida species. Analysis of 13,314 published genomes revealed that 3104 strains (23.3%) harbor nonsense or frameshift mutations in WOR2, indicating frequent clinical occurrence. Deletion of WOR2 in a clinical strain markedly increased biofilm formation, whereas reintroduction of an intact WOR2 significantly attenuated biofilm development. Further analyses show that Wor2 inactivation upregulates GFC1, ALS4, and multiple biofilm-associated genes. Together, these findings reveal a key regulatory mechanism underlying biofilm development, environmental persistence, and transmission of C. auris.}, }
@article {pmid42248538, year = {2026}, author = {Elawady, R and Gaballah, A}, title = {eDNA: A dual nongenetic gamechanger in biofilm development and depletion.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {108612}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108612}, pmid = {42248538}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Biofilms, first described by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), are surface-attached, organized microbial communities. They form when single cells embed within an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed mainly of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), enabling a multicellular lifestyle. Extracellular DNA (eDNA), a major EPS component, makes up a substantial portion of biofilm biomass. It interacts with polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids to create a stable network that reinforces biofilm structure. eDNA, present in all biofilm ECM, plays a paradoxical role in bacterial survival. It is vital for structural integrity, guiding the biofilm from initial attachment through maturation and dispersion, yet this dependence also creates a critical vulnerability. Recent research highlights that while eDNA supports biofilm growth, disrupting its release, interactions, or structure destabilizes the matrix and drives depletion. Recognizing eDNA as both a structural scaffold and a therapeutic target enables more effective strategies to inhibit and disperse resilient biofilm communities. This review highlights recent advances in eDNA-releasing mechanisms, its multifunctional roles in biofilm support, and how its structures and interactions regulate development. We further show that modulating eDNA provides a targeted strategy for antibiofilm therapy and clinical dispersal. Notably, eDNA itself may also act as a cue for biofilm inhibition.}, }
@article {pmid42248931, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, HS and Kim, GY and Park, JW and Lee, JH and Yerke, AM and Yun, B and Hwang, S and Moon, KH}, title = {A Korean native halophyte extract attenuates the virulence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting biofilm formation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-53460-0}, pmid = {42248931}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {No. 2021R1C1C1004734, and 2022R1F1A1065328//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Since the COVID-19 outbreak, global attention toward infectious diseases has intensified, and many experts anticipate that the next pandemic may stem from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, often termed "Superbugs". Among them, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents one of the most widespread MDR bacterium responsible for severe nosocomial infections. As the emergence of new resistant strains accelerates due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics, development of anti-pathogenic therapeutics has gained significant interest. In this study, we explored the anti-biofilm activity of Artemisia fukudo (Af), a halophyte abundant in bioactive metabolites. The n-butanol (n-BuOH) fraction of Af markedly inhibited MRSA biofilm formation, independent of bacterial growth inhibition or biofilm degradation. Transcriptional profiling by qRT-PCR revealed that expression of adhesion-related genes was notably downregulated. In A549 cell line infection assay, Af n-BuOH fraction treatment significantly reduced MRSA attachment and internalization. Furthermore, in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, Af n-BuOH fraction exposure extended host life-span, suggesting attenuation of bacterial virulence. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Af-derived compounds interfere with initial adhesion process crucial for MRSA biofilm development and host colonization. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of halophyte-derived natural products as promising anti-virulence alternatives to conventional antibiotics for controlling infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid42248932, year = {2026}, author = {Jin, HW and Jung, SY and Eom, YB}, title = {Linalool exhibits potent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-53720-z}, pmid = {42248932}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {SCH-20130328//Soonchunhyang University/ ; RS-2023-NR076438 (NRF-2023R1A2C1003486)//Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii poses an urgent clinical challenge due to its extensive antimicrobial resistance and enhanced capacity for biofilm development. These biofilm structures act as protective barriers that impede antibiotic penetration and shield bacterial cells from immune-mediated clearance, often leading to persistent and hard-to-treat infections. This investigation explored the therapeutic potential of linalool, a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol, against clinical carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) isolates. Linalool demonstrated robust inhibitory effects on both early-stage biofilm formation and the disruption of preformed biofilms, as evidenced through crystal violet staining and live/dead viability imaging via confocal microscopy. Even at sub-inhibitory concentrations where planktonic growth was not fully suppressed, the growth kinetics changed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, metabolic activity within the biofilms was markedly suppressed following linalool exposure, as determined by XTT reduction assays. At the molecular level, qPCR analysis revealed that linalool downregulated critical virulence- and resistance-associated determinants, including bap, bfmR, csuA/B, ompA, and blaOXA-23. These cumulative findings indicate that linalool exerts a multi-targeted mechanism of action and may serve as a viable candidate for adjunctive therapies targeting CRAB in the context of rising antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid42249399, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, W and Zhao, H and Hao, S and Li, G and Xue, X and Li, J and Cui, W and Jiang, Y and Ma, Y and Qiao, X}, title = {Correction: Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus drug resistance genes, biofilm formation and cell wall characteristics in dairy cattle from dairy farms in Northeast China.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42249399}, issn = {1746-6148}, }
@article {pmid42251870, year = {2026}, author = {Kao, CY and Hidrosollo, JH and Longjam, N and Africa, AE and Lu, JJ}, title = {Biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates associates with sequence type and virulence in a Galleria mellonella model.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {217}, number = {}, pages = {108619}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108619}, pmid = {42251870}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Staphylococcus lugdunensis, one of the most virulent members of coagulase-negative staphylococci, exhibits a strong biofilm-forming capacity, raising the question of whether this trait directly contributes to its virulence in vivo. Here, we used crystal violet staining to assess the biofilm-forming capacity of 202 S. lugdunensis and examined its association with sample source, multilocus sequence types (STs), agr types, oxacillin susceptibility, and virulence in a larval infection model. Among the 202 isolates, 135 (66.8%) formed strong biofilms, 46 (22.8%) moderate, and 21 (10.4%) weak biofilms. Most S. lugdunensis isolates were obtained from blood, pus, and deep tissue samples, accounting for 47.5%, 15.3%, and 12.4% of cases, respectively, with only a weak association between sample source and biofilm-forming ability. Bacteremia isolates were classified as primary infections (n = 36) or contaminants (n = 40), with primary infection isolates forming significantly stronger biofilms. Biofilm formation was not strongly associated with oxacillin susceptibility, SCCmec, or agr types; however, ST3 isolates exhibited higher biofilm formation than ST6 and ST27. In addition, gene annotation of whole-genome sequences from 19 S. lugdunensis isolates revealed that biofilm-associated genes are highly conserved across all strains regardless of their biofilm phenotype. Larvae infected with extremely weak biofilm formers showed 100% survival up to 7 days, whereas strong biofilm formers caused markedly reduced survival, with 75% showing <50% survival compared to 30% among weak biofilm formers. Therefore, despite the phenotypic variation in biofilm formation, our work demonstrated an association between biofilm phenotype, bacteremia classification, sequence types, and in vivo virulence.}, }
@article {pmid42254362, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, J and Feng, W and Xie, M and Yu, D and Yang, W and Ma, Y and Xi, Z}, title = {The roles of SAP2, STP1, and MRR2 on biofilm formation and itraconazole resistance through autophagy in Candida albicans.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1817039}, pmid = {42254362}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Candida albicans biofilm formation and azole antifungal resistance are major obstacles to clinical treatment of candidiasis. STP1 and MRR2 are implicated in C. albicans virulence and stress responses, while SAP2 plays critical roles in biofilm formation and drug resistance. However, the regulatory mechanisms of STP1 and MRR2 on SAP2 expression, biofilm formation, and itraconazole (ITR) resistance, particularly via autophagy, remain unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We compared biofilm-forming ability (via crystal violet assay and microscopy), ITR susceptibility, and autophagic responses among standard ATCC11006, STP1&#x2206;/&#x2206;, MRR2&#x2206;/&#x2206;, ITR-sensitive, and ITR-resistant strains. Gene expression levels of SAP2, and key autophagy-related genes were quantified using RT-qPCR under planktonic and biofilm conditions. The role of autophagy was further investigated using the inducer rapamycin and nitrogen starvation assays.<br><br>RESULTS: ITR-resistant strains exhibited significantly stronger biofilm-forming ability than sensitive strains. STP1 deletion enhanced biofilm formation, while MRR2 deletion impaired it. SAP2, STP1, and MRR2 expression was significantly higher in resistant strains than in sensitive strains under both planktonic and biofilm states, with a significant positive correlation between SAP2 and MRR2 under planktonic conditions (r&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.659, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.002). Notably, expression of all tested autophagy-related genes was significantly upregulated in biofilms and in ITR-resistant strains, but was markedly downregulated in both STP1&#x394;/&#x394; and MRR2&#x394;/&#x394; strains. Rapamycin induced autophagosome formation and upregulated SAP2 and ATG gene expression, but this response was blunted in the knockout strains. Furthermore, both STP1&#x394;/&#x394; and MRR2&#x394;/&#x394; strains displayed increased sensitivity to nitrogen starvation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that STP1 and MRR2 are critical regulators of biofilm formation and ITR resistance in Candida albicans. They exert these effects, at least in part, by modulating the expression of SAP2 and, importantly, by governing the autophagic pathway.}, }
@article {pmid42254524, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, T and Xiang, J and Yu, N and Tang, Y and Qu, J and Liu, Y and Li, X}, title = {Study on the mechanism of hinokitiol in inhibiting the biofilm activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1811623}, pmid = {42254524}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Mastitis in dairy cows is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the dairy industry, leading to reduced milk production, increased production costs, and substantial economic losses. Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent and treat mastitis; however, persistent biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) has contributed to rising antibiotic resistance and poses significant challenges for complete eradication. Therefore, the development of effective therapeutic strategies is urgently needed. This study investigated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of hinokitiol, both alone and in combination with Ceftiofur sodium, against biofilm-producing S. epidermidis. The checkerboard assay revealed a significant synergistic effect between hinokitiol and Ceftiofur sodium (FICI ≤ 0.5). Importantly, hinokitiol exhibited negligible cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells and low hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes at therapeutic concentrations. Mechanism studies demonstrated that hinokitiol disrupted bacterial membrane permeability, as evidenced by increased NPN uptake, PI staining, and significant intracellular protein leakage. Furthermore, hinokitiol induced the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR validation showed that hinokitiol significantly down-regulated the expression of key genes involved in biofilm formation (icaA, fnbA, aap), quorum sensing (agrA, luxS), and global regulation (sarA, sigB), while up-regulating the repressor icaR. These findings suggest that hinokitiol exerts its antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects by damaging the cell membrane, inducing oxidative stress, and modulating multi-target regulatory pathways, making it a promising candidate for treating S. epidermidis infections. However, this study is limited by the absence of in vivo mastitis models and pharmacokinetic data. Future research should focus on validating these findings in animal models, optimizing administration routes (e.g., intramammary formulations), and assessing clinical efficacy in field conditions to facilitate the translation of hinokitiol into a viable therapeutic option for refractory S. epidermidis mastitis.}, }
@article {pmid42256255, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, X and Xiao, H and Chen, Y and Wu, C and Xie, Q and Gu, Y and Qin, X}, title = {Blueberry leaf polyphenols suppress biofilm formation and restore oral microbial homeostasis for caries control.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2681284}, pmid = {42256255}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a dysbiotic biofilm-induced disease driven by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Blueberry leaf polyphenols (BLP) are plant-derived polyphenols exhibiting antimicrobial properties. However, their effects on S. mutans remain incompletely understood.<br><br>METHODS: The composition of BLP was determined by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and acid suppression activity were determined. In addition, the effect on biofilm was investigated by adhesion and aggregation assay, crystal violet assay, glycosyltransferases (GTF) activity, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) quantification, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we carried out a rat caries model, and microbiome analyzes were performed by 16S rRNA sequencing.<br><br>RESULTS: UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified a range of compounds in BLP, including quercetin and chlorogenic acid. The MIC of BLP was 500&#x2009;&#x3bc;g/mL, and it inhibited the acid production of S. mutans. Importantly, BLP decreased the sucrose-dependent adhesion and its auto-aggregation, inhibited the activity of GTF, resulting in reduced EPS and down-regulated genes like gtfB, comA and gbpB. In addition, it inhibited dental caries in rats and ameliorated the microbiota dysbiosis associated with caries.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: BLP combats caries by inhibiting S. mutans growth, biofilm formation and restoring the oral microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid42247360, year = {2026}, author = {Conner, C and AbdulAzees, PA and Chen, XD and Yeh, CK and Garcia-Godoy, F}, title = {Laboratory evaluation of mixed-species biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei on three dental resin-based restorative materials.}, journal = {American journal of dentistry}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {117-120}, pmid = {42247360}, issn = {0894-8275}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the biofilm-forming potential of mixed-species bacteria on three commercially available dental restorative composites and compare their resistance to biofilm accumulation. Given the increasing emphasis on bioactive and fluoride-releasing materials in caries prevention, the study specifically assessed the difference between restorative with and without fluoride content.<br><br>METHODS: Three restorative materials, Activa (bioactive fluoride releasing), Filtek Bulk Fill (non-fluoride releasing) and TPH (non-fluoride containing) were tested in the laboratory. Standardized resin-discs were fabricated, saliva-coated to simulate oral conditions, and inoculated with a 1:1 mixed culture of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. Biofilm development was assessed at 24- and 48-hours using colony forming unit (CFU) quantification. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (&#x3b1;= 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Significant differences in biofilm accumulation were observed among materials at both points (P< 0.05). TPH exhibited the highest CFU counts at 24 hours (0.24 &#xb1; 0.03 x 10&#x2077; CFU/mL) and 48 hours (1.07 &#xb1; 0.12 x 10&#x2077; CFU/mL). In contrast, Activa and Filtek showed significantly lower biofilm formation at both points (24 hours: 0.093 &#xb1; 0.05 x 10&#x2077; CFU/mL; 48 hours: 0.47 &#xb1; 0.31 and 0.53 &#xb1; 0.12 x 10&#x2077; CFU/mL, respectively), with no significant difference between them.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The restorative materials tested demonstrated varying degrees of resistance to biofilm formation. Activa and Filtek showed reduced biofilm accumulation compared to TPH at both early and mature stages of growth. The selection of restorative materials should consider their potential to resist bacterial colonization, especially in high-caries-risk patients and restorations placed near gingival margins.}, }
@article {pmid42239704, year = {2024}, author = {Elsharkasi, MM and Eckert, GJ and Gregory, RL}, title = {Effect of silver diamine fluoride on nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm.}, journal = {JADA foundational science}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {100039}, pmid = {42239704}, issn = {2772-414X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) reagent is used to prevent and arrest caries lesions. However, the mechanism of its action is not fully reported. The antimicrobial effect of SDF was determined on an established nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm by measuring colony-forming units (CFUs), different application times, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis.<br><br>METHODS: S mutans biofilm was established with and without 2 mg/mL of nicotine in tryptic soy broth supplemented with sucrose. Nicotine and nonnicotine-induced biofilm groups were treated with 38% SDF for 1 minute. Non-SDF-treated groups were used as a control. The biofilm was plated on blood agar plates, and CFUs were determined. In addition, different SDF application times (30 seconds and 1, 2, and 3 minutes) were tested. For EPS production, S mutans were incubated with and without nicotine in tryptic soy broth supplemented with sucrose. SDF groups were treated with SDF for 1 minute. A phenol-sulfuric acid assay was used to measure the total carbohydrate produced.<br><br>RESULTS: There was a significant effect of SDF on reducing CFUs for both nicotine and nonnicotine groups. The different application times of SDF reduced CFUs for all tested groups. EPS production was significantly reduced with the SDF application.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The use of SDF with different application times disrupted established S mutans biofilms. In addition, EPS production was reduced by the application of SDF. This confirms the ability of a shorter SDF treatment time to be effective and suggests a possible mechanism of action for the inhibition of caries development.}, }
@article {pmid42240610, year = {2026}, author = {Fritz, BG and Christensen, MH and Heiland, L and Tolker-Nielsen, T and Jakobsen, TH and Jensen, P&#xd8; and Bjarnsholt, T}, title = {Shaken batch cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contain biofilm-like heterogeneity.}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {172}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42240610}, issn = {1465-2080}, abstract = {Two potential sources of differentially tolerant subpopulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in batch cultures are aggregation and growth rates. Here, we dissected these effects by treating batch cultures with tobramycin, colistin and a combination after various time intervals. Tobramycin was significantly more effective than colistin at early time points, while both showed similar efficacy at 24 and 48 h. Combination therapy was most effective at later stages, indicating the emergence of tolerant subpopulations. Reactivating growth of stationary-phase cultures by treating in fresh media altered antibiotic tolerance, further supporting the role of growth rate in tolerance. To examine the effect of aggregation, we separated batch cultures using filtration as well as examined the WT against a hyper-aggregating ΔwspF mutant. Aggregates demonstrated lower growth rates than single cells. However, microcalorimetry and colony enumeration after treatment revealed that aggregation only partially explained the variance associated with antibiotic treatment. Given that tobramycin and colistin target metabolically distinct subpopulations, this suggests that overall metabolic rate plays a larger role than aggregation regarding antibiotic tolerance in batch cultures.}, }
@article {pmid42241129, year = {2026}, author = {James, V and Prasad, RV and Charanya, C and Balagopal, S and Mahalaxmi, S}, title = {Biocompatibility of Nanocurcumin-Nanopiperine Gels and Their Efficacy Against Streptococcus Mutans - Lactobacillus Rhamnoses Biofilm Model.}, journal = {Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_576_25}, pmid = {42241129}, issn = {1998-3603}, abstract = {CONTEXT: The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and adverse effects associated with synthetic drugs have spurred interest in herbal alternatives. Co-administration of curcumin with piperine and its nano-formulation incorporation can significantly improve its bioavailability and drug release.<br><br>AIMS: To evaluate the biocompatibility and assess the anti-biofilm activity of gel integrating nanocurcumin with nanopiperine.<br><br>METHODS AND MATERIALS: Nanocurcumin, nanopiperine, and a nanocurcumin-nanopiperine (1:0.2) combination gel were formulated using carboxymethyl cellulose. Human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 &#x3bc;g/mL, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay at 570 nm. The anti-biofilm efficacy of the combination gel (0.9-500 &#x3bc;g/mL) against a dual-species biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus was evaluated using a crystal violet assay and compared with calcium hydroxide, with absorbance measured at 600 nm.<br><br>STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. For inter-group comparison, one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for multiple pairwise comparisons was used with P < 0.05.<br><br>RESULTS: MTT assay showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity: nanocurcumin maintained >70% viability (71.1-100%), nanopiperine showed 69.7-92%, and the combination showed 37% at 1000 &#x3bc;g/mL but >71% at &#x2264;700 &#x3bc;g/mL. Crystal violet assay showed maximum biofilm inhibition at 500 &#x3bc;g/mL.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The novel curcumin-piperine nanogel formulation exhibits excellent biocompatibility on human gingival fibroblast cells at concentrations below 700 &#x3bc;g/ml. Remarkable biofilm inhibition against the combined biofilm model at 500 &#x3bc;g/ml and lesser concentration was also achieved.}, }
@article {pmid42243405, year = {2026}, author = {Su, H and Xu, T and Hu, W and Wang, H and Pei, Z and Lu, W}, title = {A multi-strain biofilm consortium enhances gut microbiota resilience and restores post-antibiotic homeostasis.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42243405}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {32172216//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JUSRP202504013//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Antibiotics can significantly disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis, reducing microbial diversity and causing dysbiosis associated with health issues. Gut biofilms play a critical role in resilience and stress tolerance of the intestinal ecosystem. Mucosal microbial communities also help restore the gut microbiota after interventions like probiotics, antibiotics, or fecal transplants. Previously, we developed a core bacterial consortium with strong in vitro biofilm-forming and stress-resilient properties, but its colonization ability and in vivo function remained unclear. In this study, we first validated the in vivo biofilm formation of the microbial consortium using a germ-free (GF) mouse model, then introduced single-, dual-, and multi-strain combinations with varying biofilm-forming abilities into specific-pathogen-free mice to assess their potential for recovering antibiotic-disrupted gut microbiota. Our findings indicate that the robust, in vitro-selected consortium continued to form substantial biofilms in GF mouse intestines. 16 S rRNA sequencing showed that, compared to single- or dual-strain treatments, administering the core consortium significantly increased microbial richness and diversity. The gut microbiota of consortium-treated mice more closely resembled healthy controls, suggesting the core consortium has superior potential to restore healthy gut microbiota. Overall, our research demonstrates the core consortium markedly improves gut microbiota resilience to antibiotic-induced disruptions in mice, accelerates restoration of health-associated taxa, and reestablishes gut homeostasis. This approach could transform probiotic interventions from passive supplementation to active ecological engineering, providing a theoretical and experimental basis for next generation of engineered probiotics and microbiome restoration therapies.}, }
@article {pmid42243673, year = {2026}, author = {Fenclova, D and Hrazdilova, K and Coufalova, M and Ter Beek, J and Berntsson, RP and Zurek, L and Cihalova, K}, title = {Prolonged zinc exposure modulates biofilm metabolic activity and conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05250-x}, pmid = {42243673}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {IGA24-AF-IP-032//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; 2023-02423//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Zinc oxide (ZnO), including its nanoparticulate form (ZnONPs), is widely used in agriculture and accumulates in the environment, where it may impose sustained selective pressure on microbial communities. However, the impact of prolonged zinc exposure on horizontal gene transfer and conjugation dynamics in Enterococcus faecalis remains poorly understood.<br><br>RESULTS: We exposed Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF:pCF10 (donor) and OG1SSp (recipient) to prolonged zinc exposure (20 serial passages) and analyzed phenotypic and transcriptional changes associated with conjugation and virulence-related traits. Chronic exposure to ZnO and ZnONPs was associated with pronounced aggregation in the plasmid-carrying donor strain, reduced optical density values, and significantly lower recoverable CFU/mL at 24&#xa0;h, although extensive clumping likely affected CFU recovery. Zinc exposure was also associated with increased metabolic activity within established biofilms, while gelatinase production and antibiotic susceptibility remained unchanged. ZnONP-adapted recipient cells showed a significant increase in conjugation frequency, whereas ZnO-adapted recipients and zinc-adapted donors showed non-significant upward trends. Notably, transcription of genes within the plasmid-encoded prgQ conjugation operon was increased even in the absence of exogenous pheromone stimulation. In contrast, short-term zinc exposure did not enhance plasmid transfer, indicating that increased conjugation required long-term adaptation rather than acute stress.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that prolonged zinc exposure is associated with altered aggregation, biofilm-associated metabolic activity, and conjugation dynamics in E. faecalis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved and may involve a combination of physiological, regulatory, and genetic adaptations arising from long-term exposure.}, }
@article {pmid42234242, year = {2026}, author = {Temel, A and Ateş, A and Aksoyalp, Z&#x15e;}, title = {Effects of empagliflozin and metformin on biofilm formation and pathogenicity factors of urinary Escherichia coli isolates.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42234242}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {Escherichia coli, a major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), forms biofilms that contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Antidiabetic medications have gained attention for their potential antimicrobial effects, though data remain limited. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of empagliflozin and metformin against urinary E. coli isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined via broth microdilution, and synergistic interactions were assessed using the checkerboard method. Biofilm inhibition at sub-inhibitory drug concentrations was evaluated spectrophotometrically, and gene expression of fimH and luxS, were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Empagliflozin and metformin inhibited bacterial growth, with MICs ranging from 3.12-6.25 mg/mL and 25-50 mg/mL, respectively. A synergistic effect was observed in two isolates. Both drugs significantly reduced biofilm formation (51.8-72.9%) and downregulated fimH and luxS gene expression (p < 0.01). This study showed that empagliflozin and metformin could have inhibitory effects against urinary E. coli isolates, supporting their potential in drug repurposing strategies. Empagliflozin and metformin demonstrated significant dose-dependent in vitro antivirulence and antibiofilm activities, further supported by the downregulation of key virulence-associated genes (fimH and luxS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the in vitro effects of empagliflozin against urinary E. coli isolates, and further investigation is required to determine the impact of antidiabetic medications on E. coli.}, }
@article {pmid42234481, year = {2026}, author = {Akbar, JH and Karched, M}, title = {Impact of Printing Orientation on the Surface Properties and Microbial Biofilm Formation of 3D-Printed Denture Resins.}, journal = {The International journal of prosthodontics}, volume = {0}, number = {0}, pages = {1-26}, doi = {10.11607/ijp.9754}, pmid = {42234481}, issn = {1942-4426}, abstract = {PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the adhesion and biofilm formation of key denture-associated microbes-Candida albicans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Streptococcus mutans-on a 3D-printed photopolymer resin (FotoDent®).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Discs were fabricated at three distinct printing orientations (0&#xb0;, 45&#xb0;, and 90&#xb0;) to assess the impact of layer deposition on surface properties and microbial colonization. Conventionally polymerized ProBase&#xae; cold resin discs served as controls. All specimens underwent comprehensive surface characterization, including measurement of areal surface roughness, static contact angle with polar and apolar liquids, and surface free energy components. Adherent microbial cells were quantified using species-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) following standardized biofilm assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Microbial adhesion to the 3D-printed resin was highly dependent on print orientation, with cell counts for all three species decreasing significantly (p<0.05) from the 0&#xb0; to the 90&#xb0; orientation. This trend was paralleled by an increase in surface roughness (Ra) with higher print angles. A strong, statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the surface roughness of FotoDent&#xae; discs and biofilm cell numbers for C. albicans (r=0.815), P. gingivalis (r=0.883), and S. mutans (r=0.903). In contrast, adhesion to the control ProBase&#xae; material was consistently higher and showed no significant correlation with any measured surface characteristic-roughness, wettability, or surface energy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that for 3D-printed dental resins, printing parameters, especially orientation, critically determine the final surface topography, which in turn is a affects microbial adhesion and biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42235080, year = {2026}, author = {Mian, AA and Hussain, A and Saba, S and Amin, A and Cheema, MT and Sohail, M and Saleem, HGM and Khurshid, M}, title = {Biofilm Disruption and Gene Expression Alteration by Phages against Multi-Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2026-0082}, pmid = {42235080}, issn = {1480-3275}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe human infections and is increasingly associated with multidrug resistance and limited treatment options. In this study, we isolated and characterized bacteriophages targeting drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains and evaluated their capacity to disrupt biofilms and modulate biofilm-associated gene expression. Phages recovered from sewage showed broad lytic activity against P. aeruginosa and were classified morphologically into the families Podoviridae and Myoviridae. Two phages, A2 and A4, exhibited the highest lytic activity against the resistant strains examined. Both phages significantly degraded preformed biofilms, with phage A4 showing comparatively stronger antibiofilm activity. In addition, phage exposure altered the expression of several biofilm-associated genes, including pelA, htpB, bifA, psl, fimW, and wspA. A notable finding was the reversal of bifA expression from downregulation at 12 h to upregulation at 24 h following treatment with phage A4. Collectively, these results demonstrate that phages A2 and A4 possess strong lytic and antibiofilm activities and are capable of modulating biofilm-associated transcriptional responses in drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. The findings support the potential application of bacteriophages as alternative therapeutic agents against drug-resistant biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42235129, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Guan, M and Sun, D and Yu, H and Jiang, X}, title = {Biofilm-induced modification of passive film and corrosion resistance of TC4 alloy by Bacillus safensis, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens and Chlorella marina.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {109353}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109353}, pmid = {42235129}, issn = {1878-562X}, abstract = {TC4 (Ti-6Al-4 V) titanium alloy resists seawater corrosion by forming a TiO2 passive film, yet its integrity is strongly affected by biofilm-induced interfacial heterogeneity. This work examined passive film modification under five conditions: sterile artificial seawater, Bacillus safensis, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Chlorella marina, and a bacterial-algal symbiotic system. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, polarization curves, Mott-Schottky analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cell quantification were combined to correlate biofilm features with semiconductor defects and corrosion performance. Bacterial and mixed biofilms developed extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) barriers that stabilized n-type TiO2 with oxygen-vacancy defects, raising electron escape and improving protection. P. nigrifaciens produced a compact, viscous EPS layer that yielded the best corrosion resistance, while B. safensis showed dynamic evolution from early protection to mid-stage defect increase and late partial self-repair. In contrast, the porous algal film of C. marina generated p-type defects, facilitating Cl[-] ingress and poorer resistance. The symbiotic system balanced these effects through concurrent O2 generation and EPS shielding. The overall corrosion-resistance order was P. nigrifaciens > ASW ≈ B. safensis > Symbiotic > C. marina. These findings reveal how biofilm structural properties mediates passive film semiconductor properties and suggest an EPS-based interfacial design to improve the durability of marine titanium components.}, }
@article {pmid42237056, year = {2026}, author = {Xing, Y and He, W and Chen, W and Gao, C and Zhang, M and Wu, Y and Qu, C and Dai, K and Huang, Q and Cai, P}, title = {Cadmium Stress Favours Biofilm Cooperation and Polysaccharide-Enriched Matrix Remodelling in Bacterial Consortia.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {e70347}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70347}, pmid = {42237056}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {42225706//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42407174//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 460324005//Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China/ ; BX20230139//China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents/ ; 202405AF140079//Science and Technology Talents and Platform Program (Workstation for Academicians and Experts)/ ; 2023AFA009//Innovative Research Group Project of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental stressors trigger complex adaptations in microbial communities, yet the associations between social network dynamics and metabolic strategies remain poorly understood, limiting our ability to design robust synthetic microbiomes. Here, we show that Cd stress was associated with structural simplification of soil bacterial co-occurrence networks, characterized by a 48.5% reduction in connectivity. In vitro assays further revealed a 93% increase in cooperative interactions within biofilms under Cd exposure. This shift in biofilm-associated cooperation coincided with altered physiological patterns, including a 45.9% increase in EPS synthesis and a 13.7% decrease in community CO2 emissions. Crucially, our analysis suggests that the intensity of cooperative interactions was associated with specific extracellular matrix allocation patterns. High-intensity cooperation was linked to a higher proportion of polysaccharide-rich matrices, which improved the stability and efficiency of Cd sequestration in vitro. Leveraging these interaction-informed patterns, we assembled a synthetic core consortium that modulated the rhizosphere microbiome in a proof-of-concept hydroponic system and reduced Cd accumulation in rice leaves by 52.9%. These findings support a conceptual framework in which biofilms may act as sites of social integration and altered extracellular matrix production, offering an interaction-informed basis for assembling stress-resilient microbiomes.}, }
@article {pmid42237335, year = {2026}, author = {Khalefa, HS and Ali, AM and Farag, HS and Kamel, MS and Mosleh, AAE and Bakry, NM}, title = {Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm-forming Escherichia coli from subclinical bovine mastitis and association with antimicrobial resistance.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12917-026-05598-2}, pmid = {42237335}, issn = {1746-6148}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bovine mastitis is one of the most significant and costly diseases in the dairy industry, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common etiological agent of subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to phenotypically and genotypically characterize biofilm-forming E. coli isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis and to investigate their association with antimicrobial resistance. A total of 254 composite milk samples were collected from cows with subclinical mastitis in five dairy farms in Egypt.<br><br>RESULTS: The overall prevalence of E. coli was 26.7% (68/254), with the highest isolation rates in Giza (37.1%) and Cairo-Alexandria (30.2%) regions. Molecular screening of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) virulence genes revealed the presence of st (10.3%), stx2 (5.9%), and eae (4.4%), whereas all isolates were negative for stx1. All isolates harbored the biofilm-associated luxS gene, and 80.9% of isolates also carried fimH. Based on virulence gene profiles, 7.4%, 4.4%, 2.9%, and 2.9% of isolates were classified as ETEC, EPEC, STEC, and hybrid ETEC-STEC (ETST), respectively, while 82.4% were DEC-negative. Phylogrouping showed a predominance of group B1 (51.9%), followed by group A (35.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (60.3%) and cefuroxime (58.8%), whereas all isolates were susceptible to cefepime, and most were susceptible to enrofloxacin (95.6%) and nalidixic acid (94.1%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 52.9% of isolates, mainly involving resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulpha/trimethoprim. Biofilm formation assessed using the microtiter plate assay showed that 44.1% of isolates were moderate and 38.2% were strong biofilm producers, with significant variation between farms (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001). Hierarchical clustering and chi-square analyses indicated that biofilm strength was associated with resistance to selected beta-lactams (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, and cefuroxime), phylogenetic background (especially groups A and B1), and farm origin, whereas MDR status and most virulence genes showed weak or no association.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the important contribution of environmental and commensal E. coli lineages to subclinical mastitis in Egypt and underscore the need for improved farm hygiene and prudent antimicrobial use to limit the spread of biofilm-forming and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in dairy herds.}, }
@article {pmid42237920, year = {2026}, author = {Vreugde, S and Ambachew, S and Psaltis, AJ and Wormald, PJ}, title = {Reply to Stratified Anti-Biofilm Therapy: Translating Staphylococcal Exoprotein Toxicity Hierarchies Into Clinical Practice.}, journal = {International forum of allergy &amp; rhinology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/alr.70199}, pmid = {42237920}, issn = {2042-6984}, }
@article {pmid42237937, year = {2026}, author = {Li, P and Kang, T}, title = {Stratified Anti-Biofilm Therapy: Translating Staphylococcal Exoprotein Toxicity Hierarchies Into Clinical Practice.}, journal = {International forum of allergy &amp; rhinology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/alr.70198}, pmid = {42237937}, issn = {2042-6984}, }
@article {pmid42238662, year = {2022}, author = {Cieplik, F and Aparicio, C and Kreth, J and Schmalz, G}, title = {Development of standard protocols for biofilm-biomaterial interface testing.}, journal = {JADA foundational science}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {100008}, pmid = {42238662}, issn = {2772-414X}, abstract = {The oral biofilm is associated with the most common oral diseases such as caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. It is also linked to failures of dental treatment approaches (eg, direct or indirect restorations because of adjacent caries). Therefore, the development of materials with antibacterial properties is desirable. However, the design of meaningful tests to confirm such properties faces severe problems because of the complexity of the interaction of materials with the oral biofilm. Furthermore, owing to practical reasons, such tests need to be performed in vitro. In contrast, there is a need for predictive data that are comparable between different laboratories. Therefore, standardization of such tests has been advocated. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) with its Technical Committee 106-Dentistry may be the relevant platform for this purpose. A standard (ISO 3990) is being developed for testing the antibacterial properties of dental restorative materials. This standard defines basic requirements for sample preparation, selection of bacterial strains, test methods and assessment, and reporting of results. It is considered to be the first step, and regular revisions are planned as new scientific evidence emerges. The support of the scientific communities providing multidisciplinary input is needed.}, }
@article {pmid42238883, year = {2026}, author = {Pizarro, J and López, L and Díaz, M and Gansbiller, M and Álvarez, SA and Schmid, J and Vera, M}, title = {Sugar supplementation enhances biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides production in Sulfobacillus acidophilus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1838761}, pmid = {42238883}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Sulfobacillus is an acidophilic bacterial genus that plays a key role in bioleaching of metal sulfides at moderately thermophilic temperatures (45-55 °C), owing to its mixotrophic metabolism and capacity to form biofilms. Biofilm development depends on an extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, which is largely composed of polysaccharides. However, the composition and function of polysaccharides in sulfobacilli remain poorly characterized. A genome-wide survey identified a diverse repertoire of putative sugar uptake transporters, belonging to three distinct families. We demonstrate that supplementation with glucose, fructose, xylose or sucrose increases biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides production in Sulfobacillus acidophilus DSM 10332ᵀ. Enhanced biofilm formation was quantified using large-scale, in-depth image analysis. Fluorescent lectin binding analysis revealed a concomitant increase in extracellular polysaccharides abundance, while HPLC-UV-ESI-MS confirmed a quantitative rise in secreted polysaccharides under sugar-supplemented conditions. Detailed compositional analysis showed that the extracellular polysaccharides produced by S. acidophilus [T] are predominantly composed of glucose and mannose residues. Overall, our findings indicate that sugar supplementation stimulates biofilm development in S. acidophilus, likely by enhancing extracellular polysaccharides biosynthesis. This study provides the first detailed compositional characterization of S. acidophilus [T] extracellular polysaccharides and establishes Sulfobacillus as a promising model for investigating sugar uptake and carbon cycling in bioleaching systems, as members of this genus can also grow without the supplementation of sugars.}, }
@article {pmid42238891, year = {2026}, author = {De Gregorio, E and Dé, E and Pompilio, A and Khan, AU and Zarrilli, R}, title = {Editorial: Breaking the biofilm barrier: analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and identification of novel antimicrobial approaches.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1856687}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1856687}, pmid = {42238891}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid42238977, year = {2023}, author = {Head, D and Marsh, PD and Devine, D and Tenuta, LMA}, title = {In silico study of hyposalivation and sugar exposure on biofilm dysbiosis.}, journal = {JADA foundational science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {100019}, pmid = {42238977}, issn = {2772-414X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries develops under actively sugar-fermenting dental biofilms, but the most successful control methods available only target mineral loss. Reduced salivary flow rates (hyposalivation) significantly exacerbate caries progression by lessening sugar and acid clearance near tooth surfaces. Maintaining dental biofilm symbiosis (health) under hyposalivation requires knowledge of the impact of acid inhibition under given dietary regimens.<br><br>METHODS: An individual-based mathematical model was used to predict biofilm dysbiosis under normal or hyposalivatory conditions by regulating the frequency of sugar intake and inhibiting microbial glycolysis, reducing the acid challenge to the tooth mineral. The impact of pH-dependent (stronger inhibition at lower pH [eg, fluoride]) and pH-independent (general percentage reduction in acid production) strategies on pH near the tooth surface during sugar intake, and the corresponding compositional changes in the biofilm, were quantified.<br><br>RESULTS: Under normal saliva flow, reducing the frequency of sugar intake and increasing the inhibition of acid production by pH-dependent or pH-independent strategies could prevent bacterial dysbiosis and prevent the biofilm from having a caries-associated (dysbiotic) to a health-associated (symbiotic) composition. However, under hyposalivatory conditions, dysbiosis occurred beyond 2 sugar intakes per day, and the degree of inhibition of glycolysis required to prevent dysbiosis was not feasible with available therapeutics.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Model data predict that to counteract the drastic effect of hyposalivation on biofilm dysbiosis, it will be essential to significantly reduce the frequency of fermentable sugar intake and any direct inhibition of bacterial metabolism.}, }
@article {pmid42239032, year = {2026}, author = {Martins, GF and Guardiola-Flores, KA and Zaman, L and Horowitz, JM and Hallinen, KM and Wood, K}, title = {Cooperative antibiotic response in coupled biofilm and planktonic E. faecalis communities.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.05.18.725849}, pmid = {42239032}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Bacterial communities grow as dynamic populations that respond to their environments. A clinically relevant example is the inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by intracellular beta-lactamase in E. faecalis resistant strains. In these populations, resistant bacteria act as antibiotic sinks, detoxifying the environment and allowing sensitive bacteria to survive treatment through a cooperative interaction. In this work, we study strongly coupled planktonic and biofilm populations of mixed sensitive-resistant E. faecalis bacteria under antibiotic stress using fluorescent microscopy. The presence of resistant bacteria in the system benefits both resistant and sensitive cells, leading to mixed planktonic and biofilm populations at super-inhibitory drug concentrations. We show that a beta-lactam antibiotic with or without the addition of a beta-lactam inhibitor can lead to a population inversion effect, characterized by a non-monotonic relation between initial and final fractions of resistant bacteria. The effect is observed in both the planktonic and biofilm populations and is modulated by the total initial cell density. A well-mixed model with competition mediated by resource sharing and cooperation from global degradation of toxins predicts the experimentally observed behavior. These observations suggest underlying population-level mechanisms that are largely independent of biofilm spatial structure.}, }
@article {pmid42239163, year = {2026}, author = {Mohamed, N and Lam, DM and Abdikarin, M and Mohammed-Abraham, R and Davies, DG and Cook, LC and McKenney, PT}, title = {Biofilm dispersion in Enterococcus faecalis is mediated by nutrient step-change and intra-species signaling.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.05.20.724677}, pmid = {42239163}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive intestinal commensal and opportunistic pathogen capable of causing serious infections, including urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and wound infections. A major contributor to its persistence during infection is the ability to form biofilms on host tissues and medical devices. Biofilm cells have higher phenotypic tolerance to antimicrobial treatment than planktonic bacteria. While mechanisms governing biofilm assembly in E. faecalis have been widely studied, the processes that regulate biofilm dispersion, the final stage of the biofilm life cycle, remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that dispersion is triggered by a tenfold step-change increase in nutrient availability and by cell free supernatant (CFS) of E. faecalis OG1RF cultures. Cells released from biofilms regain sensitivity to antibiotics similar to planktonic cells but maintain a high potential for adherence. We characterized the glycosyltransferase epaOX , which contributes to the structure of the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen as necessary for nutrient step-change induced dispersion, CFS induced dispersion, and adhesion of dispersed cells. Supplementation of epaOX mutant CFS with galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine was sufficient to restore CFS induced dispersion. Together these data suggest that dispersion in OG1RF occurs with fast kinetics, affects antibiotic sensitivity and is regulated in part by known virulence factors.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: E. faecalis causes difficult to treat infections at numerous body sites in human patients. E. faecalis biofilms are adherent populations that require high levels of antibiotics for treatment. Biofilms undergo a disassembly process named dispersion that allows individual cells to leave the biofilm and colonize new locations. Dispersed cells in other species are killed by lower amounts of antibiotics than biofilm cells. Here we showed that dispersion occurs in E. faecalis and lowers the level of antibiotics needed to kill dispersed cells. Dispersion triggers could be used in the future to design treatments that increase the effectiveness of antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid42239287, year = {2026}, author = {Elpers, L and Schmeisser, B and Felgner, P and Koettermann, M and Drauch, V and Hess, C and Koepp, N and Lueken, L and Hess, M and Gal-Mor, O and Hensel, M}, title = {Novel pESI-encoded autotransporter adhesin PeaP of epidemic Salmonella strains mediates adhesion, atypical biofilm formation, and poultry colonization.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.05.20.725250}, pmid = {42239287}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (SIN) has rapidly become the dominant serovar in poultry worldwide, a success largely linked to the acquisition of the 285 kb megaplasmid pESI. While pESI-encoded antibiotic-resistance and iron-uptake systems are well characterized, pESI-mediated adhesion mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we identify a novel pESI-encoded monomeric autotransporter adhesin, designated PeaP (pESI-encoded autotransporter protein), and demonstrate its pivotal role in atypical biofilm formation, interference with motility, and colonization of the chicken host. Biofilm assays revealed that pESI-harboring strain SIN 119944 forms robust biofilms at 37 °C and 42 °C, temperatures at which CsgD-dependent biofilm formation is negligible. Deletion of csgD did not impair this phenotype, whereas deletion of peaP abolished high-temperature biofilm development and restored motility to wild-type levels. Proteomic profiling of sessile versus planktonic cells highlighted PeaP as the most abundant pESI-derived protein in the biofilm fraction. AlphaFold-based modelling and negative-stain transmission electron microscopy showed that PeaP comprises a C-terminal β-barrel and a 1,500 aa passenger domain with three tandem repeats, projecting filamentous appendages ~37 nm from the outer membrane. Antibody blockade of PeaP reduced surface adhesion >6-fold, confirming its adhesive function. In an infection model of 2 day-old chicken, the peaP mutant displayed significantly lower colonization, indicating PeaP-mediated adhesion in vivo. Collectively, pESI-positive SIN deploys PeaP for CsgD-independent, temperature-tolerant biofilm formation and enhanced gastrointestinal colonization, providing a mechanistic basis for the epidemic spread of this multidrug-resistant pathogen in poultry.}, }
@article {pmid42229662, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Q and Zhang, J and Fang, Z and Hajizadeh, S and Zhang, J and Yang, Q and Ye, L and Zhang, M}, title = {Multifunctional chitosan cryogel bandages via column-flow synthesis for simultaneous hemostasis and anti-biofilm therapy.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {152852}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.152852}, pmid = {42229662}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {Bacterial infection and hemorrhage remain significant clinical challenges for chronic wounds, despite advancements in antimicrobial strategies and materials. Herein, 980 nm-laser-responsive photothermal conjugated polymers (CPs) are combined with chitosan-based cryogels (CP@Gel) to achieve rapid hemostasis and efficient anti-infectious performance. CP nanoparticles (CP NPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation and immobilized into cryogels via a novel column-flow-through method, resulting in high nanoparticle loading capacity and enhanced photothermal effects. The chitosan-based cryogels demonstrated quick blood absorption and rapid hemostatic abilities. Under near-infrared (NIR) exposure, the photothermal effect of CP@Gel induced bacterial membrane disruption and cytoplasmic leakage, nearly eliminating Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) within 5 min. Moreover, CP@Gel under NIR laser irradiation effectively destroyed mature MRSA biofilms and affected related biofilm-formation genes. Meanwhile, CP@Gel/NIR promoted MRSA-induced wound healing by controlling inflammatory responses, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and affecting the expression of genes associated with inflammation and immune response. This work provides a promising approach for chronic wound healing by addressing both hemorrhage and MRSA contamination.}, }
@article {pmid42229743, year = {2026}, author = {Saini, Y and Wani, MY and Hameed, S}, title = {Antifungal Peptides for Biofilm Disruption: Mechanisms, Design Strategies, and Translational Outlook.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108601}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108601}, pmid = {42229743}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Invasive fungal infections in intensive care units are a serious concern, especially when they are associated with biofilm formation. These infections often lead to high mortality because biofilms make the fungi more resistant to antifungal drugs and harder for the immune system to clear. Pathogens such as Candida auris, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus are particularly problematic, as they are known to develop multidrug resistance and cause persistent infections in critically ill patients. These biofilms often show a much higher tolerance to standard antifungal drugs and can escape the host body's immune defenses. This makes the infections they cause more persistent and very difficult to treat in clinical practice. Antifungal peptides (AFPs), whether derived from natural host-defense molecules or designed through rational engineering, are emerging as promising options for tackling fungal biofilms. They act through several mechanisms, such as disrupting the fungal cell membrane, blocking early adhesion and morphogenesis, and weakening the extracellular matrix. Importantly, they may also work in synergy with existing antifungal drugs, making treatment more effective. Recent progress in peptide engineering and delivery methods, such as nanocarriers and hydrogel-based systems has enhanced the stability, selectivity, and ability of peptides to target fungal biofilms in experimental models. At the same time, there are important challenges that remain, including their tendency to break down due to proteolytic enzymes, possible cytotoxic effects, difficulties in large scale manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles linked to peptide-based therapies. Overall, AFPs represent a promising and fast developing area of research, but their use in clinical practice is limited. More studies are needed to confirm their safety, effectiveness and practical feasibility for managing biofilm-associated fungal infections.}, }
@article {pmid42229762, year = {2026}, author = {de Maceda, FG and Lopes-Olhê, FC and Torres-Carrillo, AJS and da Silva Goulart, R and Petean, IBF and de Castro-Vasconcelos, GA and Silva-Sousa, AC and Estrela, C and Mazzi-Chaves, JF and Silva-Sousa, YTC and Pitondo-Silva, A and Sousa-Neto, MD}, title = {Effect of ultrasonic irrigant activation and negative apical pressure in removing mature biofilm from the isthmus of curved root canal: A 3D-printed model study.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107567}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107567}, pmid = {42229762}, issn = {1872-8359}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Although the iVac® system has shown promising cleaning performance, its effectiveness in biofilm removal from anatomically complex areas remains untested in standardized 3D models, highlighting the relevance of the present study to evidence-based irrigation strategies.<br><br>METHODS: A standardized 3D mandibular molar model with curvature and an isthmus was created, incorporating dentin blocks and a 21-day E. faecalis biofilm. Samples (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;48) were randomized into four groups: syringe-needle irrigation, iVac System, ultrasonic irrigant activation (UIA), and control. All groups received NaOCl, EDTA, PBS, and sodium thiosulfate. Biofilm removal was assessed by CFU counting and SEM.<br><br>RESULTS: ANOVA of CFUs showed that UIA and iVac significantly reduced bacterial counts compared to the control (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001), with no difference between them (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.342). Syringe and needle irrigation showed results similar to the control (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.124) and iVac (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.087), but had higher CFUs than UIA (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.017). These reductions corresponded to substantial decreases in bacterial load. SEM revealed that iVac and UIA groups exhibited exposed dentinal tubules with few scattered bacteria, while syringe and needle irrigation showed a dense amorphous matrix with E. faecalis-like cells covering most of the dentin, with limited exposed areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Active irrigant agitation with UIA or iVac was more effective in reducing mature biofilm and promoting its disruption in the isthmus of curved root canals than syringe and needle irrigation.}, }
@article {pmid42230424, year = {2026}, author = {Passamani, GB and de Oliveira Pereira, L and Ferreira, TA and da Silva, PV and Backes, L and de Freitas Santos, J and Sardi, JO and de Almeida, TDD and Campos, LT and Borba, AM and Romário-Silva, D}, title = {Association of oral and non-oral microorganisms in a multispecies biofilm model formed on orthodontic appliances: an in vitro study.}, journal = {Odontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42230424}, issn = {1618-1255}, abstract = {Orthodontic devices can promote dental biofilm formation and increase the risk of oral diseases when hygiene is inadequate. Invisible aligners, although removable and easier to clean, are frequently exposed to external environments, which may allow contamination by non-oral microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the association and viability of oral and non-oral microorganisms in mono- and multispecies biofilm models formed on orthodontic appliances. Methods: Stimulated human saliva was used to form the acquired pellicle on specimens of invisible aligners, conventional brackets, and self-ligating brackets. The samples were exposed to Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and incubated for 48 h under mono- and multispecies conditions. After ultrasonic detachment, viable cells were quantified by CFU/mL enumeration, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content was determined. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for monospecies biofilms, and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test for multispecies biofilms (p < 0.05). Higher CFU/mL values were observed for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa compared to C. albicans and S. mutans (p < 0.05). In multispecies biofilms, C. albicans showed higher values than S. mutans (p < 0.05). CFU/mL increased over time, with no differences among orthodontic devices (p > 0.05). EPS content was higher in conventional brackets, intermediate in self-ligating brackets, and lower in aligners (p < 0.05). Oral and non-oral microorganisms remained viable and were recovered from biofilm models formed on orthodontic appliances. These findings suggest that such devices may act as substrates for the persistence of non-oral microorganisms under biofilm-forming conditions, highlighting the importance of appropriate hygiene and storage practices.}, }
@article {pmid42230493, year = {2026}, author = {Minko, AG and Danilova, TA and Lunin, VG and Gromova, MS and Danilina, GA and Adzhieva, AA and Zhukhovitsky, VG}, title = {The Effect of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin Type A (SpeA) on the Formation of Streptococcus pyogenes Biofilm.}, journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42230493}, issn = {1573-8221}, abstract = {The effect of recombinant streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes) exotoxin type A (rSpeA) on biofilm formation by S. pyogenes was studied using a laboratory strain of serotype M30 and five non-typeable clinical strains of S. pyogenes. The inhibition of bacterial growth was observed during both the initial formation stage and within established biofilms. It was shown that under the action of rSpeA on biofilm formation, the growth of strain M30 was inhibited by 1.6 times and the growth of strains 1, 2, and 3 was inhibited by 2.3, 1.3, and 1.4 times, respectively. For strains 4 and 5, the inhibition was practically absent. Application of SpeA to the formed biofilm of streptococcal strains produced a more pronounced inhibitory effect: 2.5-fold for strain M30, and 5.5-, 3.4-, and 4.2-fold for strains No. 2, 3, and 5, respectively. These findings suggest that SpeA being a superantigen can also destroy streptococcal biofilms promoting the spread of bacteria in the body and leading to generalization of the infectious process.}, }
@article {pmid42231706, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Rong, L and Chen, Y and He, W and Wen, X and Deng, Y and Lai, S}, title = {Deciphering Augmented Dual-ROS-Driven Biofilm Eradication by Facilitating Long-Range Spatial Charge Decoupling in Polymer Carbon Dots.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2382848}, doi = {10.1002/anie.2382848}, pmid = {42231706}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {22305098//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32571536//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32271392//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2026NSFSC0995//Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan/ ; 2026YFHZ0080//Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan/ ; }, abstract = {Developing carbon dots (CDs) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability provides an attractive approach to address the dilemma of biofilm eradication caused by the robust extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. The challenge for the exploration of highly potent CDs is to circumvent the severe thermodynamic and kinetic paradox to transform surrounding substrates into ultra-reactive ROS. To address this conundrum, we propose a long-pathway electron-accepting strategy promoting the absolute spatial charge decoupling by the elaborate marriage of carbonized core and polynaphthalenediimide (PNDI) network, which significantly boosts the superoxide anion (·O2 [-]) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) dual-ROS generation of the constructed polymer CDs. Systematic mechanism exploration reveals that ultrafast intramolecular charge transfer after photoirradiation enables energetic long-life electrons to migrate along the PNDI highway for abundant ·O2 [-] production. Intriguingly, this profound separation firmly anchors uncompensated highly oxidative holes at the extraordinarily deep highest occupied molecular orbital level of the carbon core, successfully unlocking the thermodynamic threshold for direct ·OH generation. This tailored dual-ROS storm induces catastrophic EPS matrix degradation and massacres the embedded pathogens, achieving near-complete (∼99.9%) eradication of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. This work establishes a potent nanoplatform and provides profound mechanistic insights for tackling global biofilm-associated threats.}, }
@article {pmid42232210, year = {2026}, author = {Udawatte, NS and Liu, C and Staples, R and Han, P and Kumar, PS and Arumugam, TV and Ivanovski, S and Seneviratne, CJ}, title = {Transient restructuring of the active oral resistome during probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 colonization in a 3D polymicrobial biofilm model.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2680793}, pmid = {42232210}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The oral cavity harbours a complex and transcriptionally active antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) reservoir shaped by polymicrobial biofilm ecology. Whether probiotic-mediated ecological modulation can remodel the active resistome without promoting horizontal gene transfer remains poorly understood.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of Streptococcus salivarius K12 (Ssk12) colonisation on active resistome dynamics within saliva derived polymicrobial biofilms and determine whether probiotic driven ecological restructuring transiently alters resistance-associated transcriptional signatures.<br><br>DESIGN: Saliva-derived polymicrobial biofilms were established on three-dimensional melt electrowritten poly(&#x3b5;-caprolactone) (MEW-mPCL) scaffolds and exposed to Ssk12. Metatranscriptomic profiling was performed across four time points (Baseline, Day 4, Day 7, and Day 10), complemented by quantitative PCR validation and ARG-mobile genetic element (MGE) co-localisation analysis to characterise resistome restructuring during probiotic colonisation and decolonisation.<br><br>RESULTS: Baseline biofilms contained 27 ARGs spanning 16 antibiotic classes, predominantly ermB, tet(M), and tet(W). During peak Ssk12 colonisation (Days 4-7), total ARG abundance declined to approximately 17% of baseline levels, with marked reductions in efflux-associated and &#x3b2;-lactam/fluoroquinolone resistance-associated transcripts. Partial resistome recovery occurred by Day 10 (~32% of baseline), indicating reversible ecological modulation rather than permanent dysbiotic restructuring. ARG dynamics were primarily reshaped by ARG-bearing taxa rather than enrichment of high-confidence putatively mobile resistance determinants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: S. salivarius K12 transiently remodelled the transcriptionally active oral resistome within structured polymicrobial biofilms without evidence of enhanced putative horizontal resistance gene mobilisation. These findings support a proof-of-concept model in which probiotic driven ecological restructuring may create a transient resistome state potentially associated with altered responsiveness to selected antibiotic classes.}, }
@article {pmid42233349, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, Y and Bauer, RM and Mahdi, R and Piepenbrink, KH}, title = {Insight into the relationship between type IV pilus function and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Biochemical Society transactions}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {633-650}, doi = {10.1042/BST20250151}, pmid = {42233349}, issn = {1470-8752}, support = {P20-GM113126//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; MCB-2310647//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {Type IV pili (T4P) are protein nanofibers that can be extended and retracted from the surfaces of many bacterial taxa. They are involved in many aspects of bacterial physiology that differ between bacterial species, including surface motility, DNA uptake, and host-cell adherence, but genetically and structurally distinct type IV pilus systems from distantly related bacterial species have also been found to promote the formation of bacterial biofilms. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the promotion of biofilm remain an area of active investigation and may be both manifold and variable between type IV pilus systems. Two areas of recent interest are interactions between T4P and extracellular DNA and the relationship between surface-adhered biofilms and suspended aggregates. In the present review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge of type IV pilus function and how these structures may interact with other biomolecules to influence the formation of multicellular bacterial communities. We examine the evidence for how alterations in DNA-binding, pilus retraction, and pilus composition have downstream effects on the formation of bacterial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42233673, year = {2026}, author = {Fulman-Levy, H and Sinberger, LA and Geva, P and Lellouche, J and Navon-Venezia, S}, title = {Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm formation predicts its survival in human serum.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0075226}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.00752-26}, pmid = {42233673}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is a prominent pathogen causing life-threatening bloodstream infections. Although biofilm formation and resistance to human serum are well-recognized virulence traits, their interrelatedness during K. pneumoniae bloodstream infections remains unclear. Here, we hypothesize that biofilm production is related to K. pneumoniae's ability to thrive in human serum and, therefore, may predict the strains' ability for serum survival. We analyzed 57 clinical, genetically diverse classical K. pneumoniae strains and characterized their survival and biofilm-producing ability in human serum. Serum survival patterns revealed three serum resistance categories-Low, Mid, and High. In addition, the biofilm biomass produced by the strains correlated with their serum resistance level (P < 0.001), and 3D biofilm visualization using confocal microscopy further confirmed that biofilm extracellular polysaccharide substances and biomass patterns were consistent with the serum resistance categories. Moreover, we revealed a direct correlation between the level of biofilm formation and the strain's serum survival level (R[2] = 0.696), a prerequisite for systemic K. pneumoniae dissemination. As biofilm formation in serum reflects both survival and biofilm-forming ability, we assessed biofilm formation in defined modified basal medium (BM2), to rule out serum-mediated killing, and discovered a strong and significant association between the serum resistance category and BM2 biofilm biomass (P < 0.0001). By applying regression models, we discovered that biofilm formation serves as a significant predictor for bacterial survival in serum. Overall, our findings establish biofilm production in K. pneumoniae as a biomarker of serum survival and may open a new avenue for predicting bloodstream infection risk in clinical settings.IMPORTANCEBloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae are devastating life-threatening infections worldwide. Understanding the survival strategies of K. pneumoniae in the bloodstream is critical for elucidating key aspects of bacterial pathogenicity and developing new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Although serum survival is a recognized virulence trait necessary to thrive in the bloodstream, the relationship between serum resistance and biofilm formation, a multicellular organization that may protect bacteria from bloodstream stressors, remains poorly understood. In this article, we demonstrate biofilm production in human serum by clinical classical K. pneumoniae strains for the first time and discovered a direct correlation between the level of biofilm biomass formation and the degree of serum survival in human serum and in defined modified basal medium. These findings offer insights into the importance of biofilm production in K. pneumoniae serum resistance and may be used to develop future therapeutic strategies targeting bloodstream infections.}, }
@article {pmid42234182, year = {2026}, author = {Pabousi Sadatmahale, A and Nouhi Kararoudi, A and Zahmatkesh, H and Haghdoust Kooyshahi, H and Nezamivand Chegini, S and Garakoui, SR and Shahriarinour, M and Nikpassand, M and Ranji, N}, title = {Anti-biofilm and Efflux Pump Inhibitory Function of Fe3O4@SBA-3@Curcumin Nanoparticles on drug resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Molecular Docking Analysis.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {42234182}, issn = {1432-0991}, abstract = {Increased biofilm formation and efflux pumps activity are two major contributors to the antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In the present study, curcumin-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-biofilm and efflux pump inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa. The nanoparticles, designated Fe3O4@SBA-3@Curcumin, were prepared via co-precipitation method followed by surface functionalization. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization was performed using thermal analysis and multiple spectroscopic techniques. The antimicrobial efficacy of Fe3O4@SBA-3@Curcumin alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin was assessed using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) analysis, biofilm formation assays, and pyocyanin production measurements. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed successful curcumin functionalization without structural degradation. FE-SEM and TEM images demonstrated nanoparticle size of 52.12 nm and 32.20 nm, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a mean particle diameter of 101.8 nm and excellent colloidal stability, as indicated by a zeta potential of -86.8 mV. Combination therapy exhibited a synergistic effect and significantly reduced biofilm formation and pyocyanin production. Furthermore, combined treatment with Fe3O4@SBA-3@Curcumin and ciprofloxacin resulted in downregulation of efflux pump genes (mexA, mexB, and oprM) and biofilm-associated genes (algD and pelA). Molecular docking analyses predicted favorable binding interactions between curcumin and key biofilm-related proteins involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis (algD and pelD), as well as efflux pump components associated with antibiotic resistance (mexB, mexA, and oprM) in P. aeruginosa. Collectively, these findings support the potential role of curcumin functionalization in attenuating biofilm formation and efflux pump activity. Overall, Fe3O4@SBA-3 nanoparticle may serve as an effective nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery into bacterial cells.}, }
@article {pmid42223902, year = {2026}, author = {de Sá Barreto Maia Leite, DP and de Oliveira Alves Pinto, G and da Silva, MEUCM and da Silva, VV and Goncalves, LMT and de Albuquerque, MCF and Santos, RS and da Silva, LTR and Valenca, YM and Beraldo, KRF and Juliano, MA and de Oliveira, PRF and da Silva, JG and Mota, RA}, title = {Correction: Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm in Bacteria from Rehabilitated Sapajus libidinosus.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10393-026-01809-2}, pmid = {42223902}, issn = {1612-9210}, }
@article {pmid42224208, year = {2026}, author = {Corkery-Hayward, N and Karunakaran, E and Gul, M}, title = {Real-Time Visualization of Nutrient Media Impact on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development Using a Microfluidic System.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {231}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/69997}, pmid = {42224208}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/methods/instrumentation ; *Culture Media/chemistry ; Bacteriological Techniques/methods/instrumentation ; }, abstract = {The pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of numerous nosocomial infections, and its growing antimicrobial resistance has led to it posing a significant public health threat. This article presents a comprehensive protocol detailing the use of a microfluidic system for the real-time visualization and quantification of biofilm development in two key P. aeruginosa strains, PAO1 and PA14. The method employs optically transparent, multichannel microchannel plates to subject bacterial cultures to a continuous, steady flow of media, including tryptic soy broth (TSB) or modified minimal fastidious anaerobic broth (FAB) with varying carbon source concentrations, thereby mimicking conditions found in the clinical environments. Over a 24-h period, automated real-time imaging captures the growth and maturation of biofilms in the form of biofilm surface area coverage, thickness, and surface roughness in a highly reproducible manner. The experimental objective is to use the results to demonstrate that biofilm formation for both strains is significantly impacted by changes in nutrient media composition. The goal of this visualized protocol is to provide a method for researchers to study biofilm dynamics under steady laminar flow conditions, and the insights gained could be leveraged to develop alternative, non-antimicrobial strategies for eradicating early-stage P. aeruginosa biofilms in nosocomial settings.}, }
@article {pmid42225152, year = {2026}, author = {Fang, Y and Wu, X and Lin, C and Yang, G and Jiang, Y and Zhuang, Z and Zhuang, L}, title = {Prophage-dependent membrane vesicles in Geobacter soli: Implications for biofilm formation and extracellular electron transfer.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {135053}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135053}, pmid = {42225152}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Geobacter species are among the most efficient biocatalysts in bioelectrochemical systems (BES), with their performance dependent on effective extracellular electron transfer (EET) between electroactive bacteria and electrodes. Although membrane vesicles (MVs) are known to participate in EET, the formation of prophage-dependent MVs (PMVs) in Geobacter species and their specific contribution to EET have remained unclear. This study demonstrated that Geobacter soli produced PMVs via prophage-mediated explosive cell lysis, as evidenced by their characteristic morphological and compositional features. Compared with MVs from prophage-deficient Δpro2 mutant, wild-type MVs (WT-MVs) exhibited a higher proportion of bilayer-membrane vesicles (10.1% vs. 4.2%), 2.6-fold increase in DNA content, and significant enrichment in cytoplasmic and inner membrane proteins. Compared with the wild-type-inoculated BES, the Δpro2-inoculated BES showed a 24.4%-29.5% reduction in current generation over three operational cycles, and a decrease in biofilm thickness from 40 μm to 35 μm. Notably, supplementation with WT-MVs restored the electrochemical performance of Δpro2-biofilm, increasing current output by 50.9-86.3%. Comparative proteomic and biochemical analyses revealed that WT-MVs were enriched in c-type cytochromes as well as biofilm-promoting proteins, including adhesins, polysaccharide-associated proteins and stress response factors, relative to Δpro2-MVs, indicating that PMVs actively facilitated both biofilm formation and EET. This work provided the first direct evidence of PMV production in Geobacter and established their association with enhanced EET and biofilm formation. These findings advance our understanding of vesicle-mediated electron transfer mechanism in electroactive bacteria and highlight prophage elements as promising targets for engineering high-performance BES for energy recovery and environmental applications.}, }
@article {pmid42225156, year = {2026}, author = {Feng, S and Bao, Y and Zhu, X and Wu, J and Chen, W and Huang, D and Zhou, T and Meng, L and Lee, CH and Li, D and Huang, M}, title = {Biodegradable versus persistent nanoplastics reshape nitrogen metabolism and biofilm architecture in denitrifying biofilters.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {135048}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135048}, pmid = {42225156}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in biological wastewater treatment systems is an emerging concern. Nevertheless, their differential influence on critical biofilm-mediated processes has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, denitrifying biofilters were exposed to biodegradable polylactic acid nanoplastics (PLA-NPs) and non-biodegradable polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) to simulate both typical and cumulative high-exposure scenarios. Results showed that long-term NP stress significantly reduced the denitrification performance, with a maximum inhibition of 35% in total nitrogen (TN) removal. Mechanistically, PLA and PS induced distinct biofilm remodeling strategies. PLA exposure enhanced nitrate assimilation pathways, promoting nitrogen sequestration into microbial biomass. In contrast, PS-NPs elicited concentration-dependent stress responses. Low PS exposure was associated with reduced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and enhanced carbohydrate degradation potential, whereas high PS concentrations were linked to altered EPS composition, decreased microbial diversity, and directional succession toward stress-tolerant genera. Metagenomic analysis revealed shifts in central carbon metabolic strategies, including enhanced gluconeogenesis and EPS precursor synthesis under NP exposure. Differences in substrate bioavailability between PLA and PS treatments further contributed to distinct carbon utilization patterns within the biofilms. Overall, this study demonstrates that NP biodegradability governs biofilm functional stability, nitrogen transformation, and denitrification performance, providing mechanistic insight into NP-biofilm interactions in engineered systems.}, }
@article {pmid42225211, year = {2026}, author = {Rath, S and Fatma, S and Nayak, AK and Das, S}, title = {Involvement of extracellular DNA (eDNA) in biofilm architecture and extracellular polymeric matrix stabilization in Pseudomonas putida KT2440.}, journal = {Biochimie}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.biochi.2026.05.012}, pmid = {42225211}, issn = {1638-6183}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are structured communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), with extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a key structural and regulatory component. This study investigates the role of eDNA in biofilm architecture and EPS stabilization in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Spectrophotometric and gel-based analyses confirmed eDNA release through controlled cell lysis, and supplementation with exogenous eDNA (1 μg/ml) accelerated biofilm maturation. Biofilm biomass increased from 8.89 ± 1.26 μm[3]/μm[2] at 36 h in the control to 12.89 ± 9.42 μm[3]/μm[2] at 24 h under eDNA supplementation. Cell size analysis confirmed eDNA supplementation produced dense biofilms with smaller cells (0.98-1.95 μm), whereas DNase treatment resulted in elongated (1.49-2.43 μm) chain-like cells. Gene expression revealed downregulation of ftsZ (∼0.15 fold at 24 h; ∼0.31 fold at 36 h) and mreB (∼0.22 fold at 24 h; ∼0.39 fold at 36 h), indicating reduced cell division and elongation. Increased cellular density led to highest EPS yield (505.3 ± 12.9 mg/l) under eDNA supplementation. Protein levels (146.2 ± 8.7 mg/g) were highest under DNase treatment, suggesting compensatory matrix remodeling. Amide I analysis revealed decreased β-sheet (52.8% to 38.4%) and increased β-turn (18.1% to 22.6%) upon eDNA supplementation, partially corroborated with CD spectroscopy. [1]H NMR analysis indicated interactions of eDNA with polysaccharides, with weaker association with lipids. These findings demonstrated crucial involvement of eDNA in regulating biofilm formation, matrix composition, cell size, and cytoskeletal gene expression in P. putida KT2440, providing insight into eDNA-mediated biofilm regulation with implications for targeted modulation of biofilms in medical and biotechnological applications.}, }
@article {pmid42215228, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Gao, X and Wang, Y and Fan, X and Li, W and Ning, P and Li, X}, title = {Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of biofilm formation in foodborne Listeria monocytogenes isolates under combined environmental stress.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {105148}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105148}, pmid = {42215228}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Stress, Physiological ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Sodium Chloride ; Food Microbiology ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; China ; Transcriptome ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen capable of forming biofilms that contribute to persistent contamination. Here, 70 foodborne isolates from China were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and biofilm formation assays under combined environmental stresses including temperature, pH, and NaCl. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 85.7% belonged to lineage II predominantly CC8, and 14.3% to lineage I predominantly CC87. Stress adaptation genes including Stress Survival Islet 1, Stress Survival Islet 2, bapL, and inlL showed differential distribution among clone complexes. Biofilm formation was generally enhanced at pH 6 but reduced at pH 5 or under 5% NaCl. Notably, CC8 and CC87 exhibited significant differences in biofilm formation under combined low temperature at 4 °C and low pH at 6 conditions. Two representative strains from CC8 and CC87 respectively were selected for transcriptomic sequencing to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in biofilm formation. Under combined stress, CC8 and CC87 displayed distinct transcriptional profiles. Upregulated genes in CC8 were significantly enriched in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and pyrimidine metabolism pathways, while CC87 showed downregulation of two-component system pathways. Collectively, these findings reveal clone complex-dependent variations in biofilm formation, differential distribution of stress adaptation genes, and specific metabolic patterns in L. monocytogenes. These differences provide new insights into the adaptive strategies of L. monocytogenes under environmental stress and highlight the importance of considering clone diversity in food safety risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid42215881, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, L and Liu, R and Hu, Q and Li, Y and Xu, B and Zhang, X and Cao, L and Mu, W}, title = {Effect of tranexamic acid on planktonic and biofilm susceptibility of Candida albicans.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05235-w}, pmid = {42215881}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {2023TSYCQNTJ0003//the Second Batch of the Tianshan Talent Cultivation Program for Young Promising Talents/ ; 82260435//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022A03011//Major Special Projects of the Science and Technology Plan of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; 2023TSYCTD0014//the Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Science and Technology Department/ ; NUS2026013//Shanghai Key Laboratory of Neuro-Ultrasound for Diagnosis and Treatment and Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine./ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fungal periprosthetic joint infection remains a challenging complication in revision arthroplasty. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is among the most frequently reported fungal pathogens, and biofilm formation further limits antifungal efficacy. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is routinely used to reduce perioperative blood loss in arthroplasty and may come into direct contact with antifungal agents within the joint environment. However, whether TXA modifies antifungal activity against C. albicans remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TXA on the in vitro activity of representative antifungal agents against C. albicans under planktonic and established biofilm conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: Baseline planktonic MICs for FLC, VRC, CAS, and AMB were 0.75, 0.5, 1, and 0.75&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL, respectively. In the presence of TXA, susceptibility shifts were class-dependent: MICs for VRC and CAS decreased four-fold and two-fold, respectively, while AMB exhibited a two-fold increase and FLC remained unchanged. Established biofilms showed markedly reduced antifungal susceptibility, and TXA further altered the XTT-derived biofilm metabolic inhibition profiles. For FLC, TXA increased peak metabolic inhibition from approximately 50-55% in saline to 85-90%, with an XTT-derived MBEC&#x2089;&#x2080; of 192&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL. In contrast, TXA attenuated VRC-mediated biofilm metabolic inhibition, producing a right-shifted dose-response profile relative to saline conditions. For CAS, TXA lowered the XTT-derived activity threshold from 256 to 128&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL, although the response curves converged at higher concentrations. For AMB, TXA reduced apparent biofilm activity, increasing the XTT-derived minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) threshold from 1.5 to 12&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: TXA differentially modulated the apparent in vitro activity of representative antifungal agents against C. albicans in an antifungal class- and growth-state-dependent manner. The discordance between planktonic and antibiofilm responses under TXA co-exposure supports further mechanistic and translational validation in clinically relevant Candida biofilm models.}, }
@article {pmid42217811, year = {2026}, author = {Hou, J and Huang, Z and Jia, X and Wang, J and Xu, K and Fang, X and Zheng, Y and Qiao, M and Yuan, H and Meng, T}, title = {Enzyme-powered PLGA micromotors for biofilm eradication and long-term regrowth inhibition.}, journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {127034}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127034}, pmid = {42217811}, issn = {1873-3476}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are dense structures composed of microbial communities and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), posing severe challenges in the field of biomedical engineering. These EPS matrices form a "mucus protective barrier", endowing biofilms with robust resistance to antibiotics, biocides and immune responses. Conventional eradication strategies such as disinfectants and enzymatic cleaners have inherent limitations including easy induction of microbial drug resistance, failure to penetrate the EPS barrier, and inability to prevent the rapid regeneration of biofilms. In this study, a fully biodegradable enzyme-driven PLGA micromotors (PLGA MMs) system was developed via a hydroxyapatite (HAP)-stabilized oil-in-water Pickering emulsion templating method, with azithromycin (AZM) and catalase (CAT) encapsulated within the PLGA matrix. The micromotors achieve deep biofilm penetration by virtue of catalase-driven propulsive force, while the biodegradable PLGA matrix enables the sustained release of AZM for several weeks, effectively eliminating residual bacteria and inhibiting biofilm regeneration. Experimental results demonstrated that the PLGA MMs could efficiently eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms (with only 3.2% residual biofilm biomass remaining), kill residual bacteria within the biofilms (with a bacterial survival rate of merely 2.3%), and completely inhibit biofilm regrowth for up to 14 days. Furthermore, the PLGA MMs exhibited favorable biocompatibility (with a CAT activity retention rate of > 88.98% and a hemolysis rate of < 5%). This synergistic "disruption-sustained inhibition" strategy provides a novel and translationally promising platform for combating recalcitrant biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid42217958, year = {2026}, author = {Salas, B and Díaz, M and Vera, M}, title = {Understanding biofilm formation in acidophilic bioleaching microorganisms: Advances and challenges.}, journal = {Advances in applied microbiology}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {1-35}, doi = {10.1016/bs.aambs.2026.04.003}, pmid = {42217958}, issn = {0065-2164}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Quorum Sensing ; *Bacteria/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Sulfides/metabolism ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bioleaching of metal sulfides (MS) is driven by acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms that oxidize ferrous ions and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds under extremely acidic conditions. These microorganisms form biofilms on mineral surfaces, influencing their metabolism and bioleaching activity. Studying biofilms in bioleaching acidophiles presents unique challenges, such as the dual role of MS surfaces as electron donors that generate reactive oxygen species, provide selective colonization sites, biofilm mineralization, and limited knowledge of inter- and intra-species interactions. This chapter reviews recent advances in bioleaching biofilm research, focusing on cell-to-cell communication through Quorum Sensing (QS), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) studies using non-invasive cell labeling, as well as high-throughput image analysis for biofilm quantification. We discuss the effects of acyl homoserine lactone (AHLs)-based and diffusible signal factor (DSF)-based QS systems on the metabolic activity and biofilm formation of bioleaching bacteria. Additionally, we examine evidence suggesting that QS influences biofilm formation and MS bioleaching in mixed acidophilic cultures. We also review recent progress in visualizing acidophilic leaching biofilms by fluorescence microscopy techniques (Epifluorescence and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) to study their establishment on mineral surfaces, EPS production, and interspecies interactions. Finally, we present an improved approach using Open-Source Software to overcome limitations in biofilm quantitative analysis, addressing biases caused by the low number of images frequently analyzed and the absence of robust statistical frameworks for cell and microcolony quantification.}, }
@article {pmid42219444, year = {2026}, author = {Alqahtani, LS}, title = {Dual-functional Green Tea Polyphenol loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Eradication of Uropathogenic Biofilm and Induction of Apoptotic Pathways in Prostate Cancer Cells.}, journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42219444}, issn = {1559-0291}, abstract = {In this work, chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) loaded with crude green tea extract (CGTE) at three concentrations (1.5, 3, and 6%) are designed to eradicate harmful microbes and eliminate prostate cancer cells successfully. The extraction of bioactive compounds in CGTE was conducted. A phytochemical identification confirmed that CGTE was rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, predominantly quercetin derivatives. Furthermore, the characterization of the prepared materials indicated that CGTE was successfully loaded onto CsNPs. The TEM results showed that CsNPs and the loaded CsNPs with CGTE were spherical, with their size increasing from around 297 nm to 353 nm after loading the CGTE. Among the studied formulations, results indicated that 6CGTE loaded CsNPs showed the strongest antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities. Likewise, the formulation induced significant cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells, as evidenced by morphological shrinkage, Annexin V-positive populations, and cell-cycle arrest. The cancer therapy of PC-3 prostate increased Bax levels and decreased Bcl-2 levels. ELISA and qRT-PCR tests revealed the significant downregulation of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNF-α). In addition, western blot analysis confirmed the highest p53 levels and activated cleaved caspase-3. Consequently, the the prepared CGTE loaded CsNPs is a promising and beneficial approach for treating prostate cancer and preventing the bioburden of uropathogenic microbes. The results concluded that the prepared nanoplatform has great potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications as a localized nano-delivery system for integrated antimicrobial and anticancer therapy.}, }
@article {pmid42219623, year = {2026}, author = {S, S and R, S}, title = {AI-assisted predictive monitoring of process control parameters in a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor for high-strength sewage treatment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances &amp; environmental engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1080/10934529.2026.2682091}, pmid = {42219623}, issn = {1532-4117}, abstract = {This study presents a novel three-zone fibers-based sequencing batch biofilm reactor designed to achieve simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal for the treatment of high-strength sewage. Online process control sensors continuously monitored ORP, pH, and DO to provide real-time insight into biological phase transitions within the reactor. A sliding window-based linear regression model was developed and applied as an AI-assisted predictive monitoring framework, enabling accurate forecasting of process control parameters. The SBBR consistently achieved high removal efficiencies for organics and nutrients, producing effluent quality of BOD <3 mg/L, COD <35 mg/L, TN <5 mg/L, and TP ≈1 mg/L, meeting stringent regulatory standards. The AI predictive model demonstrated strong agreement with measured data for all three parameters (pH: R[2] = 0.982, RMSE = 0.042; ORP: R[2] = 0.996, RMSE = 7.951; DO: R[2] = 0.918, RMSE = 0.173), confirming its reliability as a process monitoring tool for identifying biological phase endpoints in real-time. These findings establish the integration of AI-based predictive monitoring with advanced biofilm reactor technology as a practically viable and scientifically sound for high-strength sewage treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42220873, year = {2026}, author = {Vijaykumar, V and Mora, SRR and Kumari, S and Arumugam, T and DMello, K and N, MR}, title = {A Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Hetafu Mouthwash in Oral Biofilm of Orthodontic Patients: A Clinical Trial.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {e107880}, pmid = {42220873}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Introduction Orthodontic patients are at a high risk of plaque buildup and alterations in oral microbiota due to appliance‑related retention sites. Antimicrobial mouth rinses containing bioactive components have been proposed as adjuncts to support oral microbial balance during treatment. This pilot study evaluated the effect of Hetafu mouthwash on selected beneficial and cariogenic bacteria in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Methods A prospective clinical trial was conducted on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee of Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur (ethical approval number: ECR/1742/APDCH/ORTHO/FM 05/TN2025). The study included a total of 20 patients. The participants were instructed to use 10 mL of Hetafu mouthwash, rinsing for 30 seconds, two times daily for 240 days without altering their routine oral hygiene practices. Plaque samples were collected at the start of the study, at 60 days, and at 240 days. The samples were cultured on selective media to quantify four target organisms: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis (cariogenic bacteria), Lactobacillus sporogenes, and Streptococcus salivarius (beneficial commensals). Colony‑forming units were recorded at each time point, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with changes in bacterial counts over time analyzed through the Friedman test, followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons performed using Dunn's test with Bonferroni modification, and significance set at p < 0.05. A significant and progressive reduction was observed in Streptococcus mutans counts across all three time points (p = 0.001), with each interval showing a statistically meaningful decline. Streptococcus oralis also demonstrated a marked decrease over time (p = 0.001), with significant differences between all follow‑ups. In contrast, Streptococcus salivarius exhibited a steady and significant increase, with the highest levels recorded at 240 days (p = 0.001). Lactobacillus sporogenes showed a modest rise, reaching statistical significance only between baseline and the final follow‑up (p = 0.001). Conclusion The use of Hetafu mouthwash for 240 days resulted in a significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans and a marked increase in Streptococcus salivarius, reflecting a shift toward a more favorable oral microbial profile in orthodontic patients. These preliminary findings indicate that the Hetafu mouthwash may serve as a simple adjunct to support oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy. Future studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm these findings.}, }
@article {pmid42221540, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Hu, L and Liu, B and Qu, Z}, title = {Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of derivatives from p-toluic hydrazide: lead compound C17 exhibits membrane-disrupting and anti-biofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus and other gram-positive bacteria.}, journal = {Frontiers in chemistry}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1825790}, pmid = {42221540}, issn = {2296-2646}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Bacterial drug resistance and biofilm-associated infections pose major therapeutic challenges. Schiff base derivatives have attracted attention as potential antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to design and synthesize a series of Schiff base derivatives from p-toluic hydrazide and evaluate their antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties.<br><br>METHODS: Eighteen Schiff base derivatives were synthesized from p-toluic hydrazide. Antibacterial activity was screened against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis, by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The most active compound, C17, was further evaluated for hemolytic activity (against red blood cells), cytotoxicity (VERO cells), and mechanistic effects (membrane depolarization, membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species accumulation, protein leakage). Biofilm inhibition and eradication assays, anti-inflammatory activity (LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-&#x3b1; production in RAW 264.7 macrophages), and pharmacokinetic properties (plasma protein binding, lipophilicity logD7.4, metabolic stability in liver microsomes) were also assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Compound C17 exhibited potent activity against multiple Gram-positive bacteria with MIC values of 16-32 &#x3bc;g/mL. It showed no hemolysis up to 256 &#x3bc;g/mL and no significant cytotoxicity in VERO cells, indicating good biocompatibility. Mechanistically, C17 induced membrane depolarization, increased membrane permeability, promoted ROS accumulation, and caused protein leakage, confirming membrane disruption as its primary bactericidal action. C17 significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation (92% inhibition at 8&#xd7; MIC) and eradicated preformed biofilms (69% eradication at 8&#xd7; MIC). Furthermore, C17 suppressed LPS-induced production of IL-6 and TNF-&#x3b1; in RAW 264.7 macrophages, demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity. Pharmacokinetic profiling revealed high plasma protein binding (89.3%), moderate lipophilicity (logD7.4 = 3.14), and acceptable metabolic stability (T1/2 = 52.98 min in liver microsomes).<br><br>DISCUSSION: Collectively, C17 is a promising lead candidate for treating biofilm-associated and drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. Its multi-faceted action-direct membrane disruption, biofilm inhibition/eradication, and anti-inflammatory effects-combined with favorable biocompatibility and acceptable pharmacokinetics, warrants further development and in-depth investigation.}, }
@article {pmid42223372, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, W and Hou, S and Su, Y and Ma, X and Chen, T and Gao, C and Wu, A}, title = {Mechanochemical Nanozyme Microbots Overcome Biofilm Barriers for Antibiotic-Free Therapy of Chronic Infections.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.6c03749}, pmid = {42223372}, issn = {1936-086X}, abstract = {A major challenge in biofilm-associated infection therapy is overcoming biofilm barriers while eradicating embedded bacteria without inducing antibiotic resistance. Here, we report an antibiotic-free microbotic platform that synergistically integrates magnetomechanical biofilm disruption with localized nanozyme-mediated bactericidal activity, enabling efficient and biocompatible biofilm eradication in vivo. Under a rotating magnetic field, nanozyme microbots transition from individual spinning to reconfigurable vortex swarming, generating strong local fluid shear forces that mechanically disrupt the extracellular polymeric substance matrix and drive deep penetration into biofilms. Within the disrupted biofilm, the Fe3O4 nanozyme cores catalyze endogenous H2O2 to produce bactericidal hydroxyl radicals, resulting in effective elimination of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In murine biofilm infection models, the nanozyme microbots significantly reduce the bacterial burden, accelerate wound closure, suppress inflammation, and promote angiogenesis. This work establishes a mechanochemical microbotic strategy that combines programmable swarm dynamics with nanozyme catalysis, providing a promising antibiotic-independent approach to treating chronic biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42215186, year = {2026}, author = {Palanisamy, V and Bosilevac, JM and Wang, R and Chitlapilly Dass, S}, title = {Microbial transcriptional dynamics of beef-processing drain biofilm models revealed by enrichment-based metatranscriptomics.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {105096}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105096}, pmid = {42215186}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Cattle ; Animals ; *Bacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; *Microbiota/genetics ; *Red Meat/microbiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome ; Food Handling ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Microbial biofilms in beef-processing facilities represent persistent reservoirs of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms, posing significant risks of cross-contamination of meat products. Floor-drains, as nutrient-rich convergence points within processing environments, are particularly conducive to multi-species biofilm formation. While previous studies have characterized the taxonomical composition and functional potential of drain microbial communities, their transcriptional activities remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we developed a metatranscriptomic approach to study the transcriptional dynamics of drain-associated microbiomes in beef-processing facilities using enrichment-derived drain biofilm models (hereafter referred to as biofilm models). Floor drain swab samples were collected from hotbox and cooler areas of nine beef-processing plants in 2019 and 2021, and subjected to laboratory enrichment under processing-relevant ecological conditions prior to RNA extraction and sequencing. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed a core set of highly transcriptionally active genera, including Pseudomonas, Carnobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Brochothrix, in the biofilm models. Functional profiling indicated high expression (Σlog10TPM >3.5) of key biofilm-associated functions such as cell adhesion, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, bacterial chemotaxis, and quorum sensing (QS), suggesting potential biofilm formation, migration and microbial communication. In comparing biofilm models developed from samples collected in 2019 and 2021, a significant upregulation of genes associated with biofilm formation were identified in 2021-derived communities, suggesting differences in transcriptional responses under identical enrichment conditions between microbial communities originating from the two sampling periods. Transcriptional activity of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes was also detected, particularly those associated with tolerance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), the predominant sanitizers used in food-processing environments. The biofilm models employed in this study may introduce selection bias relative to the native drain community. However, by using drain-derived inocula incubated under processing-relevant conditions, this approach captures the transcriptional potential of the drain-associated microbial communities. This framework provides a reproducible and experimentally accessible platform for investigating gene expression dynamics in complex food-environment microbiomes, and establishes a foundation for future in situ and controlled in vitro studies. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of drain microbiome ecology and may offer insights for designing intervention strategies to improve biofilm control in meat-processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid42215206, year = {2026}, author = {Gaillac, A and Misery, B and Rezé, S and Briandet, R and Prévost, H and Jaffrès, E}, title = {Insight into the transcriptome profile of mature biofilm produced by Brochothrix thermosphacta at 25 and 8 °C.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {105126}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105126}, pmid = {42215206}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Transcriptome ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Brochothrix/genetics/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cold Temperature ; Temperature ; Iron/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Brochothrix thermosphacta is a psychrotrophic Gram-positive bacterium frequently associated with food spoilage and commonly found in food-processing environments. Its ability to persist at low temperatures (e.g., 8 °C), notably through biofilm formation, raises important questions about its adaptive strategies under cold stress. In this study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of B. thermosphacta strain CD337(2), comparing gene expression profiles between biofilm and planktonic cells at 25 °C and 8 °C. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 300 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 25 °C (236 upregulated and 64 downregulated) and 137 DEGs at 8 °C (27 upregulated and 110 downregulated). At 25 °C, genes involved in sugar metabolism, particularly the iol, lev, and bgl operons, were upregulated in biofilm, whereas these operons were downregulated at 8 °C. In addition, pathways related to iron uptake, amino acid metabolism, and stress responses were differentially expressed between the two conditions. These findings provide new insights into the temperature-dependent regulatory mechanisms underlying biofilm lifestyle of B. thermosphacta, highlighting its transcriptional plasticity and suggesting new perspectives for improving spoilage control strategies in chilled food products.}, }
@article {pmid42215219, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Lu, Y and Zhang, Z and Zhang, W and Wang, W and Xu, K and Zhang, X and Zhang, L and Qu, G and Li, J and Chen, Q and Chen, T and Wang, F and Yao, Z and Wang, Y and Shi, J and Kong, X and Ding, T and Deng, Y}, title = {Dehydroacetic acid disrupts cold adaptation and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas lundensis: A targeted strategy for enhancing microbiological safety of refrigerated poultry.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {105139}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105139}, pmid = {42215219}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Cold Temperature ; *Pseudomonas/drug effects/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Chickens/microbiology ; Refrigeration ; Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Food Preservation/methods ; *Meat/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Refrigerated roast chicken exhibits limited shelf stability (5-7 d) despite modified atmosphere or vacuum packaging, primarily due to Pseudomonas lundensis, a psychrotrophic specific spoilage organism. This pathogen's persistence depends on cold-shock protein A (CspA)-mediated cryoprotection and AlgK/RpoS-dependent biofilm formation, enabling proteolytic and lipolytic activities even under hurdle technologies. Herein, we report dehydroacetic acid (DHA) as a targeted low-temperature adaptation inhibitor (LATI) against this spoilage mechanism. Virtual screening of traditional Chinese medicine and food-grade compound libraries identified DHA, which at sub-inhibitory concentrations selectively attenuated P. lundensis growth at 4 °C versus 28 °C. Scanning electron microscopy showed that after adding DHA, the extracellular polymers of P. luendsis significantly decreased, and the content of alginate decreased by 23.1% and impaired biofilm architecture with compromised membrane integrity. In refrigerated chicken, DHA retarded pH elevation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total volatile basic nitrogen accumulation, while suppressing total viable counts and off-odor development. Multi-omics analyses demonstrated DHA-mediated downregulation of CspA, disruption of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and perturbation of 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism-collectively arresting bacterial proliferation under cold stress. RT-qPCR confirmed 9.77-fold transcriptional suppression of cspA. This study establishes DHA as a novel LATI agent that selectively targets psychrotrophic machinery, offering a mechanistically grounded strategy for precision preservation of refrigerated poultry.}, }
@article {pmid42203450, year = {2026}, author = {Roques, JAC and Fujii, N and Unegbu, E and Marqué, A and Johansson, E and Yamamoto, K and Iida, H and Kindaichi, T}, title = {Performance of Marine Anammox Candidatus Scalindua sp. under High Nitrate Conditions in a Biofilm Reactor.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25094}, pmid = {42203450}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Nitrates/metabolism ; Wastewater/microbiology/chemistry ; Nitrites/metabolism ; }, abstract = {To investigate the NO3[-] tolerance of Candidatus Scalindua sp., a continuous reactor was gradually exposed to increasing NO3[-] concentrations up to 3,200 mg N L[-1]. High NH4[+] and NO2[-] removal efficiencies were maintained up to 2,600 mg N L[-1], above which performance declined and Ca. Scalindua relative abundance decreased to 0.8%. After one year of recovery, removal efficiencies exceeded 97%, whereas Ca. Scalindua relative abundance only reached 6.5%. EC50 values for NH4[+] and NO2[-] were both 3,000 mg N L[-1]. We demonstrated that our enriched Ca. Scalindua population tolerated NO3[-] up to 2,600 mg N L[-1], far exceeding the levels typically encountered in most human-derived wastewaters.}, }
@article {pmid42205156, year = {2026}, author = {Han, Y and Yang, Y}, title = {Biofilm-Host Immune Crosstalk at the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Interface: Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Evasion, and Next-Generation Anti-Biofilm Strategies.}, journal = {Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {608789}, pmid = {42205156}, issn = {1178-7007}, abstract = {Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are chronic wounds in which microbial persistence and defective host defense interact to impair healing. This review examines DFU through the biofilm-host immune interface rather than viewing biofilm as a purely microbiological problem. We summarize how the diabetic wound milieu, including hyperglycemia, impaired perfusion, neuropathy, and polymicrobial community structure, favors persistent biofilm infection, and how DFU-relevant biofilms evade clearance through matrix shielding, altered innate recognition, virulence-associated host modulation, and intracellular Staphylococcus aureus persistence. We further highlight two major immune-dysregulation axes: excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation with NLRP3-centered inflammatory amplification, and perforin-2 suppression linked to AIM2-mediated pyroptotic injury. We also appraise emerging immune-aware antibiofilm strategies, particularly quorum-sensing interference, enzymatic matrix disruption, phage therapy, and selected immune-directed interventions. Overall, current evidence supports a model in which non-healing DFU reflects failed host-pathogen resolution at the biofilm-immune interface, with important implications for mechanism-guided therapeutic development.}, }
@article {pmid42205292, year = {2026}, author = {Chaitanya, KS and Yu, TT and Chaudhari, H and Orenkonday, N and Kuthe, PV and Kumar, N and Dey, RJ and Murugesan, S and Gowri Chandra Sekhar, KV}, title = {Discovery of triazole-tethered glycinate and propanoate derivatives bearing a thiolactone moiety as quorum sensing inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {30}, pages = {27977-27993}, pmid = {42205292}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Quorum sensing is the bacterial communication that regulates biofilm formation, virulence, and drug resistance development. The misuse of antibiotics accelerates the emergence of resistant pathogens, highlighting the urgent need for alternative anti-virulence strategies. In this context, LasR, a key transcriptional regulator in the QS network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was targeted to disrupt bacterial communication and biofilm development. In the present study, we designed a library of glycinate and propanoate derivatives (n = 30), and carried out molecular docking, MM-GBSA studies, synthesized and characterized. Their QS inhibitory activity was evaluated against the P. aeruginosa MH602 reporter strain at concentrations ranging from 250 to 8 µM. The compounds exhibited 79-35% inhibition at 250 µM, retaining moderate to low activity (28-7%) at 8 µM. SAR studies indicated that the electron-withdrawing phenyl substituents on the triazole ring enhanced activity, with 11b and 10o (3-nitrophenyl) showing the highest inhibition. In silico ADME, molecular dynamics studies supported favorable LasR binding. The most active compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity, biofilm inhibition, and suppression of pyocyanin and protease production. 10o emerged as the most promising, demonstrating strong anti-biofilm activity and significant reduction of pyocyanin, suggesting thiolactone-based triazoles as potential QS inhibitors to combat bacterial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid42205946, year = {2026}, author = {Luan, F and Sun, C and Ning, Y and Hu, B and Chen, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {Fe[3+] promotes biofilm formation and biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GZY63 via transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100367}, pmid = {42205946}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Camellia oleifera, an important woody oil crop, is highly susceptible to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GZY63, an endophytic bacterium from fruits of Ca. oleifera, exhibits strong potential as a biocontrol agent. This study investigated the influence of ferric iron (Fe[3+]) on the functional traits of GZY63, including biofilm formation, motility, growth, and antifungal activity. Fe[3+] supplementation significantly drove a concentration-dependent increase in biofilm biomass, reaching a plateau at 100 μM with a four-fold enhancement compared to the control. Transcriptomic profiling revealed extensive Fe[3+]-responsive reprogramming, affecting approximately 58% of expressed genes, with key biofilm matrix genes such as tasA and sipW upregulated by 194- and 88-fold, respectively. Metabolomic analysis further identified 1462 differentially accumulated metabolites, highlighting Fe[3+]-driven shifts in metabolic pathways associated with energy metabolism and the induction of antimicrobial compounds (e.g., resveratrol and posaconazole) that support robust biofilm formation. Consistent with these molecular changes, Fe[3+]-enhanced biofilm formation promoted stable colonization of host tissues and significantly reduced the disease incidence (DI) of anthracnose in greenhouse assays using the susceptible cultivar CL18. Together, our results demonstrate that Fe[3+] acts as a key environmental cue that coordinately regulates transcriptional and metabolic networks underlying biofilm formation in B. amyloliquefaciens, thereby strengthening biofilm-mediated biocontrol activity. This study provides mechanistic insight into iron-dependent biofilm regulation and highlights nutrient modulation as an effective strategy to optimize Bacillus biofilms for plant protection.}, }
@article {pmid42207186, year = {2026}, author = {Cholula-Calixto, J and Huerta-Miranda, G and Jaramillo-Rodríguez, B and Bustamante, VH and Juárez, K and Hernández-Eligio, A}, title = {FliW regulates biofilm formation in Geobacter sulfurreducens through interaction with CsrA.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-026-13884-0}, pmid = {42207186}, issn = {1432-0614}, abstract = {CsrA is a post-transcriptional regulator that controls a wide range of bacterial phenotypes, including carbon metabolism, motility, quorum sensing, virulence, and biofilm formation. In Geobacter sulfurreducens, CsrA modulates both biofilm development and extracellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cells. In this study, we further investigated the regulatory mechanism of CsrA and its role in the formation of electroconductive biofilms in G. sulfurreducens. Bioelectrochemical analyses revealed that a ΔcsrA strain produces biofilms with enhanced electroconductivity compared with the wild-type strain. To identify the molecular basis of this regulation, we explore potential CsrA-binding partners, demonstrating that CsrA interacts with the FliW protein, as reported in other bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis. By utilizing site-directed mutagenesis, we identified that this interaction requires a conserved asparagine residue (N55) in CsrA, the disruption of which prevents the CsrA-FliW complex formation. Interestingly, fliW deletion resulted in reduced biofilm biomass and thickness contrasting with the enhanced phenotypes observed in the ΔcsrA strain. Furthermore, the ΔfliW mutant exhibited a differential expression of transcripts associated with the CsrA regulon in a pattern opposite to that of the ΔcsrA strain. These findings indicate that FliW antagonizes CsrA activity, and that the N55-mediated interaction is essential for this regulatory control. Collectively, these results allow us to propose a model in which the CsrA-FliW interaction acts as a molecular switch to control biofilm formation in G. sulfurreducens. Furthermore, this study expands our understanding of post-transcriptional regulation in electroactive bacteria and highlights the link between regulatory protein interactions, biofilm physiology, and extracellular electron transfer. KEY POINTS: • FliW regulates CsrA activity, thereby affecting biofilm formation. • CsrA regulation influences electroconductive biofilm development in G. sulfurreducens. • CsrA-FliW regulation offers targets to optimize bioenergy and bioremediation systems.}, }
@article {pmid42207692, year = {2026}, author = {Gloag, ES and Marshall, CW and Kubota, N and Deaver, SE and Deshotel, B and Cooper, VS and Wozniak, DJ}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-deficient mutants undergo parallel evolution during chronic infection.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0052025}, doi = {10.1128/jb.00520-25}, pmid = {42207692}, issn = {1098-5530}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily adapts to infection by acquiring stable and heritable mutations. Previously, we discovered that the first adaptations in a porcine wound model were rugose small-colony variants (RSCVs) caused by mutations in the wsp operon. These mutants overproduce Pel and Psl biofilm exopolysaccharides that improve defense against host responses. To identify other mechanisms of host adaptation that lead to hyperbiofilm phenotypes, we created a mutant with an activated wsp pathway but unable to produce these exopolysaccharides (PAO1ΔwspFΔpelAΔpslBCD). Porcine wounds were infected with this mutant, and biopsies were sampled at days 7, 14, and 35. Colony variants were isolated from the wound, peaking at approximately 5% of the total P. aeruginosa population, and whole genome sequencing revealed that these variants had acquired mutations in genes in lipopolysaccharide and type IV pili biosynthesis, with wzy and pilU genes being most commonly targeted. PAO1 pilU mutants were associated with a hyperbiofilm phenotype that outcompeted the parental strain, and PAO1 wzy mutants were associated with a hyperbiofilm phenotype and increased tolerance to host antimicrobial products. We further identified that several variants had acquired large genome deletions that spanned up to 320 consecutive genes and other variants with high copy numbers of Pf6 filamentous phage. Together our results suggest that the hyperbiofilm phenotype is adaptive in chronic infections and that P. aeruginosa has redundant and diverse pathways to generate this phenotype.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: We demonstrate that in a porcine full-thickness thermal injury wound model, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant deficient in biofilm formation undergoes adaptive evolution by acquiring mutations that alter the outer membrane, either type IV pili (T4P) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutations, that restores the deficient biofilm phenotype. We also observe a striking degree of mutational parallelism, at both the biosynthetic pathway and gene level, indicating the strong selective pressures experienced by these pathways during chronic wound infection.}, }
@article {pmid42208693, year = {2026}, author = {Karthikeyan, A and Tabassum, N and Javaid, A and Kim, T and Jeong, GJ and Kim, TH and Jung, WK and Khan, F}, title = {Multitarget inhibition of biofilm, virulence, and quorum sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by FDA-approved natural bioactives.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108595}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108595}, pmid = {42208693}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen linked to severe infections, food spoilage, and antimicrobial resistance, owing to its robust biofilm-forming ability and the secretion of degradative enzymes. This study evaluated 14 FDA-approved natural bioactives for their antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration analysis demonstrated that epigallocatechin gallate, hydroquinone, kojic acid, and retinol were effective at 1024 μg/mL. Natural bioactives such as alpha-tocopherol, azelaic acid, hydroquinone, panthenol, and salicylic acid effectively inhibit biofilm formation and other virulence factors. Molecular docking experiments indicated their binding to quorum-sensing regulators, proteases, biofilm-associated proteins, iron acquisition receptors, and adhesion molecules. These findings suggest that FDA-approved natural bioactives are safe, multitarget antivirulence agents that can reduce P. aeruginosa pathogenicity and spoilage-related characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid42212816, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, H and Jiang, C and Liu, Y and Yang, P and Liu, Y and Ge, J and Dong, Z and Zhao, Y and Geng, C}, title = {Small non-coding RNA fen36: a novel positive regulator of biofilm formation and swarming motility in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0419425}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.04194-25}, pmid = {42212816}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Biofilm formation is a critical developmental process for the survival of Bacillus, its environmental adaptation, and host colonization. This study investigated the regulatory function of the novel small non-coding RNA (sRNA) fen36 in biofilm architecture and swarming motility in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. A comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out between the wild-type B. amyloliquefaciens LPB-18 and a fenSr3 deletion mutant (LPB-18N). This analysis, integrated with IntaRNA-based thermodynamic predictions, identified fen36 as a highly upregulated sRNA. Subsequently, functional assays utilizing isogenic fen36-knockout (LPB-18NΔfen36) and overexpression (LPB-18N::fen36) strains established fen36 as a positive regulator of biofilm formation. Specifically, the overexpression of fen36 yielded a 3.59-fold increase in biofilm biomass, induced a hyper-swarming phenotype, and generated highly wrinkled biofilm topologies, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crucially, these phenotypic enhancements occurred without compromising planktonic growth kinetics or the biosynthesis of the antifungal lipopeptide fengycin. In vitro dual-culture assays further demonstrated that the fen36 overexpression strain maintained potent antagonistic efficacy against the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Mechanistic investigations employing a dual-plasmid reporter system and RT-qPCR revealed that fen36 targets the 5'-untranslated region of tasA, upregulating this core matrix gene. Furthermore, the transcription of fen36 is negatively regulated by the stress-responsive sRNA fenSr3. Collectively, these findings elucidate a novel fenSr3-fen36-tasA regulatory cascade that governs biofilm architecture and motility independent of secondary metabolism, offering a precise genetic target for optimizing Bacillus biocontrol performance.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is extensively harnessed in agriculture for its robust rhizosphere colonization and antimicrobial lipopeptide synthesis. Understanding the genetic networks uncoupling physical colonization from secondary metabolism is critical for engineering superior biocontrol agents. This study elucidates a novel post-transcriptional regulatory cascade, fenSr3-fen36-tasA, governing multicellular behavior. The newly identified sRNA fen36 significantly enhances biofilm formation and hyper-swarming motility by upregulating the matrix gene tasA. Crucially, this enhancement occurs without disrupting fengycin biosynthesis, maintaining potent antagonism against phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum. By mapping this dual-sRNA hierarchy, our research provides crucial mechanistic insights into bacterial environmental adaptation, offering refined genetic targets to optimize Bacillus strains for sustainable agricultural applications.}, }
@article {pmid42213357, year = {2026}, author = {Bora, D and Singh, AK and Jha, AN and Mandal, M}, title = {Isolation, genomic characterization, and biofilm eradication activity of vB_PaP_DMTU_1, a novel lytic bacteriophage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42213357}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections pose significant therapeutic challenges owing to their intrinsic resistance to conventional antibiotics. With targeted bacterial lysis and biofilm degradation capabilities, bacteriophage therapy (phage therapy) has re-emerged as a promising alternative antimicrobial strategy. In this study, a novel lytic bacteriophage, vB_PaP_DMTU_1, was isolated from sewage wastewater in Nagaon, India, and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whole-genome sequencing, and comprehensive biological assays. TEM micrographs revealed the podoviral morphology of the phage. Genomic analysis classified it within the Zobellviridae family and Paundecimvirus genus, containing a linear double-stranded DNA of 49 kbp with a GC content of 44.98%. Genome annotation identified 83 open reading frames (ORFs), with 25 encoding functional proteins related to structure, metabolism, infection, DNA replication, transcription regulation, packaging, and cell lysis, including 58 hypothetical proteins, one tRNA and ten Rho-dependent transcription terminator genes. The genome lacks lysogeny and CRISPR-associated genes. The phage demonstrated pH stability (6-10), UV resistance, thermal tolerance (up to 50℃), and robust lytic activity with a 30 min latent period and a burst size of ~ 100 virions per host cell. It achieved 93.58% eradication of 72 h mature biofilms at MOI = 10. Stability studies over 24 months revealed optimal phage preservation in liquid lysate formulations, followed by lyophilized powders and alginate beads. These findings establish bacteriophage vB_PaP_DMTU_1 as a promising phage therapy candidate against P. aeruginosa biofilms, significantly contributing to the arsenal of phage-based biocontrol strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42214209, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, S and Zhang, Z and Ge, Z and Teng, R and Chen, R and Qin, J and Sun, M and Du, J and Fan, Z}, title = {O2-releasing microneedle platform eradicates drug-resistant bacterial biofilm via metabolic interference and innate immune reactivation.}, journal = {Biomaterials}, volume = {335}, number = {}, pages = {124284}, doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124284}, pmid = {42214209}, issn = {1878-5905}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections pose formidable clinical challenges due to their complicated microenvironment characterized by dense extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), hypoxia, and excessive H2O2. While microneedles can mechanically penetrate biofilms, their efficacy is limited by poor diffusion of antibacterial agents through EPS and secondary infection resulting from escaping planktonic bacteria. Herein, we proposed an oxygen-powered microneedle (FeCN@MN) that synergistically eradicates biofilms through a dual mechanism: ferroptosis-like death-mediated bacterial killing and neutrophil reactivation. The microneedle utilizes sodium percarbonate (SPO) particles that react with interstitial fluid to generate O2 bubbles, which propel the loaded FeS2-decorated carbon nanospheres (FeCN) to disperse throughout biofilms. Moreover, the FeCN@MN can reactivate neutrophils to scavenge planktonic bacteria escaping from biofilm disintegration through enhanced chemotaxis and respiratory burst, further inhibiting potential recurrence of infection. In vitro experiment reveals that iron overload disrupts amino acid metabolism and peroxide accumulation, promoting bacterial ferroptosis-like death. Furthermore, neutrophil functional tests show enhanced chemotaxis and killing ability to MRSA bacteria. In MRSA biofilm-infected diabetic wound model, FeCN@MN significantly dismantles biofilms, and effectively eliminates infections. In conclusion, this two-stage therapeutic approach combining bacterial metabolic interference with immune response reactivation provides a promising strategy in eradicating drug-resistant bacterial biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42214370, year = {2026}, author = {Mandal, DK and Upadhyaya, E and Dahal, P and Adhikari, G and Pandey, R and Miya, AR and Timilsina, S and Sapkota, P and Amagain, S and Pun, D and Khadka, K and Gorathoki, K and Neupane, B and Chaudhary, S and Thapa, S and Khadka, B and Dhungana, GR and Giri, GR and Pradhan, P and Manandhar, KD and Nepal, R and Napit, R and Malla, R}, title = {Harnessing lytic phages for biofilm control in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae causing urinary tract infection.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0339725}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03397-25}, pmid = {42214370}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen with rising multidrug resistance and biofilm-related infections. Molecular and phage characterization is crucial to understand resistance mechanisms and explore alternative therapies, such as phage therapy. Whole-genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on hospital-isolated K. pneumoniae (KP6697), followed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), plasmid replicon analysis, and antimicrobial resistance gene (AMR) profiling using bioinformatics tools. Phages were isolated and characterized by electron microscopy, with assessments of anti-biofilm activity, lytic efficacy, stability, and host range. Phage genomes were sequenced to identify functional genes. The host K. pneumoniae (KP6697) was multidrug-resistant, exhibiting resistance to 18 of 22 tested antibiotics. Genome analysis identified it as sequence type 16 (ST16) with 8 plasmid replicons and 23 AMR genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM-5, and blaOXA-181. Functional annotations revealed extensive metabolic versatility and a rich repertoire of genes for biofilm formation, quorum sensing, secretion systems, and stress response. A lytic phage, Phage_KP6697_Omshanti, was isolated and classified as a Caudoviricetes member with a 45.3-kb genome encoding lysis, replication, and structural genes. The phage demonstrated short latency, high burst size, acceptable thermal and pH stability, and moderate host range against multiple CRKP and other bacterial isolates. Importantly, microscopy confirmed its ability to inhibit and degrade biofilms at multiple stages, highlighting its strong therapeutic potential. Lytic Phage_KP6697_Omshanti, with depolymerase and endolysin activity, isolated from carbapenem-resistant KP6697, showed high burst size, biofilm disruption, and had essential genomic traits suggesting its potential use as an anti-CRKP agent.IMPORTANCEKlebsiella pneumoniae is increasing multidrug resistance and robust biofilm formation pose severe clinical challenges, limiting treatment options. Understanding the molecular basis of its resistance and exploiting bacteriophages with strong biofilm-disrupting properties provide promising alternative therapeutic strategies. This study highlights the isolation and genomic characterization of a lytic phage with potent anti-biofilm activity against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, underscoring its potential in combating resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid42214380, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Zhu, M and Zou, G and Yin, C and Zhan, Y and Lu, W and Lin, M and Ke, X and Yan, Y}, title = {A bacterial ally for nitrogen-fixing biofilm: enhancing the rhizosphere colonization of Stutzerimonas stutzeri A1501 with surfactin-producing Bacillus velezensis BRI3.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0049826}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00498-26}, pmid = {42214380}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Nitrogen acquisition is pivotal for plant growth. In soil ecosystems, bacterial interactions promote nitrogen assimilation and rhizosphere colonization. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and their neighboring organisms in the environment remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Bacillus velezensis BRI3, a rhizosphere-derived strain, forms microbial synergy with Stutzerimonas stutzeri A1501, functioning as a facilitator. This microbial synergy greatly increases the nitrogen-fixation by 3.2-fold and rhizosphere colonization capabilities by 2.3-fold of A1501, collectively promoting plant growth in the rhizosphere. In this study, for the first time, we propose that surfactin produced by BRI3 regulates interactions among this bacterial consortium by stimulating A1501 biofilm formation. This discovery enhances the understanding of metabolic interactions between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their neighboring organisms. Overall, we propose a strain interaction paradigm that offers a novel framework for improving nitrogen utilization and crop yield.IMPORTANCENitrogen is essential for crop productivity because it directly participates in the construction of proteins and nucleic acids. Associative diazotrophs convert N2 into NH4[+], yet require root biofilms and stable colonization. Owing to the complexity of the rhizospheric microbiota, a systematic understanding of microbe-microbe interactions and their impact on nitrogen-fixation capacity is still lacking. This study uncovers a novel intergeneric synergism in which B. velezensis BRI3 secretes surfactin that triggers S. stutzeri A1501 biofilm formation and concurrently elevates nif gene expression, thereby facilitating the integration of microbe-microbe interaction, biofilm development, and nitrogen-fixation efficiency into a single linear pathway. This phenomenon also provides a portable molecular-to-phenotypic blueprint for designing composite inoculants. Second, field trials revealed that coinoculation of these strains boosted maize growth, allowing partial synthetic-N replacement without transgenes or high costs, merely via rational strain formulation. This study highlights a transition from focusing on the ecological features of associative bacteria toward the development of deployable technology, offering a theory and prototype for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid42215087, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zhang, N and Xu, W and Li, X and Zhang, M and Luo, X and Ni, B and Huang, F and Lu, R and Zhang, Y and Han, X}, title = {Corrigendum to "Sodium cyclamate enhances Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm formation on seafood-contact surfaces" [Food Res. Int. 235 (2026) 119195].}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {119416}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119416}, pmid = {42215087}, issn = {1873-7145}, }
@article {pmid42201018, year = {2026}, author = {Berle, L and Sodhi, Y and Mathur, P and Nebeluk, N and Doub, JB}, title = {Repurposing Non-Infectious Therapeutic Agents to Aid in the Treatment of Chronic Biofilm Infections.}, journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {42201018}, issn = {2076-3271}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Drug Repositioning ; Chronic Disease ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Edetic Acid/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Antibiotics primarily exert their effect on planktonic microbial states, limiting their ability to eradicate biofilms commonly seen in chronic infections. This is because the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics needed to kill microbes in biofilms can be up to 1000 times greater than when microbes are in their planktonic state. Yet up to 70% of all chronic infections are associated with a biofilm component. Consequently, novel therapeutics are needed to aid in the treatment of chronic biofilm infections. One such approach is to repurpose drugs that have demonstrated safety for non-infectious clinical indications. The main advantage of this approach is that the agents have already been shown to be safe for human administration, which can expedite clinical trial development of agents for biofilm infections. Unfortunately, most clinicians are unaware of the antimicrobial properties of some commonly used drugs. Thus, the aim of this Perspective was to discuss the potential of four drugs that have theoretical promise as adjuvants in the treatment of chronic biofilm infections. This was accomplished by providing detailed discussion of each agent with respect to current clinical use, potential mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, and present data to support use as adjuvant biofilm agents.}, }
@article {pmid42201393, year = {2026}, author = {Jeong, SY and Lee, JW and Lee, CW and Kim, TG}, title = {Unraveling the Independent Effects of Species Richness and Composition on Microbial Biofilm Growth.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02789-0}, pmid = {42201393}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {RS-2025-25400857//Ministry of Education/ ; }, abstract = {Species richness is often positively linked to ecosystem functioning. However, conventional approaches that manipulate richness frequently confound the richness effect with those of species composition. In this study, we quantitatively disentangled the independent effects of species richness and composition on biofilm productivity as a measure of ecosystem functioning. We constructed 300 independent richness gradients, each comprising 3-20 species, from a pool of 24 bacterial isolates spanning six taxonomic classes (Actinomycetia, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteriia). Our results revealed diverse richness-biofilm relationship forms, predominantly positive (68%), but also hump-shaped (16%), U-shaped (6%), null (6%), and negative (4%). When assessed individually, richness accounted for an average of 53.9% of the variation in biofilm growth, surpassing two measures of compositional variation-species-inherent ability (SIA) and species-dependent ability (SDA)-based on species' biofilm-forming potential, which explained 9.6% and 14.4%, respectively. Collectively, richness, SIA, and SDA explained 73.4% of the variation. Notably, biofilm growth exceeded expectations in the mid-richness range (10-15 species). When richness and composition were assessed collectively across entire assemblages, richness explained 24.2% of the variation in biofilm growth, while SIA and SDA explained 12.7% and 28.7%, respectively. In contrast, species combination, assuming equal potential for all species, had only a marginal effect on biofilm growth. Our results demonstrate that species richness is a key, independent driver of biofilm growth, and that its effects are substantially underestimated when not properly separated from composition.}, }
@article {pmid42203007, year = {2026}, author = {Karthik, K and Mehar, AK and Nath, JK and Talajiya, F and Sandeep, GM and Jakhar, SK and Raghavendra Prasad, HD and Smerat, A and Kamakshi Priya, K}, title = {Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Cocos nucifera spadix: A sustainable route toward antimicrobial and anti-biofilm applications.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107558}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107558}, pmid = {42203007}, issn = {1872-8359}, abstract = {This study presents a sustainable waste-to-wealth strategy for the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using matured spadix extract of Cocos nucifera. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of highly crystalline hexagonal wurtzite ZnO with characteristic reflections at 2θ ≈ 31.94°, 34.46°, and 36.50°, corresponding to a crystallinity of 73.9% and an average crystallite size of ~20-45 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed Zn-O stretching vibrations below 600 cm[-1] along with phytochemical-associated functional groups, indicating possible surface stabilization during synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated agglomerated quasi-spherical nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from ~20-80 nm and porous morphological features. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones increasing from 34 mm and 29 mm at 50 μg to 41 mm and 42 mm at 100 μg, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy further indicated substantial disruption of biofilm architecture and reduction in viable bacterial distribution after nanoparticle treatment. Therefore, the study demonstrates the potential of matured Cocos nucifera spadix as a sustainable biomass precursor for green ZnO nanoparticle synthesis and preliminary antimicrobial applications.}, }
@article {pmid42203060, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, Y and Chai, Z and Song, C and Li, Y and Chen, H and Zheng, M}, title = {Pilot-scale aerated biofilm system for low-temperature treatment of decentralized rural wastewater: Staged configuration and microbial resilience.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124861}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124861}, pmid = {42203060}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The treatment of decentralized rural wastewater under sustained low-temperature conditions remains a significant challenge. This study evaluated a pilot-scale, multistage aerated biofilm (MAB) system equipped with hydrophilic polyurethane foam carriers during operation with influent temperatures dropping to 10.69 ± 0.77 °C. The system achieved robust performance, with NH4[+]-N and COD removal efficiencies reaching 84.15-99.41% and 60.69-90.75%, respectively. A clear functional zonation was established, separating heterotrophic COD degradation from autotrophic nitrification. Activity tests using a double-inhibitor method confirmed substantial nitrification activity in the later stages. Furthermore, the microbial community exhibited distinct low-temperature adaptation strategies, including shifts in extracellular polymeric substance composition and the enrichment of specific functional genes. Quantitative PCR and bioinformatic analyses revealed a synergistic partnership for ammonia oxidation: while Nitrosomonas oligotropha-like AOB were dominant, comammox Nitrospira maintained a stable niche and actively contributed, suggesting a cooperative framework where AOB rapidly reduced bulk ammonium and comammox polished residual, low-concentration ammonia. Comparative genomic analysis further indicated that comammox possesses broader and more diverse low-temperature adaptation strategies compared to AOB. Collectively, these findings validate the MAB system as a practical and resilient technology for decentralized treatment in cold climates and provide novel insights into the future optimization of biofilm-based processes.}, }
@article {pmid42187640, year = {2026}, author = {Moreno-Prieto, V and Guillén-Galarza, CE and Gómez-Carrión, CE and Schwan-Silva, I}, title = {Influence of Denture Base Fabrication on Candida albicans Adhesion and Early Biofilm: An In Vitro Comparison of Five Techniques.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {42187640}, issn = {2304-6767}, support = {6800.28//Universidad Norbert Wiener/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Denture stomatitis is closely associated with Candida albicans colonization of denture-base surfaces. This in vitro study compared early adhesion (1 h) and initial biofilm formation (24 h) of C. albicans across five denture-base-related material groups using adhered cell counts and adhered/inoculum proportions. Methods: A 5 × 2 factorial design (five material groups; 1 and 24 h) evaluated a comparator pattern resin, heat-polymerized acrylic resin, autopolymerizing acrylic resin, milled CAD/CAM PMMA, and microwave-polymerized acrylic resin. All specimens underwent standardized finishing and mechanical polishing before microbiological testing. Data were log10-transformed and analyzed by two-way ANOVA (material group, time) with Tukey's post hoc test. An external SEM-based qualitative laboratory report was used as complementary documentation of C. albicans presence after 1 h and 24 h; representative micrographs and quantitative SEM image outputs were unavailable. Results: Material group, time, and their interaction significantly affected adhered C. albicans counts (p < 0.05). At 1 h, the comparator pattern resin showed the highest adhesion, whereas at 24 h, milled CAD/CAM PMMA showed the highest adhered load. For the adhered/inoculum fraction, both material group and time were significant; at 24 h, the heat-polymerized acrylic resin showed the lowest adhered fraction. Conclusions: Under the standardized finishing and mechanical polishing conditions of this in vitro model, the tested material groups showed different C. albicans adhesion/biofilm patterns over time; clinical extrapolation should be made with caution.}, }
@article {pmid42187783, year = {2026}, author = {Rivera-Yañez, N and Hernández-Sánchez, KM and Hernández-Rosas, NA and Francisco-Cruz, L and Nieto-Yañez, O and Barrera-Ortega, CC and Pozo-Molina, G and Méndez-Catalá, CF and Méndez-Cruz, AR and Ruiz-Hurtado, PA and Rivera-Yañez, CR}, title = {Understanding the Effect of Propolis and Its Derivatives Against Candida Biofilm: New Approaches in the Search for Alternative Therapies.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {42187783}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {Propolis is a bee product with a complex chemical composition that exhibits remarkable antifungal activity against C. albicans and can inhibit resistant biofilms thanks to its content of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Its efficacy varies depending on its geographic origin: European propolis inhibits the initial formation of biofilms, while Brazilian propolis is superior at inhibiting mature biofilms. This product also possesses fungicidal and fungistatic properties comparable in efficacy to conventional drugs, such as nystatin, fluconazole, and chlorhexidine. The use of nanotechnology, such as nanoparticles or nanorods, has overcome the low solubility of propolis compounds, improving their bioavailability and reducing cell adhesion and hyphal formation. Moreover, the integration of propolis into dental materials demonstrate its versatility for preventing recurrent infections. The study of isolated compounds such as pinocembrin, galangin, and chrysin has facilitated the identification of specific mechanisms of action, and the application of molecules such as guttiferone E in photodynamic therapies and the discovery of quorum-sensing inhibitors, such as kaempferol, using in silico models have opened new avenues for blocking yeast communication and virulence. These findings position propolis as a multifaceted and promising therapeutic alternative, although there is a need to optimize formulations to ensure clinical safety and biocompatibility. In this review, we analyze research published around the world over the last 15 years on the effects of propolis against C. albicans biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42190996, year = {2026}, author = {Rawat, K and Gabrani, R}, title = {Comparative genomic insight into Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis: uncovers the functional basis of multidrug resistance and biofilm-related virulence.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108588}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108588}, pmid = {42190996}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Acinetobacter species are opportunistic pathogens that possess both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, as well as the capacity to develop persistent biofilms. Among them, the most important multidrug-resistant species are Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis. The in silico comparative genomic study has systematically analysed these two species with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors that promote biofilm formation. Both species contain several biofilm-associated genes, such as ompA, pilE, csuA/b, pgaA-D, and the AdeFGH efflux system, which are important for persistence, colonization, and drug tolerance, along with those involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and serum resistance. A. baumannii has the fliP and wbpI genes that are species-specific, while mbtH and hemO genes suggest increased iron uptake capabilities to those of A. nosocomialis. The katA gene identification indicates better adaptation to oxidative stress for A. baumannii, while both species have wbjD/wecB associated with capsule formation. A. baumannii displays greater functional diversity based on the subsystem analysis, and that species appears to have additional iron acquisition mechanisms. Analysis of the integrons showed two integrons in A. baumannii, indicating increased genomic plasticity for the insertion and removal of plasmids. Twenty-six essential and potentially druggable proteins were identified as shared by both species through drug-target analysis. Antimicrobial activity and biofilm assays showed minimal inhibition in A. baumanni and A. nosocomialis, confirming resistance. Overall, this comparative genomic study supports future efforts to develop effective therapeutic interventions and provides valuable insights into the virulence and resistance strategies of these pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid42191415, year = {2026}, author = {Saucedo-Plascencia, MD and Guevara-Martínez, SJ and Zamudio-Ojeda, A and Castillo-Romero, A}, title = {A novel activity of chitosan nanoparticles as an enhancer of biofilm formation in resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains.}, journal = {Carbohydrate research}, volume = {566}, number = {}, pages = {109972}, doi = {10.1016/j.carres.2026.109972}, pmid = {42191415}, issn = {1873-426X}, abstract = {Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are recognized for their antimicrobial potential; however, their effects on bacterial physiology and biofilm dynamics remain largely unclear. This research examines how empty CNPs affect biofilm growth in resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes: enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and enteroaggregative (EAEC). CNPs were synthesized from extracted chitosan and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet assays across a gradient of CNP concentrations. The findings reveal that, unexpectedly, exposure to CNPs paradoxically stimulates, rather than inhibits, biofilm formation across these strains, with a notable increase in EAEC biofilms at 2 mg/mL. These results highlight that sub-lethal CNP exposure may inadvertently fortify bacterial defenses, underscoring the necessity for rigorous safety assessments in nano-bio interactions to prevent the promotion of bacterial persistence.}, }
@article {pmid42191973, year = {2026}, author = {Charron, R and Lemée, P and Léger, T and Pigeon, L and Boulanger, M and Houée, P and Deschamps, J and Huguet, A and Soumet, C and Briandet, R and Bridier, A}, title = {Biofilm-driven LPS remodeling and colanic acid overproduction mediate biocide adaptation and antibiotic cross-resistance in E. coli.}, journal = {npj antimicrobials and resistance}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s44259-026-00224-5}, pmid = {42191973}, issn = {2731-8745}, support = {ANR-21-CE35-0001//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {The identification of the determinants driving antimicrobial resistance is a prerequisite for improving the control of resistance emergence and dissemination. Disinfectant biocides, daily used in food-processing industries, have already been associated with the cross-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations. However, very few studies have addressed this issue using a biofilm model, the predominant bacterial lifestyle in food-processing environments. In this work, we examined the adaptation of Escherichia coli biofilms to four biocidal active substances over one month, and assessed their subsequent effects on antibiotic resistance. Exposure to N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine (TMN) and benzalkonium chloride significantly increased the emergence of rifampicin-resistant (RifR) variants in biofilms. Genomic analyses revealed that the RifR variants selected upon TMN exposure recurrently harboured mutations in genes related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis that conferred low-level rifampicin resistance in biofilm. These variants displayed altered LPS profiles, a more negative surface charge, and reduced membrane permeability. Proteomic and phenotypic analyses supported a metabolic reorientation of envelope sugar precursors, with decreased modulation of LPS synthesis and a marked induction of the colanic acid biosynthetic pathway in TMN-selected variants. This shift resulted in increased matrix production and reinforced biofilm-associated tolerance. Together, these data identify outer membrane reprogramming, linking LPS modulation with colanic acid overproduction, as a previously unknown mechanism of TMN adaptation that simultaneously promotes antibiotic cross-resistance in E. coli biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42192711, year = {2026}, author = {Ören Bozyer, &#x130; and Matin, K and Pamir, T and Belli, S and Shimada, Y}, title = {Effects of Different Zinc Modulations in Glass Ionomer Cements on Multi-Species Biofilm Formation and Human Tooth Demineralization: An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15050489}, pmid = {42192711}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {1059B142301004//Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey/ ; 32107//Ege University/ ; 25K13328//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Biofilm formation and associated tooth demineralization are key factors influencing the clinical performance of dental materials. Methods: This study compared the antibiofilm and demineralization preventive effects of two zinc-modified glass ionomer cements (Zn-GICs) with a conventional GIC. Disk-shaped specimens of Caredyne Restore (CR), ChemFil Rock (CFR), and Ketac Molar (KM) (n = 6) were evaluated in a multi-species biofilm model using an oral biofilm reactor. Early biofilm formation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (after 2 h and 4 h), bacterial accumulation and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) production were quantified (after 12 h). For demineralization assessment, restored human enamel and dentin specimens (n = 6) including an additional resin-based control group (Dura Seal, DS) were subjected to a 14-day biofilm challenge and lesion depth was measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy. Results: CR showed significantly lower bacterial accumulation and WIG production than the other materials (p < 0.05). CFR demonstrated lower bacterial levels than KM (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between CFR and KM in WIG production (p > 0.05). CR produced the shallowest enamel and dentin lesions, whereas DS exhibited the deepest (p < 0.05); however, no statistically significant differences were observed between CFR and KM in lesion depth (p > 0.05). Conclusions: CR demonstrated superior biofilm suppression and reduced demineralization, whereas CFR showed limited differences compared with the conventional GIC.}, }
@article {pmid42192716, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, B and Yang, W and Hu, B and Zhao, J and Deng, H and Yi, L and Jian, P and Hong, Z and Yu, D}, title = {Matrine Restores Porcine-Origin β-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli to Cefepime and Cefquinome: Association with Impaired Biofilm Formation and β-Lactamase Production.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15050494}, pmid = {42192716}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {32172906//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Background: The in vivo efficacy and mechanisms of matrine (MT) in reversing β-lactam resistance in E. coli remain unclear. Methods: β-lactam-resistant E. coli strains were treated with MT both in vitro and in a murine intestinal colonization model. Phenotypic changes (MIC, morphology, growth, biofilm, β-lactamase) were evaluated, and transcriptomic profiles were analyzed. Results: MT at sub-inhibitory concentrations significantly and concentration-dependently reduced the MICs of β-lactam-resistant E. coli strains by 2- to 32-fold in vitro. This reduction was also confirmed in vivo, and its magnitude became more pronounced as the number of doses increased. MT treatment dispersed bacterial aggregates and dissipated extracellular matrix, but did not alter the morphology of individual bacteria. At concentrations above 1024 μg/mL, MT significantly inhibited bacterial growth; lower concentrations (≤512 μg/mL) had no effect. Notably, MT inhibited biofilm formation and β-lactamase production both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: MT restored the susceptibility of β-lactam-resistant E. coli to cefepime and cefquinome. This effect was associated with suppression of biofilm formation and β-lactamase production, which correlated with the downregulation of key genes (ycgR, pgaB, pgaD, blaTEM and blaCTX-M).}, }
@article {pmid42192729, year = {2026}, author = {Sadanandan, B and Sunder, S and Vijayalakshmi, V and Ashrit, P and Yogendraiah, KM and Shetty, K}, title = {Design of a Wireless Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation System and Validation of Germicidal Potential Against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria and Fungi.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15050507}, pmid = {42192729}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background: A compact, in-house-developed ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system using eight 36 W Philips low-pressure mercury UV-C lamps with a peak emission at 253.7 nm was developed for effective sterilization of bacteria and fungi using a wireless mode of operation. Methods: Under controlled laboratory conditions, the system was tested against representative biofilm-forming microorganisms, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli K12, and a multidrug-resistant Candida albicans M-207 isolate. Microbial viability was assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with structural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cultures were exposed to 253.7 nm UV-C radiation at distances of 1-5 m for 15-90 min. Results: UV-C exposure resulted in time- and distance-dependent reductions in viable counts for all tested organisms, as determined by CFU analysis. At 1 m and 15 min exposure, viable counts for all tested organisms were reduced below the limit of detection (LOD) of the CFU assay, indicating substantial microbial inactivation under the tested conditions. Reduced efficacy was observed at increased distances (3 m and 5 m), with log10 reductions varying depending on organism and exposure conditions. Residual metabolic activity detected by the MTT assay suggests the presence of non-proliferating or damaged cells, consistent with the different endpoints measured by the two assays. The SEM analysis further revealed disruption of biofilm architecture and reduction in cell density with increasing UV dose. Conclusions: The UVGI system demonstrated dose-dependent inactivation of biofilm-forming microorganisms under controlled conditions, supporting its proof-of-concept efficacy. Further studies are required to evaluate performance under real-world conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42196084, year = {2026}, author = {Mihai, GM and Martin, L and Radu, L and Aldea, M and Dinescu, SN and Gresita, A and Ruscu, M and Vasile, RC and Rotaru-Zavaleanu, AD}, title = {Hydrogel-Based Platforms for Wound Care: Integrated Strategies for Antimicrobial Delivery and Biofilm Management.}, journal = {Gels (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/gels12050398}, pmid = {42196084}, issn = {2310-2861}, abstract = {Chronic wounds, diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure injuries affect millions of patients worldwide and cost healthcare systems in the order of $150 billion annually, yet treatment options have changed less than the scale of the problem would suggest. Biofilm formation, documented in up to 78% of chronic wounds, is a central cause: bacteria embedded in extracellular polymeric matrices tolerate antimicrobial concentrations up to 1000-fold higher than planktonic cells and sustain a chronic inflammatory state that actively prevents tissue repair. Hydrogels, crosslinked polymer networks with high water content and tunable physicochemical properties, have been widely studied as platforms for addressing these challenges, though the distance between laboratory results and clinical practice remains considerable. While recent reviews have summarized hydrogel materials or antimicrobial strategies in isolation, this review takes a different approach: we treat infection, biofilm persistence, and impaired regeneration as interconnected processes that must be addressed simultaneously, and we examine biofilm management as a distinct therapeutic target rather than merely a subset of antimicrobial delivery. We analyze hydrogel-based wound care across three integrated domains: design principles (natural, synthetic, and hybrid polymer systems; crosslinking strategies; and stimuli-responsive architectures), antimicrobial delivery (silver, antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, natural agents, and controlled-release systems), and biofilm management (nanoparticle-mediated disruption, enzymatic EPS degradation, photodynamic approaches, quorum-sensing inhibition, and anti-adhesive surface engineering). For each area, we critically evaluate what the preclinical evidence supports, where it falls short, and what would be needed to bridge the gap to clinical application. Translation remains uneven. Among the many FDA- and EMA-cleared hydrogel dressings currently in clinical use, most are simple moisture-retaining or silver-containing formulations, while the multifunctional systems that dominate the research literature are at earlier stages of development. We discuss the main translational priorities, including more predictive preclinical models, long-term nanomaterial safety, harmonized outcome reporting, manufacturing scalability, and health economic evidence, as areas where further work can meaningfully accelerate clinical adoption.}, }
@article {pmid42196144, year = {2026}, author = {Qian, YX and Yu, M and Chen, ZK and Shen, Y and Tang, L and Zeng, KW and Tu, PF}, title = {Fabrication of Size-Controlled Carbon Dots with Biofilm-Disrupting Activity for Antibacterial Applications.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27104159}, pmid = {42196144}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {L246029//Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation-Key Research Project of the Daxing/ ; 2024M750142//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; ZK [2022] General 617//Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Carbon Quantum Dots/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Particle Size ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Carbon/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Carbon dots (CDs) have demonstrated broad-spectrum biological activity, with particle size considered a key determinant of their biological efficacy. However, the interrelationships among size, structure, and function remain unclear. To address this, we synthesized CDs under identical hydrothermal protocols and separated them into four size fractions (NPDCDs1-NPDCDs4), to directly investigate how particle size influences physicochemical and antibacterial properties. The four fractions exhibited distinct optical and structural properties: NPDCDs1 (3.2 nm) emitted at 510 nm with the highest C-O content; NPDCDs2 (2.2 nm) emitted at 510 nm with high C-C/C=C content; NPDCDs3 (2.1 nm) showed red-shifted emission at 570 nm and the highest C=C ratio; NPDCDs4 (1.9 nm) displayed the most red-shifted emission at 580 nm (λex = 380 nm) with the highest C=O content. Notably, NPDCDs1 demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and potent antibacterial activity, primarily through efficient disruption of bacterial biofilms, possibly due to its high C-O content and appropriate particle size. Thus, particle size modulated biological function via corresponding changes in structural and surface chemical properties. These findings clarify that particle size critically influences both the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of CDs, providing an empirical foundation for the rational design of highly efficient and low-toxicity carbon-based antimicrobial materials.}, }
@article {pmid42196221, year = {2026}, author = {Bahamondez-Canas, TF and García-Collao, I and Perez-Basaez, P and Delgado-Gazzoni, CV and Garrido-Vera, HE and Ceriani, R and Weinstein-Oppenheimer, CR and Moraga-Espinoza, DF}, title = {Optimization of Buddleja globosa-Loaded Polymeric Scaffolds for the Treatment of Biofilm-Infected Wounds.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27104240}, pmid = {42196221}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {FONDECYT 11190348//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; FONDECYT 1251144//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; FONDECYT 3220470//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; SIA 85220025//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; PAI 77190010//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; *Buddleja/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemistry ; *Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Chronic wounds are frequently complicated by biofilm-associated infections that impair healing and limit treatment efficacy. Buddleja globosa (BG) exhibits antimicrobial and regenerative properties, making it a promising candidate for advanced wound care. This study aimed to optimize the concentration of a standardized BG extract incorporated into polymeric scaffolds for the treatment of wounds infected with the dual-species biofilm (DSB) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Scaffolds containing increasing BG concentrations (BG1 to BG4) were fabricated by lyophilization and characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and cytocompatibility. Their therapeutic efficacy was further evaluated using an in vitro artificial wound model and a murine model of a DSB-infected wound. BG incorporation significantly influenced the scaffold properties. While BG1-BG3 maintained a comparable structure and mechanical integrity, BG4 exhibited a reduced pore size, swelling capacity, and mechanical resistance. All BG-loaded scaffolds reduced bacterial viability in vitro, with BG4 showing the strongest antimicrobial effect. In vivo, BG2 showed the most consistent overall performance, combining improved wound closure at day 6 with complete re-epithelialization at the endpoint. BG3 improved wound closure at day 6 but did not outperform it in re-epithelialization. In contrast, BG4 did not enhance healing despite its higher antimicrobial activity in vitro. These findings demonstrate that scaffold performance is governed by the interplay between extract loading and physicochemical properties, and that intermediate BG concentrations provide more favorable conditions for tissue repair than higher loadings. This work supports the potential of BG-loaded scaffolds as a therapeutic strategy for biofilm-infected chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid42196465, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, YQ and Lin, L}, title = {Roles of Indole and Its Derivative in Modulating E. coli-Candida albicans Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27104478}, pmid = {42196465}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {42176211//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/physiology/drug effects ; *Indoles/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans is the causal agent of invasive candidiasis, which might be lethal in immunocompromised patients. Biofilm formation is considered a key virulence factor of C. albicans and is associated with its elevated resistance to antifungals. C. albicans and bacteria like E. coli are frequently found to form mixed biofilms on biotic or abiotic surfaces, rendering them more refractory to existing antifungals. To investigate how E. coli endogenous indole interplaying with exogenous IAA exerts modulatory effects on dual-species biofilm with C. albicans, an E. coli strain deficient in the indole biosynthetic gene tnaA was constructed, and the enzyme TnaA inhibitor was administered to block the indole production in E. coli monoculture and/or E. coli-C. albicans dual culture. Phenotypic assay revealed that indole deficiency attenuated E. coli mono-species biofilm by 12% (tnaA∆ versus WT E. coli), and the lack of indole in the E. coli cell-free culture filtrate abolished the ability to promote C. albicans biofilms, evidenced by the fact that the treatment with WT E. coli culture supernatants exhibited a 1.7-fold promotive effect, while treatment with tnaA∆ displayed no significant difference from the broth control towards C. albicans biofilms. Furthermore, impaired E. coli indole production might disrupt E. coli-C. albicans biofilm, as examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was found to exhibit more potent biofilm-modulatory activity than indole by CLSM imaging with dual biofilms of WT E. coli-C. albicans, in contrast to those of E. coli tnaA∆-C. albicans post-supplemented with exogenous IAA. This study provides evidence for indole as a signaling molecule mediating bacterial-fungal communication during mixed-biofilm formation. Indole and its derivatives, particularly in combination with existing antifungals, have potential in the development of anti-biofilm strategies to eradicate refractory fungal infections.}, }
@article {pmid42197345, year = {2026}, author = {Conti, A and Casagrande Pierantoni, D and Strinati, B and Favaro, L and Corte, L and Cardinali, G}, title = {Biofilm Formation and Plastic Degradation in Bacteria from Different Environments: Evidence for Phenotypic Acclimation and Metabolic Exaptation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14050959}, pmid = {42197345}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {ECS00000041 - VITALITY - CUP J97G22000170005//European Union/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial communities inhabiting natural and anthropogenically impacted environments are exposed to diverse abiotic stressors that can influence the distribution of functional traits. However, distinguishing the processes underlying phenotypic patterns remains challenging in microbial systems, where ecological and evolutionary dynamics often overlap. In this study, we experimentally assessed the distribution of biofilm formation and plastic degradation capacity in bacterial isolates across environments characterized by different stress regimes, to evaluate whether these traits are primarily associated with environmental context rather than phylogenetic relatedness, and may therefore reflect environment-dependent phenotypic modulation on a lineage-specific functional background. Taxonomic affiliation was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while expressed biochemical profiles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Multivariate ordination and Partial Least Squares analyses were used to explore relationships among taxonomy, biochemical profiles, functional phenotypes, and environment of isolation. Phylogenetic signal analysis confirmed that neither trait was strongly constrained by vertical inheritance, with Blomberg's K ≈ 0 and Fritz &amp; Purvis' D = 0.51, consistent with environment-driven rather than phylogenetically conserved trait distributions. Both biofilm production and plastic degradation capacity showed significant environment-dependent differences in their relative frequencies (Fisher's exact test, biofilm: p = 5.5 × 10[-5]; PCL degradation: p = 2.5 × 10[-4]) and were not directly associated with each other (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p = 0.45; linear model, p = 0.68). Overall, these results indicate that microbial functional traits are unevenly distributed across environments and weakly constrained by taxonomy, consistent with the contribution of multiple, non-mutually exclusive processes that remain difficult to disentangle empirically.}, }
@article {pmid42197354, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, S and Mu, Y and Wang, L and Zeng, H}, title = {Synergistic Inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation and Reduction of Lung Inflammation In Vivo by Combination of α-Pinene and Meropenem.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14050968}, pmid = {42197354}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {32560051//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XJRC-2025-BTKJ-YJ-CXPT-228//Xinjiang Leading Talent Introduction Program Science and Technology Key Innovation Platform (Base) Talent Recruitment Project/ ; TDZKBS202637//Tarim University/ ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii, a prominent opportunistic pathogen in healthcare settings, causes severe infections and poses significant challenges for clinical treatment. This study investigates the synergistic effects of α-pinene combined with meropenem (MEM) on A. baumannii biofilm formation and lung injury in mice, aiming to develop new strategies to combat persistent infections and antibiotic resistance. α-pinene combined with MEM exhibited strong synergistic antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB 5E9). The combination significantly inhibited biofilm formation, extracellular polymer production, surface motility, and quorum sensing. The expression of key genes such as ompA, bfmR, bap, csuAB, abaI, and abaR was reduced by up to 61%. In vivo, the treatment alleviated weight loss, decreased the bacterial load in lung tissue, and reduced lung inflammation. Furthermore, it significantly suppressed proteins involved in the inflammatory response and the MAPK pathway, including TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3, TRAF6, ERK2, p38 MAPK, JNK, and TNF-α. The combination of α-pinene and MEM synergistically inhibits A. baumannii biofilm formation and alleviates the inflammatory response in a mouse model, offering a potential therapeutic approach for combating A. baumannii infections.}, }
@article {pmid42197413, year = {2026}, author = {Franco, D and Papasergi, S and Mediati, F and Guglielmino, SPP and De Plano, LM}, title = {Engineered Phage Modulates Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14051028}, pmid = {42197413}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {ECS00000022//Ministry of Universities and Research/ ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen frequently associated with chronic and biofilm-related infections, largely driven by quorum sensing (QS)-related genes/phenotypes. In this study, we investigated the antivirulence activity of an engineered M13-derived phage-display particle (P9b), selected for specific binding to P. aeruginosa, which acts as a non-lytic modulator of QS through specific binding to a bacterial surface target. P9b induced a transient delay in early planktonic growth, without affecting long-term proliferation. In contrast, P9b significantly reduced biofilm-associated metabolic activity and pyocyanin production, consistent with an effect on QS-regulated pathways. Transcriptional analysis revealed significant downregulation of key QS regulators (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR) and modulation of phenazine biosynthesis genes (phzM downregulation and phzS upregulation), suggesting interference with QS-dependent regulatory circuits. Notably, P9b retained binding capacity and antibiofilm activity across clinically relevant P. aeruginosa isolates. Overall, these findings indicate that P9b acts as a selective, non-lytic modulator of virulence-associated traits, attenuating QS-regulated phenotypes without bactericidal effects. This study supports the potential of engineered filamentous phages as targeted antivirulence platforms for the development of innovative strategies against persistent and biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42197436, year = {2026}, author = {Shakoor, L and Naz, S and Rashid, A and Idrees, M}, title = {Persistence and Risk Assessment of Biofilm-Forming MDR and XDR Bacteria on Non-Poultry Meat Contact Surfaces in Wah Cantt, Pakistan.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14051051}, pmid = {42197436}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Biofilms on meat-contact surfaces pose critical food safety risks. This study investigates the interplay between biofilm architecture, metabolic vigor, and antimicrobial resistance on retail surfaces in Pakistan. Screening 300 isolates from 120 surfaces identified 42 high-risk biofilm formers. Comprehensive phenotypic screening revealed that standard visual assays severely underestimate the viability of environmental strains. Biofilm biomass and metabolic activity correlated positively (Spearman's ρ = 0.656, p < 0.001). Crucially, Ordinary Least Squares regression established that metabolic vigor, rather than physical biomass, independently predicts resistance severity. Phenotypic profiling revealed a high-risk landscape with 81.8% multidrug-resistant and 18.2% extensively drug-resistant isolates, including resistance to colistin and Linezolid. Alarmingly, 79.5% of critical resistance phenotypes compromised WHO Reserve category antibiotics, escalating to 100% on mincer machines. Ecological analysis demonstrated surface-driven partitioning; porous wood boards fostered diverse Enterobacteriaceae, while mincers selected for uniformly resistant clades. These findings highlight processing machinery as resilient reservoirs for untreatable pathogens, necessitating targeted anti-biofilm measures, such as matrix-degrading enzymes. Bridging a critical knowledge gap, this study is among the earliest integrated ecological analyses combining phylogenetic, metabolic, and resistance profiling in Pakistan's non-poultry meat sector.}, }
@article {pmid42197443, year = {2026}, author = {Castellanos-Huerta, I and Lum, J and Romero, G and Forga, A and Hargis, BM and Graham, D}, title = {Differential Responses of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. infantis to Chlorine Dioxide In Vitro: Impacts on Growth and Biofilm Development.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14051058}, pmid = {42197443}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Salmonella enterica is a significant Gram-negative bacterium possessing over 2500 serovars capable of affecting both animals and humans and disseminating widely due to its adaptability, genetic diversity, and ability to form biofilms. Different serovars, such as S. enterica Typhimurium (ST), Enteritidis (SE), and Infantis (SI), display varying traits and survival strategies in harsh environments. Biofilms, composed of proteins, lipids, and DNA, enable bacteria to survive stresses such as pH changes, nutrient shortages, temperature fluctuations, and disinfectants. Evaluating disinfectants on inert surfaces is crucial for understanding their effectiveness and impact on poultry. This study assessed the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfectant against ST, SE, and SI growth, biofilm formation, and biofilm removal at varying concentrations in vitro. Results showed serotype-dependent and condition-specific responses, with SE and SI being more affected than ST, which may be associated with differences in oxidative stress response mechanisms, highlighting the need for tailored disinfection protocols.}, }
@article {pmid42197484, year = {2026}, author = {Yan, Z and Fan, S and Yan, W and Ma, H and Zhao, T}, title = {Effect of Aeration Rate Redistribution on Nitrogen Removal Performance of a Novel Multi-Compartment Fixed-Biofilm Cyclic Activated Sludge System.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14051099}, pmid = {42197484}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {51568034//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {To address the problems of short-circuit flow and dead zones, complicated operation and control caused by intermittent influent, and the mismatch between aeration rate and oxygen demand in the Cyclic Activated Sludge System (CASS), a novel Multi-Compartment Fixed-Biofilm Cyclic Activated Sludge System (MCFCASS) was developed. This system operated in continuous-flow mode, and the aeration rate of each compartment was redistributed using a mathematical model. The results show that the plug flow ratio of the MCFCASS reactor increased from 18.75% to 31.25% compared with the CASS reactor. After aeration rate redistribution, the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of the MCFCASS reactor rose from 83.34% to 86.80%, and the effluent TN concentration consistently met the Grade I-A limit (15 mg/L) specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002). The average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N) increased from 91.58% and 93.39% to 92.98% and 94.57%, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed that after aeration rate redistribution, the relative abundances of Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota in the pre-reaction zone of MCFCASS were 39.17%, 17.78%, and 10.33%, respectively. In addition, the abundances of some functional bacterial groups in the first and fourth compartments of the main reaction zone shifted adaptively in response to the aeration rate redistribution, consistent with the trends in pollutant removal contributions in these compartments. Hierarchical clustering and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) further indicated that aeration rate redistribution influenced the microbial community structure. The above laboratory-scale optimization results may provide a preliminary reference for aeration control and improvement of denitrification performance in similar processes.}, }
@article {pmid42197502, year = {2026}, author = {Musuroi, SI and Voinescu, A and Musuroi, C and Muntean, D and Horhat, FG and Baditoiu, LM and Izmendi, O and Cosnita, A and Ordodi, V and Crainiceanu, Z and Seclaman, E and Licker, M}, title = {Epidemiological Study of the Relationship Between Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in Pathogens Causing Chronic Wound Infections.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14051117}, pmid = {42197502}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Chronic wounds represent a major complication of underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus, arterial ischemia, surgical wound and burns. This study aimed at the phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance for a selection of bacterial isolates, originating from wounds harvested from patients hospitalized in the Vascular Surgery and Plastic Surgery wards. The microbiological diagnosis of wound infections was established according to the laboratory's working protocol. PCR screening of antibiotic resistance genes was performed using a real-time PCR, while the microtiter plate assay was used to determine the biofilm-forming capacity. Testing of biofilm susceptibility to meropenem and amikacin was performed on Calgary biofilm device. Of the 88 bacterial isolates studied, 78.40% were Gram-negative bacilli (GNB)-Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.P), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A), Proteus mirabilis (P.M), Acinetobacter baumannii (A.B), while the remaining 21.60% were Gram-positive cocci (GPC)-Staphylococcus aureus (S.A). All A.B isolates and 92.59% of K.P were carriers of β-lactamase- and carbapenemase-encoding genes, while 57.89% of S. aureus isolates were carriers of mecA (methicillin-resistant). Strong biofilm-forming isolates (B+++) were more frequent in P.A than in K.P (p = 0.002) and P.M (p = 0.02), with a frequency comparable to that of A.B strains (p = 0.212). When analyzing the biofilm reaction to meropenem, a significantly lower susceptibility was detected in the biofilm for K.P isolates, compared to the planktonic ones. Most GNB have been extensively multidrug-resistant, particularly K.P and A.B. Isolates from chronic wounds are major biofilm-formers. A strong and statistically significant association has been identified in the case of K.P and P.M between the presence of resistance genes and the biofilm-forming capacity. These findings highlight the need for a customized therapeutic approach for each chronic wound, considering the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance. These include bacterial virulence factors and the wound microenvironment colonized by the biofilm and the relative contribution of each to the overall resistance profile.}, }
@article {pmid42198277, year = {2026}, author = {García-Porcel, E and Gómez-Casanova, N and Pérez-Serrano, J and Copa-Patiño, JL and Heredero-Bermejo, I}, title = {Effect of the BD132 Dendron Against Candida tropicalis: Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Enzymatic and Structural Alterations.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics18050583}, pmid = {42198277}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {PID2020-113274RA-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; PID2023-151252OB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Candida tropicalis is a pathogenic yeast species responsible for infections within the Candida genus and is identified as the most virulent species after C. albicans, partly due to its ability to form biofilms. Objective: This study analyzes the antifungal efficacy of a newly synthesized dendron, BD132 dendron, against C. tropicalis. Results: The compound showed a strong antifungal activity with promising minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values. Combination therapy with AgNO3 and amphotericin B showed additive and synergistic effects, respectively, enhancing antifungal efficacy and potentially reducing cytotoxicity. The dendron did not alter key enzyme activities, and scanning electron microscopy revealed significant morphological alterations, including increased cell size and surface damage, indicating membrane disruption. In addition, the BD132 dendron did not induce resistance, and stability studies indicated a slight MIC decrease at 4 °C and -20 °C after 15 days, with stable minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), suggesting potential for long-term use. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of this dendron in combination therapies to treat C. tropicalis infections.}, }
@article {pmid42198619, year = {2026}, author = {Sole, E and Motta, G and Marcoli, F and Midiri, A and Sindona, C and Imbesi, L and Mancuso, G and Zemzem, M and Biondo, C}, title = {Tackling Biofilm-Forming Pathogens: A Challenge to Overcome in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens15050493}, pmid = {42198619}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Quorum Sensing ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Bacteria/drug effects/pathogenicity ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Communicable Diseases/microbiology/drug therapy ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms can aggregate and organise into structured communities embedded within an exopolysaccharide-based matrsix, which serves as a protective barrier and a functional environment around microbial cells. The formation of biofilms is widely recognised as a pivotal factor in bacterial virulence, impeding the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and hindering immune responses, whilst concomitantly contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance and the onset of persistent infections. Biofilm formation is a tightly regulated and dynamic process, controlled by quorum-sensing mechanisms and profoundly influenced by environmental factors and nutrient availability. The objective of this review is to elucidate the significance of biofilms in clinical settings, with a particular focus on their role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Particular attention is devoted to biofilm-associated infections and infections related to invasive medical devices, with a particular emphasis on the most prevalent microbial pathogens, which include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and various species of Candida. Furthermore, the present review encompasses biofilm-associated chronic infections, conditions manifesting in predisposed patients, including individuals affected by cystic fibrosis. This review further examines the most recent strategies for combating antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms. This review focuses on recent biofilm pathogenesis advancements, with a focus on diagnosis challenges and the need for new ways to disrupt biofilm integrity.}, }
@article {pmid42200104, year = {2026}, author = {van Wijngaarden, EW and Brunette, MP and Goetsch, AG and Brito, IL and Hershey, DM and Silberstein, MN}, title = {Rheinheimera sp. T2C2 Bacterial Biofilm for Bioremediation of Cobalt(II).}, journal = {ACS applied polymer materials}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {7168-7180}, pmid = {42200104}, issn = {2637-6105}, abstract = {Toxic metals, including cobalt, are often the cause of the contamination of rivers and lakes in mining regions. Heavy metal water pollution has been linked to numerous human health problems, prompting the need for environmental remediation. Existing techniques for removing heavy metals from water, such as chemical precipitation and filtration, produce toxic waste, are costly, or require high power consumption for pumping. Biosorption is a potential alternative strategy that is cost-effective and uses readily available and naturally produced biomass and living material to absorb pollutants. Engineering living materials, such as biofilms, which consist of living cells and a secreted polymer matrix, offer the potential to integrate toxin sensing, sequestration, and metabolism capabilities of cells to improve pollution remediation strategies. Alternative biofilm producing candidates need to be explored to implement these material capabilities. Previous biosorption studies have primarily used bacterial biofilms from known pathogens and/or generated toxic waste in the form of the absorbent material combined with the heavy metal. Here, we describe a recently isolated bacterium called Rheinheimera sp. T2C2 that forms biofilms with promising biosorption characteristics. T2C2 is an aquatic bacterium with low nutrient requirements and high biofilm production that is not known to be pathogenic. We demonstrate (1) the efficacy of Rheinheimera sp. T2C2 as a biosorbent for cobalt bioremediation; (2) how biosorption is altered by water conditions to establish the efficacy of this strategy in different environments; and (3) how the metal can be released from the biofilm for metal recycling. Our findings will provide a living materials strategy that overcomes the existing barriers for bioremediation and improves the health of ecosystems and humans through heavy metal removal and recycling.}, }
@article {pmid42200379, year = {2026}, author = {Tuan, DA and Giang, PTH}, title = {Toward precision anti-biofilm therapy for Candida: a translational perspective.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1080/17460913.2026.2678109}, pmid = {42200379}, issn = {1746-0921}, abstract = {Candida biofilm-associated infections remain difficult to eradicate, particularly on indwelling devices and in other high-risk settings where persistence, relapse, and antifungal failure are common. Natural compounds and nano-enabled delivery have shown promising antibiofilm effects in preclinical studies, but the evidence base remains fragmented and largely nonclinical. This Perspective proposes Precision Anti-Biofilm Therapy (PABT) as a staged translational framework that separates what is clinically actionable now from what remains investigational. Tier 1 centers on current bedside practice-rapid species identification, susceptibility testing or local resistance patterns, source control, and routine clinical parameters-without delaying sepsis care. Tiers 2-3 reserve biofilm phenotyping, candidate biomarker panels, constrained synergy testing, and nano-enabled delivery for translational research and selected refractory niches. We do not present new experimental data or claim clinical readiness. Instead, we use the existing mechanistic and preclinical literature to define a feasibility agenda: standardized assays, pharmacologic justification at the infection site, analytical validation of candidate biomarkers, early-phase feasibility studies, and pragmatic trials in high-burden scenarios such as recurrent catheter-associated candidemia, prosthetic-device infection, and multidrug-resistant C. auris settings. By reframing PABT as a research-prioritization framework rather than a ready-to-implement protocol, this Perspective aims to make the translational pathway more explicit and testable.}, }
@article {pmid42182865, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Zhu, F and Zhang, J and Feng, K and Abudourexiti, W and Li, S and Guo, Y and Chen, M and Yu, Z and Zhao, L and Guo, Z and Ding, C and Gong, J}, title = {Toward clinical translation: montmorillonite-enhanced Lactobacillus biofilm alleviates colitis by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid axis.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {103211}, pmid = {42182865}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Oral probiotics hold therapeutic potential for ulcerative colitis (UC), but their low bioavailability greatly limits clinical efficacy. Here, we designed a montmorillonite-Lactobacillus acidophilus biofilm (MLB) delivery strategy to enhance probiotic stability, intestinal adhesion, and therapeutic efficiency. MLB was prepared by inducing the clinically common strain Lactobacillus acidophilus to form biofilms on montmorillonite, an antidiarrheal agent widely used in clinics. The in vitro assays demonstrated that montmorillonite significantly promoted biofilm formation, thereby improving bacterial survival in gastrointestinal conditions and enhancing mucosal adhesion. In vivo, MLB showed superior efficacy in alleviating DSS-induced colitis compared with free bacteria or non-biofilm mixtures. Mechanistically, MLB remodeled gut microbiota composition and restored microbial bile acid metabolism through elevated bile salt hydrolase activity. This led to increased production of secondary bile acids, which in turn promoted anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization and facilitated inflammation resolution. Together, these findings demonstrate that MLB enhances the efficacy of oral probiotics by targeting the microbiota-bile acid-immune axis, representing a safe and practical approach for UC treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42184863, year = {2026}, author = {Macior-Łannik, A and Migut, D and Ruchała, J}, title = {Lignocellulosic and cellulose-derived carriers in biofilm-based food fermentations: Food-contact design, hydrodynamics and validation.}, journal = {Biotechnology advances}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108928}, doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108928}, pmid = {42184863}, issn = {1873-1899}, abstract = {Biofilm-based food fermentations require carriers that retain viable production microorganisms while remaining compatible with sensory quality, cleanability, regeneration and food-contact safety. This review analyses lignocellulosic and cellulose-derived carrier classes as engineered food-contact interfaces rather than as a single undifferentiated group of "wood-derived" materials. Native wood and plant scaffolds, purified or modified plant-cellulose matrices, bacterial cellulose, materials derived from microcellulose and nanocellulose, lignin-containing matrices, and hemicellulose-containing and xylo-oligosaccharide-containing systems are therefore treated as distinct carrier classes with different structural scales, process functions and validation needs. The review integrates carrier microstructure and surface chemistry with microbial biofilm physiology, reactor hydrodynamics and process diagnostics. Particular attention is given to acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, mixed communities and undesirable filamentous fungi, because these groups differ in adhesion mode, production of extracellular polymeric substances, oxygen demand, shear sensitivity and hygiene implications. To distinguish this review from previous broad reviews on lignocellulosic immobilisation, biofilm reactors and wood-contact microbiology, we provide configuration-specific design criteria, evidence-status tables, failure-mode diagnostics and minimum food-contact validation requirements. Non-food examples are treated only as transferable mechanistic evidence rather than as direct food-contact validation. The resulting framework identifies what should be reported and validated before carrier optimisation: migration and release of leachable compounds, sensory impact, cleaning efficacy, regeneration stability, microbial safety after cleaning, hydrodynamic operating windows and reactor-specific failure signals.}, }
@article {pmid42185192, year = {2026}, author = {Tatta, ER and Kumavath, R}, title = {Corrigendum to "Rhodethrin and Rubrivivaxin as potential source of anti-biofilm agents against vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19443)" [Microbial Pathogenesis 148 (2020)].}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108576}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108576}, pmid = {42185192}, issn = {1096-1208}, }
@article {pmid42185319, year = {2026}, author = {Lima, RD and Bauer, OR and Pauer, H and Hajiarbabi, K and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Ferreira, RBR}, title = {Cutibacterium acnes inhibits Staphylococcus lugdunensis biofilm formation through inhibition of autolysis and purine biosynthesis.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01014-7}, pmid = {42185319}, issn = {2055-5008}, abstract = {Cutibacterium acnes is a key member of the human skin microbiome that contributes to host homeostasis. Staphylococcus lugdunensis, while also a resident of the skin microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing severe infections, associated with its ability to form biofilms. We previously showed that C. acnes secretes molecules that inhibit S. lugdunensis biofilm formation without affecting planktonic growth. Here, we demonstrate that C. acnes-derived molecules also significantly reduced S. lugdunensis adherence to and invasion of human epithelial cells, as well as adhesion to keratinocytes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed repression of genes involved in S. lugdunensis purine biosynthesis and induction of the autolysis negative regulators, lrgA and lrgB. Functional assays confirmed that exposure to C. acnes molecules inhibits autolysis and extracellular DNA (eDNA) release and decreases intracellular guanine levels in S. lugdunensis. Crucially, the addition of exogenous guanine suppressed the effect of C. acnes molecules on both biofilm formation and lrgA gene expression. Collectively, our data indicate that C. acnes molecules inhibit S. lugdunensis biofilm formation by depleting the intracellular guanine pool, leading to repression of autolysis, and reduced eDNA release, a key component of biofilm structural integrity. These findings underscore the importance of interspecies microbiome interactions in pathogen exclusion.}, }
@article {pmid42185771, year = {2026}, author = {Mousavi, Z and Alizadeh Behbahani, B and Jooyandeh, H and Taki, M and Vasiee, A}, title = {Probiotic characterization of Lactobacillus helveticus BGTRM7-58 from Khiki cheese: safety, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity, and anti-biofilm effects against Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05153-x}, pmid = {42185771}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {Traditional Iranian cheeses, especially "Khiki cheese," represent valuable sources of indigenous lactic acid bacteria with potential probiotic properties. This study evaluated the probiotic attributes, safety profile, antimicrobial efficacy, antioxidant capacity, and anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus helveticus BGTRM7-58, a strain isolated from Khiki cheese. The strain demonstrated considerable anti-adhesion capability against Staphylococcus aureus. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, displaying a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.625 mg/mL against S. aureus. Furthermore, the CFS inhibited biofilm formation by 87% at 4× MIC and disrupted pre-established mature biofilms by 89% at the same concentration. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment revealed dose-dependent antiproliferative effects against cancer cell lines. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated significant downregulation of key staphylococcal virulence genes, most notably a 47% reduction in agr expression. The strain also exhibited substantial antioxidant activity, scavenging 68.67%, 71.75% of DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. Comprehensive safety evaluation confirmed the absence of hemolytic and DNase activities, no production of biogenic amines, and susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics. Taken together, these findings indicate that L. helveticus BGTRM7-58 fulfills the fundamental criteria for a safe and functional probiotic strain, highlighting its potential for application in functional food formulations and strategies aimed at controlling biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42172940, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Fu, S and Guo, H and Wang, J and Shi, X and Yin, K and Li, J and Wang, Y and Tu, J and He, F and Xia, X}, title = {Echinatin from licorice exhibits antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against Bacillus cereus: Mechanism and application in milk preservation.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {458}, number = {}, pages = {111857}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111857}, pmid = {42172940}, issn = {1879-3460}, abstract = {Bacillus cereus represents an increasing challenge to the dairy industry due to its biofilm-forming ability and multidrug resistance. In this study, echinatin, a flavonoid derived from licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.), was identified as a potent antimicrobial agent. Echinatin exhibited significant inhibitory activity against both antibiotics sensitive (MIC, 50 μg/mL) and resistance B. cereus strains. Morphological observation, live/dead cell staining, and analyses of DNA and protein contents confirmed the antibacterial against B. cereus of echinatin. Furthermore, echinatin effectively dismantled biofilms based on the crystal violet and fluorescence staining, and extracellular polysaccharides, proteins and eDNA contents. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR profiling showed that it combats B. cereus by disrupting ABC transporters and essential metabolic pathways (pyrimidine and amino acid). Furthermore, it notably inhibits toxin production, thereby reducing virulence alongside its direct antimicrobial effects. Additionally, echinatin exhibited excellent thermal stability (25-100 °C) and significantly suppressed B. cereus proliferation in a whole milk model. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive evaluation integrating antibacterial, antibiofilm, transcriptomic, and food model validation of echinatin against both antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant B. cereus strains.}, }
@article {pmid42173447, year = {2026}, author = {Harvey, HJ and Corrigan, S and Baiocco, D and Zhang, Z and Iqbal, TH and Teughels, W and Chapple, I and Horniblow, RD}, title = {Promicrobial mucoadhesive micro-composites enable delivery of beneficial oral bacteria to restore and modulate oral biofilm communities.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {115044}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115044}, pmid = {42173447}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {Imbalances within the oral microbiome, composed of over 700 phylotypes, drive both local diseases, including periodontitis, and systemic conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Given the overuse of conventional antimicrobial agents to manage oral diseases and the relapsing nature associated with current intervention strategies, innovative promicrobial approaches to oral biofilm community restoration are needed. Importantly, there is a critical unmet clinical need for active restoration and sustained delivery of beneficial oral commensals rather than continued disruption of already-imbalanced communities. We have developed a promicrobial formulation encapsulating live, health-associated, oral bacteria within mucoadhesive micro-composites to promote the establishment of beneficial biofilms under simulated oral flow conditions. We encapsulated and characterised a five-species bioactive consortia of oral bacteria in alginate micro-composites, surface modified with poly-l-lysine to enhance their adhesion to artificial saliva-coated surfaces in vitro. Dissemination of the encapsulated bacteria from the micro-composites led to the formation of stable oral biofilms. Notably, biofilm composition could be modulated by altering the encapsulated bioactive composition, enabling a tailored and targeted pathway to biofilm restoration. Under representative saliva flow, delivery of bioactives following their bioencapsulation resulted in strong biofilm-forming capacity, even in the presence of pre-existing oral bacterial communities containing pathobionts, highlighting their potential clinical applications in dental biofilm bioengineering. In experiments designed to simulate periodontal pocket debridement, we observed immunomodulation following treatment with bioactive formulations and pathobiont reduction when Limosilactobacillus reuteri was also incorporated into the consortia. These findings establish a framework for using sustained-release encapsulated probiotics to modulate the oral microbiome, offering a paradigm shift towards biofilm-promoting therapies for oral healthcare and paving the way for oral microbiome transplantation.}, }
@article {pmid42173454, year = {2026}, author = {Abdulaziz, SM and Haji, SH and Ganjo, AR and Aka, STH and Bhardwaj, N and Bhardwaj, I and Ghosh, S}, title = {Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Citrobacter farmeri effectively inhibit growth and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108580}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108580}, pmid = {42173454}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) has severely limited available therapeutic options, posing a significant clinical challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against clinical multi drug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii isolates. Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using Citrobacter farmeri (C. farmeri) (A121) and subsequently characterized for their physicochemical properties. Antibacterial activity against A. baumannii was assessed using the disc diffusion assay, while biofilm-forming ability and antibiofilm efficacy were evaluated using the microtiter plate method. Molecular analysis revealed a high prevalence of resistance-associated genes, with blaOXA-48 (70%), blaCTX-M (43%), and blaDHA (13.3%) being the most frequently detected ESBL-, AmpC-, and carbapenemase-encoding genes, respectively. Notably, 65.3% of the isolates exhibited strong biofilm-forming capacity. The biosynthesized AgNPs ranged in size from 20 to 60 nm and demonstrated a pronounced, concentration-dependent antibacterial effect at 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Moreover, AgNP treatment resulted in a substantial inhibition of biofilm formation, achieving up to 95% reduction. Overall, these findings highlight the potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of biosynthesized AgNPs against MDR A. baumannii, highlighting their potential as a promising alternative or adjunctive strategy for combating infections caused by highly drug-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid42174767, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, S and Yadav, VB and Singh, AK and Nath, G and Chand, S and Mishra, NS and Nayak, JK}, title = {Species-Specific Optimisation and Environmental Regulation of Biofilm Formation in Enterobacter cloacae: Inhibitory Role of Glucose in Biofilm Development.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e70347}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70347}, pmid = {42174767}, issn = {1758-2229}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Enterobacter cloacae/physiology/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Glucose/metabolism/pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Culture Media/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are prevalent in clinical environments, contributing to persistent infections associated with medical devices. Enterobacter cloacae forms biofilms on nonliving surfaces, leading to drug-resistant, recurrent infections that are difficult to treat. Biofilm development in Enterobacter species, including E. cloacae, occurs through five stages: reversible attachment, irreversible attachment, microcolony formation, maturation and dispersal. Initial attachment is mediated by adhesins, including fimbriae and lipopolysaccharides, which interact with surfaces. This is followed by secretion of an extracellular polymeric substance matrix composed of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins, providing stability and protection. This study aimed to establish a standardised in vitro 0.5% crystal violet staining method to quantify biofilm production in E. cloacae isolates and classify isolates by biofilm-forming capacity. Biofilm was quantified by optical density at 570-600 nm. A 96-well microtiter plate assay quantified biofilm formation in 40 E. cloacae strains collected between July 2021 and April 2023. Growth conditions were optimised, including culture media, fixation techniques and additive concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride. Brain heart infusion broth was optimal, and heat fixation was superior; glucose had no effect, whereas 1%-2% sodium chloride enhanced biofilm production. These findings improve understanding of environmental regulation of biofilm formation and microbial persistence across habitats.}, }
@article {pmid42176840, year = {2026}, author = {Akter, T and Hoque, MM and Urgeya, KD and Stapleton, F and Rice, SA and Willcox, M}, title = {A pilot study on the effect of the exoU gene on biofilm formation by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from microbial keratitis.}, journal = {Experimental eye research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {111082}, doi = {10.1016/j.exer.2026.111082}, pmid = {42176840}, issn = {1096-0007}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the role of the exoU gene in biofilm formation by comparing wild-type and an exoU knockout mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from microbial keratitis (MK).<br><br>METHODS: Biofilm formation by nine exoU-positive P. aeruginosa strains from MK was assessed using the crystal violet assay. The strain exhibiting the highest biofilm production was selected for exoU deletion via homologous recombination using the recombineering plasmid pCasPA. Successful deletion was confirmed using exoU-up-F and exoU-down-R primers and exoU gene specific primers. Cytotoxicity of the wild-type and mutant strains was compared in human corneal epithelial cells using MTT assay. Changes in biofilm between wild-type and mutant strains were assessed using crystal violet assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance was assessed by treating pre-formed biofilms of the wild-type and exoU mutant strains with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, followed by quantification of surviving bacteria.<br><br>RESULTS: PA169 P. aeruginosa produced the highest biofilm amount (OD570/OD660 nm = 2.2 &#xb1; 0.15) among the tested strains, and the exoU gene was subsequently deleted from this strain. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced in the mutant (OD570/OD660 nm = 1.4&#xb1;0.08) compared to its wild-type counterpart (OD570/OD660 nm = 2.2 &#xb1; 0.15, p<0.01). Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed a decrease in biofilm thickness in the mutant strain relative to the parent strain (8.33 &#xb1; 0.58 &#x3bc;m vs 11.67 &#xb1; 0.58 &#x3bc;m, respectively, p<0.01). Biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance was also reduced in the exoU mutant, which showed significantly lower survival than the wild-type strain after exposure to ciprofloxacin at 1&#xd7; MIC (66.87 &#xb1; 4.46% vs 88.38 &#xb1; 10.09%) and 10&#xd7; MIC (49.47 &#xb1; 6.36% vs 73.74 &#xb1; 7.63%), and levofloxacin at 4&#xd7; MIC (55.29 &#xb1; 14.14% vs 79.80 &#xb1; 12.25%) and 20&#xd7; MIC (12.63 &#xb1; 1.59% vs 38.13 &#xb1; 3.06%) (all p &#x2264; 0.03). Additionally, the mutant produced lower cytotoxicity than the wild-type (OD570 8.2&#xb1;0.23 vs 2.1&#xb1;0.25, p <0.01).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that the exoU gene may be associated with biofilm formation and biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance in the PA169 strain. However, these findings are based on a single clinical strain, and no complementation assay was performed to rule out polar effects of the gene knockout. Further experimental work, including knockout of additional strains, complementation, and strand-specific transcriptomic analysis, is needed to determine whether the observed phenotypic changes are directly caused by deletion of the exoU gene.}, }
@article {pmid42179543, year = {2026}, author = {de Figueiredo, VSA and Canto Bueno, P and Ponce Fuentes, EA and Dini, C and Alves de Brito Júnior, A and Busato de Feiria, SN and Mattos-Graner, RO and Ricomini Filho, AP and Klein, MI}, title = {Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {19}, pages = {27942-27957}, pmid = {42179543}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Background/Objective(s)/Introduction: Prebiotics are substances that metabolically favor certain microorganisms of a microbiome, promoting homeostasis. Dental biofilm microorganisms are enmeshed in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances that they produce. A diet rich in sucrose can lead to a dysbiotic biofilm associated with microbial acid production and a change in the matrix's composition (mostly water-insoluble glucans), which allows acids to accumulate within biofilms and contribute to teeth demineralization. Thus, the effects of putative prebiotics were evaluated to verify their impact on exopolysaccharides, the microbial population, and biofilm formation. Materials and methods: Five potential prebiotics (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, arginine, proline, sodium nitrate, and urea) were evaluated compared with a substance-free control. A Streptococcus mutans biofilm model on polystyrene plates was used to determine the concentrations of substances that would inhibit sucrose-derived biofilm formation. Selected concentrations were then used to verify the production of insoluble glucans by glucosyltransferase B. Afterward, S. mutans and mixed-species (S. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus gordonii) biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs with sucrose to evaluate the microbial population and 3D biofilm structure (exopolysaccharides and bacterial biovolume). Lastly, a microcosm biofilm formed on polystyrene plates was used to assess the effects of the substances on biomass and the proportion of distinct viable microbial populations. Results: Only arginine inhibited insoluble glucan production and S. mutans biofilm accretion (≅ 90%). Arginine and proline inhibited a biofilm build-up in mixed-species and microcosm models and modulated microbial counts of species associated with cariogenic biofilms. In the microcosm biofilm, urea hindered biomass accretion in initial biofilms and the counts of aciduric microbiota and fungi, but N-acetyl-d-glucosamine stimulated microbial growth. Sodium nitrate affected the size and shape of microcolonies in S. mutans and mixed-species biofilms. Conclusion(s): Among the substances tested, arginine and proline modulated the microbial population and hindered biofilm accretion, especially arginine, which hampered glucan production. However, urea is the only substance able to impede fungal growth.}, }
@article {pmid42180269, year = {2026}, author = {Savidge, SG and Yu, B and Abbaspour, E and Badali, A and Zakavi, SS and Field, D and Habibollahi, P and Ibrahim, MM and Nezami, N}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Indwelling Percutaneous Nephrostomy Catheters: Luminal Loss and Bacterial Colonization.}, journal = {Interventional radiology (Higashimatsuyama-shi (Japan)}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e20250107}, pmid = {42180269}, issn = {2432-0935}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Biofilm formation on the surface of percutaneous nephrostomy and percutaneous nephroureteral catheters is presumed to result in luminal narrowing and predispose to infection. This presumption drives clinical practice in varying ways. However, no study thus far has quantifiably characterized biofilm development in percutaneous nephrostomy/percutaneous nephroureteral catheters.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective study, removed percutaneous nephrostomy and percutaneous nephroureteral catheters were collected from patients undergoing catheter exchange. Catheters were stained with crystal violet and analyzed to assess biofilm deposition on the internal and external catheter surfaces and to quantify internal biofilm thickness. Pre- and post-exchange urine samples were collected from the catheters and analyzed for bacteria and leukocytes per high-power field.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 38 catheters were collected (28 percutaneous nephrostomy, 10 percutaneous nephroureteral). Biofilm was present in all catheters and significantly increased with time. Luminal diameter loss due to biofilm (mean &#xb1; standard deviation) was 67 &#xb1; 17 &#x3bc;m at 0-2 weeks (n = 3), 104 &#xb1; 12 &#x3bc;m at 2-4 weeks (n = 4), 149 &#xb1; 32 &#x3bc;m at 1-2 months (n = 10), 236 &#xb1; 73 &#x3bc;m at 2-3 months (n = 11), 249 &#xb1; 39 &#x3bc;m at 3-4 months (n = 7), and 349 &#xb1; 8 &#x3bc;m at >6 months (n = 3). Catheter exchange resulted in a reduction in mean urine leukocytes (p = 0.0004) and bacteria per high-power field (p = 0.0061), but not complete elimination.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm forms on percutaneous nephrostomy/percutaneous nephroureteral catheters within a few days after placement and gradually progresses, occupying more than 200 &#x3bc;m of the luminal diameter by 2 months. Catheter exchange results in an immediate reduction in urine leukocytes and bacteriuria.}, }
@article {pmid42169230, year = {2026}, author = {Karadal, F and Ertas Onmaz, N and Bagci, C and Ucar, Y and Hizlisoy, H and Gonulalan, Z and Al, S}, title = {Co-Occurrence of Biofilm Formation and Disinfectant-Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus spp. Along the Dairy Production Chain.}, journal = {Journal of food science}, volume = {91}, number = {5}, pages = {e71131}, doi = {10.1111/1750-3841.71131}, pmid = {42169230}, issn = {1750-3841}, support = {SSB 2017/04-BAGEP//Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Scientific Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Dairy Products/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Animals ; Milk/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Dairying ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {This study aims to investigate the co-occurrence of biofilm formation and resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobial agents in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from different stages of the dairy production chain, and to assess the contribution of these traits to persistence in dairy processing environments. A total of 51 Staphylococcus isolates, including coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative species, were recovered from raw milk, dairy products, and food-contact surfaces after disinfection. Biofilm and slime formation were assessed phenotypically, while biofilm-associated (icaA, icaD, bap) and disinfectant resistance-associated genes [qac (A, B, C, G, H, J), mdeA, lmrS, and norA] were detected by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion, and disinfectant resistance by broth microdilution. Biofilm and/or slime formation was detected in 52.9% of isolates, including 89% of Staphylococcus aureus and 45.2% of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Resistance to oxacillin was highly prevalent (94.1%), followed by tetracycline (29.4%) and erythromycin (17.6%). Reduced susceptibility was most frequently observed for quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectants (62.7%), whereas resistance to phosphate-acid-, chlorine-, and peracetic acid-based disinfectants ranged from 17.7% to 35.3%. According to the study results, Staphylococcus species combine biofilm-forming capacity with decreased susceptibility to commonly used disinfectants and high levels of antimicrobial resistance, with oxacillin and QACs resistance being particularly prevalent. Overall, the findings highlight the presence of resistant staphylococci in the dairy production chain and underscore the need for optimized hygiene and control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42169339, year = {2026}, author = {Ashrafudoulla, M and Yun, H and Rahman, MA and Jung, SJ and Ha, AJ and Chowdhury, MAH and Shaila, S and Akter, S and Park, SH and Ha, SD}, title = {Corrigendum to "Prophylactic efficacy of baicalin and carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm on food and food contact surfaces" [Food Res. Int. 187 (2024) 114458].}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {119379}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119379}, pmid = {42169339}, issn = {1873-7145}, }
@article {pmid42171829, year = {2026}, author = {Parra Rodríguez, V and Gómez, V and Pabón, LC and Hernández-Rodríguez, P}, title = {Effects of quercetin, baicalein, azithromycin, and their combination on biofilm formation, virulence factors and gene expression associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42171829}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Flavanones/pharmacology ; *Quercetin/pharmacology ; *Azithromycin/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Pyocyanine ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Glycolipids ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with acute and chronic hospital-acquired infections. Its ability to form biofilms, regulated in part by quorum sensing, contributes to its persistence and resistance. Classified as a critical priority pathogen by the World Health Organization, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of quercetin, baicalein and azithromycin, alone and in combination, on biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and quorum sensing gene expression in P. aeruginosa PAO1.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration of each compound was measured. The effect of each compound and their combinations on biofilm formation, elastases, pyocyanin and rhamnolipids were evaluated by spectrophotometric assays, and on lasR and mvfR gene expression by RT-qPCR. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of quercetin, baicalein and azithromycin were >&#x2009;250, 62, and 16&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL, respectively. The individual compound with the lowest percentage of biofilm formation was quercetin, followed by azithromycin and baicalein with 33%, 48%, and 51%, and the best combination was azithromycin-baicalein with 35%. Azithromycin and the mentioned combination showed the lowest production of elastases, pyocyanin and rhamnolipids (39% and 34%; 8% and 13%; 19% and 16%, respectively) and resulted in lasR and mvfR gene expression levels of 32% and 34%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The combination of azithromycin-baicalein showed inhibitory effects on biofilm formation, virulence factors and gene expression of lasR and mvfR. These findings highlight the potential of combining natural products with antibiotics as a promising strategy to attenuate virulence and disrupt quorum sensing-regulated behaviors in P. aeruginosa.}, }
@article {pmid42172460, year = {2026}, author = {Gürpınar Tosun, &#xd6; and Kart, D and Özsezen, B and Yalçın, EE and Emiralioğlu, N and Doğru Ersöz, D and Özçelik, U and Köseoğlu Eser, &#xd6;}, title = {Comprehensive phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients: antimicrobial susceptibility, tolerance, hypermutation, biofilm formation, and antibiofilm activity.}, journal = {The Turkish journal of pediatrics}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {247-260}, doi = {10.24953/turkjpediatr.2026.6794}, pmid = {42172460}, issn = {2791-6421}, mesh = {Humans ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; Female ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Child ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Adolescent ; Phenotype ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Child, Preschool ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that plays a critical role in chronic lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), primarily due to its ability to form biofilms and develop antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability and antibiotic resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from patients with CF, and to investigate the relationship between biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance.<br><br>METHODS: 151 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from patients with CF attending a university hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using both broth microdilution and gradient diffusion methods. Phenotypic determination of virulence factors was performed using standard plate assays. Biofilm production was quantified using the crystal violet microtiter plate assay and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) assay. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance.<br><br>RESULTS: The median age of patients with CF was 11.5 years, with 51.7% being female. Although resistance to certain antibiotics was observed, overall resistance rates remained relatively low, with the highest rate being 11%. A total of 30 (19.9%) P. aeruginosa isolates, showing intra-zone growth, were positive for antibiotic tolerance, while 10 (6.6%) of the 151 isolates exhibited hypermutator phenotypes based on the phenotypic hypermutation test. Biofilm evaluation showed that 14% of isolates were strong biofilm producers, 35.8% moderate, and 21.9% weak. 75 P. aeruginosa isolates were assessed for antibiofilm activity using the MBEC assay. Diallyl disulfide alone showed no significant effect. Combined with ciprofloxacin, it reduced minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) in 16% of isolates, while 28% showed increased MBIC, suggesting antagonism. With tobramycin, 22.3% of isolates showed enhanced antibiofilm activity, indicated by a decrease in MBIC.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In our study, while a high level of biofilm production was observed among P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with CF, antibiotic resistance rates were found to be low. These results highlight the need for therapeutic strategies targeting biofilms to improve treatment outcomes in CF-related P. aeruginosa infections. Additionally, our data indicate that low ceftazidime resistance in this cohort supports the use of beta-lactam-based empirical strategies and carbapenem-sparing approaches, while recognizing that these findings may not be directly generalizable beyond the local context.}, }
@article {pmid42167087, year = {2026}, author = {Qiu, C and Zheng, L and Wang, H and Chu, Y and Wang, Q and Chen, Y and Song, Y and Fang, C}, title = {Effects of polymer type and aging on enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogens in biofilm on microplastics in biological wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {409}, number = {}, pages = {129931}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129931}, pmid = {42167087}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) in biological wastewater treatment provide a unique niche for the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogenic bacteria, yet the comparative roles of biodegradability and aging are not well-defined. This study investigated the biofilm properties, microbial community structure, and enrichment of ARGs and pathogens on pristine and UV-aged biodegradable (polylactic acid, PLA) and non-biodegradable (polystyrene, PS; polyethylene terephthalate, PET) microplastics. Pristine and UV-aged MPs were incubated in a sequencing batch reactor for 30 days to facilitate biofilm development. Microbial community assembly was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing, while targeted ARGs and integrase genes were quantified through real-time PCR. The surface biofilm biomass was ranked as PLA > PET > PS and increased by UV-aging treatment. PLA enriched more qnrA and drfA1 genes than PS and PET, whereas PS favored tetC, aac(6')-Ib-cr and ermB genes, and UV-aging promoted selective enrichment of ARGs and integrase genes on UV-aged MPs, particularly on UV aged PLA. Stochastic processes were found to dominate community assembly, and aging was observed to increase the number of bacterial genera positively correlated with ARGs. Both polymer type and aging status are critical keys of the plastisphere's biological risks in wastewater systems. These findings offer new insights into the health risks of ARGs and pathogenic bacteria enriched on different types of MPs.}, }
@article {pmid42167474, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, W and Zhang, Y and Zhang, J and Kong, D and Wang, D}, title = {Overcoming Biofilm Barriers in Periodontitis: A Lectin-Targeted Conjugate for Enhanced Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106778}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106778}, pmid = {42167474}, issn = {1879-176X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To address the limited efficacy of conventional antimicrobials against periodontal biofilms by developing a targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) platform and evaluating its activity against key periodontal pathogens.<br><br>METHODS: The photosensitizer Rose Bengal was conjugated to the lectin Concanavalin A (ConA-RB). Its synthesis was spectroscopically confirmed. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia was assessed following clinically relevant blue light irradiation, including bacterial uptake, viability, and membrane damage. Biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts was also evaluated following both short-term and prolonged exposure.<br><br>RESULTS: ConA-RB exhibited significantly superior antibacterial and antibiofilm activity compared to free Rose Bengal. This was attributed to an approximate 4-fold increase in bacterial uptake, mediated by specific lectin-carbohydrate recognition, leading to enhanced localized reactive oxygen species generation and profound membrane damage. ConA-RB effectively inhibited biofilm formation and significantly disrupted mature in vitro biofilms while maintaining favorable biocompatibility in tested cell models.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The ConA-RB bioconjugate is a potent, targeted, and biocompatible aPDT platform that substantially overcomes biofilm barriers. It represents a promising translational strategy for improving the clinical management of periodontitis.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: By leveraging targeted photodynamic therapy, this ConA-RB platform offers a precise method to eradicate deep-seated periodontal pathogens and disrupt biofilms without inducing acute cytotoxicity in gingival tissues. This approach holds significant potential to enhance clinical outcomes in periodontitis treatment, particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapy.}, }
@article {pmid42167755, year = {2026}, author = {Goerlich, K and Solis, NV and Filler, SG and Mitchell, AP}, title = {Shared anti-biofilm targets of biofilm regulators Wor3 and Bcr1 in Candida albicans.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/iyag129}, pmid = {42167755}, issn = {1943-2631}, abstract = {Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and a component of the human microbiome. C. albicans virulence traits include biofilm production, which is governed by a large transcriptional network. Mutations of some biofilm regulators cause the same severe biofilm-defective phenotype in multiple clinical isolates. Mutations of others, such as Wor3, Bcr1, Ndt80, and Ume6, have mild or variable phenotypes among clinical isolates. We hypothesized that Wor3 may share functions with another variable-phenotype biofilm regulator. This hypothesis predicts that a double mutant lacking Wor3 and the shared-function regulator will have a severe biofilm defect in all clinical isolates. We observed that a wor3Δ/Δ bcr1Δ/Δ double mutant has a severe biofilm defect in vitro in 5 strain backgrounds tested. It also has a severe oral biofilm defect in a mouse oropharyngeal candidiasis model in the SC5314 strain background. RNA-seq data indicate that 5 genes encoding cell surface/secreted proteins are upregulated in wor3Δ/Δ, bcr1Δ/Δ, and wor3Δ/Δ bcr1Δ/Δ strains: CWH8, DAG7, JEN2, PGA6, and YWP1. Deletion mutations of CWH8, DAG7, PGA6, or YWP1 enable biofilm formation in vitro in an SC5314-derived wor3Δ/Δ bcr1Δ/Δ strain, and deletion of YWP1 enables biofilm formation in vitro in wor3Δ/Δ bcr1Δ/Δ strains from 4 other genetic backgrounds. YWP1 has been shown to have anti-biofilm activity previously, but CWH8, DAG7, and PGA6 are newly described anti-biofilm genes. Our study illustrates the value of strain variation considerations for gene function analysis and the importance of repression targets of biofilm regulators. In addition, our results expand the number of anti-biofilm genes.}, }
@article {pmid42168489, year = {2026}, author = {Rimon, A and Braunstein, R and Yerushalmy, O and Katz, N and Yosef, L and Gvili, Y and Coppenhagen-Glazer, S and Hazan, R}, title = {CApEsid biOfilm: a suggested pipeline for clinical phage microbiology for biofilm infections based on comparative method study.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-52935-4}, pmid = {42168489}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {3015005777//Milgrom Family Support Program/ ; 2017123//United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; ISF1349/20//Israel Science Foundation IPMP Grant/ ; A2232//Rosetrees Trust/ ; }, abstract = {The rise of antibiotic-resistant infections, particularly those involving biofilms, presents a significant global health threat. Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents, offers promising solutions to this crisis. A critical component of phage therapy is the assessment of phage efficacy, in both the presence and absence of antibiotics, prior to clinical application. While considerable progress has been made using planktonic bacterial cultures, there remains an urgent need for standardized methods to evaluate phage efficacy against biofilms. In this study, we address this gap by systematically comparing ten different methods for quantifying phage activity in biofilm settings. Each method was evaluated using a panel of five anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages, which were tested against both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Based on these comparisons, we propose a robust pipeline for detecting phage activity in biofilms. This pipeline, termed CApEsid biOfilm, integrates modified colony-forming unit (CFU) assays using stainless steel washers, crystal violet staining, extracellular DNA quantification using a dye, and extracellular ATP measurements. The pipeline was further validated with additional bacterial species and their respective phages. We also demonstrate its utility in detecting interactions between phages and antibiotics. Overall, this work presents a foundational pipeline that may enhance the clinical matching of phages for treating biofilm-associated infections, thereby improving the outcomes of phage therapy.}, }
@article {pmid42169092, year = {2026}, author = {Kaczorek-Łukowska, E and Foksiński, P and Szyryńska, N and Maszewska, A and Krzyżaniak, M}, title = {In vitro concentration-dependent inhibition of early biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy cattle using a bacteriophage cocktail.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12917-026-05565-x}, pmid = {42169092}, issn = {1746-6148}, abstract = {Bovine mastitis remains one of the most economically important diseases in dairy cattle, with Staphylococcus aureus being a major etiological agent, particularly in chronic and subclinical infections. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms significantly contributes to antimicrobial tolerance and treatment failure, highlighting the need for alternative or adjunctive therapeutic approaches. Bacteriophage therapy has re-emerged as a promising strategy; however, data on its anti-biofilm efficacy against mastitis-associated S. aureus isolates are limited. In this study, we evaluated the anti-biofilm activity of a newly developed anti-Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage cocktail against clinical isolates obtained from subclinical bovine mastitis. Twenty-eight non-duplicate field isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis on different farms in north-eastern Poland were examined using a MIC-like assay, followed by biofilm inhibition experiments conducted under high bacterial inoculum conditions. Biofilm formation was assessed after 24 and 48 h using crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy with LIVE/DEAD™ fluorescence staining. Ultrastructural changes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. MIC-like values did not correspond to concentrations effective against biofilm formation. Biofilm biomass and viability were reduced in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with the most pronounced effects observed at higher bacteriophage concentrations. Microscopic analyses confirmed biofilm disruption and bacteriophage-induced cellular damage. These findings demonstrate the potential of bacteriophage cocktails as anti-biofilm agents and support further investigation of bacteriophage-based strategies targeting early biofilm development in veterinary staphylococcal infections. This in vitro study was designed to evaluate the concentration-dependent effects of bacteriophages on early biofilm development rather than clinical treatment efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid42156951, year = {2026}, author = {Eldin, AMS and Zaid, ASA and Shebl, RI and Yassien, MA}, title = {Characterization and evaluation of the efficacy of phage E21 therapy in a wound animal model of biofilm-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42156951}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology/physiology ; *Pseudomonas Infections/therapy/microbiology ; *Phage Therapy/methods ; *Pseudomonas Phages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Wound Infection/therapy/microbiology ; *Bacteriophages/genetics ; }, abstract = {Skin infections caused by strong biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) are considered a serious public health issue because of the increased resistance toward the currently available antibiotics. Consequently, innovative therapeutic strategies have emerged to address these challenging infections. Among them, phage therapy stands out, in which highly potent lytic bacteriophages (phages) are specifically selected to target and eradicate the responsible pathogens. In this study, Pseudomonas phage E21 was recovered from sewage, and it genetically belongs to the Lavrentievirus genus, Casjensviridae family. The genetic characterization of the isolated phage reveals the presence of highly potent lytic enzymes, which play a critical role in effectively suppressing the growth of the targeted pathogens. The phage has high stability patterns over a wide range of temperatures and pH values (65 ℃ and 3-11). Carboxymethylcellulose was used to formulate a hydrogel for the evaluation of the bacteriophage's efficacy against biofilm-associated wound infection in a suitable animal model. The result of the preclinical study confirmed the efficacy of isolated phage in the therapy of biofilm-associated wound infection.}, }
@article {pmid42157443, year = {2026}, author = {Dias, AS and de Oliveira, SD and Medina-Silva, R}, title = {High Resistance and Biofilm Tolerance to Antimicrobials of Marine Bacteria From Brazilian Deep-Sea Sediment.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e70364}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70364}, pmid = {42157443}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {0050.0096017.15.9//Petrobras/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; Research Productivity Scholarships for SDO and RMS//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Brazil ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/classification ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Pseudomonas/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance studies have focused on clinical bacteria, neglecting the role of resistant isolates in natural environments. However, oceans are daily contaminated with high loads of antimicrobials and resistant bacteria from agro-industrial and urban activities. Deep-sea sediment is a challenging environment that may select microbial strains with resistance to chemicals and ability to form biofilms, becoming a potential reservoir of resistance genes. We evaluated the susceptibility to antimicrobials of six Pseudomonas sp., five Bacillus sp., two Brevibacillus sp. and two Paenibacillus sp. from deep-sea sediments of the Pelotas Basin (Brazil) by the disk diffusion and microdilution tests. Pseudomonas and Bacillales were tested against 11 and 7 antimicrobials, respectively. Biofilms of susceptible isolates were exposed to antimicrobials to determine the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). All Pseudomonas were resistant to aztreonam at very high concentrations (up to 2048 μg/mL). MBIC values were significantly higher than respective MICs, and only one third of biofilms were eradicated. These results underscore the importance of the study, as one of the first reporting antimicrobial tolerance of biofilms of cultivable bacteria from deep-sea sediments, contributing to the knowledge of bacterial resistance in these environments, concerning One Health issues.}, }
@article {pmid42159611, year = {2026}, author = {El-Liethy, MA and Hemdan, BA and El-Taweel, GE}, title = {Nanotechnology for water disinfection and biofilm control: mechanisms, applications, and future outlook.}, journal = {Discover nano}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42159611}, issn = {2731-9229}, support = {51029//Science and Technology Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Nanotechnology has emerged as an advanced, sustainable approach to controlling the spread of waterborne pathogens in aquatic environments, addressing a critical global health challenge that causes millions of deaths each year. Increasing pressures from rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and climate change have heightened the need for innovative, efficient water treatment technologies. Although conventional disinfection methods, such as chlorination and ozonation, remain widely used, their use is often associated with the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). These limitations have stimulated interest in nanomaterials as alternative antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, broad-spectrum effectiveness against viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, and a lower potential for by-product formation than traditional disinfectants. This review comprehensively evaluates nanoparticle classifications, synthesis strategies, and their functional advantages in water and wastewater treatment systems. It further explores the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle-mediated pathogen inactivation and biofilm disruption, while discussing current technological advancements and practical challenges. The limitations of conventional treatment approaches are also addressed in the context of emerging global water stressors. Overall, this review provides an integrated, up-to-date perspective on nanomaterial-based water disinfection and biofilm control, emphasizing the relationship between nanomaterial physicochemical properties and their antimicrobial performance.}, }
@article {pmid42159707, year = {2026}, author = {Temel, A and Ateş, A}, title = {Empagliflozin modulates biofilm formation and virulence-associated gene expression in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {42159707}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Glucosides/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Virulence/genetics/drug effects ; *Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens represent a major global health threat, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Drug repurposing has emerged as a promising approach to identify non-antibiotic agents with antimicrobial and antivirulence potential. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, widely used as antidiabetic agents, have recently attracted attention due to their potential antimicrobial properties. However, evidence regarding the antimicrobial activity of SGLT-2 inhibitors, particularly empagliflozin (EMP), remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of EMP against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of empagliflozin were determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm activity of EMP was assessed spectrophotometrically, while its effect on bacterial cell viability was evaluated using a fluorometric resazurin assay. Additionally, changes in the expression of biofilm-related genes (icaA, icaD, bap, and adeG) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Empagliflozin demonstrated antimicrobial activity against tested clinical isolates MRSA (n = 3) and A. baumannii isolates (n = 3), with MIC values ranging from 3125 to 6250 µg/mL. EMP significantly inhibited biofilm formation in MRSA and A. baumannii strains by 79% and 85%, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of icaA and icaD in MRSA isolates, while bap and adeG expression levels were reduced by 85% and 64%, respectively, in A. baumannii strains. These preliminary and in vitro findings showed that empagliflozin could be a potential candidate for combating MDR pathogens. Further studies will be required to clarify its antimicrobial potential and underlying mechanisms of action.}, }
@article {pmid42162010, year = {2026}, author = {Yunda, E and Hagberg, A and Duteil, T and Francius, G and Gorzsás, A and Quilès, F and Ramstedt, M}, title = {Probing biofilm development, stress response and heterogeneity-spectroscopic characterization of single and multi-species consortia.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42162010}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {2017-00403//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; 2017-00403//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; 2017-00403//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas/ ; JCSMK23-0060//Kempestiftelserna/ ; JCSMK23-0060//Kempestiftelserna/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Trimethoprim/pharmacology ; *Microbial Consortia ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Bacteria/drug effects/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; Sphingomonas/physiology/drug effects ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Sweden ; Pseudomonas/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Environmental bacterial biofilms play many roles in the ecosystem including cycling of nutrients and serving as food for grazing organisms. Their function is linked to their microbial and chemical composition that may be altered by several parameters including environmental stressors. This manuscript presents a well-characterized model system of four bacterial isolates from a small Swedish river: Pseudomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp., Rhizobium sp. and Pararhizobium sp. Microbiological and chemical phenotypes were investigated including cell and biofilm morphology, as well as biochemical composition in absence and presence of the drug trimethoprim. Vibrational spectroscopy, cryo-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and confocal optical microscopy were applied to investigate and characterize monocultures and cocultures. The chemical characterization showed variation of the energy storage substance polyhydroxyalkanoates as well as polysaccharides between isolates and drug exposures. Spatial heterogeneities were observed using Raman microspectroscopy where Sphingomonas sp. cells, formed small clusters, inside the four species consortium, an organization that appeared to protect this isolate during exposure to trimethoprim.}, }
@article {pmid42162164, year = {2026}, author = {Enan, G and El-Wafa, NA and El-Saber, MM and Osman, A and Abdel-Shafi, S and Sitohy, M}, title = {Correction: "Salvia officinalis extract-conjugated magnetite and selenium nanocomposites showed enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens".}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-53471-x}, pmid = {42162164}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid42162726, year = {2026}, author = {Mihiretie, GD and Masoudi, S and Willcox, MDP}, title = {Formidable anti-biofilm and anti-adhesion effects of human lactoferrin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Experimental eye research}, volume = {269}, number = {}, pages = {111076}, doi = {10.1016/j.exer.2026.111076}, pmid = {42162726}, issn = {1096-0007}, abstract = {Lactoferrin, a natural iron-binding protein found in tears, possesses antimicrobial properties that may help combat colonisation of the ocular surface by pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study examined how human lactoferrin affects P. aeruginosa adhesion, biofilm formation, and entry into corneal cells. Human lactoferrin antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-invasion effects against six P. aeruginosa strains were measured using minimum inhibitory concentration microdilution assays, crystal violet biofilm inhibition and degradation assays, and viable colony counts. Its ability to protect human corneal epithelial cells from bacterial invasion was tested using a gentamicin protection assay, while effects on bacterial motility were measured with a twitching assay. Data were analysed using unpaired t-tests with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Lactoferrin showed strong inhibition and dispersal activity against six strong biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa strains (PA008, PA016, PA216, PA225, PA232, and ATCC19660). On average, lactoferrin inhibited biofilm formation by ≥ 75%, with 2 mg/mL causing the greatest reduction in biofilm biomass and viable cells. Lactoferrin degraded ≥60% of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa. Lactoferrin also significantly reduced bacterial attachment and invasion (reduced by ≥ 80%; p = 0.01) into human corneal epithelial cells. Overall, these findings demonstrate that human lactoferrin inhibits P. aeruginosa biofilm development, disrupts established biofilms, and limits bacterial adhesion and invasion of corneal epithelial cells. This underscores its action as a natural antimicrobial and may be one reason why the ocular surface is paucimicrobial.}, }
@article {pmid42163912, year = {2026}, author = {Ben Abdallah, F and Lagha, R and Boufahja, F and Mansour, W}, title = {Epidemiological analysis of biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1783787}, pmid = {42163912}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/microbiology ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Cross Infection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Female ; Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a significant global concern in healthcare and community environments, posing serious risks to patients due to its ability to form biofilm. Monitoring and spread control of epidemic MRSA clones require robust epidemiological typing methods.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, 30 MRSA isolates associated with significant morbidity were recovered from King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. The strains were identified using the Vitek 2 automated system. The ability of MRSA to form biofilm on a polystyrene surface was evaluated by the crystal violet method. Genetic diversity of the strains was assessed using three methods: repetitive PCR based on (GTG)5, BOXA1R sequences, and multiplex PCR of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec).<br><br>RESULTS: Out of the 30 MRSA isolates, 29 strains were both highly positive (40%) and low-grade positive (56.66%) biofilm producers. Molecular epidemiology based on multiplex PCR of SCCmec showed that 10% of the isolates harbor each of SCCmec IVa and V. While 13.33% of the strains harbor the SCCmec II. In addition, 20% of the isolates were commonly associated with community-acquired, in contrast to 13.33% that were commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections. However, the remaining 66.66% of isolates were not classified into the tested SCCmec types. PCR genomic fingerprinting revealed high genetic variability of MRSA. (GTG)5 and BOXA1R-PCR generated 26 and 28 clusters with a discriminatory index of 0.99 at 90% similarity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: MRSA isolates exhibited a high ability to produce biofilm, which can pose a serious public health problem. The quantification of biofilm in different clonal lineages is of great importance to develop effective antimicrobial policy and enhance biofilm management during infection. MRSA strains demonstrated significant genetic variability, indicating substantial genetic diversity. (GTG)5 and BOXA1R-PCR molecular typing methods are reliable for the epidemiological tracking of highly biofilm-forming MRSA strains in hospital environments and can provide essential insights into controlling the spread of MRSA infections.}, }
@article {pmid42164746, year = {2026}, author = {Shakhatreh, MAK and Atawneh, FH and Swedan, SF and Khabour, OF and Alzoubi, KH}, title = {Vaginal Colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae Among Pregnant Women in Jordan: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {590493}, pmid = {42164746}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Streptococcus agalactiae is a major cause of neonatal sepsis. This research aims to determine the prevalence of vaginal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae among pregnant women attending antenatal care at a tertiary hospital in Irbid, Jordan, and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance patterns, biofilm-forming capacity, and virulence and resistance gene profiles of the isolates.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 346 pregnant women were included in the study. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method. The ability to produce biofilms was evaluated qualitatively using the Congo red agar method and quantitatively using the tissue culture plate biofilm formation assay. PCR was used to screen the isolates for specific virulence (scpB, lmb) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ermB, ermTR, mefA, mefE, and linB).<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-nine pregnant women (11.3%) tested positive for&#xa0;S. agalactiae. The highest rate of antibiotic resistance was against tetracycline (87.2%), followed by erythromycin (33.3%), and then ofloxacin and levofloxacin (12.8% each). All isolates were susceptible (100%) to ampicillin, meropenem, vancomycin, cefotaxime, rifampin, and cefepime. All isolates demonstrated biofilm production. ScpB and lmb were present in 92.3% and 97.4% of the isolates, respectively. ScpB was significantly associated with lmb. Resistance genes were identified at the following rates: ermB, ermTR, and mefE at 15.4% each, mefA at 10.3%, and linB at 5.1%. The linB and the mefE genes were significantly associated with nonsusceptibility to erythromycin, whereas the mefA gene was significantly associated with susceptibility to tetracycline (P<0.01).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The prevalence of S. agalactiae among pregnant women was relatively low. However, the ScpB and lmb virulence genes were frequently present among the isolates. In addition, all S. agalactiae were biofilm formers. Therefore, the implementation of rigorous, standardized, and timely intervention to manage S. agalactiae in women who test positive is vital to reduce vertical transmission of this pathogen to newborns.}, }
@article {pmid42164970, year = {2026}, author = {Waheed, A and Khan, TA and Ahmad, S and Ahmed, F and Khan, Z}, title = {Convergence of multidrug resistance with biofilm formation and hypermucoviscosity in Klebsiella pneumoniae from tertiary-care hospitals in Northwestern Pakistan.}, journal = {Antimicrobial stewardship &amp; healthcare epidemiology : ASHE}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e143}, pmid = {42164970}, issn = {2732-494X}, abstract = {This multicenter study describes the convergence of multidrug resistance, biofilm formation, and hypermucoviscosity in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from tertiary-care hospitals in Pakistan. The high prevalence of these phenotypes highlights significant therapeutic challenges and underscores the need for strengthened surveillance, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship.}, }
@article {pmid42165693, year = {2026}, author = {Feng, J and Luo, H and Zhang, Z and Wang, Z and Wang, M}, title = {Molecular mechanisms and applications of antimicrobial secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis based on biofilm and quorum sensing.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0024126}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00241-26}, pmid = {42165693}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance remains a significant global threat to human health, but microorganisms have long been a crucial source of novel antibiotics. The widely distributed gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis produces an abundance of secondary metabolites, and their antibacterial activities could have significant applications in food, agriculture, and aquaculture areas. These secondary metabolites exert antibacterial effects through mechanisms such as microbial cell membrane structure disruption, cell wall synthesis interference, and cellular metabolic activity inhibition. In contrast to microorganisms such as Streptomyces, B. subtilis forms characteristic biofilms and exhibits quorum sensing, which play important roles in the production of secondary metabolites and their antimicrobial effects. However, limited attention has been focused on the unique molecular mechanisms associated with biofilms and quorum sensing. In this review, we first summarize the typical secondary metabolites produced by B. subtilis. We then mainly focus on the molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of biofilms and quorum sensing by antimicrobial secondary metabolites, and the effects of biofilms and quorum sensing on the biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. The applications of antimicrobial secondary metabolites in the fields of food, agriculture, and fisheries, based on the regulation of biofilm and quorum sensing, are also summarized. Finally, we highlight the need for further research into the regulatory networks related to biofilms, quorum sensing, and metabolites to facilitate a deeper understanding of the antimicrobial properties of B. subtilis, which may provide theoretical support for the development of novel antimicrobial food technologies.}, }
@article {pmid42155439, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, P and Gao, X and Cheng, S and Feng, Z and Liu, S and Li, A and Chen, H}, title = {Performance improvement and microbial mechanisms of an integrated A/O biofilm reactor through optimized aeration orifice design and inflow velocity.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {408}, number = {}, pages = {129997}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129997}, pmid = {42155439}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {To mitigate eutrophication in water bodies caused by high organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus loads from rural domestic sewage, this study developed an integrated A/O biofilm reactor. Numerical simulations were conducted to optimize the flow field in both the aeration and influent zones, identifying the optimal aeration configuration as five holes, each with a diameter of 20 mm. The inlet flow velocity was maintained below 0.1 m/s, effectively mitigating short-circuiting, backflow vortices, and biofilm detachment. Experimental validation demonstrated that the optimized reactor significantly improved pollutant removal efficiency: the removal efficiencies of COD, NH4[+]-N and TN reached 92% (effluent: 28.1 mg/L), 96% (effluent: 2.11 mg/L) and 58.5% (effluent: 20.9 mg/L), respectively. Meanwhile, the average dissolved oxygen concentration increased from 1.65 mg/L under the original single-hole aeration condition to 2.25 mg/L under the optimized configuration. Microbiological analysis revealed that the enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency was associated with a substantial increase in the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Terrimonas, which facilitated simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation within the aerobic packing. This study provides valuable theoretical insights for improving nitrogen removal performance in integrated A/O biofilm reactors.}, }
@article {pmid42155826, year = {2026}, author = {Pumpuang, L and Kingcha, Y and Chaipreecha, W and Petchkongkaew, A and Woraprayote, W}, title = {Anti-biofilm properties of a plantaricin J-containing culture supernatant from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AV3: potential for inhibiting and reducing bacterial biofilms on food-contact surfaces.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100815}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2026.100815}, pmid = {42155826}, issn = {1944-9097}, abstract = {Biofilm-forming foodborne pathogens are persistent contaminants on food-contact surfaces, and natural antimicrobials may provide adjunctive control strategies. This study characterized an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AV3, isolated from Thai fermented fruit, and evaluated the antibiofilm activity of the neutralized plantaricin J-containing cell-free supernatant. The principal antimicrobial compound was purified by chromatography and identified by LC-MS/MS as plantaricin J. Purified AV3-derived plantaricin J displayed rapid and potent bactericidal activity against key Gram-positive foodborne pathogens, particularly Listeria monocytogenes (MIC = 0.003 mg/mL), and also inhibited the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (MIC = 0.012 mg/mL). Its stability under heat, broad pH range, and tolerance to organic solvents further support its applicability across diverse food systems. While a gradual decline in activity occurred during extended cold storage, effective inhibition persisted for up to two months, depending on the target organism. Importantly, the neutralized plantaricin J-containing supernatant (1 mg protein/mL; approximately 0.625 μg/mL purified plantaricin J activity-equivalents) exhibited dual anti-biofilm activities, both preventing biofilm formation and reducing the viable cells in pre-formed biofilms on stainless steel, silicone tubing, and rubber by approximately 3.0 log CFU/8 cm[2] for L. monocytogenes and 1.0 log CFU/8 cm[2] for S. Typhimurium. These findings identify AV3-derived plantaricin J as a stable bactericidal peptide and its culture supernatant as a promising biofilm-reducing preparation, particularly against L. monocytogenes. Further validation using commercial sanitizer controls, mixed-species biofilms, and industrially relevant conditions is warranted.}, }
@article {pmid42156762, year = {2026}, author = {Feng, J and Zhang, C and Lu, Y and Qin, J and Su, W and Dong, R and Xi, H and Ma, H and Lv, J and Cheng, Y and Tang, H and Han, B}, title = {Enhanced gastrointestinal stability and therapeutic efficacy of biofilm self-coated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 probiotic in ulcerative colitis.}, journal = {NPJ science of food}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41538-026-00889-2}, pmid = {42156762}, issn = {2396-8370}, support = {2024JC-YBMS-663//Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province/ ; 82173526//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Given the rising global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and limited treatment options, probiotic efficacy is hindered by poor gastrointestinal survival. This study developed a self-coating biofilm technology to encapsulate the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 and yield cC-1. Biofilm-modified cC-1 exhibited a more negative zeta potential (-22.53 mV) compared to uncoated C-1 (-19.60 mV), representing a decrease of 2.93 mV decreased zeta potential, and it exhibited orders of magnitude higher survival than uncoated cells under simulated gastric acid (80.51% vs. 0.33%) and bile salt (84.32% vs. 1.64%). In DSS-induced colitis mice, oral administration of 10[9] CFU cC-1 for 14 days significantly alleviated symptoms, reduced colon shortening and restored mucosal integrity. Mechanistically, cC-1 effectively downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ) in colon tissues; reshaped the diversity of gut microbiota by enriching beneficial Bacteroides; restored linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and suppressed expression of NF-κB signaling and cell adhesion molecule. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that cC-1 reinstated host-microbe metabolic interactions with suppressed inflammatory pathways. This biofilm self-coating strategy substantially enhances probiotic gastrointestinal tolerance and exerts therapeutic effects through a multi-targeted mechanism (anti-inflammation, barrier repair, microbiota modulation, and metabolic reprogramming), offering a scalable and promising formulation for nutritional intervention in IBD.}, }
@article {pmid42147142, year = {2026}, author = {Svendsen, IK and Rula, I and Nilsson, E and Sunde, J and Li, S and Hylander, S and Dopson, M and Forsman, A and Salis, RK}, title = {Long-term heating differently impacts diversity and seasonal dynamics of prokaryotes and micro-eukaryotes in Baltic Sea coastal biofilm communities.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag101}, pmid = {42147142}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Warming temperatures, heat waves, and altered conditions associated with climate change affect biodiversity and ecological processes across environments, with coastal zones being particularly vulnerable. Biofilm-forming organisms in shallow coastal areas are taxonomically diverse and include bacteria, fungi, and algae that contribute to energy and nutrient cycling along with providing habitats and food for species at the base of the food web. To understand how biofilm-forming organisms respond differently to spatiotemporally changing environmental conditions, seasonal sampling was performed in a Baltic Sea bay that has undergone 50 years of thermal heating, an unaffected nearby control bay, and a temperature gradient along an exposed coastline between the bays. The diversity, composition, and seasonal dynamics of the biofilm communities differed between the three environments largely due to temperature and water chemistry, with biofilms in the heated bay being more similar across seasons compared with the control bay and the gradient, and with prokaryotes exhibiting stronger spatial heterogeneity and seasonal dynamics compared to micro-eukaryotes. In the gradient, the dominating taxonomic groups were distinct, community composition was primarily influenced by seasonal turnover and wave exposure, and alpha diversity of prokaryotes decreased with increasing temperature. Seasonal shifts in the composition of micro-eukaryotic heterotrophs, phototrophs, and mixotrophs differed between environments, with heterotrophs being more dominant at higher temperatures. In conclusion, these contrasting responses indicated that climate warming may disproportionately impact different components of coastal biofilm communities, potentially decoupling key ecological processes and reducing community resilience in Baltic Sea coastal habitats.}, }
@article {pmid42150557, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, W and Jiang, L and Chang, CY and Beishenaliev, A and Loke, YL and Teo, YY and Manimaran, M and Yang, CY and Yuan, CJ and Leo, BF and Kiew, LV and Chang, CC}, title = {Advances in Nanotechnology for Addressing Biofilm-related Challenges in Medical Devices.}, journal = {Nanotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6528/ae6f1a}, pmid = {42150557}, issn = {1361-6528}, abstract = {Medical device-associated infections remain a major clinical challenge due to the rapid formation of microbial biofilms on device and implant surfaces. Biofilms are estimated to be involved in approximately 65% of microbial infections and up to 80% of chronic infections. Once established on device surfaces, these biofilms exhibit profound antibiotic tolerance, making infections difficult to eradicate, prone to relapse, and often necessitating invasive device removal, thereby imposing substantial clinical and economic burdens. These biofilms drive persistent infections that are highly tolerant to systemic antimicrobials because of restricted drug penetration, reduced metabolic activity, and adaptive resistance. Catheter-related bloodstream infections exemplify these impacts, contributing to elevated morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. When drug therapy fails, device removal is often required but may not be feasible for high-risk patients. Nanotechnology offers an emerging solution through interface-engineered surfaces and targeted antibiofilm strategies. Nanostructured coatings can inhibit initial microbial adhesion, while nanocarriers can penetrate established biofilms and deliver high local concentrations of antimicrobial agents with minimal systemic exposure. This review summarizes the mechanisms of biofilm formation, the limitations of current treatments, and recent advances in nanotechnology-based approaches for preventing and eradicating device-associated biofilms, and discusses the key challenges for clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid42150715, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, Y and Li, Y and Zhao, S and Liu, S and Tang, Y and Shi, H and Wang, Y and Ouyang, K}, title = {Organic fertilizer regulates multispecies biofilm formation and structure to enhance Cd removal efficiency.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2026.05.034}, pmid = {42150715}, issn = {2090-1224}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil poses a risk to both environmental and agricultural safety. Although microbial biofilms have the potential to immobilize heavy metals, there is a lack of strategies to enhance their functionality under Cd-stress.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Investigating the effects of organic fertilizer application on the formation of multispecies biofilms in paddy soils and the cadmium adsorption capacity of biofilms under fertilization management.<br><br>METHODS: A field experiment was conducted in Zhuzhou paddy soils, comparing control and organic fertilizer treatments. Multispecies biofilms cultured from rhizosphere soil were assessed under Cd stress through minimum inhibitory concentration determination, 16S rRNA sequencing, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to evaluate their resistance, biomass, community composition, and architecture. Cd accumulation and distribution were analyzed via atomic absorption spectroscopy, while biofilm compositional responses were characterized by quantifying extracellular polymeric substances and employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: This study demonstrates that organic fertilizer application alters the composition of biofilm bacterial communities, enriching Novosphingobium, Pirellula, and Ellin6067, promotes multispecies biofilm formation, and significantly enhances Cd resistance. Organic fertilizer application significantly increased biofilm biomass by 0.49-fold compared with that of the control. With the increase in Cd concentration, the biofilm biomass significantly decreased, but low Cd concentrations (0.2&#x202f;mmol/L) promoted biofilm development. Notably, organic fertilizer-amended biofilms demonstrated 88% Cd removal efficiency, markedly exceeding that of the controls. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that various functional groups, including C=O, -NH, C-N, and -COO[-], along with those indicative of polysaccharides (C-O, C-C, C-O-H, and C-O-C) and the eDNA biomarker PO2[-], were associated with Cd exposure, suggesting their might serve as potential metal binding sites. Enhanced secretion of extracellular polysaccharides was identified as the primary mechanism of Cd stress resistance in these biofilms.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings elucidate the co-regulatory effects of organic fertilization and Cd in promoting biofilm assembly and function for effective Cd adsorption, offering critical insights for optimizing microbial remediation in Cd-contaminated soil.}, }
@article {pmid42150716, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, W and Shang, H and Zhang, W and Ma, Y and Guo, T and Ding, H and Jiang, J and Dong, J and Xu, F and Huang, Y and Ma, S}, title = {Novel Dual-Targeting biofilm inhibitors for Potentiating antibiotic efficacy against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2026.05.032}, pmid = {42150716}, issn = {2090-1224}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: With the increasing global challenge posed by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which utilizes biofilm formation and virulence mechanisms to exacerbate infections, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This work presents a novel dual-targeting biofilm inhibitor that potentiates antibiotic efficacy, offering a potent and safe candidate to combat P. aeruginosa infections.<br><br>METHODS: To address this problem, we developed dual-targeting biofilm inhibitors that simultaneously disrupt the quorum sensing (QS) system and iron homeostasis system via computer-aided drug design. Through integrated in vitro screening and computational ADMET profiling, HK-34b, a 1-hydroxybenzimidazolone derivative, was identified.<br><br>RESULTS: HK-34b inhibited 89% biofilm formation (IC 50&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.15 &#x3bc;g/mL) and eradicated 93% mature biofilms. It also reduced virulence factor production in P. aeruginosa, thereby impairing swarming motility. Notably, HK-34b combined with tobramycin and ciprofloxacin achieved 99% bacterial clearance, enhancing antibiotic efficacy by 400-fold and 2000-fold in murine wound models, respectively. Furthermore, HK-34b exhibited low toxicity in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that HK-34b possesses favorable bioavailability (36.86%) and a wide safety window. Mechanistic studies confirmed the dual targeting mechanism of HK-34b, which inhibits the pqs system of P. aeruginosa by binding to PqsR (KD PqsR&#x202f;=&#x202f;3.23&#x202f;&#x3bc;M), a key virulence regulator of the QS system, and disrupts bacterial iron homeostasis through interaction with FpvA (KD FpvA&#x202f;=&#x202f;5.56&#x202f;&#x3bc;M), the outer membrane receptor for siderophores. MD simulations revealed stable binding of HK-34b to both PqsR and FpvA.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This dual-targeting strategy demonstrates significant translational potential by employing a novel chemical scaffold, which not only avoids the cross-resistance risks associated with the shared molecular scaffolds of conventional siderophore-antibiotic conjugates, but also overcomes the drawbacks of insufficient biofilm efficacy seen with single-target inhibitors, thereby providing a sustainable approach for the treatment of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.}, }
@article {pmid42151785, year = {2026}, author = {Tomonaga, I and Kajiyama, S and Umeki, M and Furuichi, I and Koseki, H and Osaki, M}, title = {Bactericidal effects of diluted povidone-iodine on Staphylococcus epidermidis at different stages of biofilm formation on titanium surfaces.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05143-z}, pmid = {42151785}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Implant-associated infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, pose a significant challenge in orthopaedic surgery due to the ability of this organism to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms on titanium surfaces. Although povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is widely used as an intraoperative antiseptic, its effectiveness against biofilms at different stages of development remains unclear. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effects of 0.35% diluted PVP-I on S. epidermidis biofilms on mirror-polished titanium alloy (ASTM F136) discs. Irrigation with PVP-I or saline (control) was applied at three critical stages: (1) irrigation at the pre-exposure stage; (2) irrigation after the bacterial adhesion stage; and (3) irrigation at the early biofilm stage (6 h after adhesion). Viable bacterial counts were quantified by colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, and biofilm structure was assessed using biofilm coverage rate (BCR) measured by crystal violet staining and image analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Irrigation at the pre-exposure stage did not significantly reduce the number of adherent viable bacteria compared to controls (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.55, d&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.21). However, irrigation after the bacterial adhesion stage resulted in no viable bacteria being detected in the PVP-I group under the assay conditions (0 CFU/mL; P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001, d&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.56). Irrigation at the early biofilm stage with PVP-I achieved a 98% reduction in viable bacteria compared to controls (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001, d&#x2009;=&#x2009;45.3). The relative BCR remained at 102.3% (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.30, d&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.24), likely due to matrix protein fixation by iodine rather than increased formation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The timing of antiseptic irrigation is critical for effective reduction of viable bacteria from titanium surfaces. Irrigation after the bacterial adhesion stage with diluted PVP-I appears most effective in preventing biofilm establishment, while irrigation at the pre-exposure stage is insufficient, and chemical irrigation alone cannot fully remove established biofilm matrix structures. These findings highlight the importance of integrating mechanical debridement with antiseptic irrigation for optimal management of implant-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42152808, year = {2026}, author = {Smith, RW and Jarman, EH and Francis, S and Burgess, JB and Hayashiganati, K and Sharma, A and Sanchez Rangle, U and Singh, A and Green, A and Fox, PM}, title = {Antibiotic eluting collagen-based hydrogel improves wound healing in a biofilm challenged murine stented wound model.}, journal = {Journal of applied biomaterials &amp; functional materials}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {22808000261447657}, doi = {10.1177/22808000261447657}, pmid = {42152808}, issn = {2280-8000}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Collagen/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Male ; Gentamicins/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/pathology/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/pathology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-colonized chronic wounds are difficult to treat due to a constantly evolving microbiome. In this study, a cHG augmented with antibiotics was examined for the topical treatment of biofilm-challenged wounds in vivo. Two studies were performed in series using a murine stented wound model. Mice were divided into four groups: control (wound only), infection only (IO), infection + cHG (IcHG), and infection + cHG + antibiotics (IcHG + Abx). We first examined Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms treated with gentamicin, and then MRSA biofilms treated with clindamycin. Wound healing was assessed using photography, immunohistochemistry, and histology. Systemic symptoms were monitored with hematological laboratory tests. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wounds treated with cHG + Abx healed faster and were protected from bacteremia. In the MRSA infected mice, wound treatment significantly affected the outcome, explaining 5.56% of total variance (ANOVA: F(3, 366) = 17.38, p < 0.0001). Additionally, infected wounds treated with cHG + Abx demonstrated less inflammatory tissue and accelerated closure rate on day 8 (76.53% ± 7.43% vs 48.40% ± 4.95%, p < 0.0001) and day 14 (96.00% ± 3.07% vs 82.38% ± 8.24%, p = 0.003), as compared to the infection only wounds. cHG offers a biocompatible, topical option with dual functionality: antibiotic augmentation to target biofilm pathogens, and a collagen-rich dressing to accelerate wound healing.}, }
@article {pmid42153475, year = {2026}, author = {Suárez, J and Roa, S and Valdés, V and Nancucheo, I and Schwarz, A}, title = {Resilient High-Rate Sulfidogenesis in a Hydrogen-Based Membrane Biofilm Reactor: Mechanistic Analysis of Kinetic-Limited Performance Under Variable Loading.}, journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bit.70246}, pmid = {42153475}, issn = {1097-0290}, support = {1230089//ANID Fondecyt/ ; }, abstract = {Copper mining industry generates water with high sulfate (SO4 [2-]) concentrations. The hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) is a promising sulfidogenesis solution, using H2 as a clean electron donor. An H2-MBfR was operated for 209 days treating synthetic mining-influenced water under varying conditions (HRT, H2 pressure, SO4 [2-] loadings). The system proved highly resilient, achieving stable SO4 [2-] removal (> 90%) and fully recovering from a severe shock load (4500 mg S L[-1]). To identify the governing mechanisms, a transient pseudoanalytical biofilm model was developed. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (Sobol) showed performance is dominated by the maximum specific growth rate (μ max ${\mu }_{\max }$), detachment coefficient (b det ${b}_{\text{det}}$), and H2S inhibition (K H 2 S ${K}_{H2S}$). The model was calibrated on Stages 1-3 (Days 0-169, n = 44), achieving R[2] = 0.962 (calibration) and R[2] = 0.572 (blind validation, Stage 4). Crucial findings from the model calibration (μ max ${\mu }_{\max }$ = 0.344 d[-1]) and a diagnostic analysis using the Thiele Modulus (mean ϕ $\phi $ = 0.224) strongly indicate that the system operated in a kinetically-limited regime. Performance was governed by the delicate balance of slow growth and high detachment, not by mass transfer (H2 supply or SO4 [2-] diffusion). This research validates the H2-MBfR for high-rate applications and correctly shifts the bottleneck for future optimization from mass transfer to biofilm retention kinetics.}, }
@article {pmid42154003, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Li, M and Yang, P and Lü, J and Li, X}, title = {Decoding Biofilm-Surface Interactions: A Hyperspectral Infrared Platform Links Interfacial Chemistry To Stress Adaptation and Assembly Mechanism.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c00018}, pmid = {42154003}, issn = {1520-5827}, abstract = {The formation of resilient biofilms at material interfaces remains a persistent challenge across biomedical, industrial, and environmental systems. Progress has been hindered by the lack of tools that can correlate the spatial chemical heterogeneity of biofilms with the properties of the underlying surface. In this work, we introduce a transformative hyperspectral infrared imaging platform that uniquely integrates three previously disparate capabilities: (i) biomimetic surface engineering to mimic tissue interfaces, (ii) synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy for label-free chemical mapping, and (iii) integration with transcriptomic sequencing to link chemical phenotypes with genetic mechanisms. Using collagen I-functionalized surfaces to mimic biotic interfaces and bare CaF2 as an abiotic control, we demonstrate that surface biochemistry actively guides biofilm architecture and composition. Quantitative analysis revealed clear differences in biofilm thickness and biochemical makeup between biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilms formed on collagen exhibited an unrecognized matrix-enriched phenotype, characterized by surface polysaccharide enrichment under copper stress, a response correlated with the upregulation of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes. In contrast, planktonic cells underwent acute metabolic disruption. By bridging spatial chemometrics with molecular biology, this study provides a mechanistic framework for understanding and controlling biofilm formation through rational interface design. The approach holds direct implications for antibiofilm surface engineering and infection control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42154352, year = {2026}, author = {Ben-Amram, H and Ben-Gad, D and Azrad, M and Edelshtein, S and Agay-Shay, K and Peretz, A}, title = {The Influence of Seasonality and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes on Biofilm Formation in Hospital-Acquired Resistant Bacteria.}, journal = {Journal of epidemiology and global health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s44197-026-00582-3}, pmid = {42154352}, issn = {2210-6014}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hospital-acquired resistant infections (HARI) are difficult to manage due to limited treatment options and their ability to withstand stress conditions through biofilm production. HARI were defined as infections occurring at least 48 h after hospital admission. This work aimed to assess the distribution of HARI-associated bacterial species in north Israel and to investigate associations between biofilm formation and extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL) genes, bacterial and patient characteristics, and hospitalization length, season and year.<br><br>METHODS: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-K. pneumoniae) and Proteus mirabilis (ESBL-P. mirabilis) were isolated from 569 blood, urine, wound and respiratory samples of hospitalized patients with HARI during 2020-2022 in north Israel. Enterobacterales were included if ESBL-positive (Vitek 2 and disc tests), and Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas if resistant to &#x2265;&#x2009;3 antibiotic families. Biofilm-formation capacity was assessed by the crystalline violet method. ESBL genes were detected by real-time PCR. Data regarding season, time to infection, bacterial species, patient demographics, year, and hospital department, were collected from medical records.<br><br>RESULTS: ESBL-K. pneumoniae was the most prevalent (31.6%) bacteria. Strong biofilms were produced by 346 (60.8%), most of the strong biofilm producers were K. pneumoniae, accounting for 160 out of 346 strong-biofilm isolates (46.2%). blaCTX-M was the most commonly detected ESBL gene (87.7%). Most strains (61.2%) carried more than one ESBL gene. Hospitalization season had a notable impact on biofilm production, with a heightened risk of infection by robust biofilm producers during spring, summer and autumn compared to winter. Furthermore, the presence of blaSHV and blaTEM genes were significantly associated with enhanced biofilm production. Bacteria harboring all three ESBL genes exhibited the highest biofilm production capacities, compared to those carrying fewer than three.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm-production intensity differs across bacterial species and seasons and is influenced by the presence of ESBL genes.}, }
@article {pmid42143051, year = {2026}, author = {de Lucena, FS and Logan, MG and Lewis, SH and Zhang, H and Barbisan, M and Icimoto, MY and Wu, H and Higashi, D and Merritt, JL and Baker, JL and Pfeifer, CS}, title = {Drug repurposing for glucosyltransferase inhibition for targeted oral biofilm disruption.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01006-7}, pmid = {42143051}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {R35-DE029083/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R90-DE031533/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R35-DE028252/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R00-DE029228/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Microbial dysbiosis is the root cause for many diseases. The acidogenic Streptococcus mutans (S.m.) forms a exopolysaccharide-rich biofilm (EPS), mediated by species-specific glucosyltransferases (Gtf), which synthesizes both soluble and insoluble glucans directly on the bacterial surface. GtfC was selected as the primary druggable target since its activity is essential for biofilm initiation and cohesion. Commercial drugs were screened in silico against GtfC, followed by experimental biofilm assays. Two lead compounds, Radotinib and Pranlukast, significantly inhibited GtfC activity and reduced biofilm mass by up to 80. GtfC knock-out models confirmed biofilm disruption specifically via enzyme inhibition. Importantly, Radotinib selectively inhibited S.m. growth while preserving commensal species. This study identified at least two compounds capable of specifically inactivating a primary virulence factor of S.m. without inhibiting its growth, with a much lower selective pressure for drug resistance development, while simultaneously providing a growth advantage to commensal species that promote oral health.}, }
@article {pmid42143215, year = {2026}, author = {Martínez, S and Cerdeiras, MP and Douterelo, I and Ijaz, UZ}, title = {Biofilm and sediment phases as key components of microbial community dynamics within secondary drinking water distribution systems.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05149-7}, pmid = {42143215}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {EP/V030515/1//Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Secondary drinking water distribution systems (SDWDS), particularly rooftop storage tanks, are critical components of water supply infrastructure in many regions, yet the ecological processes governing microbial community development within these systems remain poorly characterized. Here we present a year-long, phase-resolved metagenomic study of an operational full-scale SDWDS in Uruguay to assess how environmental conditions and surface materials are associated with microbiome dynamics across bulk water, biofilm and sediment phases. We integrated amplicon sequencing, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) metagenomics, culture-based microbiology and physicochemical analyses over a one-year period.<br><br>RESULTS: Microbial communities associated with biofilm and sediment phases consistently exhibited higher richness and diversity than bulk water, with marked seasonal variation. Biofilms formed on concrete and polyethylene surfaces followed distinct successional trajectories, indicating material-associated patterns in community development. Seasonal increases in temperature were associated with greater similarity in community composition across phases, while functional richness remained comparatively stable over time. Functional pathways related to energy production, stress response, and antibiotic resistance showed phase- and time-dependent enrichment, particularly in mature biofilms. Across the system, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were persistent taxa. Temperature and pH were the primary variables associated with temporal shifts in water-phase microbial communities, with chlorine residuals contributing to additional variation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings provide in situ ecological insight into microbial succession and phase-specific community dynamics in drinking water storage systems, highlighting the importance of long-term observations in real-world engineered environments.}, }
@article {pmid42143331, year = {2026}, author = {Ghoraba, H and Ashrafi, F and Nadushan, RM and Abbaspour, H}, title = {α-pinene and β-sitosterol co-loaded alginate/gelatin-functionalized niosomes for enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {BMC biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12896-026-01132-2}, pmid = {42143331}, issn = {1472-6750}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The rise of antibiotic resistance in infectious disease, particularly from carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), poses a significant global health challenge. This study aimed to fabricate and evaluate a novel biocompatible hydrogel scaffold (Nio-PIN/STL@SC) incorporating niosomes loaded with α-pinene (PIN) and β-sitosterol (STL) to enhance antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against MRSA and CRKP isolates.<br><br>METHODS: Niosomes containing PIN and STL (Nio-PIN/STL) were prepared using the thin-layer hydration method and then incorporated into an alginate/gelatin hydrogel scaffold via a straightforward crosslinking reaction, forming Nio-PIN/STL@SC. The physicochemical properties of the scaffolds were characterized using DLS, SEM, TEM, and FTIR. In vitro assays assessed drug release, swelling, degradation, stability, cytotoxicity, antibacterial efficacy (MIC, disk diffusion, time-kill assay), anti-biofilm activity (CV assay, MBEC), and the expression of biofilm-related genes.<br><br>RESULTS: The optimized Nio-PIN/STL@SC exhibited an average particle size of 263.5&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;5.2&#xa0;nm, Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.231&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.011, and entrapment efficiencies (EE%) of 78.2&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.18% (PIN) and 79.7&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.35% (STL). The scaffold demonstrated a sustained biphasic release profile, with only 40.85% of PIN and 43.25% of STL released over 72&#xa0;h at pH 7.4. Nio-PIN/STL@SC showed markedly enhanced antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.97-1.95&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL against MRSA and 0.97-3.9&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL against CRKP, representing at least a 16-fold reduction compared to free drugs. MBEC values revealed a significant reduction in biofilm biomass, decreasing viable MRSA and CRKP cells to approximately 2.0 and 3.5 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated significant downregulation of icaA and icaD in MRSA and mrkA, mrkD, and fimA in CRKP (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), alongside upregulation of the biofilm repressor gene icaR.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The developed Nio-PIN/STL@SC hydrogel scaffold demonstrates a promising drug delivery system for the synergistic enhancement of antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against multidrug-resistant pathogens like MRSA and CRKP with reduced cytotoxic effects, suggesting its potential for treating bacterial infections. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these findings.<br><br>CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.}, }
@article {pmid42143994, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, J and Chen, R and Wang, X and Zhang, S and Zeng, Y and Chen, Y and Huang, X}, title = {Self‑oxygenating nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy for biofilm control and macrophage immunomodulation in vitro.}, journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology}, volume = {280}, number = {}, pages = {113473}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2026.113473}, pmid = {42143994}, issn = {1873-2682}, abstract = {Periodontitis is a chronic biofilm-induced inflammatory disease that is increasingly linked to systemic conditions. Effective treatment requires removing pathogenic biofilms and modulating the host inflammatory response. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) shows promising potential in the field of antibacterial treatment. However, issues such as the hypoxic microenvironment within periodontal pockets and biofilm structures, as well as the poor stability of traditional photosensitizers, pose challenges to the efficacy of aPDT. Here, we developed a multifunctional nanoparticle MB-MnO2@PLGA NPs (MMP NPs) by co-encapsulating methylene blue (MB) and PVA-pre-dispersed manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets into a PLGA nanocarrier using a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Characterization confirmed their core-shell morphology, good colloidal stability, and high MB loading. Upon 660 nm irradiation, the nanoparticles generated reactive oxygen species and catalyzed H2O2 to produce oxygen, relieving local hypoxia and enhancing the cell compatibility of free MB. The MMP NPs disrupted P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum biofilms and exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to free MB. Additionally, the nanoplatform significantly downregulated IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Importantly, the nanoplatform promoted macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, as indicated by increased Arg-1 and CD206 expression. This work supports a synergistic in vitro strategy that simultaneously targets infection, hypoxia, and inflammation. It holds positive significance for promoting the development of periodontal disease treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42144819, year = {2026}, author = {González-Suárez, B and López-Casanova, P and González-de la Torre, H and Durán-Saenz, I and García-Rubio, A and Verdú-Soriano, J and Berenguer-Pérez, M}, title = {Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Biofilm-Associated Infection in Chronic Wounds: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.}, journal = {International wound journal}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {e70877}, doi = {10.1111/iwj.70877}, pmid = {42144819}, issn = {1742-481X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Wound Infection/diagnosis/microbiology ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Wounds and Injuries ; Adult ; }, abstract = {The presence of biofilm in chronic wounds represents a major diagnostic challenge, as clinical manifestations are often subtle and laboratory confirmation remains limited. To identify clinical signs and symptoms (CSS) evaluated in validated tools or scales related to wound infection and biofilm, and to assess their diagnostic accuracy. A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-DTA guidelines, searching six databases from inception to May 2025. Of 2064 records identified, four studies met inclusion criteria. All were focused on infection-related CSS; none were specifically designed to diagnose biofilm. Sensitivity and specificity varied substantially across CSS and study designs, and no validated, non-invasive diagnostic scale for biofilm was identified. The available evidence base is limited and heterogeneous. A preliminary list of candidate CSS is proposed to guide future validation studies and support earlier clinical recognition of biofilm-associated infection.}, }
@article {pmid42146100, year = {2026}, author = {Katsburg, M and Kopenhagen, A and Müsken, M and Eichhorn, I and Wolf, SA and Bergmann, S and Fulde, M}, title = {What makes them stick? A genetic analysis of biofilm formation of an infective endocarditis-causing Streptococcus canis strain using transposon directed insertion-site sequencing.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1777632}, pmid = {42146100}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Streptococcus/genetics/physiology ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Humans ; *Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology ; *Endocarditis/microbiology ; *Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Streptococcus canis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen capable of causing infective endocarditis (IE) in animals and humans. In IE, bacterial biofilms form vegetations on heart valves, protecting microbes from antibiotics and immune responses, which complicates treatment and promotes chronic infection.<br><br>METHODS: To identify genes required for biofilm development, we performed transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) in combination with a biofilm formation assay on a fibrin matrix under physiologically relevant flow conditions. Mutant libraries were screened for deficiencies in biofilm formation, followed by pathway enrichment and targeted functional assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Mutants impaired in biofilm formation were enriched for disruptions in carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, and quorum sensing pathways. The rfb operon and galE, genes essential for extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, were identified as key contributors. Pathway analysis highlighted quorum-sensing and HIF-1 signaling as regulators of metabolic adaptation and matrix production under flow. Biofilm formation by the IE strain was inhibited by carvacrol, an inhibitor of LuxS-dependent quorum sensing. Deletion of the fibronectin-binding serum opacity factor (ScSOF) significantly reduced biofilm formation on fibronectin-coated surfaces and altered matrix composition, demonstrating its role in host matrix-dependent adhesion.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings provide the first genome-wide characterization of biofilm-associated gene networks in S. canis, revealing how metabolic pathways, quorum sensing, and host adhesion factors interact to promote endocardial biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42146302, year = {2026}, author = {Bicer, M and Sener, F and Öztürk, E and Fidan, &#xd6;}, title = {Cellulose-based hydrogel matrix enhances antimicrobial and biofilm-inhibitory responses of palatal mesenchymal stem cells.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {197}, pmid = {42146302}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising alternatives to fight drug-resistant bacterial infections. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of palatal adipose tissue-derived MSCs (PMSCs), particularly when cultured within a 3D nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel, against four clinically relevant pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa K6, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, Bacillus cereus K9 and Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study showed that both PMSCs alone and PMSCs in 3D cellulose-based hydrogel effectively inhibited the growth of bacterial burden. Notably, PMSCs cultured in the 3D system demonstrated an excellent effect, reducing bacterial burden by up to 14 log in E. coli and 12 log in P. aeruginosa K6 at a 120 µL inoculum after 2 h of incubation. RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analyses found out a remarkable upregulation of the Cathelicidin (LL-37) in PMSCs 3D cultures compared to PMSCs. Furthermore, 3D cellulose-based hydrogel exhibited a significant biofilm-inhibitory effect, reaching a 57.65% reduction. The results demonstrated the importance of 3D cellulose-based hydrogel for treating antibiotic-resistant infections. PMSC therapy based on 3D hydrogel may therefore be offered as more effective antimicrobial agent to overcome drug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid42139776, year = {2026}, author = {Majumdar, A and Kotta-Loizou, I and Buck, M and Roychowdhury, T}, title = {Temperature-dependent biofilm and sublancin production arrest soil arsenic and antibiotic resistance gene mobility.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {512}, number = {}, pages = {142339}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142339}, pmid = {42139776}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Climate change-induced warming and arsenic soil contamination synergistically threaten agricultural sustainability by restructuring microbial communities and accelerating antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Here, through integrated greenhouse and field trials, we demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis 168-derived biofilm and sublancin, a glycosylated antimicrobial peptide, simultaneously immobilise rhizospheric arsenic and suppress horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Temperature-dependent biofilm formation (25-35°C) enhanced arsenic sequestration within the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, with SEM-EDX revealing a 74% increase in arsenic weight percentage at 35°C and ToF-SIMS confirming ∼14-fold and ∼9-fold increases in root-associated arsenic on biofilm-colonised surfaces in greenhouse and field trials, respectively. Sublancin production peaked at 30°C (129.72 mg L[-1]), selectively suppressing all 12 tested pathogenic Gram-positive species by 74-86% while preserving Gram-negative communities. Bio-amendment reduced horizontal gene transfer frequency by 74.7% (p < 0.001) across all temperature regimes. Transcriptomic profiling revealed coordinated upregulation of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis (FDR ∼1.0 × 10[-27]) and sublancin machinery (sunA: +3.5 log2), alongside downregulation of conventional ARGs (vanA, blaTEM: -2.5 to -4.0 log2). These findings establish sublancin as a dual-function, climate-adaptive soil bio-amendment simultaneously addressing arsenic bioaccumulation and antibiotic resistance gene dissemination under warming scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid42140025, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, X and Cai, X and Zhou, Y and Ma, X and Liu, Y and Zhang, W}, title = {The utilization of Salmonella phage in milk and chicken: depolymerase identification and potential for anti-biofilm activity.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {457}, number = {}, pages = {111846}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111846}, pmid = {42140025}, issn = {1879-3460}, abstract = {Bacteriophage (phage)-based biocontrol presents a promising strategy against foodborne pathogens. In this study, a novel phage, PH215, exhibited lytic activity against seven prevalent Salmonella serotypes, was isolated and characterized. PH215 demonstrated remarkable environmental stability, sustaining infectivity across a wide pH range (2-11) and at temperatures from 4 to 50 °C. The multiplicative potential of PH215 was evidenced by a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10[-6], a short latent period of 10 min, and a substantial burst size of approximately 50 PFU per infected cell. Genomic analysis revealed a 43,505 kb double-stranded DNA genome encoding 67 putative proteins. Notably, the product of the Peg38 gene, identified as a tail spike protein (termed PH215Depo), possessed depolymerase activity. We have shown that the cloned expression of PH215Depo exhibited enzymatic activity against various Salmonella serotypes and significantly impeded biofilm formation. Furthermore, in practical application models, PH215 application reduced Salmonella counts in milk and chicken by 2.04 to 5.37 log10 CFU/mL. Our findings highlight the potential of depolymerase-encoding phages like PH215 as effective and broad-spectrum biocontrol agents against Salmonella in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid42140131, year = {2026}, author = {Zendehdel, M and Alizadeh, N and Komijani, M and Soltaninejad, H}, title = {Eco-friendly clinoptilolite/NH2-chitosan/PVA nanofibers for gentamicin delivery, biofilm disruption, and burn wound healing.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {266}, number = {}, pages = {115801}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115801}, pmid = {42140131}, issn = {1873-4367}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections and delayed wound healing remain major challenges in burn treatment due to limited antibiotic penetration and reduced therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we developed an eco-friendly gentamicin delivery system based on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized clinoptilolite incorporated into chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) electrospun nanofibers. The nanofibers were fabricated from a homogeneous precursor solution to ensure uniform distribution of all components. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization (FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, TGA, and zeta potential) confirmed successful surface functionalization, high drug-loading efficiency, and uniform fiber morphology. Drug release studies demonstrated sustained and pH-responsive behavior, with gentamicin release exceeding 80% after 8 h for the nanofiber system and approximately 5 h for the Clin/NH2/Gen powder formulation. Antibacterial and antibiofilm assays revealed rapid biofilm disruption within 30 min and a significant reduction in Staphylococcus aureus viability over 24 h. In vivo evaluation using a third-degree burn model showed that the nanofiber-treated group achieved near-complete re-epithelialization, enhanced angiogenesis, and well-organized collagen deposition, outperforming all control groups. These findings demonstrate that amino-functionalized clinoptilolite-based nanofibers provide an effective and sustainable platform for controlled antibiotic delivery, with strong potential for the treatment of biofilm-associated burn wound infections.}, }
@article {pmid42141906, year = {2026}, author = {Goerlich, K and Mitchell, AP}, title = {Negative control of Candida albicans biofilm formation by combined action of white-opaque regulator Wor2 and biofilm regulator Bcr1.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/g3journal/jkag133}, pmid = {42141906}, issn = {2160-1836}, abstract = {Biofilm formation is vital for survival and pathogenicity of the fungus Candida albicans. Expression of biofilm-promoting genes is coordinated by a transcription factor network that governs the yeast-filament transition and other processes. A second cell type transition, the white-opaque transition, is coordinated by its own transcription factor network. Initial studies suggested that the two transcriptional networks have a mutually exclusive relationship, driven in part by reciprocal repression of biofilm regulator Efg1 and white-opaque regulator Wor1. However, recent studies have shown that biofilm regulators and white-opaque regulators can promote one another's function in many situations. Here we test the function of white-opaque regulator Wor2 in biofilm formation. We find that Wor2 has a functional relationship with biofilm regulator Bcr1. We characterized the phenotype of bcr1Δ/Δ wor2Δ/Δ mutants in five strain backgrounds, and conducted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis in the SC5314 reference strain background. The combined Bcr1-Wor2 impact is unexpected: although Bcr1 is known as a positive regulator of biofilm formation and biofilm-related genes, the bcr1Δ/Δ wor2Δ/Δ mutants have increased biofilm or filamentation capacity, depending on the strain, and increased expression of biofilm-related genes. Those properties suggest that Wor2 and Bcr1 function together as negative regulators of biofilm formation. Our findings argue that Bcr1 can act as both a positive and negative regulator of downstream effector genes in the biofilm network and establish a new connection between the biofilm and white-opaque regulatory networks.}, }
@article {pmid42139334, year = {2026}, author = {Du, H and Yang, S and Guo, J and Wang, X and Sun, B and Hao, B and Yang, H and Hou, X and Wang, Q and Su, L and Xia, X and Chan, KF and Chiu, PWY and Sung, JJY and Zhang, L}, title = {Microswarm bridging effect for dual-surface biofilm eradication in submillimeter infection pockets.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {eaeb9792}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aeb9792}, pmid = {42139334}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Mice ; Prosthesis-Related Infections ; }, abstract = {Biofilm infections in submillimeter interstices at soft tissue-implant/hard tissue interfaces (infection pockets) pose substantial health risks. Traditional surgical and microrobotic strategies struggle to address biofilms in these multicurvature spaces. Here, we report the bridging effect of microswarm self-assembled from magnetic hydrogel particles to eradicate biofilms in infection pockets. The microswarm dynamically bridges dual surfaces within infection pockets, enabling continuous, stable contact and force delivery across concave, plane, and convex surfaces through optimized thickness and shear force. The synergy of enzymatic degradation and mechanical disruption enhances biofilm eradication efficiency by eightfold compared to mechanical disruption alone. A multifunctional hydrogel filler is further used to remove biofilm debris and inhibit microbial recolonization, eventually achieving >99% biofilm elimination in ex vivo and in vivo models. This strategy uses the bridging effect, shape reconfigurability, and enzymatic-mechanical synergy of microswarm, offering a minimally invasive, site-specific solution for deep-tissue infections and persistent biofilms, with reduced reliance on antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid42134154, year = {2026}, author = {Zaveršek, N and Caf, M and Pautu, V and Marger, L and Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani, P and Janež, N and Zupan, T and Marger, F and Parga, A and Haberl-Meglič, S and Mekki, M and Berlec, A and Milošević, I and Kralj, S and Sabotič, J}, title = {Anisotropic magnetic particles with different dimensions, morphologies and surface grafting for magnetic field-assisted biofilm removal.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {266}, number = {}, pages = {115784}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115784}, pmid = {42134154}, issn = {1873-4367}, abstract = {Microorganisms in biofilms are protected from environmental stressors and therefore exhibit strong resistance to conventional removal strategies, including chemical disinfectants and antibiotics. In this study, we systematically evaluated nanomaterial-based removal methods on Listeria innocua biofilms. Anisotropic magnetic particles, composed of iron oxide, and silver nanoparticles, known for their intrinsic antibacterial properties, were used to assess the potential of nanostructure-triggered biofilm disruption. We investigated how particle surface roughness and size affect biofilm removal under magnetic actuation, using both classical colony-forming unit quantification (viability assessment) and fluorescence-based detection via a reporter protein. The surface roughness and size of anisotropic magnetic particles only modestly affected biofilm disruption. Conversely, a synergistic effect was observed when anisotropic magnetic particles were grafted with silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, we used Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilms and observed pronounced species-dependent variability of the silver-based treatments. Our results indicate that hybrid magneto-chemical strategies represent a promising and likely necessary approach for reliable and robust biofilm removal.}, }
@article {pmid42134424, year = {2026}, author = {Kaviraj, M and Jayappriyan, KR}, title = {Development of a simple FeSO4-based liquid medium for reliable biofilm induction in Candida albicans.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107550}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107550}, pmid = {42134424}, issn = {1872-8359}, abstract = {Reproducibility in Candida albicans biofilm research is often hindered by variations in culture media and strain-dependent responses. This study evaluates the effect of oxygen-scavenging agents on biofilm induction to identify a simple and standardized liquid medium suitable for rapid and consistent biofilm formation. Modified Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) was supplemented with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), ascorbic acid, and tested across four clinical isolates of C. albicans. FeSO4-supplemented SDB promoted significant biofilm formation within 24 h and the highest biomass at 48 h (OD595 = 0.90-0.95), significantly greater than Na2SO3 (OD595 = 0.60-0.70) and ascorbic acid (OD595 = 0.30-0.45) (****p < 0.0001). The untreated control showed negligible biofilm formation. These findings establish FeSO4-enriched SDB as a rapid, reproducible, and easily adaptable liquid medium for biofilm induction in C. albicans, providing a valuable tool for antifungal screening and biofilm-associated pathogenesis studies.}, }
@article {pmid42134584, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, D and Yan, C and Zhang, H and Zhang, Z and Herman, RA and Peng, T and Gong, L and Vazquez, MA and Wang, J}, title = {A novel engineered biofilm catalyst with bacterial cell surface-anchored laccase for efficient biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134873}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134873}, pmid = {42134584}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are considered a highly heterogeneous and persistent class. However, the biodegradation of such compounds is limited by poor stability, low substrate mass transfer efficiency, and low reusability. This study explores a novel engineered biofilm catalyst that integrates bacterial cell-surface display to efficiently degrade EDCs. Under the optimized catalytic conditions, the degradation efficiency of estrone (E1), bisphenol A (BPA), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) reached 93.2%, 91.8%, and 81.7%, respectively, within 30 min. Compared to the surface-displayed laccase whole cell catalyst, the catalytic efficiency of the surface-displayed laccase biofilm increased by 22.5%, 15.8%, and 23.7%. The biofilm catalyst showed excellent stability, maintaining over 40% activity across a pH range of 3-7, 97% activity at 60 °C, and retaining 50% efficiency after 7 cycles. These findings demonstrate that the biofilm catalyst is an effective approach to enhancing degradation efficiency, providing a scalable, environmentally benign strategy for advanced wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42134875, year = {2026}, author = {Behera, AD and Das, S}, title = {Extracellular Matrix of Biofilm Regulates the Stress Tolerance Mechanism in Aspergillus terreus HLP5 Against Lead and Phenanthrene Co-Pollutants.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {e70326}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70326}, pmid = {42134875}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {09/983(0048)/2020-EMR-I//Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Phenanthrenes/toxicity/metabolism ; *Aspergillus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Lead/toxicity/metabolism ; *Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Lead [Pb(II)] and phenanthrene are major environmental co-pollutants that pose a serious threat to all life forms. The present study highlights the biofilm-associated stress responses in the marine filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus HLP5 to various concentrations of Pb(II) and phenanthrene (25-500 ppm, 1:1 ratio). Highest biofilm formation shifted from 48 h in control to 72 h in presence of co-pollutants. A reduced surface-to-volume ratio in biofilm formed at 25-50 ppm Pb(II) + Phe indicated increased mycelial aggregation and compact architecture. The hyphal diameter increased with co-pollutant concentration. Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of ags gene, whereas somA, medA, uge5, uge3, and gtb3 expression peaked at 72-96 h in 25-100 ppm of Pb(II) + Phe. Extracellular matrix (ECM) exhibited compositional and conformational modifications in polysaccharide and protein content. Major shifts were observed in functional groups corresponding to hydroxyl, Amide I-II, carboxyl, and phosphate moieties. Distinct peak at 8.36 ppm in [1]H NMR revealed phenanthrene-ECM interaction. A decrease in fluorescence intensity of tryptophan-like residues (290/355 nm) indicated ECM-co-pollutant binding. Upregulation of stress response genes (gst, acot2) and antioxidants like glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and proline contributed to reduced ROS accumulation and redox homeostasis. These findings illustrated enhanced stress resilience of ECM-covered biofilm under co-pollutant stress.}, }
@article {pmid42136485, year = {2026}, author = {Rain, Z and Singh, AK and Kumari, S and Kumar, D and Maurya, GK and Kumar, R and Prakash, P}, title = {Standardization of In vitro Method of Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Elucidating Its Biofilm-Specific Proteins Through LC-Orbitrap HRMS-Based Peptidomics.}, journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0118715265435468260425130003}, pmid = {42136485}, issn = {2212-3989}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms drive chronic infections, yet heterogeneous matrix composition hinders standardized in vitro classification of clinical isolates. This study aimed to develop a reproducible biofilm formation protocol using a defined supplement mix and elucidate proteomic signatures across biofilm categories to enable risk stratification and targeted therapies.<br><br>METHODS: 139 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were tested in BHI broth supplemented with 0.5% each glucose, mannose, NaCl, and arginine. Biofilm formation was quantified via TCP assay (ODcut=0.344 at 570 nm), validated by confocal (ConA-TRITC), SEM, protein/eDNA quantification (Bradford, phenol-chloroform), SDS-PAGE, and LC-Orbitrap HRMS peptidomics (549 proteins; PRIDE PXD057726). Antimicrobial susceptibility followed CLSI guidelines.<br><br>RESULTS: Supplement mix increased biofilm OD 26.9% (1.28&#xb1;0.12 vs. 0.95&#xb1;0.13; P<0.001), reclassifying isolates: HBF 38.8% (n=54), MBF 46.0% (n=64), WBF 13.7% (n=19), NBF 1.4% (n=2), resistance: ceftazidime 43.9%, meropenem 43.2%, imipenem 33.1%; 12.9% MDR. HBF matrices showed the highest protein levels (1.38&#xb1;0.37 mg/mL); peptidomics revealed 12 shared proteins, 26 in PAO1/HBF/MBF, and 16 HBF-unique (ribosomal RpsA-RpsQ/RplA-RplY; stress YidC/KatA/ClpB/DnaJ; metabolic Edd/Pgk/PckA/ArcA).<br><br>DISCUSSION: Distinct signatures indicate anoxic adaptations (HupB, AtpA-G) that drive HBF robustness, linking matrix heterogeneity(GeNei, India) to infection persistence beyond mere polysaccharide dominance. HBF matrices exhibited anoxic adaptation (HupB, AtpA-G), with YidC insertase facilitating membrane protein biogenesis under stress, supporting metabolic speciation for biofilm-specific diagnostics, therapies, and isolate risk stratification.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This protocol enables biofilm categorization and reveals metabolic speciation targets for diagnostics and therapies against MDR P. aeruginosa biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42136740, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, Y and Li, J and Sun, Y and Yue, X and Tian, XH and Liu, F and Wang, DY and Shen, J}, title = {Biofilm-targeted liposomal curcumin delivery system for anti-caries therapy.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1808450}, pmid = {42136740}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; *Dental Caries/drug therapy/microbiology ; Animals ; *Curcumin/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; Rats ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Dental caries, driven by acidogenic biofilms, remains a major global health challenge. Current chemical treatments, such as chlorhexidine and fluoride, can disrupt oral microbial homeostasis and cause adverse effects, including tooth discoloration, dentin hypersensitivity, and taste disturbances. Curcumin, a natural photosensitizer, exhibits antibacterial activity and favorable biocompatibility, however, its clinical application is limited by poor stability, low aqueous solubility, and restricted biofilm penetration. There is an urgent need to develop innovative therapeutic strategies to enhance curcumin transport into acidic cariogenic biofilms.<br><br>METHODS: We developed a pH-responsive liposomal delivery system (Cur/DCPA-H2O) engineered to penetrate acidic cariogenic biofilms and enhance curcumin transport. The physicochemical characterization of Cur/DCPA-H2O was performed using a UV-1800 spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Biocompatibility was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, hemolysis tests, and Live/Dead cell staining. The antibacterial efficacy in vitro and ex vivo was evaluated using colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and crystal violet (CV) staining. An in vivo caries model was established to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Cur/DCPA-H2O, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), Keyes' scoring, and 16S rRNA sequencing.<br><br>RESULTS: The liposomes exploit charge reversal to interact with representative caries-associated bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and the early colonizer Streptococcus sanguinis), enabling deep biofilm penetration. Upon light irradiation, Cur/DCPA-H2O was observed to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may contribute to partial disruption of the biofilm matrix and reduced bacterial viability in vitro. In a rat caries model, treatment with Cur/DCPA-H2O under light irradiation reduced caries severity and decreased lesion depth by approximately 50%. It also shifted the oral microbiome composition toward a less dysbiotic profile, as confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that a biofilm-targeted, pH responsive liposomal curcumin delivery system may provide a safe and effective strategy for caries prevention, highlighting the potential of natural therapeutics to modulate pathogenic biofilms with limited impact on the overall microbial community.}, }
@article {pmid42136796, year = {2026}, author = {Falcone, M and Pietrangelo, L and Guarnieri, A and Brancazio, N and Venditti, N and Di Naro, M and Petronio Petronio, G and Di Marco, R and Varricchio, A}, title = {Hypertonic thermal solutions as a putative strategy for respiratory biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland)}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {20261426}, pmid = {42136796}, issn = {2391-5463}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Upper respiratory tract infections pose a significant challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. Forming biofilms-complex polymicrobial communities encased in an exopolymer matrix plays a pivotal role in the persistence of these infections, contributing to enhanced resistance against conventional treatments and host immune responses. Consequently, developing innovative strategies to disrupt biofilms has become a therapeutic imperative.This study investigated the in vitro efficacy of a hypertonic solution of salsobromoiodic thermal water, in mitigating biofilm formation by key upper respiratory tract pathogens.<br><br>METHODS: Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis was assessed using the MBEC Assay[&#xae;] system. The effects of the hypertonic salsobromoiodic thermal water solution were compared with standard saline (0.9&#x202f;% NaCl).<br><br>RESULTS: A significant, concentration-dependent reduction in biofilm biomass was observed in all tested microorganisms when treated with the hypertonic solution. This effect was also evident in polymicrobial biofilms, indicating a broad and consistent antibiofilm potential.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The hypertonic solution of salsobromoiodic thermal water demonstrated notable in&#xa0;vitro activity against biofilm formation by major upper respiratory tract pathogens. These findings highlight its potential as novel therapeutic approach for managing biofilm-associated respiratory infections and enhancing conventional antimicrobial treatments effectiveness.}, }
@article {pmid42138051, year = {2026}, author = {Okła, S and Spałek, J and Kaliniak, S and Durnaś, B and Piotrowska, K and Chmielewska-Deptuła, S and Paprocka, P and Madej, M and Goźdź, S}, title = {Assessment of biofilm growth on voice prostheses using a tracheoesophageal fistula simulator.}, journal = {Otolaryngologia polska = The Polish otolaryngology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {10-16}, doi = {10.5604/01.3001.0055.5236}, pmid = {42138051}, issn = {2300-8423}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Larynx, Artificial/microbiology ; Humans ; Laryngectomy/rehabilitation ; *Tracheoesophageal Fistula/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Introduction: Voice prostheses (VPs) are devices that are widely used in voice rehabilitation of patients after laryngectomy. The main cause of VPs failure is their destruction by the growth of biofilm, mainly fungal. <br><br>Aim: The aim of this study was to design and build a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) simulator to observe and analyse the process of biofilm formation on voice prostheses and its effect on the structure of the material from which they are made, in conditions as close to real as possible. <br><br>Methods: Biofilm cultures were performed on voice prostheses under controlled in vitro conditions using a TEF simulator. Then, the crystal violet staining and confocal microscopic examination were performed. <br><br>Results: The analysis of voice prostheses cultured in the TEF simulator conditions confirmed the presence of biofilm on their surface. <br><br>Conclusions: The TEF simulator can be a valuable tool for future studies of silicone modifications that can limit the growth of biofilm on the VPs.}, }
@article {pmid42138398, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, Y and Zhou, Y-J and Ning, Z-C and Zhang, Y and Qu, S and Li, N and Hao, Z and Ong, Z-Y and Wu, H}, title = {Dual-action antimicrobial peptide therapy: disrupting biofilm formation and targeting bacterial DNA for enhanced treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0118025}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01180-25}, pmid = {42138398}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Intraocular infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to treat due to bacterial biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance. We used cationic polypeptide (XXYY) n to evaluate its effect and mechanism against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and its efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa intraocular infection. Microbroth dilution showed that the MIC90 of (LLKK)3C against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 32 μg/mL. After continuous passage for 10 generations, the stability of antibacterial activity of (LLKK)3C against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was better than that of amikacin. TEM, SEM and live/dead staining demonstrated that (LLKK)3C was able to destroy the integrity of bacterial and biofilm and exert antibacterial activity by interacting with phosphatidyl glycerol on the membrane to destroy the bacterial membrane. Electrophoretic gel and Alphafold3 demonstrated that (LLKK)3C binds to bacterial DNA through charge interactions. In the rabbit endophthalmitis model, the intraocular bacterial load decreased after intravitreal injection (LLKK)3C treatment (vs untreated, P < 0.05). Studies have shown that (LLKK)3C has synergistic antibacterial effects through the dual mechanism of targeting membrane destruction and DNA binding, which provides a new treatment strategy for biomembrane-associated intraocular infections.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Ocular infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa often lead to severe vision loss due to antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms, which shield bacteria from conventional treatments. This study introduces (LLKK)3C, that uniquely attacks biofilms through a dual-action mechanism: physically disrupting bacterial membranes and binding to bacterial DNA. Unlike traditional antibiotics like amikacin, (LLKK)3C maintains robust antibacterial activity even after prolonged exposure, reducing the risk of resistance development. In a rabbit endophthalmitis model, (LLKK)3C significantly reduced intraocular bacterial loads, demonstrating its potential as a targeted therapy for sight-threatening infections. By addressing the dual challenges of biofilm resistance and drug stability, (LLKK)3C offers a promising strategy to improve clinical outcomes for patients with difficult-to-treat eye infections.}, }
@article {pmid42126270, year = {2026}, author = {Pratyush, MR and Prentice, JA and Eutsey, RA and Mikheyeva, IV and Hiller, NL and Bridges, AA}, title = {Label-free microscopy enables high-throughput identification of genes controlling biofilm development.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0044826}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.00448-26}, pmid = {42126270}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Biofilms are structured microbial communities that thrive on diverse surfaces in natural, industrial, and host environments. The biofilm lifestyle underpins microbial survival, shapes ecosystem function, and drives persistent infections; yet, for many microbes, the molecular determinants of biofilm development remain poorly defined. Here, we introduce "label-free analysis of biofilms" (LFAB), an imaging method that integrates time-lapse, low-magnification brightfield microscopy with regional optical density measurements to quantify biofilm biomass. Unlike conventional assays, LFAB enables real-time, non-perturbative, and high-throughput monitoring of biofilm dynamics. We validated LFAB across diverse microbial species and observed a strong correlation with traditional biofilm quantification methods. Applying LFAB to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major human pathogen whose biofilm lifecycle underpins colonization and infection, we uncovered reproducible patterns of microcolony biofilm expansion and growth. LFAB-enabled screening of a transposon mutant library revealed that biofilm formation in S. pneumoniae is shaped by genes spanning carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall synthesis, adhesion, and surface interactions. Further analysis identified choline-binding protein A (CbpA) and its associated two-component regulator, as well as the peptidoglycan hydrolase LytB, as key drivers of microcolony biofilm dynamics. Together, these findings establish LFAB as a broadly applicable platform for dissecting biofilm biology and reveal new regulators of biofilm development in a clinically important pathogen.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and persist within a self-produced matrix. The biofilm lifestyle underlies microbial survival in nature, contributes to industrial biofouling, and drives many chronic infections. Despite the importance of biofilms, high-throughput measurements of biofilm growth dynamics are challenging using existing tools, which are often disruptive or are not scalable. To overcome this limitation, we developed "label-free analysis of biofilms" (LFAB), a brightfield-based imaging platform that enables real-time, non-perturbative, and scalable quantification of biofilm biomass. LFAB is broadly applicable across species and correlates strongly with traditional assays. Applying LFAB to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major human pathogen, we performed a mutagenesis screen, uncovering new genetic regulators of biofilm formation in this organism. These findings advance understanding of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis and establish LFAB as a powerful approach for dissecting the molecular basis of microbial community growth.}, }
@article {pmid42126606, year = {2026}, author = {Ganguly, A and Das, S and Pal, S and Kaibarta, R and Mahapatra, S and Ganguly, M and Sahu, MC and Mitra, D and Giri, BR and Chattaraj, S}, title = {Cytokine and chemokine dysregulation by microbial biofilm components: mechanisms and clinical implications.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {42126606}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Cytokines/immunology/metabolism/genetics ; *Chemokines/immunology/metabolism/genetics ; Bacteria/immunology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Animals ; Fungi/immunology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections represent a major clinical and biological challenge due to their ability to persist within host tissues while evading immune clearance and antimicrobial therapy. These structured microbial communities profoundly alter host immune signaling, particularly cytokine and chemokine networks, leading to sustained inflammation and tissue damage. Despite advances in antimicrobial development, biofilms continue to undermine treatment efficacy by promoting antibiotic resistance, dysregulated gene expression, and chronic inflammatory states, especially in wounds, implanted medical devices, and respiratory infections. Key challenge lies in complex bidirectional interactions between biofilm components and host immune pathways, which result in maladaptive immune responses rather than effective pathogen elimination. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analysis of biofilm-mediated cytokine and chemokine dysregulation across bacterial and fungal biofilms, emphasizing molecular mechanisms, immune cell reprogramming, and host-specific determinants of disease progression. The purpose of this work is synthesizing current evidence on how biofilms modulate inflammatory signaling; identify critical regulatory pathways involved in chronic infection, highlighting emerging therapeutic strategies targeting both microbial persistence and immune imbalance. Major outcomes include bacterial biofilms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and polymicrobial wound biofilms, illustrating altered cytokine profiles, immune gene regulation, delayed wound healing, and tissue remodeling. The review also addresses biofilm-driven immune dysfunction in chronic wounds and respiratory diseases, linking molecular signaling events to clinical outcomes. Hence, understanding cytokine and chemokine dysregulation in biofilm-associated infections is essential for the development of immune-informed, personalized therapeutic strategies, and future interventions must integrate antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and immunomodulatory approaches to achieve durable clinical success.}, }
@article {pmid42127485, year = {2026}, author = {Zhai, J and Yang, X and Ren, S and Wang, Y and Chen, J and Luo, J and Zhu, Y and Chen, S and Chen, S and Lv, H and Lin, Q and Zhou, Y}, title = {Spatiotemporally programmable hydrogel enables NIR-triggered biofilm disruption and mitophagy-driven immunometabolic remodeling for periodontitis.}, journal = {Biomaterials}, volume = {334}, number = {}, pages = {124281}, doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124281}, pmid = {42127485}, issn = {1878-5905}, abstract = {The refractory nature of periodontitis stems from two interrelated factors: the difficulty in eradicating deeply entrenched pathogenic biofilms and the biofilm-induced impairment of mitochondrial autophagy in immune cells, leading to metabolic dysregulation and persistent inflammation. These processes mutually reinforce each other, creating a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. To address this, we developed a spatiotemporally programmable smart hydrogel (GM hydrogel), constructed on a dynamically crosslinked network of oxidized fucoidan and carboxymethyl chitosan, loaded with silver nanoparticles and EGCG-modified MXene nanosheets (MXene@EGCG-Ag). This near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive platform exhibits excellent injectability, enabling it to completely fill narrow, deep, and irregular periodontal pockets, ensuring intimate contact with pathological sites. The GM hydrogel provides programmed control along both temporal and spatial dimensions. In the temporal dimension, NIR irradiation triggers MXene-mediated mild photothermal effects (<45 °C) that disrupt biofilm structure and facilitate Ag[+] and EGCG penetration into deeper tissues. In subsequent stages, sustained EGCG release restores mitochondrial autophagy, reprogramming immune cell metabolism to improve the immune microenvironment. Spatially, the hydrogel penetrates mature biofilms and delivers comprehensive treatment from the surface through deep gingiva to the alveolar bone interface. Experimental results demonstrate that GM hydrogel disrupts ionic homeostasis and impairs biofilm functionality in Porphyromonas gingivalis, exhibiting potent antibacterial effects. Sustained EGCG release activates the PINK1/Parkin-mediated FOXO pathway, which restores mitochondrial autophagy and induces metabolic reprogramming, thereby suppressing inflammation and promoting alveolar bone regeneration.}, }
@article {pmid42128328, year = {2026}, author = {Du, K and Luo, C and Yin, M and Zou, R and Guo, N and Xu, Y and Bai, S and Jiang, X and Cheng, X and Qiu, L and Wu, D and Mu, R}, title = {Removal of acetaminophen and total nitrogen from secondary effluent via a UV/PAA-biofilter process: Efficiency, biofilm characteristics, and reaction mechanism.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124743}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124743}, pmid = {42128328}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Simultaneous removal of pharmaceutical contaminants and excess nitrogen from secondary effluent remains a critical challenge for wastewater reuse. In this study, the UV/peracetic acid (UV/PAA) process achieved 99% degradation of acetaminophen (ACE) within 30 min under ultrapure water conditions, primarily due to the synergistic effects of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and other reactive species. Twelve intermediates and three degradation pathways were identified by liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and density functional theory (DFT). During the degradation of ACE, the formation of several mildly toxic intermediates led to a slight increase in overall ecotoxicity. The UV/PAA-biofilter process achieved > 95% ACE removal from secondary effluent, with contributions of 87.44% from UV/PAA and 9.85% from the biofilter. TN decreased from 35.75 to 7.03 mg/L (80.34% removal). Biological treatment effectively reduced acute toxicity, while EPS exhibited spatial variations along the biofilter. Genus-level microbial communities also varied significantly with filter height. Overall, the UV/PAA-biofilter process demonstrates high feasibility for simultaneous ACE and Total nitrogen (TN) removal from secondary effluent, offering valuable insights for optimizing advanced wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid42130173, year = {2026}, author = {Li, L and Zhang, N and Wang, T and Zhao, FJ and Zhang, T and Huo, L and Wei, Y and Zeng, X and Su, S}, title = {Engineered Bacillus subtilis p43-Taglo1 fortifies the iron plaque-biofilm composite to reduce arsenic uptake and promote rice growth.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71255}, pmid = {42130173}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {42277035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42507023//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202304051001016//Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province/ ; GXYESS2025113//Guangxi Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program/ ; CAAS-ASTIP-2021-IEDA//Science Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/ ; CAAS-CFSGLCA-IEDA-202302//Science Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/ ; Y2025YC29//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Arsenic contamination threatens rice (Oryza sativa) production, yet the synergistic use of iron plaque (IP) and root-associated biofilms as a rhizosphere barrier to limit arsenic uptake remains unexplored. To address this, we engineered an arsenic-resistant (AR) plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (AR-PGPR), Bacillus subtilis p43-Taglo1, expressing the speciation-inert arsenic-binding protein TaGlo1. In a contaminated paddy, this strain increased grain yield by 10.7-11.6% and reduced grain arsenic by 28.2-37.4% compared to the wild-type. The engineered strain robustly colonized roots and enhanced the formation of a functional IP-biofilm composite, which sequestered more arsenic. This was driven by a 2.87-fold increase in Fe(II) oxidation and elevated production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (1.4-fold) and siderophores (1.5-fold). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that inoculation upregulated bacterial genes for Fe(II) oxidation, siderophore, and EPS biosynthesis, while in rice roots, it activated phytohormone pathways and downregulated arsenite transporters (OsLsi1 and OsLsi2). We conclude that AR-PGPR can restore beneficial root-microbe interactions under arsenic stress. The IP-biofilm composite acts as an inducible barrier essential for the dual benefits of arsenic exclusion and growth promotion. Our study shows that AR rhizobacteria fortify the IP-biofilm composite to reduce arsenic uptake and promote rice growth, providing a route toward safer rice production in arsenic-affected regions.}, }
@article {pmid42131200, year = {2026}, author = {Park, H and Maloney Norcross, SE and Hickey, AJ and Gonzalez-Juarrero, M and Meibohm, B}, title = {Effect of biofilm formation on the antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against Mycobacterium abscessus in the hollow fiber infection model.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1799565}, pmid = {42131200}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Due to the inherent drug-resistance mechanisms and biofilm formation of Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) that attenuate drug sensitivity, characterizing the impact of these factors on the pharmacological profile of antibiotics is critical to improve therapeutic outcomes.<br><br>METHODS: This study aimed to define the exposure-response relationship of tigecycline in Mab therapy and to simultaneously evaluate the effects of biofilm and resistance development on bacterial killing activity of tigecycline using a Transwell system and a Hollow Fiber Infection Model combined with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling.<br><br>RESULTS: Dynamic time-kill assays conducted using the hollow fiber system, which mimicked tigecycline lung exposure under diverse intrapulmonary aerosol administration scenarios, demonstrated that high exposure to tigecycline effectively killed Mab. However, the pattern and timing of bacterial resistance development varied depending on the dosing regimen when exposure was insufficient for complete bacterial killing. Transwell-based in vitro tigecycline permeability study results revealed that the biofilm played a crucial role as a barrier to prevent molecular transfer of drug, eventually reducing the extent of exposure to Mab in biofilm by generating concentration gradients. The PK/PD model, integrating data from the in vitro dynamic time-kill assay and biofilm permeability study, adequately captured multiple factors, including dose-dependent bacterial killing, transition of Mab to less susceptible populations, biofilm formation, and biofilm-associated changes in permeability, all of which can influence the antibacterial activity of tigecycline.<br><br>DISCUSSION: A quantitative assessment of the impact of these factors modulating the bacterial pathophysiology provides insights into how Mab undermines the antibacterial efficacy of tigecycline, thereby ultimately contributing to the development of more efficacious tigecycline treatment strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42131256, year = {2026}, author = {Alvarez, A and Alizadeh, S and Lapointe, M and Claveau-Mallet, D}, title = {A Biosorption Study of Triclosan and Benzalkonium Chloride: Exploring the Role of Biofilm and Soil Grain Surface Chemistry in Drainfields.}, journal = {ACS ES&amp;T water}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {2773-2785}, pmid = {42131256}, issn = {2690-0637}, abstract = {Although sorption is crucial for removing contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS), and biofilms develop extensively within drainfields, little is known about the effects of sorption and biosorption (with biofilm) on contaminant fate. To gain insights, the transport of triclosan (TCS) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) (hydrophobic and amphiphilic antimicrobials, respectively) was studied in saturated sand columns with and without 1-day-old and 3-day-old biofilms. Triclosan S-shaped breakthrough curves (BTCs) indicated cooperative sorption, and BAC two-step BTCs suggested irreversible sorption with a maximum capacity. One-day-old biofilms increased TCS retardation while showing no effect for BAC. The 3-day-old biofilms further increased TCS retardation and decreased BAC retardation. Therefore, early stage biofilms can affect contaminant sorption in as little as 1 day and add new TCS sorption sites, whereas hindering BAC sorption. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) using SiO2 and Fe2O3 sensors showed higher protein deposition than humic acids and polysaccharides at pH 7, suggesting that proteins drive extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) deposition. Higher BAC deposition on the clean SiO2 sensor than on the EPS-coated sensor revealed that EPS likely impaired BAC electrostatic interactions with the surface. These findings support that biofilms affect contaminant mobility and highlight the need for considering biosorption in optimizing OWTS design.}, }
@article {pmid42131301, year = {2026}, author = {Subramani, T and George, EA and Saju, AE and E, M and De, R and K, SA and Ramaiah, S and Anbarasu, A}, title = {Biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance in the era of multidrug resistance: quorum-sensing mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1826282}, pmid = {42131301}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are highly organised complex structures formed by microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are embedded with an extracellular polymeric matrix. This matrix provides structural stability, retains nutrients and offers defence against unfavourable environments and antibiotics. Multi-layered molecular mechanisms controlled by quorum-sensing networks are involved in the transition from the planktonic stage to a mature biofilm. Surface attachment, maturation and dispersion are coordinated by these mechanisms, which also provide communication between different species. Biofilm development poses a significant challenge to implants in nosocomial settings and is considered a major threat in the global health care sector and industries, leading to persistent infection. In addition to assessing current biofilm management techniques such as quorum quenching agents, enzymatic matrix disruptions, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles and metal complex-based interventions, this review highlights the major regulatory components and molecular mechanisms causing biofilm formation. It also emphasises the necessity to combat biofilm-associated tolerance by highlighting the increasing significance of computational approaches in drug discovery and development of next-generation anti-biofilm therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid42131656, year = {2026}, author = {Trivedi, P and Talwadekar, S and Nataraj, G}, title = {Biofilm Detection in Bacterial Isolates From Musculoskeletal Infections: A Comparative Study of Tissue Culture Plate and Congo Red Agar Methods With Antimicrobial Susceptibility Correlation.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {e106879}, pmid = {42131656}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Background Musculoskeletal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased healthcare costs, and poor functional outcomes. A major contributing factor to the persistence and recurrence of these infections is the ability of microorganisms to form biofilms. Biofilm-associated bacteria exhibit enhanced resistance to host immune responses and antimicrobial agents, making their detection clinically important. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of biofilm formation in bacterial isolates from musculoskeletal infections, compare phenotypic detection methods, and assess their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods This prospective study was conducted over a period of 12 months in the Bacteriology division of a tertiary care hospital. A total of 105 non-duplicate bacterial isolates obtained from 90 cases of musculoskeletal infections were included. Biofilm detection was performed using two phenotypic methods: Congo red agar (CRA) and the tissue culture plate (TCP) method, a standardized microtiter plate assay. The TCP method was considered the reference standard. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results The most common clinical condition was infected/open fractures (18; 20.0%), followed by trauma (7; 7.8%), osteomyelitis, implant infections, and joint infections (6; 6.7% each), while miscellaneous cases accounted for 37 (41.1%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated organism (26; 24.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (22; 21.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15; 14.3%). Biofilm formation was detected in 16 (15.2%) isolates by TCP method, compared to seven (6.7%) by CRA method, with CRA missing nine biofilm-producing isolates. Among organisms, biofilm production was highest in Enterobacter spp. and Proteus spp. (33.3% each), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (28.6%), coagulase-negative staphylococci(25.0%), and S. aureus (19.2%). Biofilm-producing isolates were more commonly observed with joint infections (50.0%) and spine infections (40.0%). Among Gram-negative isolates, maximum sensitivity was observed to carbapenems (40; 64.0%) and gentamicin (34; 55.0%), whereas resistance was high for cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Among Gram-positive isolates, all were sensitive to linezolid and teicoplanin (100%), followed by gentamicin (78.0%). Biofilm-producing isolates demonstrated comparatively higher resistance to commonly used antibiotics than non-biofilm producers; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor in musculoskeletal infections and contributes to antimicrobial resistance and chronicity. The TCP method is a more sensitive and reliable technique compared to CRA for the detection of biofilm production. Routine screening for biofilm formation, along with appropriate antimicrobial stewardship, can aid in better clinical management and improved patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid42132439, year = {2026}, author = {Puerner, CTS and Wilkins, OM and Cramer, RA}, title = {A ceramide synthase is important for filamentous fungal biofilm morphology and antifungal drug susceptibility.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0348725}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03487-25}, pmid = {42132439}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The complex structure of fungal biofilms generates microenvironments that impact the fitness of cells within the biofilm community. Contributions to fitness include the development of emergent properties resulting in the tolerance or resistance to external stressors, such as rapid environmental changes and, in the context of an infection, antifungal drug exposure. The biofilm developed by the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus develops zones of low oxygen, which contribute to a reduction in antifungal drug susceptibility. The genes and mechanisms involved in driving this biofilm-specific emergent property are ill-defined. In this study, we utilized a transcriptomic approach to probe the biofilm structure in comparison to drug-susceptible planktonic cultures to identify transcriptional patterns and genes unique to the A. fumigatus biofilm. Importantly, we utilized two phenotypically diverse strains that allowed us to identify biofilm-specific gene co-expression networks. One of these networks was highlighted by a gene encoding a ceramide synthase, designated barA, with a striking increase in barA transcript abundance specifically in the biofilm. Null mutants of barA in two strain backgrounds display a stunted biofilm morphology, with some strain-specific differences in the impact of biofilm biomass. Importantly, barA has a role in regulating susceptibility to the ergosterol-targeting antifungal drugs voriconazole and amphotericin B. These data identify biofilm-specific genes in A. fumigatus for further study and highlight the importance of fungal ceramide synthases in mediating antifungal drug susceptibility in infection-relevant biofilms.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Biofilms are problematic structures in the context of microbial infections due to their ability to resist both host- and drug-mediated attempts at tissue sterilization. Consequently, it is imperative to identify mechanisms underlying the development of these structures and the emergent properties they develop. The filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus forms robust-structured biofilms that are resistant to contemporary antifungal drug treatments, although the mechanisms are ill-defined. In this study, we compared the transcriptional landscape of two A. fumigatus reference strains grown as biofilms and in planktonic culture conditions to identify biofilm-specific genes and pathways. These analyses and subsequent genetic and phenotypic studies revealed that a ceramide synthase is important for biofilm development and is involved in antifungal drug susceptibility of the biofilm. Consequently, these data support the rationale for targeting fungal lipid homeostasis for antifungal therapeutic development, particularly in the context of biofilm-mediated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42120328, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Correction to "The Synergistic Effect of Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Inactivation Against Candida albicans Biofilm".}, journal = {Journal of biophotonics}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {e70276}, doi = {10.1002/jbio.70276}, pmid = {42120328}, issn = {1864-0648}, }
@article {pmid42120400, year = {2026}, author = {More, KR and Buzzo, JR and Devaraj, A and Balu, S and Bakaletz, LO and Goodman, SD}, title = {Spermidine is a common component of the eDNA-dependent biofilm matrix.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-01004-9}, pmid = {42120400}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {R01DC003915/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are structured multicellular bacterial communities encased within an extracellular matrix comprised of exopolysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA), and other biopolymers that provide protection against environmental stressors. We and others have shown that eDNA serves as a fundamental structural element common to even multispecies biofilms. During biofilm maturation, ubiquitous DNABII proteins facilitate the conversion and stabilization of eDNA into the rare and rigid Z-DNA conformation, thereby enhancing matrix integrity and rendering the underlying eDNA resistant to nucleases. We have previously shown that the removal of positively charged molecules, such as DNABII proteins, results in rapid, significant disruption of diverse biofilms. Here, we identify the polyamine spermidine as another essential positively charged molecule that, together with DNABII proteins, contributes to the development and maintenance of the eDNA-dependent extracellular matrix. We also provide evidence that SPD is present within the biofilm matrix alongside DNABII proteins in multiple bacterial pathogens. Our findings indicate that SPD and DNABII proteins cooperate to promote Z-DNA formation. Depletion of SPD and DNABII using cation exchanger P11-phosphocellulose or inhibition of SPD synthesis via dicyclohexylamine impaired biofilm formation and destabilized preformed biofilms. These results suggest that polyamine synthesis or accumulation represents a potential target for biofilm disruption and control.}, }
@article {pmid42120625, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Liu, Z and Wang, H and Xia, Y and Hu, Y and Wang, H and Xia, F and Zou, M}, title = {Ceftazidime-avibactam drives mutations, insertion, or overexpression in blaKPC-2 and enhances biofilm-forming ability of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-52233-z}, pmid = {42120625}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2023JJ30900//Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province/ ; 2022JJ70084//Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province/ ; 100759//Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme/ ; }, abstract = {Although ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) has known effectiveness against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), its resistance is increasingly being reported. In this study, we explored the mechanisms behind this emerging resistance in CZA-resistant strains generated from 40 clinical K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing CRKP through in vitro multipassage resistance selection with 1/2 MICs CZA. Of these, 12 strains developed CZA resistance, three of which displayed increased susceptibility to carbapenems, whereas the strain C23 demonstrated heightened susceptibility to tigecycline (TGC) after CZA exposure. blaKPC-2 in strains C108 and C115 was mutated to blaKPC-33 (D179Y), whereas, in C23, it was mutated to blaKPC-136 [P173L, with a 15-amino acid insertion (YTRAPNKDDKHSEAV) after position 276]. In the remaining strains, the blaKPC-2 sequence remained intact, as assessed by RT-PCR, albeit its expression increased by over threefold. In addition, C23 exhibited enhanced biofilm-forming ability after CZA exposure, which may be closely related to the lsrR-mediated quorum-sensing (QS) system through c-di-GMP. The increased sensitivity of C23 to TGC induced by CZA may be closely related to the decreased expression of efflux pumps acrB and acrR. These findings cumulatively suggest that CZA resistance in KPC-producing K. pneumoniae may result from mutations, insertions, or overexpression in blaKPC-2. The induction of CZA may reverse the sensitivity of certain antibiotics, providing a potential combination therapy for such drug-resistant bacterial infections. The biofilm-forming ability of a strain may be enhanced after CZA induction, which improves its adaptability to the environment.}, }
@article {pmid42121517, year = {2026}, author = {Seres-Steinbach, A and Szabó, P and Balázs Lilla, V and Riethmüller, E and Szmolka, A and Bányai, K and Schneider, G}, title = {Factors Influencing Biofilm Formation of Salmonella spp. and the Biofilm-Degrading Potential of Essential Oils.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods15091574}, pmid = {42121517}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {The formation of biofilms by Salmonella is of considerable interest to the food production and medical industries. This study investigated the effects of a carrier medium (Luria-Bertani, Mueller-Hinton II, Brain Heart Infusion or chicken meat juice), temperature (14 °C, 23 °C or 37 °C) and surface type (adhesive, non-adhesive or suspension plate) on biofilm formation in 16 different Salmonella isolates belonging to the serovars S. Enteritidis (five isolates), S. Infantis (five isolates) and S. Typhimurium (six isolates). Chicken meat juice was found to have a moderate yet balanced supportive effect, while Mueller-Hinton II (MH-II) medium drastically supported biofilm formation at low temperatures, albeit with significant variation among the isolates. Temperature and medium also affected the antibacterial, biofilm inhibitory and destructive effects of essential oils. At 14 °C and 23 °C, 35% of essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella serovars at a concentration of 0.1%, as determined by the drop plate method. Ajowan, thyme, orange, clove and oregano EOs completely inhibited biofilm formation at a concentration of 0.1%. More than half of the 60 essential oils tested reduced the optical density of mature biofilms (OD: 0.15-0.36) to below 0.05; ajowan, lime, palmarosa, thyme, oregano and clove were the most effective, exhibiting antibacterial, biofilm inhibitory and biofilm destructive effects on all of the investigated Salmonella isolates.}, }
@article {pmid42125264, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wang, Z and Xu, W}, title = {Biofilm synergy by Agrobacterium deltaense and Bacillus velezensis in co-cultures indicates bacterial interspecific cooperation.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100364}, pmid = {42125264}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Rhizosphere microorganisms typically coexist within complex multispecies biofilm communities. However, the interspecies interactions within these biofilm-associated microbial consortia remain largely unexplored. A synthetic bacterial SynCom Q was previously constructed in our laboratory for controlling watermelon Fusarium wilt. This study simplified SynCom Q into SynCom Y (Agrobacterium deltaense LSQ16 and Bacillus velezensis WB) using a stepwise strain omission strategy and combined genome-scale modeling with multi-omics analyses to reveal mechanisms of synergistic biofilm formation. Co-cultivation of A. deltaense LSQ16 and B. velezensis WB significantly enhanced biofilm formation. Compared with monocultures, co-cultivation also markedly increased extracellular polysaccharide production and metabolic activity. SynCom Y effectively enhances resistance to the pathogen through the promotion of biofilm formation. Compared with monocultures, co-cultivation led to the upregulation of genes associated with extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) synthesis, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing pathways. Meanwhile, microbes within the mixed-species biofilm cooperatively regulated the production of the extracellular matrix to enhance biofilm development. Predictive results indicated metabolite exchange between the two strains involved amino acids, purines, phosphates, and other compounds. Moreover, exogenous supplementation of l-ornithine and guanine further enhanced the biofilm-forming capacity of B. velezensis WB. Our results indicate that a synergistic biofilm was formed through metabolic cooperation by Agrobacterium deltaense LSQ16 and Bacillus velezensis WB in co-cultures.}, }
@article {pmid42126190, year = {2026}, author = {Fahim, RA and Cole, BG and Holland, JE and Polster, VB and Balish, MF}, title = {Modeling chronic infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae at an air-liquid interface: global transcriptional response of HBEC3-KT respiratory epithelial cells to biofilm towers.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0013726}, doi = {10.1128/iai.00137-26}, pmid = {42126190}, issn = {1098-5522}, abstract = {Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a bacterial pathogen that causes chronic respiratory infections, grows as biofilm towers in both axenic culture and submerged tissue culture model systems. In these towers, virulence factor production is reduced. The clinical relevance of these towers is unclear because biofilms have not been examined in air-liquid interface (ALI) models of M. pneumoniae infection. We used differentiated HBEC3-KT human bronchial epithelial cells at an ALI to understand how M. pneumoniae grows on and interacts with airway cells in a more physiologically relevant setting than submerged systems, and to characterize the global transcriptional response of host cells in this context. We used scanning electron microscopy to examine the growth of M. pneumoniae on HBEC3-KT cells over time, employing a modified protocol to preserve mucus. This protocol revealed abundant biofilm towers associated with both ciliary tips and the mucus layer. RNA-seq analysis of HBEC3-KT cells at days 1 and 7 after infection indicated an early tempered cytokine response, followed later by induction of type III interferon, which is unexpected not only because that response is more typical of viruses, but also because M. pneumoniae is not known to enter host cells at an ALI. We assessed barrier function using transepithelial electrical resistance and culture of medium from the basal side of the host cells, revealing that disruption occurred, but only after prolonged infection. These results collectively suggest that M. pneumoniae limits damage to host cells when growing as biofilm towers by provoking only a selective inflammatory response, promoting chronic infection.}, }
@article {pmid42126208, year = {2026}, author = {Gutiérrez, DM and Castillo, Y and Lafaurie, GI and Castillo, DM}, title = {Evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation Inhibition and Removal by Use of HybenX.}, journal = {European endodontic journal}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {140-149}, doi = {10.65717/eej.2026.25093}, pmid = {42126208}, issn = {2548-0839}, support = {PCI-2017-9443//Vicerrectoria de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; Dentin/microbiology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial capacity and efficacy in disaggregation, elimination, and inhibition of biofilm formation of HybenX.<br><br>METHODS: To develop a biofilm elimination model, dentin of radicular human teeth was incubated with E. faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29212 at 37&#xb0;C with nutritional restriction for 14 days. After incubation, the samples were treated for 1 minute with HybenX, and as controls, chlorhexidine 2%, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 17%, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% were used. In the inhibition model, samples were pretreated with treatments and incubated. The presence or absence of microorganisms in the dentin was verified using scanning electron microscopy, and bacterial viability and biovolume were determined by confocal laser microscopy with live/dead staining. The 3D images were analysed using IMARIS 8.0 (Oxford Instruments Group, United Kingdom) software. All experiments were performed in triplicate as independent experiments and compared using ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's test at a significance level of P < .05.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm removal and inhibition of formation were observed after HybenX treatment. HybenX showed a significant disaggregation and elimination of biofilm (P < .001), drastically affecting the biovolume, surpassed by NaOCl, which presented a total elimination; it also demonstrated a low bactericidal effect, allowing bacterial viability of 79%. Likewise, it showed a high capacity to inhibit the formation of biofilm, allowing a minimum biovolume similar to NaOCl (P = .01). HybenX eliminates and inhibits biofilm formation; however, it allows the persistence of viable bacteria.<br><br>CONCLUSION: HybenX effectively eliminates and inhibits biofilm formation; however, it does not prevent the persistence of viable bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid42112429, year = {2026}, author = {Mbaraka, A and Meena, RR and Menghani, E and Verma, N}, title = {Targeting biofilm-driven antibiotic resistance: emerging mechanisms and next-generation therapeutic interventions.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1823476}, pmid = {42112429}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Biofilm mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a critical global health and economic challenge, affecting both community and healthcare settings. Microbial Biofilms significantly enhance the antibiotic tolerance and cause the persistent and device-associated infections via limited drug penetration, degradation of antibiotics, and assist horizontal gene transfer. Biofilm-mediated antimicrobial resistance remains a major obstacle to treating infectious diseases today. Biofilms can boost antibiotic tolerance by up to 1,000 times and lead to chronic, persistent, and device-associated infections. The lack of FDA-approved anti-biofilm drugs highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies and mechanistic insights. Redefining the treatment landscape and improving outcomes for resistant infections could be achieved through a multi-platform therapeutic approach. This review summarizes recent developments in our knowledge of how biofilms contribute to antibiotic resistance and highlights new therapeutic strategies, such as nanotechnology, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage-derived enzymes, quorum-sensing inhibitors, CRISPR-based tools, microbiome engineering, and AI-driven drug discovery.}, }
@article {pmid42113919, year = {2026}, author = {Cavalu, S and Elbaramawi, SS and Eissa, AG and Radwan, MF and Ibrahim, TS and Khafagy, ES and Lopes, BS and Ali, MAM and Hegazy, WAH and Elfaky, MA}, title = {RETRACTED: Cavalu et al. Characterization of the Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities of the β-Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Atenolol Against Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 13088.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {42113919}, issn = {1422-0067}, abstract = {The journal retracts the article titled "Characterization of the Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities of the β-Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Atenolol Against Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens" [...].}, }
@article {pmid42115218, year = {2026}, author = {Saboohi, R and Khorasgani, MR and Moallemi, ZS and Shahmoradi, M}, title = {Natural compounds for preventing dental caries by evaluating antibacterial and biofilm disrupting effects on Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-43867-0}, pmid = {42115218}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Streptococcus mutans is a major contributor to dental caries, and its biofilm formation is associated with treatment challenges. Therefore, identifying medicinal plants and natural compounds with antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities is important for the development of new therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of honey, aqueous extracts of sumac and Miswak fruit, royal jelly, lactogum, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) against S. mutans. The antibacterial effects of the compounds and extracts were evaluated using a well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution. Biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet assay, and metabolic activity was assessed by the MTT assay. Morphology of the biofilms was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the expression of key genes involved in biofilm formation (gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) was measured by RT-PCR. The findings indicated that the antibacterial effects of honey, Miswak aqueous extract, sumac fruit extract, and SDF were comparable to chlorhexidine. MICs were 512 mg/mL for honey, 512 mg/mL for sumac fruit extract, 512 mg/mL for royal jelly, and lactogum, with Miswak aqueous extract and SDF showing MICs of 256 mg/mL and 32 mg/mL, respectively. SDF, Miswak aqueous extract, and sumac fruit extract exhibited the strongest anti-biofilm effects, down-regulating gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD expression in S. mutans biofilms. Collectively, these results suggest that honey, Miswak and sumac aqueous extracts, and SDF have notable antibacterial activity against S. mutans and can inhibit biofilm formation through downregulation of gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD.}, }
@article {pmid42115858, year = {2026}, author = {Namazi, P and Alizadeh Behbahani, B and Noshad, M and Vasiee, A and Taki, M and Jooyandeh, H}, title = {Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus helveticus CMI1 isolated from Iranian Khiki cheese: antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and antioxidant properties for food preservatives.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-04726-0}, pmid = {42115858}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely recognized for their probiotic and antimicrobial potential in food and health-related applications. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Lactobacillus helveticus strain CMI1 from traditional Iranian Khiki cheese and to evaluate its probiotic-related properties, including antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities.<br><br>METHODS: The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial activity of acidic and neutralized cell-free supernatants (CFS) was evaluated against major Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens using disk diffusion, well diffusion, modified double-layer, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using crystal violet staining and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of biofilm-related genes. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, and &#x3b2;-carotene/linoleic acid assays. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated against HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Antibiotic susceptibility was also examined.<br><br>RESULTS: L. helveticus CMI1 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, with higher efficacy observed for acidic CFS compared to neutralized CFS, particularly against S. aureus. The strain significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation and downregulated key biofilm- and virulence-related genes (mecA, agr, spa, icaA, and hla). Additionally, CMI1 demonstrated notable antioxidant activity and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines, while remaining sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that L. helveticus CMI1 possesses promising probiotic and functional properties, supporting its potential application in food preservation and functional food development.}, }
@article {pmid42116445, year = {2026}, author = {Chu, M and Li, J and Sun, Y and Liu, X and Mo, Q and Ren, Y and Wang, Y and Yang, M and Xu, G and Ni, Q}, title = {Vpa1463, a DUF1566-domain protein, is indispensable for bile resistance and biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and is required for its adaptation to food-related environments.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {119147}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119147}, pmid = {42116445}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/drug effects/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Bile Acids and Salts/pharmacology ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Food Microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a notorious seafood-borne pathogen associated acute gastroenteritis, posing increasing challenge to global food security and public health. Bile represents one of the most important factors that affect its intestinal colonization. And bacteria usually employ shared strategies to resist bile salts alongside other environmental stresses. To identify the essential genes for stresses adaptation in V. parahaemolyticus, we screened a genome-wide transposon-insertion library for bile hypersensitive mutants and identified vpa1463, encoding a conserved but uncharacterized DUF1566-domain protein, as essential for bile tolerance. The deletion of vpa1463 drastically reduced the bile salts minimum inhibitory concentration MIC from 2.5% (wild-type) to 0.3% (Δvpa1463), and inhibited swarming and swimming motilities. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the deletion of vpa1463 increases outer-membrane (OM) permeability, compromises its integrity, and decreases efflux activity. Data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics identified 1156 differentially expressed proteins in the vpa1463 mutant compared to the wild type, including key proteins associated with efflux pumps and porins, as well as those involved in flagellar biosynthesis. Moreover, the mutation of vpa1463 led to attenuated biofilm formation and decrease its colonization on food processing contact materials or food surfaces by approximately one order of magnitude. These membrane defects led to a cascade of phenotypic failures in Δvpa1463, impaired motility, heightened susceptibility to antibiotics, food-grade disinfectants and organic acids. Collectively, Our data demonstrate that Vpa1463 is a vital contributor to membrane homeostasis and environmental fitness, making it a promising target for strategies to mitigate V. parahaemolyticus contamination in the food industry and prevent human infection.}, }
@article {pmid42116519, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Yadav, B and Hrycauk, S and In Ng, W and Wang, H and Brown, T}, title = {Post-sanitation bacterial survival on meat facility environmental surfaces as delineated by biofilm formation.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {119297}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119297}, pmid = {42116519}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Food Microbiology ; Cattle ; *Bacteria/growth &amp; development/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; *Red Meat/microbiology ; *Microbial Viability ; Microbiota ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Food Handling ; Pseudomonas/isolation &amp; purification ; Equipment Contamination ; }, abstract = {This work aimed was to determine post sanitation biofilm harborage at a large beef fabrication facility to better understand their potential impact on food safety by quantifying major extracellular polymeric substance components (carbohydrates, protein and eDNA), enumeration of total plate count (TPC) and Pseudomonas, and profiling of microbial communities. The sampled surfaces (n = 162) included drive and support rollers of conveyor belts, cutting saw blade covers, heads of various sprayers, dip tanks for tools (DTC), floor drains, wall corners, and floor mats. Floor mats had the highest median TPC at 6.88 log CFU/10 cm[2], higher than all but drains and wall corners by up to 4.0 log. Pseudomonas was highest for drains at 3.95 log CFU/10 cm[2]. Of all sampling sites, 46.9% harbored biofilms, mostly from floor mats, DTC and wall corners. Microbiota on different surfaces and at different sampling time overlapped. The microbial community structure in biofilms and non-biofilms differed. Most genera (13/15) in non-biofilms were aerobes except for Escherichia and Clostridium. The biofilms contained 35 genera, including all of those found in non-biofilms except for Flavobacterium and additional 10 aerobic bacteria and 11 facultative/anaerobes. Notably, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Escherichia, were sizable fractions of both biofilms and non-biofilms and were not associated with specific surfaces when in biofilms. A core group of 11 genera including Escherichia were found in most biofilms. Biofilms had significant fractions of facultative anaerobes, while non-biofilms had higher fractions of aerobes. The findings show persistent microbiota on post-sanitation surfaces including the food safety indicator Escherichia.}, }
@article {pmid42116522, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, M and Ding, H and Fu, X and Xue, Q and Hu, Y}, title = {Targeted biofilm inhibition and gene expression to study the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of lauric acid and citral against Listeria monocytogenes.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {119304}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119304}, pmid = {42116522}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Lauric Acids/pharmacology ; *Acyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; Drug Synergism ; Milk/microbiology ; Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Food Preservation/methods ; }, abstract = {Contamination by Listeria monocytogenes poses significant food safety concerns. Prior research has demonstrated that lauric acid (LA) and citral, compounds present in Litsea cubeba fruit, exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, although the precise mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Consequently, this study investigated the synergistic mechanism of LA and citral against L. monocytogenes, focusing on biofilm inhibition and gene expression effects. The results indicated that treatment with Synergism LA + citral significantly reduced the intracellular DNA content of L. monocytogenes. The antibacterial combination inhibited biofilm formation by altering bacterial surface hydrophobicity, self-aggregation, and motility, while also disrupting mature biofilms and eradicating internal bacteria. Significant changes were observed in genes associated with multiple pathways related to metabolism and quorum sensing in L. monocytogenes. Additionally, the Synergism LA + citral effectively inhibited L. monocytogenes in pasteurized refrigerated milk while maintaining stable milk brightness and pH. These findings enrich the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of LA and citral and provide promising evidence for their antibacterial application in food products.}, }
@article {pmid42117297, year = {2026}, author = {Figuero, E and Marruganti, C and Ambrosio, N and Izzetti, R and Serrano, J and Graziani, F}, title = {Efficacy of Adjunctive Agents in the Management of Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Journal of clinical periodontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jcpe.70121}, pmid = {42117297}, issn = {1600-051X}, support = {//ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Groups/ ; //University Complutense, Madrid, Spain/ ; //Chair of Periodontology at the University of Pisa/ ; }, abstract = {AIM: In systemically healthy humans with gingivitis, what is the efficacy of active agents compared to negative control/placebo when used adjunctively to mechanical biofilm control in terms of changes in gingivitis/bleeding indices and/or disease resolution in randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) with at least 3-months follow-up?<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Electronic searches, study selection, data extraction, risk of bias analysis, meta-analyses and certainty of the evidence were performed (GRADE).<br><br>RESULTS: Seventy-two RCTs were included (antiseptics n = 71; systemic intake n = 1). High heterogeneity was found in the definition of gingivitis. Antiseptic agents showed greater reductions in bleeding (%) than control groups at 3 months (ncomparison [nc] = 19; weighted mean differences [WMD] = 10.66%; p < 0.001) and 6 months (nc = 20; WMD = 10.79%; p < 0.001). Gingivitis resolution was rarely determined. Prevalence of local adverse effect (tooth-related and soft-tissue-related) varied from 0% to 13.1%. Systemic effects were scarcely evaluated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In adults with gingivitis, the adjunctive use of specific antiseptics determined higher reduction of gingival inflammation at 3 months (moderate evidence for stannous fluoride and low-to-very low for chlorhexidine, essential oils or cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC]) and 6 months (moderate for chlorhexidine, low for CPC and very low for essential oils) over placebo/negative controls. Adverse effects are neither frequently nor extensively reported. Gingivitis resolution is rarely reported and achieved.}, }
@article {pmid42118798, year = {2026}, author = {Andreani, E and Peroutka, V and Kostakova, EK and Chudobova, E and Kejzlar, P and Hauzerova, S and Havlickova, K and Stindlova, M and Jiresova, J and Lukas, D and Lencova, S}, title = {Impact of Fiber Diameter and Surface Topography of PCL Nanofibers on Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Biofilm Formation and Resistance.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c16509}, pmid = {42118798}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Electrospun nanofibrous matrices are an emerging platform for probiotics. We evaluated polycaprolactone (PCL) nanomaterials, hypothesizing that fiber diameter and shish-kebab (sk) structures would increase biofilm formation and resistance. Four unique nanomaterials (PCL45, PCL45-sk, PCL80, PCL80-sk) were electrospun and tested with two Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strains (ATCC 9595, ATCC 53103). Biofilms formed after 48 h and 8 days were analyzed for biomass (CFU/cm[2]), structure (SEM), and metabolic activity (MTT). PCLs enhanced biofilm formation compared with polystyrene (reaching up to 8.7 ± 0.2 log10(CFU/cm[2]) for L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 after 48 h); prolonged cultivation revealed strain-specific responses, with fiber diameter and sk significant impact. PCL-supported biofilms showed a good response to a short-term challenge of low pH (2, 4), with the minimal 97.9 ± 3.7% survival rate, and a preliminary, strain-dependent improvement in resilience to Staphylococcus aureus, mostly for L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595. This identifies PCLs as promising, adjustable carriers for probiotic biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42119617, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, C and Cao, Y and Yang, Q and Li, J and Dong, T and Liu, Y and Li, X and Liu, F}, title = {Hematite-enhanced denitrification in bioelectrochemical system at low current density: kinetics, biofilm chemistry and metagenomic mechanisms.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134852}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134852}, pmid = {42119617}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Nitrate contamination of groundwater threatens drinking-water safety and necessitates the development of sustainable, low-energy remediation technologies. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) can enhance denitrification; however, their performance is constrained by low cathodic electron efficiency and ammonium accumulation. We developed a hematite-enhanced BES (HBES) and evaluated denitrification at different current densities (0-400 mA/m[2]). Hematite shifted the optimal current density from 200 to 100 mA/m[2], achieving complete nitrate removal within 72 h while suppressing ammonium formation to 0.38 ± 0.02 mg-N/L. Mechanistically, hematite improved cathodic kinetics and minimized activation losses, increased nitrate reductase activity, and promoted extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) enrichment with higher redox-active fulvic- and humic-like fractions. Community profiling revealed hematite-associated enrichment of Thauera, Acinetobacter, Hydrogenophaga, and Alishewanella, consistent with enhanced denitrification and electroactivity. Metagenomic analyses further revealed enhanced modules for sequential nitrate reduction to N2, suppression of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) marker genes, and elevated potentials for cytochrome-associated extracellular electron transfer (EET) and oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, hematite restructures electron-transfer networks and microbial metabolism at the mineral-biofilm-electrode interface, facilitating efficient and cleaner denitrification at relatively low current density and offering operational insights for BES-based groundwater nitrate remediation.}, }
@article {pmid42119745, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Z and Qiu, Q and Feng, Y and Yang, S and Yu, Y}, title = {Hierarchical in situ biomineralization-enhanced electroactive biofilm for high-efficiency antibiotic degradation.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134857}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134857}, pmid = {42119745}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The low efficiency of extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a major bottleneck in bioelectrochemical water treatment. Here, we introduce an alternative strategy based on in situ biomineralization of conductive nanoparticles within a three-dimensional electroactive biofilm, creating an integrated "living conductive material". This self-engineered system achieves > 90 % chemical oxygen demand removal and up to 96.5 % tetracycline removal (79-97 % during long‑term operation) with sterilized controls confirming ∼64 % biologically mediated-several-fold higher than non-mineralized controls. Biogenic greigite (Fe3S4) nanoparticles form an in situ conductive network ("conductive armor") on the electrode surface. This armor establishes a multi-modal electron-transfer network that both mimics and mplifies native pathways, hypothetically functioning as (i) a cytochrome‑like transmembrane conduit, (ii) a nanowire-like percolation network for long‑range conduction, and (iii) a solid-state redox shuttles for rapid electron hopping. Direct validation of these individual roles remains an important goal for future research. Through integrated multi‑omics, electrochemical, and microscopic analyses, we further demonstrate that the emergent conductive niche selects for a streamlined, metabolically specialized consortium, resulting in a co‑adapted bio‑hybrid system with markedly enhanced electroactivity. Synthesizing these insights, we propose a hierarchical "conductive monomer‑to‑armor" model that links nanoscale biomineralization at the cellular interface to biofilm‑scale conductivity and reactor‑scale pollutant removal. This framework not only explains the dramatic improvements in antibiotic removal, but also provides a broadly applicable design principle for next‑generation, self‑engineering bioelectrochemical systems.}, }
@article {pmid42119891, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, X and Zhang, R and Liao, J and Liu, H and Hu, Z and Shang, W and Wang, J and Li, M and Rao, X and Lu, S}, title = {Characterization and antibacterial efficacy of the broad-host-range phage P108 against biofilm-forming and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Virus research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {199745}, doi = {10.1016/j.virusres.2026.199745}, pmid = {42119891}, issn = {1872-7492}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a widely distributed opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a variety of serious infections, with its antibiotic resistance becoming increasingly prevalent. As natural bactericidal agents, bacteriophages (phages) have emerged as promising therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we isolated a lytic phage P108 capable of targeting methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Phage P108 features an icosahedral head with a diameter of approximately 84.7 nm and a contractile tail measuring about 221.5 nm in length. It has a latent period of 20 min and completes lysis within 60 min. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a linear dsDNA genome of 140,807 bp, encoding 226 putative proteins and 3 tRNAs. Four novel structural protein-coding genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that P108 represents a member of the Herelleviridae family, Kayvirus genus. P108 is capable of lysing 79.2% (95/120) of clinical isolates of S. aureus and demonstrates broad-spectrum lytic activity against MRSA (84.8%, 39/46). Furthermore, phage P108 exhibits high stability, potent in vitro bactericidal activity, and effective bacterial biofilm removal, outperforming vancomycin in overall efficacy. These findings highlight its potential for antibacterial applications and support its development as a novel therapeutic strategy against drug-resistant S. aureus infections.}, }
@article {pmid42105523, year = {2026}, author = {Li, ZH and Li, D and Sun, YQ and Zhu, KW and Kong, H and Ampomah-Wireko, M and Amengor, CDK and Zhang, E and Li, YY}, title = {A membrane-targeting BioAIE-active photosensitizer via berberine-tetraphenylethylene combination for photodynamic eradication of planktonic and biofilm Bacteria.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {178}, number = {}, pages = {109940}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.109940}, pmid = {42105523}, issn = {1090-2120}, abstract = {Although synthetic aggregation-induced emission photosensitizers (AIE-PSs) are widely used in biological applications, their structural complexity and non-renewability limit further development. Natural products offer structural diversity and renewability, yet their properties are difficult to tailor due to inherent structural constraints. Therefore, integrating the complementary advantages of synthetic and natural products represents a rational strategy. Based on a dual AIE combination strategy, we developed a novel membrane-targeting BioAIE-PS, TPE-BBR, by conjugating the AIE-active natural product berberine (BBR) with the classic AIE scaffold tetraphenylethylene (TPE). The unique molecular structure not only enables efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation but also drives selective binding and targeting to bacterial membranes via a cation effect. The synergy between this membrane-targeting mechanism and photodynamic action allows TPE-BBR to effectively eliminate both planktonic bacteria and biofilms, with a low risk of inducing drug resistance. Notably, the ROS generation efficiency and antibacterial performance of TPE-BBR are significantly superior to those of its two individual AIE components. Moreover, in a mouse model of infected wounds, TPE-BBR treatment markedly reduced bacterial load and accelerated wound healing. This study validates and extends the practical application of the dual AIE combination strategy for developing BioAIE-PSs, demonstrating the potential of membrane-targeting BioAIE-PSs in anti-infective therapy.}, }
@article {pmid42106416, year = {2026}, author = {Insero, G and Maldonado-Carmona, N and Panier, T and Romano, G and Henry, N}, title = {Experiences and theory reveal a decrease in antimicrobial blue light killing efficiency as biofilm grows in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-50696-8}, pmid = {42106416}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Grant Agreement n.863102//EU-H2020-FETOPEN/ ; }, abstract = {Recently, the use of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) has gained interest across various applications. However, a comprehensive framework that addresses the key factors driving bacterial photoinhibition remains lacking-particularly concerning biofilms, the predominant bacterial lifestyle. The goal of this work was to evaluate the potential of photokilling in this wide-spread microbial adherent community type, and to decipher the specific mechanisms at stake. To investigate aBL killing efficiency, we conducted experiments in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm model using a well-defined millifluidic device that allows real-time microscopy and quantitative analysis of a living biofilm under local irradiation at a defined light dose. In addition, we developed a theoretical model for light-biofilm interaction that accounts for the three-dimensional structure of the bacterial biofilm. To inform our model, we examined the light dose-response in isolated cells and found a profile indicative of a multi-target mechanism of lethality. By comparing the experimental and theoretical results, we identified a loss in killing efficiency as the biofilm grows, due in part to the increase in thickness of the living material inherent to this mode of development. Our findings also highlight a reduction in the intrinsic bacterial sensitivity to blue light as biofilm development progresses, which we attribute to the low oxygen levels typical of densely populated bacterial environments. These findings reveal new features of the photokilling mechanism and redefine the approach to designing effective antimicrobial photoinactivation strategies by integrating the key physical characteristics of bacterial biofilms. Awareness of the bacterial world's global importance is steadily growing in both science and society. Among the critical challenges, the continuing increase in multidrug resistance to antibiotics represents a major public health concern reinforcing the urgency of alternative antimicrobial therapies with photoinactivation as a promising approach. However, its full potential can only be achieved through a better understanding of the involved mechanisms in relevant environments. In this study, we combined experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate the photoinactivation of bacteria within a developing biofilm, the dominant bacterial lifestyle. Our comprehensive analysis sheds light on the mechanisms and limitations of photoinactivation in the fight against microbes, which is essential for designing novel antibacterial phototherapies.}, }
@article {pmid42107818, year = {2026}, author = {Xiao, Y and Pan, H and Zhang, M and Han, X and Guo, H and Qu, X and Shi, Y and Cao, S and Zhang, N and Zhao, X and Liu, B}, title = {The game changer of biofilm in microplastic pollution and potential environmental risks: Unveiling the pivotal roles on surface modification, metal adsorption, and biological uptake.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124709}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124709}, pmid = {42107818}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs), as pervasive environmental pollutants, can act as vectors for heavy metals (HMs); however, their surface properties and environmental risks are profoundly altered by biofilm colonization under realistic aquatic conditions. In this study, we systematically investigated the adsorption behaviors of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) on biofilm-developed MPs of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polylactic acid (PLA), and explored the potential environmental risks associated with the enhanced vector effect of biofilm-developed MPs on HMs in aquatic environments. After 35 days of biofilm cultivation, successful biofilm colonization was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystal violet staining, with an order of PP > PLA > PET. Biofilm formation significantly altered surface physiochemical properties of MPs as evidenced by increasing specific surface area and introducing oxygen/nitrogen-containing functional groups. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that biofilm-developed MPs exhibited significantly enhanced adsorption capacities for Cd/Cu, with Cd adsorption on PP increasing by up to 101.34% compared with virgin MPs. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm analysis revealed that biofilm-developed MPs conformed to the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model, and were jointly dominated by physical adsorption, chemical adsorption and biological adsorption. Importantly, zebrafish exposure experiments demonstrated that the biofilm-developed MPs increased intestinal Cd accumulation by 95.43%, suggesting that biofilm colonization amplified the vector role of MPs and enhanced their associated environmental health risks. This study demonstrates that biofilm colonization is a game changer transforming MPs into more reactive and hazardous composite pollutants, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating this biotic layer into environmental risk assessments of MP-HMs.}, }
@article {pmid42109406, year = {2026}, author = {Bansal, A and Gaikwad, A and Jadhav, A and Bhamare, R and Patil, R}, title = {Anti-biofilm efficacy of nano calcium hydroxide and chitosan nanoparticles againstE. faecalis.}, journal = {Bioinformation}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {1126-1130}, pmid = {42109406}, issn = {0973-2063}, abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis is among the microorganisms frequently isolated from root canal infections. The outcome of the endodontic treatment depends on the effective disinfection of the root canal system. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the potential of Nano Calcium Hydroxide and Chitosan Nanoparticles as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Hence, a total of twenty-eight single-rooted dental elements were included, where the incisal end of individual elements was infected with Enterococcus faecalis. The two medicaments used as intracanal dressing materials were Nano Calcium Hydroxide and Chitosan Nanoparticles. Enterococcus faecalis bacteria exposed to Nano Calcium Hydroxide was significantly higher as compared to those exposed to Chitosan Nanoparticles.}, }
@article {pmid42110234, year = {2026}, author = {Auer, DL and Pöppel, M and Pelz, K and Vach, K and Frese, C and von Ohle, C and Wolff, D and Wittmer, A and Cieplik, F and Al-Ahmad, A}, title = {Antibiotic resistance and biofilm forming capacity of supragingival bacteria in healthy and caries patients.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1800312}, pmid = {42110234}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {AIM: The oral cavity represents a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance, and supragingival biofilms contribute to reduced antibiotic susceptibility. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming capacity of bacterial isolates obtained from dentally healthy individuals and participants with active carious lesions.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 319 bacterial isolates from 40 participants were tested for susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics using disk diffusion and Etest methods, supplemented by &#x3b2;-lactamase testing. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining and categorized into three levels based on optical density. Statistical analyses accounted for clustering of isolates within individuals.<br><br>RESULTS: Resistant isolates were detected across all examined taxa. Significant group differences were observed for Veillonella parvula and Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum. V. parvula isolates from caries participants showed higher proportions of intermediate or resistant classifications to ampicillin and a different distribution of biofilm categories compared to isolates from healthy individuals. For L. saburreum, resistant isolates from the healthy group were more frequently associated with stronger biofilm formation. Across species, stronger biofilm formation was generally associated with higher resistance among obligate anaerobes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Specific bacterial taxa showed distinct differences in antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming capacity between caries and healthy participants. The findings indicate that supragingival biofilms from caries-active individuals may harbour altered resistance patterns, particularly among obligate anaerobic species. These isolate-level observations underscore the need to further investigate how caries-associated ecological shift in oral biofilms relate to antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid42112230, year = {2026}, author = {Yakobi, SH and Nwodo, UU}, title = {Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation by Quercetin Extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {568961}, pmid = {42112230}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa relies on quorum sensing (QS) to regulate virulence, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial tolerance, making QS inhibition (QSI) an attractive antivirulence strategy. Quercetin is a known QSI-active flavonoid, but its potential as a mushroom-derived therapeutic agent remains underexplored.<br><br>METHODS: Quercetin was extracted from P. ostreatus and evaluated alongside purified quercetin using GFP-based QS reporter assays (lasB-gfp and pqsA-gfp), biofilm assays, protease activity assays, and molecular docking against LasR, PqsR, and PqsE.<br><br>RESULTS: Both treatments significantly reduced lasB- and pqsA-driven GFP reporter activity at sub-inhibitory concentrations (10-100&#xa0;&#xb5;M) that did not affect bacterial growth or viability. Inhibition was dose-dependent and more pronounced for the PQS system, accompanied by substantial reductions in extracellular protease activity and strong suppression of biofilm formation and partial dispersal of established biofilms. Molecular docking revealed favourable binding of quercetin to the QS regulators LasR and PqsR, with high-affinity interaction in the PqsR co-inducer pocket, while binding to PqsE was weak and non-specific.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These mechanistic insights align with the observed preferential PQS inhibition. The P. ostreatus quercetin-extract closely matched the potency of pure quercetin across all assays, confirming effective extraction and stability. This positions mushroom-derived quercetin as a sustainable, natural QSI capable of attenuating key virulence pathways in P. aeruginosa. This work supports the development of quercetin-rich P. ostreatus extracts as promising adjunctive therapies for managing chronic, biofilm-associated infections..}, }
@article {pmid42102997, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Yu, T and Li, Z and Peng, J and Jiang, Y and Wang, Q and Xie, S}, title = {From high-to low-risk resistomes: Dynamic shifts in antibiotic resistance during biofilm development in a full-scale biological activated carbon fluidized bed.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {400}, number = {}, pages = {128291}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128291}, pmid = {42102997}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in drinking water bioreactor biofilms pose significant public health risks, yet existing studies focus on mature biological activated carbon (BAC) biofilms, overlooking the early colonization stage critical for ARG origin and dissemination. This gap hinders understanding of ARG dynamics and resistance mechanisms during drinking water BAC biofilm development. Using metagenomics, we first systematically investigated ARG risk dynamics in a full-scale biological activated carbon fluidized bed (BACFB)-a state-of-the-art drinking water technology-across operational days 7-187. Microbial communities and ARG profiles clustered distinctively into early (days 7-37) and late (days 82-187) stages. Upon biofilm stabilization, total ARG abundance significantly decreased (P < 0.05), with high-mobility/high-risk ARGs (sulfonamide-, florfenicol-, aminoglycoside-type) replaced by low-mobility types (rifamycin-, fosfomycin-type). These shifts were correlated with reduced abundance of Pseudomonadota (P < 0.05), increasing trends in the abundance of Bacillota and Actinomycetota (P < 0.1), and decreased abundance of mobile genetic elements, particularly plasmids (P < 0.01). Pathogenic ARGs shifted from aminoglycoside/tetracycline to rifamycin, with Bacillus thuringiensis/Streptococcus pneumoniae (rphB-carrying) as key late-stage risks. Rank I/II and emerging ARGs (mcr, tet(X)) also declined. Our findings uncover the dynamics of ARG risks during BAC biofilm development and highlight the underlying ecological drivers, providing a robust scientific basis for targeted risk mitigation in drinking water treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid42103054, year = {2026}, author = {Ando, T and Nomura, N and Obana, N}, title = {Identification of genes involved in extracellular DNA release during biofilm formation in Clostridium perfringens.}, journal = {Anaerobe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103052}, doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103052}, pmid = {42103054}, issn = {1095-8274}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Clostridium perfringens forms temperature-responsive pellicle biofilms at 25°C, characterized by a fibrous matrix composed of BsaA proteins. In addition to BsaA, extracellular DNA (eDNA) contributes to biofilm structural integrity. However, the mechanism underlying its release remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the genetic determinants of eDNA release during pellicle biofilm maturation.<br><br>METHODS: We visualized the release of nucleic acids during C. perfringens proliferation using anaerobic live-cell imaging and quantified dead-cell frequency and eDNA levels. We analyzed biofilm matrix-associated RNA by RNA-seq. We deleted candidate genes to assess their roles in biofilm formation and eDNA release. Promoter activity was evaluated using fluorescence reporter assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Live-cell imaging demonstrated that, during growth, a subpopulation released nucleic acids via cell lysis. Dead-cell frequency and eDNA levels increased as a function of pellicle biofilm maturation, suggesting that eDNA released from dead cells contributed to biofilm integrity. We found that biofilm matrix-associated extracellular nucleic acids contained RNA, which likely reflects the transcriptome of lysed cells. RNA-seq revealed transcripts enriched in the matrix fraction, thereby identifying several genes required for pellicle biofilm maturation. Among them, deletion of cpe2430 markedly reduced eDNA levels and impaired biofilm structural stability. Promoter-reporter analysis showed bimodal expression of cpe2430, with high expression limited to &#x223c;3 of the population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We identified genetic factors governing eDNA release and biofilm maturation in C. perfringens. Our findings suggest a model in which regulated lysis of a subpopulation drives eDNA release, thereby reinforcing biofilm architecture.}, }
@article {pmid42103218, year = {2026}, author = {Subramanian, AS and Le Mauff, F and Kitova, EN and Pfoh, R and Panjalingam, M and Wu, DY and Gilbert, S and Morrison, ZA and Jacobsen-Pérez, CA and Razvi, E and Nitz, M and Codée, J and Klassen, JS and Sheppard, DC and Howell, PL}, title = {Bacillus cereus PelADA is a polysaccharide de-N-acetylase required for Pel-dependent biofilm formation.}, journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {113122}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbc.2026.113122}, pmid = {42103218}, issn = {1083-351X}, abstract = {Exopolysaccharides are key matrix determinants that provide structural integrity and regulate biomechanical properties of microbial biofilms. Biofilm exopolysaccharides often undergo modifications that determine their functional properties and localization. In B. cereus ATCC 10987, PelADA expressed from the pelDEADAFG operon is a putative deacetylase required for Pel-dependent biofilm formation. To understand the molecular basis of Pel deacetylation in B. cereus ATCC 10987, we determined the crystal structure of PelADA to 2.51 Å. PelADA adopts a distinct three-domain arrangement. We demonstrate in vitro that PelADA deacetylates α-1,4-linked GalNAc substrates in a length-dependent manner and that the N-terminal domain functions as a carbohydrate binding module (CBM) capable of binding both GalNAc and partially deacetylated oligosaccharides. We found that the CBM domain together with the carbohydrate esterase (CE) domain forms an elongated carbohydrate binding cleft and that each domain is the founding member of two new CAZy families, CBMxx and CExx, respectively. Further, in vivo mutagenesis demonstrated that the catalytic activity of PelADA is required for Pel biosynthesis in B. cereus ATCC 10987. Employing AlphaFold, we propose a model wherein the N-terminal transmembrane helix of PelADA interacts with PelG. This interaction positions the protein to accept the polymer for deacetylation as it emerges from the cytoplasmic membrane. The work presented herein offers insight into the role of PelADA in Pel biosynthesis and modification in B. cereus ATCC 10987.}, }
@article {pmid42104968, year = {2026}, author = {Obeidat, RS and Darmani, H}, title = {Juglone suppresses morphogenesis and early biofilm formation in Candida albicans through disruption of oxidative homeostasis.}, journal = {Medical mycology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/mmy/myag045}, pmid = {42104968}, issn = {1460-2709}, abstract = {Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen causing superficial to life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Its pathogenicity is largely driven by biofilm formation and phenotypic switching, especially the yeast-to-hypha (germ tube) transition, which plays a crucial role in antifungal tolerance and clinical progression. Despite growing interest in natural antifungals, the role of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a natural naphthoquinone derived from Juglans species) in germ tube formation and redox-dependent virulence remains underexplored. This study evaluated juglone's antifungal and anti-virulence effects and whether these involve disruption of oxidative homeostasis. Antifungal activity and virulence-related effects were assessed using MIC/MFC determination, well diffusion, germ tube and biofilm assays, and oxidative stress measurements. Juglone exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of C. albicans growth (MIC 15.63 µg/mL, MFC = MIC) and an additive interaction with amphotericin B (MIC 0.39 µg/mL; FICI = 0.5625). Inhibition zones increased in combination, supporting an additive effect. Although effects on mature biofilms, phospholipase, and hemolysin activities were limited, juglone markedly inhibited key virulence factors, reducing germ tube formation to 9% (60% for amphotericin B; 93% control), and suppressing early biofilm formation and extracellular polymeric substance production. Juglone caused only a slight reduction in lactate dehydrogenase release, suggesting membranes remained largely intact, but significantly modulated stress responses by decreasing superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity, while malondialdehyde levels remained unchanged, consistent with a redox-based antifungal mechanism. Overall, juglone shows potent antifungal and anti-virulence effects against C. albicans, likely in part by modulating oxidative balance and weakening virulence mechanisms, while enhancing conventional antifungal treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42105059, year = {2026}, author = {Nanda, U and Biswas, N and Chowdhury, B and Roy, K and Banik, GC and Deb, S and Chaudhuri, D and Karmakar, K}, title = {Seeds treated with biofilm-forming microbes retain moisture during cold-dry winter, reducing temperature fluctuations in rhizosphere.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42105059}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {RRSTZ/Rabi/25-26/01//Regional Research Station, Terai zone/ ; }, mesh = {*Rhizosphere ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Seeds/microbiology/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Seasons ; Cold Temperature ; Soil Microbiology ; Water/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Temperature ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Diurnal temperature fluctuations are common in soil during the dry winter season in the Eastern sub-Himalayan Terai region (Cwa climatic zone, according to Köppen's classification). The difference between the evening and morning temperatures of 5-6 °C results in 70-75% vigor loss due to electrolyte leakage from the seeds, thereby extending the nursery period. Therefore, it is essential to minimize soil thermal fluctuations to retain seed vigor. In this study, we utilised biofilm-forming bacterial species like Phytobacter, Priestia, and Bacillus as bioinoculants and aimed to elucidate how they buffer soil temperature fluctuations. Since the highest fluctuations in soil temperatures occur in the cold, dry winter season, it was hypothesised that using biofilm-forming microbes as seed coatings could prevent desiccation-induced water loss from seeds. We performed in vitro (changing the daily temperature) and in situ experiments (using a Randomized Block Design) to analyze the seed vigor. In vitro assessment of tomato seeds indicates the role of both duration and intensity of cold stress in seed vigor reduction. This loss was recovered with bacterial inoculation (30-100% depending upon the intensity and duration of stress). Vigor recovery was also demonstrated in fields where seeds treated with bacteria displayed better emergence (70-95%). Interestingly, the difference between morning and evening soil temperatures reduced upon bioinoculant treatment (0.8 ± 0.2 °C) as compared to control (2.7 ± 0.9 °C) in the rhizosphere developed from seeds treated with biofilm-forming bacteria, demonstrating thermal buffering of rhizospheric soil. Since biofilm have hygroscopic properties, a relatively higher residual moisture was recorded from soils in fields raised from the bio-inoculant-treated seeds. Water, owing to its high specific heat (4.186 J g[- 1] °C[- 1]), can buffer temperature fluctuations. This is the first report showing the mechanism of microbe-mediated thermal buffering of rhizosphere. Since these microbes can improve moisture retention during cold, dry winter months, they can be used in areas with comparable climates.}, }
@article {pmid42096155, year = {2026}, author = {Altaf Figueiredo, C and Dupuy, B}, title = {In Vitro Measurement of Clostridioides difficile Biofilm Formation Induced by Gut and Microbiota-Derived Signals.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {3046}, number = {}, pages = {147-157}, pmid = {42096155}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Clostridioides difficile/physiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Studying biofilm formation in liquid cultures is a rapid and straightforward method for identifying relevant experimental and bacterial factors before conducting tests in more complex gut models. Recent studies showed that several recurrent pathogenic bacteria form biofilms in response to host and microbiota-derived signals. Clostridioides difficile biofilms present as heterogeneous structures are highly dependent on strain, environmental signals, and surrounding microbes. Here, we describe protocols for studying induced C. difficile biofilm formation in the function of gut-derived factors.}, }
@article {pmid42096541, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Lu, S and Ahmadipouya, S and Temple, L and McCutcheon, J and Li, B}, title = {An Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction-Backed Nourished Biofilm System for In-Situ Precision Control of Carbon Supply in Wastewater.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c18526}, pmid = {42096541}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Biofilm-based wastewater treatment is constrained by limited internal mass transfer, restricting O2 and substrate penetration, promoting CO2 accumulation, inducing nutrient-starving inner-layer metabolic inactivity, and compromising biofilm integrity. Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) partially enable CO2 conversion but remain incompatible with real wastewater and fail to reactivate inner-layer biofilms. Here, we present a CO2-Reduction-Backed Nourished Biofilm (CBNB) system with a polyamide membrane-electrode-biofilm sandwich architecture that couples selective membrane-guided gas transport with Sn-catalyzed in situ CO2 reduction. The system enriches CO2 at the electrode interface to ∼2.3× bulk wastewater, enhances CO2 selectivity over O2, and delivers controlled carbon supplementation that restores inner-layer metabolic activity without inducing outer-layer overgrowth. A mechanistic insight is derived from the carbon mass distribution and biofilm kinetics models. Simulations show that ∼40% of electrochemically generated HCOOH is retained within inner layers, achieving 99.5% theoretical carbon recovery and increasing the inner-layer metabolic activity by over 100%. Techno-economic analysis indicates a 2.4-fold increase in COD removal per kWh relative to conventional biofilms and MES. By integrating in situ CO2 utilization within biofilm interiors, this system overcomes mass-transfer limitations, sustains high metabolic activity, preserves structural stability, avoids unnecessary biomass accumulation, and provides a scalable framework for energy-efficient, carbon-recovering wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42097057, year = {2026}, author = {Braga, ML and de Carvalho, L and Nogueira, MH and Dos Santos, ARP and Furlaneto, MC and Maia, LF}, title = {Ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsions from Foeniculum vulgare: antimicrobial activity, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {457}, number = {}, pages = {111829}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111829}, pmid = {42097057}, issn = {1879-3460}, abstract = {This study investigated ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsions of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (FEO-NEs) and their antimicrobial and anti-virulence activity against two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, with validation in a food model. Ultrasonication reduced droplet size from 1332.43 nm to 231.37 and 219.48 nm after 5 and 10 min, respectively, generating homogeneous nanoemulsions with low polydispersity (PDI 0.29) and zeta potential values from -25.51 to -33.58 mV. Nanoemulsification enhanced antibacterial efficacy, reducing the MIC of free oil (50 mg/mL) to strain-dependent values of 1.56 and 12.5 mg/mL. Time-kill assays showed concentration-dependent reductions of up to 4 log CFU/mL within 8 h at 2× MIC, consistent with membrane damage and leakage of intracellular constituents. FEO-NEs significantly reduced swimming motility, decreased preformed biofilm biomass by up to 99.83%, and lowered pyocyanin production from 9.59 to 10.41 to 5.72-6.85 μg/mL, indicating attenuation of virulence-associated phenotypes. Antimicrobial activity was maintained up to 100 °C during thermal treatment. In carrots stored at 4 °C, FEO-NEs reduced P. aeruginosa populations from approximately 5.5-6.8 to 1.0-1.7 log CFU over 15 days. These findings demonstrate that nanoemulsification improved both antimicrobial efficacy and virulence attenuation of fennel essential oil, supporting its potential for controlling Pseudomonas in minimally processed foods.}, }
@article {pmid42098987, year = {2026}, author = {Quan, K and Lu, Y and Liu, P and Xu, J and Zhang, Z and Ghiladi, RA}, title = {NIR-Responsive Micropumps Enhance Antibiotic Treatment via Biofilm Destruction.}, journal = {Small methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02339}, doi = {10.1002/smtd.202502339}, pmid = {42098987}, issn = {2366-9608}, support = {52201293//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20KJA150008//Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; }, abstract = {A novel strategy for eradicating biofilms by enhancing antibiotic penetration is presented through the development of a photo-responsive, micropump-engineered surface. This surface features black titanium oxide (B-TiO2) colloidal particles immobilized on a titanium substrate, a material commonly used in biomedical implants. When exposed to near-infrared (NIR) light, the engineered surface induces localized thermal convection flows within the biofilm and simultaneously generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). These physical and chemical effects act synergistically to disrupt the biofilm architecture. Remarkably, only 20 min of NIR irradiation leads to a significant reduction in the biomass of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on the micropump surface. This effect is mediated by two complementary mechanisms: thermal convection-driven water flow and ROS-induced degradation of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which forms the structural scaffold of the biofilm. As a result, the antibacterial activity of gentamicin is enhanced by approximately five-fold in vitro and ten-fold in vivo in a rat subcutaneous infection model. Furthermore, the B-TiO2 micropump exhibits excellent biocompatibility, showing no adverse effects in either in vitro or in vivo assessments. This innovative photo-responsive approach provides a promising solution for addressing biofilm-related infections on medical device surfaces by effectively disrupting biofilms and markedly improving antibiotic efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid42100887, year = {2026}, author = {Nag, P and Kim, H and Yoon, I and Adu, E and Ong, R and Park, R and Lee, A and Jalali, M and Almutairi, FT and Blatz, MB and Yun, K and Choi, SH and Kim, A and Hwang, G}, title = {Hydroxyapatite-Based 3D Tooth Models for Investigating Spatially Resolved Analysis of Biofilm Formation Dynamics.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c02424}, pmid = {42100887}, issn = {2576-6422}, abstract = {Experimental oral biofilms have traditionally been cultured on various substrates. Among them, hydroxyapatite (HA), in the form of discs or beads, has been widely used due to its chemical relevance to natural dental tissues. However, these conventional HA substrates fail to replicate the intricate topography of natural teeth, features that significantly influence microbial adhesion and biofilm development. To address this limitation, we developed morphologically accurate HA-based tooth models, including both intact and restored variants. Premolar and molar tooth models were fabricated from patient-derived computed tomography scans using HA powder via cold isostatic pressing and sintering. Restorations (inlays and onlays) were incorporated using permanent dental resin, which was mounted with clinical-grade dental cement. The resulting tooth models were free of visible cracks or macroscopic defects and demonstrated mechanical stability comparable to that of natural human teeth. Results from biofilm experiments using Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans revealed significantly higher biofilm accumulation on the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular tooth models. In contrast, maxillary tooth models exhibited greater colonization on lateral surfaces. Restored tooth models showed increased biofilm formation on and around inlay and onlay materials. These morphologically accurate tooth models enable spatially resolved analysis of oral biofilms. This approach may enhance our understanding of microbial colonization and biofilm formation mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid42101705, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, Q and Xie, X and Tang, H and Wang, Y and Wu, Y and Zhang, R and Gao, Q and Guo, Z and Ye, S and Zhou, H and Zhou, W}, title = {Inhibitory effects of esculetin as a quorum sensing inhibitor on biofilm formation and virulence factors in Vibrio anguillarum.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42101705}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {S202510158020//2025 China Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program/ ; 2506-360000-04-04-511042//Special Fund for DigitalEconomy on Budgetary Infrastructure Investment of Jiangxi Province/ ; 2025-MSLH-134//Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Joint Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio/drug effects/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Umbelliferones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Virulence/drug effects ; Vibrio Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Vibrio anguillarum (V. anguillarum) causes vibriosis in aquaculture, with pathogenicity regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Inhibiting QS is a promising anti-virulence strategy. Plant-derived compounds are attractive due to their safety and low resistance potential. Here, we screened 33 natural compounds and found that esculetin, a coumarin, inhibited V. anguillarum with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 mg/L. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, esculetin effectively reduced biofilm formation and its key component extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by 45.84% and 27.23%, respectively. Additionally, esculetin reduced bacterial swarming and swimming motility diameters by 6.67% and 25.76%, respectively, while partially suppressing extracellular protease and hemolytic activities. RT-qPCR (quantitative real-time PCR) analyses revealed that esculetin downregulated genes associated with the QS system (vanR, rpoN, vanT, and vanO) and virulence phenotypes (ompU, flaB, and hlyU). Molecular docking and dynamics simulations indicated that esculetin interacts with VanR and VanT proteins, with a stronger binding stability observed for VanT. In conclusion, esculetin acts as an effective QS inhibitor and shows potential as a novel candidate drug for controlling V. anguillarum infections, offering a new approach for the prevention and treatment of aquatic vibriosis.}, }
@article {pmid42101876, year = {2026}, author = {Kulshrestha, A and Gupta, P and Sahu, S and Komre, P and Gupta, SK and Tiwari, A}, title = {Homovanillic acid inhibits Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus polymicrobial biofilm: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag111}, pmid = {42101876}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus polymicrobial biofilms cause chronic wound infections and tolerate standard antimicrobials poorly. Their endurance is driven by fungal hyphal morphogenesis, interkingdom co-aggregation, and virulence proteins, including SAP5, which create a strong polymicrobial biofilm. Homovanillic acid, a plant-derived phenolic molecule, was tested for its antibiofilm effects on hyphal growth, bacterial-fungal interactions, and SAP5-associated pathogenicity.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Integrated in vitro, real-time dynamic, and in vivo methods were used to assess antibiofilm activity. Microtiter plate experiments evaluated the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), whereas a real-time Biofilm Infection Simulator System examined biofilm formation under flow circumstances. SAP5 proteinase activity was measured spectrophotometrically, and microbiological and histological investigations confirmed in vivo efficacy in a catheter-associated rat wound model. HVA significantly inhibited polymicrobial biofilm initiation at sub-inhibitory concentrations, with an MBIC of 128&#xa0;&#xb5;g mL-1 corresponding to an 82.18% reduction in biofilm formation. Real-time analysis confirmed substantial suppression of biofilm development. Inhibition of C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis impaired S. aureus adhesion and destabilized biofilm architecture, while SAP5 activity was reduced by 53.37%. In vivo treatment promoted effective wound healing, marked by reduced inflammation, near-complete epithelial regeneration, and organized collagen deposition by day 14.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: HVA demonstrates potent multitarget antibiofilm activity and represents a promising plant-derived therapeutic candidate for managing polymicrobial biofilm-associated wound infections.}, }
@article {pmid42102436, year = {2026}, author = {Kozak, ER and Ramírez-Arreola, DE and González-Evaristo, AM and Ambriz-Arreola, I}, title = {Species-specific microplastic ingestion responses to biofilm in Eastern Tropical Pacific zooplankton.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {119843}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119843}, pmid = {42102436}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Microplastics are pervasive in pelagic environments and overlap in size with zooplankton prey, resulting in widespread ingestion. Responses may vary among species due to feeding traits. We tested ingestion responses to surface conditioning (clean vs biofilm-covered) of fluorescent polyethylene microspheres (38-45 μm; 10 Ms mL[-1]) under natural food conditions during short-term exposure (2 h) in three tropical zooplankton: Subeucalanus crassus, Centropages furcatus, and Euphausia distinguenda. We hypothesized species-specific responses, with copepods favoring biofilm-covered particles and the euphausiid showing no preference. In S. crassus, ingestion occurred in 50% of individuals with biofilm and 0% with clean particles (p = 0.063). In C. furcatus, ingestion occurred in 67% with clean and 0% with biofilm (p = 0.019). In E. distinguenda, ingestion was similar across treatments (p = 0.588). These results suggest species-specific differences in early-stage ingestion responses to particle surface condition, including responses that deviate from expected trait-based predictions.}, }
@article {pmid42089837, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Han, RB and Ding, X and Xiao, L and Luo, YW and Huang, XH and Hu, YJ}, title = {NIR-Enhanced Catalytic High Entropy Alloy Nanozyme Hydrogel for Synergistic Biofilm Elimination and Wound Regeneration.}, journal = {Biomacromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.biomac.6c00417}, pmid = {42089837}, issn = {1526-4602}, abstract = {Drug-resistant bacterial biofilm infections severely impede wound healing. Here, we report a nanozyme-integrated hydrogel (HEA@OAH) that combines high-entropy alloy nanozymes with an injectable self-healing hydrogel cross-linked by dynamic Schiff base bonds for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm-infected wounds. Under NIR irradiation, HEA@OAH exerts photothermal therapy to disrupt biofilms and photothermally enhances dual enzyme-mimicking activities: peroxidase-like activity generates bactericidal ·OH from H2O2, while glutathione peroxidase-like activity scavenges excess H2O2, to protect tissue. Theoretical calculations reveal the synergistic effects of multimetallic sites. In vitro, the reduction rate of the MRSA biofilm reached 84.5%. In vivo, it effectively eliminates biofilms, alleviates inflammation, and promotes near-scarless wound healing. This study provides a synergistic therapeutic strategy for next-generation intelligent wound dressings.}, }
@article {pmid42090848, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Li, R and Bian, K and Zhou, Q and Pan, Y and Shi, P and Li, A}, title = {From suppression to selection: Chlorination drives biofilm adaptation and resistance in raw water distribution systems.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {126037}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.126037}, pmid = {42090848}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Pre-chlorination is widely applied to mitigate microbial risks in raw water distribution systems (RWDS). However, the impacts of chlorination on biofilm development and associated microbial risks under long-term and low-dose chlorine exposure remain poorly understood. In this study, a biofilm annular reactor with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel (SS) coupons was used to simulate RWDS, and to evaluate biofilm behavior and microbial risks in response to chlorination. We found that long-term chlorination increased extracellular polymeric substances production and led to a three-phase biofilm development. This included an early buffering phase mainly caused by cell inactivation, a middle reaction phase marked by EPS increase, and a late shedding phase linked to biofilm instability and release. Chlorination also changed the biofilm microbial community, and dominant genera shifted from common freshwater-associated taxa like Sphingomonas to more chlorine-tolerant taxa like Pseudomonas on both materials. 71 and 64 antibiotic resistance genes were detected on PVC and SS coupons, respectively. Most of them were increased on both materials after chlorination, but higher potential resistance shown on SS. In addition, 18 ARGs showed significant positive correlations with one another, and 5 pathogens showed significant associations with specific ARGs. This suggests chlorination can favor the persistence of certain ARGs, which may pose potential risks by contributing to the persistence of resistant microorganisms and genes in downstream systems. These results demonstrate that pre-chlorination can increase microbial and genetic risks in RWDS, underscoring the need to evaluate chlorination strategies and pipe materials for securing drinking water safety.}, }
@article {pmid42091989, year = {2026}, author = {Alasmri, A and Ali, NMM and Ahmad, A and Nadeem, MF}, title = {A general model for determination of molecular structures of anti-biofilm compounds through metric-based resolvability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-51717-2}, pmid = {42091989}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {JU-20250276-DGSSR- ORA-2025//Jazan University/ ; }, abstract = {Based on distance measures descriptors can indeed provide useful information about structural aspects of a molecule by providing a unique identification of atoms for a particular molecular graph. A set of vertices that allows the atoms of a graph to be uniquely identified based on their distances to the set is called a resolving set, whereas the smallest such set is called the metric dimension of the graph. In this research work, we discuss the metric dimension of the molecular graph of some of the most influential anti-biofilm agents such as chlorhexidine, colistin, berberine, usnic acid, ellagic acid, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate. The obtained results show that metric dimension distinguishes these compounds according to their topological complexity, degree of branching, and structural repetition, and therefore provides a useful distance-based descriptor for molecular characterization and graph-based identification of anti-biofilm agents.}, }
@article {pmid42092766, year = {2026}, author = {Yin, W and Lu, J and Pan, Z and Jiao, X and Gu, D}, title = {The TPR family protein VPA1365 regulates biofilm matrix to promote biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05045-0}, pmid = {42092766}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {KYCX24_3831//the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 32070127//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a notorious foodborne opportunistic pathogen capable of sensing external environmental signals to regulate its survival and virulence. In recent years, this pathogen has been increasingly detected in freshwater foods, indicating a distribution shift from its original marine reservoirs. Biofilm formation plays a crucial role in its adaptation ability from high-salt to low-salt environments. Here, we showed that VPA1365, a TPR family regulator, significantly promotes biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus. The Δvpa1365 mutant exhibited impaired biofilm formation under either low-salt (0.1 M NaCl) or high-salt (0.5 M NaCl) condition compared to that of the wild-type (WT) strain. The deletion of vpa1365 did not alter the flagella-mediated motility, however, it significantly reduced the metabolic activity of biofilm cells and production of key biofilm matrix components (exopolysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and extracellular proteins). Besides, the Δvpa1365 mutant exhibited lower expression levels of biofilm-related genes than that of the WT strain. All observed phenotypes were largely restored to WT levels in the complemented strain Δvpa1365-vpa1365. Therefore, our findings identify VPA1365 as a key regulator that enhances bacterial fitness via the positive regulation of biofilm formation. These insights deeply advance our comprehension of its environmental survival mechanisms and lay the groundwork for interventions to inhibit biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus.}, }
@article {pmid42093137, year = {2026}, author = {Pamukçu, A and Karakaplan, MB and Erdoğan, N and Altıntop, EH and Karaman, DS}, title = {Enhanced Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptide via Dual-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles Achieves Efficient Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Eradication.}, journal = {Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, pages = {e70086}, doi = {10.1002/jbm.b.70086}, pmid = {42093137}, issn = {1552-4981}, support = {319S024//T&#xfc;rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara&#x15f;t&#x131;rma Kurumu/ ; 2211-A BIDEB//T&#xfc;rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara&#x15f;t&#x131;rma Kurumu/ ; T&#xdc;BA-GEB&#x130;P 2023//T&#xfc;rkiye Bilimler Akademisi/ ; //Council of Higher Education for 100/2000 Doctoral Scholarship/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Silicon Dioxide/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) present potential alternatives; nevertheless, their effectiveness is frequently impeded by inadequate biofilm penetration and breakdown inside the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. This study involved the design and assessment of surface-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to improve the penetration and biofilm eradication efficacy of the synthetic antimicrobial and anti-biofilm peptide-276 (SAAP-276) against established Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms. Fluorescently labeled MSN were altered with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene imine (PPI) to examine their penetration profiles. Confocal Raman spectroscopy investigations demonstrated that PPI-modified MSNs displayed enhanced biofilm penetration relative to PEG-modified variants, despite possessing reduced entrapment effectiveness as for PEG-PPI dual polymer conjugation. The conjugation of SAAP-276 significantly improved biofilm eradication, with TMSN-PPI-PEG-SAAP exhibiting the most efficiency due to its optimum antimicrobial peptide loading and uniform distribution throughout the biofilm matrix. Time-dependent research demonstrated that extended exposure markedly diminished biofilm viability. Our findings underscore the pivotal importance of nanoparticle surface chemistry in biofilm interactions and indicate that MSN-based AMP delivery systems can enhance biofilm eradication by enabling even and deeper penetration. These findings offer significant insights for the advancement of nanoparticle-assisted antimicrobial peptide treatments targeting persistent biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid42093172, year = {2026}, author = {Zengin, GE and Dadkhah, R and Soylu, D and Pala-Ozkok, I and Güven, D and Ozyildiz, G and Uçan, B and Insel, G and Cokgor, E}, title = {Response of microbial interactions in hybrid biofilm system with low organic loading to micropollutant removal.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2026.2664002}, pmid = {42093172}, issn = {1479-487X}, abstract = {Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are the most frequently observed micropollutants in the effluents of conventional wastewater treatment plants and hybrid technologies could be an alternative to conventional systems. However, the effect on micropollutants' removal has not been well studied. In this study, the impact of hybrid systems on micropollutant removal, as well as the determination of the dominant microbial communities, were investigated. For this purpose, laboratory-scale control hybrid and micropollutant-amended (1 μg/L of diclofenac, ketoprofen, indomethacin, and mefenamic acid, 10 μg/L of ibuprofen, and naproxen) hybrid reactors were operated at organic loading rate of 0.3 kg COD/m[3].day and ammonium concentration of 60 mg/L N with a sludge retention time of 10 days and hydraulic retention time of 24 hrs. Effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was below 30 mg/L in the control and micropollutant hybrid reactors. Significant removal efficiencies for ibuprofen (99.7%), indomethacin (99.0%), naproxen (97.6%), mefenamic acid (97%), and ketoprofen (91.4) were achieved. Results revealed that NSAIDs did not have a chronic inhibitory effect on the biodegradation of organic matter and nitrification process. Higher biodiversity observed in attached biomass of micropollutant hybrid reactor might contribute to enhance system stability and performance. Dominant genera detected in hybrid micropollutant reactor were Chitinophagaceae (10.1%), Ferruginibacter (7.8%), and Comamonas (6.8%) for suspended biomass, and Fimbriimonadaceae (8.7%), Parafilimonas (6.5%), and Rickettsia (5.6%) for attached biomass, which might contribute to the removal of NSAIDs. Moreover, the genera Chitinophagaceae and Comamonas which are reported as heterotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, might contribute to nitrification in hybrid biofilm reactors.}, }
@article {pmid42093312, year = {2026}, author = {Nurmohamed, FRHA and Allen, KJH and Malo, ME and Frank, C and Nesbitt, C and van Duyvenbode, JFFH and Buijs, M and van der Wildt, B and Poot, AJ and Lam, MGEH and van Strijp, JAG and van der Merwe, JM and Charles Vogely, H and Weinans, H and van der Wal, BCH and Dadachova, E}, title = {The Effects of Radioimmunotherapy and Antibiotics on Biofilm-Associated Implant Infections in a Preclinical Rat Model.}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {e70216}, doi = {10.1002/jor.70216}, pmid = {42093312}, issn = {1554-527X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/therapy/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Vancomycin/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Radioimmunotherapy/methods ; Rats ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Rats, Wistar ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {Indwelling medical implants are susceptible to developing biofilm-associated infections that are notoriously difficult to eradicate. These persistent infections often cannot be resolved with antibiotics alone and typically require surgical intervention for effective management. An alternative approach is radioimmunotherapy (RIT) which uses specific antibodies linked to radioisotopes to selectively destroy bacteria. This antimicrobial approach bypasses traditional antibiotic mechanisms, and RIT is hypothesized to enhance outcomes beyond antibiotic therapy alone. RIT bactericidal effects were studied in Wistar Han rats fitted with femoral rod implants covered by matured 3-day biofilms. The rats (six per group) were treated with either: RIT with [177]Lu-labeled 4497 antibody to S. aureus teichoic wall acid (WTA) (116.6 MBq/kg), or vancomycin (88 mg/kg), or combination of RIT (116.8 MBq/kg) and vancomycin, or left untreated. To evaluate efficacy, bacterial counts were taken from the joint capsule, bone, and implant after 7 days. Uptake and biodistribution were assessed via non-invasive in vivo SPECT/CT imaging and ex vivo gamma counting. Single administration of RIT achieved a 2.7-log (99.78%) reduction of bacterial burden in the infected joint capsule, had no effect on the infected femur, and resulted in 72.5% reduction of bacterial burden on the infected implant when compared to untreated controls. RIT reduced bacterial burden and inflammation in experimental PJI with no side effects. These findings underscore the potential of RIT in the treatment of infected indwelling devices and warrant further study.}, }
@article {pmid42093747, year = {2026}, author = {Dihmane, A and Aniba, R and Raqraq, H and Ressmi, A and Nayme, K and Timinouni, M and Barguigua, A}, title = {Surface Contamination by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Healthcare Facility: Resistance Determinants and Biofilm-Associated Adhesion.}, journal = {International journal of microbiology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {5734443}, pmid = {42093747}, issn = {1687-918X}, abstract = {Hospital surfaces represent a major reservoir of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB), which contributes to healthcare-associated infections. This study characterized the occurrence, resistance determinants, and biofilm-forming behavior of MDR-GNB isolated from hospital surfaces in a Moroccan regional hospital. Samples were collected from multiple departments and subjected to phenotypic and molecular analysis to characterize antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes, and adhesion properties. Among the 154 sampled surfaces, 62% were contaminated with Gram-negative bacilli, predominantly Acinetobacter baumannii (39%), Escherichia coli (21%), and Enterobacter cloacae (11%). Based on molecular analyses, the key resistance genes were bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48, bla VIM-1, and qacΔE1, and 73% of the isolates were multidrug resistant (a multiple antibiotic resistance index ≥ 0.6). The majority of the isolates (72.7%) were weak biofilm producers. The isolates adhered more strongly to hydrophobic materials (polyvinyl chloride and latex) than to hydrophilic glass (p < 0.001). Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering linked antimicrobial resistance, biocide tolerance, and surface colonization. The co-occurrence of antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistance genes in MDR-GNB underlies their ability to persist in clinical environments. These findings support risk-based surface hygiene strategies that incorporate molecular surveillance, the selection of proper materials, and targeted disinfection protocols.}, }
@article {pmid42094685, year = {2026}, author = {Kårhus, ML and Nielsen, DS and Knop, FK and Ellegaard, AM}, title = {Letter to the Editor Regarding "Ruminococcus gnavus and Biofilm Markers in Feces From Primary Bile Acid Diarrhea Patients Indicate New Disease Mechanisms and Potential for Diagnostic Testing".}, journal = {Gastro hep advances}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {100944}, pmid = {42094685}, issn = {2772-5723}, }
@article {pmid42095471, year = {2026}, author = {Balkrishna, A and Bhatti, S and Ngpoore, NK and Jangid, H and Varshney, Y and Singh, R and Nain, P and Dev, R and Lochab, S and Varshney, A}, title = {Disruption in Quorum-Sensing Circuits and Biofilm Matrix in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Super-Critical CO2 Extracted Oleoresins From Rauvolfia serpentina Seeds Rescue Caenorhabditis elegans Model of Infection.}, journal = {FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {e71885}, doi = {10.1096/fj.202600762R}, pmid = {42095471}, issn = {1530-6860}, mesh = {Animals ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Caenorhabditis elegans/microbiology/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; Seeds/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {Rauvolfia serpentina roots are a therapeutic mainstay in traditional medicines and across time have been seamlessly integrated into the modern medical framework. Its seeds, however, are largely untapped. This study uniquely promotes bioresource valorization and sustainability by unveiling the therapeutic potential of R. serpentina seeds. With quorum sensing-driven remarkable survival strategies, drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a WHO-listed critical priority pathogen. Quorum sensing inhibitors have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional bactericidal antibiotics. Fatty acids (FAs) are also known to interfere with quorum sensing-mediated bacterial pathogenicity rather than exerting selective pressure. In the similar context, here we show the anti-pseudomonal and anti-quorum sensing potential of supercritical-fluid-(CO2)-extract/oleoresins of R. serpentina seeds (RsSO). GC-MS/MS analysis identified long-chain FAs in RsSO. In Caenorhabditis elegans-P. aeruginosa infection model, RsSO demonstrated notable anti-infective property by rescuing host's survival, life span, progeny, behavior patterns and decreasing infection load. RsSO reduced growth and viability of P. aeruginosa and significantly attenuated key virulence factors, including alginate, pyocyanin, siderophores, rhamnolipids and proteases. RsSO interfered in quorum sensing and biofilm formation by downregulating the expression of lasA, rhlR, pelA and algD genes. Quorum sensing inhibition was further validated using the bioindicator microbial strain, Chromobacterium violaceum. Overall, the study highlights the therapeutic potentials of R. serpentina seeds, that are traditionally reserved for germplasm maintenance, for targeting pseudomonal virulence and pathogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid42083229, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zhang, N and Xu, W and Li, X and Zhang, M and Luo, X and Ni, B and Huang, F and Lu, R and Zhang, Y and Han, X}, title = {Sodium cyclamate enhances Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm formation on seafood-contact surfaces.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {119195}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119195}, pmid = {42083229}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/drug effects/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Animals ; Food Microbiology ; Virulence ; Food Handling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Sodium cyclamate, a widely used artificial sweetener, is commonly added in food processing, though its use in seafood products is generally prohibited. This study investigates its effects on biofilm formation and surface colonization by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood-related materials. At concentrations of 1.4 mg/ml and 2.8 mg/ml, sodium cyclamate significantly promoted bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Specifically, viable cell counts in biofilms on shrimp and crab surfaces increased by up to 0.23-0.76 log10CFU/cm[2] compared to untreated controls. It enhanced the secretion of exopolysaccharide (EPS, with the synthesis-related gene cpsC upregulated 3.3213-fold), proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA), thereby promoting biofilm development on various surfaces including glass, stainless steel, plastic, and seafood. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 405 differentially expressed genes, with notable changes in pathways related to c-di-GMP signaling, flagellar synthesis, virulence factor expression, and amino acid metabolism. Key virulence genes were upregulated, including the thermostable direct hemolysin gene tdh2 (2.3487-fold), T3SS2 genes (2.0904-2.7097-fold), and T6SS2 genes (2.2079-3.4539-fold). Consistent with these changes, swimming motility was significantly inhibited (with 12 polar flagellum genes downregulated to 0.2938-0.4685-fold of the control level), while swarming motility remained unaffected. Although key virulence genes were upregulated in vitro, in vivo models showed attenuated virulence. Thus, sodium cyclamate enhances environmental adaptability (e.g., biofilm) of V. parahaemolyticus on seafood-contact surfaces but has complex effects on virulence-promoting gene expression yet reducing pathogenicity in vivo. Its unauthorized use in seafood remains a concern due to enhanced biofilm and colonization, though net pathogenicity requires further real-world investigation.}, }
@article {pmid42083356, year = {2026}, author = {Zolfaghari, A and Moghaddam, MJM and Norastehnia, A}, title = {Suppression of Quorum-sensing-regulated Virulence and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the Extract of Cichorium intybus Root.}, journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113892010442625260130062234}, pmid = {42083356}, issn = {1873-4316}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa underscores the urgent need for new antimicrobial approaches. This pathogen forms biofilms and produces quorum-sensing (QS)-regulated factors that aid its survival and resistance. This study investigates the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and QS gene expression effects of Cichorium intybus root extracts on clinical P. aeruginosa isolates.<br><br>METHODS: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. intybus were prepared and analyzed for phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and anthocyanin content. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using well diffusion, MIC, and MBIC assays. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining, and QS gene expression (lasR, lasI, lasB) was analyzed by qRT-PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: The aqueous extract had higher phenolic content, whereas the ethanolic extract contained more flavonoids and flavonols (p<0.05). Only strain PA3 was sensitive to the extracts. The ethanolic extract produced larger inhibition zones (15 mm vs. 13 mm, p<0.05), had a MIC of 0.048 g/ml, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation at 0.024 g/ml (p<0.05). qRT-PCR results indicated decreases in lasI, lasR, and lasB gene expression by 23%, 39.9%, and 35.7%, respectively.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results suggest that C. intybus root extracts, particularly ethanolic extracts, can suppress P. aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation while modulating QS-regulated virulence factors. This suggests a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract of C. intybus root exhibits notable antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence activity, highlighting its promise as a treatment option.}, }
@article {pmid42084362, year = {2026}, author = {De La Motte, LR and Muradore, I and Giarritiello, F and Stefàno, E and Deflorio, L and Drago, L}, title = {Reducing culture underestimation in urine: flow cytometry-guided validation of low-dose DTT pre-treatment for biofilm dispersal.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0391025}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03910-25}, pmid = {42084362}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {A substantial proportion of symptomatic patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) have negative or low-count urine cultures despite clinically compatible presentations. Biofilm-associated bacterial aggregation and the presence of viable bacteria not recovered by standard culture may contribute to this diagnostic gap. Flow cytometry (FACS) can detect these viable cells, but culturability remains essential for species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We evaluated whether low-concentration dithiothreitol (DTT) can safely disperse urinary biofilm-associated aggregates and improve bacterial recovery from urine samples. Seventy-two clinical urine samples were processed in parallel (untreated vs 0.1% DTT-treated). Viability was quantified using SYTO9/PI-based flow cytometry with bead-normalized bacterial counts. Culturability was assessed on chromogenic media. Comparative analyses included paired statistics, Bland-Altman agreement, and correlation between viable and culturable fractions. DTT (0.1%) did not alter bacterial viability (P = 0.47), confirming its non-toxicity at this concentration. In contrast, DTT significantly increased CFU recovery (median: 10 to 5.5 × 10[3] CFU/mL; P < 0.0001), converting several previously negative or low-count samples into positive cultures. Agreement between viable and culturable fractions improved after DTT treatment, primarily through reduced systematic bias in Bland-Altman analysis, while correlation coefficients remained similar (r: 0.44 vs 0.45). A persistent discrepancy between FACS-derived viable counts and culture-based counts suggests the presence of viable bacterial populations not fully recovered by standard culture conditions, findings that are consistent with but do not directly demonstrate the presence of VBNC subpopulations. Low-dose DTT is a safe and effective pre-analytical treatment that markedly improves culture sensitivity without compromising bacterial viability. These findings support further investigation of DTT-assisted processing as a potential strategy to reduce culture underestimation in urinary diagnostics and to better characterize viable bacterial populations not detected by standard culture methods.IMPORTANCEStandard urine culture may fail to detect the full spectrum of bacteria present in urinary tract infections, particularly when microorganisms are embedded within mucus, biofilm-like aggregates, or enter a viable but non-culturable state. These hidden bacterial populations may contribute to persistent symptoms or recurrent infections while remaining undetected by routine culture methods. Our findings suggest that pre-treating urine samples with a low concentration of dithiothreitol may help disperse biofilm-like aggregates while preserving bacterial viability. When combined with flow cytometry, this approach may allow a more comprehensive estimation of the viable bacterial fraction and, in some cases, may increase the likelihood of bacterial recovery by culture in samples that would otherwise appear negative. Because the procedure relies on inexpensive reagents and techniques compatible with routine laboratory workflows, it may represent a practical adjunct to conventional diagnostics. Further studies are needed to confirm its clinical impact.}, }
@article {pmid42088276, year = {2026}, author = {Puca, V and Marinacci, B and Pagotto, S and Krzyżek, P and Di Cintio, F and Pellegrini, B and Pietrangelo, L and Ronci, M and Grande, R}, title = {Characterization of Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles over time, in biofilm and planktonic phenotypes.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1765988}, pmid = {42088276}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori is known to be a major pathogen causing gastric diseases via its direct colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori releases Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) throughout the growth process both in planktonic and biofilm phenotypes. The number, size and content of H. pylori OMVs over time, especially in H. pylori biofilm, remain unclear.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we analyzed H. pylori biofilm at 2, 6, and 10&#x202f;days as well as we extracted and characterized H. pylori pOMVs and bOMVs over time by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering and proteomic technology.<br><br>RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43629 formed a multi-structured biofilm with large clusters characterized by mostly live cells and some fractures corresponding to water channels. Analysis of H. pylori OMVs reveals that the bacterial growth time and phenotype affect their number, size, and composition. Proteomic analysis revealed that in the early growth phase pOMVs are enriched with multiple virulence factors associated with host cell destruction whereas during later growth phases vesicles contain factors involved in the metabolic processing. The proteome of bOMVs was much more homogeneous and stable over time: in late growth stages, bOMVs proteomic analysis identified proteins involved in iron accumulation, protection against oxidative stress, immunosuppression in the gastric environment, and virulence promoting inflammation and tumorigenesis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study suggests that H. pylori induces pathogenicity at least partially by secreting bOMVs that could promote tissue destruction related to tumorigenesis; therefore, the development of gastric cancer could be associated not only with the microorganism itself, but also with OMVs that it produces.}, }
@article {pmid42088526, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Deng, M and Wang, B and Liu, J and Zhang, W and Zhao, J}, title = {Analysis of Genetic Characteristics, Biofilm Formation Ability, and Mortality Risk Factors in Patients Infected with Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {583554}, pmid = {42088526}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of resistance genes, efflux pump genes, and biofilm-forming genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, as well as the clinical characteristics of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, in order to provide guidance for rational clinical prevention and control.<br><br>METHODS: This study included 244 patients with CRAB infections admitted to a tertiary hospital in Zhangjiakou, China, between June 2021 and December 2024. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software to investigate potential risk factors for mortality associated with CRAB. Conventional PCR amplification was used to qualitatively detect resistance genes, efflux pump genes, and biofilm-related genes in isolated CRAB strains. Biofilm formation capacity was assessed using the crystal violet staining method. The study analyzed the association between the aforementioned genetic and phenotypic characteristics, biofilm formation capacity, and antibiotic resistance.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 244 CRAB isolates were collected in this study, primarily from sputum (55.33%), followed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (26.23%). The majority of isolates originated from the ICU (48.77%), followed by the Department of Respiratory Medicine (31.15%). PCR results showed that the predominant resistance genes in CRAB isolates from this hospital were blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23, at 89.3% and 87.3%, respectively. The detection rates for blaNDM, blaOXA-58, and blaOXA-24 were 1.6%, 1.2%, and 0.4%, respectively. The efflux pump genes adeB, adeR, adeS, and adeJ all showed high detection rates, while the adeG gene was not detected. The biofilm-related genes with generally high detection rates were bap (240/244, 98.4%), abaI (227/244, 93.0%), and ompA (223/244, 91.4%); the detection rates of the remaining genes ranged between 84.8% and 90.6%. Of the 244 CRAB strains tested in this study, the vast majority (97.95%) possessed biofilm-forming ability. The OD values of the strains were determined using the crystal violet method, with weak biofilm-forming strains (47.54%) and moderate biofilm-forming strains (44.26%) predominating; strong biofilm-forming strains accounted for 6.15%, while strains incapable of biofilm formation accounted for only 2.05%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 99.58% of the 244 CRAB strains were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam, and 99.15% were resistant to imipenem and meropenem. Resistance rates for amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, all exceeded 95%, while 3.08% were resistant to tigecycline. No resistance to polymyxin was observed. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.044, 95% CI: 1.009-1.079, P < 0.05) and white blood cell count (OR = 1.106, 95% CI: 1.029-1.188, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for mortality in CRAB infections.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In this study, CRAB strains were primarily isolated from the lungs (81.56%) and mainly originated from the ICU and respiratory department. CRAB strains exhibited extremely high resistance rates to most commonly used antimicrobial agents; specifically, resistance rates to 9 antimicrobial agents, including piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem, were all >90%. Only tigecycline showed a relatively low resistance rate (3.08%), and no resistance to polymyxin was detected. The CRAB strains in our hospital primarily harbor the blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 resistance genes and commonly carry efflux pump and biofilm formation genes, suggesting that their resistance may be closely associated with carbapenemases, efflux pump systems, and biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42089365, year = {2026}, author = {Paul, S and Wang, WY and Hsiao, YC and Jiang, ZK and Wu, CC and Wu, TH and Lin, SY and Verma, S and Chen, YC}, title = {Programmable Peptide Nanofibers Enable Effective MRSA Biofilm Eradication and Infection Control.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.6c00441}, pmid = {42089365}, issn = {2576-6422}, abstract = {With antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains rapidly increasing and the development of antibacterial drugs stagnating, alternative solutions are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising therapeutics due to their structural diversity and broad-spectrum activity against pathogens. This versatility is particularly attractive for combating drug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is notorious for causing persistent and biofilm-related infections. In this study, we engineered a series of tryptophan-arginine-rich antimicrobial peptides, i.e., DVFLGREEWWWWWWC (D6W), DVFLGREEWWWRWWWC (D6W1R), and DVFLGREEWWRWWRWWC (D6W2R), specifically targeting S. aureus. The DVFLG domain confers selective affinity toward S. aureus, while tryptophan- and arginine-rich segments promote bacterial membrane disruption. Structural analysis reveals that these peptides adopt a mixture of α-helix or β-sheet conformations and spontaneously self-assemble into fibrillar or oligomeric supramolecular structures. Among the three peptides tested, D6W2R exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, consistent with trends observed in the molecular dynamics simulations. Beyond eradicating planktonic bacteria, the resulting peptide nanofibers effectively inhibit biofilm formation and disrupt established biofilms. Notably, their antibacterial performance is preserved under ex vivo and in vivo conditions while exhibiting minimal toxicity toward mammalian cells. These results demonstrated that self-assembled peptides can encode potent, selective antibacterial activity against MRSA, especially against biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid42080171, year = {2026}, author = {Khlifi, N and Mnif, S and Zerrouki, C and Guermazi, H and Fourati, N and Duponchel, B and Aifa, S and Guermazi, S}, title = {Tunable anti-biofilm activity of Zn-doped CuO nanoparticles: structural, morphological, and biological insights against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {25}, pages = {22610-22626}, pmid = {42080171}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections represent a major challenge in healthcare due to antibiotic resistance, driving the search for effective nano-antimicrobial agents. This study presents the synthesis of Zn-doped CuO nanoparticles (Cu1-x Zn x O, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) via an eco-friendly co-precipitation method and investigates their anti-adhesive efficacy against Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis S61 and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2629. Comprehensive characterization (XRD, SEM, AFM, FTIR, and EDX) revealed that Zn doping refined crystallite size, altered surface morphology, and enhanced specific surface area. The anti-biofilm assays demonstrated that Zn incorporation significantly improved anti-adhesive activity against S. epidermidis, with x = 0.2 achieving >73% inhibition at 500 µg mL[-1]. In contrast, pure CuO was most effective against P. aeruginosa, indicating a strain-dependent response linked to bacterial cell-wall structure. The anti-adhesive mechanism is attributed to nanoparticle-surface interactions, ion release, and reactive oxygen species generation. These findings highlight the potential of compositionally tunable Zn-doped CuO nanoparticles as selective anti-biofilm agents for combating healthcare-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42081074, year = {2026}, author = {Srivastava, D and Gupta, K and Kumar, P and Kaushal, S and Srivastava, S and Pant, Y and Chanotiya, CS and Rout, PK and Pal, A}, title = {Pharmacological and mechanistic assessment of Trachyspermum ammi hydrosol: antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42081074}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {The escalating global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly among biofilm-forming bacterial pathogens, has necessitated the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Trachyspermum ammi hydrosol has exhibited a range of bioactive properties. However, its potential as a dual-action antimicrobial agent targeting both planktonic and biofilm-associated microorganisms remains underexplored. This study aimed to explore the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of T. ammi hydrosol (TaHy) against two major Gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), and elucidate its mechanism of action based on cell. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate in vivo acute toxicity and biosafety. Antimicrobial activities were assessed using DDA, MIC, and time-kill assays. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated using a crystal violet method, and biofilm morphology was examined by microscopy. TaHy demonstrated efficient inhibition in hydrophobicity and EPS production, along with alterations in membrane integrity, including bacteriolysis and protein and nucleic acid release. Our results showed that the MIC of TaHy was 0.625 mg/mL against both pathogens and that it significantly inhibited and eradicated biofilm formation at sub-MIC values, as confirmed by SEM and fluorescence microscopy. TaHy effectively inhibited hydrophobicity and EPS production, reducing the virulence factors of pathogens to 1/8 MIC. Consequently, in vivo acute oral toxicity tests revealed no adverse effects at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight of hydrosol concentrate. These findings revealed that TaHy has robust antimicrobial and antibiofilm capability against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes.}, }
@article {pmid42082030, year = {2026}, author = {Li, D and Zhao, Z and Li, H}, title = {Achieving nitrogen removal in the integrated upper fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactor without recirculation: Differential protein and metagenomic analysis.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {454}, number = {}, pages = {134774}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134774}, pmid = {42082030}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS) system emerges as an advanced nitrogen removal technology, particularly effective for treating high-nitrogen wastewater due to its sophisticated configuration. This research introduces an enhanced Integrated Upper Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IUFAS) reactor featuring a two-stage series design. By strategically positioning carrier media in the upper compartment and implementing controlled influent distribution with aeration in the lower section, the system achieves functional compartmentalization within a single reactor without liquid and sludge recirculation. Experimental results under influent conditions of chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (C/N) ratio (4 ∼ 5) and hydraulic retention time (10 h) confirmed effective nitrogen removal, evidenced by effluent total nitrogen consistently below 7 mg N/L and removal efficiency exceeding 87%. Notably, the optimized IUFAS configuration achieved functional zoning by establishing a pronounced dissolved oxygen gradient between the upper (0.1 ∼ 0.7 mg/L) and bottom compartments (0.3 ∼ 3.6 mg/L). This oxygen stratification facilitated distinct nitrogen removal pathways, including stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) as evidenced by successful Candidatus Brocadia enrichment in the secondary reactor's upper zone. Microbial analysis further indicated potential modulation of electron flow by sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfur-driven denitrifying bacteria, whose synergistic activity optimized electron transfer pathways and enhanced denitrification efficiency. Additionally, microalgae reduced aeration demand, lowering energy consumption. These findings propose novel strategies for optimizing carbon source allocation in nitrogen removal processes, supporting the development of energy-efficient wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid42068955, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, H and Zhu, Y and Duan, L and Zhang, N and Li, S and Liao, Q and Yu, M and Zhang, Z and Shi, C}, title = {Metabolic triage under oxidative stress: Peracetic acid drives Listeria monocytogenes into a persistent, biofilm-enhanced small colony variant state.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {511}, number = {}, pages = {142249}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142249}, pmid = {42068955}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The formation of Small Colony Variants (SCVs) by environmental biological hazards represents a formidable challenge to hazard detection and mitigation in engineered environments. In the present study, the physiological characteristics and formation mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes SCVs induced by peroxyacetic acid (PAA) were investigated. PAA exposure resulted in the emergence of transient, miniaturized SCVs characterized by metabolic dormancy, indicated by an extended lag phase, reduced enzymatic activity, and ATP depletion. Transcriptional analysis revealed upregulation of stress response (sigB) and efflux (mdrL) genes, with concurrent downregulation of virulence (hly, inlA) and metabolic (betL, ftsZ) genes. Despite flaA upregulation, SCVs exhibited impaired motility but enhanced biofilm formation. Physiologically, SCVs displayed membrane hyperpolarization, elevated intracellular ROS, and cross-protection against acid, thermal, and osmotic stresses. Crucially, inhibition of ATP synthesis using CCCP shifted the population from culturable SCVs to a non-culturable state, confirming that SCV formation is an active, energy-dependent adaptation rather than a passive injury. Furthermore, while invasion capability was compromised, cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion were significantly increased. These findings demonstrate that PAA drives L. monocytogenes into a defensive, dormant state that prioritizes persistence over pathogenesis, providing new insights into the toxicological responses and persistence strategies of this biological hazard under environmental oxidative stress.}, }
@article {pmid42069115, year = {2026}, author = {Aguilera, MA and Pastén, V and MartinThiel, }, title = {Light pollution by coastal streetlights affects intertidal grazers and biofilm differentially in natural rocky habitats and breakwaters.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {128237}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128237}, pmid = {42069115}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Most coastal urban environments are characterised by a large concentration of shipping ports, walkways, and other built infrastructures. These are commonly associated with high levels of artificial light at night (ALAN), a pervasive anthropogenic driver that erodes natural light cycles and impacts the ecology of benthic communities. However, it is not well known whether the spatial configuration of coastal built structures may influence the effects of light pollution on community structure. Here, we conducted field surveys in natural rocky habitats and on breakwaters directly lit by streetlights (ALAN), and in matched unlit zones (without-ALAN), along the coast of northern and central Chile (20°S-32°S), to examine the influence of light pollution on the diel activity and density of the intertidal grazer guild and on the biomass of their main food resource, biofilm, in both habitat types. The patchy distribution of artificial light on the breakwaters seems to allow the co-occurrence of diurnal and nocturnal grazers at night, resulting in no major alteration of grazer densities with light pollution. The density and night-time activity of diurnal grazer species increased in parallel with an increase in the biofilm biomass under lit conditions in the topographically more homogeneous natural rocky habitat. On the lit breakwaters, biofilm also increased but no change in grazer densities was found, most likely related to the presence of dark zones. Our results indicate that the influence of coastal streetlight pollution on benthic grazers can be dampened by the presence of among-boulder interstices in the built structure. Increases in biofilm, the main food of grazers, by artificial light, may reinforce grazing pressure in both rocky habitats. Promoting a balanced mix of built habitats and conserving urban natural rocky shores while reducing coastal light pollution from streetlights could help prevent impacts on different functional groups due to accelerated urban infrastructure expansion.}, }
@article {pmid42069314, year = {2026}, author = {Yin, Q and Sun, J and Wu, QY and Wang, WL and Guan, Y}, title = {Hybrid membrane bioreactor-filler system enables efficient nitrogen removal from semiconductor wastewater through engineered microbial niche differentiation: Process optimization, biofilm-enhanced kinetics, and multi-omics insights.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {454}, number = {}, pages = {134765}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134765}, pmid = {42069314}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Nitrogen removal from semiconductor wastewater is challenged by low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the need for specialized microbial guilds to degrade organoamines including tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and monoethanolamine (MEA). We hypothesized that creating distinct ecological niches within a single treatment system would shift microbial community assembly from stochastic to deterministic processes, selectively enriching specialized functional guilds and improving nitrogen removal without external carbon addition. To test this, we developed a hybrid system integrating a multi-stage anoxic-oxic (AOAO) process with a long sludge retention time (SRT) membrane bioreactor (MBR) and polyurethane fillers, creating three distinct ecological niches (suspended sludge, filler biofilm, and MBR biomass). Following process optimization with back-loaded hydraulic retention time (HRT) allocation and 150% internal recycle, the system achieved stable total nitrogen (TN) removal of 73% (effluent TN 7-9 mg L[-1]) without external carbon addition. Normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) analysis confirmed that the anoxic microenvironment within fillers shifted community assembly toward deterministic processes (NST = 37% vs. 76% in suspended sludge). This shift enriched Methanomethylovorans (5.1-fold) for anaerobic TMAH demethylation and Hyphomicrobium for methylotrophic denitrification. Untargeted metabolomics identified tryptophan and succinate depletion in filler biofilm, with strong metabolite-gene correlations (tryptophan-norB, r = 0.90; succinate-dmmA, r = 0.83) linking organoamine catabolism to respiratory denitrification. Co-occurrence network analysis confirmed tightly coupled anaerobic demethylation and denitrification modules in filler biofilm (216 edges, density 0.53). This work demonstrates that engineered niche differentiation can overcome carbon limitation in organoamine-rich industrial wastewater, providing a transferable design paradigm for carbon-efficient biological nitrogen removal.}, }
@article {pmid42072218, year = {2026}, author = {Del Hougne, M and Mitzscherling, A and Ewald, A and Schilling, T and Stahlhut, P and Gbureck, U and Schmitter, M}, title = {In Vitro Biofilm Formation on 3D-Printed, Milled, and Conventionally Manufactured Denture Base Resins.}, journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/bioengineering13040424}, pmid = {42072218}, issn = {2306-5354}, abstract = {Biofilm formation on denture base materials may contribute to oral diseases such as denture stomatitis and therefore represents an important factor in prosthodontic treatment. This in vitro study investigated biofilm formation on dental prosthetic materials manufactured by additive, subtractive, and conventional techniques. Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from 3D-printed Denture Base Resin (Formlabs), milled Lucitone Digital Fit (Dentsply Sirona), and conventionally processed cold-polymerized PALAPress (Kulzer). Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis was assessed separately over a 21-day incubation period using crystal violet staining and photometric determination of optical density at eight predefined time points. Surface characteristics before and after microbial colonization were qualitatively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. For S. mutans, significant material-dependent differences were observed only at selected time points, while overall biofilm accumulation remained low. In contrast, S. sanguinis exhibited pronounced and repeated differences, with milled PMMA generally showing lower biofilm accumulation compared with additively manufactured and conventionally processed materials. Overall, S. sanguinis formed significantly more biofilm than S. mutans across all materials and time points. These findings indicate that both manufacturing technique and bacterial species influence biofilm formation on denture base materials.}, }
@article {pmid42072719, year = {2026}, author = {Meng, X and Ning, C and Lu, X and Kang, M and Yang, Y and Yu, Z and Wang, Y and Sun, Y and Guo, H}, title = {The Effects of Baicalin in Combination with Cefotaxime on the Biofilm and Metabolic Reprogramming of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom16040598}, pmid = {42072719}, issn = {2218-273X}, support = {NO.JJKH20261179KJ//Department of Education of Jilin Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Flavonoids/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; *Cefotaxime/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Drug Synergism ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Metabolic Reprogramming ; }, abstract = {Baicalin, a natural plant-derived compound, holds promise in addressing clinical bacterial resistance when combined with antibiotics. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the combination of baicalin and cefotaxime and explored its mechanism of action on the cell wall and biofilm of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA). The results showed that the combination of baicalin and cefotaxime exerted a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of MRPA, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.28. Mechanistically, compared with cefotaxime alone, the combination of baicalin and cefotaxime enhanced the permeability of the cell membrane and cell wall of MRPA, thereby increasing cell damage. It also exhibited stronger antibiofilm activity by inhibiting numerous virulence factors (pyocyanin, elastase, lectin), reducing cellular metabolic activity, and downregulating the expression of biofilm genes (pslA, pelA, algD) and quorum-sensing genes (lasl, lasR, rhll, rhlR, pqsA, pqsR). The molecular docking results revealed that baicalin could stably bind to wbpE, LasR, and RhlR. Therefore, this interaction may indirectly influence the processes related to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in bacterial cells. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the combination of baicalin and cefotaxime upregulated 863 metabolites and downregulated 587 metabolites. These metabolites mainly included amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and secondary metabolites. The combination primarily enriched key pathways such as amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism (sphingolipid metabolism) and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Through these pathways, it triggers significant metabolic reprogramming, thereby interfering with the supply of cell wall synthesis precursors, membrane structural stability, and the generation of biomembrane matrix. Ultimately, it synergistically enhances the effects of cell wall damage and biomembrane inhibition. In conclusion, this study confirms that the combination of baicalin and cefotaxime exerts significant synergistic antibacterial activity against MRPA. It also reveals the mechanism of action of the combination on the cell wall and biofilm of MRPA at the metabolic level, providing theoretical support for the development of novel strategies to combat MRPA.}, }
@article {pmid42075179, year = {2026}, author = {Fan, B and Su, Q and Shao, Y and Sun, W and Zhou, J and Han, X and Jiang, W}, title = {Construction of a Mutant Library of Avibacterium paragallinarum Transposons and Screening and Preliminary Study of Genes Related to Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040783}, pmid = {42075179}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2023YFD1800602-2//National Key Research and Development Programs of China/ ; 2025I0030-1//Fujian Foreign Cooperation Project/ ; }, abstract = {Avibacterium paragallinarum (Av. paragallinarum), the causative agent of infectious coryza, imposes substantial economic burdens on the poultry industry by inducing growth retardation in broilers and reducing egg production in laying hens by up to 40%. Disease control is hindered by the limited efficacy of available vaccines and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance-challenges that are exacerbated by the pathogen's capacity to form biofilms, which facilitate bacterial persistence and enhance drug tolerance. To systematically elucidate the genetic determinants underlying biofilm formation in Av. Paragallinarum, we constructed a high-density random mutant library using mini-Tn5 transposon mutagenesis, comprising 3106 individual mutants. Phenotypic screening via crystal violet staining identified 188 mutants displaying altered biofilm-forming capacity relative to the wild-type strain, including 172 with enhanced and 16 with reduced biofilm formation. Sequencing of transposon insertion sites in these mutants revealed 105 disrupted genes involved in diverse biological pathways, including amino acid metabolism, quorum sensing, and transmembrane transport. A representative subset of eight mutants was selected for detailed phenotypic characterization. Their biofilm phenotypes were consistent with the initial screening results; certain mutants exhibited markedly enhanced biofilm formation (e.g., Tn-2206), whereas others, including Tn-1504, Tn-2428, and Tn-2859, showed significant reductions in biofilm production. Notably, these three biofilm-deficient mutants-harboring disruptions in a TonB-dependent receptor (Tn-1504), a GntP family permease (Tn-2428), and a hypothetical protein (Tn-2859)-displayed drastically attenuated virulence in vitro. Compared with the wild-type strain, these mutants exhibited reductions in cytotoxicity (up to 66.38%), cell adhesion (up to 50.68%), and invasive capacity, while maintaining normal growth kinetics. These findings indicate that the identified genes may play crucial roles in biofilm-associated virulence and highlight Tn-1504, Tn-2428, and Tn-2859 as promising candidates for the development of live attenuated vaccines. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive genetic foundation for the rational design of novel anti-biofilm strategies against Av. paragallinarum.}, }
@article {pmid42075223, year = {2026}, author = {Cao, Y and Li, Y and Zhou, Y}, title = {Membrane Vesicles Improve Streptococcus mutans Early Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040826}, pmid = {42075223}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2025A04J5291//Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou/ ; }, abstract = {Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), one of the main etiological pathogens of dental caries, forms dental plaque biofilms that drive tooth decay. Although bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are increasingly recognized as modulators of biofilm biology, little is known about MVs generated by S. mutans. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of S. mutans-derived MVs in the development of S. mutans biofilms formed under static conditions in plates or confocal dishes. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed that the MVs were cup-shaped with bilayered membranes and averaged 80.49 ± 32.24 nm in diameter. The addition of ≥5 µg/mL MVs enhanced biofilm formation during the initial adhesion stage (0 to 6 h), as demonstrated by crystal violet staining and XTT assays. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the incorporation of PKH26-labeled MVs into S. mutans biofilms and showed that supplemental MVs increased bacterial viability and extracellular polysaccharide biomass. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis revealed upregulated expression of genes related to adhesion and quorum-sensing systems in MV-treated biofilms. In conclusion, these findings indicate that S. muants MVs are integral biofilm components that promote biofilm establishment at the early stage of biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42075237, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, J and Wang, H and Chen, Y and Huang, S and Bi, X and Cheng, L and Shi, X and Zhao, W and Zhou, X}, title = {Performance of Nitrogen Removal and Biofilm-Associated Microbial Community in a Compact Marine Shrimp Recirculating Aquaculture System with MBBR.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040841}, pmid = {42075237}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {tsqn202312222//Department of Education Shandong Province/ ; (ZR2023QE234)//Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province/ ; ZR2023QE234//Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province/ ; }, abstract = {To address ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N) and nitrite accumulation in intensive marine shrimp aquaculture, a marine recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Penaeus vannamei centered on a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was constructed to investigate the microbial basis of nitrogen removal. The results showed that the MBBR contributed most to NH4[+]-N removal, demonstrating favorable nitrification potential under marine conditions (0.513 mg·L[-1]·h[-1]). The biofilm carrier formed a complete attached layer and developed a mature biofilm structure. Microbial community analysis revealed clear differentiation between the biofilm and sediment. The biofilm community was dominated by norank_f__Caldilineaceae (9.89%). Linear discriminant analysis effect size identified the nitrifying genus Nitrospira to be significantly enriched on the biofilm side (α = 0.05, linear discriminant analysis > 2.0). In addition, PICRUSt2-based functional prediction suggested a higher potential in biofilm than in sediment for ammonia oxidation and downstream nitrogen transformation, involving ammonia monooxygenase (EC:1.14.99.39), hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (EC:1.7.2.6), nitrate reductase (EC:1.7.99.4), and nitrite reductase (EC:1.7.2.1). Thus, this study provides a microbial basis and process strategy for P. vannamei RAS.}, }
@article {pmid42075702, year = {2026}, author = {Kranz, S and Heyder, M and Guellmar, A and Gottschaldt, M and Schubert, US and Loeffler, B and Sigusch, B and Reise, M}, title = {An Innovative Oral Ex Vivo Biofilm Model for Antimicrobial Investigations.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens15040375}, pmid = {42075702}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Saliva/microbiology ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Adult ; }, abstract = {The methodical work describes all the necessary steps for establishing a stable oral ex vivo biofilm using saliva and crevicular plaque samples from periodontal healthy donors. First, cover slips were preconditioned with saliva supernatants and subsequently inoculated with crevicular plaque suspensions. Ex vivo biofilm formation was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) after 1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h of anaerobic cultivation. Exemplarily, the inhibitory characteristics of blackcurrant fruit extracts [all-fruit juice (AFJ); alcoholic fraction from berry skins (AFBS)] were observed on 1, 4 and 24 h-aged ex vivo biofilms. Chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.2%) served as positive control. After direct contact (3 min), biofilms were dispersed, plated onto agar and anaerobically cultivated for 24 h. Early ex vivo biofilms (1 h-biofilm) showed scattered microbial colonies. After 4 h of cultivation, a multilayered biofilm was formed. Biofilm mass gradually increased, displaying a complex polymicrobial structure after 24 h. At 72 h, the biofilms had a dense three-dimensional appearance. Treatment with AFJ and CHX was more efficient in inhibiting biofilm growth compared to AFBS. Early biofilms (1 h, 4 h) were more susceptible to AFJ and CHX compared to 24 h-biofilms. The introduced model can be recommended for testing the efficiency of plaque-controlling agents.}, }
@article {pmid42076159, year = {2026}, author = {Das, S and Baradarbarjastehbaf, F and Szokolics, AS and Campos, GKD and Gazdag, Z and Széchenyi, A and Miseta, A and Kovács, GL and Kőszegi, T}, title = {Species-Specific Susceptibility of Planktonic and Biofilm Forming Candida Strains to Cyclodextrin-Encapsulated Essential Oils.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics18040508}, pmid = {42076159}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {NKFI &#xda;NKP-23-4-II-PTE-1742//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; 008_2025_PTE_RK/28//University of P&#xe9;cs Rector's Scientific Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Essential oils (EOs) have multi-target antifungal activity, but their translation is limited by volatility and poor aqueous dispersibility. Randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) inclusion may enhance effective exposure and thereby alter susceptibility, stress responses, and biofilm outcomes in a species-dependent manner. This study quantified species-specific planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to four EOs and their RAMEB complexes across clinically relevant Candida species. Methods: Lavender (L), lemon balm (B), peppermint (P), and thyme (T) oils and their RAMEB complexes (RL, RB, RP, and RT) were tested against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. Susceptibility thresholds were used to derive phase plasticity metrics. Functional inhibition was assessed via planktonic metabolism/viability and established biofilm metabolism/viability/biomass. Mechanistic signatures were captured by ROS/RNS measurements and a qPCR analysis of antioxidant genes (CAT1, GPX1, and SOD1) was performed. Mixed-effects models and multivariate/unsupervised and interpretable classification approaches (k-means, PCA, and CRT) were used to integrate endpoints and stratify response phenotypes. Results: Susceptibility thresholds were strongly species-structured (lowest MIC90/EC10 for C. albicans; higher thresholds and broader sublethal windows in non-albicans species). RAMEB complexation produced formulation-dependent shifts in efficacy, with RT emerging as the most consistent broad-spectrum inhibitory condition across compartments. Biofilm biomass was comparatively insensitive even when viability was suppressed, indicating a decoupling of structural biomass from biocidal activity. Mechanistic signatures were broadly conserved across species and linked to antioxidant-program engagement, with CAT1-related rules contributing to responder/tolerant classification. Conclusions: Integrating MIC/EC plasticity with functional and mechanistic markers supports the rational selection of EO formulations; RAMEB complexation, particularly RT, prioritizes candidates for further pharmaceutical optimization while highlighting species-specific vulnerabilities.}, }
@article {pmid42077202, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, YB and Wu, X and Li, YJ and Zhao, SY and Hu, XB and Du, ZY and Lian, DC and Xie, JL and He, DX and Yang, Y and Su, JH and He, QH and Zhu, YF and Chang, YQ and Lan, P and Sun, PH and Pan, XH and Zheng, JX and Liu, J}, title = {Discovery of Catechol-Benzothiazole Conjugates as Antibacterial Synergists against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Inhibiting Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6c00428}, pmid = {42077202}, issn = {1520-4804}, abstract = {The formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilm hinders the efficacy of antibiotics, making clinical treatment challenging. Given that disrupting iron homeostasis represents a promising strategy for treating biofilm infections, a series of catechol-conjugated benzothiazole derivatives with iron-chelating properties was designed and synthesized. Among them, 4p was identified as the hit compound, demonstrating potent biofilm inhibition (IC50 = 0.27 μM). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that 4p attenuates biofilm formation by inhibiting heme oxygenase (HemO), impairing iron homeostasis, virulence factor production, and motility. Moreover, 4p synergized with ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tobramycin (Tob), enhancing their efficacy and delaying the development of resistance. Notably, 4p improved survival in Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) and reduced bacterial load by 2.10-2.11log10 CFU in mice wounds in vivo when combined with CIP and Tob. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of 4p as an antibacterial synergist and a promising candidate for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.}, }
@article {pmid42077371, year = {2026}, author = {Abbasi, Z and Fasim, F and Abbas, S and Shafique, R and Khan, BA and Nisar, A and Alshahrani, SM and Uzair, B}, title = {Biosynthesis of fosfomycin-loaded CuO nanoparticles: evaluation of antibacterial, antibiofilm properties and molecular docking analysis against biofilm-associated proteins in MDR bacteria.}, journal = {Asian biomedicine : research, reviews and news}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {21-34}, pmid = {42077371}, issn = {1875-855X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a significant challenge in healthcare. The development of new antibiotics, while essential, is often hindered by the complexity, cost, and time involved in the process. An alternative approach gaining traction is the conjugation of existing antibiotics with potent antimicrobial agents to improve their efficacy against resistant pathogens.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop environmentally sustainable and cost-effective copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesized using bioactive compounds extracted from Curcuma zedoaria.<br><br>METHODS: These nanoparticles were subsequently conjugated with fosfomycin. Physicochemical characterization was carried out using XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Release was studied using Franz diffusion cell. Antibacterial efficacy of the pure and fosfomycin-conjugated copper oxide nanoparticles (Fos-CuO NPs) was evaluated against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm activity were determined using the microbroth dilution method. Additionally, molecular docking analysis was performed to examine the interaction of Fos-CuO NPs with biofilm-associated proteins (LecA, CdrA, PslA, PslD, GacA, CupA, DipA, PelA, PelB) in P. aeruginosa.<br><br>RESULTS: The physicochemical analysis confirmed successful CuO NPs synthesis and their conjugation with fosfomycin. XRD results confirmed the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles, while SEM revealed some agglomerated, irregular spherical shapes. Fos-CuO NPs exhibited greater antibacterial activity against MDR S. aureus (42 mm), E. coli (45 mm), and P. aeruginosa (39 mm) compared with pure CuO NPs (39 mm, 27 mm, and 41 mm, respectively). The docking results showed that the fosfomycin-conjugated nanoparticle exhibited the highest binding affinity for the biofilm-associated proteins Lec A and Pel A, with docking scores of -4.4 kcal/mol and -4.9 kcal/mol, respectively, compared with blank CuO NPs, supporting their potential application as a novel antimicrobial strategy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This research offers significant insights into the green synthesis of fosfomycin-conjugated nanoparticles for addressing the growing challenge of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid42077899, year = {2026}, author = {Calvi, GS and Braga, MT and Jácome Cartaxo, GN and Kubát, P and Liška, V and Mosinger, J and Costa, MS}, title = {Visible Light Activation for Fungal Biofilm Inhibition: Combining Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Singlet Oxygen and Iodine Generation against Candida albicans and Pichia kudriavzevii.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {16}, pages = {23743-23754}, pmid = {42077899}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Biofilms formed by Candida albicans and the highly resistant Pichia kudriavzevii are critical virulence factors because of their resistance to conventional antifungals. This study explored antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using sulfonated polystyrene nanoparticles with an encapsulated tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizer (TPP-NPs), synergistically enhanced by potassium iodide (KI), to combat biofilms of these yeasts. TPP-NPs irradiated by visible light generate antimicrobial singlet oxygen (O2([1]Δg)), which oxidizes KI to form another reactive species (I2/I3 [-]), augmenting total antimicrobial effects. The usage of TPP-NPs led to reduced cell proliferation and biofilm viability in both species, with KI significantly enhancing efficacy and enabling lower TPP-NP doses. P. kudriavzevii biofilms were more susceptible (70-80% inhibition, up to 95% with KI) than C. albicans biofilms (30-40% inhibition), a crucial finding for drug-resistant P. kudriavzevii. This is the first demonstration that aPDT using TPP-NPs effectively reduces both biofilm formation and viability, especially against resistant P. kudriavzevii, highlighting its potential as a biocompatible alternative therapy for biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42078529, year = {2026}, author = {Bertran Forga, X and Fairfull-Smith, KE and Qin, J and Totsika, M}, title = {Transcriptional profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm life cycle stages reveals dispersal-specific biomarkers.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1826561}, pmid = {42078529}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Bacteria exhibit two lifestyles: planktonic, free-floating individual cells or sessile multicellular aggregates known as biofilms. The biofilm life cycle is characterized by three distinct stages: attachment, maturation and dispersal. Consequently, specific adaptations occur at each stage, governing cellular behaviors such as adhesion and the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components. Characterizing stage-specific bacterial profiles therefore represents a valuable strategy for the development of novel antibiofilm therapies. Here, we used the model biofilm-forming bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to characterize the transcriptional profiles of each stage of the biofilm life cycle: attachment, biofilm maturation and spontaneous dispersal in closed cultures. We report that, relative to biofilm dispersal, surface attachment coincided with the upregulation of genes comprising the Pil-Chp mechanosensory system (2.00-7.37-fold), whereas biofilm maturation was characterized by the upregulation of genes involved in Pel polysaccharide synthesis (∼2.5-fold relative to either attachment or dispersal), siaD and PA4396 diguanylate cyclases as well as phosphodiesterases pipA, fimX and PA5442 (2.08-3.73-fold relative to biofilm dispersal). In contrast with cells undergoing biofilm maturation, dispersing cells upregulated genes responsible for the biosynthesis of alginate, rhamnolipid, and extracellular nucleases (eddA, 3.28-fold; and eddB, 2.95-fold), as well as the transcriptional regulator of dispersal amrZ (6.27-fold). Additionally, genes involved in the biosynthesis and sensing of the dispersal signal cis-2-decenoic acid (dspS, 2.04-fold; and dspI, 5.59-fold), canonical phosphodiesterases (nbdA, 7.56-fold; and rbdA, 3.03-fold), four non-canonical HD-GYP phosphodiesterases and seven other c-di-GMP-related enzymes were also upregulated during dispersal. Altogether, this work provides benchmarking stage-specific transcriptional profiles characterizing the biofilm life cycle of P. aerugiosa in closed systems. Furthermore, it allowed the identification of a subset of fourteen genes as transcriptional biomarkers of dispersal, which were used to build reporter plasmids as tools to determine the onset of dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid42078987, year = {2026}, author = {Sofian, AA and Che-Hamzah, F and Khirul-Ashar, NA and Noorman, MF and Ab-Halim, AA and Amin-Nordin, S and Sither-Joseph, NM}, title = {The Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine in Eradicating Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm on Stainless Steel Alloy Implants.}, journal = {Malaysian orthopaedic journal}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {14-22}, pmid = {42078987}, issn = {1985-2533}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus is the leading biofilm-forming microorganisms in orthopaedic implant infections. The biofilms formed are difficult to eradicate and resistance to antibiotics. This current study aims to determine the effectiveness of povidone-iodine; an antiseptic solution in eradicating S. aureus biofilm on stainless steel alloy. In addition to the usual Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) used for verification, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to validate the formation and eradication of the biofilms.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an in vitro study where the biofilm is formed by inoculating clinically isolated S. aureus, incubated for 24 hours onto stainless steel alloy 316L implants. The implants are then irrigated using povidone-iodine solution with varying concentrations (5 and 10%) and durations (30, 60, and 180 seconds). The anti-biofilm effect was evaluated using plating and SEM methods to confirm its effectiveness. The process is repeated after 24 hours of post-irrigation reincubation to detect any rebound growth.<br><br>RESULTS: No biofilm seen after irrigation with povidone-iodine at 5% and 10% concentrations at 30, 60 and 180 seconds, respectively, in both CFU count and SEM. This result is replicated after 24 hours of reincubation, in assessing for rebound growth.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study supports that a minimum of 5% povidone-iodine with a minimum irrigation time of 30 seconds are effective at eliminating S. aureus biofilm on stainless steel alloy implants. Both CFU count and SEM yield similar value in validating the presence of biofilm. Additionally, SEM allows visualisation of the morphology of the biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid42079082, year = {2026}, author = {Kasivisweswaran, S and Prentice, JA and Bridges, AA}, title = {A branching cell-fate decision in biofilm dispersal enables long-term surface persistence.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.04.24.720661}, pmid = {42079082}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Biofilms are the most ancient multicellular communities on Earth, representing a primitive developmental system that protects microbes from threats. Biofilm dispersal, whereby bacteria exit biofilms, is critical for the spread of pathogens to new infection sites. Here, using Vibrio cholerae , we show that dispersal events are accompanied by a branching cell-fate decision. While ∼90% of cells disperse, a viable subpopulation remains within a residual matrix. This post-dispersal biofilm community (PDBC) is established by the matrix protein RbmA and adopts a specialized anabolic program that enhances tolerance to antibiotics and bacteriophages. Our findings reveal that PDBCs act as a resilient "seed-bank" capable of rapidly re-populating the niche without requiring de novo matrix biosynthesis, providing a mechanistic basis for the recurrence and spread of chronic infections.}, }
@article {pmid42079179, year = {2026}, author = {Wood, AK and Carson, CS and Neubauer, HR and Gutierrez, LH and Adeoye, M and Johnson, A and Buiatte, ABG and Chong, B and Cook, LC and Session, A and Andam, CP and McKenney, PT}, title = {Contact dependent suppression of Clostridioides difficile sporulation by enterococci requires the endocarditis and biofilm associated pilus.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.04.22.718763}, pmid = {42079179}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Clostridioides difficile is a healthcare-associated infection that arises when broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment disrupts the gut microbiota and is transmitted by highly resistant spores. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is an opportunistic pathogen frequently co-isolated from C. difficile patients. We found that C. difficile sporulation is significantly reduced in VRE- C. difficile co-culture. Physical separation of C. difficile and VRE in transwell co-culture restored sporulation. Mixed macrocolony culture assays on solid agar confirmed physical contact is necessary for sporulation inhibition. We screened a panel of enterococci and found that most strains reduce sporulation, except Enterococcus saccharolyticus , which lacks predicted surface displayed virulence factors in its genome. We performed a candidate gene screen using an Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF transposon library and found that an insertion in the major pilin ebpC partially restored C. difficile sporulation in co-culture. These data were confirmed with in-frame deletions in the ebpABC pilus operon and a clinical isolate of E. feacalis lacking ebpABC . These findings suggest enterococci modulate C. difficile sporulation through a contact-dependent mechanism involving the Ebp pilus.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: A characteristic of C. difficile infection is multiple episodes of acute disease. Spores are the transmission vector of C. difficile and are necessary for recurrence in models of disease. Our research demonstrates that C. difficile spore production is significantly reduced in the presence of enterococci, a common group of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria present in the gut microbiota. Physical contact with enterococci reduces C. difficile spore production. We attribute this effect to a protein structure on the surface of enterococci. This finding suggests a potential role for enterococci and the gut microbiota in general to uncover regulators of C. difficile spore formation. This may provide an avenue for innovative treatment strategies that reduce spore formation.}, }
@article {pmid42079636, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, B and Meng, X and Yu, Z and Zhang, B and Zhao, W and Wang, L and Peng, L and Zou, J and Chen, J and Lin, X and Gao, X and Huang, SH and Cao, H}, title = {Vimentin-NF-κB signaling contributing to IbeA-mediated adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation during Escherichia coli K1 traversal of the blood-brain barrier.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1793594}, pmid = {42079636}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Blood-Brain Barrier/microbiology/metabolism ; Animals ; *NF-kappa B/metabolism ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Signal Transduction ; Humans ; Rats ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Vimentin/metabolism/genetics ; *Meningitis, Escherichia coli/microbiology/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/microbiology/metabolism ; Animals, Newborn ; Virulence Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: IbeA is a critical virulence factor that is present in the GimA island in Escherichia coli (E. coli) K1, the most common cause of Gram-negative bacterial meningitis in newborns. IbeA has multiple virulence functions, including adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation in the pathogenesis of E. coli K1 meningitis. However, it is unclear how IbeA coordinates its role in bacterial adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation during crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).<br><br>METHODS: An isogenic ibeA deletion mutant (ZD1) was generated from the neonatal meningitis-associated E. coli K1 strain E44. To define IbeA-mediated virulence, bacterial adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation were quantified in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) using TEER, confocal imaging, and crystal violet assays. A neonatal rat meningitis model evaluated bacterial dissemination, BBB disruption, neuroinflammation, and neurological deficits. Mechanistic studies focused on Vimentin (VIM) dynamics using lipid-raft fractionation, cytoskeleton extraction, immunofluorescence, vimentin-knockout (Vim-KO) HBMEC and Co-immunoprecipitation to assess its redistribution, post-translational modifications, and interaction with NF-&#x3ba;B. The functional involvement of the IbeA-VIM-NF-&#x3ba;B signaling pathway was further examined by modulating VIM activity with glatiramer acetate (GA) in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.<br><br>RESULTS: Deletion of ibeA and VIM significantly impaired bacterial adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation both on HBMECs and on abiotic surfaces. In neonatal rats, infection with ZD1 resulted in higher survival rates, milder neurological symptoms, and a marked reduction of biofilm structures within the cerebral microvasculature compared with infection by the wild-type strain. IbeA-triggered post-translational modifications and cytoplasmic mobilization of VIM drive its nuclear translocation, which in turn activates NF-&#x3ba;B signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of VIM with GA disrupted IbeA-mediated virulence, lowering bacterial loads in the blood and alleviating neurological injury.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: IbeA is a key virulence factor that coordinates E. coli K1 adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation by activating the VIM-NF-&#x3ba;B signaling pathway. Our study establishes for the first time a direct mechanistic link between IbeA's multiple virulence functions through the above signaling pathway leading to acute BBB disruption and meningitis and identify GA as a potential drug development candidate for this disease.}, }
@article {pmid42080116, year = {2026}, author = {Teymouri, M and Khayyer, R and Iranshahy, M and Salarinia, R and Zarghami Moghaddam, P and Mohammdi, A and Memariani, T and Mollazadeh, S}, title = {Sophoraflavanone G in Nano-Niosomal Form: Implications for Bacterial Inhibition, Biofilm Disruption, and Cancer Suppression.}, journal = {Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {61-68}, pmid = {42080116}, issn = {2008-2835}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sophoraflavanone G, SG, is a flavonoid compound found in Sophora species with various biological properties, including antibacterial, anticancer, antibio-film activities. However, this compound shows limited solubility in water, which reduces its bioavailability and hinders its practical application. To overcome this barrier, SG nano-niosomal form was prepared.<br><br>METHODS: In the current study, a nano-niosomal form of SG was prepared using cholesterol (Chol) and Tween 20. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were assessed by disc and well diffusion and biofilm assays, respectively, while anticancer specificity was evaluated by MTT on KB and L929 cell lines.<br><br>RESULTS: Disc and well diffusion assays showed a reduction in planktonic antibacterial activity of niosomal SG compared with free SG, whereas biofilm assays improved anti-biofilm effects; MTT assays indicated reduced cytotoxicity toward L929 cells with retained activity against KB cancer cells, suggesting improved anticancer specificity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: While niosomal formulation decreased SG's activity against planktonic bacteria, it enhanced antibiofilm effects and improved anticancer specificity by reducing toxicity to normal cells, making niosomal SG a promising candidate for cancer-directed therapeutic applications despite limited antimicrobial gains.}, }
@article {pmid42066934, year = {2026}, author = {Puertas-Segura, A and Costa, RR and Peixoto, D and Ivanova, K and Alves, NM and Reis, RL and Todorova, K and Dimitrov, P and Pashkuleva, I and Tzanov, T}, title = {Nano-enabled enzyme-assisted layer-by-layer coating prevents biofilm formation on urinary catheters.}, journal = {Acta biomaterialia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2026.04.058}, pmid = {42066934}, issn = {1878-7568}, abstract = {The ability of bacterial pathogens to colonise indwelling medical devices, particularly urinary catheters, and to establish drug-resistant biofilms accounts for approximately 60 % of all nosocomial infections, underscoring the urgent need for effective strategies to mitigate biofilm development on catheter surfaces. In this study, we developed a multilayer nano-composite coating for urinary catheters, assembled via sequential deposition of bioadhesive catechol-functionalised chitosan (catCS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and antimicrobial aminated lignin nanoparticles (N-LigNPs). Sono-enzymatically phenolated, aminated, and formulated lignin nanoparticles (NPs) served as both structural and functional components within the coatings, whose assembly was monitored in real time using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Atomic force microscopy was employed to characterise the coating topography, complemented by surface zeta potential measurements and lubricity analysis. Cross-linking of N-LigNPs with catCS, catalysed by the oxidative enzyme laccase, increased the mechanical integrity of the coating beyond that afforded by electrostatic interactions alone. This translated into durable antimicrobial and antibiofilm performance of the functionalised catheters over 7 days in a hydrodynamic model simulating a catheterised human bladder, reducing S. aureus and Escherichia coli biofilm formation by more than 60 %, while exhibiting no cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Moreover, the clinical, histological, and microbiological data obtained from in vivo studies in a rabbit model demonstrated that the coating was biocompatible and effectively prevented catheter-associated urinary tract infections during a 10-day indwelling period. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) remain a major clinical challenge due to biofilm formation and rising antimicrobial resistance. This study presents a bio-based, multilayer nanocomposite coating for urinary catheters that combines catechol-functionalised chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and aminated lignin nanoparticles, stabilised through laccase-mediated cross-linking. Unlike conventional electrostatic coatings, this enzymatically reinforced system exhibits enhanced mechanical durability, sustained antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity under physiologically relevant hydrodynamic conditions, and biocompatibility. Importantly, its efficacy is demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. This work highlights a sustainable, antibiotic-sparing strategy with strong translational potential for preventing CAUTIs and could be extended to other biofilm-prone medical devices.}, }
@article {pmid42067348, year = {2026}, author = {Cao, S and Liu, Z and Zhao, J and Dong, X and Dai, J and Yin, H}, title = {Hyaluronic acid-engineered infection-responsive liposomes achieve biofilm penetration and synergistic photothermal-photodynamic antibacterial therapy.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {383}, number = {}, pages = {125313}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125313}, pmid = {42067348}, issn = {1879-1344}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; Animals ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Indocyanine Green/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Mice ; Photothermal Therapy ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/metabolism ; Infrared Rays ; }, abstract = {Bacterial infections, particularly those caused by drug-resistant strains and biofilm-associated wounds, pose serious challenges in clinical treatment. Although phototherapy is a promising antibacterial approach, conventional photosensitizers suffer from poor stability, low photothermal conversion efficiency, and limited biofilm penetration. Herein, we developed an infection-responsive hyaluronic acid-modified cationic liposomal platform (HA@ICG@Lip) for synergistic photodynamic and photothermal antibacterial therapy. Elevated hyaluronidase (HAase) levels in infected tissues specifically degrade the outer HA layer, triggering enzyme-responsive deshielding to expose the positively charged liposomal core, which enhances bacterial adhesion and deep biofilm penetration. Upon near-infrared irradiation, indocyanine green (ICG) generates reactive oxygen species and localized heat, inducing bacterial membrane disruption and biofilm disintegration. Moreover, ICG forms J-aggregates within the liposomal matrix, improving near-infrared absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency. In vivo, HA@ICG@Lip combined with 808 nm LED irradiation effectively eradicated mixed-species biofilm infections and accelerated wound healing. This study provides a polysaccharide-based, infection-responsive phototherapeutic nanoplatform with potential for treating biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42068031, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, S and Feng, H and Wang, Y and Huang, J and Xu, S and Gong, Y and Liu, X and Ouyang, Y and Ye, Q and Zheng, D and Sun, K and Wang, A and Chen, Y}, title = {Intestinal epithelial Syndecan-1 maintains mucosal homeostasis in inflammatory bowel disease by enhancing Faecalibacterium prausnitzii biofilm formation.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2665870}, doi = {10.1080/19490976.2026.2665870}, pmid = {42068031}, issn = {1949-0984}, mesh = {Animals ; *Syndecan-1/genetics/metabolism ; *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/metabolism/genetics ; Mice ; *Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Mice, Knockout ; Humans ; *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Homeostasis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dextran Sulfate ; Colitis/microbiology/chemically induced ; Male ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; }, abstract = {Despite the rising global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), curative therapies remain unavailable. While our previous work implicated the intestinal proteoglycan Syndecan-1 (SDC1) in IBD-associated barrier dysfunction and inflammation, the underlying mechanism was unclear. This study aimed to elucidate how SDC1 maintains intestinal barrier integrity through interactions with the gut microbiome. In DSS-induced colitis, global knockout of Sdc1 (Sdc1[-/-]) exhibited exacerbated inflammatory infiltration and greater impairment of barrier structure and function than wild-type (WT). Formation of intestinal organoids was independent of genotype, indicating that Sdc1[-/-] does not impair barrier function via disrupting epithelial development. The heightened colitis susceptibility in Sdc1[-/-] mice was abolished in the antibiotic-treated pseudo-germ-free models, and transmissible to WT mice via fecal microbiota transplantation. Similar results were reproduced in a germ-free mouse model. Metagenomic sequencing identified Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as the most significantly depleted species upon Sdc1 knockout. In vitro, SDC1-attached glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS)) but not the SDC1 core protein promoted F. prausnitzii growth. Prokaryotic transcriptome profiling indicated that HS/CS induces cobalamin biosynthesis in F. prausnitzii. The critical role of cobalamin as a mediator was confirmed, as its synthetic inhibition significantly diminished the growth-promoting effect of HS/CS. Mechanism studies showed that HS/CS enhanced biofilm formation in F. prausnitzii, thereby facilitating cobalamin biosynthesis. Oral administration of HS ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and promoted mucosal colonization of F. prausnitzii, independent of the host genotype. Finally, human IBD biopsies revealed a positive correlation between epithelial SDC1 and mucosal F. prausnitzii, as well as an inverse correlation with bacterial translocation and the number of LPS‑positive cells. Our study elucidates a novel mechanism in which the glycosaminoglycan chains of SDC1 promote F. prausnitzii colonization and growth through enhanced biofilm formation and cobalamin synthesis, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of HS for IBD and offering a new basis for host-directed microbiota regulation.}, }
@article {pmid42066399, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Chen, M and Song, B and Liu, T and Zhao, YG and He, Q and Chen, Y}, title = {Micro(nano)plastics reshape constructed wetlands: Linking biofilm succession's role to key biogenic substance transformation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {126024}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.126024}, pmid = {42066399}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Constructed wetlands (CWs) are increasingly recognized as terminal sinks for micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), yet how chronic MNPs accumulation reshapes biofilm-mediated biogenic substance transformation remains poorly understood. Here, using a 300-day CW experiment integrating process analysis, biofilm microstructure characterization, and metagenomics, we demonstrate that plastic particle size acts as a decisive ecological switch governing biofilm succession and multi-element cycling. Long-term microplastics (MPs) exposure unexpectedly enhanced denitrification and sulfate reduction, whereas nanoplastics (NPs) persistently suppressed carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur transformations. Mechanistic analyses reveal that these divergent outcomes arise not from direct metabolic toxicity but from size-dependent reorganization of biofilm architecture, regulatory gene networks, and microbial cooperation. MPs promoted extracellular polymeric substance synthesis, reinforced anaerobic redox stratification, and strengthened electron-transfer-driven microbial clustering, while NPs disrupted biofilm integrity, downregulated succession-related genes, and fragmented functional interactions. This study challenges the prevailing assumption that MNPs accumulation uniformly degrades treatment performance and establishes a mechanistic framework linking particle size, biofilm succession, and ecosystem functioning. Our findings provide new insights into the long-term ecological effects of emerging particulate pollutants and offer guidance for designing resilient biofilm-based treatment systems under increasing plastic pressure.}, }
@article {pmid42061232, year = {2026}, author = {Kong, L and Li, W and Shinoda, N and Sagita, ND and Li, W and Li, W and Li, F}, title = {Silver-loaded granular activated carbon for fixed-bed drinking water treatment: antibacterial effect in both water and biofilm phases and impact on organic matter removal.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {144934}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.144934}, pmid = {42061232}, issn = {1879-1298}, abstract = {Silver-loaded activated carbon (Ag/AC) was synthesized via an impregnation method and evaluated in a 180-day continuous-flow column system treating natural river water to investigate its long-term antibacterial performance and likely impact on organic matter removal. Compared with activated carbon before silver loading (AC), Ag/AC suppressed bacterial proliferation and biofilm development during operation, as indicated by lower bacterial counts and reduced 16S rDNA copy numbers in both effluent and attached biofilm. During the operation, bacterial accumulation and biofilm growth increased, and an elevation in effluent 16S rDNA was observed prior to hydraulic cleaning at day 140. After cleaning, antibacterial performance improved. Silver loading slightly reduced the removal efficiency of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including humic-like, fulvic-like, and protein-like components, as well as p-nitrophenol (PNP), a representative low-molecular-weight organic compound. Longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) enhanced both antibacterial performance and organic matter removal. Overall, Ag/AC exhibited sustained antibacterial activity throughout the 180-day operation, while showing slightly lower organic matter removal compared with AC. These findings could contribute to better understanding of the long-term operational behaviour of Ag-modified activated carbon in drinking water treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42061741, year = {2026}, author = {Vincent, J and Tenore, A and Mattei, MR and Frunzo, L}, title = {Modelling the Role of Phages in Biofilm Ecosystems and the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {112492}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2026.112492}, pmid = {42061741}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {The spread and control of antibiotic resistance is a major public health issue and challenge to address. This has driven a growing interest in bacteriophages, used alone or in combination with antibiotics to treat antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Evaluating the potential of phage therapy requires a detailed understanding of phages-microbes interactions, from their lytic activity to their capacity for transducing resistance genes. Mathematical models are a powerful tool to investigate specific aspects of these complex mechanisms, where a great number of biotic and abiotic interactions are involved. We present here a mathematical model exploring the role of phages in biofilm ecosystems and the potential of phage therapy to eliminate resistant bacterial populations. The model is formulated as a system of non-local partial differential equations in a one-dimensional, free-boundary domain. It incorporates all major routes of horizontal gene transfer - conjugation, natural transformation, and generalised transduction - along with selective pressure from metals and antibiotics, within a spatially structured, growing biofilm. Numerical simulations investigate the contribution of vertical and horizontal gene transfer, including generalised transduction, to the spread of plasmid-mediated resistance. We assess the potential of phage therapy, both as a stand-alone treatment and in combination with antibiotics, highlighting how phage-antibiotic synergy can substantially reduce the antibiotic concentration required to eradicate even resistant biofilms. The simulations reveal how phage predation contributes to selective pressure and shapes biofilm ecology.}, }
@article {pmid42062835, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, J and Xie, J}, title = {c-di-GMP-Mediated Biofilm Regulation in Specific Spoilage Organisms: Mechanisms and Control Strategies in Aquatic Products.}, journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {e70469}, doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70469}, pmid = {42062835}, issn = {1541-4337}, support = {32472401//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Aquatic product spoilage primarily results from specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) such as Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Shewanella, with biofilm formation playing a pivotal role in accelerating deterioration. The bacterial second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) orchestrates this process by regulating biofilm assembly. Intracellular c-di-GMP levels, modulated by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), dictate bacterial behavior: higher concentrations suppress motility, promote adhesion, and trigger extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion, reinforcing biofilm integrity. This protective matrix enhances SSO resistance to refrigeration, antimicrobial agents, and environmental stressors. Within biofilms, SSOs display heightened metabolic activity, producing proteases and lipases that degrade proteins and lipids, yielding spoilage metabolites such as trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, and organic acids-compounds responsible for off-odors, texture deterioration, and quality loss. Interventions targeting c-di-GMP signaling, such as DGC/PDE inhibitors, quorum-sensing disruption, and combined physical-chemical treatments, may effectively suppress biofilm formation and prolong shelf life. Further studies should elucidate c-di-GMP's interactions with other regulatory networks and its influence on multispecies biofilm dynamics in aquatic products. This review examines biofilm formation and its role in aquatic product spoilage, along with c-di-GMP's regulatory function in spoilage-associated biofilms and its broader spoilage implications, offering a theoretical foundation for further research on c-di-GMP-mediated interactions in multispecies biofilm systems.}, }
@article {pmid42062893, year = {2026}, author = {Rockstroh, J and Pagel, AJ and Neufend, JV and Siemens, N and Lalk, M and Methling, K}, title = {Metabolomic Characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis: Different Metabolic States in Planktonic and Biofilm Forms and the Influence of Streptokinase.}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/jasms.6c00024}, pmid = {42062893}, issn = {1879-1123}, abstract = {Despite the extensive research that has been conducted into the metabolism of Gram-positive bacteria, relatively little is known about the adaptations of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) during biofilm maturation. This study uses targeted metabolomics and MALDI MS imaging to investigate time-dependent changes in the metabolome composition. Key metabolites of energy metabolism were quantified in planktonic and biofilm bacteria. A distinct decline in the abundance of metabolites from all analyzed metabolic pathways was observed in sessile SDSE. Furthermore, we observed a broad decrease of nutrient utilization in biofilm-associated bacteria. Additionally, we examined the impact of deleting streptokinase on SDSE metabolism. Especially, concentrations of glycolysis intermediates and adenosine phosphates exhibited significant alterations when comparing the S118 strain with its mutant. The absence of the ska gene led to drastic changes in both energy and structural metabolism. These findings provide new insight into the metabolic adaptations of SDSE and represent an initial step toward understanding its role in pathogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid42063757, year = {2026}, author = {Maher, AA and Maad, AH and Al-Jaufy, AY and Al-Shami, HZ and Al-Saban, AM and Al-Haifi, AY and Al-Worafi, YM and Al-Barq, AM and Al-Yosffi, EA and Naji Saad, HM and Al-Dhabali, AA and Thawaba, ZA and Al-Shami, AS}, title = {Association of biofilm formation with multidrug resistance in burn wound patients isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Sana'a City, Yemen.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1762684}, pmid = {42063757}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Burn wound infections (BWIs) represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized burn patients. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized for its ability to acquire multidrug resistance (MDR) and form biofilms that enhance virulence and antimicrobial tolerance.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between biofilm formation and multidrug resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates from burn wound infections in Sana'a City, Yemen.<br><br>METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Republic Hospital, Sana'a City, Yemen, from October 2023 to December 2024. A total of 424 burn wound samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (CLSI, 2022). Biofilm production was assessed by the microtiter plate method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect biofilm-associated genes (algD, pslD, and pelF). Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0, with p&#x202f;&#x2264;&#x202f;0.05 considered significant.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 424 burn wound samples, P. aeruginosa was the predominant isolate (39.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.3%). Significant risk factors associated with bacterial isolation included prior antibiotic use (&#x3c7; [2]&#x202f;=&#x202f;16.4, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.001), wound debridement (&#x3c7; [2]&#x202f;=&#x202f;21.6, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.001), and surgical skin grafting (&#x3c7; [2]&#x202f;=&#x202f;11.7, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.001). P. aeruginosa showed high resistance to ceftazidime (89.8%), cefepime (90.4%), ticarcillin (92.2%), and meropenem (61.9%), while remaining largely sensitive to colistin (97%). Among isolates, 13% were MDR, 21% extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and 51% pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains. Biofilm formation was observed in 66.4% of P. aeruginosa isolates-19.7% strong, 47.0% moderate, and 33.3% non-producers. The biofilm-associated genes algD, pslD, and pelF were detected in 38, 35, and 27% of isolates, respectively. A significant association was observed between strong biofilm formation and the presence of the pslD gene (&#x3c7; [2]&#x202f;=&#x202f;4.8, p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.03), but not with MDR status (p&#x202f;>&#x202f;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: P. aeruginosa remains the leading cause of burn wound infections in Sana'a City, Yemen, exhibiting alarmingly high levels of carbapenem and cephalosporin resistance. Although biofilm formation was common, no significant association was found between biofilm production and multidrug resistance. The high prevalence of PDR strains underscores the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship, routine susceptibility testing, and infection control measures in burn centers.}, }
@article {pmid42064215, year = {2026}, author = {Arya, R and Joshi, B}, title = {Editorial: Innovative approaches to preventing and treating biofilm-associated infections.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1833864}, pmid = {42064215}, issn = {2235-2988}, }
@article {pmid42064378, year = {2026}, author = {Haugli, KH and Samuelsen, JT and Aas, V and Dragland, IS and Charnock, C}, title = {Acrylic-based occlusal device materials - the influence of manufacturing techniques on material properties and the propensity for biofilm formation.}, journal = {Biomaterial investigations in dentistry}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {45909}, pmid = {42064378}, issn = {2641-5275}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The material composition, manufacturing system, and post-processing steps used to fabricate acrylic-based occlusal devices may affect their clinical performance. This study aims to assess how manufacturing techniques and post-processing treatments influence the material properties of acrylic-based occlusal devices and the propensity of Streptococcus mutans to form biofilms on the surfaces.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on applied manufacturing technique and post-processing treatment, disc&#x2011;shaped specimens were manufactured using four 3D printing workflows (Splint 2.0&#x2011;Asiga Flash/Otoflash (OF), and LT Clear&#x2011;Form Cure/OF), one milling workflow (Therapon), and one autopolymerization workflow (PalaXtreme). Water sorption and solubility, surface free energy (SFE), average surface roughness, and Vickers hardness were tested across these workflows. The ATCC 700610 Streptococcus mutans strain served as a model for biofilm formation on the material surfaces. Two biofilm methods were employed: a 24-hour bioreactor approach and a 72-hour culture plate approach. Biofilm was quantified as colony-forming units per cm[2].<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Therapon and PalaXtreme workflows exhibited the lowest solubility, suggesting that these materials have the lowest release of material components in water. The Splint 2.0 workflows exhibited the lowest water sorption, indicating enhanced material integrity in humid conditions. Therapon showed the highest Vickers hardness, followed by PalaXtreme. The lower hardness of the print materials may make them susceptible to wear, which may not be optimal for treating patients with bruxism. No significant differences in SFE were observed between workflows. Low roughness values across all workflows indicate good polishability, which can enhance resistance to bacterial adhesion. In the 72-hour biofilm experiment, the Therapon workflow exhibited the most biofilm formation on material surfaces while PalaXtreme showed the least (p < 0.05). No significant differences between workflow groups were shown in the 24-hour biofilm experiment.In summary, material properties are influenced by material chemistry, manufacturing method, and associated post-processing treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42065257, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, F and Zheng, W and Liao, X and Duan, X and Liu, X and Chen, Z and Gao, M and Liao, C and Xu, H and Lan, Q and Yang, Z and Chen, C}, title = {Biofilm-Derived Disinfection Byproducts in Water Distribution: Precursor Roles and Toxicity under Various Disinfection Methods.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6c02498}, pmid = {42065257}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) serve as important reservoirs of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. This study systematically investigated the formation and toxicity of DBPs from extracellular (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) of pipe biofilms under five disinfection methods. EOM consistently produced higher DBP yields than IOM, with ozone (O3)/chlorine (Cl2) generating the highest levels due to a synergistic oxidation-halogenation effect. Monochloramine (NH2Cl) disinfection resulted in low DBP additive toxicity for both EOM (493) and IOM (100), and the zebrafish embryo toxicity test also confirmed that NH2Cl induced the weakest adverse effects. Although disinfection altered the content and proportion of proteins, polysaccharides, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in biofilms, these changes alone could not fully explain the observed DBP formation patterns. Targeted analysis identified ten major biofilm components, including d-glucosamine, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, and several amino acids. However, their contribution to the formation of the aforementioned DBPs was generally low, indicating that uncharacterized precursors predominated in most scenarios. Despite their limited quantitative contribution, potential reaction pathways for four amino acids with high DBP formation potential were summarized. The contribution of specific biofilm components to DBP formation identified and evaluated in this paper provides important insights for DBP control in DWDS.}, }
@article {pmid42065469, year = {2026}, author = {Alqahtani, H and Abd El-Sattar, SM and Faqerah, N and Faisal, S and Rizk, MA and El-Moslamy, SH and Abdelhamid, HN and Gomaa, I}, title = {Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of a ZnO-Te/TeO2 nanocomposite for multidrug-resistant microorganism and biofilm eradication.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d6tb00128a}, pmid = {42065469}, issn = {2050-7518}, abstract = {The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens demands antimicrobial materials that combine tunable surface chemistry with durable, non-antibiotic kill mechanisms. We reported a sonication-freeze-dry route to hybrid ZnO nanorod-decorated Te/α-TeO2 sheets and demonstrated that interfacial strain-engineering at the ZnO-Te/TeO2 heterointerface enhances antimicrobial potency across Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal MDR strains. Structural analysis shows a two-phase Te/α-TeO2 host (∼68% Te: ∼32% α-TeO2) whose oxide sublattice accumulates microstrain and defects as ZnO loading increases (α-TeO2: Dmin ≈ 39.8 nm, εmax ≈ 0.384% at 40% ZnO), while Te domains recover crystallinity at 50% ZnO, consistent with strain redistribution. The optimal formulation (Z7, 50% ZnO-Te/α-TeO2) produced the largest inhibition zones against Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.64 ± 3.5 mm) and Escherichia coli (34.70 ± 3.6 mm), achieved a growth reduction efficiency of 96.45 ± 2.54% and 94.19 ± 1.63%, respectively, and showed an minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of 1.95 mg mL[-1] (MBC 7.81 mg mL[-1]) versus K. pneumoniae. Long-term dynamic viability analysis demonstrates complete eradication of planktonic growth within 78-90 h, depending on strain. Mechanistically, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production together with strong interfacial membrane disruption is proposed as a potential mechanism. The material's structural tunability, facile synthesis, and broad anti-MDR performance make it promising for futher applications such as hospital coatings and infection-resistant surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid42065658, year = {2026}, author = {Choi, JB and Choi, CI and Choi, T and Kim, DS and Lee, JW}, title = {Emerging strategies for biofilm disruption in recurrent urinary tract infections.}, journal = {Investigative and clinical urology}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {227-236}, doi = {10.4111/icu.20250654}, pmid = {42065658}, issn = {2466-054X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Antimicrobial Peptides/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Nanoparticles ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a key microbial survival mechanism that enables bacterial persistence and recurrence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in patients with catheters or structural abnormalities. These complex microbial communities hinder antibiotic efficacy and facilitate the development of antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in microbiology and materials science have led to the emergence of diverse therapeutic approaches targeting biofilms. This review highlights current and investigational strategies for biofilm disruption, including the inhibition of quorum sensing, enzymatic or chemical degradation of extracellular polymeric substances, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticle-based systems, and microbiota modulation. Understanding these evolving modalities may guide future individualized treatments for recurrent UTIs.}, }
@article {pmid42056812, year = {2026}, author = {Fu, Y and Zhuang, H and Shi, J}, title = {Reshaping of the electron transport chain and carbon metabolism by low-loading Fe3O4@PU for enhanced phenolic compounds degradation in an algal-bacterial biofilm system.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {511}, number = {}, pages = {142207}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142207}, pmid = {42056812}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {While previous algal-bacterial biofilm systems without magnetite have shown limited resilience to high concentration phenolic compounds, this study demonstrates that introducing low loading (5%) nano-Fe3O4 substantially enhances degradation stability by optimizing electron transfer pathways. Four algal-bacterial reactors with varying Fe3O4 loadings (5-50%) were constructed using polyurethane carriers to treat phenolic wastewater under increasing total phenol (TPh) concentrations (50-300 mg/L). The 5% loading reactor (R1) demonstrated outstanding performance, achieving > 80% TPh removal and approximately 76% COD removal even at the highest loading. Compared to without magnetite systems, R1 achieved 13-15% higher TPh degradation at 300 mg/L. R1 also exhibited the highest electron transfer system activity (0.487 μg O2·gVSS[-1]·h[-1]) and cytochrome c content (72.12 mg/g VSS), indicating that Fe3O4 serves as an electron shuttle, compensating for endogenous electron carrier limitations. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the enhanced performance stemmed from robust carbohydrate metabolism, particularly the upregulation of key glycolytic enzymes (pfkA) and glycogen degrading enzymes (GH13), ensuring efficient NADH/ATP production. This metabolic advantage supplied reducing power to the Fe3O4 optimized electron transport chain, synchronizing electron generation with respiratory utilization. These findings demonstrate that low-dose Fe3O4 optimizes natural electron transfer pathways by coupling metabolic flux with respiratory chain activity, offering a cost effective strategy for treating high strength industrial wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid42057785, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, B and Wu, Z and Cui, X and Yi, Y and Chen, F and Wu, G}, title = {Polymethyl methacrylate microplastics affect oral microbiota diversity and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1811667}, pmid = {42057785}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-a widely applied dental resin-based material-contributes to oral PMMA microplastics (PMMA-MPs) exposure through masticating. PMMA-MPs may facilitate pathogen adhesion, posing substantial risks to oral health. Dental caries represents the most prevalent chronic infectious oral disease, characterized by progressive lesions that may induce pain, tooth structure loss, and compromised masticatory efficiency. Streptococcus mutans have been widely identified as the primary etiological agents responsible for caries pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PMMA-MPs on oral microbiota closely associated with dental caries.<br><br>METHODS: The impacts of PMMA-MPs were assessed using a standardized murine oral exposure model, followed by the quantification of PMMA-MPs-associated shifts in oral microbiota using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared with the control group, PMMA-MPs significantly altered the diversity of oral microbial communities in mice, with a notable increase in the relative abundance of Streptococcus. Based on the 16S sequencing results, S. mutans was selected for subsequent in vitro experiments.<br><br>RESULTS: PMMA-MPs markedly enhanced the growth, biofilm formation, and virulence factor synthesis of S. mutans. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PMMA-MPs may promote biofilm formation through pathways including ABC transporters, quorum sensing, and purine metabolism. Additionally, PMMA-MPs exposure enhanced bacterial antibiotic tolerance.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Overall, our results revealed that PMMA-MPs can alter the composition of the oral microbial community, while enhancing both the virulence factors and antibiotic tolerance of S. mutans biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid42058172, year = {2026}, author = {Cavallo, I and Sivori, F and Truglio, M and Francalancia, M and Abril, E and Fabrizio, G and Petrolo, S and Maione, F and Prignano, G and Mastrofrancesco, A and Pimpinelli, F and Di Domenico, EG}, title = {Clonal lineage and biofilm growth shape cefiderocol activity in Acinetobacter baumannii from oncology patients.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1788718}, pmid = {42058172}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification/physiology ; *Cephalosporins/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cefiderocol/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; *Neoplasms/complications ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Acinetobacter baumannii is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections in immunocompromised patients and frequently exhibits multidrug resistance. Cefiderocol, a siderophore cephalosporin, is among the few remaining therapeutic options for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB); however, its activity may differ by clonal lineage and can be further compromised in the biofilm state. This study investigates genomic features and cefiderocol efficacy against planktonic and biofilm-associated forms of oncology-derived A. baumannii isolates.<br><br>METHODS: Twenty-five non-duplicate, consecutive clinical isolates of A. baumannii from oncology patients underwent whole-genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing. Cefiderocol activity was quantified in planktonic and biofilm-associated states using minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Ten sequence types were identified, with the high-risk sequence type 2 (ST2) clone accounting for 56% (14/25) of isolates. ST2 strains showed significantly higher resistance to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones than non-ST2 (NST) strains. The carbapenemase gene bla OXA-23 was detected exclusively in ST2. Colistin and cefiderocol were the most active agents overall. ST2 strains showed higher cefiderocol MBC values than NST strains. However, avibactam significantly reduced cefiderocol MBC in ST2, consistent with class D &#x3b2;-lactamases activity. ST2 and NST isolates exhibited comparable distributions of iron acquisition genes and similar CAS-detected siderophore activity under the assay conditions tested. Cefiderocol activity was significantly reduced in biofilms relative to planktonic cells (median MBEC 2 &#xb5;g/ml versus median MBC 0.5 &#xb5;g/ml). NST exhibited higher MBEC/MBC ratios than ST2 isolates, indicating greater biofilm-associated tolerance to cefiderocol.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Collectively, these data associate the predominance of oncology-derived ST2 with bla OXA-23 carriage and higher cefiderocol bactericidal thresholds and show that cefiderocol activity is consistently reduced in the biofilm state. Future studies integrating functional measures of iron acquisition and &#x3b2;-lactamase activity will be needed to define the determinants of cefiderocol efficacy across lineages and growth states.}, }
@article {pmid42058173, year = {2026}, author = {Rademacher, A and Ekat, K and Skusa, R and Scharnagl, L and Knipp, F and Warnke, C and Marcinek, J and Tobien, S and Frank, M and Khaimov, V and Rohde, H and Kreikemeyer, B and Oehmcke-Hecht, S}, title = {Bacterial factors required for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis are linked to contact activation.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1802218}, pmid = {42058173}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Humans ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Blood Coagulation ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase/genetics/metabolism ; Factor XII/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of device-associated bloodstream infections, where biofilm formation contributes to persistence in direct contact with host plasma. While extracellular matrix components are central to biofilm development, their functional consequences at the host-pathogen interface remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether bacterial factors required for biofilm formation are associated with activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in human plasma. Clinical isolates of S. epidermidis that accelerated clotting time in plasma also showed stronger biofilm formation. S. epidermidis mutants, deficient in polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) or the autolysin AtlE were impaired in biofilm formation and had prolonged clotting times compared to their wild type. The wild-type strain induced activation of factor XII and plasma kallikrein, accelerated intrinsic coagulation, and degraded high-molecular-weight kininogen, effects absent in the AtlE and PIA mutants. Notably, DNase I treatment of the wild-type strain prolonged intrinsic coagulation time and prevented high-molecular-weight kininogen degradation, identifying bacterial extracellular DNA as a possible central driver of contact activation. The D5-derived peptide HKH20, previously shown to inhibit contact activation, also reduced S. epidermidis-induced activation of contact factors. In plasma, HKH20 decreased the formation and size of bacterial aggregates and altered biofilm architecture by modulating fibrin network formation. Together, these findings identify extracellular DNA and PIA as biofilm-relevant bacterial factors that are linked to contact system activation and intrinsic coagulation in plasma, highlighting an unexpected functional interface between biofilm matrix components and host plasma defense mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid42058217, year = {2026}, author = {Tan, S and Lai, J and Yu, S}, title = {Biofilm adaptation and mucosal immune dysregulation in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis: from pathogenesis to a therapeutic roadmap.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1797096}, pmid = {42058217}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Sinusitis/immunology/therapy/microbiology ; Chronic Disease ; *Rhinitis/immunology/therapy/microbiology ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; *Nasal Mucosa/immunology/microbiology ; Animals ; Dysbiosis ; Rhinosinusitis ; }, abstract = {The management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is frequently complicated by treatment recalcitrance, a phenomenon primarily driven by the persistence of microbial biofilms. Beyond their traditional role as a physical barrier against antibiotics, recent evidence positions biofilms as sophisticated immune modulators that actively perpetuate mucosal dysbiosis. This review synthesizes the pathological continuum of biofilm-associated CRS, elucidating how biofilm derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger the release of epithelial alarmins (TSLP, IL-33, IL-25), thereby fueling a maladaptive Type 2 inflammatory loop. We further examine bacterial survival strategies, such as the formation of small colony variants (SCVs) and intracellular "Trojan Horse" reservoirs, which render conventional functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and antimicrobial monotherapies insufficient for complete eradication. Crucially, we discuss the current diagnostic disconnect where standard cultures fail to detect biofilm burdens. Finally, we propose a therapeutic paradigm shift from a purely bactericidal approach to one of ecological restoration. By integrating cutting-edge strategies, including matrix-degrading enzymes, bacteriophage cocktails, and Nasal Microbiota Transplantation (NMT), we construct a multi-dimensional framework aiming to restore sinonasal homeostasis. Together, these emerging strategies support a shift from pathogen suppression alone toward ecological and immunologic rebalancing of the sinonasal mucosa, offering a more durable conceptual framework for overcoming treatment recalcitrance.}, }
@article {pmid42060102, year = {2025}, author = {Baek, J and Lee, J and Jeong, YJ and Oh, SY and Kang, SS}, title = {Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium Biofilm Formation, Adhesion, and Invasion by Whey Beverage Supplemented with Triticum dicoccum (Farro) Enzyme.}, journal = {Food science of animal resources}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {648-661}, doi = {10.5851/kosfa.2025.e5}, pmid = {42060102}, issn = {2636-0780}, abstract = {Triticum dicoccum (Farro) an ancient wheat species has recently gained attention for its exceptional health benefits. However, research on its antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties remains limited. Additionally, a growing trend has been observed in releasing enriched or fortified whey beverages to enhance their functionality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of whey beverages supplemented with enzyme-rich fermented farro (WF) on Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm formation and explore the underlying mechanisms. Treatment with WF significantly reduced biofilm formation and viability of S. Typhimurium. Moreover, WF decreased the bacterial adhesion to and invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells. WF also inhibited gene expression associated with motility and initial adhesion in S. Typhimurium, as well as genes involved in quorum sensing (QS), in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, WF suppressed the production of the QS signaling molecule autoinducer-2 in a similar concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, our findings indicate that the addition of enzyme-rich fermented farro to whey beverage enhances anti-biofilm activity, which is probably attributed to its antimicrobial effects, inhibition of initial adhesion, and QS reduction. These findings offer a promising basis for developing fortified dairy beverages that can enhance food safety and promote human health.}, }
@article {pmid42060315, year = {2026}, author = {Gómez, RA and Silvero C, MJ and Becerra, MC and Vitorino, GP}, title = {Synergistic antibacterial activity of norfloxacin and sulfadiazine against planktonic and biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnag054}, pmid = {42060315}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance represents a major global health concern, particularly in countries where multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens are widespread. Biofilm formation further complicates therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the synergistic effects of combining norfloxacin (NOR) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) against three Escherichia coli strains: a reference, a quinolone-resistant clinical isolate, and a highly resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strain. Checkerboard assays and isobolograms revealed synergistic or partially synergistic effects across all strains, with Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) values ranging from 0.37 to 1.0. Notably, the ESBL strain displayed enhanced synergy (FICI = 0.75) under white LED light irradiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis showed that SDZ generated higher levels than NOR, particularly in the quinolone-resistant clinical isolate, while the NOR-SDZ combination yielded lower levels. Scanning electron microscopy of biofilms confirmed that the drug combination caused greater structural disruption than either monotherapy, especially at NOR (FIC × 100) and SDZ (FIC × 10). Subinhibitory monotherapies modulated the biofilm phenotype, underscoring the benefits of combined treatments. Overall, these findings highlight the NOR-SDZ combination as a promising therapeutic approach against MDR E. coli, where drug synergy and biofilm disruption emerge as key strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid42060701, year = {2026}, author = {Da Costa, RM and Rooke, JL and Morris, FC and Yang, Z and Lian, ZJ and Rossiter, AE and Cole, JA and Forde, B and Cunningham, AF and Henderson, IR}, title = {SeaB is a conserved Salmonella enterica extracellular matrix binding protein involved in biofilm formation and infection.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0075425}, doi = {10.1128/iai.00754-25}, pmid = {42060701}, issn = {1098-5522}, abstract = {Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Exacerbating this issue is the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains, posing a major threat to human health. Type 5 secretion system proteins play a major role in virulence and are viable vaccine targets. However, only a limited number of these proteins have been functionally characterized to date. In this study, we characterized SeaB, which belongs to the Type 5a secretion system. We demonstrated that SeaB is localized to the cell surface and involved in binding to the extracellular matrix. Our results indicate that SeaB is involved in aggregation and biofilm formation and contributes to virulence. Furthermore, immunization with SeaB elicits antibodies and provides protection against Salmonella challenge in a mouse model of infection.}, }
@article {pmid42061103, year = {2026}, author = {Aliniay-Sharafshadehi, S and Sheykhhasan, M and Sharifi, K and Ansari-Mohseni, A and Yousefi, MH and Afkhami, H and Mehdipour, A and Aghaali, M}, title = {Dental Pulp Stem Cells for the Management of Plaque Biofilm-Associated Infections : A Review.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, pages = {109559}, doi = {10.1016/j.identj.2026.109559}, pmid = {42061103}, issn = {1875-595X}, abstract = {This structured narrative review synthesises current evidence (2000-2025) on the antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in the context of plaque-induced gingivitis and oral biofilm infections. We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science via keywords related to DPSCs, oral biofilms, antimicrobial peptides (eg, β-defensins, LL-37), and immunomodulation. Unlike conventional antimicrobial therapies that solely target pathogen eradication, DPSCs offer a dual-function strategy: (1) direct microbial control through the secretion of antimicrobial peptides that disrupt Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and (2) resolution of inflammation via macrophage M2 polarisation, suppression of IL-1β/TNF-α (Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α), and microbiome rebalancing. Additionally, DPSCs support periodontal tissue regeneration through trophic signalling and differentiation into periodontal lineage cells. Critically, no clinical trials to date have evaluated DPSCs for the management of gingivitis. This review highlights DPSCs as promising, antibiotic-sparing therapeutic candidate and outlines key knowledge gaps for future translational research.}, }
@article {pmid42049983, year = {2026}, author = {Telles, PYV and Oliveira, VC and Geng Vivanco, R and de Arruda, CNF and Panzeri, FC}, title = {A chlorine releasing solution as an alternative for dental biofilm control.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-49642-5}, pmid = {42049983}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2023/14376-4//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; }, abstract = {To evaluate the antibiofilm activity of a chlorine-releasing solution (CRS) and its in vitro effects on enamel color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness. A mixed biofilm composed of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans was formed on standardized bovine enamel specimens (6 × 6 × 2 mm). After 48 h of maturation, the specimens were immersed for 5 min in CRS (Granudacyn, Mölnlycke Health Care), 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX, positive control), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, negative control). Antibiofilm activity was determined by colony-forming unit counts (CFU/mL). For enamel property evaluation, new specimens were treated once daily for 30 s using immersion or spray protocols. Color changes (ΔE00), roughness (ΔRa), and microhardness (ΔKHN) were assessed at 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. CRS significantly reduced microbial counts compared with PBS and showed activity comparable to CHX. Surface roughness remained stable across treatments, except for CHX spray at 30 days (p < 0.05). CRS immersion resulted in lower microhardness values than PBS but did not differ from CHX. At 30 days, CHX spray produced the highest microhardness reduction (p < 0.05). No significant differences in color were observed among treatments. CRS demonstrated antimicrobial activity comparable to CHX without greater alterations in enamel surface properties under the tested conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42051042, year = {2026}, author = {Teklay, YT}, title = {Synergies of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Dynamics in the Bioremediation of Emerging Medical Organic Pollutants.}, journal = {TheScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2026}, number = {1}, pages = {e5568616}, doi = {10.1155/tswj/5568616}, pmid = {42051042}, issn = {1537-744X}, mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; }, abstract = {Emerging organic pollutants in medical waste present significant environmental challenges. Bioremediation is an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution, leveraging natural processes to effectively mitigate these risks. So, this review aims to discuss the role of microbial biofilm and quorum sensing in the bioremediation of these pollutants, with a special focus on their mechanism of action, application, and potential. The review begins with an overview of emerging organic pollutants, the importance of bioremediation, the basics of quorum sensing, and its significance in a microbial consortium. Key findings indicate that technological applications such as engineered biofilm bioreactors, electroactive biofilms in microbial fuel cells, co-culture systems, and genetic engineering of QS pathways significantly accelerate pollutant mitigation compared to traditional methods. For instance, specific case studies (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pharmaceutical degradation) demonstrate the efficacy of QS-mediated metabolic control. A key conclusion is that leveraging these integrated QS-biofilm systems can surpass conventional waste degradation approaches. However, limitations include the difficulty of scaling up laboratory nanobioremediation systems and the complexity of interspecies signaling in real-world applications. Future research bottlenecks must prioritize investigating the stability of QS signals within complex wastewater matrices impacted by variables like pH and indigenous quorum-quenching microorganisms and developing precise biofilm control strategies through QS manipulation to optimize architecture for targeted degradation. Bridging these gaps through real-scale validation is essential to transition these promising laboratory-scale technologies into practical environmental applications. This review serves as a benchmark for developing immediate, bio-based solutions to mitigate the risks posed by EMOPs.}, }
@article {pmid42052175, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, X and Liu, Y and Geng, Z and Guo, Y}, title = {Synthesis and antibacterial activity study of anti-biofilm agents based on American oyster defensin analog A4.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {24}, pages = {21655-21666}, pmid = {42052175}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Chronic infections caused by bacterial biofilms represent a challenging clinical issue. The formation of biofilms markedly complicates the treatment of bacterial infections and frequently contributes to the development of drug-resistant strains. Anti-biofilm agents, encompassing a class of chemically or biologically active substances, are capable of inhibiting the formation of microbial biofilms or disrupting pre-existing biofilm structures. Antimicrobial peptides, as anti-biofilm agents, effectively interfere with the formation and stability of biofilms. As an analog of American oyster defensin (AOD), A4 displays superior antibacterial activity, diverse modes of action (including DNA interaction and inhibition of DNA amplification), and low toxicity. The purpose of this study is to develop new anti-biofilm agents with higher activity and better stability based on A4. By tuning amino acid configuration and substituting disulfide bonds, four analogs (D-A4, A4-T1, A4-T2, and A4-T3) were designed and synthesized. Results of antibacterial assays indicated that all analogs maintained broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with D-A4 exhibiting enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Crystal violet staining assays demonstrated that D-A4 effectively inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations as low as 1/2 × MIC. Stability assays revealed that D-A4 exhibited high stability in both proteolytic and serum environments. With potent activity, excellent stability, and low toxicity, D-A4 holds great promise as an anti-biofilm agent against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid42052294, year = {2026}, author = {Brümmer, N and Behrens, K and Doll-Nikutta, K and Pott, PC and Stiesch, M}, title = {Synergistic potential of antibiotics against an in vitro multispecies biofilm model for peri-implantitis.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1800253}, pmid = {42052294}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite their widespread success, dental implants remain vulnerable to biofilm-associated infections such as peri-implantitis. Local antibiotic (AB) application may enhance treatment outcomes; however, its use remains controversial due to limited evidence and the lack of standardized recommendations regarding active agents and effective concentrations. This study aimed to identify potent antibiotic combinations and concentrations against a peri-implantitis-associated multispecies biofilm (MB) in vitro and to assess the influence of implant material on their efficacy.<br><br>METHOD: An oral multispecies biofilm model (MSBM) was cultivated in the presence of the antibiotics amoxicillin (Amox), doxycycline (Doxy), minocycline (Mino), and metronidazole (Metro), both as single agents and in combination with Metro at varying concentrations. Synergistic effects were assessed by turbidity measurement, Bactiter Glo&#x2122; assay and Resazurin assay. The most effective concentrations were further examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Additionally, they were tested on three potential implant materials: titanium grade 4, titanium grade 5, and an experimental ultrafine-grained niobium alloy and on a mature biofilm.<br><br>RESULTS: Amox, Doxy and Mino demonstrated strong efficacy against the MB, whereas Metro alone showed little to no effect. Synergistic interactions were mainly observed when comparing to Metro's limited activity. A tendency toward enhanced efficacy of Amox and Doxy in combination with Metro was noted, although not statistically significant. The antibacterial performance of all agents was independent of the implant material and reduced when applied on mature biofilm.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the potential of locally applied Amox and Doxy, alone or in combination with Metro, as a targeted approach for peri-implantitis management and indicate that their effectiveness is largely independent of implant materials. Further studies using in vivo biofilms are warranted to optimize antibiotic combinations and concentrations for clinical application.}, }
@article {pmid42052518, year = {2026}, author = {Amatya, NM and Shrestha, S and Tamang, NS and Bista, M and Gautam, S and Shrestha, J and Karki, S}, title = {Unraveling Biofilm-Forming Uropathogens: Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns at Nepal Police Hospital, Kathmandu.}, journal = {The Canadian journal of infectious diseases &amp; medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {6625304}, pmid = {42052518}, issn = {1712-9532}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections with growing treatment challenges due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the characteristics of the pathogens responsible for UTIs are changing, primarily due to the emergence of biofilms. Biofilms, which are structured microbial communities, pose a significant public health threat because of their inherent resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Hence, this cross-sectional study aimed to isolate and characterize uropathogenic bacteria capable of forming biofilm and exhibiting antimicrobial resistance among patients seeking microbiology laboratory services at the Nepal Police Hospital.<br><br>METHODS: Uropathogens were isolated from midstream urine samples using CLED, Blood, and MacConkey agar. Standard microbiological techniques were employed for identification of pathogen. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate method.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the 2081 samples analyzed, significant bacterial growth was observed in 184 (8.84%) of the samples. The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli (39.7%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.8%). Amikacin, levofloxacin, and tigecycline were the most effective antibiotics. Among the isolates, 32 (17.39%) were confirmed as MDR. Biofilm production was confirmed in six isolates (3.26%), with two Enterococcus faecalis and one Klebsiella oxytoca identified as strong biofilm producers, while two Klebsiella pneumoniae and one Acinetobacter spp. exhibited weak biofilm production. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production (p > 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Biofilm-forming uropathogens present substantial challenges in UTI treatment. Importantly, our study did not find a correlation between antibiotic resistance and biofilm production, suggesting that these traits may be independent or influenced by different pathogenic mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid42053316, year = {2026}, author = {Vo, HH and Le, TT and Nguyen, TV and Scott, J and Gutierrez, T and Kaiser, MJ and Ngo, HTT}, title = {Developing an optimized method for biofilm extraction from microplastic surfaces for high-efficiency analysis of adherent bacterial communities.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0041626}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00416-26}, pmid = {42053316}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Microplastics (MiPs, ×5 mm in size) harbor complex biofilms that facilitate pathogen dissemination, yet standardized extraction protocols are lacking. Here, we developed and optimized a method for biofilm extraction from environmentally weathered MiPs. To reflect real-world conditions, the protocol was applied directly to bulk, heterogeneous, field-collected MiP mixtures (size range: 80 µm-5 mm) without prior sorting by polymer type or morphology. By optimizing extraction buffers, mechanical disruption, and MiP quantities (100-150 particles), we established an optimal protocol combining phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween 80, ultrasonication (40 kHz, 10 min), vortexing with glass beads, and a two-cycle extraction-disaggregation workflow. This approach involves an initial extraction followed by a repeated, exhaustive extraction step designed to maximize the recovery of recalcitrant biofilm residues. This protocol markedly enhanced recovery of viable, culturable cells, delivering a 2,950-fold enhancement in the recovery of viable, culturable cells (evaluated via CFU counts; 28,020 ± 11,034 CFU MiP[-1]) vs. conventional PBS extraction (9.5 ± 3 CFU MiP[-1]) and 102-fold vs. passive extraction (274 ± 59 CFU MiP[-1]). The 10-min sonication empirically maximized viable cell recovery within the tested duration range. The two-step protocol with Tween 80-mediated disaggregation proved critical, increasing recovery 208-fold by disaggregating biofilm fragments. While DNA yields (26.5 ± 3.93 ng µL[-1]) were sufficient for targeted PCR-based pathogen detection (Aeromonas spp., Salmonella enterica), the co-extraction of complex environmental matrices (A260/A280 ratio: 0.17-0.19) strictly requires an additional purification step prior to next-generation sequencing. Validation across contrasting aquatic environments confirmed the method's robustness. Comparative analysis demonstrates that conventional single-step approaches fail to recover the majority of viable cells trapped within weathered MiP biofilms. This optimized and validated protocol provides a critical methodological foundation for investigating plastisphere microbial ecology and pathogen transport dynamics, supporting evidence-based risk assessment of MiP contamination, especially public health risks associated with microplastic pollution.IMPORTANCEMicroplastic-associated biofilms (the "plastisphere") serve as vectors for waterborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes; however, the persistent use of inadequate extraction methods has systematically underestimated microbial abundance, presenting a critical barrier to global environmental risk assessment. By overcoming the limitations of conventional extractions-which fail to penetrate recalcitrant extracellular polymeric matrices on environmentally weathered microplastics-our standardized methodology liberates previously undetectable bacterial populations. The ability to accurately quantify these hidden communities, including key pathogens like Aeromonas spp. and Salmonella enterica, fundamentally transforms our understanding of microplastics as hidden biological reservoirs. Ultimately, this methodological advancement bridges a critical gap in microbial ecology, delivering the reliable, quantitative data strictly required by policymakers, environmental agencies, and public health officials to establish evidence-based guidelines mitigating the impacts of microplastic pollution on global water systems.}, }
@article {pmid42054926, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, Y and Cui, X and Huang, Y and Zhou, Y}, title = {Effects of oxygen supply mode on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate removal during greywater treatment by oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {406}, number = {}, pages = {129804}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129804}, pmid = {42054926}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {The oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor (O2-MBfR) has garnered increasing attention for its ability to remove linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a widely used surfactant, from greywater for reuse while avoiding foam-related issues. However, the influence of the O2 supply mode on aerobic LAS removal remains unclear. Advancements in this area could improve O2 utilization efficiency, thereby reducing additional costs from increased aeration or advanced membrane materials. In this study, parallel and tandem O2 supply modes were compared by evaluating LAS mineralization and metabolisms in the O2-MBfR. The results demonstrated that the tandem mode achieved more efficient O2 utilization for pollutant removal. During the first 45 days, average removal ratios for chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and LAS were 85.8% vs. 89.2%, 68.8% vs. 83.0% and 92.9% vs. 95.3% between tandem and parallel modes, respectively. In addition, the effluent under the tandem mode exhibited improved biological stability. Mechanistic study revealed that the tandem mode increased protein and α-polysaccharide proportions in biofilms, resulting in thinner yet more compact structures with stronger resistance to hydraulic shocks. The tandem mode also promoted the growth of LAS-degrading bacteria. For instance, the abundance of the Pseudomonas genus participating in the initial steps of LAS biodegradation was 1.25-4.76 times as much as that under the parallel mode. Furthermore, statistically more LAS-degrading enzymes (e.g., acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) were enriched under the tandem mode. These findings highlight a great potential of implementing the tandem O2 supply mode in push-flow O2-MBfRs to achieve high-efficiency LAS removal while reducing costs.}, }
@article {pmid42055259, year = {2026}, author = {Eltawab, R and Abdelfattah, A and Hu, ZT and Cheng, L}, title = {Development of a conductive gas-permeable membrane for electro-stimulated biofilm engineering and rapid startup in membrane aerated biofilm reactors.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134733}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134733}, pmid = {42055259}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Membrane aerated biofilm reactors offer high oxygen transfer efficiency and compact nitrogen removal; however, their practical application is strongly limited by slow and unstable startup associated with delayed biofilm establishment. In this study, a conductive gas-permeable membrane was developed by immobilizing a carbon nanotubes / reduced graphene oxide-silane nanolayer onto a Polyvinylidene fluoride substrate to enable localized electro-stimulation directly at the membrane-biofilm interface. The modified membrane preserved hydrophobicity, pore structure, and oxygen permeability while exhibiting stable electroactive behaviour. When applied in a laboratory-scale membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) under low-intensity electrical stimulation, biofilm formation was significantly accelerated, achieving near-complete surface coverage and functional maturity-defined by the establishment of a stable and well-developed biofilm together with sustained ammonium removal exceeding 90%-within 7-10 days, representing a reduction of more than two weeks compared to conventional MABR startup. The biofilm growth rate increased from 7.9 ± 0.9 to 19.8 ± 1.3 µm day[-1] (approximately 2.5-fold) compared to the non-stimulated control, resulting in markedly earlier chemical oxygen demand removal and complete nitrification. Response surface analysis revealed that electro-stimulation guided biofilm development toward an optimal structural configuration, characterized by near-complete surface coverage and a balanced intermediate biofilm thickness (∼120-200 µm) associated with peak treatment performance. These findings demonstrate that conductive gas-permeable membranes provide a scalable and mechanistically robust approach to overcome startup limitations in MABR systems.}, }
@article {pmid42045242, year = {2026}, author = {Ji, J and Zhang, L and Wang, H and Xu, W and Cai, W and Zhang, N and Zhang, M and Luo, X and Li, X and Zhang, Y and Lu, R}, title = {Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of Epigallocatechin gallate against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {NPJ science of food}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41538-026-00864-x}, pmid = {42045242}, issn = {2396-8370}, support = {MS2022112//Special Scientific Research Project of Nantong Health Commission/ ; 2024JY041//Nantong University Special Research Fund for Clinical Medicine/ ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus enhances its environmental persistence and antimicrobial tolerance by forming biofilms. This study investigated the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against the pandemic V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633 (O3:K6). EGCG significantly inhibited bacterial growth, motility, and biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Sub-inhibitory concentrations (4 and 8 µg/mL) effectively reduced biofilm biomass, altered colony morphology, and diminished extracellular polymeric substances, and exerted potent bactericidal activity against preformed biofilms. EGCG also exhibited bactericidal effects in shrimp meat and impeded biofilm formation on seafood-related surfaces. It also significantly attenuated bacterial virulence in both in vitro (HeLa cell) and in vivo (Galleria mellonella larva) infection models. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing revealed that EGCG induced transcriptomic reprogramming, with 500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in key pathways such as c-di-GMP signaling, flagellar assembly, type III/VI secretion systems, and stress responses; biochemical assays confirmed that EGCG directly reduced intracellular c-di-GMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR validated the expression changes in genes related to virulence, motility, biofilm, and regulation. Collectively, these findings highlight the multi-faceted anti-virulence and anti-biofilm activities of EGCG, and support its potential application as a natural antimicrobial agent in the food industry and clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid42047000, year = {2026}, author = {Mallick, U and Sahu, BK and Patra, SK and Sahu, MC and Panda, SK}, title = {Breaking the Barrier: Cutting-Edge Microbial Strategies Against Candida Biofilm Infections.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {134}, number = {5}, pages = {e70214}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70214}, pmid = {42047000}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Candidiasis/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Candida/drug effects/physiology ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Animals ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Candida species, particularly Candida albicans and nonalbicans, can form strong biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, leading to chronic and recurring infections. These biofilms are influenced by regulatory circuits, transcription factors, and morphogenetic changes that promote biofilm development and drug resistance. The biofilm matrix, including β-glucans and extracellular DNA, hinders antifungal penetration. Next-generation approaches to controlling Candida biofilms include small-molecule inhibitors, quorum-sensing inhibitors, enzyme-based ECM inhibitors, and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery platforms. Marine-derived metabolites, antimicrobial peptides, and monoclonal antibodies are also discussed for their antibiofilm activity. Innovative in vitro and in vivo models are presented for assessing biofilm behavior and treatment response. Polymicrobial biofilms, including Candida and bacteria, are also discussed. Obstacles to controlling Candida biofilms include antifungal resistance, therapeutic agent toxicity, and regulatory hurdles. Future directions include CRISPR-based gene editing, antifungal vaccines, and omics-based target identification. This review emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary, biofilm-centric therapeutic strategies in reducing the global health impact of Candida biofilm-related infections and advancing innovative antifungal therapies.}, }
@article {pmid42047985, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Yang, B and Xing, G and Zhao, Y and Wu, Z and Li, J and Qi, M and Wu, J}, title = {D-amino acids inhibit biofilm formation in Escherichia coli and increase antibiotic susceptibility in multidrug-resistant bacteria.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42047985}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {ELDC202002//Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Disease Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42048763, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, Z and Li, J and Zeng, X and Qiu, Y and Lu, H and Gao, H and Zhu, J}, title = {Critical role of Psl polysaccharide modulated by AmrZ for biofilm formation and cold adaptation in the spoilage bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {456}, number = {}, pages = {111806}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111806}, pmid = {42048763}, issn = {1879-3460}, abstract = {Pseudomonas fluorescens is a major psychrotrophic spoilage bacterium in refrigerated foods, where its persistence is closely associated with biofilm formation under low-temperature conditions. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying cold-induced biofilm adaptation, the biofilm characteristics and transcriptomic profiles of Pseudomonas fluorescens PF07 at 10 °C and 30 °C were compared. Based on these analyses, key biofilm matrix components and regulatory factors were identified, and the resistance of the corresponding mutants under cold conditions was further evaluated. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that genes involved in Psl polysaccharide biosynthesis and c-di-GMP-associated diguanylate cyclases were markedly upregulated, whereas the transcriptional regulator AmrZ was significantly downregulated at 10 °C. Deletion of amrZ resulted in a pronounced shift in biofilm architecture, characterized by reduced surface-attached biofilms but enhanced pellicle formation accompanied by elevated exopolysaccharide production. Proteomic and genetic analyses demonstrated that AmrZ negatively regulates Psl polysaccharide synthesis and intracellular c-di-GMP levels, thereby modulating the transition between distinct biofilm states. Disruption of pslB abolished pellicle formation and significantly weakened biofilm structural integrity, even in the ΔamrZ background, highlighting the essential role of Psl polysaccharide as a key matrix component. Importantly, the ΔamrZ mutant exhibited increased resistance to sodium hypochlorite and heat treatments at low temperature, which was associated with enhanced biofilm formation and Psl overproduction. In contrast, deletion of pslB markedly increased biofilm removability, indicating that Psl was a vital protective matrix component. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that low temperature promotes the formation of highly stable and stress-resistant biofilms in P. fluorescens PF07 through AmrZ-mediated regulation of Psl polysaccharide and c-di-GMP signaling. This study provided mechanistic insights into biofilm persistence under cold-chain conditions and identified potential molecular targets for improving sanitation strategies in refrigerated food systems.}, }
@article {pmid42049403, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, YK and Lee, KH and Chen, CM and Tsai, SW and Chen, CF and Wu, PK and Chen, WM}, title = {Freezing Nitrogen-Ethanol Composite Effectively Eradicates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm on Prosthetic Surfaces.}, journal = {In vivo (Athens, Greece)}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {1408-1417}, doi = {10.21873/invivo.14292}, pmid = {42049403}, issn = {1791-7549}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Ethanol/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nitrogen/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Freezing ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIM: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains one of the most challenging complications after arthroplasty, largely due to biofilm formation on prosthetic surfaces, which protects bacteria from antibiotics and host defenses. This study investigated whether a freezing nitrogen-ethanol composite (FNEC), a semisolid cryogenic material combining liquid nitrogen and ethanol, can effectively eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on prosthetic components.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms of S. aureus were established on plastic spacers and metallic knee prostheses. Specimens were treated for 15 min with 75% ethanol, liquid nitrogen (LN), or FNEC. Bacterial viability was assessed using LIVE/DEAD fluorescence staining, while eradication efficacy was confirmed through broth inoculation and optical-density (OD600) measurements. Additional indirect-exposure experiments evaluated the contribution of FNEC's freezing effect, and time-dependent testing determined the minimal effective exposure duration.<br><br>RESULTS: FNEC achieved the most complete biofilm eradication across both plastic and metallic surfaces. LIVE/DEAD staining demonstrated widespread cell death with minimal residual viability. Broth cultures from FNEC-treated samples remained clear, with OD600 values indistinguishable from sterile controls, whereas LN and untreated samples showed significant bacterial growth. Indirect experiments confirmed that FNEC's cryogenic effect alone substantially contributed to bacterial death. Time-course analysis revealed that a 5-min FNEC exposure was sufficient for complete sterilization.<br><br>CONCLUSION: FNEC exhibited potent bactericidal and biofilm-removal capability, outperforming ethanol and LN alone. Its combined chemical and cryogenic effects enabled rapid and complete eradication of S. aureus biofilms within 5 min. These findings support FNEC as a promising adjunctive strategy for intraoperative biofilm management and may facilitate single-stage revision surgery for PJI.}, }
@article {pmid42049747, year = {2026}, author = {Li, D and Dong, H and Zhang, G and Li, Y and Liu, X and Chen, Y and Xiao, L and Wang, X and Li, D and Song, H and Zhong, C and Cao, Q and Dai, B and Liu, C}, title = {Ultrastructural and atomic characterization of biofilm-associated extracellular filaments in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-72442-4}, pmid = {42049747}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {22425704//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32494764//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32271276//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 22577070//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2025M782827//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms formed by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 are crucial for metal reduction, underpinning bioremediation and bioenergy applications, yet detailed structural insights into biofilm components remain limited. Here we show that MR-1 biofilms contain abundant filamentous networks, membrane vesicles, and distinct square-shaped aggregates, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography and cryo-electron microscopy. We further determine near-atomic resolution structures of three filament types: bacterial flagella and two distinct pili, PilA and MshA. We present high-resolution structures of an MshA pilus and a PilA pilus from Shewanella. Structural analyses show that MshA pili exhibit a balanced surface charge distribution and extensive solvent-accessible surface area, facilitating essential interactions within the biofilm matrix. Additionally, oxygen limitation markedly increases the abundance of extracellular filaments and protein aggregates, indicating adaptive responses to environmental stress. Our findings elucidate the fundamental architecture and roles of biofilm extracellular components and provide a structural foundation for engineering enhanced Shewanella strains.}, }
@article {pmid42035474, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, R and Al-Shamiri, MM and Zhang, S and Li, P and Lei, C and Liu, H and Xue, L and Luo, K and Han, B and Xun, M and Yang, E and Han, L}, title = {Linking oxidative stress defense to biofilm architecture: Ohr mediates strain-dependent persistence in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2664989}, doi = {10.1080/21505594.2026.2664989}, pmid = {42035474}, issn = {2150-5608}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Oxidative Stress ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is critical for the persistence of Acinetobacter baumannii, yet its directional correlation with antimicrobial resistance remains paradoxical. Here, we confirmed our prior finding that drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains employ distinct, temporally regulated biofilm developmental programs: susceptible strains excel at rapid biomass accumulation but undergo early collapse, while MDR strains delay biofilm initiation and optimize for the maintenance and reinforcement of mature biofilms. Transcriptomic profiling identified the organic hydroperoxide resistance protein (Ohr) as a crucial contributor mediating this strain-specific biofilm divergence, with its deletion resulting in severe biofilm defects. Metabolomics analyses further revealed that Ohr maintains biofilm integrity through dual mechanisms: by modulating redox homeostasis and regulating extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production through control of AdeAB and AdeFG efflux pumps. Moreover, we identified indole-3-lactic acid as a potent biofilm inhibitor. Our findings suggest Ohr as a linchpin in A. baumannii biofilm development, elucidate the basis of temporal phenotypic divergence, and unveil promising therapeutic targets against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid42036795, year = {2026}, author = {Park, JW and Baek, S-W and Kim, HS and Yerke, AM and Jaiswal, YS and Williams, LL and Jung, H and Yang, J-Y and Kang, HY and Hwang, S and Moon, KH}, title = {Alteration of fimbria-mediated biofilm formation and virulence in the zoonotic pathogen Edwardsiella piscicida by sub-inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin exposures.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0036626}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00366-26}, pmid = {42036795}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: With a global rise in industrialization and chemical processing units, the introduction of anthropogenic pollutants into the environment has been on a rise. Aquatic pollutants, unlike terrestrial pollutants, are easily diluted in water environments and exist at a sub-inhibitory concentration (sub-IC). At sub-IC, they do not directly inhibit bacterial growth but can modulate gene expression profiles. Aquaculture industry relies heavily on the use of antibiotics for control of fish pathogens, and the indiscriminate use of antibiotic agents increases antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment. Previous studies have reported that sub-IC of antibiotics are able to regulate biofilm formation in a variety of pathogenic bacteria. To understand the environmental signals in the biofilm formation of E. piscicida, we hypothesized that the biofilm of E. piscicida can be regulated by sub-IC of erythromycin, which is widely used antibiotic in aquaculture. Our results indicate that at sub-IC of erythromycin, biofilm formation was induced due to increased type 1 fimbrial expression. This caused an increased colonization of the host and hyper-virulence in E. piscicida. Our study reveals a new aspect of antibiotic functioning as a signaling molecule that modulates biofilm-related-gene expression and virulence in fish pathogen. This study demonstrates the comprehensive molecular response of the fish pathogen to environmentally discharged erythromycin. Additionally, the study provides scientific evidence for the hypertoxicity of pathogens through the indiscriminate use of antibiotics-ultimately leading to detrimental effects to the fishery industry.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Antibiotics released into aquatic environments often persist at sub-inhibitory concentrations, where they no longer suppress bacterial growth but instead act as signaling molecules. Here, we show that sub-inhibitory erythromycin enhances biofilm formation and virulence in the fish pathogen Edwardsiella piscicida by upregulating type 1 fimbriae. This response promotes host colonization and hypervirulence, demonstrating that environmentally relevant antibiotic exposure can unintentionally increase pathogenic potential. Our findings provide in vivo evidence that sub-therapeutic antibiotics reshape bacterial behavior and host-pathogen interactions. This study highlights an underappreciated ecological and economic risk of indiscriminate antibiotic use in aquaculture, with direct implications for fish health, disease management, and environmental safety.}, }
@article {pmid42038981, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, L and Tu, Y and Xiao, S and Zeng, J and Sun, G and Li, Y}, title = {Recent perspectives on precision-targeting therapy against oral biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2662093}, pmid = {42038981}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Oral biofilm-derived diseases pose a significant clinical challenge due to their persistent nature and increasing drug resistance, contributing to a substantial global economic burden. Conventional treatments-such as mechanical debridement, antiseptic agents, and laser therapy-though partially effective, often lack specificity, resulting in non-targeted microbial killing and disruption of the ecological balance.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This review provides an updated overview of the application of precision antimicrobial therapies against oral biofilms, with a particular focus on pH-responsive materials and bacteriophage-based strategies.<br><br>DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed and Google Scholar databases from January 2016 to January 2026. A total of 84 full-text articles were included for qualitative synthesis.<br><br>RESULTS: The collective findings demonstrate that multiple precision-targeting strategies-spanning from bacteriophage therapy to pH-responsive antimicrobial materials-exhibit distinct advantages in combating oral biofilms.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The common core principle underpinning these approaches lies in their 'precision-targeting' capability: the ability to identify and interfere with specific targets or biological processes. This attribute not only significantly enhances therapeutic efficacy but also paves the way for developing personalized, microbiome-preserving strategies for the prevention and management of oral diseases.}, }
@article {pmid42039755, year = {2026}, author = {Mazzantini, D and Amato, B and Zineddu, S and de Azevedo-França, JA and Maisetta, G and Ghelardi, E and Esin, S and Messori, L and Batoni, G}, title = {Anti-staphylococcal activity of the auranofin-analogous PEt3AuCl: antibacterial, anti-biofilm and anti-virulence effect on clinically relevant staphylococci.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1794590}, pmid = {42039755}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Auranofin/pharmacology/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/pathogenicity ; Virulence/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cell Line ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Hemolysis/drug effects ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Gold(I) complexes, such as the drug Auranofin (AF) which is approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis, have attracted significant interest as a potential treatment for bacterial infections due to their promising, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-staphylococcal activity of three AF analogues [PEt3AuCl (AF-Cl), PEt3AuI (AF-I) and PPh3AuCl (TPP-AuCl)] with the aim of discovering new weapons in the fight against antibiotic resistance.<br><br>METHODS: The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the gold compounds were evaluated by broth microdilution and the WST-1 assay, respectively. Time-kill assays were used to investigate killing kinetics, and the crystal violet (CV) assay was used to evaluate biofilm formation. Eradication of mature biofilms was assessed using the crystal violet assay, a plate count of biofilm-associated cells and scanning electron microscopy. The anti-virulence effect was tested by the hemolysis and agar diffusion assays.<br><br>RESULTS: All of the AF analogues were active against staphylococci, including antibiotic-resistant strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.063 to 4 &#xb5;g/mL. Additionally, they exhibited lower toxicity towards the A549 lung cell line and the spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte line HaCaT than AF. AF-Cl was identified as the most promising compound and was selected for further biological investigations. Time-kill experiments revealed that AF-Cl was rapidly bactericidal against clinical staphylococci, causing at least a 3-log reduction in the number of viable cells within six hours. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, the compound inhibited biofilm formation and reduced the secretion of hemolysins and phospholipases, representing key virulence factors in S. aureus infections. Furthermore, AF-Cl was able to eradicate mature S. aureus biofilms at non-cytotoxic concentrations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings highlight the potential of AF-Cl as a promising candidate for treating staphylococcal infections, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. In addition, the compound exhibited anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties, which could be advantageous in treating toxin-mediated and biofilm-associated staphylococcal diseases.}, }
@article {pmid42039800, year = {2026}, author = {Al-Shaeri, MA and Oves, M}, title = {Single-walled carbon nanotubes as a nano-weapons against biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1791060}, pmid = {42039800}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial biofilms represents a growing global healthcare burden, necessitating the development of novel agents with alternative mechanisms of action.<br><br>METHODS: In the present study, we evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a clinically significant opportunistic pathogen notorious for its robust biofilm-forming capacity and intrinsic resistance profile. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays, while biofilm inhibition was quantified by crystal violet microplate assays. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were performed to elucidate the underlying antibacterial mechanism.<br><br>RESULTS: SWCNTs exhibited potent concentration-dependent bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 62.5 and 125 &#x3bc;g/mL, respectively. Zones of inhibition ranged from 14.5 &#xb1; 0.30 mm to 22.0 &#xb1; 0.57 mm across concentrations of 4-16 mg/mL (p &#x2264; 0.05). In biofilm inhibition assays, planktonic growth (OD470) was markedly reduced from &#x2248;0.32 &#xb1; 0.01 in untreated controls to &#x2248;0.05 &#xb1; 0.01 at 200 &#x3bc;g/mL, corresponding to a maximum biofilm inhibition rate of 85.5%. SEM imaging revealed pronounced morphological disruption of P. aeruginosa cell walls, including membrane deformation, surface roughening, and loss of cellular integrity upon SWCNT treatment, indicative of direct physical interaction between the nanotubes and bacterial membranes. FTIR analysis further corroborated these findings, demonstrating characteristic spectral shifts in functional groups associated with bacterial membrane lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides.<br><br>DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: These spectral changes suggest physicochemical interactions that compromised membrane stability and disrupted biofilm matrix integrity. Collectively, these findings support a proposed mechanism whereby SWCNTs exert their antibacterial effect through direct membrane perturbation, interference with biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and inhibition of early-stage biofilm adhesion and maturation.}, }
@article {pmid42039831, year = {2026}, author = {Wickham, J and More, KR and Hendricks, AL and Bakaletz, LO and Goodman, SD}, title = {Rapid means of biofilm disruption induce the newly released (NRel) phenotype of enhanced antibiotic sensitivity.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1734540}, pmid = {42039831}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilms are communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix, a structure that makes resident bacteria up to 1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics than their free-living, or planktonic, counterparts. Intriguingly, new methods that use reagents to release the biofilm-resident bacteria result in a transitory yet highly antibiotic sensitive phenotype. These newly released (NRel) bacteria are at least, if not more, sensitive to antibiotics than those in their planktonic form. Here, we sought to determine if the production of the NRel phenotype is reagent- dependent or can be accomplished by alternative means.<br><br>METHODS: Across four pathogenic bacteria: non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, we investigated whether rapid mechanical disruption of biofilms, or the use of a novel cationic depletion method in NTHI, could similarly induce this NRel phenotype. The presence of NRel was assessed by comparing the antibiotic sensitivity of the released bacteria to that of their planktonic counterparts. For NTHI specifically, we further characterized the phenotype by measuring the kinetics of antibiotic sensitivity via comparative plate counts over time. We also analyzed the relative expression levels of known NRel-associated genes using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).<br><br>RESULTS: We show that using either intense mechanical disruption or a cationic depletion method not only facilitate rapid biofilm disruption but produce the NRel phenotype. In each case, both NRel signature gene expression and the transient antibiotic sensitivity phenotypes were observed compared to planktonic cells.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Similar to methods using reagents, we found that mechanical or cationic depletion disruption of pathogenic bacterial biofilms were sufficient to trigger the NRel phenotype. These results are consistent with the NRel state potentially being a rate-dependent physiological response rather than being induced by specific chemical or biological agents. We discuss the changes in gene expression permissive to NRel and the possibility that rapid and premature release of bacteria from a biofilm fails to allow the resident bacteria to be sufficiently prepared for their biofilm free state. This new insight both expands our understanding of the NRel phenotype and provides further validation for our rapid-release therapeutic strategy.}, }
@article {pmid42040505, year = {2026}, author = {Collado, C and Romero-Tena, P and Wegener, G and Elvert, M and Menapace, W and Laso-Pérez, R}, title = {Anaerobic oxidation of methane supports a minimal microbial community in a subsurface biofilm at Ginsburg mud volcano.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag072}, pmid = {42040505}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Deep marine sediments generate large amounts of methane, but most of this gas is consumed by the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) mediated by microscopic consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In this study, we investigated the AOM within a sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) at a depth of ~9.6 m at the rim of the Ginsburg mud volcano in the Gulf of Cádiz. The SMTZ is supplied with sulfate from both overlying seawater and an underlying evaporitic deposit, and it coincides with a fracture zone that hosts a visible biofilm. Here, carbon dioxide shows the strongest [13]C-depletion, indicating intense methane consumption. Metagenomic and lipid biomarker analysis of the biofilm revealed an exceptionally simple microbial community dominated by ANME-1b archaea (63%), which predominantly produce strongly [13]C-depleted glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and, to a lesser extent, the less common macrocyclic archaeols. The putative partner bacterium Seep-SRB1c (Desulfobacterota) is less abundant (9%). Additionally, the biofilm contained five low-abundance heterotrophs that likely rely on biomass or metabolites released from the ANME-SRB consortium. Our study highlights the presence of active methanotrophic biofilms in subsurface sediments and suggests that these communities may play an overlooked role in mitigating seafloor methane emissions.}, }
@article {pmid42041291, year = {2026}, author = {Ratchasong, K and Saengsawang, P and Yusakul, G and Kabploy, K and Lakhanapuram, HK and Harudeen, A and Wintachai, P and Thomrongsuwannakij, T and Nwabor, OF and Mitsuwan, W}, title = {Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Emulsion Containing Piper betle L. Extract and Hydroxychavicol Prevent Biofilm Development and Surface Adhesion of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli on Stored Chicken Meat.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15040328}, pmid = {42041291}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {WU-FF68-03//Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund/ ; WU-COE-65-05//Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds/ ; 13/2024//Walailak University Graduate Scholarship/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) contributes substantially to colibacillosis outbreaks in chickens. Because APEC cells readily attach to surfaces and develop biofilms, they pose a notable hazard to poultry production and food safety. This study investigated the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion activities of deep eutectic solvent-based emulsion containing Piper betle L. extract (DEPE) and hydroxychavicol, a pure compound isolated from P. betle leaves against APEC. Methods: Antibiofilm and anti-adhesion activities of DEPE and hydroxychavicol against APEC were investigated. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of DEPE and hydroxychavicol was conducted. In addition, anti-adhesion activity of DEPE on chicken meat during storage was evaluated. Results: DEPE and hydroxychavicol significantly inhibited biofilm formation at sub-MIC, with DEPE achieving up to 80% inhibition and hydroxychavicol up to 69%. At 8 × MIC, DEPE and hydroxychavicol diminished the viability of both early and established biofilms. Furthermore, DEPE and hydroxychavicol reduced APEC adhesion on the surface as observed by SEM. In silico analyses demonstrated the stable binding of hydroxychavicol to adhesion-related proteins, particularly EcpA and FimH, suggesting a possible mechanism for its anti-adhesion activity. At day 5, DEPE at 4 × MIC significantly reduced 63% bacterial adhesion to chicken meat surfaces during storage, while maintaining the meat's color. Conclusions: These findings indicate that DEPE and hydroxychavicol are promising candidates for limiting APEC biofilm formation and surface attachment and may serve as alternative antibacterial agents in poultry-related food safety applications.}, }
@article {pmid42041300, year = {2026}, author = {Chines, E and Boscarelli, L and Vertillo Aluisio, G and Santagati, M and Mezzatesta, ML and Cafiso, V}, title = {Deciphering the Emergence of Biofilm-Independent Colistin Persistence and Resistance in A. baumannii: Toxin-Antitoxin Omics and Novel T/A mRNA-asRNA Balance Regulatory Models.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15040337}, pmid = {42041300}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {PIACERI 2024-2026//Linea intervento 1 Progetti di Ricerca Collaborativa PIACERI 2024-2026" from the University of Catania, Italy/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Persistence represents a critical evolutionary reservoir for the development of antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab). Understanding the basal mechanisms that enable this survival strategy is crucial for elucidating how high-risk clones evolve resistance during therapy. Methods: High-dose colistin time-kill assays were performed in ten ST2 clinical colistin-susceptible (COL-S) Carbapenem-Resistant Ab (CRAB) developing in vivo stable and full-colistin resistance to detect persisters. Genomics and basal transcriptomics of chromosomal/plasmid toxin-antitoxin systems (T/As) were performed, as duplicates for each sample, in two ST2 COL-S CRAB to investigate the genomics and basal T/A transcriptomic backgrounds. Results: Phenotypically, all strains showed a persistent subpopulation (~1% survival at 8 h) under 5× COL MIC exposure. Genomics identified 10 type-II and one type-IV T/A systems. Basal transcriptomics revealed active expression patterns mainly of GNAT superfamily T/A systems, with consistently low toxin mRNA levels associated with toxin- or antitoxin-directed asRNAs in chromosomal modules. This architecture defined new dual-combined regulatory models in which asRNAs acted as primary T/A mRNA balance modulators, putatively impacting on the T/A mRNA ratio. Conversely, the plasmid-encoded BrnT/A module showed a highly balanced expression. Conclusions: Our findings revealed, for the first time, the role of the type-II GNAT T/A superfamily as putative molecular switchers via a fine-tuning transcript balance regulation, impacting the transition from a metabolically active cell state to a dormant one in developing colistin persistence and in vivo resistance CRAB.}, }
@article {pmid42041301, year = {2026}, author = {Sevastyanova, T and Loy, C and Schneider-Wald, B and Notarbartolo, K and Reisig, G and Gaiser, S and Darwich, A and Bdeir, M and Blümke, A and Gravius, S and Schilder, A}, title = {Biofilm Formation Patterns of S. epidermidis (RP62A) and S. aureus (UAMS-1) Are Defined by Orthopaedic Implant Materials and Surface Wear.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15040338}, pmid = {42041301}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background/Objectives:Staphylococcus epidermidis (RP62A) and Staphylococcus aureus (UAMS-1) are clinically relevant pathogens frequently implicated in implant-associated infections due to their ability to form biofilms. RP62A is typically linked to persistent, chronic, low-grade infections, whereas UAMS-1 is associated with acute, invasive disease. Both strains serve as representative models for chronic and acute periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). The objective of this study was to examine and compare in vitro biofilm formation by RP62A and UAMS-1 on orthopaedic materials/disc surfaces of defined composition. Methods: In vitro biofilm formation assays were performed using orthopaedic disc surfaces composed of cobalt-chromium alloy (CoCr), titanium alloy (Ti), and polyethylene (PE) after 72 h of incubation. Biofilm biomass was quantified using crystal violet staining, with absorbance measured at OD570. A polystyrene (PS) surface served as a control. Additionally, retrieved orthopaedic explant components were used as substrates for in vitro biofilm assays, in which RP62A was incubated for 72 h on the explanted surfaces. Supporting assays on glass slides were conducted to examine strain-specific biofilm-related architecture. Results: In vitro biofilm mass quantification assays showed strong biofilm formation by RP62A across all tested surfaces, with the highest absorbance on CoCr (OD570 = 5.80 ± 0.19). Notably, biofilm formation on CoCr was 76% higher compared to PS (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed among all three surface discs (p > 0.1). Biofilm formation was highest on PE for UAMS-1 (OD570 = 1.29 ± 0.09) and was significantly greater than on Ti (178%, p < 0.001) and CoCr (196%, p < 0.0001). In the in vitro assays performed on retrieved explant components, RP62A showed pronounced biofilm accumulation on polyethylene tibial inserts, particularly in regions of mechanical wear and friction. Supporting assays on glass slides were performed to examine strain-specific surface microstructural, revealing dense network-like structures for RP62A and thinner, discontinuous layers for UAMS-1. Conclusions: RP62A formed dense biofilms in vitro on multiple orthopaedic implant materials and retrieved explant components, consistent with its association with chronic periprosthetic joint infections. Increased biofilm accumulation was observed on mechanically worn polyethylene surfaces. In contrast, UAMS-1 showed lower biofilm formation on metallic disc surfaces, indicating strain- and material-dependent differences. These findings highlight the relevance of implant material selection and surface integrity for strategies targeting biofilm-associated implant infections.}, }
@article {pmid42041333, year = {2026}, author = {Llamosí, M and Gomes-Ribeiro, BF and Echeverry-Rendón, M and Yuste, J and Sempere, J and Domenech, M}, title = {Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens via Silver Nanoparticles and Functionalized HEPA Filters.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15040370}, pmid = {42041333}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {PID2024-161570OB-I00//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; PI24CIII/00045//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; 2023-T1/TEC-29099//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; }, abstract = {Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of silver oxide nanoparticle (Ag2ONP)-functionalized high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and colloidal Ag2ONP suspensions to inhibit biofilm formation by major respiratory pathogens causing infections at operating rooms. Background: Respiratory infections caused by bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus species are often associated with the formation of biofilms, which confer increased resistance to antibiotics and host immune responses. Effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation on biological surfaces and in air filtration systems are urgently needed in clinical settings. Methods: The biofilm-forming ability of each bacterial strain was assessed by crystal violet microplate assay, viable count or confocal microscopy after prior incubation of the culture medium with Ag2ONP-coated HEPA filter material or colloidal Ag2ONP suspension. Results: Both silver-functionalized filters and silver nanoparticle suspensions significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, with near-complete suppression observed. In the case of S. aureus and S. epidermidis, the silver nanoparticle suspension showed partial inhibition of biofilm development. Conclusions: Ag2ONP-functionalized HEPA filters and colloidal Ag2ONP suspensions effectively prevent biofilm formation by major respiratory pathogens, for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These materials show promise for integration with air filtration and surface coating systems to reduce microbial load and transmission in healthcare environments such as operating room facilities.}, }
@article {pmid42041365, year = {2026}, author = {Promcham, S and Limsivilai, O and Kritsadasima, T and Chermprapai, S and Tansakul, N and Udomkusonsri, P and Yurayart, C}, title = {In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils and Nanoemulsions of Zingiber cassumunar and Cymbopogon citratus Against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Malassezia pachydermatis.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15040402}, pmid = {42041365}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {CRP6405031250//Agricultural Research Development Agency/ ; VET 2021-04//Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University/ ; }, abstract = {Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast pathogen associated with recurrent skin and ear infections in dogs, often complicated by biofilm formation and reduced antifungal susceptibility. We aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils and nanoemulsions of Zingiber cassumunar and Cymbopogon citratus compared with conventional antifungal agents against planktonic and biofilm forms of M. pachydermatis. Preliminary screening of six plant extracts was performed using 12 clinical isolates identified Z. cassumunar and C. citratus for nanoemulsion formulation. Antifungal susceptibility testing of conventional antifungal agents and nanoemulsions was subsequently conducted using 31 clinical isolates, and nanoemulsions were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. Both essential oils exhibited antifungal activity, and nanoemulsion formulations showed enhanced inhibitory effects compared with the crude oils. Biofilm-associated cells demonstrated reduced susceptibility, particularly to conventional antifungal agents. Terbinafine was the most potent agent against planktonic cells but showed reduced efficacy in biofilms. Nanoemulsions of Z. cassumunar and C. citratus exhibited improved activity against both forms. These findings suggest that nanoemulsification may enhance the in vitro antifungal performance of essential oils against M. pachydermatis biofilms. However, further studies, including mechanistic investigations and in vivo evaluations, are required to confirm their therapeutic potential and safety.}, }
@article {pmid42041366, year = {2026}, author = {Balázs, VL and Filep, R and Ormai, E and Radványi, L and Kocsis, B and Kerekes, E and Kocsis, M}, title = {Antibiotic Adjuvant Potential of Selected Essential Oil Components Against Respiratory Pathogens: From Planktonic Synergy to Early-Stage Biofilm Inhibition.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15040403}, pmid = {42041366}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {NKFIH PD 147156//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; NKFIH PD 142122//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; 2024-2.1.3-POC-2025-00004//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; 2021-1.2.6-T&#xc9;T-IPARI-MA-2022-00015//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Respiratory tract infections remain among the most common indications for antibiotic therapy and represent a major driver of antimicrobial resistance. The ability of respiratory pathogens to form biofilms further contributes to treatment failure and recurrence. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic adjuvant potential of selected essential oil components against clinically relevant respiratory bacteria and to determine whether planktonic synergistic interactions translate into early-stage antibiofilm efficacy. Thymol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and terpinen-4-ol were tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by broth microdilution. Synergistic interactions with clinically relevant antibiotics were assessed using the checkerboard method and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) analysis. Selected combinations were further evaluated in a 6 h crystal violet-based early-stage biofilm model. Gram-positive strains generally exhibited higher susceptibility to the tested components than Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Synergistic interactions (FICI ≤ 0.5) were most frequently observed between β-lactam antibiotics and phenolic components, particularly thymol and trans-cinnamaldehyde. Strong synergy was detected for vancomycin-eugenol against MRSA and for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-cinnamaldehyde against M. catarrhalis. Importantly, synergistic combinations translated into significantly enhanced inhibition of early biofilm formation, increasing inhibition rates by 15-40% compared to antibiotic monotherapy (p < 0.05). Selected essential oil components enhanced the antibacterial activity of clinically relevant antibiotics and effectively potentiated early-stage biofilm inhibition. Conclusions: These findings support further investigation of phytochemical-antibiotic combinations as potential adjunct strategies in respiratory infection management.}, }
@article {pmid42042296, year = {2026}, author = {Lei, H and Liang, Y and Li, X and Huang, X and Zhang, C and Zou, T}, title = {Design and Development of Teixobactin Analog-Loaded Magnetic Nanocomposites for Biofilm Destruction and Pathogen Elimination.}, journal = {Journal of functional biomaterials}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jfb17040189}, pmid = {42042296}, issn = {2079-4983}, abstract = {Although teixobactin, a promising cyclic undecadepsipeptide, exhibits efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria due to its novel mode of action and low potential for resistance, its clinical application is limited by two key shortcomings: ineffectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria and poor penetration of the protective extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilms. This renders it unsuitable for targeting the polymicrobial biofilms, which are the cause of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. We designed a modified teixobactin analog by integrating rhamnolipid, Ag@Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and L-Chg10-teixobactin to obtain a novel magnetic nanoparticle (MNP). The MNP demonstrates the ability to simultaneously degrade EPS, penetrate biofilm structures, and eliminate both G[+] and G[-] pathogens under a rotating magnetic field (RMF). Rhamnolipid grafting degraded 52.5% of biofilm EPS. MNPs showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with minimal inhibitory concentrations from 100 to 200 µg/mL. Combined with RMF, biofilm eradication rates reached 97.0% (E. faecalis), 97.7% (S. gordonii), 88.4% (P. gingivalis), and 74.2% (F. nucleatum). The biofilm thickness was reduced from 19.4 ± 2.9 µm to 7.4 ± 1.0 µm, and the biofilm biomass was reduced by 68.5%. This combined strategy integrates enzymatic EPS degradation, magneto-mechanical disruption, and dual antimicrobial action, offering a promising topical therapy for periodontitis and peri-implantitis.}, }
@article {pmid42042331, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, X and Yin, H and Yang, D and Yang, Y}, title = {Genome and Secondary Metabolites Analysis of Fusarium oxysporum BPF55 Associated with Blaps rynchopetera and Its Anti-MRSA Biofilm Potential.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12040236}, pmid = {42042331}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {202305AC160035//Reserve Talents Project for Young and Middle-Aged Academic and Technical Leaders of Yunnan Province/ ; 202401AT070086//Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects/ ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global health challenge, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) posing a significant threat in both hospital-acquired and community-associated infections. Research has demonstrated that biofilm formation is a key factor contributing to drug resistance in MRSA. In this study, we investigated an fungus, Fusarium oxysporum BPF55, isolated from Blaps rynchopetera, which inhibits MRSA biofilm formation. The aim of this research was to identify the fungal strain and comprehensively characterize its genomic features, as well as to evaluate its anti-MRSA biofilm potential. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 50,097,681 base pairs, a GC content of 47.36%, and 16,507 predicted coding genes. AntiSMASH analysis identified 56 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, including those involved in the synthesis of various natural products such as terpenes, non-ribosomal peptides, and polyketides. Using UPLC-MS/MS, 15 compounds were annotated from the ethyl acetate extract. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that four compounds exhibit varying affinities for SarA and AgrA, two key proteins involved in MRSA biofilm formation. Overall, these findings suggest that the fungus F. oxysporum BPA55 produces a variety of secondary metabolites and contains bioactive compounds with potential anti-MRSA biofilm activity.}, }
@article {pmid42043333, year = {2026}, author = {Pandey, N and Mondal, K and Sharma, S and Pradhan, D and Kapoor, S}, title = {Synergy of Bacterial Lipid Liposomes and Monoterpene-Mediated Membrane Perturbation for Enhanced Intracellular Mycobacteria Eradication and Biofilm Disruption.}, journal = {ChemMedChem}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, pages = {e202501110}, doi = {10.1002/cmdc.202501110}, pmid = {42043333}, issn = {1860-7187}, support = {IA/I/21/1/505624//The Wellcome Trust DBt India Alliance/ ; }, mesh = {*Liposomes/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Mycobacterium smegmatis/drug effects/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Limonene/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Rifampin/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Monoterpenes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Lipids/chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; }, abstract = {In this work, we created liposomes using lipids from the outer membrane layer of Mycobacterial smegmatis (Msm) and doped them with rifampicin and lipophilic terpene, limonene, resulting in a dual-loaded liposomal formulation. Limonene incorporation resulted in a prolonged release of encapsulated rifampicin over time and reduced minimum inhibitory concentration in comparison to the free drug or limonene-free liposomes loaded solely with the drug. Limonene showed a prolonged release over several days and could potentially find applications in fragrant antibacterial products in the future. The bacterial count evaluated by colony-forming units was found to be reduced with limonene-doped drug-loaded mycobacterial liposomes in comparison to those without limonene. Mechanistically, it was shown that limonene enhances membrane fluidity and influences permeability, interacting with intact bacteria and thereby improving drug delivery, which promotes greater bacterial destruction. Limonene in the antibacterial liposomal formulation was also found to enhance the release of intracellular material because of compromised membranes aiding in bacterial destruction. Finally, mycobacterial liposome formulation loaded with drugs and doped with limonene successfully eliminated Msm biofilms more effectively than either the free drug or liposomes without limonene. This clearly demonstrates the collaboration between limonene and rifampicin in combination antimycobacterial treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42043445, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, K and Yang, Z and Lu, X and Zhang, A and Zhang, T and Guo, Y and Pan, D and Li, H and Wu, Z}, title = {The Role of LPxTG Motif Proteins in Lactic Acid Bacteria: Unveiling Key Domains for Adhesion and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17767}, pmid = {42043445}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Cell surface LPxTG motif protein (LMP) plays a crucial role in adhesion and biofilm formation during lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colonization. LMP anchors to the cell wall via its C-terminal LPxTG motif and contains functional domains that perform specific tasks. By integrating bioinformatics analysis with existing literature, this review systematically evaluates, for the first time at the domain level, the diversity of LMP in LAB and constructs a functional domain framework for understanding their roles in adhesion and biofilm formation. Annotation analysis reveals domain diversity across LAB strains: mucin-binding and extracellular-matrix-binding domains are widespread, while others exhibit strain-specific characteristics. We also speculate that certain LMP domains may form pilus-like adhesion structures via sortase C-mediated polymerization. Overall, this domain-level elucidation of LMP probiotic mechanisms provides a theoretical basis for probiotic strain screening and functional optimization, and offers new insights into structural and functional localization of LMP on the LAB surface.}, }
@article {pmid42032569, year = {2026}, author = {Yein, N and Martande, S and Shetty, SK and Kulloli, A and Pv, S and Ramamurthy, P and Sharma, D}, title = {Clinical efficacy of Guided Biofilm Therapy in the management of periodontal disease - a systematic review.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-08418-z}, pmid = {42032569}, issn = {1472-6831}, }
@article {pmid42033860, year = {2026}, author = {ElGamily, LM and Hafez, AM and Eldars, W and El-Gazzar, RI}, title = {The impact of silver versus silver-fluoride nanoparticles coating on biofilm formation, antimicrobial effect and adhesion efficacy of fixed orthodontic retainers: An in vitro study.}, journal = {International orthodontics}, volume = {24}, number = {3S}, pages = {101175}, doi = {10.1016/j.ortho.2026.101175}, pmid = {42033860}, issn = {1879-680X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial activity and biofilm formation of silver and silver fluoride nanoparticles coatings on orthodontic fixed retainers as the primary objective over a three-month period, with adhesion efficacy as secondary objective.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dead soft stainless-steel 8-strand braided wire specimens (n=222) were classified into three equal groups (n=74 each): group I (uncoated control), group II (AgFNPs-coated), and group III (AgNPs-coated). Coating was performed by chemical reduction method. Primary outcomes were antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans assessed by disc diffusion test and biofilm formation assessed by colony forming unit count (CFU/mL), both evaluated immediately after coating (T1) and after three months of storage in artificial saliva at 37&#xb0;C (T2). The secondary outcome was adhesion efficacy assessed by pull-out test following thermocycling at 2,500 (S2500) and 5,000 (S5000) cycles. Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way ANOVA.<br><br>RESULTS: Regarding the primary outcomes, the disc diffusion test at T1 demonstrated inhibition zones of 12mm, 4mm, and 0mm for AgFNPs, AgNPs, and control groups, respectively (P<0.001) [95% CI of differences: -13.72 to -2.88]. At T2, zones were reduced but remained statistically significant: 6mm, 2mm, and 0mm, respectively (P<0.001) [95% CI: -7.78 to -0.611]. For biofilm formation, CFU counts at T1 were 390, 11, and 5CFU/mL for control, AgFNPs, and AgNPs groups, respectively (P<0.001) [95% CI: -395.95 to 395.95]; at T2, counts increased to 580, 100, and 59CFU/mL, respectively (P<0.001) [95% CI: -80.48 to 567.55]. Regarding the secondary outcome, the pull-out test at S2500 showed mean values of 91.27&#xb1;10.24, 84.19&#xb1;3.86, and 79.47&#xb1;8.30N for AgFNPs, AgNPs, and control groups, respectively (P=0.039) [95% CI: -20.70 to 15.98]. At S5000, values were 86.16&#xb1;5.20, 81.18&#xb1;3.62, and 77.75&#xb1;9.45N, respectively, without a statistically significant overall difference (P=0.081) [95% CI: -15.78 to 3.94].<br><br>CONCLUSION: Silver-based nanoparticle coatings reduced bacterial adhesion and improved bond strength of orthodontic retainers without compromising mechanical stability after thermocycling. AgFNPs showed superior antibacterial and adhesive performance, suggesting a synergistic effect of silver and fluoride.}, }
@article {pmid42033876, year = {2026}, author = {Seebach, E and Kretzer, JP and Bormann, T and Gibmeier, J and Vaßen, R and Kunisch, E and Renkawitz, T and Westhauser, F}, title = {Plasma-sprayed 45S5-bioactive glass coating provides superior anti-biofilm activity compared to hydroxyapatite coating while maintaining host cell cytocompatibility and antibacterial immune activation.}, journal = {Biomaterials advances}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {214895}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214895}, pmid = {42033876}, issn = {2772-9508}, abstract = {Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are a major complication in joint arthroplasty, leading to higher mortality, poorer outcomes, and increased failure rates in revision surgeries. Revision challenges include patient risk factors, bacterial resistance, and the need for implants that combine biological integration with antibacterial effects. The 45S5-bioactive glass (BG), with its unique osseointegration and antibacterial properties, shows promise over hydroxyapatite (HA), though its high-temperature crystallization limits the appropriate coating technologies. Using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) with controlled thermal exposure, we successfully applied coatings of Ti-6Al-4V alloys with either HA or BG, while preserving bioactivity and mechanical properties of the BG coating. This study compared HA and BG coated Ti-6AI-4V discs in terms of cytocompatibility, effect on biofilm formation and macrophage immune response. In doing so, we demonstrated that both coatings showed comparable attachment and viability of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). We found a significant reduction in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) on the BG coatings, while a pro-inflammatory macrophage activation by bacterial colonization and biofilm formation was preserved. Overall, our study shows that BG exhibits the same properties as HA regarding BMSC attachment and survival, whereas it is superior regarding its anti-biofilm characteristics further allowing for macrophage immunocompetence against bacterial colonization. Therefore, incorporating BG coated implants into revision joint arthroplasty has the potential to enhance and advance current coating strategies by providing a multifunctional approach that combines osteoconductive and antibacterial properties.}, }
@article {pmid42034637, year = {2026}, author = {Nagy, K and Valappil, SK and Phan, TV and Li, S and Der, L and Morris, R and Bos, J and Winslow, S and Galajda, P and Rakhely, G and Austin, RH}, title = {Gradient metapopulation microfluidic ecologies shape genetic and biofilm drivers of T4r phage resistance in E. coli.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-00959-z}, pmid = {42034637}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {PHY-169940//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {We use a gradient microfluidic metapopulation ecology which generates non-uniform phage concentration gradients and micro-ecological niches to reveal the importance of time, spatial population structure and collective population dynamics in the de novo evolution of T4r bacteriophage resistant motile E. coli. An insensitive bacterial population against T4r phage occurs within 20 hours in small interconnected population niches created by a gradient of phage virions, driven by evolution in transient biofilm patches. Sequencing of the resistant bacteria reveals mutations at the receptor site of bacteriophage T4r as expected but also in genes associated with biofilm formation and surface adhesion, supporting the hypothesis that evolution within transient biofilms drives de novo phage resistance.}, }
@article {pmid42025880, year = {2026}, author = {Peng, L and He, Z and Fang, L and Liu, Y and Xu, Y}, title = {Reduced nitrous oxide emissions in a comammox-dominated continuous-flow moving bed biofilm reactor compared to a sequencing batch reactor.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134688}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134688}, pmid = {42025880}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria play an important role in biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, limited information is available on the effect of reactor operational mode on comammox bacteria enrichment and the associated nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under varying dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonium levels. In this work, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were adopted to selectively enrich comammox bacteria under oligotrophic (∼142.7 mg N/L/d) and oxygen-rich (> 6.0 mg O2/L) conditions. Stable ammonium removals (>90%) were achieved for both reactors, with comammox bacteria dominating over counterparts at relative abundances of 97.4-98.9%. N2O emission factors across operational cycles were ∼ 0.06% and ∼ 0.1% for the comammox-dominated MBBR and SBR, respectively. DO played an important role in N2O production by either comammox-dominated biofilm or comammox-dominated floccular sludge. Increasing DO from 0.35 to 6.0 mg O2/L resulted in a significant decrease in N2O emissions for both comammox-dominated biofilm (0.5% to 0.04%) and floccular sludge (0.5% to 0.1%), mainly through suppressing abiotic NH2OH oxidation pathway. Non-aerated settling and decanting phases in the batch-mode SBR were responsible for 46.1% higher N2O emissions compared to the continuous-flow MBBR, probably ascribed to the heterotrophic denitrification in comammox-dominated floccular sludge under limited oxygen and organic carbon availabilities. These results suggest the potential of comammox-dominated biofilm-driven continuous-flow reactors in reducing N2O emissions while maintaining efficient pollutant removal.}, }
@article {pmid42027296, year = {2026}, author = {Karaca, AN and Akçelik, N and Akçelik, M}, title = {The pagN gene: a dual genetic determinant for biofilm formation and virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium.}, journal = {FEMS microbes}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {xtag017}, pmid = {42027296}, issn = {2633-6685}, abstract = {Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium persists across environments and causes disease by coordinating biofilm formation and host invasion. Although PagN is a known adhesin and invasin, its role in regulating these processes is unclear. We investigated PagN's contribution to biofilm development and pathogenicity using a chromosomal pagN deletion mutant (ΔpagN) and a complemented strain. Deletion did not affect growth but significantly reduced biofilm formation on polystyrene at 20°C and 28°C. The mutant showed altered morphotypes, reduced cellulose, impaired pellicle formation, delayed autoaggregation, and restricted motility. In Caco-2 cells, pagN loss reduced adhesion by ∼60% and abolished invasion by >90%. Ectopic expression of pagN successfully abrogated phenotypic shifts, confirming gene specificity. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a niche-specific regulatory footprint; the profound hilA (SPI-1) repression in planktonic cultures was not recapitulated in biofilms. Instead, the mutant exhibited targeted csgD-yaiC attenuation during biofilm development, alongside robust fimF induction, indicating a potential compensatory shift in the adhesive landscape. Network analysis suggests PagN is integrated into global circuits, influencing pathways through the regulator of capsule synthesis (Rcs) system. These findings demonstrate PagN is a key determinant linking biofilm development with virulence regulation in Salmonella Typhimurium, coordinating environmental persistence and host-pathogen interaction.}, }
@article {pmid42027444, year = {2025}, author = {Besharati, S and Rahbar, M and Soleimani, N}, title = {Evaluation of Biofilm Formation, Alginate Production, Pattern of Drug Resistance, and the Presence of Efflux Pump MexAB-OprM, MexXY (-OprA), and AmpC Gene in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Tanaffos}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {163-173}, pmid = {42027444}, issn = {1735-0344}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: One of the most significant factors contributing to multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections is the formation of biofilms and the production of alginate. This study aimed to evaluate the overexpression of efflux pumps MexAB-OprM, MexXY (-OprA), and the AmpC gene and investigate biofilm and alginate in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected two government-specialized hospitals from February 2024 to June 2024 in Tehran, Iran. The disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility and detecting the pattern of antibiotics. We used a microtiter plate and carbazole assay to investigate biofilm formation and alginate production, respectively. We investigated the efflux pump MexAB-OprM, MexXY (-OprA), and the AmpC gene expression with real-time PCR and its correlation with biofilm, alginate, and antibiotic resistance.<br><br>RESULTS: 30 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were detected, and 27 antibiotic patterns were obtained. A significant relationship between biofilm formation and resistance to PRL was observed (P<0.01). All of the samples with more than 250&#x3bc;g/ml level of alginate production were resistant to Piperacillin-Tazobactam (PTZ), which was significant (P<0.05). Also, the relationship between alginate production and strong biofilm formation was significant. The expression of resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps MexABOprM, MexXY (-OprA), and AmpC gene in MDR isolates of P. aeruginosa was significantly increased.<br><br>CONCLUSION: High prevalence of MDR, along with high expression of efflux pump genes, was concerning. High production of biofilm formation and its relationship with alginate were observed in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. To prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance, implementing monitoring methods and not overusing and abusing antibiotics is necessary.}, }
@article {pmid42027784, year = {2026}, author = {Yuming, L and Zhenkun, X and Yixin, S and Xi, C and Jingzhe, D and Yan, P and Wenjun, Y and Hui, C and Wentao, J}, title = {Nanomaterial-based strategies for oral biofilm management: functionalized implants and targeted delivery systems.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1789632}, pmid = {42027784}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections, particularly peri-implantitis, threaten the long-term success of dental implants, and conventional debridement or chemotherapy often fails against mature biofilms. Nanomaterials offer multifunctional strategies to control infection while supporting osseointegration. This mini-review (2015-2025) summarizes nanomaterial-based approaches for managing implant-associated oral biofilms, including passive surface functionalization, active delivery systems, externally triggered therapies, and host-directed osteoimmunomodulation. Their potential should be interpreted in light of evidence maturity, safety-especially for ROS-based modalities-and long-term tribological and manufacturing limitations. We also highlight practical selection by disease stage and host risk, while emphasizing key translational gaps, particularly validation in mixed-species biofilms and long-term biocompatibility.}, }
@article {pmid42029737, year = {2026}, author = {Lang, Y and Mei, H and Zhang, J and Hu, C and Pang, Z and Chen, Y and Xue, C}, title = {Voltage-tunable plasma-activated water: a strategy for combating peri-implantitis via dual-path biofilm disruption and vascular regeneration.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {42029737}, issn = {1436-3771}, support = {BE2020707//the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42030910, year = {2026}, author = {Pak, BA and Bal, Y and Hatib, BA and Bayrakdar, A and Sahinkaya, E}, title = {Impact of micropollutants and the process configuration on the performance of moving bed membrane biofilm reactor (MBMBR).}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {300}, number = {}, pages = {125944}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125944}, pmid = {42030910}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {This study investigates the removal performance of selected micropollutants (ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, carbamazepine, and triclosan) from domestic wastewater using a moving bed membrane biofilm reactor (MBMBR) process, consisting of two moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) in series followed by a membrane bioreactor (MBR). While the integration of MBBR and MBR processes leverages the advantages of both technologies, systematic studies on determining the optimal configuration, particularly in the presence of micropollutants, remain quite limited in the literature. Within the scope of the research, the effects of sludge recirculation (hybrid growth) from the MBR to different MBBR units on treatment performance were evaluated over 140 days with three different periods. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency, which was initially 98% (permeate COD <10 mg/L), gradually decreased following the introduction of micropollutants. The toxicity of micropollutants led to the accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), which increased the average supernatant COD up to 370 mg/L in the MBR unit. The membrane rejected most of the SMPs and EPSs, which improved the permeate quality (with permeate COD averaging <50 mg/L in all configurations) but increased the fouling potential. Nitrification almost entirely ceased (with permeate NH4[+]-N averaging 40 mg/L) during the second period (biofilm-only growth) as the system suffered from both micropollutant toxicity and the lack of microbial seeding by sludge recirculation. Regarding micropollutant removal, high efficiencies of over 75% were achieved for ibuprofen and triclosan, while removal efficiencies for recalcitrant compounds such as carbamazepine, diclofenac, and naproxen generally remained below 30%. This study highlights the impact of micropollutants on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), which may have a critical role in micropollutant removal, and demonstrates the advantages of the hybrid growth mode in maintaining process stability.}, }
@article {pmid42032345, year = {2026}, author = {Masoudipour, N and Shivaee, A and Pourmehdiabadi, J and Pourmehdiabadi, A and Hajikhani, B and Bastaminejad, S and Kalani, BS}, title = {MqsR Toxin may be a Potential Anti-biofilm and Anti-persistence Target in Burkholderia cenocenocepacia.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42032345}, issn = {1432-0991}, }
@article {pmid42020691, year = {2026}, author = {Vávrová, P and Janďourek, O and Coraça-Huber, DC and Spiegel, C and Nachtigal, P and Krátký, M and Konečná, K}, title = {Host soluble plasma factors increase dual-species Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans biofilm biomass without enhancing stress tolerance.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-49557-1}, pmid = {42020691}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {SVV 260 664//Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Czechia/ ; NW24-05-00539//Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv&#xed; Cesk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42022114, year = {2026}, author = {Zhan, X and Huang, G and Su, J and Zhang, J and Huang, Q and Deng, X and Xu, M}, title = {Correction: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus encodes a functional BolA transcriptional regulator related to motility, biofilm development, and stress response.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1820587}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1820587}, pmid = {42022114}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1717228.].}, }
@article {pmid42023935, year = {2026}, author = {Hsu, K-LC and Furstenau, TN and Shaffer, I and Macek, MD and Ernst, RK and Fofanov, VY}, title = {Ethnicity-specific microbiome in early childhood caries: a functional perspective of oral biofilm.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0178725}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01787-25}, pmid = {42023935}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: National surveillance data show persistent racial and ethnic disparities in early childhood caries (ECC), but the underlying causes of these differences have not been determined. This study examined both functional and taxonomic differences in ECC-related microbial activity between two high-risk groups of children: African American (AA) and Latin American Hispanic (LAH). Metatranscriptomic profiling of paired non-caries and caries plaque revealed consistent population-level shifts in gene expression and enabled species-level attribution of metabolically active microbes in caries lesions. A core set of well-established cariogenic organisms was consistently present and highly over-expressed in caries of both groups, including Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella parvula, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Beyond identifying the core organisms and functions active in lesions, we have also made two significant observations. First, the active communities in the two groups have substantially diverged: 4,900+ genes across 413 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology (KO) groups were consistently (25%+ of samples) over-expressed in AA children, and 6,500+ genes across 382 KOs were consistently (57% of samples) over-expressed in LAH children. This reproducibility across multiple samples indicates robust group-level differences rather than random variation or single-sample effects. Second, although AA and LAH children exhibited similar functional responses to caries (sharing 1,392 KOs), these shifts were expressed by different bacterial species, indicating that distinct taxa may occupy similar metabolic niches in different groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is no single universal caries-associated microbiome; instead, a shared cariogenic core is necessary, but differences among the non-core taxa and their functional activity may be key to understanding ECC disparities.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The disparity in tooth decay among young children has long been demonstrated in national surveillance data. While various factors including family, culture, access to health insurance, and medical infrastructure have been studied, the global transcriptomic perspective remains underexplored. Employing RNA-Seq technology, we examine functional and taxonomic differences in caries-associated microbial activity between two high-risk populations. Besides a core set of well-established cariogenic organisms, we observed significant and consistent differences in the active microbial communities between these two high-risk populations, African American (AA) and Latin American Hispanic (LAH) children. In AA children, Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum and Cardiobacterium hominis consistently showed the highest caries-related gene expression. In contrast, among LAH children, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, Selenomonas sp., Rothia dentocariosa, Atopobium parvulum, and Streptococcus sanguinis were the primary drivers of gene expression in caries lesions. By identifying the unique microbial mechanisms and pathways active in each population, we can better define the core factors required for caries development and uncover how differences in microbial function contribute to persistent disparities.}, }
@article {pmid42024423, year = {2026}, author = {Garratt, I and Ravari, MY and Clarke, OE and McMurtrie, J and Wand, ME and Feil, EJ and Taylor, TB and Sutton, JM and Jones, BV}, title = {A model of polymicrobial catheter-associated urinary tract infection reveals biofilm-mediated modulation of treatment efficacy.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag098}, pmid = {42024423}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are among the most prevalent healthcare associated infections and an important site for development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Although CAUTI are frequently polymicrobial, the majority of research focuses on individual pathogens in monoculture, largely due to a lack of representative and tractable models.<br><br>AIMS: The aim of this study was to develop a tractable and reproducible model of polymicrobial CAUTI.<br><br>METHODS: Here we describe the use of an in vitro model of the catheterised urinary tract to generate polymicrobial communities encompassing common uropathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis), in an environment representative of the catheterized urinary tract.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We show that our system establishes stable and reproducible polymicrobial communities and facilitates analysis across both planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. We confirm that polymicrobial biofilms in this system display distinct population dynamics compared to planktonic populations and modulate the impact of ciprofloxacin treatment by protecting the most susceptible community members. In addition, we demonstrate the capacity of P. mirabilis to encrust and block catheters when part of a polymicrobial community and confirm that thioridazine treatment remains effective at inhibiting catheter blockage under these conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42012722, year = {2026}, author = {Mrosek, D and Białas, N and Winter, A and Prymak, O and Loza, K and Epple, M}, title = {Biofilm formation associated with calcium phosphate coating on implant metals.}, journal = {Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42012722}, issn = {1573-4838}, support = {Ep 22/64-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {*Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry ; Titanium/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; *Prostheses and Implants/microbiology ; Alloys ; Humans ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Surface Properties ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Metals/chemistry ; Corrosion ; }, abstract = {Three clinically relevant implant metals, i.e., stainless steel (SS316L), pure titanium (grade 4), and the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (grade 5), were coated with octacalcium phosphate from supersaturated aqueous calcium phosphate solution. Calcium phosphate coatings are frequently applied to enhance the osteoconductivity of metal implants. However, this leads to a higher surface roughness that increases the risk for bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. The bacterial species Escherichia coli (Gram-negative rods) and Staphylococcus xylosus (Gram-positive cocci) were seeded on the bare metals and the calcium phosphate-coated metals, respectively, and cultivated for up to 72 h to assess the biofilm formation. The efficiency of biofilm production by bacteria was evaluated by the crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. The growth of S. xylosus was always strong, with and without calcium phosphate coating, whereas E. coli proliferated better on calcium phosphate-coated metals. Both bacterial species colonized cavities within the porous calcium phosphate coating as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. The metabolic activity of S. xylosus caused a pH drop to 5.5 that led to corrosion of the calcium phosphate layer by acidic dissolution. In contrast, E. coli led to an increase in pH to about 8.9 that did not affect the coating. Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells adhered and proliferated well on both coated and uncoated metals, underscoring the good osteocompatibility before and after coating.}, }
@article {pmid42015920, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, IF and Chou, CY and Chen, YF and Wang, TY and Lin, JT and Lee, CC and Chen, JW and Jan, JS and Hung, YP}, title = {Biofilm- and Spore-Disruptive Star-Shaped Poly(l-lysine)/Hyaluronic Acid Microgels for Targeted Oral Therapy of Clostridioides difficile Infection.}, journal = {Biomacromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.biomac.5c02037}, pmid = {42015920}, issn = {1526-4602}, abstract = {Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a major healthcare challenge due to recurrent disease, spore persistence, and biofilm-associated tolerance, while conventional antibiotics often disrupt gut microbiota. Here, we report a star-shaped poly(l-lysine) dendrimer (G3-PLL9) formulated into hyaluronic acid-based microgels for targeted oral delivery to the inflamed colon. G3-PLL9 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, including rapid bactericidal effects, superior spore inhibition compared with vancomycin, and robust biofilm disruption at subinhibitory concentrations. In a murine CDI model, rectal administration of G3-PLL9 alleviated clinical symptoms, reduced tissue damage, and lowered recurrence risk. To enable oral therapy, G3-PLL9 was incorporated into hyaluronic acid microgels, achieving site-specific release through hyaluronidase-mediated degradation in the inflamed colon. Importantly, treatment preserved commensal gut microbiota more effectively than vancomycin. Collectively, these findings highlight G3-PLL9 microgels as a microbiota-sparing therapeutic that targets multiple stages of CDI pathogenesis─including spores and biofilms─and demonstrate their potential for clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid42016031, year = {2025}, author = {Khanjani, S and Nikkhahi, F and Zeynali Kelishomi, F and Javadi, A and Sadeghi, S and Bijani, B and Sadeghi, H and Saghi Sarabi, H and Marashi, SMA}, title = {Phage Cocktail against Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm on Endotracheal Tube: An in vitro study.}, journal = {International journal of molecular and cellular medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {1045-1058}, pmid = {42016031}, issn = {2251-9637}, abstract = {Although biofilms on endotracheal tube (ET) surfaces represent a major clinical challenge, studies addressing the effect of lytic bacteriophages on these biofilms are relatively scarce. This study focused on examining the anti-biofilm capability of three specific phage against an XDR isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii in a 48-hour pre-formed biofilm on an ET surface. For this purpose, crystal violet staining, colony counting, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in biofilm mass and bacterial count after 24 hours of exposure to the phage cocktail. SEM images confirmed a dramatic reduction in the biofilm. Based on these findings, phage therapy has the potential to reduce and disrupt biofilms on ET surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid42016371, year = {2026}, author = {Mohammadi, M and Nikkhahi, F and Charkhchian, M and Kiaheyrati, N and Javadi, A and Fard Sanei, A and Fardsanei, F}, title = {Synergistic Anti-Biofilm and Bactericidal Activity of Ethanol and Chlorhexidine Combined with EDTA Against Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Healthcare-Associated Carriers.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {580129}, pmid = {42016371}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), particularly in dialysis units, remain a significant challenge due to the frequent use of invasive devices and the immunocompromised status of patients. Among the most concerning pathogens is Staphylococcus aureus, known for its multidrug resistance and biofilm-forming capacity. This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm effects of ethanol, chlorhexidine, and EDTA, individually and in combination, against S. aureus isolates from hospital carriers in the dialysis department of Qazvin teaching hospitals, Qazvin, Iran.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 400 samples were collected from nasal cavities, fingernails, patient beds, and dialysis machines. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests and PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated via disk diffusion and E-test, with mupirocin resistance determined by mupA and mupB detection. Biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate assay with crystal violet staining. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of a combined solution of chlorhexidine, ethanol, and EDTA were analyzed using broth microdilution and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).<br><br>RESULTS: 70 S. aureus isolates were analyzed for antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. High resistance rates were observed to ciprofloxacin (62.8%), doxycycline (57.1%), and tetracycline (54.2%), while mupirocin resistance was detected in 4.2% of isolates (mupA positive). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 68.6% of isolates. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 90% of isolates and was significantly associated with MDR. The combination of chlorhexidine and EDTA exhibited potent antibiofilm activity (FICI &#x2264; 0.5), with SEM imaging confirming disruption of biofilm structure and bacterial cell integrity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant and strong biofilm-producing S. aureus in dialysis units. Among the tested disinfectant combinations, chlorhexidine in combination with EDTA demonstrated substantial antibiofilm and antimicrobial effects, whereas EDTA and ethanol alone showed no significant activity. These results highlight the potential of synergistic disinfectant combinations to disrupt biofilm structures and suggest the need for further studies to evaluate their applicability in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid42016518, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, S and Wang, W and Yin, H and Luu, QH and Kong, L and Zhang, X and Lu, S and Bai, X and Han, X and Jiang, W}, title = {Transposon mutant library reveals the complex regulatory network of biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100359}, pmid = {42016518}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a globally prevalent seafood-borne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis. It readily forms biofilms on shrimp, shellfish, and food packaging surfaces, enhancing its environmental tolerance, survival, and risk of cross-contamination during processing and storage. In this study, we constructed a transposon mutant library to systematically identify genes involved in biofilm regulation. Quantitative screening of 4000 mutants revealed 103 candidate genes, with 28 mutants showing reduced biofilm formation and 75 showing enhanced formation. Enrichment analysis indicated that these genes are primarily associated with the two-component systems (TCS), pyrimidine metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Two previously uncharacterized genes were further analyzed. Results showed that vp2252, encoding a component of a TCS, and vp2888, encoding a diguanylate cyclase with cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) synthetase activity, broadly regulate biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. Transcriptomic data suggest that vp2252 mediates the transition from free-swimming to surface-associated swarming lifestyles. These findings provide new insights into the genetic regulation of V. parahaemolyticus biofilm development, highlight potential molecular targets for biofilm control, and lay the groundwork for future studies on its regulatory networks.}, }
@article {pmid42018147, year = {2026}, author = {Mushtaq, K and Shakeel, N and Chaman Lal, K}, title = {Beyond replacement frequency: age, biofilm ecology, and methodological constraints in tracheostomal colonization studies.}, journal = {European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42018147}, issn = {1434-4726}, }
@article {pmid42018469, year = {2026}, author = {Jungbauer, G and Giacobbo, L and Stähli, A and Sculean, A and Burger, J and Eick, S and Hofmann, M}, title = {Modeling In Vitro Biofilm-Calculus Formation for Assessing Periodontal Instrumentation and the Forces Applied.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental dental research}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e70359}, doi = {10.1002/cre2.70359}, pmid = {42018469}, issn = {2057-4347}, support = {//Association for Dental Infection Control/ ; //Geistlich-Stucki Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Dental Calculus/microbiology/therapy ; In Vitro Techniques ; Periodontitis/microbiology/therapy ; Ultrasonic Therapy/instrumentation ; Dental Scaling/instrumentation ; Periodontal Pocket/microbiology/therapy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: In vitro models provide valuable insights into treatment options and their effectiveness prior to and alongside clinical evaluation. Such models should be standardized, reproducible, and closely reflect the clinical situation. This study aimed to investigate the removal of subgingival biofilm and calculus by instrumentation, which is vital in the successful treatment of periodontitis. The approach was to (i) develop an in vitro model based on biofilm and calculus formation and (ii) assess it by hand and ultrasonic instrumentation, while (iii) measuring the forces applied in an innovative periodontal defect model.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multi-species mixture consisting of 11 bacterial strains was used to form an initial calculus over 14 days. Inserts carrying human dentin specimens, either with biofilm or with a combination of biofilm and calculus, were placed in a periodontal pocket model equipped with a multi-axis force sensor, followed by treatment with hand or ultrasonic instrumentation. Instrumentation forces were recorded, and the remaining biofilm or biofilm/calculus was analyzed for bacterial colony-forming unit (cfu) counts and calcium levels after instrumentation.<br><br>RESULTS: The results revealed that the cfu counts and calcium levels in the biofilm/calculus group were higher compared to the respective biofilm controls. Ultrasonic instrumentation was more effective than hand instrumentation in reducing cfu counts in both the biofilm and biofilm/calculus groups. Furthermore, both hand and ultrasonic instrumentation reduced calcium levels in the biofilm/calculus groups. The peak forces Fy in the hand instrumentation groups were significantly higher in both the biofilm and biofilm/calculus groups compared to the respective ultrasonic groups.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The model enabled an initial reproducible calculus formation and evaluation of different instrumentation modalities, including the forces applied. The results favored the ultrasonic instrumentation due to its superior removal of biofilm and calculus and lower lateral forces. The presented biofilm/calculus model offers a new in vitro approach for comparing different instrumentation modalities.}, }
@article {pmid42018900, year = {2026}, author = {Viana, AAG and Borchardt, H and Dantas, JV and Dias, DSB and Amaral, IPGD and Vasconcelos, U}, title = {Exogenous phenazine allows biofilm stability but retards biodegradation of recently WLO-contaminated aqueous system.}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {e20250706}, doi = {10.1590/0001-3765202620250706}, pmid = {42018900}, issn = {1678-2690}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Biodegradation, Environmental/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/metabolism ; *Phenazines/pharmacology ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; *Petroleum/metabolism ; *Lubricants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Each year, millions of liters of lubricating oil are consumed worldwide, and more than 50% of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) enter the environment through spills or improper disposal. Numerous strategies are applied to remediate oil-contaminated sites, and each scenario contributes to assessing the maximum efficiency of available cleanup approaches. This study evaluated, on a laboratory scale, the effect of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) on Waste Lubricating Oil (WLO) removal by P. aeruginosa. Microcosms were contaminated with WLO containing 448,000 mg·kg[-1] of TPH. WLO: aqueous phase ratios of 1:40, 1:20, and 1:10 were tested, all supplemented with PMS at 5 µg·mL[-1]. After 20 days of incubation at 29°C, greater WLO removal was observed in microcosms without PMS (33.8-37.8%), whereas PMS-amended systems removed only 9.9-15.3% (p > 0.05) possibly due to WLO composition or PMS interacting with alternative cell pathways. In both treatments, the inoculated cells were not adversely affected by the stressful conditions and established stable biofilms. This is the first report describing the effect of PMS on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation during WLO biodegradation under recent-contamination conditions. These findings indicate that combining bioaugmentation with exogenous phenazine addition should be avoided in the initial treatment phase.}, }
@article {pmid42007726, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, S and Zheng, J and Liu, Q and Teng, T and Yang, Z and Huo, F and Xue, Y and Li, L and Huang, H}, title = {AceE affects the optimum growth and biofilm formation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via cell wall lipid remodeling.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0173225}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01732-25}, pmid = {42007726}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Central carbon metabolism is fundamental to the growth and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The aceE gene encodes the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that irreversibly converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. There, we investigated the impact of aceE inactivation on the physiological metabolism of Mtb. An aceE deletion in Mtb H37Rv was constructed, and the mutant was compared to wild type (WT) by in vitro growth assays, colony morphology, biofilm formation, stress tolerance, lipidomics, RNA-seq, and BALB/c mouse infection. Mtb ΔaceE exhibited markedly slower planktonic growth, smooth colony morphology, impaired biofilm formation, and was more sensitive to acid, NaNO2, and some commonly used antibiotics. Lipidomics revealed global depletion of mycolic acids and major phospholipids in Mtb ΔaceE mutant. Transcriptome analysis showed downregulation of TCA cycle and fatty-acid biosynthetic genes. Two weeks after intravenous infection, lung bacillary loads were 0.6 log10 lower for ΔaceE than in WT, and spleen enlargement was absent, yet the mutant persisted, and pathology was otherwise comparable to WT. AceE is required for robust lipid anabolism, biofilm formation, and maximal growth of Mtb in vitro, especially on carbohydrate-based media, but its absence only modestly attenuates acute virulence in mice, underscoring the pathogen's metabolic plasticity during infection.IMPORTANCEThe present study demonstrated that the aceE gene, a crucial enzyme that links glycolysis and the TCA cycle, plays a vital role in regulating the normal physiological metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The aceE gene not only aids in the bacteria's energy metabolism but also promotes lipid synthesis, forming a thicker cell wall that helps Mtb resist various intracellular stresses, further favoring its survival within the host cells. During in vivo survival, the increased expression of the aceE gene in the virulent Mtb H37Rv strain may enhance the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, thereby providing more precursor materials for the synthesis of lipids and amino acids.}, }
@article {pmid42008411, year = {2026}, author = {Tuon, FF and Suss, PH and Dantas, LR and Ortis, GB}, title = {Comparative In Vitro Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Evaluation on 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified Surfaces.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {230}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/70394}, pmid = {42008411}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Polyesters/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/drug effects ; *Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Polyethylene Terephthalates/chemistry ; *Lactic Acid/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) printing has accelerated the development of customized medical devices, but biofilm formation on printed materials remains a major threat to implant safety and performance. Because material chemistry and print-dependent surface features can influence bacterial attachment and antibiotic tolerance, standardized in vitro approaches that enable meaningful comparisons across commonly used 3D-printing polymers are needed. Here, we compare biofilm development on polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) using a multi-model in vitro evaluation framework that captures complementary aspects of biofilm biology, including early adhesion, maturation, and antimicrobial tolerance, under both static and flow conditions. S. aureus biofilms were established and assessed using quantitative (viable bacterial load and minimal biofilm eradication concentration [MBEC]) and qualitative (scanning electron microscopy) endpoints. Both PLA and PETG supported biofilm formation across models; however, PLA tended to show higher early adhesion and greater biofilm density. In static assays, PLA demonstrated higher CFU values than PETG, whereas vancomycin MBEC values were similar between materials. Assay-dependent differences in MBEC were observed across platforms, underscoring how model structure can influence apparent antimicrobial susceptibility. Under dynamic flow, biofilm burden increased relative to static conditions, with minimal material-dependent differences. Collectively, these results highlight the susceptibility of both polymers to biofilm formation and demonstrate the value of a multi-model framework for evaluating material-associated biofilm behavior and benchmarking antimicrobial performance on 3D-printed device-relevant substrates.}, }
@article {pmid42010135, year = {2026}, author = {Lendel, AM and Antonova, NP and Grigoriev, IV and Goldin, IV and Dedova, AV and Usachev, EV and Gushchin, V&#x410; and Vasina, DV}, title = {Search for effective bacteriolytic enzymes and their combinations for the treatment of polymicrobial biofilm-associated infections.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {42010135}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; 125021101874-6//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42011017, year = {2026}, author = {Sadia, H and Amin, A and Ahmed, I}, title = {Metagenomic and Phenotypic Insights Into Biofilm-Forming Pathogens in Patients With Nosocomial Sepsis.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2026}, number = {1}, pages = {e8989667}, pmid = {42011017}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Sepsis/microbiology/genetics ; *Cross Infection/microbiology/genetics ; *Metagenomics/methods ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Metagenome ; Male ; Female ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-related infections significantly contribute to bacterial diseases, with estimates suggesting that at least 80% of such infections are associated with biofilms. These infections often involve opportunistic pathogens, which not only influence the type of infection but also impact the microenvironment by interacting with other polymicrobial pathogens, thereby altering microbial diversity within the infection site. The present study was designed to assess potential changes in bacterial communities across various infection types. The 50 samples were collected and pooled from different anatomical locations: II-H1 (calf), ul-H2 (thighs), ft-H3 (upper leg), ct-H4 (chest), and Ca-H5 (catheter). The 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on 10 representative samples using the Sanger method to identify bacterial taxa, whereas the metagenomic analysis was conducted on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California). Sanger sequencing identifying several bacterial strains including Bacterium MS-AsIII-61, Bacterium HB33-1, Mammaliicoccus sciuri SSB38, multiple Staphylococcus species (S. aureus DA101 and S8, Staphylococcus sp. C0021-01R and TSA25S, S. cohnii FC2265, and S. saprophyticus A), and Enterobacter hormaechei D15. The metagenomics analysis revealed variations and diversity in the different location across the organ by relative abundance of 5 bacterial phyla and 38 species. The Proteobacteria phylum was the most abundant phylum across all sites, with the highest prevalence observed in Ca-H5, followed by ul-H2, ct-H4, II-H1, and ft-H3 in the decreasing order. In contrast, the Bacteroidetes phylum exhibited the highest abundance in ft-H3. Catheter-associated infections (Ca-H5 site) show a homogeneous ARG profile, dominated by genes supporting biofilm formation and persistence. MSA samples reflect diversity in methicillin and multidrug resistance genes, consistent with surgical-site and opportunistic infections. Trypto samples may represent an environmental or experimental condition leading to alternative ARG expression, highlighting site- or condition-specific variations. The different virulence factor responsible for the boost in the establishment of biofilms in these pathogens includes, surface adhesion proteins, increasing resilience to environmental, efflux pumps, quorum-sensing regulators, stresses, and antibiotic treatments. The study demonstrates the dynamic nature and impact of biofilm-related infections at anatomical sites. It also focused on biofilm-associated infections at surgical sites, their progression into chronic conditions, and the corresponding treatment patterns. The integration of metagenomic analysis with phenotypic studies provided deeper insights into the roles of key genes and their mechanisms in biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42012057, year = {2026}, author = {Chaluvaraju, PB and Ramu, R and Swamy, SN and K B, VG and C, KA and Priya, BS}, title = {Unveiling the Potential of Isoquinoline-Tethered 1,2,3-Triazoles as Promising Anti-Biofilm Agents Against Candida albicans: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, ADME, and Molecular Docking Studies.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {e03083}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202503083}, pmid = {42012057}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {*Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Triazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Isoquinolines/chemistry/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; }, abstract = {A library of twelve new 1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline tethered 1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-methyl derivatives 7(a-l) were synthesized via copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by [1]H-NMR, [13]C-NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques. All the derivatives were screened for in vitro antifungal activity against an opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans by broth microdilution method. The study revealed that compound 7i exhibited the potent antifungal profile with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6 µg/mL, minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 32 µg/mL, and it demonstrated 82% biofilm inhibition and 78% filament inhibition. The results showed an improvement over the standard drug fluconazole which exhibited MIC of 8 µg/mL and MFC of 64 µg/mL, 78% biofilm inhibition, and 65% of filament inhibition. Further the inhibition was confirmed by SEM analysis and qRT-PCR was conducted against HWP1, EFG1, and ALS3 genes. In addition, an in silico molecular docking study was carried out to demonstrate the interactions between the synthesized compounds and target amino acids. ADMET analysis indicated all the compounds met the criteria of drug-likeness and follow Lipinski's rule of five. Further optimization of these derivatives could yield promising therapeutics for Candidal infections.}, }
@article {pmid42012157, year = {2026}, author = {Poulsen, JS and Van Alin, A and Larsen, PB and Haarder, FMN and Meyer, RL and Koren, K and Kjeldsen, KU}, title = {Limits of bacterial osmoadaptation during planktonic and biofilm growth: a step toward effective biofouling control.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0241125}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02411-25}, pmid = {42012157}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Salinity is a key parameter for bacterial survival and growth. Halophilic and halotolerant bacteria can adapt to elevated salinity, but the energetic demands of osmoadaptation increase under fluctuating salt concentrations, potentially constraining growth and persistence. A new concept in reverse osmosis (RO) filtration is batch operation with oscillating rather than constantly high brine salinity. We hypothesize that fluctuating salinity can diminish biofouling in such RO systems. To test this hypothesis, we examined the survival and activity of Aliivibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas fluorescens under fluctuating salinities in planktonic and biofilm cultures as representative of halophilic and halotolerant species, respectively, and common members of biofouling communities. At 28°C, P. fluorescens grew at 0%-6% salinity with fastest growth rate at 0%-1%. At 7%-10% salinity, P. fluorescens remained viable but did not grow. At 22°C, A. fischeri grew at 0.5%-7% salinity, with fastest growth rate at 2%-3%, but unlike P. fluorescens, it lost viability outside this growth range. Cultures did not respire at salinities that did not support growth, suggesting that survival under such salt stress does not depend on high metabolic activity. Furthermore, cell-specific aerobic respiration rates in A. fischeri correlated with growth rate but not osmotic stress. Biofilm formation did not enhance the osmotic stress tolerance of the two bacteria. Our results indicate that high constant salinity favors the halophilic A. fischeri over the halotolerant P. fluorescens, but oscillating salinity (e.g., 0%-7%) favors neither. Oscillating salinity may, therefore, offer a new mechanism for controlling microbial growth that circumvents community adaptation to environmental conditions.IMPORTANCEReverse osmosis filtration is a widely used technology to address the scarcity of clean freshwater. However, the efficiency of reverse osmosis systems is challenged by microbial biofouling, as microbial communities adapt to the environmental conditions within the system and form biofilms on the membranes. This study investigated the impact of fluctuating salinity on the growth and survival of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. The findings suggest that oscillating salinity disrupts the growth and viability of both types of bacteria, in both planktonic cultures and biofilms. The study, thus, supports the hypothesis that fluctuating salinity in reverse osmosis systems could reduce biofouling by impeding microbial adaptation to salinity. This represents a promising new strategy for microbial control in reverse osmosis systems, potentially enhancing performance by minimizing biofouling through an environmentally friendly approach.}, }
@article {pmid42012583, year = {2026}, author = {Karthikeyan, A and Tabassum, N and Javaid, A and Kim, T and Jung, WK and Khan, F}, title = {Controlling Staphylococcus aureus skin infections by targeting biofilm and virulence properties using FDA-approved antiseptics and skin care products.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42012583}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {RS-2021-NR060118//Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education/ ; RS-2023-00241461//Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a major skin pathogen that causes a broad spectrum of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe invasive diseases. In this study, we evaluated antibacterial and antivirulence properties of selected FDA-approved skincare bioactives and antiseptics against multiple virulence factors. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis of benzalkonium chloride, retinol, hydroquinone, and kojic acid showed strong antimicrobial activity at concentrations from 2 to 1024 µg/mL. Epigallocatechin gallate effectively inhibits biofilm formation by 81.53% and reduces staphyloxanthin production by 68.26%. Retinol exhibited antibiofilm activity, eradicating mature biofilm mass by 79.18%. Furthermore, a combination of skincare bioactives with antibiotics, including oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and rifampicin, demonstrated synergy and additive effects, enhancing antibacterial efficacy. Molecular docking analysis exhibited strong predicted binding affinities of skincare bioactives and antiseptics against key virulence factors. This study highlights the multitarget antivirulence potential of skincare bioactives and antiseptics as an alternative strategy to mitigate diverse S. aureus infections.}, }
@article {pmid42012718, year = {2026}, author = {Mensi, M and Garzetti, G and Scotti, E and Marchetti, S and Venturi, C and Di Monda, L and Sordillo, A and Calza, S}, title = {Plaque disclosing agent as a guide in biofilm removal in patients with fixed orthodontic appliance: a randomized clinical trial.}, journal = {Odontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42012718}, issn = {1618-1255}, abstract = {Effective professional plaque removal is of major importance in the prevention of white spot lesions and gingivitis in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. However, visual identification of plaque can be difficult, especially around brackets, ligatures and wires. The purpose of the present randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a plaque disclosing agent (PDA) as a visual guide for biofilm removal. Thirty-two systematically and periodontally healthy adults with fixed orthodontic appliances and Plaque Index (PI) > = 25% were enrolled from October 2020 to May 2022, the subjects were equally randomized into test and control group. Primary outcome was the change in the difference in percentage of residual plaque area (RPA) between the two study groups. In the test group, a PDA was applied before professional oral hygiene, whilst the control group received a hygiene session without disclosing. The PDA was then re-applied at the end of the treatment in both groups, and the RPA was assessed via Image-J software analysis of standardized frontal photos and compared between groups. The average RPA in the test group was 3.9% (CI 95% 2.6%; 5.1%), which resulted significantly lower than in the control group, where it reached 12.0% (CI 95% 8.0%-16.0%) (p-value < 0.001). The percentage of area with residual plaque was modelled using a beta-regression model. The use of plaque disclosing agents as guidance for professional oral hygiene treatment leads to improved plaque removal in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. NCT05428189, 2022-06-08, retrospectively registered.}, }
@article {pmid41999302, year = {2026}, author = {Mu, W and Yao, L and Wang, F and Ma, Y and Kadier, K and Hu, J and Cao, L and Yang, J}, title = {Correction to "Synergistic Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound-Activated Vancomycin-Loaded Microbubbles for MRSA Biofilm Eradication and Bone Regeneration in Periprosthetic Joint Infection".}, journal = {ACS biomaterials science &amp; engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00603}, pmid = {41999302}, issn = {2373-9878}, }
@article {pmid42000910, year = {2026}, author = {Wen, X and Zhuo, X and Chen, T and Wu, B and Guo, Z and Weng, D and Lei, X and Dai, M and Long, N}, title = {Linalool potentiates tetracycline against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-49057-2}, pmid = {42000910}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {D2018//Dazhou Medical Research Project Plan/ ; S202513705096//Sichuan Province College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project/ ; 82472328//The Nation Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024YFFK0090//Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology key R&amp;D program/ ; CYZYB24-08//The Scientific Research Fund of Chengdu Medical College/ ; 25YM09//The special project of Liyan workshop aesthetic medicine research center of Chengdu Medical Colloge/ ; 25MSZX555//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42001570, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, Y and Xu, B and Xu, R and Xu, G and Chen, L and Huang, S and Shi, X and Ng, HY and Lee, CH}, title = {Switch-like effects and regulatory mechanisms of DSF-mediated quorum sensing in wastewater biofilm behaviors.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {300}, number = {}, pages = {125915}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125915}, pmid = {42001570}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Wastewater biofilms leverage quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate collective microbial processes, positioning exogenous QS signal dosing as a promising biostimulation strategy for biofilm reactors. However, the unknown threshold concentration of QS activation (common QS signals dose ranges from ∼0.1 to ∼10[5] µg/g-VSS in biostimulated biofilm reactors), and the complex concentration-dependent relationships remain poorly understood. In this study, we applied external diffusible signal factor (cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, DSF) gradients to uncover how the prevalent, yet underexplored DSF-based QS system governs biofilm formation and their metabolisms in wastewater treatment. A low DSF dose (0.1 μM, 7.0 μg/g-VSS) triggered "switch-on" state, increasing protein-rich EPS by 86.9% and biomass by 46.9%. This was driven by a Pseudomonas-centered interspecies QS circuit via sensor PA1396, which upregulated aromatic amino acid (aroB, trpB), EPS (pelA, algD), and ATP (atpH) genes. In contrast, excessive DSF (0.1 mM, 6957.1 μg/g-VSS) induced "switch-off" state, markedly reducing biomass by 64.1% where QS-regulated Pseudomonas shifted energy from EPS secretion to reduction, and upregulated multidrug efflux genes (mexXY, oprM). This transition also involved rpfC-rpfG activation (mainly in Comamonas) and digA-D quenching (in P. panipatensis), reducing c-di-GMP and DSF while enhancing flagellar motility (fliC). Null modeling confirmed both states reinforced deterministic selection, leading to specialized communities. Overall, DSF exerted biphasic, switch-like control over biofilm phenotypes, community assembly, and functional traits, and our results suggested that analogous switch-like regulation may extend to other QS-signal pathways (e.g., AHLs and AI-2). Collectively, this study provided a mechanistic basis for precision, dose-guided ecological manipulation of wastewater biofilm reactors.}, }
@article {pmid42002056, year = {2026}, author = {Razdan, K and Allott, M and Kanta, S and Chaudhary, E and Rahi, DK and Kumari, S and Zwain, T and Lara, JG and Sinha, VR and Singh, KK}, title = {Nanostructured lipid carrier enabled delivery of levofloxacin and clove essential oil to overcome Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in burn wounds- a synergistic approach.}, journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {126885}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.126885}, pmid = {42002056}, issn = {1873-3476}, abstract = {Conventional antibiotics struggle to completely eradicate the infection because of their ineffective penetration of biofilms. New multimodal strategy integrating antibiofilm agent with antimicrobials delivered as nanomedicine could be a powerful approach to overcome biofilm resistance. Bioactive essential oils have recently garnered great attention because of their biofilm disruption and antibiofilm activity. The present study developed an integrated functional nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) combining clove essential oil (CO) and levofloxacin (LFX) as model antibiotic for localized delivery as hydrogel for treatment of burn wounds infected with P. aeruginosa biofilms. In vitro cell line studies demonstrated concentration dependent uptake of LFX-CO-NLCs in human dermal fibroblasts and normal human epithelial keratinocytes, cytocompatibility and fibroblast migration in scratch wound assay. Crystal violet assay validated strong antibiofilm effect of LFX-CO-NLCs. The nanoparticles were able to infiltrate through P. aeruginosa biofilm and be up taken by bacterial cells as evidenced by confocal microscopy. LFX-CO-NLCs hydrogel showed appreciable textural profile and pseudoplastic behavior which facilitated topical application. In vivo burn wound in mice with P. aeruginosa infection displayed early wound closure, significantly improved infection clearance and enhanced collagen deposition and wound healing after treatment with LFX-CO-NLCs hydrogel in comparison to other treatment groups. Wounds were found to be devoid of any bacterial presence after 7 days of LFX-CO-NLCs hydrogel application. It is propounded that this industrially viable technology holds great promise as future therapeutics for chronic wound infections.}, }
@article {pmid42003596, year = {2026}, author = {Louvet, M and Li, J and Areitio, M and Brandalise, D and Bachmann, D and Coste, AT and LeibundGut-Landmann, S and Sanglard, D and Lamoth, F}, title = {Role of the transcription factor Wor2 in biofilm formation of Candidozyma auris.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0005726}, doi = {10.1128/msphere.00057-26}, pmid = {42003596}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {The yeast pathogen Candidozyma (Candida) auris can form biofilms, which contribute to its virulence and nosocomial transmission. In this study, we identified the transcription factor Wor2 as a negative regulator of biofilm formation in C. auris. Wor2 hyperactivation in a strain of clade IV via the use of a protein tagging strategy resulted in downregulation of two important adhesins, SCF1 and ALS4112, and decreased biofilm-forming capacity. We showed that the impact on biofilm was predominantly mediated via decreased SCF1 expression in this strain. However, results of adhesion assays on inert surfaces and human keratinocytes found relatively modest roles of Wor2 and Scf1 in this process, suggesting that their effect on biofilm formation is complex and not limited to the adhesion step. Finally, analyses of other strains from different clades identified three distinct WOR2 genotypes, with variable WOR2 expression levels and distinct impacts of WOR2 deletion on biofilm formation. Notably, Wor2 negatively regulated biofilm in strains of clades I, III, and IV with distinct profiles of SCF1/ALS4112 expression, while it had no impact on biofilm in a clade II strain. Taken together, this study showed that Wor2 exhibited some distinct genotypic evolution in C. auris resulting in clade- or strain-specific regulatory roles and pathways in biofilm formation.IMPORTANCECandidozyma (Candida) auris is a pathogenic yeast exhibiting a particular capacity for interhuman transmission via medical instruments, which was the cause of nosocomial outbreaks of candidemia. Adhesion to inert surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation is therefore important for C. auris propagation. This work highlights the role of the transcription factor Wor2 as a negative regulator of biofilm formation in C. auris. In a strain of clade IV, Wor2 was shown to downregulate two important adhesins (SCF1 and ALS4112). Interestingly, Wor2 exhibited different genotypes across C. auris clades and strains, which were associated with distinct differential expression of WOR2, ALS4112, and SCF1, and possibly distinct roles in biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42004886, year = {2026}, author = {Nuwayhid, R and Ngoc-Huyen, N and Lippmann, N and Dietze, N and Kursawe, L and Kikhney, J and Moter, A and Kobbe, P and Siemers, F and Roth, A and Langer, S and Pempe, C and Kurow, O}, title = {Synergistic tissue destruction by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a 3D human skin biofilm equivalent.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100361}, pmid = {42004886}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Staphylococci are common skin commensals that can transition into opportunistic pathogens, particularly in biofilm-associated and polymicrobial infections. However, how interspecies interactions modulate virulence remains poorly understood, partly due to a lack of human-relevant models. We adapted a human cell-based three-dimensional skin equivalent (3DSE) into a biofilm infection model using monospecies biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis, and a dualspecies co-culture. Biofilm architecture and spatial distribution were analysed by histology and fluorescence in situ hybridisation, while bacterial dominance was assessed by colony-forming unit counts. Host responses were evaluated using a composite biofilm destruction score, lactate dehydrogenase release, apoptosis and tight junction integrity, and cytokine profiling. The 3DSE supported robust, species-specific biofilm formation. Notably, despite reduced biofilm mass, dualspecies biofilms caused the most severe tissue damage, cytotoxicity and epithelial disruption. Although S. aureus dominated in co-culture, pathogenicity was not dependent on bacterial load. These findings demonstrate synergistic host modulation in polymicrobial staphylococcal biofilms and establish the 3DSE as a physiologically relevant platform for studying skin biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid42007030, year = {2026}, author = {Pei, H and Xu, L and Chen, X and Kong, F and Wu, M and Shang, F and Xue, T}, title = {The TcaR-CtsR regulatory cascade governs multi-stress tolerance and biofilm formation in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Current research in food science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {101397}, pmid = {42007030}, issn = {2665-9271}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus exhibits remarkable resilience to environmental stresses, largely governed by complex transcriptional regulatory networks. While CtsR is a well-established repressor of the heat shock response in Gram-positive bacteria, its role in S. aureus extends beyond proteotoxic stress management. In this study, using a foodborne S. aureus strain RMSA49, we demonstrated that CtsR is critical for biofilm formation, glycopeptide antibiotic susceptibility, and multi-stress tolerance to heat, desiccation, oxidative, and salt stresses. Genetic disruption of ctsR significantly impaired biofilm development and increased bacterial sensitivity to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Furthermore, we identified TcaR as a direct upstream regulator of ctsR, binding specifically to its promoter region, as confirmed by EMSA. This TcaR-CtsR regulatory cascade represents a novel layer of control in the stress adaptation mechanism of S. aureus. Our findings expand the functional scope of CtsR and provide new insights into the molecular basis of stress resilience and antibiotic susceptibility in this pathogen, highlighting potential targets for controlling S. aureus in both food safety and clinical contexts.}, }
@article {pmid42007712, year = {2026}, author = {Çakmak, G and Molinero-Mourelle, P and Mosaddad, SA and Farjoud, S and Yılmaz, D and Eick, S and Schimmel, M and Yilmaz, B}, title = {Surface properties and biofilm formation of a manufacturer-reinforced, nanographene-modified pre-polymerized CAD-CAM polymethylmethacrylate denture base material: An in vitro study.}, journal = {Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jopr.70132}, pmid = {42007712}, issn = {1532-849X}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the surface roughness, hydrophobicity, and Candida albicans biofilm formation of three denture base materials, including two computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resins and one conventional heat-polymerized PMMA, before and after thermocycling (TC).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty disk-shaped specimens (&#xd8;10 &#xd7; 1.5&#xa0;mm) were fabricated and assigned to three groups (n = 10 each): (1) nanographene-reinforced CAD-CAM PMMA (GDM, trace graphene content <0.05 wt%), (2) pre-polymerized CAD-CAM PMMA (MDM; nanoparticle-free control), and (3) conventional heat-polymerized PMMA (CDM; nanoparticle-free control). Specimens underwent 10,000 thermal cycles in artificial saliva, followed by repeated measurements. Surface roughness was measured before polishing, before TC (after polishing), and after TC using a noncontact optical profilometer to establish baseline surface conditions and quantify finishing- and aging-related changes. Hydrophobicity was assessed before TC (after polishing) and after TC via water contact angle analysis. C. albicans biofilm formation was evaluated before TC (after polishing) and after TC using a 48-h incubation model followed by colony-forming unit quantification. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Additionally, paired t-tests were conducted to evaluate changes before and after TC (&#x3b1; = 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Surface roughness differed significantly before polishing and after TC (p < 0.001), but not before TC (after polishing) (p = 0.129). CDM had the highest roughness; GDM showed the lowest after TC (p < 0.001). Water contact angle did not differ significantly among materials (p &#x2265; 0.136). GDM initially showed higher C. albicans biofilm than CDM (p = 0.009), but levels decreased after TC (p < 0.001), with no differences thereafter. Biofilm formation after TC correlated positively with contact angle (r = 0.478) and negatively with roughness (r = -0.401).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Surface polishing reduced the roughness of all tested materials, with GDM exhibiting the lowest roughness. The incorporation of nanographene in a pre-polymerized PMMA denture base reduced roughness and C. albicans biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid42007716, year = {2026}, author = {Li, S and Zhang, X and Li, M and Zhou, M and Xing, Z and Zhu, W and Liu, Y and Li, Q and Zang, X and Zhang, S}, title = {A cold-responsive fimACD chaperone-usher operon tunes motility and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fragi D12.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0247225}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02472-25}, pmid = {42007716}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Low temperature alters bacterial growth and surface-linked behaviors; however, the genetic role of the associated pilus systems in cold adaptation remains unclear. Here, we used the psychrotolerant tundra isolate Pseudomonas fragi D12 as a model to investigate the transcriptional responses and functional divergence of three fimbrial genes, fimA, fimC, and fimD, through a combination of transcriptome analysis and gene knockout/overexpression assays. RNA-seq analysis revealed that extreme cold stress (4°C) triggered a robust induction of the fim cluster and an adjacent regulatory module comprising an Arc-family DNA-binding protein and an EAL-domain phosphodiesterase. qRT-PCR confirmed the RNA-seq trends. Functional assays demonstrated distinct ecological roles; deletion of fimA increased swimming but reduced swarming, whereas overexpression of fimA led to an increase in swarming. fimC overexpression enhanced swimming, whereas fimC deletion decreased swarming. fimD deletion increased swimming and reduced swarming, while fimD overexpression suppressed swarming. Temperature-gradient experiments further showed that across the three temperatures examined (4°C, 15°C, and 30°C), motility and biofilm formation were the highest at 15°C. Transmission electron microscopy associated these behavioral changes with altered fimbrial density and organization, and growth-curve analysis indicated no major defects in planktonic proliferation. In combination, the data point to a fimbrial apparatus that is transcriptionally responsive to cold and may mechanically modulate the coupling of a single polar flagellum to liquid and solid interfaces, while the genomic context of fimACD remains compatible with local modulation of cyclic di-GMP signaling that has yet to be examined directly.IMPORTANCELow-temperature environments are widespread in nature; however, the genetic contributions of bacterial surface appendages to cold-associated behavioral adaptation remain poorly understood. Our work, using the psychrotolerant tundra isolate Pseudomonas fragi D12, offers a tractable example in which a single chaperone-usher fimbrial operon exerts a marked influence on how cells move and form biofilms across the three temperatures examined (4°C, 15°C, and 30°C). By combining transcriptomics, defined genetic changes, and imaging, we connect cold-inducible expression of the fimACD locus with altered fimbrial architecture, motility behavior, and biofilm robustness, while separating these effects from bulk growth. The results support a view in which fimbriae in a psychrotolerant bacterium operate as adjustable elements that influence when cells favor long-range swimming versus surface-associated growth. Such information may provide direct genetic and phenotypic evidence for functional specialization of the fimbrial system under cold stress, offering new insight into the molecular strategies that enable microbial survival in low-temperature habitats.}, }
@article {pmid41998447, year = {2026}, author = {Sima, F and He, H and Wang, F}, title = {Fungal biofilm formation and quorum sensing: Regulatory mechanisms and control strategies.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41998447}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {32260040//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; YNWR-QNBJ-2020-087//Young Talent Support Project for Vitalizing Yunnan/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41999608, year = {2026}, author = {Gliemann, S and Walkowsky, LM and Mager, D and Domínguez, CM and Rabe, KS and Niemeyer, CM}, title = {Scalable Flow Reactors for Stable Biofilm Formation and Continuous Whole-Cell Catalysis.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e73391}, doi = {10.1002/smll.73391}, pmid = {41999608}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {//Helmholtz program "Materials Systems Engineering"/ ; 43.33.11//Adaptive and Bioinstructive Materials Systems/ ; }, abstract = {Stable and productive biofilms are highly attractive for continuous whole-cell biocatalysis, yet their controlled formation and long-term operation remain challenging. Here, we introduce a modular and scalable microfluidic reactor platform that exploits flow-induced deposition to generate robust biofilms directly from suspended cells. Starting from a validated pillar reactor design, we systematically scale reactor geometries and apply computational flow simulations to identify microscale hydrodynamic features that govern cell attachment, streamer formation, and biofilm stability. Fluorescence microscopy reveals the emergence of stratified biofilm architectures enriched in extracellular DNA that persist under continuous flow. Enzymatic depletion of extracellular DNA selectively delays early streamer formation, highlighting its critical role during initial matrix assembly. Under continuous flow, biofilm growth and shear-induced detachment establish a dynamic steady state that maintains a self-sustaining catalytic matrix, enabling long-term continuous whole-cell biocatalysis in an upscaled reactor where the deposited biofilms remain catalytically active and structurally stable for at least 28 days. Together, these results establish flow-structured microreactors as a generalizable strategy for hydrodynamically controlled biofilm engineering, linking microscale flow fields to biofilm architecture, long-term stability, and catalytic function, and providing a foundation for scalable continuous whole-cell biocatalysis.}, }
@article {pmid41999842, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, L and He, W and Yan, ZX and Yang, TY and Zhai, LZ and Wang, XJ and Jia, QQ and Guo, ZC}, title = {Physical morphology of conductive carriers shapes anaerobic biofilm development and methanogenesis.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134647}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134647}, pmid = {41999842}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The role of conductive materials (CMs) in enhancing anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely recognized. However, there is still limited understanding of how CMs' physical morphology, particularly pore characteristics, influences biofilm development and methanogenic activity. In this study, five CMs with distinct pore structures were used as biofilm carriers: macroporous bamboo biochar (BB) and straw biochar (SB), microporous peach shell biochar (PSB) and coconut shell biochar (CSB), and non-porous granular graphite (GG). To isolate the effects of porosity and morphology, the materials were also ground into powders and fabricated into planar carriers for comparative experiments. The physicochemical properties of both granular and planar carriers were comprehensively characterized, and their biofilm performance was evaluated. Results showed that granular BB and SB exhibited similarly high methanogenic activity, followed by PSB and CSB, which also performed comparably, while GG showed the lowest activity. In contrast, the four biochar-based planar carriers, which had comparable morphology, exhibited similar methane production, whereas the rough-surfaced graphite planar carrier performed best. Further analysis revealed that carrier morphology significantly influences biofilm biomass, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition, bacterial community diversity, and methanogen abundance, thereby regulating the methanogenic function of the biofilm. Correlation analysis identified macropore-related features in granular carriers and surface roughness in planar carriers as the variables most strongly associated with biofilm development, suggesting a potential enhancing role of macroporous structure and surface roughness in biofilm performance. This study highlights the importance of physical-property analysis in related research and provides guidance for optimizing conductive carriers.}, }
@article {pmid42000057, year = {2026}, author = {Sunontarat, S and Bunthiang, T and Phetburom, N and Chopjitt, P and Saiboonjan, B and Tippayawat, P and Buddhisa, S and Hatrongjit, R and Nuanualsuwan, S and Kerdsin, A and Boueroy, P}, title = {The sbp3 gene of Streptococcus suis plays an important role in biofilm formation, adhesion, invasion, and cytotoxicity in the human intestinal epithelial cell line.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108496}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108496}, pmid = {42000057}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe infections in pigs and humans. Pilus are critically involved in bacterial adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation, but the role of the pilin protein SBP3 in the srtBCD cluster remains unclear. This study characterized the role of the sbp3 mutant on human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Knockout of sbp3 (Δsbp3) did not markedly affect overall bacterial growth. Biofilm formation by the Δsbp3 mutant was significantly impaired, with reduced biofilm observed at 2-72 h (p < 0.01). In addition, the Δsbp3 mutant significantly decreased bacterial adhesion to Caco-2 cells at MOI 1 (p < 0.001) and MOI 10 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the SEM analysis demonstrated the role of sbp3 in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells as it was associated with fewer membrane protrusions. The invasion capacity of the Δsbp3 mutant was significantly reduced at MOI 1 (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed at MOI 10. Furthermore, the Δsbp3 mutant resulted in lower cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells than WT after infection at 2, 4, and 18 h. In addition, the Δsbp3 mutant exhibited significantly reduced hemolytic activity (p < 0.001), which was consistent with the mRNA levels of sly. These findings indicated that sbp3 plays a key role in promoting epithelial attachment and host cell damage, supporting its broader contribution to multiple virulence-associated traits. This highlights sbp3 as a potential target for strategies aimed at preventing or controlling infections in both pigs and humans.}, }
@article {pmid42000399, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, S and Wu, J and Zhou, L and Yu, C and Yang, S and Wang, A and Wang, X and Yan, Z and Yue, X and Zhu, Y}, title = {Isolation of lytic phage and its inhibition of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and its biofilm.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {317}, number = {}, pages = {111028}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2026.111028}, pmid = {42000399}, issn = {1873-2542}, abstract = {Salmonella represents a prevalent foodborne zoonotic pathogen. The growing prevalence of drug-resistant strains in recent years underscores an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, a novel broad-spectrum Salmonella phage SPTA3 was successfully isolated and characterized. Biological and physicochemical analyses revealed that phage SPTA3 exhibits a broad host range, lysing 44 out of 95 tested Salmonella strains, including four serotypes: S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Kottbus, and S. Bovismorbificans. In terms of physicochemical properties, phage SPTA3 demonstrated considerable stability under varying temperature (40-70℃) and pH (3-12) conditions. The optimal multiplicity of phage SPTA3 infection was 0.00001. SPTA3 displayed a short latent period (30 min) and an extended lytic cycle (90 min), with a burst size of 143 PFU/cell. Genomic analysis further classified SPTA3 within the family Caudovirales and the genus Jerseyvirus. The genome encoded 30 functional protein sequences, including tail fiber proteins, tail spike proteins, as well as endolysin and holin involved in host lysis. Notably, the phage genome lacks tRNA genes, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance genes. Research demonstrated that phage SPTA3 effectively eradicated biofilms formed by S. Enteritidis 72 (71.9%) and S. Typhimurium JN21 (64.24%). Further evaluation using a duckling infection model revealed that oral administration of phage SPTA3 significantly reduced the Salmonella load in vivo, achieving a maximum reduction of 1.73 lg CFU/mL. These findings indicate that phage SPTA3 possesses notable preventive and control efficacy against biofilms, positioning it as a promising potential biocontrol agent for mitigating Salmonella transmission in poultry and food processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid42000496, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, W and Guo, Y and Wang, J and Liang, Y and Tian, M and Li, Y and Zhang, H and Hao, H}, title = {Camel milk-derived Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri L-185 produces acid-associated metabolites that inhibit MRSA growth and biofilm formation in milk.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {456}, number = {}, pages = {111748}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111748}, pmid = {42000496}, issn = {1879-3460}, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major food safety concern in raw and minimally processed milk, particularly under temperature abuse conditions. Natural antimicrobial strategies that are effective in dairy matrices are therefore needed. Here, we evaluated the anti-MRSA activity of Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri (L. parabuchneri) L-185 isolated from fermented camel milk and investigated the role of extracellular fermentation metabolites in this inhibition. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced a distinct inhibition zone against MRSA (17.41 ± 0.47 mm) and markedly suppressed planktonic growth at 1× MIC (OD600 = 0.064 ± 0.001; P < 0.0001). Consistently, 1× MIC treatment reduced biofilm thickness from 107.7 ± 1.2 μm to 14.57 ± 1.48 μm. In a milk challenge model after 24 h, MRSA loads in the control group increased to 8.56 ± 0.07 log CFU/mL at 25 °C and 8.40 ± 0.17 log CFU/mL at 37 °C, whereas 1× MIC CFS reduced counts to 4.93 ± 0.08 and 4.97 ± 0.03 log CFU/mL, respectively. At 4 °C, CFS also decreased MRSA counts from 5.31 ± 0.03 to 4.63 ± 0.06 log CFU/mL. The antimicrobial activity was heat-stable and protease-resistant, but it was almost completely lost after pH neutralization, indicating an acid-associated inhibitory mechanism. Whole-genome sequencing showed that L-185 harbored a 1,856,609-bp genome, and KEGG annotation highlighted enrichment in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Non-targeted LC-MS identified 136 significantly differential metabolites, including organic acids and sulfur-containing compounds, most of which markedly decreased after neutralization. Collectively, L. parabuchneri L-185 produces acid-associated antimicrobial metabolites that inhibit MRSA growth and biofilm formation in dairy matrices, supporting its potential as a natural biopreservative for milk products.}, }
@article {pmid41991329, year = {2026}, author = {Rothmaier, M and Hardman, MJ and Chatterjee, B and Wilkinson, HN and Rudden, M and Frenkel, R}, title = {Overcoming Challenges in Wound Infection: Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance.}, journal = {Advances in wound care}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {21621918261440437}, doi = {10.1177/21621918261440437}, pmid = {41991329}, issn = {2162-1918}, abstract = {SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic wounds represent a growing clinical and economic burden, affecting 1-2% of the global population, with prevalence expected to rise due to aging and increasing rates of diabetes, obesity, and vascular diseases. Wound persistence is often driven by infection and compounded by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), resulting in poor patient outcomes. High prevalence of microbial biofilms, which shield pathogens from immune clearance and promote AMR, further promotes the chronicity of infected wounds.<br><br>RECENT ADVANCES: Adoption of antimicrobial stewardship in wound care is increasing, emphasizing timely diagnosis of infection and pathogen identification to guide treatment and limit unnecessary AMR-driving antibiotic use. However, current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain only partially effective, particularly for biofilm-containing wounds. While many antimicrobials exist, their use is constrained by negative impacts on wound healing, limited antibiofilm activity, and insufficient evidence of improved clinical outcome. To address these gaps, recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics aim to disrupt microbial communities, reduce AMR risk, and accelerate wound healing.<br><br>CRITICAL ISSUES: The treatment of chronic wounds is challenged by AMR, biofilms, and the limited effectiveness of current therapies. Contemporary antimicrobials (e.g., broad-spectrum antibiotics and silver) are linked to AMR development, compounded by biofilms that shield pathogens, limit antimicrobial efficacy, and sustain infection. While alternative treatments with lower AMR risk and greater antibiofilm activity are under investigation, the lack of robust clinical data limits their adoption.<br><br>FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Broader adoption of antimicrobial stewardship and biofilm-targeting sustainable wound care practices are key for combatting AMR and improving patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41992102, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, C and Qin, A and Xie, J and Fu, M and Gao, C and Wu, J and Wang, J and Hao, J and Yu, T and Yuan, W and Hu, J and Yang, W and Li, G}, title = {AbCro, a novel transcription factor, promotes biofilm formation and virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05022-7}, pmid = {41992102}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {BK20250893//the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; BK20231241//the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; BS20210103//the PhD research startup foundation of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ ; 2025226//the Yangzhou Health Commission medical research projects/ ; H2023119//the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; M202424//the Wuxi Commission of Health Science Foundation/ ; ZQ2024025//the Jiangsu Commission of Health Science Foundation/ ; 82373637//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41992607, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, W and Wang, X and Zhou, S and Yu, G and Zhou, X and Sui, Z}, title = {The Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase CpdA Modulates cAMP Homeostasis, Stress Adaptability, Biofilm Formation, Motility, Quorum Sensing and Antibiotic Resistance of Aeromonas veronii.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {e2511034}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2511.11034}, pmid = {41992607}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; *Quorum Sensing ; *Aeromonas veronii/genetics/drug effects/enzymology/physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Homeostasis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Stress, Physiological ; *Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism/genetics ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {Aeromonas veronii, a Gram-negative pathogen, is ubiquitous in nature and infects broad hosts, which becomes a serious threat to the public health. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), precisely modulated by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), regulates key cellular processes in bacteria. However, the specific function and regulatory role of PDE in A. veronii remain unclear. In this study, a Class III PDE gene named as cpdA in A. veronii WL-3 was identified for the first time, which shared 39.18%-49.19% identity with homologs from other bacteria and also contained the conserved metal-binding motif. For functional elucidation, a cpdA-deleted mutant WL-3ΔcpdA was constructed. The results showed that the intracellular cAMP level in WL-3ΔcpdA was 2.34-fold higher than that in WL-3, confirming the PDE activity in vivo. WL-3ΔcpdA exhibited impaired growth under the normal condition and reduced tolerance to NaCl and pH stresses. Furthermore, the deficiency of cpdA significantly inhibited biofilm formation and swimming motility, which were consistent with aberrant flagellar structure and decreased N-acyl-homoserine lactone production. In contrast, the expression of nine flagella-related genes and two quorum-sensing genes was upregulated. Interestingly, WL-3ΔcpdA conferred higher resistance to partial β-lactam antibiotics with upregulation of blaCphA3 and blaOXA-12, but heightened sensitivity to kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, and erythromycin, positioning CpdA as a multifaceted effector. Genetic complementation partially or fully reversed the most defects of WL-3ΔcpdA. These results identify that CpdA is involved in regulating various physiological properties of A. veronii, thus nominating CpdA as an attractive and novel target for anti-infective strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41994778, year = {2026}, author = {Kumar, Y and Narayan, S and Kathiresan, S and John, MR and Jnapika, K and Johnson, LS and Mitra, S and Nazeer, N and Singh, M and Vp, A and Ns, D and Mishra, R and Pal, R and Shrivastava, S}, title = {Biofilm-Associated Antibiotic Resistance in Indian Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Systematic Review With a Post Hoc Meta-Analysis of blaNDM Prevalence.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e105056}, pmid = {41994778}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {This review aimed to systematically examine biofilm production and antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Indian health care settings. An extensive literature search was conducted across scholarly databases for studies published in the past decade reporting biofilm formation and carbapenem resistance in Indian isolates of K. pneumoniae. Studies were screened, and data were extracted from eligible studies. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, representing diverse Indian clinical settings. For the association between biofilm formation and carbapenem resistance, only two studies met the criteria for quantitative pooling. Due to the very small number of studies, substantial methodological differences, and wide variability in effect estimates, a formal meta-analysis was not performed. Instead, a qualitative synthesis was conducted, which indicated a trend toward higher carbapenem resistance among strong biofilm producers. Separately, a post hoc meta-analysis was performed for blaNDM prevalence. Four studies contributed data to this analysis, yielding a pooled prevalence of 43% (95% CI: 30%-58%). Across studies, resistance genes were identified for 12 antibiotic classes, including carbapenemases (blaNDM and blaOXA-48), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) (blaCTX-M and blaTEM), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (rmtB and armA), and efflux pump regulators. Our results suggest an association between strong biofilm formation and carbapenem resistance in Indian K. pneumoniae isolates. The widespread presence of resistance genes across multiple antibiotic classes underscores the urgent need for surveillance and targeted infection-control strategies. The high prevalence of blaNDM among Indian clinical isolates highlights the clinical threat posed by these organisms in India.}, }
@article {pmid41995893, year = {2026}, author = {Doliwa, A and Mayombo, NAS and Pimentel, IM and Rehsen, PM and Vermiert, AM and Kaijser, W and Voskuhl, L and Vos, M and Sures, B and Dunthorn, M}, title = {Dynamic stressor regimes drive shifts in biofilm-associated parasites.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {125}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41995893}, issn = {1432-1955}, }
@article {pmid41995900, year = {2026}, author = {Gowrinathan, S and Gururajan, G and Kaliyaperumal, KA and Renganathan, S}, title = {Genomic and phenotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii focusing on efflux pump activity and biofilm-associated genes.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41995900}, issn = {1573-4978}, }
@article {pmid41996059, year = {2026}, author = {Ran, F and Chai, G}, title = {An inhalable dry powder co-delivery system of ciprofloxacin liposomes and S-nitrosoglutathione for synergistic treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-associated pulmonary infections.}, journal = {Drug delivery and translational research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41996059}, issn = {2190-3948}, support = {2023A1515011064//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 22qntd4503//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) biofilm-associated chronic lung infections pose a significant therapeutic challenge due to the limited penetration and efficacy of conventional antibiotics. In this study, we developed an innovative dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation co-loading ciprofloxacin-encapsulated liposomes (CIP-Lips) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) using an ultrasonic spray-freeze-drying (USFD) technique. GSNO, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, promotes biofilm dispersion and induces bacterial phenotypic switching, thereby enhancing the accessibility of CIP-Lips to biofilm-embedded bacteria. Subsequently, CIP released from the liposomes exerts direct antibacterial activity. The combination of CIP-Lips and GSNO produces a synergistic "biofilm-disrupting and bactericidal" therapeutic effect, leading to effective biofilm eradication. The optimized DPI formulation exhibited satisfactory in vitro aerosol performance, with a fine particle fraction of 36.51 ± 0.49%, ensuring efficient lung deposition. In vitro evaluations further confirmed pronounced biofilm disruption and bactericidal efficacy. Furthermore, in a murine model of chronic pulmonary infection, the CIP-Lips/GSNO DPI significantly reduced the bacterial burden without observable systemic toxicity. This inhalable system represents a promising strategy for the treatment of PA biofilm-associated lung infections.}, }
@article {pmid41996625, year = {2026}, author = {Pautu, V and Marger, L and Caf, M and Marger, F and Mekki, M and Kralj, S and Milošević, I}, title = {Influence of particle size, shape, and magnetic properties on torque-driven biofilm removal using anisotropic magnetic particles.}, journal = {Nanoscale}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d6nr00046k}, pmid = {41996625}, issn = {2040-3372}, abstract = {Biofilms are structured communities of bacteria embedded within an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, which forms a protective barrier that restricts drug penetration and increases antibiotic tolerance, making their complete elimination particularly challenging. Here, we investigate a magneto-mechanical approach using rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) to deliver controlled mechanical stress to Enterococcus faecalis biofilms via anisotropic magnetic particles (AMPs). Microrods, nanochains, and nanorods with distinct sizes and magnetic properties were actuated under identical RMF conditions on implant-relevant titanium substrates. Micron-scale magnetic microrods generate sufficient magnetic torque to mechanically disrupt the EPS matrix and detach biofilm structures, significantly increasing suspended bacterial cells without marked bactericidal effects. In contrast, nanoscale AMPs do not induce biofilm detachment but cause membrane damage, increasing the proportion of injured cells. These findings demonstrate a size-dependent transition between microscale biofilm detachment and nanoscale membrane interactions, identifying particle size as the dominant parameter governing magneto-mechanical biofilm disruption.}, }
@article {pmid41997217, year = {2026}, author = {Sierra, E and Johnson, J and Ilori, T and Carabetta, VJ and Nahra, R}, title = {Biocide efficacy against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa patient isolates during planktonic and biofilm growth.}, journal = {American journal of infection control}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2026.04.006}, pmid = {41997217}, issn = {1527-3296}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections and presents a growing threat due to the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. In addition to antibiotic resistance, they can survive exposure to hospital disinfectants, particularly when embedded in biofilms. We hypothesized that XDR P. aeruginosa strains exhibit increased tolerance to hospital disinfectants in both planktonic and biofilm states.<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated the susceptibility of XDR P. aeruginosa isolates to sodium hypochlorite, ethanol, four commercial hospital disinfectants, and chlorhexidine gluconate. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by broth microdilution and time-kill assays.<br><br>RESULTS: All disinfectants eliminated >99.9% of planktonic bacteria, except 0.63% sodium hypochlorite, where a small subpopulation persisted. In contrast, biofilms exposed to sodium hypochlorite showed 55-90% survival after 4 minutes, while exposure to disinfectant wipes and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) resulted in <9% survival at all time points. All strains demonstrated decreased susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite when present in biofilms.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our results highlight differences in disinfectant and CHG performance between planktonic and biofilm associated bacteria under laboratory conditions and underscore the importance of considering biofilm-associated organisms when interpreting disinfectant efficacy data.}, }
@article {pmid41997910, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Y and Sheng, F and Liang, Y and Meng, J and Huang, K and Liu, S and Qin, Y and He, M and Liu, JW}, title = {NIR-II-triggered plasmonic catalysis with tip-localized enhancement: a strategy for hypoxic biofilm eradication on orthopedic implants.}, journal = {Light, science &amp; applications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41997910}, issn = {2047-7538}, support = {2025GXNSFBA069128//Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (Guangxi Natural Science Foundation)/ ; 82160536//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {The utilization of light as an external stimulus to promote the generation of hot electrons in plasmonic heterostructures and thus augment their catalytic efficacy presents significant potential for bacterial biofilm eradication. However, the inefficient harnessing of photoinduced hot electrons in conventional developed strategies greatly impede their therapeutic application in bone tissues. To overcome these challenges, we herein engineered a near-infrared II (NIR-II)-triggered plasmonic catalysis, which was fabricated through the integration of gold nanobipyramids (Au NBPs) with tip-deposited platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), for effective elimination of hypoxic bacterial biofilms on bone implants. The strategic deposition of Pt NPs at the tip of Au NBPs (ePt-Au NBPs) not only brought the redshift of the NIR absorption peak, but also accelerated charge separation and electromagnetic field localization, which endowed the ePt-Au NBPs plasmonic heterostructures with enhanced catalytic activity. Under NIR-II laser irradiation, the plasmonic catalysis with tip-localized enhancement enabled robust generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), thereby facilitating the cleavage of extracellular DNA (eDNA) within biofilms, disrupting biofilm integrity, and ultimately sensitizing bacteria to thermal ablation. These attributes collectively contribute to the effective elimination of hypoxic bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, surface functionalization with RGDC peptides conferred the implant with superior biocompatibility and osteogenic integration capabilities. This rationally designed plasmonic catalysis, combining the NIR-II-triggered simultaneous production of enhanced catalytic activity and localized hyperthermia, demonstrates significant potential for translational applications in light-responsive therapeutic strategies for implant-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41986514, year = {2026}, author = {Ismail, ET and El-Son, MAM and Ragab, W and Ramadan, H and El-Gohary, FA and Zahran, E}, title = {In vitro comparative evaluation of disinfectant-loaded nanoparticles against biofilm-forming Vibrio spp. isolated from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41986514}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Sea Bream/microbiology ; *Vibrio/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Fish Diseases/microbiology ; Vibrio Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Vibrio alginolyticus/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of antimicrobial and antibiofilm of three disinfectant-loaded nanoparticles (AgNPs-H2O2, CuNPs-Virkon S, and CuNPs-TH4) against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis, isolated from naturally infected gilthead seabream in Egypt. Qualitative Congo red assay showed that V. fluvialis isolates were strong biofilm producers, whereas V. alginolyticus showed limited phenotypic variation. Quantitative assay results, analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U test, showed no statistically significant difference in overall biofilm biomass between V. alginolyticus and V. fluvialis isolates (U = 157.0, p = 0.175). Seasonal variation affected biofilm formation, peaking in summer. CuNPs-TH4 exhibited the highest antibiofilm effect, significantly reducing the biomass (p < 0.01). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was significantly different between disinfectants (p < 0.001), with CuNPs-TH4 having the highest MIC values, followed by AgNPs-H2O2 and CuNPs-Virkon S. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values showed that AgNPs-H2O2 had the most consistent bactericidal activity in 85.4% of isolates tested (defined by MBC/MIC ≤ 4). A significant association was observed between MIC values and Vibrio species (p = 0.002). Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes revealed a high prevalence of sul, cat, and mphA, with V. alginolyticus exhibiting a broader resistance profile than V. fluvialis. These findings highlight the in vitro potential of nanotechnology-enhanced disinfectants, within the limitations of nanoparticle-only testing, as exploratory alternatives for controlling biofilm-associated Vibrio infections in aquaculture.}, }
@article {pmid41989627, year = {2026}, author = {Alkarim, I and Narzilan, NA and Shaharuddin, NS and Halim, M and Mohamed, MS and Wong, FWF}, title = {Comparative performance of non-white rot fungal stirred-tank and biofilm-based bioreactors for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment: kinetic modelling and scalability potential.}, journal = {Biodegradation}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41989627}, issn = {1572-9729}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Wastewater/microbiology/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Kinetics ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Aspergillus/metabolism ; *Water Purification/methods ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; }, abstract = {Pharmaceutically active compound (PhAC) is poorly removed by conventional wastewater treatment, threatening aquatic ecosystems and human health through persistent bioaccumulation. To address this challenge, we evaluated two underutilized non-white rot fungi, Aspergillus eleand Cunninghamella elegans, in stirred-tank (STBR) and biofilm-based (BBR) bioreactors for removing fluoxetine (FLX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and atorvastatin (ATO). A. flavus in STBR achieved exceptional removal (92-94% for all PhACs), with both STBR and BBR achieving statistically comparable pharmaceutical removal efficiencies (p > 0.05). While STBR excelled in targeted PhAC degradation, BBR better improved general wastewater quality, reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 73.7% and total organic carbon (TOC) by 52.6%. Surprisingly, laccase activity showed no correlation with degradation, suggesting that intracellular enzymatic mechanisms may be responsible; cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation is proposed as a hypothesis warranting future experimental validation. These results demonstrate that non-white rot fungi offer promising, energy-efficient alternatives for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, with bioreactor choice dependent on prioritization of specific pollutant removal versus broad effluent polishing.}, }
@article {pmid41990062, year = {2026}, author = {Mohsin, AS and Ali, MR and Alsakini, AH}, title = {Biofilm-associated genes and their role in antibiotic resistance among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates.}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {416-424}, doi = {10.3855/jidc.22026}, pmid = {41990062}, issn = {1972-2680}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Female ; Male ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen known for its ability to form biofilms, which enhances survival under adverse conditions. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in clinical S. aureus isolates, focusing on key biofilm-associated genes and their correlation with antibiotic resistance (ABR).<br><br>METHODOLOGY: A total of 40 clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad. Biofilm production was assessed using the microtiter plate assay. Biofilm-related genes (icaB, icaC, crtM, crtN) were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and genes was correlated with resistance profiles.<br><br>RESULTS: A significant variation in biofilm production was observed, with 80% of isolates classified as non-biofilm formers, 12.5% as weak, 5% as moderate, and 2.5% as strong biofilm producers. Genetic testing revealed that all investigated isolates had a high percentage of icaB and icaC, with 95 % possessing crtM. A significant prevalence of mecA (97.5 %) was observed; however, an increased prevalence of mecA did not correlate significantly with enhanced biofilm formation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report from Baghdad demonstrating the prevalence of these biofilm-associated genes and their link to ABR, offering potential targets for future therapeutic interventions. These results highlight the importance of biofilm-associated genes in the persistence and reinfection potential of S. aureus within clinical settings. Additionally, the common occurrence of icaB with icaC suggests that both genes could serve as new targets for developing treatments aimed at preventing biofilm formation and enhancing therapy effectiveness.}, }
@article {pmid41981419, year = {2026}, author = {Jafari, S and Shirmohammadpour, M and Taran, A and Tasoujlu, M and Mirzaei, B}, title = {Comparison of the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and cytotoxic effects of thymol/ampicillin and thymol/cefotaxime against Escherichia coli bacteria.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13104-026-07770-1}, pmid = {41981419}, issn = {1756-0500}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Using essential oils in combination with antibiotics helps to combat antibiotic resistance. Thymol is a major phenolic compound found in many essential oils. The antimicrobial effects of thymol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and their combinations were examined on Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25,922. Then, the antimicrobial effects of synergistic compounds were evaluated on twenty clinical strains. The chemical bonds, functional groups, and molecular interactions of the mentioned compounds were investigated with an FT-IR device. The time-killing curve, biofilm inhibition, hemolysis, and MTT methods were also conducted.<br><br>RESULTS: Antimicrobial effects of thymol/ampicillin were greater than thymol/cefotaxime in both the ATCC and clinical strains. In the examination with the FT-IR device, both compounds showed a connection between components. The biofilm inhibition effect of thymol/ampicillin (62%) was greater than thymol/cefotaxime (39.28%). The bacterial killing time curve of Thymol/ampicillin was faster and more effective. The cytotoxic effects of compounds on red blood cells (RBCs) and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) were lower than Triton X-100 (0.1%). In the treatment of diseases caused by E. coli bacteria, thymol/ampicillin had better effects than thymol/cefotaxime.}, }
@article {pmid41982722, year = {2026}, author = {Shimizu, T and Tago, K and Yokoyama, M and Nakamura, K and Tokieda-Tanoue, S and Kita, A and Miyazaki, S}, title = {Discovery of a Colon-Targeted Prodrug As an Escherichia coli Biofilm Inhibitor for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease.}, journal = {ACS medicinal chemistry letters}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {841-846}, pmid = {41982722}, issn = {1948-5875}, abstract = {We hypothesized that the formation of biofilms contributes to the onset of inflammatory bowel disease and, thus, attempted to develop biofilm inhibitors as potential treatment options. We identified a compound (1) with biofilm inhibitory activity in vitro; however, its rate of delivery to the target site, the colon, was low due to its high lipophilicity and low solubility. To improve the colon delivery rate, we considered a prodrug approach through glucuronidation. The glucuronide (3) showed a significant improvement in the in vivo colon delivery rate by avoiding absorption in the small intestine through a reduction in membrane permeability. Furthermore, in a murine disease model featuring dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, we confirmed that compound 3 increased the length of the colon approximately three times more than compound 1 did on a dosage basis.}, }
@article {pmid41983038, year = {2026}, author = {Aljaaidi, R and Alshammari, M and AlKhulaifi, M and Alrashidi, B and Alhetheel, A and Alzaidi, E and Farraj, DA}, title = {Detection of Toxin Genes and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Associated With Respiratory Tract Infections in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {International journal of microbiology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {1302634}, pmid = {41983038}, issn = {1687-918X}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with the respiratory system may cause significant damage to the lung tissue, which may lead to death. This study aimed to detect the presence of toxin genes, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa isolates associated with respiratory tract infections. A total of 60 P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from respiratory samples and included in the current study after confirmation using biochemical identification methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted using the MicroScan WalkAway system. Biofilm formation was assessed using the 96-microtiter plate method. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the toxA and exoS genes. The results showed that 25% of P. aeruginosa isolated from respiratory tract infections were resistant to Imipenem, while most isolates were sensitive to colistin (98.3%). Among the isolates, 96.6% were biofilm producers as follows: 55% were strong biofilm producers, 18.3% were moderate biofilm producers, and 23.3% were weak biofilm producers, while 3.3% of the isolates did not produce biofilms. The toxA gene was present in 93.3% of isolates, and the exoS gene was present in 61.7%. However, our finding revealed that there is no significant correlation between the presence of toxin genes and biofilm formation as well as antibiotic resistance among the isolates. The current study assumes that each of the mentioned virulence factors may be used by P. aeruginosa during a certain stage of infection to perform a specific role. In conclusion, the presence of virulence factors such as toxin genes, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa may exacerbate respiratory tract infections.}, }
@article {pmid41984741, year = {2026}, author = {Ali, M and Jia, J and Yang, E and Xu, D and Ong, SL and Hu, J}, title = {Unveiling Mixed Microplastics and Organic Contaminants of Different Classes Affection: Dual-Phase Partitioning and Biofilm-Switch Mechanisms Dictate the Fate of Biodegradation.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c14034}, pmid = {41984741}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) act as vectors for organic contaminants, but how polymer type, size, and pollutant hydrophobicity jointly steer biodegradation remains unclear. Here, triclosan (TCS, a hydrophobic antimicrobial, log Kow ∼ 4.8) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, a hydrophilic antibiotic, log Kow ∼ 0.89) were selected owing to their distinct nature and were spiked at low and high concentrations into batch systems containing polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) MPs (10 and 50 μm). At low levels, both pollutants were rapidly biodegraded (>95%), irrespective of MPs. At high levels, TCS was strongly sorbed, lowering aqueous bioavailability and inducing dense biofilms on PP-10 μm that enriched Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas, yet degradation slowed to 24-32%. For hydrophilic SMX, MPs served as extra colonizable surfaces, with PP-10 μm boosting the removal to ∼70%. Sorption kinetics confirmed faster TCS uptake on smaller, moderately polar PP-MPs compared to SMX. Physiochemical analysis of MPs revealed pronounced surface oxidation and cracking, especially on PP-10 μm, correlating with enriched plastic degraders. In-depth microbial analysis identified Gammaproteobacteria as TCS biomarkers and Alphaproteobacteria for SMX. Overall, MPs act as conditional regulators: enhancing biodegradation at realistic doses, but at high concentrations, PP-10 μm becomes a potent sink and microreactor, retarding TCS degradation yet accelerating its own weathering.}, }
@article {pmid41985588, year = {2026}, author = {Ahmad, S and Rahman, H and Akram, MS and Mehboob, J and Thomas, GH and Alzahrani, KJ and Alsharif, KF and Alzahrani, FM}, title = {Virulence potential of polysaccharide dependent biofilm forming methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis: A differential proteomics approach.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108500}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108500}, pmid = {41985588}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Biofilm is the most significant virulence factor in Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia. The major biofilm determinants are the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) and the Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs). S. epidermidis can potentially contaminate blood cultures, leading to significant misdiagnosis. Moreover, the prevalence of polysaccharide-dependent biofilm-forming S. epidermidis is non-significant in paediatric bacteremia, which might indicate a lower virulence potential or culture contamination by less virulent strains. Therefore, to rule out possible contamination, the virulence potential of S. epidermidis having different background biofilm-forming mechanisms was checked through a differential proteomics approach. 20 S. epidermidis isolated from paediatric bacteremia were characterized by multiplex PCR. Polysaccharide synthesis was assessed using a Congo red assay, and biofilm formation was checked through the 96-well microtiter plate well assay. The differentially expressed proteins were identified through LC-MS/MS analysis, and virulence association of differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by adopting different in-silico approaches coupled with extensive literature mining. All isolates were encoding the mecA, major MSCRAMMs and were strong biofilm producers. Ten strains of S. epidermidis isolates were found to be synthesizing the PIA. The LC-MS/MS identified 498 upregulated and 416 downregulated proteins. 55 upregulated and 11 downregulated virulence-associated proteins, were identified in the polysaccharide-dependent biofilm-forming S. epidermidis. Therefore, it is concluded that instead of non-pathogenic culture contaminants, the polysaccharide-dependent biofilm-forming S. epidermidis is encoding and expressing potential virulence determinants, hence representing an infectious origin. The study will help in the diagnosis and management of S. epidermidis paediatric bacteremia.}, }
@article {pmid41985768, year = {2026}, author = {Fan, X and Shi, X and Wu, J and Qiu, W and Zhao, X and Zhou, J and Han, W and Lu, H and Wang, L and Bi, X}, title = {Pilot-scale treatment of wool scouring wastewater in two-stage anoxic/oxic moving bed biofilm reactor: Performance and nitrogen removal mechanism.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134632}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134632}, pmid = {41985768}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Wool scouring wastewater (WSW) has high chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4[+]-N), and salinity, which hinder nitrogen removal in activated sludge systems. A pilot-scale two-stage anoxic/oxic moving bed biofilm reactor (A/O-MBBR) was designed to treat real WSW. Over 198 days of operation, the system achieved stable and high removal efficiencies for NH4[+]-N (>91%). Microbial community analysis revealed significant structural differences between oxic and anoxic biofilms. The former supported simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND), while the anoxic zones hosted salt-tolerant heterotrophic bacteria capable of denitrification and heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD). Functional gene profiling and network analysis further confirmed a tightly coupled nitrification-denitrification pathway within aerobic biofilms that realize stable nitrogen removal and modular metabolic interactions that enhance system stability. This study provides the basis for a sustainable biological treatment strategy to remove nitrogen from high-salinity industrial effluents.}, }
@article {pmid41986290, year = {2026}, author = {Jensen, P&#xd8; and Lichtenberg, M and Nielsen, RL and Fritz, BG and Bjarnsholt, T and Jakobsen, TH}, title = {Density-Dependent Modulation of the Oxidative Burst by Neutrophils in Response to Planktonic and Biofilm Growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa: When Less Is More.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {134}, number = {4}, pages = {e70210}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70210}, pmid = {41986290}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {NNF19OC0056411//Novo Nordisk Fonden/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth &amp; development/immunology/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Neutrophils/immunology/microbiology/metabolism ; Humans ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/immunology ; *Respiratory Burst ; Plankton/growth &amp; development ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; }, abstract = {The neutrophilic response to chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is strongly associated with collateral tissue damage impairing lung function in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). We recently demonstrated the concurrent presence of both biofilm bacteria and planktonic bacteria in chronically infected lungs in pwCF. However, the neutrophilic response to these distinct bacterial forms remains insufficiently characterized. To investigate this, we fractionated P. aeruginosa batch-cultures to enrich for biofilm or planktonic cells. Confocal microscopy showed that aggregates > 30 μm made up > 92.5% of biofilm biomass, while aggregates < 10 μm comprised > 95% of planktonic biomass. Viable cell numbers were validated by similar correlations between CFU/mL and intracellular DNA content. The intensity of the oxidative burst by neutrophils in response to the fractions was estimated by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. At low density, biofilm fractions triggered stronger responses than planktonic cells, whereas at high density, planktonic fractions induced the highest activation, indicating density-dependent modulation. These findings suggest that at low densities, biofilms may exacerbate tissue damage by amplifying neutrophil responses. Therefore, the reduced bacterial load in pwCF on ETI therapy could make the balance between biofilm and planktonic P. aeruginosa more critical for lung inflammation, though their distribution under ETI remains unknown.}, }
@article {pmid41975256, year = {2026}, author = {Attia, NA and Sonbol, FI and Abo-Kamar, AM and Al-Madboly, LA and Abdelaziz, AA}, title = {Harnessing the power of ferulic acid as a dual-action strategy against biofilm-forming extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from cancer patients: in vitro and in vivo study.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05006-7}, pmid = {41975256}, issn = {1471-2180}, }
@article {pmid41976481, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, X and Zhang, L and Yang, H and Peng, L and Khoder, RM and Liu, R and You, J and Yin, T}, title = {Effects of Ammonia-Nitrogen-Reducing Biofilm on Stress Responses and Muscle Quality in Crucian Carp During Transportation.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {41976481}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {CARS-45//China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the efficacy of ammonia-nitrogen-reducing biofilms (aquatic nitrifying bacteria biofilm media, a fixed-bed biofilm capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification) in mitigating water quality deterioration and transport-induced physiological stress in live-transported Crucian carp (Carassius auratus). In a simulated bag transport system, the application of the biofilm significantly decreased ammonia-nitrogen concentrations through enhanced nitrification, stabilized pH and dissolved oxygen dynamics, and suppressed nitrite accumulation. Correspondingly, biofilm-treated fish exhibited significantly reduced systemic stress responses, as evidenced by reduced serum cortisol, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations, along with diminished histopathological changes in gill and liver tissues and preserved muscle fiber integrity. Regarding post-transport muscle quality, biofilm treatment delayed glycogen catabolism and lactate accumulation, maintained elevated muscle pH and water-holding capacity, reduced shear force decline, decelerated ATP hydrolysis and freshness degradation (K-value), and simultaneously suppressed lipid peroxidation and myonuclear apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that ammonia-nitrogen-reducing biofilms represent a viable biotechnological approach for maintaining water quality, mitigating stress-induced physiological disturbances, and preserving flesh quality during live fish transportation. This approach has significant potential for improving post-harvest outcomes in aquaculture logistics.}, }
@article {pmid41980179, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Dou, T and Wang, L and Yang, J and Wang, W and Guo, S and Li, X and Huang, X and Xianyu, Y and Wang, D}, title = {A Dual-Functional Biohybrid Nanorobot to Synergistically Eradicate Biofilm and Degrade Antibiotic Resistance Genes.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e75287}, doi = {10.1002/advs.75287}, pmid = {41980179}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {2022YFC3203800//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2023R01004//Innovative Team Funding of Zhejiang Province/ ; //Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study/ ; 52030003//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32302244//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52500260//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025C02124//"Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, abstract = {The environmental dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and associated resistance genes poses a serious threat to public health and ecological safety, while persistent biofilms serve as reservoirs and transmission hubs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Current strategies are unable to synergistically eradicate biofilm and degrade ARGs. Here, we developed a dual-functional biohybrid nanorobot that integrates the lytic bacteriophage (N4) with Pd nanozymes to eradicate multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli NDM-1 biofilms and degrade released ARGs. Phage N4 enables targeted bacterial lysis and precise delivery of Pd nanozymes, which catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species to enhance antibacterial activity, disrupt biofilm structure, and degrade liberated plasmid-encoded blaNDM-1 genes. This N4@Pd nanorobot achieves over 95% biofilm removal and approximately 2.78 log10 reduction in ARGs. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that the nanorobot treatment inhibits core bacterial metabolic pathways and key regulators of biofilm maintenance. In simulated wastewater, the nanorobot maintains over 90% biofilm removal and approximately 2.06 log10 reduction in ARGs, underscoring its potential in environmental water treatment. This study presents a promising strategy to counteract the spread of antibiotic resistance through integrated biofilm disruption and genetic decontamination.}, }
@article {pmid41981039, year = {2026}, author = {Ghaffari, M and Nilsson, M and Tolker-Nielsen, T and Taheri-Kafrani, A}, title = {Peroxidase-mimicking chitosan/dextran-coated cobalt ferrite-graphene oxide nanozyme enhances hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing of cariogenic pathogens in dental biofilm models.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-43315-z}, pmid = {41981039}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41967566, year = {2026}, author = {Zanki, A and Alhedyan, FS and Hatton, PV and Wood, DJ and Murdoch, C}, title = {Nonanoic acid-containing polymethyl methacrylate denture base inhibits Candida albicans growth and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106685}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106685}, pmid = {41967566}, issn = {1879-176X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of incorporating the fatty acid, nonanoic acid (NA), as an antifungal agent into denture base material to prevent C. albicans denture colonisation and denture stomatitis.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antifungal efficacy of NA against C. albicans was assessed by paper disc diffusion assay. NA was incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base and its properties tested. Colonisation of C. albicans on PMMA discs containing NA at 0 to 5% was examined by electron microscopy and XTT assay to measure microbial viability. The antifungal activity NA-containing PMMA discs was assessed using an in vitro tissue-engineered oral mucosal model of denture stomatitis.<br><br>RESULTS: C. albicans growth was inhibited by NA in a dose-dependent manner in a disc diffusion assay. When incorporated into PMMA, NA decreased the surface roughness of acrylic discs while increasing their wettability. PMMA alone discs showed no antifungal activity, while PMMA-containing NA discs displayed significant dose-dependent C. albicans growth inhibition in disc diffusion assays (p<0.05) with more potency than conventional antifungals. Moreover, 5% PMMA-NA significantly (p<0.01) reduced the colonisation of C. albicans on acrylic disc surfaces, preventing yeast-hyphal transformation and biofilm formation in a tissue-engineered oral mucosal infection model.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence that NA incorporated into denture material prevents denture-related fungal colonisation and may be an alternative antifungal agent for the prevention of denture stomatitis.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This is an important discovery with high translational potential, where nonanoic acid targeted both the C. albicans "reservoir" on the denture surface and prevented fungal invasion of oral tissues.}, }
@article {pmid41968557, year = {2026}, author = {Parameswaran, D and Kannan, SP and Narayanasamy, D}, title = {QbD-Based Development of a pH-Responsive SLN-Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Management of Biofilm-Associated Diabetic Foot Ulcers.}, journal = {Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0126673878439472251212211400}, pmid = {41968557}, issn = {2667-3886}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are difficult to treat due to biofilm formation, poor drug penetration, and elevated wound pH. This study aimed to develop a pH-responsive solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-loaded hydrogel for targeted ciprofloxacin delivery using a Quality-byDesign (QbD) approach.<br><br>METHODS: SLNs were formulated via solvent emulsification-ultrasonication and optimized using a Box-Behnken design to study the effects of lipid concentration, surfactant concentration, and sonication time on particle size and entrapment efficiency. Optimized SLNs were coated with pHsensitive Eudragit L100 and incorporated into a Carbopol 974P hydrogel. The formulation was evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, rheology, spreadability, occlusion, drug release, antimicrobial activity, and three-month stability.<br><br>RESULTS: Optimized SLNs showed a particle size of 141.24 &#xb1; 2.19 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.236 &#xb1; 0.019, zeta potential -26.28 &#xb1; 1.31 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 62.55 &#xb1; 1.07%. The hydrogel exhibited pseudoplastic flow, good spreadability, and enhanced occlusivity. Drug release was sustained and pH dependent, with greater release at pH 7.4 than at pH 5.5. The SLNloaded hydrogel showed stronger antibacterial activity than the free drug gel against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The formulation remained stable for three months at 4 &#xb0;C with minimal variation in physicochemical properties.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The pH-responsive coating enabled targeted release in alkaline DFUs, and the SLN- hydrogel system improved drug retention, antibacterial activity, and formulation stability.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A stable, pH-responsive SLN-loaded hydrogel was successfully developed, demonstrating strong potential for targeted topical treatment of biofilm-associated DFUs and future clinical application.}, }
@article {pmid41968692, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, K and Upadhyay, TK and Bano, A and Pandey, N and Lakhanpal, S and Sharma, R}, title = {In Vitro and In Silico Approaches for the Evaluation of Antimycobacterial and Biofilm Inhibition Activity of Asiatic Acid Against Dual Targets of Mycobacterium smegmatis.}, journal = {Current topics in medicinal chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0115680266395445251204125654}, pmid = {41968692}, issn = {1873-4294}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The increasing resistance to anti-TB drugs has become a global issue, highlighting an urgent need to investigate new drug candidates for combating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.). Asiatic Acid (AA), a major phytoconstituent of Centella asiatica, exhibits anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities against several microbes. In the present investigation, AA was explored for prospective anti-biofilm activity against mycobacteria.<br><br>METHODS: We first used a computational approach to probe the in silico inhibitory potential of AA against selected target proteins of the FAS-II pathway, involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, which contributes to mycobacterial cell wall and biofilm formation. Further, in vitro anti-mycobacterial assays were performed to determine the inhibitory concentration and biofilm inhibition against M. smegmatis, which was quantified by crystal violet staining and validated by SEM and CLSM.<br><br>RESULTS: The structure-based inhibitory potential of AA was evaluated against &#x3b2;-Ketoacyl ACP Synthase (KasA) and Enoyl acyl carrier protein (InhA) by molecular docking analysis, showing good binding affinities, with binding energies of -9.53 kcal/mol and -10.53 kcal/mol, and inhibition constants of 3.04 &#x3bc;M and 80.20 nM, respectively. Further, the in vitro anti-mycobacterial assays confirmed the MIC as 20 &#x3bc;g/ml against M. smegmatis. A conspicuous reduction in mycobacterial biofilm formation was observed upon exposure to AA at the MIC, as quantified by crystal violet staining and validated by SEM and CLSM. The EC50 value, the concentration showing 50% inhibition of biofilm formation, was observed as 40 &#x3bc;g/ml against M. smegmatis.<br><br>DISCUSSSION: This study shows advancement in understanding the natural compound AA as a potent anti-tubercular compound by elucidating its dual mechanism of action, including antimycobacterial and anti- biofilm activity, and by targeting enzymes of the FASII pathway, i.e., InhA and KasA. The present in vitro investigation suggests that asiatic acid may serve as a good anti- TB compound, with the possibility of potentiation of anti- mycobacterial effects via additional biofilm-inhibition activity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to pave the way for the design and development of novel anti-TB medications and strategies that enhance treatment efficacy and minimize resistance development in this persistent pathogen. Further investigations are required to determine the mode of action and validate its candidacy as a promising anti-biofilm agent in the current clinical setting.}, }
@article {pmid41969653, year = {2026}, author = {Dai, Z and Hu, Y and Tai, A and Lu, Y and Hu, S and Pan, J and Xiao, Y and Ma, X and Fu, Q and Zhao, H and Su, Z and Tong, P and Hao, Z and Yao, G and Wang, J}, title = {Characterization of a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain wGF 1-2 with attenuated virulence, altered morphology, and reduced biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1761564}, pmid = {41969653}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics/pathogenicity/virology/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Mice ; Virulence ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mutation ; Proteomics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Bacteriophages ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Female ; Metagenomics ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The global rise of antimicrobial resistance has positioned multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae as a critical health threat, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies such as phage therapy. However, the long-term evolutionary consequences of phage-bacteria interactions remain poorly understood. This study characterizes a unique attenuated mutant, wGF 1-2, derived from a hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strain (GF) during phage isolation efforts.<br><br>METHODS: The wGF 1-2 mutant was serendipitously isolated during attempts to obtain lytic phages against the parental GF strain. We performed an integrated multi-omics and phenotypic characterization, including genomic sequencing, proteomic profiling, and transcriptomic analysis. Host-pathogen interactions were assessed using a murine infection model (evaluating survival and tissue colonization), and the impact on the gut microbiota was analyzed via metagenomics.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to the parental strain, wGF 1-2 exhibited a significant reduction in biofilm formation and distinct morphological alterations. In a murine model, the mutant was avirulent, resulting in 100% survival even at a high challenge dose (10&#x2076; CFU), with minimal tissue colonization. Multi-omics analysis revealed extensive genomic structural variations (81 insertions and 64 deletions). Proteomic shifts included the downregulation of proteins involved in metal ion binding and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, infection with wGF 1-2 led to host inflammatory suppression and a restructuring of the gut microbiota characterized by an increase in beneficial Bacteroidota.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This study provides a comprehensive characterization of an attenuated K. pneumoniae mutant, wGF 1-2. The extensive genomic and phenotypic alterations observed highlight the significant evolutionary potential of bacterial pathogens during phage interactions. These findings underscore the necessity of thorough safety assessments, including evolutionary risk evaluations, for the future development of phage-based therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41970849, year = {2026}, author = {Oliveira, VC and Magalhães, NL and Maciel, CRO and Silva, AFAS and Bim, LL and Chaves, C and do Nascimento, C and Paula-Silva, FW and Silva-Lovato, CH and Ramos, AP and Ferreira, AM and Watanabe, E}, title = {Niobium-Based Conditioning Layer to Reduce Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Titanium Surface.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {13}, pages = {20782-20794}, pmid = {41970849}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Niobium metal has a wide range of applications; however, the development of Nb-coated surfaces with antimicrobial activity remains unexplored. This study investigates the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of ammoniacal niobium oxalate (ANO) and develops a methodology to deposit it on titanium-functionalized surfaces to prevent bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. ANO is dispersed in water and characterized for particle size, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ζ-potential, and in vitro cytotoxicity. Its antimicrobial activity is assessed by microdilution and inhibition halo assays against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. Antibiofilm activity is evaluated through biomass quantification, respiratory activity, and morphological analysis. Titanium surfaces functionalized with polyacrylic-acid-ANO films are tested under dynamic flow conditions for their antifouling properties in a multispecies biofilm model. ANO particles (∼450 nm) exhibit a negative charge, high crystallinity, and low cytotoxicity. The compound inhibits both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, even at low concentrations, and reduces the metabolic activity of mature biofilms. However, it does not remove aggregates or prevent adhesion and biofilm growth on titanium surfaces, indicating the need for further optimization of the functionalization conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41972428, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, YF and Wang, YN and Lin, D and Xu, JY and Qi, FY and Cui, HL and Lu, HJ and Qiao, M and Topp, E and Zhu, D and Rillig, MC and Zhu, YG}, title = {Diversity of Pharmaceuticals Enhances Antibiotic Resistance in the Invertebrate Gut via Biofilm-Mediated Mechanisms.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e18849}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202518849}, pmid = {41972428}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {42307169//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42577136//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U25A20803//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023J02031//Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022A-163-G//Ningbo Yongjiang Talent Project/ ; 2023321//Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {The environmental accumulation of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals is an emerging driver of antibiotic resistance. While individual compounds are known to shape the soil resistome, and contaminant diversity also plays a role, the impact of pharmaceutical diversity on the gut resistome of soil invertebrates remains unclear. Here, we combined metagenomics and metaproteomics to examine the collembolan gut and soil resistome across a gradient of pharmaceutical diversity under diurnal warming. Increasing pharmaceutical diversity at a constant total concentration significantly enriched antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiome, with no comparable effect in surrounding soils. This enrichment was mainly driven by multidrug resistance associated with efflux activity and biofilm-related processes, accompanied by increases in ARG-carrying taxa such as Gordonia and Ochrobactrum. Notably, Ochrobactrum encoded biofilm-related aryl polyene pathways. In vitro experiments confirmed that biofilm formation promotes resistance through coordinated cellular responses. Metaproteomic data indicated that Ochrobactrum initiates early biofilm formation by recruiting extracellular matrix producers such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Diurnal warming modulated these responses, indicating an interaction between chemical diversity and climate stress. These findings identify pharmaceutical diversity as an independent driver of ARG enrichment in host-associated microbiomes and establish chemical complexity as a key factor in assessing the ecological risks of pharmaceutical pollution.}, }
@article {pmid41974382, year = {2026}, author = {Zeng, Y and Tan, XQ and Sun, LL and Wu, JH and Yang, HB and Huang, ZS and Chen, SJ and Wei, ZS}, title = {Lower levels of oxygen content and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in sludge drying off-gas balances simultaneous anammox and denitrification in a membrane biofilm reactor for synergistic bio-decontamination of trimethylamine and nitric oxide.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134608}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134608}, pmid = {41974382}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Combustion flue gas-heated sludge drying (FGHSD) is a sustainable strategy but may generate off-gas containing trimethylamine (TMA) and nitric oxide (NO). Present TMA biofiltration techniques can not completely eliminate nitrogen. This study investigated synergistic biodecontamination of TMA and NO in simulated off-gas by a simultaneous anammox denitrification membrane biofilm reactor (SADMBfR). The optimal removal efficiencies of TMA and NO attained 97% at 2% O2 content and 1.02C/N ratio in a 140-day operation. TMA-degrading bacteria (TDB), anammox bacteria (AnAOB), and denitrifying bacteria (DNB): Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Ca. Brocadia, Ca. Kuenenia, Ca. Jettenia, Thauera, Paracoccus, etc. synergistically converted TMA and NO to N2. TMA acted as the initial donor, while NO and O2 acted as the terminal acceptors, and thereby to establish a bio-redox. At a proper level of C/N and O2, oxygenases/dehydrogenases-mediated TMA degradation was enzymatically activated with sufficient O2, substrates, and donors; SAD proceeded efficiently with balanced electron competition between O2 and NO, enhanced anammox, and eliminated nitrifiers. TMA degradation and SAD had mutual promotion. TDB degraded TMA to DMA, MMA, and NH3 via oxygenation and dehydrogenation. DNB oxidized TMA-derived HCHO to CO2 in aerobic denitrification. AnAOB converted TMA-derived NH3 and NO to N2 via anammox. Finally, TMA and NO mixotrophically metabolized into CO2 and N2, with C and N thoroughly eliminated. This finding can provide a feasible and greener solution to synergistic FGHSD off-gas deodorization and denitration.}, }
@article {pmid41974411, year = {2026}, author = {Ahmad, F and Sun, C and Muhammad, A and Shao, Y}, title = {Microplastics and pathogen risk across ecosystems: From biofilm to antimicrobial resistance and host susceptibility.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {128128}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128128}, pmid = {41974411}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, where they rapidly acquire organic coatings and biofilms (the plastisphere) and interact with co-occurring chemical pollutants. However, the conditions under which MPs become ecologically relevant in increasing disease risk remain underexplored. A key controversy is that microbial detection or enrichment on MPs is often treated as evidence of pathogen "vectoring," yet most studies do not quantify viability/infectivity, detachment, or delivered dose to hosts under environmentally realistic conditions. This review synthesizes evidence on MP-pathogen interactions and dispersal across ecosystems and reframes "MPs as vectors" through a vectorial-capacity lens that distinguishes association from transmission relevance and links MP-mediated risk to measurable dose delivery at host-relevant interfaces. Across ecosystems, evidence supports biofilm-driven persistence and enrichment of opportunistic taxa, but direct demonstrations of MP-mediated infection remain limited. We further highlight an unresolved issue, whether MPs confer unique transmission advantages compared with size-matched natural particulates that also sorb microbes and contaminants but are rarely used as comparators. We examine host susceptibility as a risk multiplier: MP exposure can compromise epithelial barriers via oxidative stress, modulate innate immunity, and disrupt microbiome-mediated colonization resistance. Plastisphere biofilms may also function as eco-evolutionary microhabitats that enrich antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with plausible enhancement of horizontal gene transfer, although field-scale attribution is still scarce. Finally, we outline priorities for standardized evidence grading, comparator-based study designs, and quantitative metrics (loading, viability decay, detachment kinetics) to enable risk attribution and guide monitoring and mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid41974597, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, L and Abbas, A and Li, N and Ai, X and Dai, D and Chen, Y and Naseer, S and Fu, H}, title = {Biofilm-microenvironment responsive hybrid micelle based on novel betaine derivative for enhanced delivery of honokiol against stubborn bacterial biofilms.}, journal = {Journal of bioscience and bioengineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiosc.2026.02.011}, pmid = {41974597}, issn = {1347-4421}, abstract = {The development of conventional antibiotics is being severely challenged by the rise of bacterial resistance and the obstacle of biofilm-associated infections. Given their enhanced permeability, nano micelles have emerged as a widely utilized platform for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. In this study, a novel material named BS-12-PEG-OH (PB12) was synthesized, and an intelligent nanoplatform was successfully developed through thin film dispersion method by co assembling vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) with PB12 into hybrid micelles via thin film dispersion method, thereby enabling the encapsulation of Honokiol (designated as HK@PB12/TPGS Ms). The hybrid micelle can effectively penetrate the extracellular polymeric substance barrier of the biofilm. Upon reaching the acidic microenvironment, it responsively releases dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) and honokiol (HK), thus eliminating the biofilm structure and killing the embedded bacteria. Under acidic conditions, HK@PB12/TPGS Ms achieved a substantial bacterial reduction of 9.60 log10 CFU/ml. Furthermore, under the acidic condition of the biofilm microenvironment, they effectively cleared 83.32 % of the biofilm and reduced the embedded S. aureus by 3.75 log10 CFU/ml. The results indicate that the HK@PB12/TPGS Ms could effectively penetrate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, disrupt their structure, and eliminate the bacteria inside the biofilm, hence preventing new infections and providing a novel therapeutic strategy for combating stubborn biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41974738, year = {2026}, author = {Rana, PSJB and Foley, JR and Bhattacharya, M and Gloag, ES and Wozniak, DJ}, title = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilm extracellular DNA neutralizes the antimicrobial activity of histone H3.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-00979-9}, pmid = {41974738}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {R01AI186380/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that forms robust biofilms. This poses several challenges to the host in successfully clearing the pathogen, thus leading to chronic infections. S. aureus biofilms combat neutrophils by releasing pore-forming toxins called leukocidins. This leads to the induction of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and neutrophil death. NETs are primarily composed of host DNA laced with several potent antimicrobials, including histones. While NETs entrap microbes, the nuclease produced by S. aureus degrades NETs, potentially releasing NET-associated antimicrobials. It is still unknown how S. aureus can persist in a chronic infection despite the presence of several NET-associated antimicrobials. Our studies revealed that histone H3 is sequestered by S. aureus-derived extracellular DNA (eDNA) of the biofilm matrix. This resulted in the architectural modification of the biofilm due to the formation of eDNA-H3 aggregates and protection of S. aureus within the biofilm from the potential bactericidal effects of H3.}, }
@article {pmid41964117, year = {2026}, author = {Rezende, RI and Silva, CO}, title = {Implantoplasty Positively Influences Biofilm Removal During Toothbrush: An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {International journal of dental hygiene}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/idh.70063}, pmid = {41964117}, issn = {1601-5037}, support = {//Curaden/Curaprox/ ; //S.I.N. Implant System/ ; //Microdont/ ; //Bausch BK/ ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: To analyse the effect of implantoplasty on the efficacy of brushing dental implants.<br><br>METHODS: Acrylic hemi-arches were made to simulate a horizontal bone loss condition in an implant in position 46, exposing 3&#x2009;mm of its cervical intra-osseous portion. Implantoplasty was performed on the implant surfaces of the test group, and no surface modification was performed on the control group. The exposed portion of both groups was coated with carbon spray to simulate dental biofilm. Each site was analysed before and after brushing for a carbon-free area. Buccal/oral sites were brushed with toothbrushes while mesial/distal sites were brushed with interdental brushes. The analysed area consisted of a 6&#x2009;mm[2] rectangle divided into three thirds (cervical, middle and apical) on each of the four sites.<br><br>RESULTS: On buccal/oral sites of the test group (implantoplasty), brushing removed an average of 43.11% of the biofilm. In contrast, on the buccal/oral sites of the control group (no implantoplasty), brushing removed 36.09% (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). On proximal sites of both test and control groups, brushing removed an average of 32.1% and 32.29% of the biofilm, respectively (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.728).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Implantoplasty positively influenced the removal of simulated biofilm on buccal/oral sites of dental implants.}, }
@article {pmid41965785, year = {2026}, author = {Attia, NA and Abdelaziz, AA and Sonbol, FI and Abo-Kamar, AM and Al-Madboly, LA}, title = {Unlocking p-coumaric acid's potential against biofilm-forming extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: in vitro and in vivo study.}, journal = {Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12941-026-00859-2}, pmid = {41965785}, issn = {1476-0711}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global rise of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, particularly biofilm-forming strains, has drastically limited treatment options and created an urgent need for novel therapies to restore antibiotic efficacy. This study explored p-coumaric acid (p-CA) as a potential dual-action agent to combat biofilm-associated XDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections and restore imipenem efficacy.<br><br>METHODS: Among 100 clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, 32 were identified as XDR and exhibited resistance to imipenem. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of p-CA was systematically evaluated through comprehensive in vitro assays and an in vivo rat infection model. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined via the broth microdilution method, and the potential modulation effect on imipenem efficacy was investigated. To assess biofilm inhibition and disruption, quantitative analyses were performed using the crystal violet staining technique, complemented by evaluating its impact on the bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide production. Biofilm structural changes were analyzed via light, scanning electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Additionally, the expression levels of key biofilm-associated genes were quantified via quantitative reverse transcription PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: The p-CA exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against the tested isolates (MIC: 512&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL) and synergized with imipenem, reducing its MIC by 512-fold. At subinhibitory concentrations (&#xbc;-&#xbd; MIC), it inhibited biofilm formation (66.2-80.5%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) and disrupted pre-formed biofilms (45.8-71.3%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), likely via altered cell surface hydrophobicity and reduced EPS production. Microscopic imaging corroborated these findings, revealing substantial structural degradation of biofilms upon treatment. At the molecular level, p-CA significantly downregulated (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) the key biofilm-associated genes (abaI, bfmR, bap, csuE, and pgaB), as quantified by RT-qPCR. In vivo, the p-CA/imipenem combination significantly enhanced the survival rates (100%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) and reduced the lung bacterial burden (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Histopathological examination showed near-complete restoration of alveolar architecture by 72&#xa0;h post-treatment in the combination therapy group.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings position p-CA as a promising dual-action adjuvant against XDR Acinetobacer baumannii infections, particularly in biofilm-associated contexts. It combines direct antimicrobial activity, biofilm disruption, and synergy with imipenem to address critical treatment gaps.}, }
@article {pmid41966957, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Hu, J and Chen, C and Lu, J and Liu, C and Ning, Y and Lu, F}, title = {Corrigendum to "Berberine@AgNPs@Carboxylated chitosan hydrogel dressing with immunomodulatory and anti-biofilm properties promotes wound repair in drug-resistant bacterial infections" [Int. J. Biol. Macromol., volume 315, part 1, June 2025, 144496].}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {151854}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151854}, pmid = {41966957}, issn = {1879-0003}, }
@article {pmid41967375, year = {2026}, author = {Bai, S and Wu, W and Chen, A and Xu, C and Chen, T and Ma, X and Gao, C and Wu, A}, title = {Near-infrared light-propelled biodegradable nanorobots overcome biofilm barriers for multidrug-resistant infection therapy.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {718}, number = {}, pages = {140481}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2026.140481}, pmid = {41967375}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {Overcoming the dense extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix barriers is a major challenge in the therapy of biofilm-associated infections. Here, we report a nanorobot-based therapeutic strategy that integrates deep biofilm penetration with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)-mediated membrane disruption, enabling efficient eradication of multidrug-resistant biofilms. Under near-infrared (NIR) light actuation, the Janus gold-mesoporous organosilicon nanorobots actively penetrate biofilms via self-thermophoretic propulsion. Upon penetration into the deep biofilm regions, the sulfur-bridged organosilicon framework of the nanorobots undergoes thiol-assisted cleavage, triggering the environment-dependent release of the encapsulated gramicidin (Gr). In a murine model of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm-infected wounds, this multi-responsive nanorobot system markedly enhances antibiofilm efficacy and achieves >95% wound closure with pronounced tissue remodeling, highlighting its considerable potential for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41963712, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Zhang, L and Li, Y and Zhang, J and Zhang, J and Tong, Y and Li, M}, title = {Characterization of a novel phage BUCT800 against Acinetobacter baumannii and its biofilm removal efficiency.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {171}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41963712}, issn = {1432-8798}, }
@article {pmid41957569, year = {2026}, author = {Bhutada, P and Joshi, N and Saroj, SD and Koratkar, S}, title = {Dynamics of multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic E. coli biofilm formation on various surfaces and its dispersion with phage antibiotic synergism.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05018-3}, pmid = {41957569}, issn = {1471-2180}, }
@article {pmid41958308, year = {2026}, author = {Qandeel, Q and Shahbazi, S and Reiisi, S and Rigi, G}, title = {Synergistic anti-microbial and anti-biofilm effects of tannic acid and tetracycline co- encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/17460913.2026.2639238}, pmid = {41958308}, issn = {1746-0921}, abstract = {AIMS: This study aimed to develop a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based dual-drug delivery system co-encapsulating tannic acid (TA) and tetracycline (TC) to enhance antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy and to explore its potential involvement in efflux pump - related mechanisms.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSNs were synthesized and loaded with TA and TC individually (MSN@TA, MSN@TC) and in combination (MSN@TA/TC). Physicochemical properties, including morphology, size, surface charge, and drug loading, were characterized. Antibacterial activity was assessed using MIC and MBC assays. Biofilm inhibition was evaluated by crystal violet staining, and NorA gene expression was measured by qPCR.<br><br>RESULTS: MSNs were spherical with a size of 100-150 nm and a zeta potential of -45.8 mV. The co-loaded MSN@TA/TC showed superior antibacterial activity (MIC: 31.25 &#xb5;g/mL; MBC: 62.5 &#xb5;g/mL) compared to single-drug systems. Biofilm formation was reduced by 35-95% in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest inhibition observed for MSN@TA/TC. Moreover, NorA expression was downregulated by 4.5-fold following treatment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Co-encapsulation of TA and TC in MSNs significantly enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against S. aureus, likely through modulation of efflux pump-associated resistance. This nanocarrier system shows promise for improving antibiotic efficacy in biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41961078, year = {2026}, author = {Nagaraja, PK and Mitra, SD and Murugesan, D and Muninarayanaswamy, PKA and Geddam, S and Venugopal, N and Tewari, R and Nayakvadi, S and Shome, BR and Shome, R}, title = {Genomic Insights into Mammaliicoccus sciuri from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis to Unveil Key Resistance, Virulence, Biofilm and Adaptation Traits.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {41961078}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {IXX14760//All India Indian Network for Fisheries and Animal Antimicrobial Resistance (INFAAR) funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Framers Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41961380, year = {2026}, author = {Uysal, M and Üreyen Kaya, B and Sesli Çetin, E and Bilir, G}, title = {Effectiveness of resveratrol as a root canal irrigation solution in inhibiting biofilm and bacterial metabolic activity of Enterococcus faecalis.}, journal = {Lasers in medical science}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41961380}, issn = {1435-604X}, }
@article {pmid41962235, year = {2026}, author = {Cabrera-Garcia, J and Raudales, RE}, title = {Pipe material governs biofilm development and microbial communities more than organic suspended solids in drip irrigation systems in greenhouse settings.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {299}, number = {}, pages = {125882}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125882}, pmid = {41962235}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Biofilm development in pressurized drip irrigation systems impairs emitter performance and irrigation uniformity, increasing production risks in greenhouse systems where small substrate volumes limit moisture buffering capacity. The present study evaluated the effects of pipe material and peat-derived organic total suspended solids (TSS), representative of recirculated greenhouse irrigation water, on biofilm accumulation, microbial community composition, and emitter performance. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC; main lines) and polyethylene (PE; lateral lines) were tested using nutrient solutions containing 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg L[-1] organic TSS (<150 µm). The system incorporated pressure-compensated drip emitters with anti-drain mechanisms and operated under short-pulse irrigation typical of greenhouse production (twice daily for 2 min over 8 weeks). Biofilm accumulation was quantified by dry mass and heterotrophic plate counts, and microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA and ITS2 sequencing. Surface hydrophobicity and roughness were evaluated before and after biofilm exposure. PVC pipes accumulated more biofilm than PE pipes and exhibited greater changes in surface properties. Pipe material explained more variation in bacterial community composition than organic TSS. No emitters fully clogged; however, organic TSS ≥ 60 mg L[-1] increased emitter discharge, indicating early-stage performance drift in anti-drain emitters. These findings highlight the importance of pipe material selection and organic TSS management for maintaining irrigation performance in greenhouse systems.}, }
@article {pmid41962603, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, S and Luo, T and Zheng, Y and Wang, Y and Yu, J and Qu, H and Liu, B and Wang, T and Wu, C and Zhu, Y and Bai, X and Wang, Z and Li, J}, title = {Molecular typing, biofilm characteristics and biofilm-targeted inhibition strategies of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from donkey endometritis.}, journal = {Journal of equine veterinary science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105891}, doi = {10.1016/j.jevs.2026.105891}, pmid = {41962603}, issn = {0737-0806}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Endometritis is a major cause of infertility in intensively farmed donkeys. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) is a predominant pathogen that readily forms biofilms in equine endometritis, conferring resistance to conventional treatments.<br><br>AIMS/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize the biofilm dynamics of SEZ isolates obtained from donkeys and to evaluate potential anti-biofilm strategies with different drug combinations.<br><br>METHODS: Uterine lavage samples were collected from 30 Dezhou Black donkeys with clinical endometritis. Bacterial cultures were performed on blood agar and MacConkey agar. SEZ isolates were identified by 16S rDNA PCR sequencing. Antimicrobial sensitivity test of SEZ isolates was performed with broth microdilution methods. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used for strain characterization, and in vitro biofilm dynamics were assessed using crystal violet assays. Six agents-Tris-EDTA, hydrogen peroxide, DMSO, penicillin potassium, ceftiofur, and ciprofloxacin-were tested individually or in combination for their inhibitory effects on SEZ biofilms.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirteen SEZ isolates were obtained from a total of 31 bacterial isolates (41.9%), representing four novel MLST types: STnovel, ST554, ST555 and ST556. Rapid formation of biofilm was observed at 12-24 h. Strain-dependent inhibitory patterns were observed in SEZ biofilms. Hydrogen peroxide showed the strongest inhibitory effect on STnovel biofilms (73.73 &#xb1; 1.48%), while ceftiofur-Tris-EDTA, ciprofloxacin-DMSO and penicillin-DMSO combinations exhibited the highest inhibition against ST554 (66.52 &#xb1; 3.66%), ST555 (82.60 &#xb1; 2.97%) and ST556 (83.35 &#xb1; 1.19%) biofilms.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Strain-dependent inhibitory patterns were observed in SEZ biofilms. Antibiotic-non-antibiotic combinations showed promising effects in vitro, highlighting new therapeutic avenues for controlling SEZ biofilm-associated infections in donkeys.}, }
@article {pmid41962677, year = {2026}, author = {Qiu, S and Li, R and Chen, M and Xu, T and Shi, Y and Cheng, Z and Hu, B and Wang, J and Chen, J}, title = {Packing media regulate nitric oxide removal performance by driving community assembly and biofilm evolution in biotrickling filters.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134587}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134587}, pmid = {41962677}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Packing media are essential for optimizing biotrickling filter (BTF) design and pollutant removal efficiency, yet how their integrated physicochemical properties affect the performance by regulating community assembly and biofilm evolution remains unclear. This study compared two parallel BTFs packed with activated carbon (AC) granules (BTFAC) and polyurethane (PU) sponge (BTFPU) for nitric oxide (NO) removal, and tested their resilience to starvation. BTFPU achieved significantly higher and more stable NO removal than BTFAC during both pre-starvation (99% ± 1% over 94% ± 5%) and post-starvation periods (98% ± 1% over 82% ± 9%, P < 0.001). For PU, despite its hydrophobic surface, the large-pore spongy structure (pore sizes of 603 ± 40 μm) and high porosity (97% ± 1%) provided greater protected internal space and lower superficial gas velocity (6 m/h), collectively created a less stressed microenvironment for microbes. This supported the fast evolution of thicker and more viable biofilms with higher microbial diversity, cooperative interactions, and stochastic assembly, facilitating the fast recovery post-starvation. In contrast, for AC, the hydrophobic surface, surface functional groups, higher gas velocity (9 m/h) from lower porosity (62% ± 2%), and small pore size (3.2 ± 0.4 nm) restricted microbial growth to the exposed external surface and imposed stronger selection pressure. These factors collectively drove thinner, less viable, and slower biofilm evolution with lower diversity, reduced proportion of denitrifiers, stronger deterministic assembly, which ultimately compromised the performance stability. These findings reveal how packing media regulate BTF performance by driving community assembly and biofilm evolution.}, }
@article {pmid41963040, year = {2026}, author = {Yan, W and Huang, J and Zheng, J and Zhao, L and Wang, C and Gao, D and Zhou, C and Guan, J and Huang, L and Yan, Q}, title = {Selection and characterization of biofilm-degrading aptamers against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi and their target protein interaction analysis.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {138}, number = {}, pages = {105067}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105067}, pmid = {41963040}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Vibrio/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio alginolyticus/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Aptamers, Nucleotide/pharmacology/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; SELEX Aptamer Technique ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; }, abstract = {Vibrio is an important pathogenic bacterium, and its pathogenicity and drug resistance are greatly enhanced by its biofilm-forming ability, posing serious threats to food safety and public health. The present study employed Inhibition-Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technology to independently screen aptamers that could degrade the biofilms of Vibrio anguillarum (Vam), Vibrio alginolyticus (Va), and Vibrio harveyi (Vh). High-throughput sequencing and the index of relative importance (IRI) analysis of high-frequency sequences revealed a nearly consistent evolutionary direction of the random library during independent screening, obtaining M1, M2, and M3 aptamers with high IRI. The three aptamers exhibited degradation rates of 59-74% against the biofilms of the three Vibrio species (Vam, Va, and Vh). The four combinations of the three aptamers (M1+M2, M1+M3, M2+M3, and M1+M2+M3) achieved degradation rates of approximately 70% for the three target Vibrio biofilms. The combination of the three aptamers with tetracycline achieved degradation rates of approximately 85% for the three target Vibrio biofilms, which was approximately equal to the sum of their individual effects. Target proteins of M1 were isolated from Vam, Va, and Vh through magnetic separation and identified through mass spectrometry. The M1-target proteins in Vam, Vh, and Va were hypothetical proteins HP1, HP2, and HP3; ribosomal proteins L1, L2, and S4; and ribosomal protein S4, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed the presence of 1 to 4 binding sites between the M1 aptamer and the six target proteins and that most of the binding sites used hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces for interactions. The results of this study will provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of pathogens and the application and development of aptamers.}, }
@article {pmid41963059, year = {2026}, author = {Moazzami, M and Hansson, I and Langsrud, S and Møretrø, T and Boqvist, S}, title = {Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. biofilm on conveyor belts using different cleaning and disinfection regimes.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {138}, number = {}, pages = {105086}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105086}, pmid = {41963059}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Campylobacter/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Food Microbiology ; Detergents/pharmacology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Animals ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control/analysis ; Abattoirs ; Meat/microbiology ; Equipment Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Removal of biofilm is essential in food production environments, such as slaughterhouses and meat processing facilities, to prevent the persistence and spread of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms that compromise food safety. Thus, efficient cleaning and disinfection (C&amp;D) are crucial. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of 15 commercial C&amp;D treatments, including chemicals diluted at different concentrations of the concentrate, to reduce Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. biofilm. Chlorinated alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic detergents alone or combined with chlorinated alkaline, acidic, electrochemically activated water (ECA), and alcohol disinfection were applied on pre-formed L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. biofilms on woven conveyor belt material. The most efficient treatment was high concentration (6%) chlorinated alkaline cleaning combined with 70% alcohol (1.7 and 2.2 log reduction for L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp., respectively), followed by high concentration (6%) chlorinated alkaline cleaning and chlorinated alkaline disinfection (3%) (1.5 and 1.7 log reduction for L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp., respectively). The latter was superior to ECA combined with the same cleaning agent. For certain treatments, an increased concentration resulted in higher bacterial reduction, such as acidic C&amp;D agents which improved reductions with 0.7-1.0 log. Biofilm removal was not enhanced when enzymatic cleaners replaced acidic or chlorinated alkaline cleaning agents. These findings indicate that, when applied at standard manufacturer concentrations, commonly used C&amp;D agents are unable to remove biofilms of L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. from conveyor belts. This emphasises the need for science-based guidelines to optimise C&amp;D protocols in meat production facilities.}, }
@article {pmid41963328, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, P and Wang, D and Kong, W and Xu, D and Lovley, DR}, title = {Preemptive biofilm colonization blocks microbial metal corrosion.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-00982-0}, pmid = {41963328}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {52425112//National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; 2022YFB3808800//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; U24A2032//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; N25LPY006//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Sustainable materials are needed to address the serious economic and safety risks of microbial metal corrosion. Colonizing metal surfaces with biofilms of noncorrosive microbes was previously shown to reduce aerobic, abiotic corrosion. However, the ability of biofilms to thwart highly corrosive anaerobic microbes is untested. Here we report on a strain of Escherichia coli genetically modified for enhanced metal adherence and adaptively evolved to tolerate sulfide. The E. coli biofilms effectively inhibited all known major routes for anaerobic microbial iron corrosion, including proton and sulfide attack, as well as the highly aggressive corrosion of electroactive microbes that directly extract electrons from Fe[0]. The E. coli biofilms prevented corrosion much better than biofilms of other microorganisms previously reported to reduce aerobic, abiotic corrosion. The results highlight the possibility of tailoring biofilm properties to function as effective sustainable, self-healing coatings to safeguard critical metal infrastructure.}, }
@article {pmid41951946, year = {2026}, author = {Sousa, AKF and Tadioto, V and Giehl, A and Caio, HY and de Souza, EB and Corrêa, EP and Elois, MA and Dos Santos Neto, ER and Junior, SLA and da Cruz, ACC and Scheffer, MC and da Silva Lanna, MC and Fongaro, G}, title = {Bacteriophage-mediated reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm on titanium surfaces for biomedical applications.}, journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41951946}, issn = {1435-4373}, }
@article {pmid41953674, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, H and Saha, S and Morrill, S and Kelly, T and Lewis, WG and Lewis, AL}, title = {Gardnerella biofilm formation in vitro is facilitated by braided sutures: implications for cervical cerclage.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1763531}, pmid = {41953674}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Sutures/microbiology/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; *Cerclage, Cervical/adverse effects ; Pregnancy ; *Gardnerella/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Gardnerella vaginalis/physiology/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In pregnant individuals with certain indications, sutures may be placed circumferentially around the uterine cervix to prevent dilation. Compared to monofilament sutures, the use of braided suture materials has been linked with the development of a dysbiotic vaginal microbiome, as well as higher rates of infection-associated pregnancy outcomes such as chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. In bacterial vaginosis (BV) anaerobic bacteria, including pathogens, overgrow, forming biofilms in direct proximity to the host epithelium. Gardnerella is highly represented among bacterial vaginosis-like microbiotas.<br><br>METHODS: To test our working hypothesis that braided sutures may better support the establishment of high biomass bacterial biofilms compared to monofilament sutures, we measured the extent of Gardnerella bacteria biofilm formation on braided and monofilament sutures in the laboratory. Multiple Gardnerella strains were grown in the presence of braided or monofilament suture materials (polyester or polybutylate-coated polyester versus polypropylene or nylon), and the (biofilm) biomass was measured using crystal violet staining.<br><br>RESULTS: Sutures incubated without Gardnerella were included as controls. To compare staining of biofilm biomass between groups, one-way ANOVA was performed and &#x160;id&#xe1;k was used for pairwise comparisons to control for multiple comparisons between groups. Gardnerella formed significantly more biofilm biomass (>10-fold) on braided polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) sutures compared to monofilament (polypropylene or nylon) sutures (p < 0.0001). This feature was applicable to multiple strains across different taxonomic subsets of Gardnerella.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Together with existing literature, these findings suggest that braided sutures might promote the development of dysbiotic BV-like microbiomes after cerclage placement by facilitating Gardnerella biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41955531, year = {2026}, author = {Chu, P and Zhao, Y and Chen, B and Xu, B}, title = {Discovery of Aromatic Meroterpenoids with Potent Anti-biofilm Activity and Genome-Guided Identification of Two Prenyltransferases.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6c00020}, pmid = {41955531}, issn = {1520-6025}, abstract = {Aspergillus fungi are renowned for producing various natural products, including meroterpenoids that show significant bioactivities. In this study, chemical investigation of a newly identified Aspergillus fungus led to the discovery of seven aromatic meroterpenoids, including two new ones designated as pantaromerotin (1) and pantanitrimerotin (2). Pantaromerotin is distinguished by containing a rare pyran ring formed from a prenyl unit, which are not observed in the structurally similar compound stocksiloate. In comparison, pantanitrimerotin harbors a rare cyanide group, which is not found in the previously reported asperterreusine C. In terms of bioactivity, compounds 2-7 exhibited significant biofilm eradication effects. Notably, compound 5 not only inhibited biofilm formation by 60.4% at sub-MIC concentrations but also demonstrated synergistic antimicrobial effects in combination with kanamycin. Furthermore, genome sequencing and in vitro assays enabled us to identify AtUbiA3 and Pan9 as two functional prenyltransferases, which catalyzes the conversion of the coisolated compound 8 to form 5, providing biochemical insights into the biosynthesis. Collectively, our work identifies aromatic meroterpenoids with promising antibiofilm potential and lays a solid foundation for the subsequent elucidation of their biosynthetic pathways.}, }
@article {pmid41955989, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, K and Jiang, X and Wang, Z and Cao, X and Li, N and Wang, X}, title = {Acclimation strategies of electroactive biofilm to adapt saline environment for rapid sensing of BOD.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {299}, number = {}, pages = {125891}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125891}, pmid = {41955989}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Microbial electrochemical sensors (MESs) hold promise for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) monitoring in saline industrial wastewaters, but their online application is hampered by prolonged response and unstable measurements at ∼3% salinity. Herein, we showed that pulse and gradient acclimation of electroactive biofilms reduced the measurement time by >44% and increased the biocurrent by at least 207%, while maintaining a good linear correlation with standard 5-day BOD (20-1000 mg/L). The salt-tolerant MES exhibited an error <3% during a 30-day test at 3% salinity. Pulse acclimation significantly increased the relative abundance of Geobacter from 18% to 73%, enhanced interspecies synergies, and improved salinity stress resistance, which was potentially associated with upregulated Na[+]/H[+] antiporter, based on differentially expressed gene sets (DEGSs) analysis. Additionally, the acclimation period was shortened to 12 days, critical for industrial fabrication and practical deployment of high-salinity MESs. Our findings clarify the salt tolerance mechanism of electroactive biofilms and broaden the application prospects of BOD sensors in saline wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41956370, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, H and Li, J and Peng, Y and Sun, Z and Zhang, L}, title = {Biofilm pre-colonization strengthening: A new strategy for low-inoculum and startup of partial nitritation/anammox process in integrated fixed-film activated sludge systems.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124456}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124456}, pmid = {41956370}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {To address the constraints imposed by the scarcity of anammox bacteria (AnAOB) inocula and their slow enrichment kinetics, this study developed a biofilm pre-colonization strategy implemented within an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor. This novel approach employs a sequential inoculation protocol, utilizing a minimal fraction of PN/A sludge to rapidly cultivate a thin, highly active AnAOB biofilm on virgin carriers, followed by the replacement of the suspended phase with conventional nitrifying sludge to construct a synergistic sludge-biofilm system. Over a 200-day validation period, the strategy demonstrated startup and robust performance, achieving a stable total nitrogen removal rate at 1.8 kg N/(m[3]·d) and an AnAOB inoculum recovery of 88.1%. Further, the system facilitated distinct ecological niche differentiation, with Candidatus Brocadia dominating the biofilm (9.7% relative abundance) while ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were primarily enriched in the suspended phase (0.7% relative abundance). These results establish the biofilm pre-colonization method as a viable, cost-effective engineering solution for maximizing inoculum efficiency and accelerating the in situ startup of IFAS-PN/A processes.}, }
@article {pmid41956515, year = {2026}, author = {Rober, AR and Reese, LC and Brown, SP and McMahon, KD and Louca, S and Cieslik, J and Kane, ES and Turetsky, MR and Wyatt, KH}, title = {Hydrologic History Regulates Microbial Biofilm Diversity and Ecosystem Function.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {e70300}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70300}, pmid = {41956515}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {MCB-2514370//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-2141285//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB LTREB-2011286//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB LTREB-2011257//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1636476//National Science Foundation/ ; RJVA-PNW-01-JV-11261952-231//Pacific Northwest Research Station/ ; //USDA Forest Service/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Ecosystem ; *Biodiversity ; Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Fungi/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Cyanobacteria/genetics/classification ; Hydrology ; Droughts ; Floods ; Metagenomics ; }, abstract = {Aquatic biofilms are an understudied component of northern peatlands and are expected to play a more prominent role in ecosystem processes in areas where aquatic habitat is expanding. The goal of this study was to investigate how hydrologic history influences biofilm diversity and functional genes. This study was conducted in a long-term water table manipulation that simulates drought (lowered water table treatment) and flooding (raised water table treatment) conditions relative to a control treatment (no manipulation). We used a combination of metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches to (1) examine the diversity of eukaryotic algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria and fungi within the biofilm and (2) identify functional genes associated with alternating wet-dry transitional states. Historical flooding, but not drought, led to broad changes in composition and functional genes, especially those associated with carbon metabolism and nitrogen cycling. Differences were related to changes in relative abundance rather than the presence/absence of individual taxa or genes. Hydrologic history influenced community diversity by reducing interspecific competition or by alleviating resource limitation. These findings show that hydrologic history regulates species membership of the community (and thereby associated genes) but differences in water chemistry and interspecific interactions alter the relative abundance of species and their functional potential.}, }
@article {pmid41957515, year = {2026}, author = {Sakin, T&#xd6; and Albayrak, F and Tunç, T}, title = {Evaluation of bacterial reduction by contemporary irrigation activation methods against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in root canals.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-46204-7}, pmid = {41957515}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial reduction achieved under in vitro conditions by different irrigation activation methods applied with sterile physiological saline solution in an Enterococcus faecalis root canal biofilm model. Seventy single-rooted and single-canal mandibular premolar teeth were divided into seven groups (n = 10): positive and negative control groups and five experimental groups (Standard needle irrigation-SNI, EDDY, passive ultrasonic irrigation-PUI, XP-Endo Finisher, Erbium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet-Er: YAG laser). On the 21st day of biofilm formation, initial samples (S1) were obtained; they were cultured on blood agar, quantified as CFU/mL, and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Following irrigation activation, second samples (S2) were obtained and evaluated using the same procedure. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Since the assumptions of parametric tests were not met, the Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U tests were used for intergroup comparisons, and the Wilcoxon test was used for pre- and post-procedural comparisons (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found among the groups in terms of S1 values (p = 0.272). In all experimental groups, a significant reduction in bacterial counts was detected as a result of the comparison of S1 and S2 values (p < 0.005). A significant difference was determined among the groups with respect to S2 values (p < 0.001). The EDDY group exhibited the lowest mean value and was found to be significantly different from all other groups (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed among the PUI, XP-Endo Finisher, and Er: YAG laser groups (p > 0.001); however, each of these groups demonstrated significantly lower bacterial counts compared to the SNI group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, all evaluated methods provided a significant reduction in bacterial counts; however, EDDY was determined to be the most effective method. Further studies are required to evaluate its clinical effectiveness.}, }
@article {pmid41946754, year = {2026}, author = {Heydari, F and Jookar Kashi, F}, title = {Advanced strategies for enhanced decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes using biofilm NAS2-Ag/AgCl/Fe3O4 nanocomposites immobilized on peach pit.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41946754}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41949016, year = {2026}, author = {Choubey, S and Oberoi, JK and Deshpande, J}, title = {In Silico Analysis of Terpinen-4-ol as a Sustainable Anti-Biofilm Agent Targeting E. coli Outer Membrane Protein OmpX.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {e03833}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202503833}, pmid = {41949016}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Terpenes/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; }, abstract = {Terpinen-4-ol, a significant component of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, was examined for its potential as an anti-biofilm agent against E. coli to enhance sustainable food preservation. Terpinen-4-ol demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against E. coli, with an MIC of 0.39%. Confocal microscopy revealed that concentration lower than the MIC successfully disrupted the 3D biofilm architecture, transforming dense matriced into distinct colonies. Swiss Dock molecular docking simulations revealed a strong binding interaction between terpinen-4-ol and the E. coli outer membrane protein OmpX, with the most stable configuration showing a binding affinity of -5.70 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations of the OmpX-terpinen-4-ol complex over 100 ns using GROMACS confirmed the stability of the protein-ligand system, as indicated by low RMSD values, a consistent radius of gyration, and intermittent hydrogen bonding. In silico ADME predictions via SwissADME indicated pharmacokinetic properties for terpinen-4-ol, including a molecular weight of 206.28 g/mol, a log P range of 2.5 to 3.4, and a TPSA of 37.30 Å[2], suggesting good bioavailability and membrane permeability. Cytotoxicity predictions in human cell lines using CLC-Prd showed low toxicity probabilities. Hydrophobicity plot analysis of OmpX (PDB ID: 1QJ8) revealed a unique eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel structure, with hydrophobic residues on the outer surface interacting with the lipid bilayer and hydrophilic residues lining the inner pore. These computational results underscore the potential of terpinen-4-ol as a promising anti-biofilm agent for sustainable food preservation, further experimental validation, and application in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41949673, year = {2026}, author = {Nurmohamed, FRHA and Allen, KJH and Frank, C and Malo, ME and Duyvenbode, JFFHV and Wildt, BV and Poot, AJ and Lam, MGEH and Strijp, JAGV and Vogely, HC and Weinans, H and Dadachova, E and Wal, BCHV}, title = {ImmunoPET with Zirconium-89 specifically detects postoperative biofilm-associated implant infections: a preclinical study.}, journal = {EJNMMI research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13550-026-01421-z}, pmid = {41949673}, issn = {2191-219X}, support = {NWA.1292.19.354//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41950534, year = {2026}, author = {Nawab, S and Oguntomi, SO and Gong, C and Xu, Z and Marsili, E}, title = {Developing biofilm electrofermentation from a laboratory curiosity to a viable biotechnology.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {128513}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128513}, pmid = {41950534}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Electrofermentation (EF) is a relatively new technology that uses redox interactions between microbial biofilms and polarized electrodes to increase productivity in bioprocesses. EF offers three key advantages over conventional fermentation: a) control over the redox conditions within the biofilm; b) tunability of the yield and chemical properties of the main fermentation product(s); and c) lower operation cost due to the lack of aeration. While initial EF studies reported mostly marginal increases in productivity, recent works have shown that strain selection and genetic design lead to large productivity improvements and potentially to novel fermentation products. This review emphasizes the significance of integrating gene editing tools (e.g., CRISPR-based) with EF and proposes a scalable pipeline for EF applications, from laboratory testing to pilot-scale bioreactors. It also offers practical guidelines for practitioners in the fields of bioelectrochemistry and bioprocess engineering to design more effective EF processes.}, }
@article {pmid41950972, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Li, J and Bao, S and Xiao, L and Sui, X and Li, G and Pak, S and Cao, X and Hu, B and Li, B}, title = {Treatment of municipal solid waste incineration leachate via two-stage membrane aerated biofilm reactor: Insight into the performance, microbial community and metabolic networks.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134572}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134572}, pmid = {41950972}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {High-strength leachate, characterized by extremely high concentrations of organic pollutants, ammonium, and biological toxicity, poses a significant challenge in wastewater treatment. In this study, a two-stage membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) system was proposed for simultaneously removing carbon and nitrogen from real leachate. MABR-1, enriched with heterotrophic bacteria and methanogenic archaea, facilitated efficient organic matter removal through respiration and methanogenesis. MABR-2, integrated with nitrification and denitrification processes, ensured effective nitrogen removal. When feeding with real leachate (COD as high as 8500-9500 mg/L) at an organic loading rate of 30.15 g-COD/m[2]·d, the system achieved 97.8% COD removal efficiency, along with 81.3% NH4[+]-N removal efficiency and 82.7% TN removal efficiency. Such high COD removal efficiency is substantially derived from the enrichment of archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota, including Methanothrix, Methanobacterium and Methanosarcina, as confirmed by Mantel test analysis. Principal component analysis further validated the critical role of functional bacteria in TN elimination, supporting the rationale for the two-stage MABR configuration. Co-occurrence network and Spearman correlation analysis revealed synergistic interactions among functional bacteria driving carbon and nitrogen removal. Additionally, microbial metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that MABR biofilms harbored complete genes for nitrification and denitrification, with their relative abundance upregulated under optimized operating conditions. This study advances biological leachate treatment by demonstrating the feasibility of a two-stage MABR system, expanding its potential applications in wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41942038, year = {2026}, author = {Hyla, K and Sałek, K and Janek, T}, title = {Anti-biofilm and associated anti-virulence activities of sucrose fatty acid esters against human pathogens.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108484}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108484}, pmid = {41942038}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Sucrose fatty acid esters, such as SP50 and SP70, are widely used commercially as emulsifiers. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of these surfactants on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as their anti-adhesive and biofilm-resistant properties. The antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and antibiofilm activities of SP50 and SP70 were evaluated in the concentration range of 0.0156-1 mg/ml. Complete growth inhibition was achieved for E.coli with both compounds at concentration of 1 mg/ml, while for the rest strains was found to be 67.04-16.35% for SP50, while for SP70 was 75.87-17.74% at highest concentration. The results demonstrated that both sucrose fatty acid esters effectively inhibited the expression of virulence genes in Enterococcus faecalis (cstR, efaA, ESP) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ompK35, mrkA, arcB) strains derived from the human gastric system. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of hyphal-specific genes (HWP1, EAP1, EGF1, ECE1, SAP5) in Candida albicans was significantly reduced without causing substantial growth inhibition. Additional assays confirmed that the tested compounds exhibited no cytotoxicity toward normal human dermal fibroblast (NDHF) and human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines. However, they notably inhibited the formation of C. albicans biofilm on these cell surfaces and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties against this microorganism. These findings suggest that SP50 and SP70 may be effective agents for controlling biofilm formation on food and solid surfaces. Moreover, their potential as novel antibiotics warrants further investigation in more complex biological systems.}, }
@article {pmid41943553, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Ge, A and Zhou, H and Hu, C and Yang, X and Song, Z and Xin, C}, title = {Mutation, biofilm formation, and cell wall remodeling contribute to echinocandin resistance of Candidozyma auris.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1080/17460913.2026.2656109}, pmid = {41943553}, issn = {1746-0921}, abstract = {AIM: This study systematically elucidates the mechanisms of echinocandin resistance in Candidozyma auris (C. auris), providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies.<br><br>METHODS: Echinocandin susceptibility of clinical bloodstream C. auris isolates was determined using E-test, and resistance-associated mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing. Biofilm formation under antifungal stress was assessed by crystal violet staining and the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assays. Changes in cell wall components were analyzed using quantitative fluorescence assays, while expression of cell wall biosynthesis-related genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Activation of cell wall integrity (CWI) and calcineurin pathways was examined, and the adjunctive effect of calcineurin inhibitors with anidulafungin (ANI) was assessed using disk diffusion and checkerboard assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Echinocandin resistance in the clinical isolate C. auris 01 was attributed to an S639F mutation in FKS1. ANI treatment-induced cell aggregation and enhanced biofilm formation. It also triggered cell wall remodeling, increasing chitin, mannan, and &#x3b2;-glucan levels, accompanied by upregulation of &#x3b2;-glucan synthase (FKS1, FKS2), chitin synthase (CHS1, CHS3), and mannan synthesis (PMR1, PMT1). Furthermore, ANI activated both CWI and calcineurin pathways, indicating adaptive stress responses. Notably, calcineurin inhibition exhibited an additive effect with ANI.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight a multifaceted resistance framework involving structural, signaling, and potential genetic alterations.}, }
@article {pmid41943623, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, T and Chu, G and Shi, T and Ye, X and Pi, Z and Xiang, P and Zhang, C and Guan, M and Wang, Y}, title = {A Bispecific Nanovehicle Disarms a Biofilm Amyloid Shield for Implant-Related Osteomyelitis Therapy.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.6c03077}, pmid = {41943623}, issn = {1936-086X}, abstract = {As the formation of a biofilm shields the pathogens from antimicrobials, implant-associated osteomyelitis (IAOM) remains a clinical challenge in orthopedic practice. However, existing drug delivery systems for IAOM are often hampered by insufficient targeting and poor retention at the infection site, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. For site-specific delivery and controlled release of antibiofilm agents, here we proposed a bispecific nanovehicle (PPTV@MSa) by coencapsulating thymol (Thy) and vancomycin (Van) within alendronate (ALN)-functionalized polydopamine nanoparticles to combat IAOM. A macrophage membrane (MSa), which is pretreated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), was further used to camouflage the nanoparticles and facilitate targeted accumulation of PPTV@MSa at the infection site. When bacterial toxins disrupt the outer membrane of PPTV@MSa, the inner ALN is exposed and the particles are thus able to anchor to the bone matrix, resulting in increased local drug concentration and enhanced biofilm eradication. Specifically, Thy suppresses the expression of phenol-soluble modulins and disarms the amyloid structures of the biofilm, which eventually destabilizes the biofilm and facilitates Van to effectively eradicate the embedded bacteria. In vivo studies further confirmed the precise targeting and strong antibiofilm efficacy of the proposed nanovehicle. The dual-targeting method proposed in this study is a promising strategy for treating IAOM.}, }
@article {pmid41944370, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, C and Etiennot, L and Zayed, N and Liang, S and Saghi, M and Verdonck, J and Liu, L and Zhang, F and Teughels, W and Huang, C and Van Landuyt, K and Van Meerbeek, B}, title = {Advanced Dental Composite Technology via Bisilanized Dual-Action Nanofillers for Biofilm Control.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e75146}, doi = {10.1002/advs.75146}, pmid = {41944370}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {G0C7320N//Research Foundation-Flanders/ ; 82571141//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82101056//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; PM0218003//Wuhan Yingcai Outstanding Young Talents/ ; 2042022kf1161//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {Achieving durable tooth restorations in the complex oral environment demands resin-based composites (RBCs) with long-lasting antibiofilm properties, superior mechanical performance, and biosafety. This study introduces a duomodal strategy to create functional nanofillers for advanced RBC formulations. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are loaded with the antibacterial agent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and bisilanized using the antibacterial dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DTSACl) along with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. The resulting bisilanized nanofillers, S_CM, are incorporated into RBCs at various weight percentages (0-20 wt%). The 20 wt% S_CM-RBC formulation showcases exceptional antibiofilm capabilities against 14 oral species, including cariogenic, periopathogenic, and commensal bacteria, leveraging a dual antibacterial mechanism: CPC release and anchored DTSACl action. Additionally, S_CM nanofillers can disrupt bacterial fatty acid metabolism and ATP/nucleotide metabolism. Enhanced mechanical performance is achieved through superior filler-matrix coupling enabled by bisilanization. The formulation demonstrates low water sorption (< 40 µg mm [-] [3]) over 3 months and high flexural strength (> 80 MPa). Antibiofilm activity and biosafety are further confirmed in an in vivo rat tooth-restoration model. This dual-antibacterial, bisilanized RBC offers promising clinical opportunities to durably restore teeth by effectively controlling biofilm, preventing caries recurrence, and reducing the risk of periodontal infections. The technology holds great potential for advancing restorative dentistry and promoting oral health.}, }
@article {pmid41944884, year = {2026}, author = {Srivastava, A and Verma, N and Gupta, R and Agarwal, V}, title = {A review of phytochemicals targeting bacterial biofilm and quorum sensing pathways: molecular, microbiological, and mechanistic insights.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {41944884}, issn = {1432-072X}, }
@article {pmid41945068, year = {2026}, author = {Brunello, G and Aslan, A and Busch, C and Antonelli, A and Guadarrama, R and Becker, J and MacKenzie, CR and Becker, K}, title = {Biofilm formation on cpTi, Ti-6Al-4V and PEKK abutment surfaces: An in vitro study.}, journal = {Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2026.04.001}, pmid = {41945068}, issn = {1879-0097}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on abutments are critical factors in peri-implant tissue inflammation. Aim of this in vitro study was to compare biofilm development on three abutment materials: machined commercially pure titanium (cpTi), titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK).<br><br>METHODS: CpTi, Ti-6Al-4V, and PEKK disks were characterized with a color 3D laser scanning microscope (Sa, Sz, Sdr, Ssk). Streptococcus oralis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultivated individually, then combined to establish a multispecies biofilm. Sterile disks were preconditioned with artificial saliva, then incubated in bacterial culture under anaerobic conditions for 5 days. Disk incubated in medium were used as control. Following proteinase K digestion, DNA was extracted from adherent microorganisms, and species quantification was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;9 disks per group with bacteria and n&#x202f;=&#x202f;3 with medium only as control). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Alcian blue staining were used to investigate biofilm morphology. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Wilcoxon post hoc test with Bonferroni correction, where appropriate.<br><br>RESULTS: All disks displayed smooth surface (mean Sa < 0.4&#x202f;&#xb5;m). PEKK disks exhibited significantly higher Sa, Sz, and Sdr values than cpTi and Ti-6Al-4V (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001), while no significant differences were observed for Ssk. qPCR analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in absolute copy number among materials for any bacterial species (p&#x202f;>&#x202f;0.05). None of the four bacterial strains were detected in the controls. SEM and Alcian blue staining results further confirmed biofilm formation in all test groups.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: Within the limitations of the present experimental in vitro model, comparable multispecies biofilm development was observed on all abutment materials.}, }
@article {pmid41945270, year = {2026}, author = {Gun, MA and Yildirim, K and Licina, M and Atas, C and Coban, AY}, title = {Colistin resistance and biofilm formation in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41945270}, issn = {1874-9356}, }
@article {pmid41946002, year = {2026}, author = {Jia, X and Chen, W and Wang, D and Chen, L and He, T and Tan, H and Lan, J and Zhang, N and Li, J and Fan, L and Zheng, J and Yang, Y and Pan, W}, title = {A dual-targeting strategy: Novel 6-substituted 3-Hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one-hydroxamate conjugates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {175}, number = {}, pages = {109837}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.109837}, pmid = {41946002}, issn = {1090-2120}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a formidable Gram-negative threat in clinics, where its extensive antibiotic resistance is largely rooted in a remarkable capacity for biofilm formation. There is a complex interplay between iron metabolism and quorum sensing, which collectively coordinate the formation and development of biofilms. In this work, a series of novel 6-substituted 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one-conjugated hydroxamic acid derivatives were designed as dual-effect biofilm inhibitors with quorum sensing inhibition and iron chelation. Structure-activity relationship analysis identified 6-substituted 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one derivative 5j as the most potent one, with an IC50 of 2.66 ± 0.46 μM against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Mechanistic studies revealed that 5j simultaneously disrupts key QS pathways (las, pqs, and rhl), significantly reducing the production of virulence factors. Concurrently, 5j acts as a potent iron chelator, competitively depriving bacteria of essential iron. Transcriptomics and molecular modeling revealed that this iron starvation, potentially facilitated by interaction with the FpvA receptor, triggers severe metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, in a wound infection mouse model, 5j enhanced the efficacy of the first-line drug tobramycin by 1000-fold compared to tobramycin alone. In conclusion, this study confirms that compound 5j functions as a dual-action inhibitor against bacterial biofilms by targeting the QS system and iron homeostasis. By inhibiting biofilm formation and potentiating antibiotic efficacy, it emerges as a highly promising synergistic agent for the treatment of bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41936763, year = {2026}, author = {Shao, S and Zhang, J and Liu, J and Zhang, Z}, title = {Moving bed biofilm reactor for nitrate removal driven by iron and manganese binary redox cycling: Denitrification performance and microbial responses.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {129564}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129564}, pmid = {41936763}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Traditional biological denitrification process is limited by the lack of organic carbon source as electron donor in a nutrient poor environment. So, Fe(II) and Mn(II) are introduced as alternative inorganic electron donors to solve the problem of low denitrification efficiency caused by insufficient carbon sources. In this study, the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was developed to investigate the effect of denitrification under different Fe/Mn ratios. The result showed that when the Fe/Mn ratios were 5:5, 7:3, 10:0, and 0:10, the NO3[-]-N removal efficiency was above 94% at influent NO3[-]-N concentration of 12 and 24 mg L[-1]. The variation characteristics of Mn(III) and biofilm were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscope. The result suggested that Fe(II) significantly inhibited the oxidation of Mn(II), and Mn(II) participated in the energy metabolism and cells redox at Fe/Mn ratios of 5:5 and 0:10, which directly affected the synthesis and secretion of protein. The fluorescence characteristic and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilm were explored including protein secondary structure. Results showed that Fe-Mn binary redox cycling promoted the production of soluble microbial products and enhanced the nitrogen removal, and the protein concentration in EPS gradually migrated from the outer layer to the inner layer as the MBBR operated. The electron binding energy and oxidation states of the EPS was detected, and the microbial responses on iron-manganese binary redox cycling driven nitrate removal was proposed by high-throughput sequencing. The result showed that the relative contents of C=O were 54.4% and 28.1% when the Fe/Mn ratios were 0:0 and 10:0, the addition of iron and manganese significantly promoted enrichment of Gammaproteobacteria at the class level. In conclusion, effect of Fe(II) on microbial communities was greater than that of Mn(II), and removal of NO3[-]-N had a strong correlation with the Gammaproteobacteria and Planctomyetes. This study provides new insights into efficient biological nitrogen removal by MBBR based on iron-manganese binary redox cycling.}, }
@article {pmid41937884, year = {2026}, author = {Lv, J and Ju, T and Ye, W and Yu, C and Cheng, Q and Xiong, H and Fan, X and Liu, L and Song, Z and Luo, B and Zhang, Y}, title = {Serotype-specific and temperature-dependent biofilm formation in Salmonella: Limited impact of antimicrobial resistance or source.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100360}, pmid = {41937884}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Salmonella is a major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen whose ability to form biofilms enhances antimicrobial tolerance and environmental persistence. This study aimed to investigate how temperature-dependent biofilm formation is influenced by serotype, multidrug resistance (MDR) status, and source of isolation.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 114 Salmonella isolates from food and humans (including clinical cases and asymptomatic carriers) were assessed for biofilm-forming capacity. Biofilms were stained with crystal violet and quantified by measuring the OD570 after incubation at 15&#xa0;&#xb0;C, 25&#xa0;&#xb0;C, and 37&#xa0;&#xb0;C for 3 days. Isolates were categorized into weak, moderate, and strong biofilm formers. Associations with serotype, MDR status, and isolation source were analyzed using ANOVA and multiple regression. PCR screening was performed to examine the distribution of 28 biofilm-related genes.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm formation peaked at 25&#xa0;&#xb0;C across all sources, indicating a strong temperature effect. Distinct serotype-specific patterns of biofilm capacity were observed, while antimicrobial resistance and source showed no significant associations. Statistical analysis identified temperature (F&#xa0;=&#xa0;36.46, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;6.40&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[-15]) and serotype (F&#xa0;=&#xa0;3.31, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;6.91&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10[-8]) as primary determinants of biofilm variability. Among the 28 genes screened, 24 were universally present, whereas the distribution of rcK, fimH, steB, and pefA was serotype-dependent but independent of extent of biofilm formation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm formation in Salmonella was primarily driven by temperature and serotype, while no significant association was observed with antimicrobial resistance or isolation source in this study. These findings provide new insights into the ecological adaptation of Salmonella biofilms and have implications for controlling persistence and transmission under fluctuating environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41937981, year = {2026}, author = {Depypere, M and Sliepen, J and Onsea, J and Debaveye, Y and Moriarty, TF and Della Bella, E and André, E and Van Weyenbergh, J and Metsemakers, WJ}, title = {Combined analysis of host immune response, biofilm genes, and 16S rRNA detection in fracture-related infection: an observational cohort study.}, journal = {Journal of bone and joint infection}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {161-173}, pmid = {41937981}, issn = {2206-3552}, abstract = {Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a serious complication in orthopaedic trauma that can lead to delayed union, nonunion, and poor clinical outcomes. A better understanding of the host immune response may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of FRI and may help identify genomic elements that contribute to the infection. This observational study compared immune responses between patients with FRI and non-infected controls using bone/tissue biopsies and sonication fluid, and it explored the possibility of detecting bacterial and biofilm genes using transcriptome profiling with hybridization technology (nCounter[®] RNA hybridization technology). A total of 15 infected patients demonstrated significant upregulation of the innate immune pathway, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling and the MyD88 cascade, suggesting an active immune response contributing to both infection control and bone resorption. Among the differentially expressed genes, PTGS2 (COX-2) showed the highest level of upregulation in the infection group. Bone biopsies showed enhanced chemokine (e.g. CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL4/L1/L2) signalling, with higher levels compared to tissue biopsies. Transcriptomic analysis identified bacterial transcripts in cases where conventional culture was negative, revealing potential cases of low-bacterial-load infections causing culture-negativity. Transcriptome profiling exposed distinct immune activation patterns in FRI and enabled the detection of pathogens missed by conventional culture. These findings call for larger, prospective studies to further explore the clinical utility of transcriptomics in understanding and managing FRI.}, }
@article {pmid41941019, year = {2026}, author = {Nguyen, ANX and Wiradiputra, MRD and Thirapanmethee, K and Audshasai, T and Ketsawatsomkron, P and Chomnawang, MT}, title = {Asiatic acid disrupts biofilm formation and shows additive effect with antibiotic against Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13568-026-02052-2}, pmid = {41941019}, issn = {2191-0855}, }
@article {pmid41941070, year = {2026}, author = {de Leite, DPSBM and de Pinto, GOA and da Silva, MEUCM and da Silva, VV and Goncalves, LMT and de Albuquerque, MCF and Santos, RS and da Silva, LTR and Valença, YM and Beraldo, KRF and Juliano, MA and de Oliveira, PRF and da Silva, JG and Mota, RA}, title = {Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm in Bacteria from Rehabilitated Sapajus libidinosus.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41941070}, issn = {1612-9210}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in natural environments and wildlife is an escalating threat to global health and biodiversity conservation. Neotropical primates of the genus Sapajus may act as reservoirs and ecological sentinels of resistant bacteria. The absence of systematic microbiological screening in wildlife rehabilitation centers, coupled with empirical antimicrobial use, can facilitate resistance spread in vulnerable ecosystems. This study characterized phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles and biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolated from Sapajus libidinosus undergoing rehabilitation in Northeastern Brazil. Rectal swabs were collected, and bacterial isolates identified by MALDI-TOF MS, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular detection of resistance genes, and biofilm assays. Nineteen isolates were recovered: 63.2% Staphylococcus spp. and 36.8% Mammaliicoccus spp. The predominant species were M. sciuri (36.8%) and S. simiae (31.6%). Rates of resistance to penicillin (63.2%) and tetracycline (57.9%) were the most frequent. The main resistance genes detected included tetM (36.8%), tet(38) (31.6%), blaZ (26.3%), msrA (26.3%), and mecA (5.3%). Perfect agreement existed between mecA presence and cefoxitin resistance (κ = 1.00; p < 0.01), with moderate agreement between msrA and non-susceptibility to erythromycin and clindamycin (j= 0.56; p = 0.0265). Biofilm production was mostly weak (94.7%), with moderate production in one isolate. Multidrug resistance occurred in 21.1% of isolates. This pioneering Brazilian study highlights wildlife rehabilitation centers as critical hotspots for AMR surveillance and contributes to understanding the ecological health and conservation of Neotropical primates.}, }
@article {pmid41941507, year = {2026}, author = {Alghamdi, S and Shntaif, AH and Mohammed, YHI}, title = {Synthesis of substituted biphenyls and in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities supported by in silico ADMET prediction.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {e0346142}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0346142}, pmid = {41941507}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; }, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance represents a critical global health challenge, necessitating the development of innovative antimicrobial agents. This research focuses on the design and evaluation of antimicrobial compounds through chemical synthesis and computational methodologies. Biaryl analogues were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reactions and assessed for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Computational approaches, including molecular docking, crystal structure optimization, and toxicity profiling, were employed to explore potential molecular interactions and preliminary safety profiles. The synthesized biaryl derivatives demonstrated variable antimicrobial activity across the tested microorganisms. Among these, 2-methoxy-4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl (3i) exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. As a preliminary screening, these findings highlight the potential of selected biaryl derivatives as lead candidates for further investigation. Future studies are required to validate activity against resistant strains and to evaluate efficacy in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41941620, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Squyres, GR and Duong, K and Reichhardt, C and Parsek, MR and Newman, DK}, title = {Extracellular matrix chemistry tunes bacterial biofilm metabolism and optimizes fitness.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {15}, pages = {e2528666123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2528666123}, pmid = {41941620}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {2R01AI127850-06A1//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; DRG 2439-21//Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRCRF)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Matrix/metabolism/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism/physiology ; Pyocyanine/metabolism ; Hydrogels/chemistry ; Electron Transport ; }, abstract = {Chemically complex extracellular matrices define cellular microenvironments and shape cell behavior across all domains of life. But how has evolution optimized these materials to ensure the success of multicellular communities? Inspired by the well-established composition-properties-function relationships in engineered materials, we hypothesized that analogous relationships exist in extracellular matrices, where the composition and interactions among various matrix components govern material properties and cellular physiology. Here, we examine Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms-representative of ubiquitous multicellular microbial assemblies in nature and disease. We show that electrostatic interactions between the cationic polysaccharide Pel and extracellular DNA (eDNA) compete with eDNA binding to pyocyanin (PYO), a diffusible redox-active metabolite that supports anaerobic metabolism via extracellular electron transfer (EET). From a materials perspective, biofilm-mimetic hydrogels and natural biofilms revealed that altering Pel's charge via pH adjustment or chemical acetylation, or tuning the Pel:eDNA ratio, directly and predictably modulates PYO retention and EET efficiency. Biologically, a lower Pel:eDNA ratio enhances biofilm metabolism under oxygen limitation, whereas a higher ratio promotes survival under antibiotic stress. Notably, these perturbations (pH, Pel structure, and abundance) can be achieved directly or indirectly through biological activities. Together, these findings highlight how biologically regulated matrix chemistry encodes tunable material properties that, in turn, affect cellular responses that confer biofilm fitness advantages. They further suggest cells might actively fine-tune the surrounding matrix chemistry to maximize survival across diverse environments. More broadly, our work establishes a materials-based framework for a mechanistic understanding of the biological functions of extracellular matrix components in multicellular communities.}, }
@article {pmid41932523, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Qin, J and Li, C and Wang, J and Li, Z and Wu, Y and Yang, C and Chai, W and Tan, B and Liu, B}, title = {Aerogel-based biofilm-membrane bioreactor and its preliminary economic assessment for efficient organic removal from high-salinity coalbed methane produced water.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {451}, number = {}, pages = {134548}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134548}, pmid = {41932523}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Coalbed methane produced water (CBMPW) is characterized by high salinity and a complex mixture of organic contaminants, which severely inhibit microbial activity during treatment and consequently reduce treatment efficiency. To overcome this challenge, three aerogel-based biocarriers-chitosan aerogel (CSA), sodium alginate aerogel (SAA), and chitosan/sodium alginate composite aerogel (CS/SAA) were developed in this study. These aerogels were used as fillers in a biofilm-membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR) system. The results demonstrate that the novel CS/SAA composite aerogel possesses a high specific surface area (89.34 m[2] g[-1]) and a stable three-dimensional mesoporous structure, which markedly enhances microbial attachment and mass transfer efficiency. In the CS/SAA-based BF-MBR system, visible biofilm coverage was observed on the CS/SAA surface within 15 days after sludge inoculation. Following 91 days of continuous operation, the system selectively enriched halotolerant microbial communities dominated by Marinimicrobium and Halomonas, achieving excellent organic matter removal performance, with average removal efficiencies of 75 % for dissolved organic carbon and 85 % for UV254. In addition, the CS/SAA-based BF-MBR effectively mitigated membrane fouling, achieving a flux recovery rate of 88 % while reducing the irreversible fouling ratio to 12 %. Preliminary economic assessment under bench-scale conditions indicated that CS/SAA exhibited the most favorable relative cost-related metrics among the three carriers tested. This study highlights the potential of composite aerogels as high-performance microbial carriers and provides valuable guidance for material selection in future pilot-scale studies for hypersaline wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41934244, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Li, J and Zuo, Y and Ma, Z and Mu, J and Yang, Y and Duan, F and Chen, S and Cai, X and Meng, Q and Qiao, J}, title = {The regulatory role of a novel transcription factor YjjQ in LuxR family in biofilm formation, flagellar biosynthesis and virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnag034}, pmid = {41934244}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major foodborne Gram-negative pathogen, presenting significant health risks to both humans and animals. LuxR family regulatory factors are critically involved in bacterial adaption to environmental changes and virulence regulation. Nevertheless, the biological function of YjjQ, a member of this family, remains uncharacterized in S. Typhimurium. To clarify the regulatory function of YjjQ in S. Typhimurium, λ-Red homologous recombination was employed to construct the yjjQ gene deletion strain (SL1344-ΔyjjQ) and its complementation strain (SL1344-ΔyjjQ/comp). Then, the growth characteristics, biofilm formation, motility, cell adhesion and invasion, intracellular survival and proliferation, as well as virulence, were systematically analyzed, respectively. Furthermore, the expression profiles of those genes associated with biofilm, flagella, and virulence were evaluated, and the interaction between YjjQ and predicted target promoter was experimentally validated. Compared to SL1344 and SL1344-ΔyjjQ/comp, SL1344-ΔyjjQ exhibited notably enhanced biofilm formation, motility, cell invasion, and intracellular proliferation under hyperosmotic conditions, in addition to heightened virulence in mice. RT-qPCR analysis revealed these genes related to flagellar (flhD, fliA), biofilm (csgD, fliC), and SPI-1 (invF) were significantly upregulated. The EMSA confirmed that YjjQ protein directly binds the flhDC promoter region, suppressing transcription of the flhDC operon, thereby negatively regulating flagellar, biofilm and virulence. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the coordinately modulated strategy of biofilm formation, flagellar biosynthesis and virulence in S. Typhimurium.}, }
@article {pmid41934702, year = {2026}, author = {Koók, L and Lóránt, B and Szakács, S and Tardy, G and Gyuris-Bocska, B and Komáromy, P and Nemestóthy, N and Bélafi-Bakó, K and Bakonyi, P}, title = {Exposure of Geobacter-enriched electro-active biofilm to [BMIM][NTf2] ionic liquid inhibits current generation in a bioelectrochemical system.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {171}, number = {}, pages = {109293}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109293}, pmid = {41934702}, issn = {1878-562X}, abstract = {In this work, the effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][NTf2]) ionic liquid (IL) on the behavior of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) was studied in operando. Geobacter-enriched (>60%) biofilms were formed on the anodes (+0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl potential) and their response to adding [BMIM][NTf2] in 0, 0.22, 0.44 and 0.65 mM concentrations to the BES anolytes was evaluated with acetate substrate. The average peak current densities (7.32; 5.52; 4.24; 2.04 A m[-2], respectively) showed decreasing values with increasing IL concentration. By replacing the anolytes after each substrate feeding cycle, the time-dependency of the impact caused by the ionic liquid could be monitored. Performing non-turnover cyclic voltammetry on the anodic biofilms, it could be concluded that the loss of their electrochemical activity was associated with the increasing concentration of [BMIM][NTf2]. Persisting physical interactions taking place between the ionic liquid and the cells/cell membrane proteins (e.g. cytochromes) were considered and elaborated concerning the underlying limitation mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid41934840, year = {2026}, author = {Li, R and Hui, W and Zhou, Z}, title = {Contrasting effects of biofilm on arsenic removal between activated carbon and reverse osmosis point-of-use water filtration systems.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {508}, number = {}, pages = {141924}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141924}, pmid = {41934840}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Arsenic contamination in drinking water remains a major public health concern, particularly for households relying on private wells. Point-of-use (POU) water filtration systems, such as activated carbon (AC) and reverse osmosis (RO), offer cost-effective and decentralized treatment options, yet the influence of biofilm formation on their arsenic removal performance under household-relevant operating conditions remains poorly quantified. This study quantified the effects of early-to-mid biofilm development on arsenic removal in household-grade AC and RO units operated under throughput-accelerated hydraulic loading. In the AC system, biofilm improved arsenic removal efficiency from 3.9% to 12.3%. In the RO system, arsenic removal initially increased from 90.3% to 99.7% and then declined to 96.9%. Higher flow rates were associated with lower arsenic removal, consistent with shortened water-media contact time, and pH was also a significant correlate of removal efficiency. Analysis of the biofilm and flow rate interaction indicated that biofilm moderated the influence of flow differently in the two systems. Biofilm alleviated the decline in removal efficiency at higher flow rates in the AC system, whereas biofilm development coincided with a decline in performance in the RO system. Temperature exerted a weaker influence and produced only minor variations in removal efficiency. By combining parallel AC and RO units, real tap water, and quantitative analysis of biofilm-associated metals and hydrodynamics, this study provides system-specific insights into how early-to-mid biofilm development on POU filters influences arsenic removal during accelerated operation in household-relevant configurations.}, }
@article {pmid41934928, year = {2026}, author = {Trinh, VK and Konno, S and Hong, M and Yook, S and Oh, HS and Oh, C}, title = {Evaluation of quorum sensing-related mRNA in tap effluent as a biomarker for biofilm dispersal in drinking water distribution systems.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {110224}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2026.110224}, pmid = {41934928}, issn = {1873-6750}, abstract = {Biofilm growth and dispersion in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) pose significant risks to water quality and public health. Although monitoring biofilm dispersion in DWDS is essential for mitigating the risk of waterborne diseases, current approaches that analyze effluent properties cannot distinguish between bacteria dispersed from biofilms and planktonic bacteria originating from the source water. Quorum sensing (QS) systems-microbial communication mechanisms that regulate gene expression based on population density-are known to be more active in biofilm-associated bacteria than in planktonic cells. We hypothesize that bacteria dispersed from biofilms in DWDS influence QS-related mRNA levels in tap water effluent. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common DWDS bacterium, as a model organism, we examined the transcription of the lasI gene, a key component of the las QS system responsible for synthesizing QS signaling molecules. Specifically, the transcriptional activity of lasI was found to be especially elevated at the biofilm surface, where dispersion primarily occurs. Additionally, we quantified lasI mRNA in tap effluent under two conditions known to trigger biofilm dispersion: extended stagnation time and transitions to oligotrophic water quality. These experiments support that the QS-related mRNA in the tap effluent serves as a biomarker of biofilm dispersion within DWDS.}, }
@article {pmid41935546, year = {2026}, author = {Braconi, L and Perrin, E and Conti, AC and Marotta, G and Mattolini, L and Bartolucci, G and Manetti, D and Romanelli, MN and Teodori, E and Crocetti, L}, title = {New benzyldiazepane derivatives able to reduce biofilm formation in Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Bioorganic &amp; medicinal chemistry letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {130649}, doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2026.130649}, pmid = {41935546}, issn = {1464-3405}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a serious problem for human health and arises through several mechanisms. Bacteria can further enhance their intrinsic resistance by forming biofilms, defensive barriers that protect bacterial cells from antibiotics and the host immune system. Moreover, sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol (CHL), stimulate biofilm development. A valid strategy to counteract biofilm-associated resistance is the use of biofilm formation inhibitors. For this purpose, a series of benzyldiazepane derivatives was synthesized as new anti-biofilm agents. First, their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and their effect with CHL on bacterial growth inhibition were evaluated. Then, each molecule was studied alone and in combination with sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHL to assess its ability to inhibit biofilm formation in the Escherichia coli K-12 strain. Four compounds showed intrinsic anti-biofilm activity and, interestingly, a combinatorial effect with CHL was observed for almost all derivatives. Overall, the results highlight benzyldiazepane as a promising scaffold for the development of anti-biofilm agents, since the tested compounds were able to decrease biofilm formation. In particular, the nitrobenzyl derivative 2 significantly reduced biofilm formation both alone and in combination with CHL.}, }
@article {pmid41935957, year = {2026}, author = {Takizawa, C and Qin, Q and Haba, D and Abe, M and Sasaki, S and Kawasaki, A and Miyake, T and Miura, S and Kitamura, A and Sanada, H and Nakagami, G}, title = {Clinical Effectiveness of Monofilament Fibre Pads for Bacterial and Biofilm Removal in Pressure Injuries: A Retrospective Cohort Study.}, journal = {Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {e70147}, doi = {10.1111/wrr.70147}, pmid = {41935957}, issn = {1524-475X}, support = {20H04010//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23H00547//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; Retrospective Studies ; *Pressure Ulcer/microbiology/therapy ; Female ; Male ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/therapy ; *Bandages ; Treatment Outcome ; Bacterial Load ; Wound Healing/physiology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Japan ; }, abstract = {Monofilament fibre pads may offer an effective, less invasive method for managing biofilms in pressure injuries, but their clinical effectiveness in reducing bacteria and biofilms has not been fully evaluated. Although biofilm removal is recommended for wound management, less invasive methods applicable to daily care remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of monofilament fibre pads compared to gauze in reducing bacterial counts and biofilm burden in pressure injuries. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a Japanese university hospital. Bacterial counts were measured before and after cleansing using a rapid bacterial quantification system, and biofilm reduction rates were calculated using a wound blotting technique that enables non-invasive and quantitative evaluation of biofilms across the entire wound bed. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate the association between cleansing materials and outcomes, adjusting for baseline bacterial counts or biofilm brightness and the DESIGN-R2020 total score. Thirty-four pressure injuries in 30 patients were analysed, with 27 wound cleansing procedures performed using gauze and 73 using fibre pads. Fibre pad use significantly reduced bacterial counts (β = 0.389, p = 0.011) and biofilm burden (β = 0.642, p = 0.003) compared with gauze. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that these associations were robust, particularly after adjusting for baseline bacterial counts and biofilm brightness. These findings demonstrate that monofilament fibre pads are effective in reducing bacterial counts and biofilm burden in pressure injuries. Their routine use may provide a practical and less invasive adjunct for routine wound cleansing or maintenance biofilm control by facilitating bacterial and biofilm reduction.}, }
@article {pmid41775295, year = {2026}, author = {Xue, Y and Wang, Y and You, C and Zheng, Y and Zhang, Q and Liu, H and Ye, J and Cao, J and Zhou, T}, title = {Repurposing sulfamethoxazole via gold nanocluster modification for antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.}, journal = {International journal of antimicrobial agents}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, pages = {107757}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2026.107757}, pmid = {41775295}, issn = {1872-7913}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The global spread of antimicrobial resistance represents a severe threat to public health, with infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) emerging as a major clinical challenge. The clinical utility of traditional antimicrobial agents, such as sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), has become increasingly restricted by the emergence of bacterial resistance. Recent advances in nanomedicine have opened opportunities for 'old drugs, new uses' strategies to improve the antibacterial performance of existing agents.<br><br>METHODS: We synthesized SMZ-modified gold nanoclusters (SMZ_Au NCs) via a green one-pot method and evaluated their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities, underlying mechanisms, biocompatibility, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy against clinical MDR-GNB isolates using multiple in vitro assays and murine infection models.<br><br>RESULTS: SMZ_Au NCs exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity with substantially reduced minimum inhibitory concentrations compared with SMZ alone, inhibited biofilm formation, and partially disrupted established biofilms. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the antibacterial effects were primarily associated with membrane perturbation and disruption of bacterial homeostasis, accompanied by moderate increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species. Initial in vitro biocompatibility assessments demonstrated that SMZ_Au NCs were well tolerated up to 32 &#xb5;g/mL, and in vivo studies showed no acute toxicity at antibacterial-relevant doses. Moreover, SMZ_Au NCs demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in murine infection models, supporting their in vivo antibacterial potential at a proof-of-concept level.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Nanocluster-based modification may provide a feasible approach to enhance sulphonamide antibacterial performance and support further investigation of SMZ_Au NCs against MDR-GNB infections.}, }
@article {pmid41928012, year = {2026}, author = {Song, J and Wang, J and Hu, S and Gao, J and Liang, Z and Tan, S and Zhao, H}, title = {Atractylodin Enhances the Efficacy of Fluconazole Against Fluconazole-Resistant C. albicans by Promoting ROS Accumulation and Synergizes with Fluconazole Against C. albicans Biofilm.}, journal = {Mycopathologia}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41928012}, issn = {1573-0832}, support = {HBRCYL09//the First Phase Reserve Talent Project of The Second Hospital of Nanjing/ ; ZKX22039//Nanjing Health Science and Technology Development Fund Medical Key Technology Development Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Drug Synergism ; *Fluconazole/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Hyphae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; }, abstract = {The rise of resistant Candida albicans (C. albicans) poses a significant challenge to fluconazole (FCZ) therapy. Restoring FCZ sensitivity offers a therapeutic strategy for resistant isolates. Atractylodin (ATL), a polyacetylene from Atractylodis Rhizoma, possesses antifungal activity. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic efficacy of ATL and FCZ against drug-resistant C. albicans and explore the underlying mechanisms. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for synergy evaluation, scanning electron microscopy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were conducted to investigate the antifungal effect on FCZ-resistant C. albicans 04. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to confirm the differentially expressed genes between ATL + FCZ and FCZ treatment. Meanwhile, the effect of ATL and FCZ combination on the virulence factors was explored through hyphae formation and antibiofilm experiment. Microbial metabolomics was used to identify the mechanism of the synergistic biofilm inhibition. ATL had significant synergistic effect with FCZ against FCZ-resistant C. albicans, and reduced the MICs of FCZ by 32 or 64 times, with FICI < 0.5. The ATL and FCZ combination caused damage to C. albicans cells and significantly increased ROS levels. Transcriptome sequencing also revealed that the gene involved in ROS inculding SOD2 and HSP90 were upregulated, while cell wall-related genes CHS7 and CWH8 were downregulated. Meanwhile, ATL strongly synergized with FCZ against hyphae and biofilm formation of FCZ resistant C. albicans. Metabolomics revealed that key metabolites (e.g., glucose 6-phosphate, isocitric acid, most lipid species, leucylproline, 3'-adenylic acid) were significantly downregulated in the ATL + FCZ combination group versus control and monotherapies. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that the combination of ATL and FCZ may produce a synergistic antifungal effect against FCZ-resistant C. albicans, potentially through the induction of ROS accumulation. The alterations of metabolites mainly involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, amino acids, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism may be responsible for the inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation. ATL exhibited a strong synergist with FCZ against C. albicans, highlighting the potential of ATL as a sensitizer in clinical antifungal therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41928154, year = {2026}, author = {Öztürk, A and Duran, T and Eldeniz, AU}, title = {Enterococcus faecalis biofilm removal efficacy, cytotoxicity and alkaline phosphatase activity on stem cells after the application of conventional medicaments and novel hydrogels used in regenerative endodontics.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-08217-6}, pmid = {41928154}, issn = {1472-6831}, support = {23132018//Sel&#xe7;uk University Research Foundation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41929173, year = {2026}, author = {Solano Morales, AK and Cazano, E and Pirani, C and Jones, G and Goode, A and Walker, AR and Sperduto, A and Dwivedi, B and Bantha, P and Peter, SD and McLellan, LK and Alam, MA and Shields, RC}, title = {Genomic instability and biofilm determinants in Streptococcus mutans : insights from a sequence-defined arrayed transposon library.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.03.25.714184}, pmid = {41929173}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Streptococcus mutans is a primary architect of dental caries, utilizing complex genetic networks to build resilient, acid-producing biofilms. While pooled screens (Tn-seq) have identified important fitness factors, they often fail to capture extracellular or moderate-effect determinants due to community-level masking. Therefore, to study biofilm phenotypes, we constructed a comprehensive arrayed library of 9,216 mutants and used Cartesian Pooling-Coordinate Sequencing (CP-CSeq) to establish a sequence-defined resource covering 51% of non-essential genes. By screening the entire collection in isolation, we identified several novel biofilm determinants, including the putative metal transporter SMU_635 and the glycosylation-associated protein SMU_2160. However, systematic whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of our hits revealed an interesting level of genomic instability: 25% of biofilm-defective mutants had undergone spontaneous recombination at the gtfBC locus, while 7% had lost the Tn Smu1 element, an excision rate 1,000-fold higher than previously reported. While targeted mutagenesis confirmed that Tn Smu1 loss does not impact biofilm integrity, the gtfBC deletions directly accounted for the most severe phenotypes, highlighting a systemic risk of misattributing gene functions to primary transposon insertions. Our findings provide a powerful new genetic resource for the S. mutans community while establishing a critical new standard: an arrayed library is only as defined as its underlying genome, making systematic genomic verification an essential prerequisite for accurate functional genomics.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Streptococcus mutans is a major human pathogen responsible for dental caries, a global public health challenge driven in part by the organism's ability to form resilient, acidogenic biofilms. While traditional pooled genetic screens have identified many fitness factors, they often fail to capture extracellular or moderate-effect determinants because neighboring healthy bacteria can mask these defects. This work provides the scientific community with a sequence-defined arrayed mutant library, an essential resource for dissecting the individual contributions of genes to biofilm integrity in isolation. Beyond identifying well-known machinery, this study uncovers novel determinants, including the putative metal transporter SMU_635 and the putative glycosylation-associated protein SMU_2160. Crucially, the discovery of pervasive genomic instability within the library, specifically at the gtfBC and Tn Smu1 loci, reveals a systemic risk in functional genomics: the potential to misattribute phenotypes to primary mutations when the underlying background has undergone large-scale rearrangements. By establishing systematic whole-genome verification as a necessary standard, this research ensures that the identification of future therapeutic targets is built upon a verified genetic foundation.}, }
@article {pmid41929426, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, X and Ma, P and Liu, X and Liu, S and Liu, X and Wang, R and Gao, H}, title = {Resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms on orthopedic implants and research progress on novel anti-biofilm coatings.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1707232}, pmid = {41929426}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Implant-associated infections (IAIs) have become a major challenge in clinical orthopedics due to the formation of bacterial biofilms and their complex resistance mechanisms. This review systematically summarizes the resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms on the surface of orthopedic implants and critically analyzes the research progress of novel anti-biofilm coatings. Novel antibiofilm coating strategies have shown a diversified development, which are mainly classified into: antimicrobial drug-releasing strategies, surface physicochemical modification strategies, nanotechnology-based antimicrobial strategies, and emerging bioactive strategies. Studies have shown that it is difficult to balance long-lasting antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility with a single strategy, and there is a need to develop multi-mechanism synergistic coatings (e.g., anti-adhesion, contact-killing, immune-modulatory) and to optimize the coating design by combining with artificial intelligence. Despite the potential of nanotechnology and bioactive strategies, their biosafety assessment, scale-up and long-term in vivo efficacy still need to be thoroughly investigated. This review provides an interdisciplinary perspective and theoretical basis for revealing the nature of biofilm resistance and developing efficient strategies for the prevention and treatment of IAIs.}, }
@article {pmid41930892, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, G and Yang, JQ}, title = {Biofilm-induced microplastic transport under subcritical shear stress.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {298}, number = {}, pages = {125818}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125818}, pmid = {41930892}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Microplastics are pervasive in aquatic environments and are frequently colonized by biofilms, yet how these biofilms influence microplastic transport remains unclear. While previous studies suggest that biofilms hinder particulate transport through aggregation and adhesion, our microfluidic experiments show that biofilms can instead promote microplastic transport under subcritical flow conditions. Combining microfluidic experiments with computational fluid dynamics simulations, we reveal that motile Pseudomonas aeruginosa preferentially form biofilms downstream of microplastic beads, where vertical convergent flow velocity exceeds cell swimming speed to concentrate cells, while streamwise flow velocity remains low to prevent cells from being swept away. Once the biofilm coverage reaches a critical threshold, the biofilm-induced lift force overcomes the submerged weight of the bead and initiates transport. This lift-induced mobilization was also observed for other bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida), indicating the generality of the mechanism. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized biological pathway for particle mobilization and establish a quantitative framework for predicting biofilm-modulated particulate transport in aquatic and porous environments.}, }
@article {pmid41931530, year = {2026}, author = {Kaur, N and Merfa, MV and Kahn, AK and Almeida, RPP and De La Fuente, L}, title = {A genomic locus uniquely encoded by blueberry-infecting Xylella fastidiosa strains affects motility and biofilm formation in vitro, and virulence in planta.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {e0346230}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0346230}, pmid = {41931530}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Xylella/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Blueberry Plants/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Virulence/genetics ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Genetic Loci ; Genome, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is an insect-transmitted, xylem-limited bacterial plant pathogen that infects hundreds of plant species. This pathogen causes bacterial leaf scorch in southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum interspecific hybrids) in the southeastern United States, a disease that has not yet been reported elsewhere. Previously, a comparative genomic analysis of Xf and ancestral host species identified evolutionary events of gene gain and loss related to host range specificity. Here, by using a similar workflow, we identified two loci that are significantly found in blueberry-infecting strains. Locus_1088 included a hypothetical protein and a small part of the N-terminus of an orphan RelE toxin, while Locus_2741 was annotated as a hypothetical protein. Using a protocol based on natural competence, mutants were generated in three Xf subsp. multiplex strains from blueberry. Less biofilm, more planktonic growth, and increased twitching motility as compared to its wild-type (WT) were observed for the strain LA-Y3C_1088 mutant. In blueberry virulence assays, the LA-Y3C_1088 mutant caused significantly more severe symptoms than LA-Y3C_WT, whereas no significant differences were observed for other mutated strains. Interestingly the mutation of Locus_1088 additionally disrupted a toxin (part of a toxin-antitoxin system) that is likely responsible for the phenotypic changes observed. However, because the two independent mutants were not generated, we could not determine whether the phenotype resulted from disruption of hypothetical protein or the toxin. Additionally, since the coffee-isolated but never tested in blueberry Xf subsp. fastidiosa strain CFBP8073 was found to encode the two blueberry-associated loci studied here, its virulence was assessed in blueberry. This strain caused severe symptoms comparable to the control strain AlmaEm3 from blueberry. Due to the complexity of understanding host specificity in Xf, any advance in identifying genetic markers for host specificity in this devastating pathogen could greatly improve management of Xf worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid41931732, year = {2026}, author = {Zurawik, A and Pobiega, M and Kasperski, T and Chmielarczyk, A}, title = {Unraveling the complexity of Helicobacter pylori: Virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance.}, journal = {Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {xxx}, doi = {10.26402/jpp.2026.1.04}, pmid = {41931732}, issn = {1899-1505}, mesh = {*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Virulence Factors/metabolism ; *Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori infection remains one of the most common chronic bacterial infections worldwide and represents a major etiological factor in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Despite continuous refinement of eradication regimens based on antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, treatment efficacy has progressively declined, primarily due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and the ability of H. pylori to form biofilm structures. Accumulating evidence indicates that biofilm formation, bacterial virulence, and modulation of host immune responses constitute an interconnected network of mechanisms that collectively promote bacterial persistence and therapeutic failure. This review outlines an integrated pathogenic framework for H. pylori, focusing on the functional interplay between key virulence determinants - including CagA, VacA, neutrophil-activating protein (NAP), high-temperature requirement A (HtrA), IceA, DupA, urease, catalase, and adhesins - and their contribution to biofilm development, epithelial barrier disruption, and sustained gastric inflammation. Biofilm formation is highlighted as a central adaptive strategy that not only limits antibiotic penetration but also induces metabolic dormancy, enhances efflux pump activity, and increases tolerance to oxidative stress and immune-mediated clearance, thereby significantly reducing the effectiveness of standard eradication therapies. In addition, the review incorporates novel insights derived from recent high-throughput omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which have advanced the understanding of H. pylori pathogenicity, adaptive responses, and resistance mechanisms at a systems level. A major emphasis is placed on recent advances in therapeutic strategies that extend beyond conventional antibiotic-based regimens. The review summarizes current pharmacological approaches, including the use of more potent acid-suppressive agents such as vonoprazan, susceptibility-guided and personalized eradication therapies, and emerging anti-biofilm interventions, including antimicrobial peptides, phytochemicals, small-molecule inhibitors, and enzymatic degradation of the extracellular polymeric matrix. In addition, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are discussed as promising tools to improve antibiotic stability, bioavailability, and targeted release within the hostile gastric environment. In conclusion, effective management of H. pylori infection requires a mechanistically informed and multidisciplinary approach that integrates bacterial virulence, biofilm biology, host immune modulation, and regional antimicrobial resistance profiles. The combination of established pharmacological therapies with innovative anti-biofilm and nanomedicine-based strategies represents a promising direction for improving eradication outcomes and limiting the further development of antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41922697, year = {2026}, author = {Manandhar, S and Karn, D and Shrestha, MR and Shakya, J and Singh, A}, title = {Biofilm producing and antibiotic resistant coagulase negative staphylococci in clinical samples isolated from tertiary care hospital of Nepal.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-46831-0}, pmid = {41922697}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FRC 076/077//University Grants Commission- Nepal (University Grants Commission, Nepal)/ ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm-producing coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from clinical samples of a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. A total of 69 non duplicate CNS isolates were collected between August 2022 to February 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was quantified by Tissue culture plate method (TCP) and the presence of icaA and mecA genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among 69 CNS isolates, majority were resistant to penicillin (92.8%) and cefixime (89.9%). Methicillin resistance was observed among 63.8% isolates phenotypically while mecA gene was detected only in 75% isolates. Multidrug resistance was identified in 73.9% isolates and 91.3% demonstrated a MAR index of > 0.2. Majority of CNS (91.3%) were biofilm producers. TCP method revealed 31.9%, 17.4% and 42% CNS as strong, moderate and weak biofilm producers respectively. However, only 18.8% isolates showed the presence of icaA gene. No significant association was found between biofilm production, methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance. The combined phenotypic/molecular approach highlights the clinical relevance of multidrug resistant, biofilm forming CNS in clinical samples, underscoring the need for strengthened infection control and antimicrobial stewardship strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41923298, year = {2026}, author = {de Oliveira Rabelo, H and de Andrade Cunha, L and Pereira, HMD and da Silva Ryal, EPF and Wada, LGTT and Ferreira, EB and Gimenes, F and Tognim, MCB}, title = {Adhesion and Formation of Bacterial Biofilm on Polydioxanone (PDO) Thread Cannulas: An In Vitro Evaluation.}, journal = {Journal of cosmetic dermatology}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {e70829}, doi = {10.1111/jocd.70829}, pmid = {41923298}, issn = {1473-2165}, }
@article {pmid41924422, year = {2026}, author = {Nazarova, V and Kamzayeva, N and Ukybassova, T and Kozhakhmetov, S and Kushugulova, A}, title = {Systems analysis of the HPV-microbiome-biofilm triad.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1767224}, pmid = {41924422}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; Female ; *Papillomavirus Infections/microbiology/virology/immunology ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; *Papillomaviridae/physiology ; Vagina/microbiology/virology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) remains the leading cause of cervical cancer worldwide, however, its pathogenesis cannot be sufficiently explained by viral factors alone. Accumulating evidence highlights the critical role of cervicovaginal microbiome composition and biofilm formation in shaping viral persistence, epithelial barrier disruption and carcinogenic progression.<br><br>METHODS: This systems-based integrative synthesis analyzed peer-reviewed literature published between January 2000 and July 2025, retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar with additional records identified through backward citation screening. The collected data were synthesized to construct a conceptual model of the HPV-microbiome-biofilm triad and to evaluate its clinical and biological implications.<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis indicates that depletion of Lactobacillus-dominated communities and expansion of anaerobic taxa, particularly Gardnerella vaginalis, are associated with biofilm development, chronic inflammation and immune modulation. These interrelated processes form self-reinforcing feedback loops that promote HPV persistence and reduce therapeutic efficacy. Microbiome dysbiosis and biofilm formation were further linked to impaired epithelial integrity, altered cytokine signaling pathways and clinically relevant phenotypes including immune escape, metabolic shifts and treatment non-responsiveness.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This systems perspective challenges reductionist pathogen-centered models and emphasizes the importance of integrating microbiome profiling and biofilm dynamics into cervical cancer risk stratification and therapeutic strategies. The coupled interactions between microbial communities, host immunity and viral persistence underscore the cervicovaginal ecosystem as an active regulator of disease progression rather than a passive bystander. Incorporating ecosystem-based parameters into clinical decision-making may enhance prognostic assessment and improve treatment outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where high HPV prevalence coincides with increased microbiome vulnerability.<br><br>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420251208178.}, }
@article {pmid41924770, year = {2026}, author = {Du, J and Zhang, Q and Wang, Z and Jin, Y and Gao, F and Kong, Y and Bianco, A and Ge, S and Ma, B}, title = {A pH/ROS dual-responsive metal-polyphenol-antibiotic nano-assembly for combating persistent infection by overcoming biofilm and cell membrane barriers.}, journal = {Biomaterials}, volume = {333}, number = {}, pages = {124168}, doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124168}, pmid = {41924770}, issn = {1878-5905}, abstract = {Persistent infections are notoriously difficult to eradicate, mainly due to biofilm formation and intracellular colonization, which barrier pathogens from antimicrobials, reduce efficacy, and drive recurrence. Infection-induced inflammation further disrupts tissue homeostasis and impairs healing. To address these issues, we designed a multifunctional nanoplatform by one-step self-assembly of Zn[2+], tannic acid (TA), and minocycline (MC), yielding biocompatible ZTM nanoparticles (ZTM NPs). Distinct from conventional carriers, this co-assembly strategy enables high drug loading through metal-phenolic coordination, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking interactions, thereby integrating MC directly into the dynamic Zn[2+]-TA network. Notably, the constructed ZTM NPs exhibit dual-responsive properties to the acidic pH and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels commonly present in infectious microenvironments. Functionally, ZTM NPs effectively disrupt the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), penetrate the biofilm barrier, and eliminate embedded bacteria. Furthermore, they are capable of crossing the cell membrane barrier, facilitating efficient cellular uptake. Once internalized, the nanoparticles promote lysosomal escape, allowing the delivery of active components into the cytoplasm and contributing to the effective elimination of intracellular bacteria. Beyond antibacterial action, ZTM NPs modulate immunity by scavenging ROS, suppressing NF-κB signaling, and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization, thereby mitigating inflammation and restoring tissue homeostasis. In vivo, they exhibit potent antibacterial and immunoregulatory efficacy, promoting periodontal regeneration. Overall, ZTM NPs represent a clinically translatable nanoplatform integrating biofilm disruption, intracellular bacterial clearance, and immune modulation.}, }
@article {pmid41925148, year = {2026}, author = {Mu, W and Yao, L and Wang, F and Ma, Y and Kadier, K and Hu, J and Cao, L and Yang, J}, title = {Synergistic Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound-Activated Vancomycin-Loaded Microbubbles for MRSA Biofilm Eradication and Bone Regeneration in Periprosthetic Joint Infection.}, journal = {ACS biomaterials science &amp; engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c02018}, pmid = {41925148}, issn = {2373-9878}, abstract = {Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), sustained by antibiotic-tolerant biofilms, hinders infection control and impairs bone healing. To address this, we developed a dual-action strategy combining low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) with vancomycin-loaded microbubbles (MBs@V) designed to concurrently eliminate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms and enhance bone regeneration. In vitro, LIPUS activation of MBs@V generated cavitation that effectively disrupted mature biofilm architecture, significantly enhancing intrabiofilm vancomycin penetration and bactericidal efficacy. In vivo, using a rat model of PJI with infected titanium implants, the MBs@V + LIPUS therapy demonstrated synergistic effects: it markedly reduced bacterial burden and inflammation while remodeling the immune microenvironment through polarization of macrophages toward the reparative M2 phenotype and enhancing osteogenic activity. This immunomodulation and pro-osteogenic transition fostered a reparative environment, which simultaneously enhanced peri-implant bone mineralization and improved trabecular quality. Collectively, this integrated ultrasound-mediated approach provides a multifunctional platform for effective PJI management by synergistically targeting biofilm elimination and promoting bone regeneration.}, }
@article {pmid41925812, year = {2026}, author = {Jouhar, R and Halim, MS and Quadri, SA and Ahmed, MA}, title = {Evaluation of biofilm disruption on root dentin following conventional and nanoparticle-enhanced photodynamic therapies using scanning electron microscopy and FIJI-based image analysis.}, journal = {Discover nano}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41925812}, issn = {2731-9229}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Enterococcus faecalis biofilm is a major contributor to persistent root canal infections due to its high resistance to conventional irrigants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare different disinfection protocols, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with methylene blue (MB), and MB functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (MB-rGO) nanoparticles with or without sonic activation, in disrupting E. faecalis biofilm on root canal dentin using SEM and quantitative FIJI-based image analysis.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty root dentin specimens were obtained from forty extracted single-rooted human teeth. Following canal preparation and instrumentation, thirty-five teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 21&#xa0;days to develop mature biofilms, while five teeth served as negative controls. Each tooth was longitudinally sectioned to yield two standardized dentin specimens, which were randomly allocated to six experimental groups (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;10 specimens per group) according to the disinfection protocol. Groups 1-2 received 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Groups 3-4 underwent photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methylene blue (MB), and Groups 5-6 received PDT with methylene blue functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (MB-rGO). Sonic activation was applied in Groups 2, 4, and 6. Biofilm removal was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified with FIJI software employing the Trainable Weka Segmentation plugin. A 6-point visual scoring scale was additionally applied. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: The positive control showed extensive biofilm coverage (73.36&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;6.36%). NaOCl-treated groups showed moderate reduction (Group 1: 35.57&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;3.11%; Group 2: 31.67&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.09%). PDT with MB exhibited greater reduction (Group 3: 21.68&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.65%; Group 4: 19.11&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.78%). The MB-rGO groups presented the highest efficacy (Group 5: 17.71&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.66%; Group 6: 10.46&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.92%), with Group 6 significantly outperforming all others (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Semi-quantitative scores reflected similar trends, with Group 6 showing the lowest score (1.20&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.63, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSION: MB-rGO combined with sonic and laser activation demonstrated the highest efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm, indicating a promising approach for enhanced endodontic disinfection.}, }
@article {pmid41925945, year = {2026}, author = {Karthikeyan, J and Kannan, P and Sundaram, S and Rajalakshmi, S and Anbazhagan, S and Savariraj, WR and Sudhakaran, PN and Dhanalakshmi, P and Quintoil, MN and Sivachandiran, R and Bairi, NS and Amachawadi, RG}, title = {Isolation, characterization and genomic insights of the lytic bacteriophage TANUVAS_MVC-VPH-AB targeting Acinetobacter spp. with antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41925945}, issn = {1573-4978}, }
@article {pmid41917117, year = {2026}, author = {Ferro, AC and de Oliveira, JS and Scabelo, L and Araújo, LV and Mota, C and Baker, MB and Jorge, JH}, title = {Effect of surface polishing on roughness, biofilm formation, and biocompatibility of LCD-printed denture base polymer.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-45942-y}, pmid = {41917117}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2021/09555-1//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2021/09624-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41917700, year = {2026}, author = {Rahman, MA and Akter, S and Ashrafudoulla, M and Lee, HR and Lee, G and Ghimire, A and Jung, SJ and Yoon, HJ and Ha, SD}, title = {AI-Driven Farm-To-Fork Biofilm Detection and Control in Aquatic Foods: From Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0.}, journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {e70462}, doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70462}, pmid = {41917700}, issn = {1541-4337}, support = {//Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh/ ; //Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Republic of Korea/ ; //Chung-Ang University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Aquaculture ; Food Microbiology ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Aquatic foods are essential sources of protein and micronutrients and play a critical role in global nutrition, trade, and livelihoods. However, their safety and sustainability are frequently compromised by microbial contamination and biofilm formation during farming, processing, storage, and retail. Biofilms persist on moist surfaces, resist conventional cleaning practices, and contribute to spoilage, cross-contamination, and economic loss. This article reviews emerging applications of artificial intelligence and Industry 4.0 technologies for biofilm prevention and control in aquaculture and seafood systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of continuous water quality sensing, imaging platforms for early detection and cleaning verification, genomic and omics tools for microbial trait-level insight, and digital twin frameworks for virtual simulation of sanitation strategies. Recent advances demonstrate that sensor telemetry can predict biofilm-favorable conditions, imaging can verify removal in real time, and genomic data can identify persistence traits and tolerance mechanisms. When integrated, these approaches enable facility-specific digital twins that anticipate surface-specific risks and recommend optimized interventions before implementation. The convergence of AI, sensor networks, imaging, and omics offers a shift from reactive to proactive biofilm management in aquatic food systems. Positioned within the transition to Industry 5.0, these innovations support earlier detection, targeted interventions, and measurable improvements in food safety, quality, sustainability, and resilience, while aligning production systems with human-centric goals.}, }
@article {pmid41918013, year = {2026}, author = {Jug, B and Šikić Pogačar, M and Berlec, A and Klančnik, A}, title = {Lactococcus cremoris decreases virulence‑associated properties, and modifies the protein profile of foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in biofilm.}, journal = {Gut pathogens}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13099-026-00827-3}, pmid = {41918013}, issn = {1757-4749}, support = {J7-4420//The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J4-4548, J4-3088, and P4-0116//The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Campylobacter jejuni, the most common foodborne pathogen, relies on adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation for successful virulence and persistence in the food-processing environments. In this study, we investigated the effects of the transient bacterium with probiotic properties Lactococcus cremoris on C. jejuni virulence via an adhesion and invasion assay using human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells, culturability via colony-forming units, and proteomic adaptation in co-culture via label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. Caco-2 cell adhesion and invasion assay revealed that L. cremoris decreases C. jejuni adhesion (by 50%) and invasion (by 92%), particularly when inoculated prior to the pathogen. In mature (48 h old) dual-species biofilms, C. jejuni culturability decreased by 88%, while L. cremoris culturability remained unaffected, compared to single-species biofilms. Proteomic analysis of biofilm cells showed metabolic reprogramming in C. jejuni, with increased levels of proteins related to the TCA cycle, stress response, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, chemotaxis, and energy production. The most upregulated proteins included the tungsten transporter TupA, LuxS, Dps, and hydrogenase subunits HydAB, indicating adaptations to nutrient limitation and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the decreased culturability of C. jejuni suggests it is overwhelmed under the competitive conditions of dual-species biofilms. Our findings demonstrate that L. cremoris exerts strong antagonistic effects on C. jejuni, restricting its virulence, and triggering significant metabolic shifts in dual-species biofilms. These results highlight the potential of L. cremoris as a preventative strategy against C. jejuni adhesion, colonisation, and transmission.}, }
@article {pmid41920586, year = {2026}, author = {Anderson, GG and Kovvali, S and Dang, FW and Singh, RM and Vishwakarma, A and Weeks, JW and Pandey, R}, title = {Identifying markers of biofilm formation on medical-grade stainless steel as a representative medical device material.}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {172}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001684}, pmid = {41920586}, issn = {1465-2080}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Stainless Steel ; *Equipment and Supplies/microbiology ; Equipment Contamination ; }, abstract = {Reusable medical devices are reprocessed between uses, including cleaning and, as necessary, disinfection or sterilization. Healthcare-associated infections have been attributed to reusable medical devices and linked to inadequate reprocessing, which can result in residual soil on the device, insufficient disinfection, microbial resistance to used disinfectants and biofilm-related contamination. These factors can lead to microbial proliferation on and biofouling of reusable medical devices, increasing the risk of patient infection. While there are FDA-recognized standards for cleaning validation (including artificial test soils), there is a lack of standards or guidance documents available to advise on determining whether biofilm has been adequately cleaned off reusable devices after reprocessing. Additionally, relatively few studies report reproducible models of biofilm formation on medical devices or device materials; such models are necessary to begin the identification of the microbial biofilm burden present before and after reprocessing. Moreover, appropriate analytes to quantify that biofilm burden, and the endpoints of those analytes after reprocessing, need to be determined. The study described herein utilized a drip flow reactor (DFR) to develop single-species biofilms of two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) bacterial species that are prone to contaminate medical devices as biofilms. Biofilm was extracted at early and late biofilm stages and then tested for several analytes, including protein, ATP, endotoxin, peptidoglycan and total organic carbon. The levels of these analytes were compared to c.f.u. and metabolic activity to qualitatively compare analyte levels with biofilm burden. The results presented demonstrate that the DFR can be used to model biofilm formation of several medically relevant micro-organisms on stainless steel. Furthermore, the analytical data obtained with this study indicate that the analytes used can be a good starting point for informing the selection of endpoints in future studies that evaluate the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection within the context of biofilm reduction.}, }
@article {pmid41921326, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, X and Li, C and Zhao, Y and Li, X and Zhang, Q and Zhang, L and Peng, Y}, title = {A novel approach for achieving high enrichment of anammox and nitrogen removal rate in municipal wastewater treatment: A pure biofilm process.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {298}, number = {}, pages = {125838}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125838}, pmid = {41921326}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Against the backdrop of global carbon neutrality goals and increasingly stringent pollutant discharge standards, the anammox nitrogen removal process has gained significant attention due to its high efficiency, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly characteristics. The current mainstream wastewater treatment technologies still encounter challenges in enriching anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) and managing the disposal of substantial amounts of residual sludge. The pure biofilm process has garnered significant attention as the primary focus for autotrophic nitrogen removal transformation in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), owing to its ability to efficiently enrich AnAOB and produce low amounts of sludge. This study innovatively proposed a novel pure biofilm process and explored the self-enrichment mechanism of AnAOB in this system. Over 200 days of municipal wastewater treatment under a low C/N ratio (average of 3), the effluent ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency (ARE) and total nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) achieved 97.72 ± 1.50 % and 94.27 ± 2.92 %, respectively. Long-term operation and batch experiments revealed that carbon source regulation is crucial for the performance of pure biofilm systems. Furthermore, the pure biofilm system demonstrates greater resilience to organic loading shocks compared to floc sludge and hybrid systems. QPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the successful enrichment of AnAOB (pre-anoxic:8.94 %, post-anoxic:8.61 %), with anammox contributing to an impressive 81.10 % of nitrogen removal. Additionally, fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (FISH-CLAM) technology demonstrated a spatially uniform distribution of AnAOB within the system, in contrast to hybrid systems. Metagenomic sequencing revealed the carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways of functional bacteria in the pure biofilm system, showing that AnAOB's metabolic diversity and ecological niche adaptation within the biofilm structure drove their self-enrichment. Finally, microelectrode measurements of N2O production in the pure biofilm system confirmed its substantial potential for emission reduction. This work offers a practical solution for WWTPs aiming to reduce energy consumption and transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic nitrogen removal processes.}, }
@article {pmid41921408, year = {2026}, author = {Hao, X and Abdali, Z and Arenas Garcia, MA and Saldanha, DJ and Jabra Khabbaz, C and Dorval Courchesne, NM}, title = {Engineered biofilm-based living hydrogel for bioprinting.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {264}, number = {}, pages = {115666}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115666}, pmid = {41921408}, issn = {1873-4367}, abstract = {Incorporating genetically modifiable microbial biomass with polymeric hydrogel matrices offers a simple strategy for both bottom-up and top-down approaches in functional living hydrogel materials design. In this work, we designed a two-part living hydrogel, consisting of a non-living hydrogel matrix and engineered living biofilms. We used polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), gelatin, and agar to make a composite polymeric hydrogel matrix. Then we incorporated genetically engineered functional Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilms containing cells and curli fibers into the hydrogel matrix. We investigated the physical and mechanical properties of the living hydrogel material with various formulations. The results showed that this viscoelastic living hydrogel with shear-thinning properties and storage modulus in the range between a few hundred and thousand Pa was suitable for extrusion-base bioprinting. The living hydrogel can absorb water about 5 times its dry weight and disintegrate quickly by 50% within 8 h of water immersion. We also demonstrated that the incorporated cells maintained their viability and ability to express recombinant curli fusion proteins after printing. The incorporated genetically engineered biofilms also maintained their fluorescence and pH response. This work provides a promising foundation for the development of functional living materials and can serve as a useful reference for environmental sensing applications requiring responsive and biologically active hydrogel systems.}, }
@article {pmid41910196, year = {2026}, author = {Holt, JD and Miller, KA and Hunter, OF and Zhang, E and Hinbest, AJ and Gerace, E and Olson, R and Kadouri, DE and Nadell, CD}, title = {Predator-prey dynamics of Vibrio cholerae on chitin suggest an alternative mode of biofilm formation in marine snow conditions.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag072}, pmid = {41910196}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous marine bacterium that solubilizes and consumes chitin in the marine water column. In both the marine environment and the intestinal track, V. cholerae forms biofilms: how do the diverse surfaces that V. cholerae encounters influence its biofilm formation and, in turn, shape its ecological interactions with other microbes? Here, we use the interaction between the predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and V. cholerae as a model to explore how the environmental chitin substrate alters V. cholerae biofilm formation and predator-prey dynamics. We find that glass-bound biofilm growth provides strong protection for V. cholerae against predation while also allowing a population of predatory B. bacteriovorus to remain in place among prey cells. In contrast, chitin-bound biofilm structure offers less protection against B. bacteriovorus predation and does not maintain as stable a population of B. bacteriovorus. Using percolation and population dynamics models, we predict that these changes in predator-prey dynamics can be explained largely by alterations in V. cholerae biofilm architecture between the two conditions, which changes the fraction of prey available to B. bacteriovorus. Using targeted biofilm matrix gene deletions, we confirm this prediction by recapitulating key features of the chitin predator-prey interactions on glass surfaces. Following on this observation, we show that V. cholerae biofilms grown on chitin produce much less of the canonical biofilm matrix components and instead rely on other extracellular structures. Overall, our experiments detail how growth substrate can alter biofilm matrix composition and how these changes in biofilm architecture impact higher-order ecological interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41914507, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, JH and Ahn, Y and Markowicz, AA and Monroy, GL and Hurd, C and Lee, J and Park, J and Park, EJ and Rogers, SA and Boppart, SA and Kong, H}, title = {Surface versus Nanocatalyst-Induced Matrix Bubbles Govern Temperature-Dependent Biofilm Removal.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.6c00615}, pmid = {41914507}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms protected by viscoelastic extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are highly resistant to chemical disinfectants and rapidly regenerate after treatment. While bubble-mediated mechanical disruption has emerged as an eco-friendly antifouling strategy, bubbles generated by conventional tools act on biofilm surfaces and fail to disrupt three-dimensional biofilms. Here, we demonstrate that generating bubbles within biofilms, referred to as matrix bubbles, and controlling their dynamics with temperature, enables effective matrix disruption and biofilm removal. Using P. aeruginosa biofilms as a model system, we compared H2O2 alone with MnO2 nanocatalyst-doped biosilica microparticles (MnO2-biosilica) across a range of temperatures. H2O2 alone produced catalase-driven O2 bubbles localized on the biofilm surface with minimal temperature dependence, resulting in limited biofilm removal. In contrast, MnO2-biosilica generated temperature-amplified matrix bubbles that formed swarms, penetrated biofilms, disrupted EPS, and suppressed regrowth at elevated temperatures (25 and 40 °C). Kinetic and imaging analyses revealed that this temperature-dependent behavior arises from accelerated MnO2-catalyzed H2O2 decomposition coupled with enhanced bubble expansion and rupture, which deliver strong mechanical perturbation within the biofilm matrix. Importantly, nanocatalyst-induced matrix bubbles effectively removed biofilm from complex surgical instrument geometries and acted synergistically with autoclaving. This study therefore establishes temperature-controlled, nanocatalyst-mediated matrix bubble dynamics as a physical strategy for overcoming biofilm resistance in clinical and industrial settings.}, }
@article {pmid41915000, year = {2026}, author = {Ambachew, S and Ramezanpour, M and Cooksley, CM and Barry, EF and Durr, L and Fenix, KA and Wormald, PJ and Psaltis, AJ and Vreugde, S}, title = {Biofilm Exoproteins From Staphylococcus Species Impede Re-Epithelialization of Nasal Epithelial Cells During Wound Healing and Cease Ciliary Beat Frequency.}, journal = {International forum of allergy &amp; rhinology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/alr.70146}, pmid = {41915000}, issn = {2042-6984}, support = {0006008606//Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/ ; //University of Adelaide Research Scholarship/ ; //Passe and Williams Foundation Senior Fellowship/ ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease with many different contributing factors, including bacterial infection. CRS patients are typically managed with medical therapies; however, these treatments frequently fail, leaving surgery as the only viable option. Despite surgical intervention, patients may experience ongoing clinical manifestations of inflammation and infection, frequently associated with Staphylococcus species colonization. This study explored the influence of Staphylococcus on the wound healing process and ciliary function in vitro.<br><br>METHODS: Exoproteins were extracted from biofilm forms of 15 Staphylococcus isolates obtained from five patients (4 CRS and 1 control patient), each colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were cultured in monolayers for wound healing assays and at an air-liquid interface (ALI) for ciliary beat frequency measurements. Wound closure, cytotoxicity, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release were measured after 30&#xa0;h post-wound creation.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm exoproteins from all three Staphylococcus species hindered the re-epithelialization of HNECs at 5 and 10&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL with S. aureus exoproteins having significantly stronger effects on impairing wound closure compared to S. lugdunensis exoproteins. S. aureus exerted the most pronounced cytotoxic effect compared to the control. Furthermore, all Staphylococcus species reduced ROS release by HNECs while S. epidermidis and S. lugdunensis induced higher IL-6 levels compared to control. In HNEC-ALI cultures, ciliary beat frequency was significantly reduced by all staphylococci 5&#xa0;h after application of exoproteins.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Staphylococcal biofilm exoproteins hindered mucociliary function and re-epithelialization of the nasal epithelium, caused cytotoxicity, elicited inflammation, and concurrently reduced ROS release.}, }
@article {pmid41915005, year = {2026}, author = {McManus, TG and Fort, MW and Barrack, KE and Ray, GS and Sparks, MB and McGuire, KJ and O'Toole, GAO}, title = {Combating orthopedic implant biofilms - SABER (Study on Agitation for Biofilm Eradication and Reduction) evaluates mechanical, sonication, and radiofrequency approaches: a preclinical in vitro study.}, journal = {Acta orthopaedica}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {209-216}, doi = {10.2340/17453674.2026.45569}, pmid = {41915005}, issn = {1745-3682}, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Sonication/methods ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Stainless Steel ; *Prostheses and Implants/microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Titanium ; In Vitro Techniques ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Chromium Alloys ; Humans ; Radio Waves ; Equipment Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Medical devices commonly employed in orthopedic surgery continue to be susceptible to challenging and costly biofilm bacterial infections. We aimed to evaluate the impact of mechanical brushing with sonication and radiofrequency on biofilms grown on 3 metallic alloys commonly utilized in orthopedic implants: titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium.<br><br>METHODS: &#xa0;Biofilms of 4 common bacteria encountered in orthopedic infections were grown on 540 metal chips for 3 metal alloy cohorts. The biofilms were treated with sterile saline irrigation, sonication brushing, or radiofrequency sonication brushing to compare against untreated control. Biofilm burden was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively with scanning electron microscopy imaging and crystal violet (CV) staining optical density or colony-forming unit measurements, respectively. Parametric, nonparametric, and linear regression analyses for quantitative data were performed.<br><br>RESULTS: &#xa0;Qualitatively and quantitatively, all interventions showed a strong reduction in biofilm burden of all microbes on all metals. There was a significant decrease in CV-stained biofilms for brushing interventions compared with irrigation alone and controls. Biofilm burden was significantly reduced in all experiments. The untreated control represented 100% biofilm. Irrigation alone reduced biofilm to 44%, while sonication further decreased biofilm to 25%. The most effective method, sonication with radiofrequency, reduced biofilm to 20%.<br><br>CONCLUSION: &#xa0;Our data shows consistent qualitative and quantitative reduction in biofilm burden with brushing interventions compared with irrigation and control. While further study is warranted, our data suggest that mechanical brushing with sonication and radiofrequency may be beneficial tools in reducing biofilm burden on orthopedic metal implants.}, }
@article {pmid41915017, year = {2026}, author = {Ambachew, S and Ramezanpour, M and Cooksley, CM and Feizi, S and Awad, M and Fenix, KA and Wormald, PJ and Psaltis, AJ and Vreugde, S}, title = {Interspecies Biofilm Dynamics Among Staphylococci: Inflammatory Contributions to Chronic Rhinosinusitis.}, journal = {International forum of allergy &amp; rhinology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/alr.70148}, pmid = {41915017}, issn = {2042-6984}, support = {0006008606//Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/ ; //University of Adelaide Research Scholarship/ ; //Passe and Williams Foundation Senior Fellowship/ ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus species are frequently isolated from the sinonasal niche of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients. While Staphylococcus aureus is often associated with recalcitrant CRS, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus lugdunensis are largely deemed commensal. The purpose of this study was to investigate interspecies interactions and how those might influence inflammation and susceptibility to antibiotics.<br><br>METHODS: Twelve staphylococcal isolates were harvested from six CRS patients, each infected with S. aureus and S. epidermidis, or with S. aureus and S. lugdunensis. Bacteria were cultured to allow biofilm formation in direct and indirect interspecies interactions, followed by measuring their biofilm biomass, antibiotic sensitivity, and toxicity and inflammatory potential when applied to human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs).<br><br>RESULTS: S. epidermidis produced up to 7.4-fold higher biomass than S. aureus in monocultures, with a reduction in S. epidermidis biomass under indirect coculture conditions with S. aureus biofilm (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). In contrast, the biofilm biomass values of both S. lugdunensis and S. aureus were higher under indirect coculture conditions compared to monocultures for 2/3 paired isolates (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). S. epidermidis monocultures and S. aureus/S. epidermidis cocultures were less toxic to HNECs than S. aureus monocultures. S. aureus and S. lugdunensis monocultures and S. aureus/S. lugdunensis cocultures induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toxicity to a similar extent versus controls. An increased tolerance to amoxicillin was observed for 2/3 S. epidermidis biofilm and for 3/3 S. lugdunensis biofilm when in indirect contact with S. aureus biofilm (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overall, staphylococcal interactions were highly strain specific, with S. aureus influencing the biofilm-forming capacity and increasing the tolerance to amoxicillin of both S. epidermidis and S. lugdunensis. S. epidermidis but not S. lugdunensis could mitigate S. aureus induced epithelial cytotoxicity. These findings support the complex nature of interactions among staphylococci with S. aureus and potentially S. lugdunensis having a pathogenic role and S. epidermidis a protective role within polymicrobial biofilms. Our findings have implications for the inflammatory potential and response to therapy of mixed biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41915686, year = {2026}, author = {Winans, JB and Nadell, CD}, title = {Biofilm spatial structure and superinfection immunity modulate inter-phage competition.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {e3003737}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003737}, pmid = {41915686}, issn = {1545-7885}, abstract = {Obligately lytic (virulent) phages always lyse host cells to release progeny viruses, while temperate phages can either lyse their hosts or integrate into host genomes as prophages, forming lysogens. There is a rich history of work studying the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two phage life history strategies, but little of this work has addressed the spatial constraints common to biofilm environments. We developed a live imaging system to track lytic infections, lysogenic infections, and uninfected cells at single-cell resolution within three-dimensional Escherichia coli biofilms. We find that biofilm structure substantially impacts the ecological success of different phage infection strategies. Temperate phages have the unique capacity to release phages from lysogens that have undergone lytic induction from within the interior of mature biofilms. When this occurs in biofilm contexts that do not limit phage diffusion, lytic infections expand rapidly, but lysogenic infections are favored as phage mobility declines in densely packed biofilm architectures. In matrix-replete biofilms that do limit phage mobility, lytic phage infection is more limited, favoring lysogenic growth. Direct competition assays between lysogenized host bacteria and obligately lytic phages-with or without the ability to superinfect lysogens-revealed that spatial structure and superinfection potential together greatly impact phage competition outcomes during co-invasion into pre-existing, phage-susceptible biofilm populations. Highly packed, phage diffusion-impeding biofilms disproportionately favored temperate phages in the lysogenic cycle over obligate lytic phages, highlighting how biofilm architecture can constrain lytic phage infection and promote vertical phage genome transmission strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41916862, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, CM and Yin, IX and Niu, JY and Yu, OY and Hung, CC}, title = {Synthetic antimicrobial polymers in dentistry: Cationic and zwitterionic strategies for biofilm resistant.}, journal = {Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2026.03.159}, pmid = {41916862}, issn = {1879-0097}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Synthetic antimicrobial polymers (SAPs) are durable, biocompatible, and tunable solutions for biofilm-mediated oral infections in dental care. This review aims to explore the types, mechanisms, and clinical applications of SAPs, emphasizing their dual role in both preventive and therapeutic strategies.<br><br>SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Relevant English-language publications were reviewed, with search terms for each subject category entered into Medline, Web of Science and Scopus.<br><br>DATA: The search identified 2752 publications, with 994 duplicate records removed, and 222 publications were included in this review. SAPs are broadly categorized as cationic or zwitterionic. Cationic polymers, such as polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds and polybiguanides, exert antimicrobial effects by electrostatically disrupting negatively charged microbial membranes, leading to pathogen lysis. In contrast, zwitterionic polymers such as poly(methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) and poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) resist biofilm formation by forming a hydration layer that repels microbial adhesion and protein deposition. These polymers demonstrate transformative potential in dentistry. Incorporating cationic polymers into restorative materials imparts long-lasting, contact-active antimicrobial properties, effectively preventing secondary caries. Coating removable dentures with zwitterionic polymers modifies the prosthesis surface to inhibit biofilm formation, thereby reducing the risk of stomatitis. By combining bactericidal action with biofilm resistance, SAPs are promising to enhance the efficacy of dental treatments and improve clinical outcomes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Synthetic cationic and zwitterionic polymers represent a promising frontier in oral healthcare, offering versatile integration into dental materials to address biofilm-related diseases. Their tailored design and multifunctionality position them as critical tools for advancing preventive care and ensuring treatment longevity.}, }
@article {pmid41905896, year = {2026}, author = {Tsilingaridis, G and Tewari, N and Seremidi, K and Papaioannou, W and López, R}, title = {Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis in Children and Adolescents Without Known Systemic Involvement: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of clinical periodontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jcpe.70122}, pmid = {41905896}, issn = {1600-051X}, abstract = {AIM: To synthesize evidence on gingival diseases and conditions in children and adolescents (< 18 years) without known systemic disorder involvement, focusing on their distribution, aetiology, diagnosis, management and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was carried out following PRISMA guidelines, including PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE and LILACS, up to January 2025. Clinical trials and observational studies addressing gingival diseases or conditions in healthy individuals under 18&#x2009;years were included.<br><br>RESULTS: The search identified 33,180 studies. Title and abstract screening narrowed these to 2264, of which 433 were full-text-reviewed. Ultimately, 269 studies, all restricted to biofilm-induced gingivitis, were included. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in diagnostic criteria and study quality. Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis was common (52%) and associated with poorer OHRQoL. Key determinants for gingival inflammation included socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behaviours, pubertal changes and malocclusion. Based on current evidence, effective management of gingivitis in children should combine supervised toothbrushing with a fluoridated toothpaste and school- or caregiver-based oral health education. Adjunctive use of chlorhexidine may provide additional benefit in certain clinical situations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis is frequent among children and adolescents and influenced by numerous determinants. Prevention and treatment should emphasise accessible, behaviour-focused and education-based strategies for biofilm control.}, }
@article {pmid41906647, year = {2026}, author = {Erdoğmuş, SF and Isitez, N and Ertuş, EB and Sarikurkcu, C}, title = {Onosma armenum Extract Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Prevention of Biofilm-Associated Infections.}, journal = {ChemistryOpen}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {e202500554}, doi = {10.1002/open.202500554}, pmid = {41906647}, issn = {2191-1363}, support = {33972//T&#xdc;SEB/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Porosity ; }, abstract = {In this study, bioactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) loaded with Onosma armenum extract were developed to evaluate their antibiofilm activity against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The phytochemical content of the extract was analyzed via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. MSNPs were synthesized using modified MCM-41 method and characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption tests, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibiofilm activity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. The most abundant compounds were hesperidin (14201 µg/g extract), chlorogenic acid (4390 µg/g extract), and rosmarinic acid (830 µg/g extract). Biofilm inhibition rates were determined as 31.97 ± 0.68% (extract), 72.78 ± 0.79% (MSNPs), and 76.49 ± 0.39% (extract-loaded nanoparticles) at 2× MIC concentration, while biofilm eradication rates were 23.66 ± 0.44%, 36.33 ± 0.40%), and 42.27 ± 0.44%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed the morphological effects of nanoparticles on biofilm structures. The nanoparticles exhibited effective loading and controlled release of plant extract. The extract-loaded MSNPs demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity and controlled release in acidic environments, indicating potential for targeted therapeutic applications. The synergy between phytochemicals and nanocarriers supports their use as promising agents against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41907712, year = {2024}, author = {Kushwaha, M and Nukala, V and Singh, AK and Makharia, GK and Mohan, A and Kumar, A and Dalal, N}, title = {Emerging implications of bacterial biofilm in cancer biology: Recent updates and major perspectives.}, journal = {Gut microbes reports}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {2339270}, pmid = {41907712}, issn = {2993-3935}, abstract = {Recent insights have unveiled exciting opportunities to explore the intricate interplay among bacterial biofilms, tumor cells, and the immune system, thus offering new perspectives in cancer biology. The implications of bacterial biofilms in this context are remarkably multifaceted. Biofilms can promote tumor growth and invasiveness by inducing chronic inflammation, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and modulating the immune response, which promotes cancer development. Recent findings have demonstrated the involvement of distinct bacteria, like Salmonella typhi in gall bladder cancer, Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer, and Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral cancer. These investigations indicate higher prevalence of these bacteria in individuals with cancer as compared to those who are healthy. Additionally, these bacteria create biofilms and display resistance to cancer treatments.In this review, we highlighted the recent advancements pertaining to influences of bacterial biofilm in cancer progression and potential molecular mechanisms by which bacterial biofilms contribute to cancer development.}, }
@article {pmid41909638, year = {2026}, author = {Visvalingam, J and Muzaleva, A and Sailer, M and Logsetty, S and Huizinga, RB}, title = {Efficacy of a novel thermo-reversible wound gel against antibiotic tolerant biofilm.}, journal = {Frontiers in antibiotics}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {1773630}, pmid = {41909638}, issn = {2813-2467}, abstract = {Chronic wounds are frequently colonized by biofilm-forming bacteria, and one of the defining characteristics of these infections is the resulting tolerance to antibiotics. A novel thermo-reversible antimicrobial wound gel (revyve[®] Antimicrobial Wound Gel, TRG), formulated to target biofilms, was evaluated for its ability to inactivate antibiotic-tolerant biofilms using both a colony biofilm model and a porcine skin explant biofilm model. Mature biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were grown on nitrocellulose membranes or porcine skin explants for 72 hours at 37 °C. Before any treatment, viable numbers of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were ≥ 9.7 log CFU in the colony biofilm model, and 8.3 and 6.6 log CFU, respectively, in the porcine skin explant model. Biofilms were then washed and treated with defined concentrations of antibiotics for 24 hours to select for antibiotic-tolerant cells, followed by up to 7 days of TRG treatment. Antibiotic treatment caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in viable numbers of both organisms in both models, resulting in survival of ≥ 5 log CFU of tolerant biofilm cells. Subsequent treatment with TRG reduced viable numbers of S. aureus to below detection limits, causing a 7.9 log CFU reduction at 24 hours in the colony biofilm model and a 5.5 log CFU reduction at 72 hours in the porcine skin explant model. In the colony biofilm model, viable numbers of P. aeruginosa were reduced to below the detection limit, corresponding to a 6.1 log CFU reduction at 24 hours, while in the porcine skin explant model, TRG caused a 3.5 log CFU reduction at 72 hours, with no further changes observed up to 7 days. These results indicate that TRG was effective at inactivating antibiotic-tolerant biofilms and may serve as a valuable tool in combating biofilms in chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41909643, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, Y and Hu, X and Li, R and Tan, Z and Yu, H and Lin, Z and Zhang, T and Habimana, O}, title = {Probiotic yeast engineers a protective biofilm environment to enhance bioremediation and seahorse health in aquaculture.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100357}, pmid = {41909643}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Sustainable animal farming via intensive aquaculture relies on a balanced microbial ecosystem that promotes animal well-being. This research explored the use of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii to influence tank biofilm microbiomes for improving the health of lined seahorses, Hippocampus erectus. Following a severe mortality event at week 6 that affected both groups, the control group demonstrated partial recovery to 71.4% survival, whereas the probiotic group achieved a higher survival, with a final rate of 88.9% after a disease challenge. This recovery led to a notable reduction in enteritis occurrences with a significant increase in average body weight and a 3.9-fold increase in activity compared to control conditions. Shotgun metagenomic analysis indicated that the enhancements were significantly supported by a marked reorganization of the tank's biofilm community. Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced microbial diversity and selected for a beneficial consortium enriched in taxa with recognized roles in nutrient cycling, including Rhodobacterales (involved in sulfur cycling and pathogen antagonism) and Pirellulaceae (key in polysaccharide breakdown). This engineered biofilm has greater genetic potential for energy generation, glucose degradation, and inorganic ion transfer. Crucially, virulence factor genes and pathogen-associated sequences were substantially suppressed in probiotic-treated biofilms. Our research shows that S. boulardii acts as a crucial modulator, creating a protective biofilm that boosts bioremediation while decreasing pathogenic threats. This ecological approach to the application of probiotics (targeting the environmental rather than host-associated microbiome) may offer a sustainable means to promote health and resilience within aquaculture systems.}, }
@article {pmid41909848, year = {2026}, author = {Duda-Madej, A and Tabor, W and Viscardi, S and Oleksy-Wawrzyniak, M and Kozłowska, J and Gagat, P and Grabowiecka, A}, title = {Gut-derived biofilm-forming bacteria as a source of catheter-associated infections: inhibitory effects of O-alkyl naringenin derivatives.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1768480}, pmid = {41909848}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Flavanones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The capacity for biofilm formation is a fundamental defense mechanism among antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic strains. In addition, its persistence may result in chronic colonization of host systems, and uncontrolled growth may lead to dangerous flow blockages, particularly in catheter-associated urinary tract infections. This warrants the search for novel anti-biofilm compounds to combat these pathogens. Naringenin is an example of such a structure, widely known for its multifunctional activity, targeting the synthesis of exopolysaccharide, the expression of biofilm-relevant genes, or efflux pump activity. In this study, we present a series of O-alkyl derivatives of naringenin and its oximes, that exhibited antimicrobial and biofilm-reducing activity against clinical strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which are often the cause of urinary tract infections. Most of the derivatives were highly active against the planktonic form of bacteria, the most potent of them being 7-O-methylnaringenin oxime, diminishing the growth of E. coli and S. aureus by 43.2% and 74.6%, respectively. The initial screening of the antibiofilm capabilities of the derivatives was performed in static conditions in a gravimetric method utilizing quartz tuning forks. While most of them were significantly less active than against the planktonic form, the oximes of 7-O-methylnaringenin and 7-O-isopropylnaringenin were found to impair the growth of biofilm in case of both strains. Therefore, the observed reduction in biofilm mass under static conditions may reflect not only antimicrobial activity but also biofilm-specific mechanisms, as indicated by the use of flow conditions with catheters simulating urine flux. These studies confirmed the activity of 7-O-methylnaringenin oxime, which reduced E. coli CCM 5712 population.}, }
@article {pmid41909852, year = {2026}, author = {Yoon, SG and Lee, SW and Lee, HI and Cho, HD and Yoon, JH}, title = {Biofilm formation, cell hydrophobicity, cytotoxic potential, genetic diversity, resistance to antimicrobials, and toxigenic profile properties among Bacillus cereus groups isolated from kitchen sponges in the Republic of Korea.}, journal = {Food science and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {1339-1353}, pmid = {41909852}, issn = {2092-6456}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: This study aimed to characterize Bacillus cereus isolates recovered from the kitchen sponges used in domestic environments, the Republic of Korea, with a particular focus on analyzing antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), cytotoxic potential, genetic diversity, and toxigenic profile properties. B. cereus isolates displayed moderate or weak biofilm-forming capabilities, and CSH levels greatly differed among the isolates. Several isolates displayed strong cytotoxic effects despite lacking key toxin-encoding genes. All 26 B. cereus isolates were clustered into eight distinct groups and survived at ClO2, NaClO, ethanol, acetic acid, and lactic acid, while being highly sensitive to H2O2. Additionally, 7 (26.9%) and 11 (42.3%) B. cereus isolates possessed enterotoxin genes and the cereulide-encoding gene ces, respectively. Our findings highlight kitchen sponges as potential reservoirs of disinfectant/sanitizer-tolerant and toxigenic B. cereus strains, underscoring a cross contamination risk in domestic environments, emphasizing the need for optimized hygiene management strategies.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-026-02095-y.}, }
@article {pmid41910104, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, N and Fang, Q and Wang, Y and Wang, Q}, title = {Microbial mechanisms of rapid startup in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating high-ammonia slaughterhouse wastewater.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {804-816}, pmid = {41910104}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Abattoirs ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Ammonia/metabolism ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; Nitrification ; }, abstract = {Traditional processes for treating high-ammonia slaughterhouse wastewater face challenges of long start-up periods and poor shock load resistance. This study established a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) to achieve rapid start-up and elucidate the underlying microbial mechanisms. Through integrated analysis of reactor performance, microbial community succession, and functional gene dynamics, the system achieved stable removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) (>90%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) within 20 days, marking a rapid functional start-up. After 50 days, the system demonstrated excellent resistance to influent fluctuations. Full biofilm maturation and microbial specialization were accomplished within 80 days, yielding high mean removal efficiencies of 93.04% for NH3-N, 79.38% for COD, and 58.47% for total nitrogen. Microbial analysis revealed a distinct ecological succession from initial Proteobacteria dominance to mature-phase specialization, characterized by significant enrichment of Thermomonas (11.06%) and Flavobacterium (10.16%) capable of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification. Functional gene annotation showed marked upregulation of energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis pathways in the mature biofilm, enabling efficient degradation of complex organics and robust biofilm structure. These findings demonstrate that SBBR achieves rapid start-up through directed microbial succession and metabolic specialization, providing important insights for the optimization of high-ammonia wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid41901895, year = {2026}, author = {Hartono, A and Palupi, KS and Putranto, RA and Santini, A and Nurkolis, F}, title = {Kombucha SCOBY as a Fermentation-Derived Biofilm Matrix: Species-Resolved Microbial Communities and Multidimensional In Vitro Bioactivities.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {41901895}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {Kombucha fermentation is driven by a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), a cellulose-rich biofilm that hosts a complex microbial consortium. While most kombucha studies focus on the liquid beverage, the SCOBY pellicle itself remains underexplored, particularly with respect to species-level microbial resolution and its intrinsic biological activities. In this study, a commercial kombucha SCOBY was characterized using full-length 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing based on Oxford Nanopore Technology, enabling species-level taxonomic resolution. In parallel, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of dried SCOBY biomass were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays), antidiabetic-related enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4, DPP4), and anti-aging-related enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase and elastase). The SCOBY bacterial community was strongly dominated by acetic acid bacteria, with Komagataeibacter saccharivorans and Acetobacter tropicalis accounting for more than 60% of total reads, reflecting a biofilm structure optimized for cellulose production and oxidative metabolism. The yeast community showed marked unevenness, with Brettanomyces bruxellensis representing over 80% of reads, consistent with its known role in ethanol production and stress tolerance within kombucha systems. In vitro assays revealed that hydroalcoholic SCOBY extracts consistently exhibited higher biological activity than aqueous extracts across all tested assays. However, both extracts showed substantially lower potency than purified reference compounds, indicating moderate but measurable bioactivity typical of complex fermented matrices. These findings support the potential valorization of SCOBY as a fermentation-derived biomaterial and functional ingredient while underscoring the need for further chemical characterization, mechanistic studies, and biological validation beyond enzyme-based assays.}, }
@article {pmid41902729, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Y and Gao, Q and Meng, H and Zhang, C and Rui, X and Chen, X and Zhang, Q}, title = {Enhancement of LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing promotes biofilm formation and cryotolerance in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.}, journal = {Journal of the science of food and agriculture}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jsfa.70613}, pmid = {41902729}, issn = {1097-0010}, support = {32272350//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32060547//Science and Technology Research Program in Key Areas of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Industrial processing of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) frequently exposes cells to acute low-temperature stress during frozen handling, cold-chain transport, and pre-lyophilization stabilization. These short-term freezing events disrupt membrane integrity and reduce the viability of LAB, including Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, compromising product quality and functional performance. This study evaluated whether activating the endogenous quorum sensing pathway could enhance biofilm development and improve tolerance to acute freezing stress (-20 °C, 2 days) in L. plantarum JB1.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared with the wild type, the activity of the signaling molecule AI-2 in the dual-plasmid strain increased by 2.31- to 3.40-fold from 4 to 24 h, peaking at 8 h, while the expression level of the luxS gene increased by 50.83-fold. Biofilm formation reached its peak at 24&#x2009;h, maximum biofilm formation increased by 2.47-fold relative to the wild type, and the expression level of the luxS gene increased by 27.64-fold compared with the wild type. Hydrophobicity increased 1.88-fold, from 38.6% (wild type) to 72.4%. After freezing, the viable cell counts of the dual-plasmid strain increased by 15.02-fold compared to the wild type. Live/dead fluorescence staining further confirmed enhanced cryotolerance, with the quorum sensing (QS)-activated strain exhibiting a higher live cell proportion and reduced membrane-damaged cells relative to the wild type across all sampling points, with the live/dead ratio increasing 1.95- to 10.67-fold.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Activation of the LuxS/AI-2 QS pathway increased AI-2 activity, surface hydrophobicity, and biofilm biomass in L. plantarum JB1. These enhancements translated into improved tolerance to acute freezing, with higher viable counts and superior membrane integrity. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41902943, year = {2026}, author = {Omilowo, H and Stanley, M and Timlick, L and Peters, L and Findlay, D and Higgins, S and Hanson, M and Palace, V}, title = {Remediation of Simulated Heavy Crude Oil Spills in a Boreal Lake Using Enhanced Monitored Natural Recovery (eMNR): Impacts on Phytoplankton and Biofilm Communities.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41902943}, issn = {1432-0800}, support = {GAPP R13-6336//Genome Canada/ ; IT29908//Mitacs/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Phytoplankton/drug effects ; Lakes/chemistry ; *Petroleum Pollution/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; *Petroleum/analysis ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {A lake littoral enclosure study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a minimally invasive secondary remediation method (enhanced Monitored Natural Recovery eMNR) on phytoplankton and biofilm communities following a model heavy crude oil spill. Enclosures (n = 3; ~ 27,000 L) received 1.5 kg of weathered conventional heavy crude and underwent primary remediation by freshwater shoreline flushing and oil recovery using oleophilic sorbent pads, followed by nutrient addition to stimulate microbial degradation (eMNR). Reference enclosures (n = 3) received shoreline flushing only. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a and biofilm ash-free dry mass were monitored over 400 days, while biofilm community composition was sampled at the end of the study. No statistically significant differences were detected between eMNR and reference enclosures for any measured endpoint. Under the single nutrient-addition regime tested and the specific oligotrophic conditions of this boreal lake, eMNR did not measurably affect primary producer biomass or community structure. However, alternative formulations, nutrient doses, or environmental conditions may yield different outcomes, and caution is warranted when generalizing these results to other systems.}, }
@article {pmid41903100, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, M and Su, X and Ma, T and Liu, L and Xu, J and Liu, X and Bai, Y and Li, S and Guo, Y}, title = {The mechanism of LuxS/AI-2 QS system regulating the biofilm formation of Lactobacillus plantarum SDJ09.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41903100}, issn = {1867-1314}, support = {32160558//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019GXNSFDA245008//Key Projects in Guangxi/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41904466, year = {2026}, author = {Lan, X and Wang, H and Ma, K and Bai, Y and Zang, Q and Huang, Y and Jin, W and Wang, M and Su, Z and Zhang, M and Aishan, G and Xie, J and Tong, P}, title = {Convergence of multidrug resistance, virulence, and biofilm formation in Salmonella isolates from humans, animals, and food in Xinjiang, China.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12917-026-05437-4}, pmid = {41904466}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {2024NC034//Technology Action Project for Rural Revitalization Industry Development in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41895928, year = {2026}, author = {Movsesijan, T and Alcañiz, AJ and Roch, FF and Chaughtai, MS and Dzieciol, M and Stessl, B and Thalguter, S and Strachan, CR and Raindl, M and Wagner, M and Selberherr, E and Quijada, NM}, title = {Biofilm capacity of the psychrophilic bacteria triggers their persistence in the equipment and their spread to beef products throughout processing.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {118808}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118808}, pmid = {41895928}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Red Meat/microbiology ; *Food Handling/instrumentation ; *Food Microbiology ; *Psychrobacter/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Equipment Contamination ; Pseudomonas/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Abattoirs ; *Food Contamination/analysis ; *Meat Products/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Microbial contamination in food processing remains a persistent and complex challenge. Understanding the sources, contributing factors, and control measures is essential for effective mitigation. In this study we employed a combination of metagenomic sequencing, targeted culturomics, and whole-genome sequencing of key isolates to gain a comprehensive view of bacterial dynamics and functional capabilities throughout a working shift in a beef slaughter and cutting facility. This allowed us to identify which bacteria are i) most prevalent in the clean facility before the start of the work, ii) able to establish themselves over time, and iii) detectable in the final product. We further generated a functional profile of the microbial community within the facility, with a particular focus on antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation genes, and the presence of specific pathogens and spoilage organisms. Both culture-based and sequencing data showed that Psychrobacter and Pseudomonas strains present in the final product were also detected on the membrane skinner, a machine used to remove all the excess tissues from meat, and in the drains even after cleaning. We found a high number of genes involved in biofilm formation in Psychrobacter immobilis, a characteristic that may explain their biofilm capacity and the survival of this species during the cleaning process and persistence throughout the facility. Taken together, our findings suggest potential sources of contamination and highlight the advantages of integrating culture-dependent methods with high-throughput sequencing technologies to enhance microbial monitoring and control strategies in food production environments.}, }
@article {pmid41896501, year = {2026}, author = {Rybkin, I and Zakharova, O and Gusev, A and Lapanje, A}, title = {Functional synergistic effects of graphene nanoribbons and surfactant stabilizers on inhibition of growth of biofilm-forming and biofilm non-forming bacteria.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41896501}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) synthesized via a bottom-up approach. Due to their tendency to aggregate in aqueous solutions, various surfactants were used as stabilizers. We examined the effects of GNRs in combination with commonly used surfactants-including the cationic CTAB, anionic TWEEN, and non-ionic TRITON-to evaluate their impact on GNR toxicity. A range of GNR-surfactant concentrations was tested against biofilm-forming (Escherichia coli MG1655 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSM 20044) and non-biofilm-forming (E. coli TOP10 and S. epidermidis BH1) bacterial strains under short-term (acute) and long-term (continuous) exposure conditions. CTAB alone exhibited antibacterial effects, but a synergistic interaction between CTAB and GNRs was observed during continuous exposure, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. The capability to form biofilms did not significantly contribute to bacterial resistance, except in E. coli MG1655, which survived at the highest concentrations of GNR-CTAB during short-term exposure. In contrast to GNR-CTAB, GNR-TWEEN, and GNR-TRITON suspensions showed no inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and, in some cases, even promoted bacterial growth. Microscopic analysis revealed bacterial cell aggregation exclusively in GNR-CTAB suspensions. These findings highlight the critical role of surfactant selection in modulating GNR toxicity and provide insights into optimizing GNRs as antibacterial agents or minimizing their environmental impact.}, }
@article {pmid41896865, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, W and Zhou, Y and Li, Z and Wang, Z and Zhu, F and Zou, Y and Li, N and He, C and Lu, N and Wang, X and Zhu, Y}, title = {Self-actuated probiotic-nanozyme hybrid system with mucus penetration, biofilm eradication and microbiota regulation for Helicobacter pylori infection.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12951-026-04316-2}, pmid = {41896865}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82400780//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32560229//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82170580//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20242BAB20432//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province/ ; 20242BAB26117//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province/ ; GZB20230283//Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF/ ; 2024SSY07061//Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Drugs in Jiangxi Province/ ; PYJX20230001//Interdiscipline Innovation Foundation of Nanchang University/ ; 2025ZD0545302//Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project of China/ ; 2024SSY06101//Key Laboratory Project of Digestive Diseases in Jiangxi Province/ ; 20223BCG74011//Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology/ ; }, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has emerged as a serious risk factor for global human health. Current antibiotic-based clinical eradication therapies still have many challenges, including inadequate drug permeability across the gastric mucus barrier, H. pylori biofilm-induced antibiotic resistance and recurrent infections, as well as gut dysbacteriosis. Herein, we report a probiotic-nanozyme hybrid system (LP@FeTA/CuPt), which is formed by coupling polyphenol-coated Lactobacillus plantarum (LP@FeTA) and CuPt nanozymes. LP@FeTA effectively penetrates the gastric mucus barrier via autokinetic movement, and facilitates the targeted delivery of CuPt nanozymes within H. pylori biofilms by "eating" extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). CuPt nanozymes respond to the acidic and H2O2-rich biofilm microenvironment to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release Cu ions, thereby achieving multi-target eradication of biofilms by interfering with H. pylori flagellar self-assembly, urease activity, outer membrane function and energy metabolism. Importantly, LP@FeTA/CuPt can be degraded by transferrin at the infection site, allowing the released CuPt nanozymes to reactivate the antibacterial immune functions of macrophage, thus eliminating biofilm-escaped bacterioplankton to prevent recurrent infections. Notably, LP@FeTA/CuPt also modulates gut microbiota homeostasis. This study provides a promising non-antibiotic therapeutic strategy for H. pylori infection.}, }
@article {pmid41897764, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, H and Liu, Q and Jiang, H and Cao, J and Kou, J and Liu, J and Zhao, J and Wang, J}, title = {Global Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Roles of MicX in Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing in Vibrio alginolyticus.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods15061042}, pmid = {41897764}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {32070129//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22JHQ065//Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry &amp; Biology/ ; }, abstract = {Vibrio alginolyticus is a foodborne pathogen commonly found in seafood and freshwater products, causing human illness through the consumption of tainted seafood. Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) take effect on the stability and translation of their target mRNAs by base-pairing, thereby quickly altering bacterial physiology and pathogenicity at the post-transcriptional level. This work constructed a label-free in-frame deletion mutant and a complement strain of micX, a cell-density-associated sRNA in V. alginolyticus. The ΔmicX mutant exhibited reduced growth and a reduction in the synthesis of exopolysaccharides, biofilm, and alkaline serine protease. A TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis comparing ΔmicX with the wild-type strain identified 900 differentially expressed proteins, comprising 376 that were upregulated and 524 that were downregulated. The upregulated proteins are primarily associated with porin activity, transmembrane signaling receptor function, and the two-component system. The downregulated proteins are mainly engaged in processes including biofilm formation, cellular communication, and transmembrane transport activity. Of note, the expression levels of proteins involved in the type VI secretion system, exopolysaccharide synthesis, mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin type IV pili (MSHA), and biofilm formation were significantly reduced in the absence of micX. Furthermore, the expression levels of proteins associated with quorum sensing (particularly LuxR and AphA) changed significantly in the ΔmicX vs. WT comparison. These findings strengthened comprehension of the novel sRNA regulatory network and established a theoretical foundation for additional investigations into the virulence of V. alginolyticus.}, }
@article {pmid41898406, year = {2026}, author = {He, Y and Dykes, G and Koppenhöfer, H and Capobianco, J and Chen, CY}, title = {Comparative Genomics Reveals Unique Genetic Determinants of Biofilm Formation in Campylobacter.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27062543}, pmid = {41898406}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {8072-42000-093&amp;094//U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Program 108, Current Research Information System/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; *Genomics/methods ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Campylobacter jejuni/genetics/physiology ; *Campylobacter/genetics/physiology ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; *Campylobacter coli/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Bacterial Adhesion/genetics ; }, abstract = {A biofilm is a complex microbial community that protects bacterial cells from various stressors, including harsh environmental conditions, antimicrobial treatments, and host immune responses. This protective capability enhances Campylobacter survival during food processing and storage and facilitates transmission to humans. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying Campylobacter biofilm formation and its impact on pathogen persistence remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the biofilm-forming ability of 18 C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from retail meat and performed whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis to identify strain-specific genes contributing to biofilm formation and maintenance. Phenotypic analysis revealed that C. jejuni strains YH001 and YH027 exhibited the strongest biofilm-forming capacity, producing the highest biomass among all isolates. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close genetic relationship between these two strains, while pangenome analysis identified 19 unique genes/proteins specific to these strains. Functional annotation indicated their critical roles in adhesion, extracellular matrix production, and stress response. These findings demonstrate strain-specific biofilm formation in Campylobacter and highlight genetic determinants that may serve as targets for novel therapeutic approaches and intervention strategies to disrupt biofilms, improve food safety, and reduce persistent infections.}, }
@article {pmid41899417, year = {2026}, author = {Zeng, D and Zhang, Y and Guo, J and Yu, J and Dou, S and Yang, Y and Yu, X and Zhou, Y and Xue, J and Wang, Z and Yang, W}, title = {n-Butanol Extract of Polygonum capitatum Targets Biofilm Formation, Motility, and Adhesion Attenuation to Combat Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cimb48030265}, pmid = {41899417}, issn = {1467-3045}, support = {82460811//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82160773//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; QKHF-ZK(2023)G426//Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province/ ; [QKHF-ZK(2023)G420//Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province/ ; Qiankehe Support [2023] No.487//Guizhou Province Science and Technology Support Project/ ; Gui Ke He Xue Shu Xin Miao [2023]-10//Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; 2024YJSKYJJ372//Postgraduate Education Innovation Program Project of Guizhou Province/ ; gzwkj2023-229//Science and Technology Foundation Program of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission/ ; 82460727//National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) that form biofilms exhibit high-level antibiotic resistance, which poses substantial challenges to current therapeutic strategies for urinary tract infection (UTI). There is an urgent need for strategies specifically targeting UPEC biofilms. This study investigated the effects of the n-butanol extract of Polygonum capitatum (BPC) on UPEC strains, focusing on its antibacterial activity, biofilm formation, bacterial motility, adhesion capacity, and cell membrane integrity. The disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays demonstrated that BPC exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both reference and clinically isolated UPEC strains. Time-kill curve assays further confirmed that BPC inhibits bacterial growth in a time-dependent manner. BPC inhibited UPEC biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, significantly reducing biofilm formation in both reference and clinical UPEC strains. Furthermore, BPC disrupted cell membrane integrity in UPEC strain CFT073, resulting in the leakage of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), β-galactosidase, and intracellular proteins. BPC treatment also significantly reduced bacterial surface hydrophobicity, impaired swimming and swarming motility, and diminished adhesion and invasion capabilities. A total of 32 active compounds, predominantly flavonoids, were identified in BPC by UHPLC-Q-orbitrap MS/MS. Molecular docking studies revealed that several compounds in BPC, such as quercetin-3,4'-O-di-beta-glucoside, exhibited strong binding affinity to AKP and β-galactosidase, further supporting its potential to disrupt membrane integrity and inhibit biofilm formation. Thus, BPC exerts anti-UPEC effects through biofilm disruption and multi-targeted anti-virulence mechanisms, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic or adjunctive agent for UTI, particularly against recalcitrant biofilm-associated infections. The mode of action of BPC provides a scientific basis for developing new anti-infective strategies as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid41899487, year = {2026}, author = {Zawiła, T and Swolana, D and Zawiła, M and Rzepka, Z and Wojtyczka, RD}, title = {Anti-Biofilm Activity of Combinations of Cinnamic Acid and Its Derivatives with Cloxacillin Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cimb48030336}, pmid = {41899487}, issn = {1467-3045}, support = {BNW-2-075/K/3/I//Medical University of Silesia/ ; BNW-1-084/N/4/I//Medical University of Silesia/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) poses a significant clinical challenge, particularly in the context of biofilm-associated infections, with increasing antibiotic resistance further complicating infection eradication. In the present study, the effects of cinnamic acid and its derivatives (ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid), alone and in combination with the β-lactam antibiotic cloxacillin, on biofilm formation by a single methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) clinical strain were explored. The expression of the biofilm-associated icaADBC operon genes and the icaR repressor gene was assessed using Real-Time PCR as an exploratory analysis under sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of the tested compounds. Furthermore, confocal microscopy was used to qualitatively assess selected structural changes in the biofilm. Their occurrence was demonstrated depending on the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) levels used. The results revealed variable and nonlinear patterns of gene expression in response to the tested concentrations. Additionally, compound-dependent differences in anti-biofilm-related responses were observed. Overall, the findings provide insight into the potential influence of cinnamic acid derivatives combined with cloxacillin on biofilm-associated processes in S. epidermidis.}, }
@article {pmid41900121, year = {2026}, author = {Sohail, N and Martienssen, M}, title = {Mechanistic Insights into Quorum Quenching-Mediated Control of EPS and Biofilm Formation in Submerged MBR.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules31061022}, pmid = {41900121}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Membranes, Artificial ; Polyvinyls/chemistry ; Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Sewage/microbiology ; Polymers/chemistry ; Sulfones/chemistry ; Polytetrafluoroethylene/chemistry ; Fluorocarbon Polymers ; }, abstract = {Quorum quenching (QQ) is a promising biological approach that has the potential to control membrane biofouling. However, the implementation of the QQ membrane bioreactor still requires a more systematic and comprehensive understanding, including the selection of membrane materials, the determination of the optimal QQ bacterial dosage, and the use of appropriate media for the immobilization of QQ bacteria, all of which are important to ensure long-term operation. The present study investigated the impact of QQ bacteria on biofilm formation across different polymeric membranes. These include flat sheet membranes, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polysulfones (PSs), and hollow-fibre polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. It also evaluated biofilm development, membrane filtration performance, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, and sludge floc properties, which were characterized using fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that QQ intervention markedly suppressed quorum sensing (QS), leading to a pronounced, dose-dependent reduction in biofilm thickness, membrane fouling, EPS production and sludge floc size. Biofilm thickness was reduced by 63.5% on PTFE and 55.4% on PS membranes, accompanied by a notable reduction in EPS protein and polysaccharides, thereby weakening the biofilm formation and enhancing membrane filterability. Therefore, the permeability performance of the PVDF membrane improved by 338.2%. Furthermore, sludge settleability was enhanced, and floc size was reduced, resulting in the mitigation of biofilm formation without impacting pollutant degradation. These findings elucidate the material-dependent and dose-responsive mechanism by which QQ regulates EPS synthesis and biofilm formation in MBR.}, }
@article {pmid41900298, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, W and Ma, X and Jin, R and Wang, Y and Ren, L and Zhang, S and Shan, L and Cai, K and Li, Y}, title = {Electrochemically Generated ROS Water for Rapid Disinfection and Biofilm Control in Real Waters.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030538}, pmid = {41900298}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {The intensifying global challenges of water scarcity and widespread microbial contamination underscore the urgent need for the development of efficient, chemical-free disinfection technologies. Here, we developed a compact boron-doped diamond (BDD)-based electrochemical water treatment system that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ and evaluated its antimicrobial performance using ROS-on/off controls. Bactericidal efficacy was assessed against representative Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogen with biofilm-forming and stress-resistant properties. Under ROS-on operation, viable counts were reduced from ~10[6] CFU/mL to near the detection limit, corresponding to 5-6 log10 reductions across all tested species, whereas ROS-off treatment showed negligible effects. The system retained strong disinfection activity in complex real water matrices, including hand-washing water, laboratory wastewater, and pond wastewater. ROS-treated water also disrupted pre-formed mono-species biofilms in a time-dependent manner, as assessed by crystal violet staining and semi-quantitative biomass analysis. A preliminary mouse exposure assessment did not reveal obvious histopathological abnormalities or hematological changes under the tested conditions. These results demonstrate that BDD-enabled electrochemical ROS water provides a rapid, reagent-free approach for bacterial inactivation and biofilm control, with potential applicability across diverse water-related settings, while acknowledging that further studies on complex natural microbial communities are warranted.}, }
@article {pmid41900317, year = {2026}, author = {Liao, S and Yang, S and Gong, G and Liu, Z and Zhang, J and Li, H and Sun, Q and Mo, H and Hu, L and Tian, L}, title = {Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Yersinia enterocolitica Biofilm Formation by Lipoic Acid.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030558}, pmid = {41900317}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2022YFD1600700//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2024NC-YBXM-141//Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province/ ; 2024NC-YBXM-160//Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province/ ; L2024-CXNL-KJRCTD-DWJS-0023//Construction of Qin Chuangyuan's "Scientists+Engineers" Project/ ; 2024QCY-KXJ-070//Construction of Qin Chuangyuan's "Scientists+Engineers" Project/ ; }, abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen that forms biofilms on surfaces, enhancing its survivability and increasing bacterial resistance, which poses a significant challenge to public health. Therefore, developing effective strategies to inhibit biofilm formation is crucial. Lipoic acid (LA) is a compound with antibiofilm properties. This study investigates the effects of LA on biofilm formation by Y. enterocolitica BNCC 108930 (a standard strain from the BeNa Culture Collection). Biofilm formation, maturation, removal, and cell viability were evaluated by crystal violet staining, extracellular polysaccharide assay, Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assays, motility, and quorum sensing (QS) assays. The results indicate that LA interferes with the early stages of biofilm formation by compromising cell membrane integrity and reducing cellular adhesion. Furthermore, 2.5 mg/mL of LA reduced biofilm biomass (with a 48 h treatment inhibition rate of 51.46 ± 1.29%) and extracellular polysaccharide production (with a relative inhibition rate of 30.09 ± 1.8%), while significantly reducing the metabolic activity of bacteria within the biofilm (inhibition rate over 85%) compared to the untreated group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy confirm that LA induces a sparse biofilm structure, reduced aggregation, and decreased biofilm thickness to 21.33 ± 2.27 μm. Motility and QS assays demonstrate that LA affects flagellar motility and the secretion of N-acyl homoserine lactones. Transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of genes involved in the QS system and biofilm formation (e.g., lsrA, lsrC, lsrD, lsrR, and oppA), as well as upregulation of genes related to bacterial chemotaxis and flagellar assembly (e.g., RS19655, RS15590, fliE, fliJ, fliP, fliA, and fliK). These alterations suggest that LA inhibits Y. enterocolitica biofilm formation by affecting intercellular communication and flagellar motility. This study highlights the antibiofilm properties of LA, providing a theoretical basis for potential applications in microbial and biofilm control.}, }
@article {pmid41900334, year = {2026}, author = {Jia, D and Zhang, J and Zhang, X and Gao, P and Zhan, H and Dong, Z and Li, H and Meng, F and Cai, N and Zhang, D}, title = {Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Biofilm Activity of C-28 Modified Betulinic Acid Derivatives Targeting SarA in Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030574}, pmid = {41900334}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2025-BS-0858//the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province/ ; 2024-MS-226//the Project of the Science and Technology Department of Liaoning Province/ ; }, abstract = {To address the urgent challenge of antimicrobial resistance, a series of twenty novel C-28 modified betulinic acid derivatives was designed and synthesized. Several derivatives, particularly 3b, 3d, 3e, and 3o, displayed notable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). The most active compound, 3d, was subjected to further mechanistic evaluation: it produced concentration-dependent inhibition zones in Oxford cup assays, exhibited bactericidal kinetics in time-kill studies, and significantly suppressed biofilm formation. Molecular docking suggested that the anti-biofilm activity of 3d may be mediated through binding to the staphylococcal accessory regulator A (SarA), a key transcriptional regulator of biofilm formation. The molecular dynamics study provided additional confirmation of the effective binding between 3d and SarA. These results highlight compound 3d as a promising lead for the development of novel anti-biofilm agents targeting drug-resistant Gram-positive infections.}, }
@article {pmid41900340, year = {2026}, author = {Iungin, O and Potters, G and Kalinichenko, O and Prekrasna-Kviatkovska, Y and Moshynets, O and Kazakov-Kravchenko, O and Sidorenko, M and Okhmat, O and Mickevičius, S}, title = {Temperature-Dependent Biofilm Development in Antarctic Endophytic Microbial Communities.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030580}, pmid = {41900340}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {0124U003829//National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine/ ; 0125U003135//National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine/ ; 984834//NATO SPS/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is reshaping Antarctic ecosystems, where the resilience of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis is mediated by endophytic microbial communities assembled under strong abiotic drivers. This study explores the temperature-dependent biofilm development in two Antarctic endophytic microbial communities (ALS and LS). Multivariate analysis revealed a fundamental trade-off between planktonic expansion and biofilm matrix investment as a function of thermal cues. While moderate warming (15-25 °C) optimized cell viability and turbidity, extreme thermal stress at 37-42 °C in nutrient-rich conditions triggered a significant shift toward a matrix-rich signature, characterized by a synergistic increase in total DNA and cellulose. Crucially, at the thermal extreme of 42 °C, we observed a decoupling of optical density from culturable biomass, where high turbidity did not translate into viable cells, signaling a state of severe environmental stress. These results identify 25 °C as the quantitative threshold for optimal growth, while temperatures of 37-42 °C act as a specific trigger for protective matrix production. Such thermal plasticity suggests that Antarctic endophytes are evolutionarily primed for persistence not only in cold native niches but also during bird-mediated dispersal at endothermic host temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid41900460, year = {2026}, author = {Karnjana, K and Thala, S and Wongprasert, K}, title = {Ethanolic Gracilaria fisheri Extract and Purified N-Benzylcinnamamide Inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Device-Relevant Surfaces.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030700}, pmid = {41900460}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {RGNS 65-182//Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI)/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading opportunistic pathogen in medical device-associated infections due to its ability to adhere to abiotic materials and develop biofilms that are difficult to eradicate. This study investigated the antibiofilm potential of an ethanolic extract of the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri and its purified constituent, N-benzylcinnamamide, against S. epidermidis. Antibacterial activity was determined, and antibiofilm effects were assessed using the crystal violet assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Early bacterial adhesion on glass and polyurethane (PU) surfaces was measured. The effect on catheter-associated biofilms was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Transcripts of biofilm- and quorum-sensing-associated genes (icaA and luxS) were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. At 200 µg/mL, biofilm biomass decreased to 48.21 ± 5.52% with the extract and to 36.65 ± 6.82% with N-benzylcinnamamide. CLSM time-course imaging showed delayed biofilm maturation and less consolidated, discontinuous structures. Surface exposure to the extract markedly reduced early attachment on both materials. On PU catheter segments, SEM demonstrated that N-benzylcinnamamide markedly reduced surface coverage and disrupted three-dimensional biofilm architecture. At the molecular level, transcription of icaA and luxS was reduced. Both the extract and N-benzylcinnamamide showed minimal cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. These findings support further evaluation of these marine-derived agents as candidates for antibiofilm surface treatments to reduce early medical device colonization.}, }
@article {pmid41901079, year = {2026}, author = {Cirio, S and Mantegazza, G and Salerno, C and Guglielmetti, S and Allam, A and Campus, G and Cagetti, MG}, title = {Assessing the Impact of Heyndrickxia coagulans Administered Through Sugar-Free Chewing Gum on Dental Biofilm: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nu18060904}, pmid = {41901079}, issn = {2072-6643}, mesh = {Humans ; *Chewing Gum ; Double-Blind Method ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology ; *Probiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Background:Heyndrickxia coagulans has emerged as a candidate for oral health applications, and chewing gum offers a promising delivery method. This study evaluates whether H. coagulans delivered via sugar-free chewing gum can induce detectable changes in plaque microbial ecology. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 52 healthy adults. Participants consumed probiotic or control gum for 4 weeks. Dental plaque was collected at baseline (T0), mid-intervention (T1), end of intervention (T2), and one week post-intervention (T3). qPCR quantified H. coagulans, while 16S rRNA gene profiling assessed microbial diversity and taxonomic composition. Statistical analyses included rank-based difference-in-differences models, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests, and differential abundance inference based on negative binomial modeling. Results: Forty-four subjects completed the study. In the Intervention group, the strain was detected in 71.4% of participants at T1 and 61.9% at T2, and it persisted in 9.5% at T3. Differential abundance analysis revealed a broad depletion of taxa linked to oral dysbiosis at T2 with partial persistence at T3, along with selective enrichment of beneficial strains. Conclusions:H. coagulans delivered via chewing gum can reach the dental biofilm and induce modest, transient shifts in microbial composition. However, these biofilm ecology findings should be interpreted in the context of clinical outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41901766, year = {2026}, author = {Brands, B and van Leuven, N and Bockmühl, D}, title = {We Are Family: Comparative Study of Candida Species and Candidozyma auris in Laundry (EN 17658) and Surface (Biofilm) Disinfection.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens15030313}, pmid = {41901766}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Candida auris/drug effects/physiology ; *Candida/drug effects/physiology ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Candida parapsilosis/drug effects/physiology ; *Saccharomycetales/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {The rising prevalence of Candidozyma auris and Candida parapsilosis, characterized by high surface persistence and biofilm-forming capabilities, challenges the efficacy of standard laundry and surface disinfection protocols. This study evaluated the effectiveness of laundry processes according to EN 17658 at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C and two surface disinfectants (bead assay for biofilms) against two Candida albicans strains, C. parapsilosis, and C. auris. Results indicated that C. auris is more resilient than other strains, surviving laundry treatment with activated oxygen bleach at 40 °C; maximum efficacy required a colour powder detergent supplemented with a bleach-releasing additive at 40 °C. While alcohol- and aldehyde-based surface disinfectants were effective per EN 13697 criteria, their efficacy against biofilms-tested on glass, stainless steel, polypropylene, and PTFE-was highly dependent on both the strain and the surface material. These findings demonstrate the reduced susceptibility of C. auris to standard laundry disinfection and highlight that biofilm eradication is a complex process influenced by strain-specific attributes and surface characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid41886449, year = {2026}, author = {Telford, MS and Mikesh, M and Parker, JK and Beckman, RL and Newberry, RW and Fleeman, RM and Davies, BW}, title = {Antibacterial microcins self-assemble to promote biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {117156}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117156}, pmid = {41886449}, issn = {2211-1247}, support = {R01 AI182365/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R56 AI179799/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii forms a resilient biofilm, enhancing bacterial survival in hostile environments. Although biofilm structure is primarily built from polysaccharides and nucleic acids, specific proteins are often essential for its development and integrity. Here, we identify microcins as a driver of biofilm formation in A. baumannii. Microcins are small (<10 kDa), secreted, antimicrobial proteins that typically mediate bacterial competition, yet their function beyond the antibacterial is unclear. We demonstrate that A. baumannii microcins use conserved sequence motifs to self-assemble into amyloid fibers, promoting biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy reveals microcin fibers extending from A. baumannii, suggesting a structural role as a biofilm scaffold. We also identify proteins required for microcin's antibacterial function that are dispensable for biofilm formation, further distinguishing these two activities. Our findings show that microcins directly promote biofilm development and broaden understanding of the diverse functions of these understudied proteins.}, }
@article {pmid41888586, year = {2026}, author = {Rilstone, V and Filion, Y and Champagne, P}, title = {Fate of the resistance profile of drinking water biofilm exposed to a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin.}, journal = {npj antimicrobials and resistance}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41888586}, issn = {2731-8745}, support = {RE010-095//Ontario Research Fund/ ; RGPIN-2019-04084//Natural Science and Engineering Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Early research has found that biofilms adhered to treatment filtration beds and the inside of drinking water pipes help promote antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in drinking water systems. This study investigates the impact of a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin (10 µg L[-1]) on AMR and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in multi-species biofilms formed on polyvinyl chloride pipe using a novel bench-scale water distribution reactor. The biofilm was grown from drinking water and contained a highly diverse composition consisting of, but not limited to, Dechloromonas, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Acidovorax, and Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium. It was found that when the biofilm was exposed to ciprofloxacin, the total cell counts significantly increased, suggesting a potential AMR response. IntI1 and sul1 showed a significant inverse correlation with several genera as well as with increased diversity. Asinibacterium, found at a lower abundance in the biofilms, had a significant positive correlation with intI1, indicating its potential role in ARG promotion and the enhanced risk of a less diverse biofilm. This study highlights the need for targeted control strategies against AMR development in the context of drinking water distribution systems, emphasizing the role of biofilm community composition and residual antibiotic exposure.}, }
@article {pmid41888665, year = {2026}, author = {Li, B and Zou, L and Liu, X}, title = {Retrieving of diguanylate cyclases responsible for biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05003-w}, pmid = {41888665}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {32370105 and 32570139//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41889124, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Chen, C and Booth, JL and Lanza, M and Sun, D and Allcock, HR and Siedlecki, CA and Xu, LC}, title = {Anti-Biofilm Properties of Polyurethane Biomaterials Tethered With Small Molecules via Polyethylene Glycol Linker.}, journal = {Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, pages = {e70069}, doi = {10.1002/jbm.a.70069}, pmid = {41889124}, issn = {1552-4965}, support = {R01AI185093/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; //Penn State College of Medicine's Comprehensive Health Studies Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Polyurethanes/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemistry/pharmacology ; Rats ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; *Pyrazoles/pharmacology/chemistry ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated microbial infection is one of the main complications for long-term use of biomaterials in implantable medical devices. Bacterial intracellular nucleotide second messenger signaling is widely recognized to be involved in biofilm formation and assists bacteria in monitoring and responding appropriately to changing environments. Interference with the nucleotide signaling mechanisms by small molecules to interrupt biofilm formation provides a novel way to control microbial infection on biomaterial surfaces. This study reports an approach to tether small molecule derivatives of 4-arylazo-3,5-diamino-1 H-pyrazole (termed as SP02 and SP03) on polyurethane biomaterial surfaces using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. Compared to our previous approach to tether small molecules on surfaces using a short hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) linker, the new modification resulted in surfaces enriched with a higher density of small molecules, SP02 and SP03. Studies of S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on surfaces demonstrated that PEG-linked surfaces were more resistant to biofilm formation than the HMDI-linked surfaces. The analysis of intracellular nucleotides in biofilm cells showed that the PEG-linked surfaces significantly reduced c-di-AMP levels in S. epidermidis cells and c-di-GMP levels in P. aeruginosa cells. In vivo experiments with a 7-day subcutaneous rat model suggest that the new small molecule tethered surfaces by the extended PEG linkers show increased resistance to microbial infection and are biocompatible to tissues. Overall, the results suggest that the PEG long linker can be used to tether small molecules on polyurethane biomaterial surfaces and retain the activity of small molecules, providing a new approach to combat microbial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41889641, year = {2026}, author = {Rehman, AU and Abbott, K and Karet Frankl, FE and Zarkan, A and Williams, TL}, title = {Human urinary extracellular vesicle preparations inhibit in vitro biofilm formation against several uropathogens.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1782549}, pmid = {41889641}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank as one of the most frequent bacterial infections globally, with multiple bacterial species such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa being significant causative agents that can develop biofilms associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and recurrence. Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) are nanosized particles secreted by cells lining the urinary tract which carry nucleic acid and protein cargo, including antibacterial proteins, and high concentrations of UEVs exert antibacterial activity against UPEC in vitro. This study investigated the antibiofilm potential of UEVs against biofilm-forming uropathogens.<br><br>METHODS: UEV preparations from healthy human volunteers were added to bacteria, and biofilm formation was assessed using safranin-based biofilm quantification.<br><br>RESULTS: UEV preparations from the majority of volunteers significantly inhibited biofilm formation of multiple uropathogens, including UPEC (66.2% [34.8%-85.6%] inhibition vs. control), P. aeruginosa (37.2% [5.8%-42.6%]), and K. pneumoniae (31.8% [18.0%-60.4%]), an effect evident at physiologically relevant concentrations. UEV concentrations that exhibited antibiofilm activity were also not sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings highlight the potential role of UEVs as innate modulators of uropathogen biofilms and lay the groundwork for future exploration of the relevance of host-derived UEVs in determining risks of recurrent UTIs.}, }
@article {pmid41889776, year = {2026}, author = {Odyniec, ML and Bell, DJ and Gallant, BM and Firdaus, R and Ball, G and Hughes, L and Oxtoby, R and Hewitt, BJ and Williams, CM and Muguruza, AR and Overton, TW and Tsai, HJ and Chiu, YL and Kubicki, DJ and Walmsley, AD and Kuehne, SA and Pikramenou, Z}, title = {Ultrasound-Responsive Nanoparticles Enable Hydrophobic Antibiotic Release and Deep Penetration for Biofilm Treatment.}, journal = {JACS Au}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {1847-1859}, pmid = {41889776}, issn = {2691-3704}, abstract = {Localized delivery of antibiotics is a promising strategy that leads to transformative treatment pathways of bacterial biofilms and increases the effectiveness of their administration in contrast to traditional delivery methods requiring high antibiotic doses. Hydrophobic antibiotics have poor activity against bacterial biofilms due to their limited penetration and are particularly challenging to deliver. Nanoparticles are ideal drug delivery agents to achieve spatially controlled delivery, but commonly their designs are either soft or porous, which limits temporally triggered release, with the result that most of the antibiotic does not reach deeply into the biofilm. In this study, we present designs of nonporous silica nanoparticles that encapsulate a lipophilic antibiotic, rifampicin, with noncovalent interactions and enable controlled release triggered by Low-Frequency Ultrasound (LFUS). Staphylococcus aureus biofilms treated with the nonporous, core@shell, rifampicin-encapsulated nanoparticles, RIF⊂PhSiO 2 @SiO 2 , combined with LFUS, achieved 90% biofilm eradication, compared to 20% without ultrasound; treatment with free rifampicin and LFUS resulted only in a 10% reduction. Nanoparticle penetration into biofilm layers was visualized using fluorescent nanoparticles prepared with coencapsulation of the Nile red fluorophore, RIF+NR⊂PhSiO 2 @SiO 2 . Confocal fluorescence imaging of the biofilms demonstrated penetration of the nanoparticles throughout all the layers of the biofilm upon LFUS application, in sharp contrast to their presence in only the top few biofilm layers without LFUS. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the biofilms confirmed the presence of nanoparticles and the dual role of LFUS in promoting penetration and facilitating drug release by disrupting molecular interactions within the nanoparticle. This work introduces a design paradigm for nonporous nanoparticle agents combined with ultrasound, enabling both temporal and spatial control of drug release in bacterial biofilms. This will open transformative therapeutic approaches for effective localized delivery of drugs that have previously been challenging to deliver.}, }
@article {pmid41891724, year = {2026}, author = {Goerlich, K and Mitchell, AP}, title = {Impact of Candida albicans NDT80 and UME6 on biofilm formation and fluconazole susceptibility.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0001426}, doi = {10.1128/msphere.00014-26}, pmid = {41891724}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {The microbiome-associated fungus Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen. Virulence traits include its ability to produce biofilm, a surface-associated growth form that persists on mucosae and implanted medical devices. C. albicans clinical isolates vary in ability to produce biofilm and the constituent filamentous cell types. Here, we focus on two transcription factors that promote filamentation and biofilm formation, Ndt80 and Ume6. We address two questions. First, how variable is the impact of Ndt80 among C. albicans strains? Second, what is the genetic interaction between NDT80 and UME6? We find that Ndt80 is required for filamentation and biofilm formation in five clinical isolates in addition to the reference strain SC5314, where Ndt80 function has been well established. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data indicate that UME6 RNA levels are reduced in an ndt80Δ/Δ mutant, possibly a result of altered RME1 and WOR1 expression, both of which control UME6. Increased expression of UME6 in ndt80Δ/Δ mutants of three strain backgrounds restores filamentation and biofilm formation, though RNA-seq assays indicate that it does not suppress the overall ndt80Δ/Δ gene expression defect. Ndt80 has an additional role in promoting tolerance to the antifungal drug fluconazole, an inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis. This ndt80Δ/Δ phenotype varies considerably among clinical isolates. In three strains tested, increased expression of UME6 in ndt80Δ/Δ mutants enhances their susceptibility to fluconazole. Therefore, our results show an unexpected relationship between Ume6 expression and azole drug sensitivity. To our knowledge, Ume6 has previously been understood to function only in filamentation, biofilm formation, and related processes.IMPORTANCEOur focus is the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Two traits, biofilm/hypha formation and azole resistance, are major drivers of its infection ability. We examine the roles of two biofilm transcriptional regulators, Ndt80 and Ume6, in several C. albicans clinical isolates. Prior studies in one strain background (SC5314) indicated that Ndt80 controls both biofilm/hypha formation and azole drug susceptibility and that Ume6 controls biofilm/hypha formation. The four new findings here are that (i) Ndt80 effects on fluconazole sensitivity vary considerably with strain background; (ii) Ndt80 is required for filamentation and biofilm formation in multiple clinical isolates; (iii) the Ndt80 target Ume6 contributes to Ndt80 control of filamentation and biofilm formation in multiple clinical isolates; and (iv) Ume6 influences fluconazole vulnerability, the first Ume6 function to our knowledge that is unrelated to filamentation.}, }
@article {pmid41892410, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, M and Khatun, J and Khan, F and Kim, YM}, title = {Lactic Acid Bacteria as Natural Antimicrobials: Biofilm Control in Food and Food Industry.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15030248}, pmid = {41892410}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {RS-2021-NR060118//Ministry of Education/ ; 2024 Postdoctoral Support Project//Pukyong National University/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilm production by foodborne pathogens poses significant challenges to food safety and quality, leading to contamination, deterioration, and substantial economic losses for the food industry. Traditional biofilm control methods, such as chemical disinfectants, antibiotics, and preservatives, are sometimes ineffective against persistent biofilms, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance and the accumulation of chemical residues. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have emerged as attractive natural biocontrol agents due to their ability to produce a wide range of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including bacteriocins, organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and biosurfactants. This paper thoroughly examines the effect of LAB and their metabolites in preventing and destroying biofilms generated by bacteria relevant to food systems, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas spp. The processes causing LAB-mediated biofilm attenuation are thoroughly investigated, including competition for nutrients and adhesion sites, interference with quorum sensing (QS), and metabolic inhibition. Furthermore, recent breakthroughs in LAB-based techniques for food preservation and facility hygiene are discussed, including the creation of LAB-derived antimicrobial coatings, biosurfactant-based cleaning agents, and probiotic bio-coatings for industrial sanitation. The incorporation of nanotechnology has enhanced LAB applications by enabling the creation of LAB-mediated metallic nanoparticles and encapsulated formulations that improve metabolite stability and facilitate controlled release. The combination of LAB metabolites, natural preservatives, and eco-friendly materials in active packaging provides sustainable alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Overall, this review emphasizes the potential of LAB and their bioactive derivatives as environmentally friendly and practical tools for controlling biofilms and preserving food, thereby promoting safer food production systems and accelerating the food industry's transition to green, sustainable technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41892419, year = {2026}, author = {Cangui-Panchi, SP and Cangui-Panchi, DS and Palacios, VE and Becerra, E and Santamaría, AL and Muñoz, D and Reyes-Chacón, J and Machado, A and Garzon-Chavez, D}, title = {Integrated Phenotypic, Proteomic (MALDI-TOF MS), and Genomic (WGS) Investigation of a Prolonged Hospital Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with High Biofilm-Forming Capacity.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15030257}, pmid = {41892419}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {Project ID: 17357 entitled "Alternative approaches for eliminating biofilms"//Universidad San Francisco de Quito/ ; Project ID: 17577 entitled "The antibiofilm potential of lactobacilli biosurfactants against mul-tidrug-resistant pathogens"//Universidad San Francisco de Quito/ ; Project ID: 17579 entitled "Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation among clinical isolates from intravenous catheter tips at a public hospital in Quito"//Universidad San Francisco de Quito/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Hospital outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to control due to the pathogen's extensive repertoire, including its ability to form biofilms, adapt and persist in diverse environments, and develop multidrug resistance, all of which contribute to prolonged outbreaks. This study integrates the phenotypic, proteomic, and genomic characterization of a nosocomial outbreak comprising 38 clinical isolates and one environmental isolate recovered from the intensive care unit (ICU) of Hospital IESS Quito Sur. Methods: Clinical data were collected, antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), carbapenemase genes were detected by multiple PCR and immunochromatographic assays, and the biofilm formation index (BFI) was determined. In addition, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used for species identification and clustering based on spectral similarity. Twelve representative isolates underwent whole genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize the resistome and virulome and to compare phylogenetic relationships with proteomic clustering defined by MALDI Biotyper Compass Explorer software. Results: All isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa, and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility classified most isolates as multidrug resistant, including 32 CRPA strains. The blaVIM gene was detected in 22 isolates, while BFI analysis showed that all isolates formed moderate to strong biofilms. Genomic analysis revealed that most isolates belonged to ST111 and ST253, and both conserved and heterogeneous resistome and virulome profiles, with a broad distribution of determinants related to biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and persistence. Comparison between MALDI-TOF MS and WGS showed predominant concordance in clustering, mainly within subclusters but disagreement at the cluster level. Conclusions: The detection of carbapenemases, biofilm-forming ability, and virulence determinants associated with prolonged persistence highlights the need for integrated molecular tools, such as MALDI-TOF MS with MALDI Biotyper Compass Explorer software, to support epidemiological surveillance and to inform strategies aimed at mitigating prolonged hospital outbreaks caused by P. aeruginosa.}, }
@article {pmid41892440, year = {2026}, author = {Bertran Forga, X and Fairfull-Smith, KE and Qin, J and Totsika, M}, title = {Nitric Oxide Donor Spermine-NONOate Elicits Endogenous Dispersal-Associated Transcriptional Responses to Promote Biofilm Dispersal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15030278}, pmid = {41892440}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {DP210101317//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of sessile cells embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Within biofilms, bacteria become highly tolerant toenvironmental stressors such as host immune responses and antimicrobial treatments. In response to specific cues, however, biofilm cells can revert to a planktonic free-swimming lifestyle through a process termed biofilm dispersal. When dispersed cells escape the biofilm matrix, they lose biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance, a major barrier to treating medical biofilms. As such, dispersal-inducing compounds like nitric oxide (NO) are actively investigated as adjuvants to potentiate the biofilm-eradicating activity of existing antibiotics. We recently characterised the transcriptomic responses elicited during spontaneous biofilm dispersal in closed culture-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Here, we evaluated the transcriptional profiles of P. aeruginosa biofilms treated with the NO donor Spermine-NONOate (SP-NONO) and the nitroxide C-TEMPO, an NO analogue, to determine potential pathways involved in NO-mediated dispersal. Methods: Dispersal activity on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms by SP-NONOate and C-TEMPO was quantified by crystal violet staining. Cellular responses to each compound were profiled by RNA-seq on treated and untreated cells. Results: While both compounds disrupted the transcription of ANR-regulated energy metabolism pathways, only SP-NONO activated canonical NO-regulated responses. Considering that only SP-NONO showed biofilm dispersal activity in this culture system, we investigated shared transcriptional shifts in SP-NONO-treated and spontaneously dispersed biofilms to identify pathways likely involved in central dispersal responses. These mostly included genes involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, isoleucine) and lysine, as well as 9 of 14 genes previously defined as transcriptional biomarkers of spontaneous biofilm dispersal. Conclusions: This study suggests that NO disrupts biofilm maturation by prematurely stimulating central pathways of spontaneous biofilm dispersal and highlights this set of biomarkers as robust indicators of dispersal responses.}, }
@article {pmid41892461, year = {2026}, author = {Voinescu, A and Musuroi, SI and Licker, M and Muntean, D and Horhat, FG and Baditoiu, LM and Izmendi, O and Cosnita, A and Munteanu, M and Poenaru-Sava, M and Ordodi, V and Ceachir, P and Olariu, TR and Musuroi, C}, title = {Genetic Characterization and Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Bacterial Population Isolated from Conjunctival Samples.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15030300}, pmid = {41892461}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common ocular infection requiring prompt treatment, particularly in vulnerable patients, and may influence perioperative outcomes. This study aimed to characterize conjunctival bacterial isolates phenotypically and genotypically, to evaluate their biofilm-forming capacity, and to investigate the relationship between resistance gene carriage, resistance phenotypes, and biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR).<br><br>METHODS: A prospective, single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted on bacterial isolates from conjunctival samples of patients examined in an ophthalmology department. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Resistance genes were detected by quantitative PCR. Biofilm-forming capacity was assessed using the microtiter plate assay, and biofilm susceptibility to amikacin (AK) and levofloxacin (LEV) was evaluated using a biofilm susceptibility assay.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 78 isolates were analyzed; Gram-positive cocci prevailed (GPC, 84.6%), being significantly more frequent than Gram-negative bacilli (GNB, p < 0.001). Among GPC, 65.2% were multidrug-resistant, with Staphylococcus epidermidis emerging as the most frequent species (p < 0.001). Resistance gene carriage was detected in 33.3% of GNB. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 22.7% of GPC versus 58.3% of GNB. It should be noted that the relatively small number of GNB may limit the statistical robustness of comparisons between Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. A statistically significant association between resistance genes and biofilm capacity was found only in Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.027). Biofilm-embedded bacteria showed increased antimicrobial tolerance, particularly for AK in S. aureus and for both AK and LEV in S. epidermidis (p < 0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant conjunctival isolates and their biofilm-forming capacity highlights the clinical importance of biofilm-related resistance and support integrating AMR profiling with biofilm assessment to optimize empirical therapy in bacterial conjunctivitis.}, }
@article {pmid41892779, year = {2026}, author = {Aliu, F and Bajrami-Shabani, D and Flores Fraile, J and Meto, A and Galletti, C and Fiorillo, L and Meto, A}, title = {Electrically Charged Lipid Nanoparticles as Intracanal Antimicrobial Delivery Systems: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence for Biofilm Control.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/dj14030171}, pmid = {41892779}, issn = {2304-6767}, abstract = {Background: Persistent endodontic infections remain a significant challenge in root canal therapy, primarily due to the complexity of root canal anatomy and the formation of resistant microbial biofilms. Conventional irrigants, including sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, show limited penetration into dentinal tubules and reduced efficacy against mature biofilms, contributing to treatment failure. Electrically charged lipid nanoparticles (ECLNs), such as cationic solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and liposomes, have emerged as potential adjunctive systems to enhance intracanal antimicrobial delivery. This focused narrative review, informed by a structured literature search, aimed to synthesize and critically evaluate preclinical and exploratory clinical evidence regarding the use of electrically charged lipid nanoparticles for antibiotic delivery and biofilm control in root canal disinfection. Methods: A structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010-2026) identified 312 records, of which 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis. The majority of included studies were in vitro investigations, followed by ex vivo studies using extracted human teeth, with only a limited number of exploratory animal or clinical studies. Overall, the level of evidence was predominantly preclinical. Results: Across studies, ECLNs demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial efficacy compared with free antibiotics or non-charged formulations, with improved biofilm interaction, enhanced penetration into dentinal tubules, and sustained antimicrobial release. However, most investigations relied on mono-species Enterococcus faecalis biofilm models, and substantial heterogeneity in nanoparticle formulation and methodology was observed. Clinical evidence remains scarce. Conclusions: Although these findings about ECLNs suggest a promising experimental adjunct for root canal disinfection, current evidence remains largely preclinical and insufficient to support routine clinical application. Standardized formulations, clinically relevant multispecies biofilm models, and well-designed controlled clinical trials are required to establish safety, efficacy, and translational feasibility.}, }
@article {pmid41895349, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, W and Li, P and Zhou, X}, title = {A lytic phage targeting virulent Proteus mirabilis for effective biofilm eradication.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108469}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108469}, pmid = {41895349}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infections, where robust crystalline biofilms contribute to chronicity, antimicrobial tolerance, and recurrence. The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. mirabilis has prompted interest in bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. In this study, we isolated a lytic bacteriophage, vB_PmiM_ZX7, from sewage using a highly virulent clinical strain, P. mirabilis YV2, as the host. vB_PmiM_ZX7 displayed a broad host range among MDR P. mirabilis isolates and tolerance to a wide range of pH and temperatures. Genome sequencing revealed 60% of genes with unknown function, absence of virulence or antibiotic resistance genes, and limited similarity to known P. mirabilis phages, underscoring its genomic novelty. Safety evaluation in a murine model showed no adverse effect, histopathological changes, or persistent phage accumulation. Circulating phages were cleared from the blood within 5 h and from organs within 48 h. In anti-biofilm assays, vB_PmiM_ZX7 eradicated 62.2% of established biofilms, outperforming piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), and significantly reduced extracellular polysaccharide content and biofilm density, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, ZX7 demonstrated strong anti-biofilm activity in an in vitro catheter-associated biofilm model, markedly reducing the viability of biofilm-associated bacteria in a time-dependent manner. These findings demonstrated the potential of vB_PmiM_ZX7 as a therapeutic candidate for catheter-associated MDR P. mirabilis infections.}, }
@article {pmid41881072, year = {2026}, author = {Pietrella, A and Paris, I and Migliorini, C and Morelli, M and Carpentieri, A and Matricardi, P and Di Meo, C and Papa, R}, title = {Hyaluronan and gellan nanohydrogels exhibit an unexpected activity in hampering Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {114861}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114861}, pmid = {41881072}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {In clinical settings, the intensive use of antibiotics, particularly in intensive care settings, leads to a significant increase in the number of bacterial species that are resistant to treatments. In this context, biofilm is a crucial virulence factor that enable bacteria to persist within the host, often resulting in the need for extensive antibiotic treatment. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a notable nosocomial pathogen, poses a risk to vulnerable patients due to its ability to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices and its high resistance to antibiotic therapy. For this purpose, investigating alternative strategies that target the virulence of pathogens could offer a promising alternative strategy. In this study, we analyzed innovative polymeric materials, such as polysaccharide-based nanohydrogels, for their potential application contrasting S. epidermidis monospecies biofilm on the surfaces of materials most employed in medical devices. These nanohydrogels were found to be effective in eradicating the biofilm matrix and preventing bacterial adhesion. Additionally, the treatment with hyaluronan-based nanohydrogels altered the surface protein profile of S. epidermidis, leading to the disappearance of AtlE, the primary autolysin involved in biofilm formation, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for these nanogels. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD074516.}, }
@article {pmid41881899, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, H and Huang, X and Liao, H and Xia, X}, title = {Mechanistic insights into LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing-regulated biofilm formation and its impact on the texture and flavor of kefir.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {454}, number = {}, pages = {111743}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111743}, pmid = {41881899}, issn = {1879-3460}, abstract = {Kefir is a biofilm-based fermented dairy product whose unique flavor and texture are closely associated with the complex microbial community within kefir grains. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in kefir and its impact on product quality remain unclear. This study systematically investigated the dynamics of biofilm formation, core microbiota, and key metabolites in both traditional and backslopped kefir. Traditional kefir exhibited more stable metabolic activity and higher biofilm content, with biofilm levels significantly positively correlated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) biomass (r = 0.58, p < 0.05), yeast biomass (r = 0.54, p < 0.05), and lactic acid concentration (r = 0.70, p < 0.05). Subsequent co-culture experiments revealed that yeast metabolites promoted LAB growth, and that lactic acid levels modulated yeast-LAB interactions. Critically, both the acidic environment and yeast interaction enhanced biofilm formation by regulating the LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system, as evidenced by increased expression of key QS genes and autoinducer-2 activity. Co-fermentation with high-biofilm-forming LAB significantly improved the physicochemical properties of fermented milk, increasing water-holding capacity by 1.2-fold, viscosity by 1.6-fold, and total volatile flavor compounds by 1.3-fold, while enriching fruity and buttery aroma profiles. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which acidic conditions and microbial interactions regulate biofilm formation via the QS system in kefir, and provides a novel strategy for improving fermented food quality through biofilm modulation.}, }
@article {pmid41882309, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, H and Wang, T and Gao, S and Geng, W and Ma, T and Cheng, L and Han, X and Deng, J and Gao, S and Cheng, C}, title = {Phage-Inspired Artificial Peroxidases with Robust Sub-Nanometer Cluster Sites for Efficient Oral Biofilm Elimination and Dental Caries Prevention.}, journal = {Nano-micro letters}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41882309}, issn = {2150-5551}, abstract = {Dental caries, a highly prevalent oral disease, is primarily driven by pathogenic biofilms; however, current antimicrobials exhibit limited efficacy and poor specificity against cariogenic biofilms. Although nanobiocatalysts that can produce reactive oxygen species represent a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobials, most current designs fail to achieve robust bacterial interaction and exhibit insufficient disruption of biofilm integrity. To address these challenges, we report the de novo design of phage-inspired artificial peroxidases (IrNC@TiO2) featuring a robust sub-nanometer cluster site and urchin-like topography, which enables efficient oral biofilm elimination and dental caries prevention. Structural characterization confirmed that sub-nanometer Ir clusters are stably anchored to the TiO2 support via Ir-O coordination. Leveraging the robust enzymatic activity of Ir clusterzymes and the topological advantages of the spiky substrate, IrNC@TiO2 exhibits potent multi-enzyme mimetic activity, generating substantial amounts of ·O2[-] and HClO to effectively capture and eradicate planktonic Streptococcus mutans and suppress biofilm formation. In a caries model, IrNC@TiO2 significantly inhibited tooth surface biofilm development, prevented enamel demineralization, and reduced caries incidence. The material also demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity and outperformed conventional non-abrasive additives in tooth-whitening assays. This work introduces a robust and efficient ROS-generating platform for oral health care and proposes a promising solution for clinical caries prevention.}, }
@article {pmid41883474, year = {2026}, author = {Tan, C and Wang, J and Wu, A and Li, C}, title = {Mapping the global landscape of biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance (1992-2025).}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100358}, pmid = {41883474}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a great global health threat, with biofilm formation recognized as a key microbial survival strategy that promotes persistence and recurrent infections. Despite growing mechanistic insights, research on biofilm-associated AMR ((biofilm-AMR)) remains fragmented, limiting the development of broadly effective interventions. To address this gap, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of 17,198 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (retrieved November 4, 2025) using Bibliometrix-Biblioshiny, CiteSpace, and Excel. Publication output accelerated sharply after 2015, alongside diversification of research themes and increasing interdisciplinary integration. High-output countries and institutions, predominantly in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, emphasize natural products, nanomaterials, anti-quorum-sensing strategies, and plant-derived antimicrobials, reflecting application-oriented approaches. In contrast, high-impact contributors in North America and Europe focus on clinical microbiology, resistance mechanisms, pathogen genomics, and hospital infection control, highlighting translational relevance. Trend analyses reveal key topics including quorum sensing, persister-cell biology, multidrug-resistant pathogens, and innovative interventions such as phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, and nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery. Emerging directions include environmental AMR, One Health perspectives, and computational modeling. Despite mechanistic and technological advances, translational barriers persist due to biofilm heterogeneity and model limitations. Promoting interdisciplinary collaboration that integrates basic research, clinical microbiology, materials science, and computational approaches will be essential to accelerate clinical translation and develop effective, globally relevant strategies against AMR.}, }
@article {pmid41883783, year = {2026}, author = {Rümenapf, M and Horn, H and Hille-Reichel, A}, title = {Relationship of electrochemical performance and biofilm development of Desulfuromonas acetexigens and Geobacter sulfurreducens in microbial electrolysis cells.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1753230}, pmid = {41883783}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Desulfuromonas acetexigens has gained attention as a biocatalyst in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) due to its inability to utilize hydrogen as an electron donor, which favors beneficial Coulombic efficiencies (CE). In this study, the electrochemical performance and biofilm morphology of D. acetexigens were compared with the model organism Geobacter sulfurreducens in flow cell MECs. Biofilm morphology was assessed non-invasively via optical coherence tomography (OCT), providing insight into quantitative parameters, including spatially resolved thickness, biovolume and anode surface coverage. While both species achieved similar maximum current densities when cultivated under identical conditions, D. acetexigens biofilms established faster, generating current after ~4 days, whereas G. sulfurreducens exhibited a lag phase of ~8 days. Limitations of extracellular electron transfer already occurred at lower average biofilm volumes for D. acetexigens ((B V ¯ J ¯ max) ≈ 16 ± 6 μm[3] μm[-2]) than for Geobacter (B V ¯ J ¯ max ≈ 40 ± 7 μm[3] μm[-2]). One monocultural D. acetexigens cultivation revealed a CE of ~96%, consistent with no detectable hydrogen utilization under the tested condition, while some cultivations showed net acetate increases. Phylogenetic analyses of the latter indicated niche dominance of the target EAM despite homoacetogenic and clostridial contaminants. Production of short-chain fatty acids suggested interspecies metabolic interaction and led to the hypothesis of an electrode-mediated ethanol to acetate fermentation by electroactive microorganisms and ethanol-utilizing contaminants such as the homoacetogen Sporomusa sphaeroides.}, }
@article {pmid41884362, year = {2026}, author = {Koley, D}, title = {Probing the Inner World of Microbial Cities: Electrochemical Sensors for Characterizing Biofilm Chemical Microenvironments.}, journal = {Current opinion in electrochemistry}, volume = {57}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41884362}, issn = {2451-9103}, abstract = {Biofilms are structurally complex microbial communities whose function is dictated by steep chemical gradients within their microenvironment and the surrounding space outside the biofilm. Although traditional analytical methods provide either bulk or static structural information, they fail to capture real-time metabolic function in situ. Electrochemical sensors provide a powerful solution, offering label-free, quantitative measurements of key chemical species with high spatial and temporal resolution directly within and outside living biofilms. This review highlights recent advances in the design and application of electrochemical sensors for biofilm analysis. We critically discuss the use of core techniques: amperometry for tracking redox-active metabolites (e.g., O2, H2O2, phenazines), potentiometry for monitoring ion activity (e.g., pH, Ca[2+]), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for assessing biofilm volume and interfacial processes. We also explore recent challenges in electrochemical sensor designs and discuss future perspectives on multimodal data collections that combine multiple techniques.}, }
@article {pmid41884516, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, B and Chen, Y and Hou, S and Liu, Z and Yang, Y and Li, T and Zhao, L and Zhang, H and Wei, H and Meng, L and Jing, X and Guan, H}, title = {Smart microenvironment-adaptive nanocatalytic hydrogel for sequential antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative therapy of biofilm-infected wounds.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {342-362}, pmid = {41884516}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Biofilm-infected wounds remain a major clinical challenge, as biofilm infections and persistent inflammation hinder conventional therapies from dynamically adapting to the evolving wound microenvironment. Herein, a smart hydrogel dressing (HCOC) is successfully developed for programmed and pH-responsive therapy by integrating humic acid (HAs)-encapsulated ultrasmall mixed-valence copper nanozymes (Cu5.4O) into an oxidized alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan network. In the acidic biofilm-infected phase (pH < 6.5), the HAs shells aggregate, controllably releasing Cu5.4O to initiate chemodynamic therapy (CDT), while simultaneously enabling HAs-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT). This synergistic CDT/PTT achieves exceptional antibacterial efficacy, eradicating > 99.99% of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and dispersing 87.46% of biofilms. As the wound pH rises post-infection (pH ≥ 7.0), HAs dissolves, liberating more Cu5.4O nanozymes, which switch to potent antioxidant modes-scavenging > 90% of reactive oxygen species-and promoting M2 macrophage polarization by suppressing NF-κB and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In vivo, HCOC combined with NIR irradiation accelerates infected wound healing, achieving 91.65% closure within 7 days, significantly enhancing angiogenesis (∼90 CD31[+] cells/field), and boosting M2 macrophage infiltration (∼110 CD163[+] cells/field). This work establishes a paradigm-shifting platform for precision wound management through microenvironment-responsive sequential therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41884534, year = {2026}, author = {Qiao, J and Wu, S and Fu, C and Zhao, Q and Gong, Y and Xu, L and Tang, D and Gao, Y and Luo, W}, title = {Perillaldehyde combined with domiphen: synergistic bactericidal and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1769865}, pmid = {41884534}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Drug Synergism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Larva/microbiology ; Moths/microbiology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pose a significant threat to public health. Combination therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to combat bacterial infections and biofilm formation. In this study, the natural product perillaldehyde and the surfactant domiphen were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by these pathogenic strains.<br><br>METHODS: The antimicrobial activity of perillaldehyde and domiphen, alone and in combination, was assessed against S. aureus and E. coli strains. Synergism was determined by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Biofilm mass was evaluated using the crystal violet staining assay, and the viability of biofilm cells on stainless steel and polyethylene surfaces was examined via viable cell counting. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of the combination was further assessed using a Galleria mellonella larval infection model.<br><br>RESULTS: The combination of perillaldehyde and domiphen showed synergistic effects against both pathogenic strains, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of less than 0.36. The combination of 1 &#x3bc;L/mL perillaldehyde and 1 &#x3bc;g/mL domiphen dispersed more than 53% of the biofilm mass in both S. aureus and E. coli strains. In addition, the combination reduced the total viable bacterial counts in biofilms on stainless steel and polyethylene surfaces by approximately 103 CFU/mL. The treatment also significantly improved the survival rate of G. mellonella larvae infected with the bacteria.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results indicate that the novel combination of perillaldehyde and domiphen has the potential to decrease biofilm formation on various industrial material surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid41884580, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, B and Ma, K and Kong, F and Xue, T}, title = {RpoE mediates environmental stress tolerance and biofilm formation in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Current research in food science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {101382}, pmid = {41884580}, issn = {2665-9271}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)is a serious foodborne pathogen that is frequently found in food processing facilities like dairy farms. Despite its well-established function in dangerous microbes such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, the functional mechanisms of the σ factor encoded by rpoE in S. aureus remain poorly understood. S. aureus RMSA49 was used as the experimental strain in this investigation. This work examined the function of rpoE in foodborne S. aureus antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and environmental stress tolerance. Deletion of rpoE impaired tolerance to environmental stresses (acid, heat, desiccation, osmotic stress, H2O2). While tolerance to H2O2 has dropped by around 99%, resistance to acids, heat, and desiccation has decreased by about 50-60%. Additionally, it inhibits biofilm formation and increases antibiotic susceptibility (Biofilm reduction was approximately 65%). Using transcriptome analysis to determine the gene regulation mechanisms of rpoE in S. aureus. This work shows that rpoE plays a crucial role in antibiotic tolerance and environmental stress responses, offering a new possible target for the prevention and management of foodborne S. aureus. It provides a theoretical foundation for lowering the incidence of illnesses like food poisoning and mastitis brought on by the bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41885023, year = {2026}, author = {Kropp, GA and McMillian, CN and Mase, JD and Kandagiri, S and Nowak, ES and Schulz, MD}, title = {Recent developments in antimicrobial polymers for biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5cc06617d}, pmid = {41885023}, issn = {1364-548X}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections continue to present a formidable clinical challenge, as surface-adhered microbial communities exhibit remarkable tolerance toward conventional antibiotics. Polymeric materials have emerged as a versatile platform for combating biofilms, offering chemical tunability and enabling diverse antimicrobial strategies. This feature review article highlights recent advances in polymeric materials designed to prevent biofilm-associated infections by resisting bacterial adhesion (passive inhibition) or exerting bactericidal effects (active inhibition). These approaches include antifouling surfaces, polymer-nanoparticle composites, and bioinspired materials. Particular attention is given to how polymer structure and functionality (e.g., hydrophobicity, charge, and network architecture) govern bacterial adhesion and viability at interfaces. Emerging glycomaterials are also discussed, where glycan motifs are integrated with nanoparticles or cationic domains to enhance biofilm penetration and antimicrobial efficacy. Collectively, these studies underscore the potential of polymeric materials to modulate microbe-surface interactions, thereby guiding the design of next-generation antibiofilm materials.}, }
@article {pmid41885142, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, R and Khan, I and Sharma, R and Mishra, S and Pandey, LK}, title = {Understanding the impact of dust deposition and CO2 level on biofilm development causing biodeterioration of historic buildings and monuments in India.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2645567}, pmid = {41885142}, issn = {1029-2454}, abstract = {The deterioration of buildings and historic monuments due to phototrophic biofilms, dust, and carbon dioxide concentration is an increasingly significant global issue, but remains insufficiently studied. In this research, phototrophic biofilms were collected from nine sampling sites, which were categorized as control, moderately contaminated, and severely contaminated based on the air quality index and canopy cover. Severely contaminated sites showed higher temperatures, CO2 levels, and dust accumulation, but lower humidity. Cyanobacteria dominated all biofilm samples, followed by fungal hyphae and spores. Green algae and diatoms contributed minimally. Healthy diatom frustules decreased sharply with increasing contamination, from the control sites to severely contaminated sites. Regression analysis revealed significant positive correlations between cyanobacterial abundance and both CO2 levels and dust deposition, indicating that increased air pollutants promote the growth of cyanobacteria and diatoms in phototrophic biofilms, further highlighting their potential as a sensitive bioindicator of environmental contamination affecting cultural heritage sites.}, }
@article {pmid41886173, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, KZ and Meng, D and Yin, LJ and Wang, M and Ding, ZW and Li, J}, title = {Combined use of methyl gallate and N-acyl homoserine lactonase YtnP to inhibit biofilm formation in Burkholderia thailandensis.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41886173}, issn = {1678-4405}, support = {82560694//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XSTS2025179//Academic Enhancement Support Program of Hainan Medical University/ ; 242300420355//Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province/ ; 26B180010//Key Scientific Research Project for Higher Education of Henan Province/ ; YJS2025GZZ41//Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41876024, year = {2026}, author = {Nabil, Y and Atta, AH and Abd Elwahab, NH and Elshaarawy, RFM}, title = {Castor oil/ZnO-loaded quaternized chitosan nanocomposite with multiple antimicrobials, anti-biofilm and pro-healing functions for advanced wound dressings.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {151610}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151610}, pmid = {41876024}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {A quaternized chitosan-castor oil/Zinc oxide (QCCOZ) nanocomposite hydrogel was developed as an antibacterial and pro-healing wound dressing. The synergistic effect produced a positively charged (ζ = +38 mV) nanoformulation with high colloidal stability and superior encapsulation efficiencies of 89.9 and 80.5% for ZnO and CO, respectively. The successful quaternization and the loading of ZnO into the oil phase was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, SEM/TEM, and DLS techniques. The in vitro release profiles showed prolonged co-delivery of ZnO and castor oil over 72 h without burst effects and diffusional controlled release profiles for a prolonged wound dressing. QCCOZ demonstrated broad-spectrum anti-bacterial and antifungal activity, higher inhibition zones with 2-8-fold lower MIC/MBC values compared to pristine QCS, ZnO or castor oil against Pseudomonas spp., B. subtilis, and C. albicans and disrupted their biofilms. Cytocompatibility studies with human dermal fibroblasts and A375 cells showed >85% viability at therapeutic concentrations, and scratch wound assays confirmed enhanced wound closure where QCCOZ-treated fibroblast monolayers achieved 90% closing compared to 55% within 24 h for controls. Results indicate QCCOZ nanocomposite possesses antimicrobial potency with cytocompatibility and pro-healing functionality, representing a potential advanced hydrogel dressing for infected wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41876886, year = {2026}, author = {Ragab, AR and El-Sheakh, AR and Shafik, SM}, title = {Environmental and chemical modulation of Staphylococcus aureus Newman biofilm formation.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41876886}, issn = {1432-0614}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxidative Stress ; Humans ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Biomass ; Serum ; Osmotic Pressure ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation enhances survival on host tissues and medical devices. This study tested how oxidative stress (H2O2), pH (5-9), NaCl (0-10%), and human serum (5-50%) affect the Newman strain biofilm and key genes (icaA, icaD, sarA). Biofilm was quantified by crystal violet assays and Lowry protein assay methods, and gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Biofilm biomass was quantified using crystal violet staining and Lowry protein assays under various environmental conditions. Statistical significance was determined using ANOVA with post hoc analysis (p < 0.001). Hydrogen peroxide induced a dose-dependent reduction in biomass, with significant repression of icaA, icaD, and sarA expression at 3% H2O2 (≤ 22.8%, p < 0.001). Similarly, deviations from neutral pH markedly impaired biofilm formation, with acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 9) conditions reducing biomass by 34.6% and 41.7%, respectively, accompanied by strong downregulation of biofilm-associated genes (p < 0.001). In contrast, NaCl exerted a biphasic effect: mild osmotic stress (1.25% and 5%) enhanced biofilm biomass (up to 154.2%) in the case of crystal violet assays and at 5% biomass increased to 130.8 ± 10.8*%; at 10%, it was 103.5 ± 6.1% (no significant change) in the case of protein quantification, and gene expression (icaA 160.55%, icaD 168.18%, sarA 149.8%, p < 0.001), whereas higher concentrations (≥ 10%) restored expression to near-control levels. Serum exposure produced a threshold-dependent response, with low concentrations (5-10%) slightly enhancing gene expression (~ 110%), while higher concentrations (20-50%) significantly repressed both biomass and transcription, with profound inhibition found at 50% (icaA 12.94%, icaD 10.88%, sarA 12.79%, p < 0.001). In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy technique is used as a confirmatory step for qualitative determination of the effects of both various saline and serum concentrations on the biofilm formation, which induces similar results. Environmental stressors modulate S. aureus biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner via regulation of the ica operon and sarA, offering molecular insights that may guide strategies for biofilm control. KEY POINTS: • Oxidative stress (H2O2) dose-dependently inhibits S. aureus Newman biofilms. • Mild NaCl levels enhance biofilm formation via upregulation of ica and sarA. • High serum concentrations (≥ 20%) suppress biofilm biomass and gene expression.}, }
@article {pmid41877564, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Correction to "Nano Copper-Chelate Triggers Cuproptosis-Like Death in Fungi and Synergizes With Microneedles for Enhanced Biofilm Removal".}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e71093}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.71093}, pmid = {41877564}, issn = {2192-2659}, }
@article {pmid41878260, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, Q and Lin, J}, title = {Candida albicans metabolic adaptation gene SFU1 regulates dual-species biofilm with Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1795742}, pmid = {41878260}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics ; *Candida albicans/genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Virulence ; Hyphae/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the iron-sulfur cluster assembly factor SFU1 in the virulence-related traits of Candida albicans, particularly its function within the cariogenic cross-kingdom biofilm formed with Streptococcus mutans.<br><br>METHODS: The SFU1 deletion and complemented strains were constructed. Their effects on growth, acid production, morphogenesis, metabolic activity, ROS accumulation, and biofilm formation of C. albicans were evaluated. The roles of SFU1 in the development, architecture, and spatial distribution of the C. albicans-S. mutans dual-species biofilm were further analyzed. The cariogenic metabolite profile and matrix synthesis were assessed by measuring lactic acid production, lactate dehydrogenase activity, extracellular polysaccharide content, and expression levels of related genes.<br><br>RESULTS: The SFU1 deletion strain exhibited inhibited hyphal formation, reduced metabolic activity, elevated intracellular ROS levels, impaired biofilm formation, and downregulated expression of hyphal and adhesion-related genes (ALS3, EFG1, UME6). In the cross-kingdom biofilm, the sfu1/sfu1 mutant failed to form hyphal networks, resulting in loose biofilm architecture, reduced biomass, and poor integration of S. mutans. Furthermore, the dual-species biofilm showed significantly decreased lactic acid and EPS production. Co-cultured S. mutans exhibited downregulated expression of EPS synthesis genes (gtfB/C) and upregulated expression of EPS degradation genes (dexA/B).<br><br>CONCLUSION: SFU1 modulates hyphal development, redox homeostasis, and biofilm formation in C. albicans, thereby profoundly affecting its pathogenic synergy with S. mutans. SFU1 deletion leads to disrupted architecture and attenuated cariogenic virulence of the dual-species biofilm. This study reveals the potential value of targeting fundamental metabolic pathways in C. albicans to interfere with the cariogenicity of cross-kingdom biofilms, and provides a novel perspective for the prevention and therapy of dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid41878517, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, MM and Bai, J and Tian, ZY and Zheng, TT and Boekhout, T and Wang, QM}, title = {Oxymatrine ameliorates Malassezia overgrowth-induced psoriasis in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting the biofilm formation and inflammation.}, journal = {Mycology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2511903}, pmid = {41878517}, issn = {2150-1203}, abstract = {The basidiomycetous yeast genus Malassezia is involved in the exacerbation of psoriatic lesions. Oxymatrine (OMT), a quinoline alkaloid derived from Sophora flavescens, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral effects. However, whether OMT exerts therapeutic effects against Malassezia-associated psoriasis remains unclear. This work aimed to study the antifungal and antibiofilm effect of OMT on several Malassezia species and the therapeutic benefits of OMT on Malassezia-associated psoriasis in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with 0.64 mg/mL OMT showed decreasing levels of biofilm formation of Malassezia species. Histomorphology and functional analyses demonstrated that OMT treatment effectively alleviated Malassezia-induced psoriatic lesions and repaired skin barrier integrity. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that OMT significantly reduced the levels of malonaldehyde, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, IL-23, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α while promoting the activation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. OMT also reversed Malassezia-associated apoptosis and decreased the expression of the STAT3/Nf-κB/p-Nf-κB signalling pathway. Additionally, OMT reduces the nuclear expression of AhR/Nrf2 in Malassezia-stimulated HaCaT cells. In summary, this study demonstrated that OMT inhibits Malassezia biofilm formation and ameliorates Malassezia-associated psoriasis by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via STAT3/Nf-κB and AhR/Nrf2 pathways.}, }
@article {pmid41879017, year = {2026}, author = {Zschach, D and Neujahr, F and Auschill, P and Sculean, A and Heumann, C and Arweiler, NB}, title = {In Vitro Study to Evaluate the Antibacterial Effect of an Oxidising Agent on Ex Vivo Biofilm.}, journal = {Oral health &amp; preventive dentistry}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {227-231}, doi = {10.3290/j.ohpd.c_2582}, pmid = {41879017}, issn = {1757-9996}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Mouthwashes/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Oxidants/pharmacology ; Adult ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of a mouthrinse and a fluid, both containing an oxidising agent, compared with saline (negative control) and chlorhexidine (0.2%, positive control), after application to 24-hour-old biofilms.<br><br>METHODS AND MATERIALS: After 24 participants had refrained from all oral hygiene measures for a period of 24 h, a voluminous biofilm sample was taken from the buccal sites of molars, smeared on a microscope slide and divided into four parts. The four samples were each coated with 5 &#xb5;l of a mouth rinse solution (BMmr, blueM mouth rinsing solution, NL), a fluid (BMfl, blueM oxygen fluid, NL), chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX) and NaCl. After 1 min, excess liquid was suctioned off, and biofilms were stained with vital fluorescent dyes for 2 min. The stained samples were covered with a cover slip, and four pictures per sample were recorded with a digital camera under the fluorescence microscope. A special image analysis program used the red and green pixels to calculate the percentage of metabolically active bacteria in the entire biofilm sample (dental biofilm vitality, VF%).<br><br>RESULTS: Both BMmr and BMfl reduced VF to 18.46 &#xb1; 9.59% and 19.53 &#xb1; 12.17% significantly (P 0.001) compared to NaCl, with values of 59.88 &#xb1; 10.14%. CHX revealed values of 14.35 &#xb1; 6.56%, values that were not significantly lower (P 0.001) than the other active solutions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Both BMmr and BMfl demonstrated a statistically significant antibacterial effect compared to NaCl and showed a similar effect to CHX. However, clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of both products containing oxidising agents when used as oral rinses.}, }
@article {pmid41879843, year = {2026}, author = {Saleem, M and Khan, MS and Ahmad, I and Qattan, MY and Alharbi, MS}, title = {Distribution, antibacterial resistance, biofilm formation, and risk factors associated with carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria in ICU patients.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41879843}, issn = {1432-1912}, support = {R.G.P.2/503/46//Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia/ ; }, abstract = {Gram-negative bacteria are major contributors to intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections, further complicated by biofilm formation, multidrug resistance (MDR), and carbapenemase production. This study, conducted in Uttar Pradesh, India (2022-2023), assessed the distribution, antibacterial resistance profiles, biofilm formation, and risk factors associated with carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) in ICU patients. A total of 321 g-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates were recovered from 311 clinical samples. Bacterial identification, antibacterial susceptibility testing, biofilm detection, and PCR-based carbapenemase gene analysis were performed. Clinical and demographic variables were evaluated to determine factors associated with CPO infections and outcomes. The predominant pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 109 (34%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 77 (24%), and Escherichia coli 53 (16.5%). High resistance rates were observed for β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, whereas carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins remained largely effective. Biofilm formation was noted in Acinetobacter baumannii 23 (74.2%), K. pneumoniae 56 (72.7%), P. aeruginosa 74 (67.9%), and E. coli 34 (64.1%). The most prevalent carbapenemase genes were blaNDM-1 28 (45.9%), blaOXA-48 14 (23%), and blaVIM 7 (11.5%), with co-existence in 13 isolates (21.3%). CPO infections occurred in 61/311 patients (19.6%). Significant risk factors included male sex (42; 68.9%), age > 40 years (43; 70.5%), ICU stay > 7 days (46; 75.4%), urinary catheterization (41; 67.2%), venous catheterization (37; 60.7%), and mechanical ventilation (40; 65.6%). Mortality was higher in CPO-infected patients (23; 37.7%) than in non-CPO cases (52; 20.8%). Biofilm formation and carbapenemase genes are key drivers of MDR-GNB in ICUs. CPO infections are strongly linked to invasive device use and increased mortality, underscoring the need for robust antibacterial stewardship and infection control practices.}, }
@article {pmid41879899, year = {2026}, author = {Mohan, N and Sritha, KS and Jose, J and Menachery, SJ and Mohan, CC and Isshack, AT and Gopinathan, H and Koyyappurath, S and Abhitha, K and Dalvi, YB and Bhat, SG}, title = {Characterization, genomic insights and anti-biofilm potential of phage vB_PaeM_PKMS3, a lytic Pbunavirus capable of infecting clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41879899}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {TIG 2.0//Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan/ ; DST-PURSE, DST-FIST//Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Genome, Viral ; *Pseudomonas Phages/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; Animals ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/therapy ; Host Specificity ; *Myoviridae/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Zebrafish ; Phage Therapy ; Genomics ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, is a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-associated morbidity and mortality. The global surge of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strains necessitates the use of reliable alternative therapeutic strategies like phage therapy. Here, we report the isolation and comprehensive characterisation of a myoviral bacteriophage, vB_PaeM_PKMS3, effective against multiple clinical P. aeruginosa isolates. The phage exhibited potent lytic activity, a relatively broad intra-species host range, and stability across diverse temperature and pH conditions. One-step growth curve analysis revealed a short 20-min latent period, a rapid 10-min rise period, and a moderately high burst size of ~ 82 PFU/infected cell. vB_PaeM_PKMS3 showed excellent in vitro cytocompatibility and was well tolerated in the Danio rerio model during safety assessment. The exceptional in vitro biofilm-degradative ability of the phage, exemplified by a three-fold reduction in established biofilms, was corroborated by fluorescent and electron microscopic analyses. Genome sequencing revealed that phage vB_PaeM_PKMS3 possesses a linear dsDNA genome of ≈66 kbp, belongs to the Pbunavirus genus, and encodes several antibacterial proteins, including holin, depolymerase, and endolysin, while lacking virulence, lysogenic, and antibiotic resistance genes. Collectively, these results identify vB_PaeM_PKMS3 as a safe and favourable candidate for potential inclusion in phage cocktail formulations targeting MDR P. aeruginosa. This work also highlights the importance of systematic characterisation of locally isolated bacteriophages, particularly in regions burdened by drug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid41880855, year = {2026}, author = {Bhattacharya, S and Kolandhasamy, P and Mandal, A and Rajaram, R and Darbha, GK}, title = {Biofilm-mediated surface depolymerization of multiple synthetic polymers by mangrove-derived bacterial consortia.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {507}, number = {}, pages = {141847}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141847}, pmid = {41880855}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Plastic pollution persists across marine and terrestrial ecosystems largely due to the intrinsic resistance of synthetic polymers to biological attack. Despite growing evidence of microbial interactions with plastics, the mechanistic basis and extent of biofilm-mediated polymer deterioration remain poorly constrained. Here, we investigate the capacity of mangrove-derived bacterial consortia to initiate early-stage degradation of major synthetic polymers (PET, PS, LDPE, HDPE, and PP) under controlled laboratory conditions. Over a 120-day incubation under controlled laboratory conditions, consortium-exposed polymers exhibited differential mass loss, surface erosion, and mechanical weakening, with PS 20.14% and PET 8.33% showing the highest susceptibility. Integrated surface and molecular analyses using confocal laser scanning microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed extensive biofilm formation, nanoscale pitting, oxidative functional group incorporation, and localized polymer chain modification. Tensile testing further demonstrated reductions in mechanical integrity consistent with surface-driven structural weakening. First-order kinetic fits were applied to gravimetric data to provide comparative, non-predictive estimates of degradation dynamics across polymer types. This study provides quantitative and mechanistic evidence that environmentally adapted microbial consortia can promote biofilm-driven surface depolymerization, highlighting mangrove sediments as underexplored reservoirs of plastic-interacting microbes. These findings advance current understanding of early-stage plastic biodegradation and inform future strategies for biotechnological intervention in microplastic-polluted environments.}, }
@article {pmid41871690, year = {2026}, author = {Abdulsattar, BO and Abdulsattar, JO and Abdulmunem, OM and Abbas, BF and Neif, OA and Mohammad, MA}, title = {Down-regulation of biofilm formation genes expression on some gram-negative bacteria by Fumaria officinalis extract.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107472}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107472}, pmid = {41871690}, issn = {1872-8359}, abstract = {The rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens underscores the critical need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Biofilm formation contributes significantly to pathogen resistance and persistence. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Fumaria officinalis (FO) extract prepared via a green ionic liquid-based extraction method, evaluating its effect on type 1 fimbriae (fimH) and outer membrane protein L (oprL) gene expression. A heat-assisted extraction method is designed and presented in the research with the objective of obtaining valuable biochemical from natural FO using the green solvent 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl). Quantitative spectrophotometric assays showed high concentrations of secondary metabolites including total phenols (38.84 ± 1.71 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (36.80 ± 4.51 mg QE/g), and total terpenoids (36.52 ± 7.3 mg OAE/g). Non-volatile bioactive markers, including fumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids, alongside flavonoids and twenty-five volatile bioactive compounds were identified via HPLC and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Biofilm inhibition was quantified via the microtiter plate method and antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion against biofilm-producing isolates; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were also performed. The effect of FO extract on the expression of the fimH and OprL genes was evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technique. Out of 14 isolates, only three were found to be strong biofilm producers, while 4 isolates were shown to be moderate biofilm producers. The extract exhibited higher inhibitory activity against moderate biofilm-producing isolates, with MIC values 265 and 512 μg/ml. qRT-PCR demonstrated down-regulation of fimH and OprL expression in treated isolates. FO extract obtained via a sustainable green process showed antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties, partly via suppression of fimH and OprL genes expression; therefore, this study records the first green and sustainable method for FO plant biochemical compound extraction. Additionally, this work shows the inhibitory effect of FO on the two fundamental genes responsible for biofilm formation and bacterial colonization, aiming to balance the ecosystem and human well-being.}, }
@article {pmid41874431, year = {2026}, author = {Nguyen, B and Soo, MW and Tierney, GA and Amorelli, EA and Herlihy, AL and Godoy, VG}, title = {A new component of the DNA damage response biofilm axis in Acinetobacter baumannii is a TetR-like DNA damage response regulator.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnag032}, pmid = {41874431}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that employs a variety of strategies to evade antibiotic treatment which include forming biofilms, which are protective bacterial multicellular communities. Previously, we demonstrated RecA, a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR), governs biofilms with RecA levels inversely correlated with biofilm formation, such that low RecA levels results in high biofilms. In this study, we identify another DDR regulator, EppR-a recently characterized TetR-family transcriptional repressor-as also playing a role in biofilms. We show that an eppR-deficient strain is unable to form biofilms due to reduced expression of genes encoding adhesive pili. This occurs because EppR represses recA expression. Furthermore, we detected in biofilms an EppR-RecA complex that might lower intracellular RecA levels. Our findings provide further insight into both RecA regulation and the link between the DDR and biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41865820, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, Z and Li, W and Zhang, N and Lei, M and Chen, B and Li, Y and Liu, Q and Zhang, M and Lv, S and Cheng, F and Li, J}, title = {A novel continuous-flow three-stage tandem system based on partial nitrification/Anammox granular sludge and partial denitrification-Anammox biofilm (PN/A-PD-A) for advanced nitrogen removal from mature landfill leachate.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134474}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134474}, pmid = {41865820}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {A novel continuous-flow system coupling partial nitrification/Anammox (PN/A), partial denitrification (PD), and Anammox (Amx) biofilm reactors was developed (PN/A-PD-A) to treat mature landfill leachate (MLL). To maximize synergy, the NH4[+]-N removal in the PN/A reactor was regulated based on the NO2[-]-N accumulation ratio (NAR) in the PD stage, ensuring optimal substrate stoichiometry for the final Amx polishing step. Over 174 days of operation, the system achieved a superior total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) of 98.30 ± 0.14% (effluent TN: 21.80 ± 1.71 mg/L). The PN/A granular sludge, enriched with Candidatus_Kuenenia (5.87%) and Nitrosomonas (9.73%), demonstrated high adaptability to MLL characteristics and contributed to 83.51% of the TN removal. In the PD stage, the dominant genus Thauera (43.91%) facilitated efficient NAR (82.86 ± 1.61%) at a limited COD/NO3[-]-N ratio of 2.32 ± 0.02. The Anammox biofilm (Candidatus_Kuenenia, 27.80%) in the Amx reactor contributed to 13.10% of TN removal, ensuring to meet the MLL discharge standard. Kinetic and metagenomic analyses confirmed that distinct shifts from complete to partial nitrification (and denitrification) in enzymes activity and gene abundance under chronic MLL stress underpinned the robust NO2[-]-N accumulation in both PN/A and PD reactors. Notably, compared to conventional nitrification-denitrification process, the PN/A-PD-A system significantly reduced oxygen demand (60.18%), exogenous organic carbon consumption (91.61%), sludge yield (83.72%), and CO2 emission (94.66%), demonstrating a sustainable pathway for low-carbon nitrogen removal from high-strength wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41867910, year = {2026}, author = {Li, K and Skivens, S and Green, JEF and Tam, AKY and Pentland, DR and Baumann, H and Gourlay, CW and Binder, BJ and Laissue, PP}, title = {A quantitative framework for multiscale analysis of Candida albicans biofilm development.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100356}, pmid = {41867910}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of significant biomedical concern. Its ability to colonize abiotic surfaces of clinical devices - such as catheters and airway management systems - can result in life-threatening sepsis, especially in immunocompromised patients. A deeper understanding of C. albicans biofilm development under different environmental conditions is essential for improving antifungal treatments. In this study, we develop and validate a multiscale quantitative framework for analysing biofilm development. We examine C. albicans biofilm formation using live fluorescence microscopy across multiple scales and modalities, and introduce new quantification approaches. High-magnification tracking of hyphal tips reveals that hyphal elongation occurs intermittently rather than continuously. Using a new automated tracking approach, we show that hyphal emergence is initially rapid, slows down after approximately two hours, then speeds up again. At lower magnifications, area coverage across large fields of view proves to be a robust and scalable metric. It is strongly influenced by seed density and extends analysis to later stages of growth. Elevated carbon dioxide levels significantly accelerate area coverage, promoting rapid biofilm expansion. Blue light illumination reduces C. albicans growth in a dose-dependent manner. Light-sheet imaging enables the long-term capture of vertical biofilm growth, complementing widefield-based approaches. We introduce logistic model parameters to effectively quantify the dynamics of surface area growth. The methodologies presented here are well-suited for high-content screening applications aimed at identifying compounds that inhibit or suppress fungal biofilm formation under clinically relevant conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41868023, year = {2026}, author = {Zubair, M and Alshadfan, H and Alatawy, R and Mesaik, MAH}, title = {Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Properties of Ma'in Hot Springs Targeting Bacteria Isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcers.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {544236}, pmid = {41868023}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication of diabetes, which is worsened by biofilm-forming bacterial infections that can contribute to antibiotic resistance and delayed wound healing. This study explores the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of Ma'in Hot Springs Water (MHSW) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are associated with DFU.<br><br>METHODS: The chemical composition of MHSW was determined using LC-MS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and heavy metal profiling. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, bacterial growth kinetics, and biofilm inhibition assays.<br><br>RESULTS: The results demonstrated a dose-dependent antibacterial effect. Biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production, and bacterial adhesion were reduced in treated samples. Moreover, MHSW disrupted virulence factors such as plasma coagulation and metallo-&#x3b2;-lactamase production. It was also found to be non-cytotoxic.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings demonstrate the potential of MHSW as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for DFU infections. However, the presence of heavy metals exceeding safety limits requires further investigation to determine their optimal concentration for clinical usage.}, }
@article {pmid41868089, year = {2026}, author = {Liao, Y and Li, X and Sethupathy, S and Zhong, L and Cheng, X and Wang, F and Ding, Z and Hao, C and Ye, L and Li, Y and Dar, OI and Wang, M}, title = {Dihydromyricetin attenuates biofilm formation and virulence in Streptococcus mutans, the key pathogen underlying dental caries.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2645305}, pmid = {41868089}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus mutans is a primary pathogen linked to dental caries. This study evaluated the effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata, on the biofilm formation and virulence of S. mutans UA159 and explored the underlying mechanisms.<br><br>METHODS: Antibacterial activity was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and growth assays. Biofilm formation, metabolic activity and viable counts were assessed using crystal violet staining, MTT and CFU assays. Biofilm architecture was examined by electron and confocal microscopy. Acid production, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, adhesion and aggregation were evaluated. Expression of virulence genes (gtfB, gtfC and spaP) and the quorum sensing gene luxS was analyzed by RT-qPCR.<br><br>RESULTS: DHM showed an MIC of 250&#x2009;&#x3bc;g/mL and significantly inhibited biofilm formation, EPS synthesis, acid production, adhesion and aggregation. Biofilm structure was disrupted and viable cell counts were reduced. DHM markedly downregulated virulence-associated and quorum sensing-related genes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: DHM suppresses biofilm formation and cariogenic virulence of S. mutans, partly through the modulation of quorum sensing, indicating its potential as a natural anticariogenic agent.}, }
@article {pmid41868125, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, S and Zhang, H and Zheng, X and Mou, X and Wu, Z and Zou, L and Shou, K and Liu, X}, title = {Shikonin inhibits MRSA biofilm formation to alleviate periprosthetic joint infection.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1739888}, pmid = {41868125}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To alleviate periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), shikonin (SKN) had been used to intervene the biofilm formation of MRSA in vivo and in vitro, which provides theoretical support and practical foundation for SKN as a novel drug against drug-resistant bacterial infection.<br><br>METHODS: The rat model of periprosthetic joint infection was established, utilizing techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and pathology test to evaluate the MRSA inhibitory of bacterial load and biofilm formation effects of SKN. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) experiments were conducted to assess the antibacterial activity of SKN. The crystal violet staining method was employed to evaluate the effects of SKN on MRSA biofilm formation and eradication. Transcriptomic and amino acid metabolomics analyses were used to investigate the mechanism of SKN inhibition in MRSA biofilm formation. Total thiol detection was used to assess the impact of SKN on the intracellular cysteine levels in MRSA. Finally, MIC and crystal violet staining were used to evaluate the antibacterial effects and biofilm eradication efficacy of SKN against clinical MRSA strains.<br><br>RESULTS: In vivo experimental results demonstrated that high doses of SKN significantly reduced the biofilm formation in MRSA PJI in rats, improved local inflammatory responses, and promoted tissue repair. Observations using scanning electron microscopy confirmed that SKN effectively inhibited the formation of biofilms on implant surface. MIC experiments revealed that the lowest inhibitory concentration of SKN was 70&#xa0;&#x3bc;M, indicating significant antibacterial activity, although no direct bactericidal effects were observed. Results of crystal violet staining showed that SKN could significantly inhibit biofilm formation of MRSA at sublethal concentrations and exhibited efficacy of biofilm removal. Transcriptomic and acid amino metabolomic analyses prompted that the inhibition of MRSA biofilm formation by SKN might be related to regulate the cysteine metabolism in MRSA. Total thiol detection was used to validate the omics findings in vitro. Finally, SKN intervention in MRSA clinical strains showed that the SKN could inhibit MRSA clinical strains and remove biofilm.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SKN inhibits MRSA by suppressing biofilm formation, effectively alleviating periprosthetic joint infection by MRSA, and the mechanism of SKN antibacterial activity may be related to regulate the cysteine metabolism in MRSA.}, }
@article {pmid41869518, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Wu, R}, title = {Intraoperative sampling for postoperative metagenomic next-generation sequencing to guide biofilm-targeted therapy for Cutibacterium acnes infective endocarditis complicated by ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: a case report.}, journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1707117}, pmid = {41869518}, issn = {2297-055X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cutibacterium acnes is an easily overlooked pathogen in infective endocarditis (IE) due to its slow growth, propensity for biofilm formation, and high rate of culture-negative results. When complicated by structural heart disease such as a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (RSVA), its indolent course can lead to severe hemodynamic compromise.<br><br>CASE SUMMARY: A 35-year-old male with a known ventricular septal defect (VSD) and unruptured aortic sinus aneurysm presented with persistent fever and progressive heart failure (NYHA class IV). Echocardiography revealed a ruptured right coronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (RCSVA) into the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) with a large vegetation. Blood cultures were negative. After 6 days of ineffective empirical antibiotic therapy, emergency surgery was performed to resect the aneurysm and vegetation and repair the cardiac structures. Intraoperatively, a vegetation sample was collected for metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Postoperatively, mNGS identified Cutibacterium acnes with high sequence reads (1,284) and coverage (47.62%), enabling a definitive diagnosis. Pathology confirmed microcolonies and necrotic inflammation. The antibiotic regimen was switched to a regimen with potential activity against biofilms with oral doxycycline and intravenous clindamycin for 6 weeks. The patient's inflammatory markers normalized, and cardiac function recovered to NYHA class I, with no recurrence at 12-month follow-up.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This case highlights the diagnostic synergy of intraoperative histopathology and mNGS for pathogen identification, underscores the rationale for biofilm-conscious adjuvant therapy, and reaffirms the crucial role of early surgical debridement and repair in achieving cure.}, }
@article {pmid41869957, year = {2026}, author = {Vijaya Prabhu, S and Suman, S and Chellapandi, A and Baskaradoss, P and Padma Priya, S and Pandurangan, T and Ayyanar, M and Murugesan, R and Srinivasan, P}, title = {Targeting Quorum Sensing LsrR Protein in E. coli: A Computational Approach to Screen the Plant Bioactive Compounds as Inhibitors of Biofilm Formation in Urinary Tract Infections.}, journal = {Assay and drug development technologies}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1540658X261429261}, doi = {10.1177/1540658X261429261}, pmid = {41869957}, issn = {1557-8127}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli, driven by biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS), presents a significant challenge in combating infections, particularly urinary tract infections. This study explored the potential of plant bioactive compounds to inhibit LsrR, a key transcriptional regulator of the QS system, in E. coli. The active site of LsrR was identified using the Sitemap module, which demonstrated high druggability, with a D-score of 0.987. Structure-based virtual screening was used to identify plant-derived inhibitors, followed by docking, binding free energy calculations, and induced-fit docking to evaluate ligand interactions and stability. Chebulinic acid, rutin, and vicine have emerged as potent inhibitors with better docking scores and multiple protein-ligand interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of these complexes, highlighting their potential to disrupt QS pathways and inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. These findings suggest that plant bioactive compounds are promising novel therapeutic agents for mitigating AMR in E. coli by targeting LsrR.}, }
@article {pmid41870676, year = {2026}, author = {Božac, E and Žučko, J and Braut, A and Špalj, S and Peršić Bukmir, R and Toplak, N and Hladnik, M and Vitezić, BM}, title = {Supragingival dental biofilm microbiomes of tobacco heating system smokers, cigarette smokers and non-smokers.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41870676}, issn = {1436-3771}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; *Microbiota ; *Smokers ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; *Non-Smokers ; Middle Aged ; *Gingiva/microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial ; Heating ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The study compared the bacterial composition of supragingival dental biofilm (SDB) among smokers and non-smokers (NS).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 60 subjects allocated into three groups: tobacco heating system smokers (THSS), cigarette smokers (CS) and NS. SDB samples were collected, and bacterial DNA was extracted and prepared for next generation sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene hypervariable regions. Bioinformatic pipelines were applied to assess microbial diversity and taxonomic composition.<br><br>RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in alpha diversity (Observed taxa and Shannon index) or beta diversity (Bray-Curtis index) among groups. In contrast, significant differences in microbiome bacterial composition were identified across multiple taxonomic levels. At the genus level, Alysiella (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.016) and Propionibacterium (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.025) were most abundant in THSS, whereas Actinobaculum (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.004), Avibacterium (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.015) and Haemophilus (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.030) predominated in NS. At the species level: Alysiella filiformis (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.006) and Streptococcus thermophilus (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.025) were most abundant in THSS, Streptococcus lactarius (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.05) in CS, and Prevotella multiformis (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.016) and Lactobacillus salivarius (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.018) in NS group.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Distinct differences in bacterial composition of SDB were observed among THSS, CS and NS. The increased abundance of anaerobic bacteria with cariogenic potential in THSS and CS suggests a more dysbiotic profile and increased pathogenic potential compared to NS.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Variations in SDB bacterial composition may influence the pathological potential of dental biofilms in smokers and non-smokers.}, }
@article {pmid41870810, year = {2026}, author = {Louzada, VG and Oliveira-Silva, M and Goulart, RS and Pitondo-Silva, A and Leoni, GB}, title = {Effect of ultrasonic power settings on intracanal biofilm reduction.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41870810}, issn = {1436-3771}, }
@article {pmid41863040, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Chen, Z and Jing, M and Huang, Z and Mao, M}, title = {Streptococcus mutans CcpA Promotes Biofilm Exopolysaccharide Production and Virulence Gene Expression.}, journal = {Molecular oral microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/omi.70027}, pmid = {41863040}, issn = {2041-1014}, support = {82071104 81900988//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23XD1434200/22Y21901000//Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality/ ; NCRCO2021-omics-07//National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases/ ; 19MC1910600//Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases/ ; JYZP006//Major and Key Cultivation Projects of Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong university School of Medicine/ ; 2022ZZ01017//Shanghai's Top Priority Research Center/ ; 2019-I2M-5-037//CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences/ ; JYZZ237//Fundamental research program funding of Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/ ; JYJC202223//Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine/ ; }, abstract = {Streptococcus mutans is a key cariogenic pathogen of dental caries due to its strong ability to synthesize extracellular glucans and form biofilms. Glucosyltransferases, encoded by gtfB/C/D genes in S. mutans, are responsible for producing biofilm exopolysaccharides (EPS) and are considered to be critical virulence factors. Previous studies have highlighted the roles of various regulatory factors of gtf genes in S. mutans. Here, we investigated the role of the global transcriptional regulator CcpA encoded by ccpA in regulating the EPS synthesis and biofilm formation of S. mutans. A ccpA in-frame deletion strain was observed to develop shiny, round colonies and longer cell length. In addition, the deletion of ccpA resulted in impaired growth, diminished synthesis of EPS, and reduced biofilm formation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in the ccpA deletion strain were significantly enriched in pathways of carbohydrate transport and metabolism, in which the expressions of gtfB and gtfC were downregulated markedly. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that CcpA directly binds to the promoter sequences of gtfB and gtfC, with a higher affinity for gtfC. Moreover, the expression level of ccpA in part explained differences in the ability to synthesize sufficient EPS and form stable biofilm in clinically isolated strains. These findings highlight that CcpA plays a crucial role in the EPS production and biofilm formation of S. mutans through directly binding to the promoter regions of gtfB and gtfC. This study provides novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of S. mutans and potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid41863456, year = {2026}, author = {Ullah, AA and Naeem, M and Khan, F and Qadeer, K and Zohra, RR and Ahmad, M}, title = {In Vitro Synergistic Inhibition and Eradication of Pathogenic Bacterial Biofilms by Bacillus subtilis-derived Anti-biofilm Enzymes.}, journal = {Current protein &amp; peptide science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113892037427870260206112949}, pmid = {41863456}, issn = {1875-5550}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilm formation is a crucial virulent attribute of pathogens that promotes their resistance to antibiotics and contributes to chronic illnesses in humans. Traditional antibiotic therapies have proven ineffective in eliminating sessile microbial populations within biofilms, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of the anti-biofilm enzymes derived from Bacillus subtilis was evaluated against biofilm-forming human clinical pathogens.<br><br>METHODS: An in vitro impact of combined anti-biofilm enzymes obtained from Bacillus subtilis C5W on the inhibition and eradication of biofilms of A. baumannii, E. aerogenes, and E.coli was monitored using a spectrophotometric microtiter plate assay.<br><br>RESULTS: Among seven clinical pathogens, three pathogens were found to be strong biofilm producers as they formed biofilm at an incubation time of 48 hours. The anti-biofilm enzymes significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of A. baumannii and E. aerogenes at an incubation time of 48 hours, with inhibition rates of 62.51% and 57.91%, respectively. In contrast, the maximum inhibition of biofilm formation in E. coli was observed at 24 hours, with an inhibition rate of 76.69%. The biofilm eradication rates were recorded to be 30.17% (A. baumannii), 46.29% (E. aerogenes), and 53.02% (E. coli) after a 24-hour incubation time. The SEM images confirmed the disruption of adhered biofilm on the glass surface and aggregation of microcolonies.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The study highlighted that Bacillus subtilis-derived enzyme combinations showed a synergistic inhibitory effect against biofilms formed by human clinical pathogens under in vitro conditions. The combined enzymatic treatment not only disrupted established biofilms but also suppressed their formation, indicating an enhanced anti-biofilm potential.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated the multi-enzyme approach as a promising and effective alternative to conventional antimicrobial approaches for managing biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41864121, year = {2026}, author = {Arslan, S and Schena, R and Romano, A and Hohenegger, M and De Martino, L and Nocera, FP}, title = {Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli isolated from wild boars.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {106148}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2026.106148}, pmid = {41864121}, issn = {1532-2661}, abstract = {The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a widely distributed and ecologically adaptable species, increasingly recognized as a useful sentinel for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the human-livestock-wildlife interface. This study investigated the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli, with particular focus on biofilm-forming ability and associated resistance determinants, in wild boars from Southern Italy. Nasal swabs were collected from healthy wild boars harvested during the 2023 hunting season in the Campania Region. E. coli isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and characterized for phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles. Biofilm production was evaluated using the crystal violet assay, while biofilm-associated genes and selected resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 81 E. coli isolates were analysed. Biofilm formation was detected in 66 isolates (81.5%), mainly as weak producers, and was positively correlated with the presence of biofilm-associated genes (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001), predominantly fliC (13.6%), fimH (9.9%), papC (8.6%), and agn43/flu (6.2%). Carbapenemase genes were predominantly detected among biofilm gene-positive isolates, including the combined presence of blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM in three strains. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were found for blaPER, mphA, and blaVIM when comparing biofilm gene-positive and -negative strains. Most isolates exhibited a MDR phenotype, with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.20 to 0.39. These findings highlight wild boars as potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant E. coli and reveal the complex interplay between biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and wildlife, underscoring the need to include wildlife in integrated One Health antimicrobial resistance surveillance strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41864131, year = {2026}, author = {Sánchez-Giménez, L and Scalschi, L and Llorens, E and Falomir, E and Camañes, G and Vicedo, B}, title = {Hexanoic acid inhibits in vitro growth and biofilm formation in Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {308}, number = {}, pages = {128504}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128504}, pmid = {41864131}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Hexanoic acid (Hx) is a naturally occurring fatty acid with antimicrobial properties and potential to induce plant defense responses. This study evaluated the in vitro effect of Hx on Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, focusing on bacterial growth and biofilm formation, key factors for pathogen survival and virulence. The obtained results indicate that Hx did not exert a direct lethal effect at low concentrations on bacterial cells, but higher doses (≥ 12 mM) displayed a bactericidal effect against both species, with X. euvesicatoria showing higher sensitivity than X. vesicatoria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed cell wall damage and absence of biofilm at ≥ 10 mM Hx, consistent with the quorum sensing (QS) inhibition observed at this concentration. Moreover, exposure to 5 mM Hx triggered a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating the inability of both bacteria to overcome the toxic environment generated by this compound. In addition, gene expression analysis demonstrated that Hx significantly impaired early biofilm establishment by downregulating motility- and virulence-related genes, particularly evident in X. euvesicatoria from lower concentrations. Although responses differed between the two species in survival strategies and sensitivities to Hx, both converged in a compromised biofilm formation and stress response capacity. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into Xanthomonas sensitivity to Hx and highlights biofilm disruption as a central mechanism underlying its antimicrobial activity under in vitro conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41864396, year = {2026}, author = {Qi, Q and Yin, XJ and Xuan, WJ and Wang, HM and Hamblin, MR and He, LX and Zhen, XM and Pang, Y and Huang, LY}, title = {Repeated Sublethal Photodynamic Inactivation Does Not Increase Biofilm Formation or Induce Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105444}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105444}, pmid = {41864396}, issn = {1873-1597}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) could be an effective and novel approach to address the increasingly severe issue of antibiotic resistance. However, no standardized dosing protocol exists for aPDI administration, and clinical applications have frequently used sublethal doses. This study evaluated whether repeated sublethal antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (sPDT) could not only trigger resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, but also increase biofilm biomass accumulation and upregulate key biofilm-related genes.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the response of five clinical antimicrobial-resistant A. baumannii strains to sPDT. A "cycle" was defined as one round of sPDT followed by an overnight regrowth and subsequent resuspension in fresh medium (3-3.5 h) to reach the logarithmic phase. To compare the effects of biofilm properties and antimicrobial responses, bacteria were exposed to 15 cycles of sPDT under three conditions: (1) no treatment (control group); (2) methylene blue (MB) mediated sPDT alone (MB-sPDT group); (3) a combination of MB and potassium iodide (KI) to mediate sPDT (MB/KI-sPDT group).<br><br>RESULTS: Our findings showed that the biofilms formed by A. baumannii after consecutive sPDT exhibited no resistance to subsequent aPDT, and that MB/KI-aPDT demonstrated superior efficacy in biofilm eradication. Moreover, some strains exhibited reduced biofilm-forming capacity after 15 cycles of sPDT. Compared to untreated controls (0th cycle), the expression levels of biofilm-associated genes (bap, csuE, ompA, and abaI genes) in most strains decreased after the 5th, 10th, and 15th cycles of MB-sPDT and MB/KI-sPDT, except for the upregulation of ompA observed in one multidrug-resistant strain after 5th cycles of MB-sPDT.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results indicate that after 15 cycles of sPDT there was no increase in biofilm-forming capacity or upregulation of biofilm-related gene expression, and the biofilms formed showed no decreased susceptibility to the same aPDT regimens.}, }
@article {pmid41864415, year = {2026}, author = {Romeu, MJ and Gomes, LC and Teixeira-Santos, R and Zulpukarova, G and Woudstra, W and Atema-Smit, J and Geertsema-Doornbusch, G and Schirhagl, R and May, PW and Mergulhão, FJ}, title = {Black diamond and black silicon for reducing marine biofilm formation.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124321}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124321}, pmid = {41864415}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Marine biofilms quickly colonize submerged surfaces, causing drag, reduced efficiency, and corrosion in vessels and marine infrastructure. Thus, the development of coatings that can resist bacterial adhesion and biofilm growth is essential. This study investigated two nanostructured surfaces - black silicon (bSi) and diamond-coated black silicon (black diamond, bD) - designed to physically disrupt bacterial cells using nanoscale spikes. Hydrogen- and fluorine-terminated versions of these surfaces were evaluated against 7-week-old Cobetia marina biofilms under controlled hydrodynamic conditions using flat silicon (Flat-Si) and flat diamond as controls. Nanostructured surfaces were less wettable than Flat-Si, with the contact angle of the fluorinated black diamond (bD-F) reaching 132°. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed that bSi and bD maintained their high-aspect-ratio nanoneedles, resisted protein adsorption, and had reduced biofilm coverage compared to flat controls. Optical Coherence Tomography revealed ∼50% thinner and less porous biofilms on the bD-F surface. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy analysis showed a 75% reduction in biofilm biovolume on bD-F compared to Flat-Si, with only 45% cell viability. Non-viable cells were predominantly located in inner biofilm layers, indicating a bactericidal effect. Flow cytometry supported these results, showing altered bacterial membrane potential and metabolic activity in bacteria exposed to bD surfaces. Experiments using real seawater and field immersion assays confirmed that bD surfaces maintain structural integrity and strongly reduce biofilm formation under realistic marine conditions. These findings demonstrate the antifouling and antimicrobial effects of nanostructured diamond-coated surfaces, particularly fluorine-terminated ones, for durable marine applications.}, }
@article {pmid41862276, year = {2026}, author = {Tanabe, G and Mori, T and Hanaoka, M and Domae, E and Into, T}, title = {LL-37 and bacterial DNA complexes in dental plaque: Implications for biofilm structure, innate immunity, and periodontal pathogenesis.}, journal = {Journal of oral biosciences}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {100771}, doi = {10.1016/j.job.2026.100771}, pmid = {41862276}, issn = {1880-3865}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate/immunology ; *Cathelicidins/immunology ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology/immunology ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/immunology ; *DNA, Bacterial/immunology/metabolism ; *Periodontal Diseases/immunology/microbiology ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/immunology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental plaque is a highly organized polymicrobial biofilm, in which extracellular DNA serves as a vital structural and functional component of the extracellular matrix. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 plays an important role in oral innate defense, exhibiting both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Our recent study indicated that LL-37 forms stable complexes with bacterial DNA in dental plaque. This review summarizes current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and immunological consequences of LL-37-bacterial DNA interactions in dental plaque, highlighting their potential implications in biofilm structure, innate immunity, and periodontal pathogenesis.<br><br>HIGHLIGHT: LL-37 binds to oral bacterial DNA forming stable, nuclease-resistant, high-molecular-weight complexes with an aggregated morphology. These complexes abrogate the intrinsic antimicrobial activity of LL-37 while enhancing the stability and cohesiveness of the biofilm matrix. Moreover, LL-37-bacterial DNA complexes act as immunostimulatory molecules by activating TLR9 and the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby triggering proinflammatory cytokine production in host immune cells. Notably, this immunostimulatory capacity varies with the bacterial source of the DNA, suggesting species-specific modulation of host responses.<br><br>CONCLUSION: LL-37-bacterial DNA complex formation represents a key event at the interface of innate defense and dysbiosis in dental plaque. This dual nature of LL-37, whereby it acts as an antimicrobial peptide when alone, yet promotes biofilm formation and inflammation when complexed with bacterial DNA, sheds new light on the mechanisms underlying biofilm persistence and chronic inflammation. Understanding this interaction may open new avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm-associated periodontal diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41862732, year = {2026}, author = {da Silva, MEP and de Melo Suica, LM and Rodrigues, RS and Custódio, MGF and Ferreira, VB and da Silva Pontes, L and de Oliveira Santos, IC and Pribul, BR and da Silva Lima, NC and Ramos, IVG and Carvalho, AG and Belém, MGL and Esquerdo, RP and Assef, APDC and Matos, NB}, title = {Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU patients and hospital surfaces: β-lactamase burden, biofilm formation and clonal spread.}, journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41862732}, issn = {1435-4373}, }
@article {pmid41854812, year = {2026}, author = {Chaaya, G and Daccache, M and Yaghi, J and Louka, N and Maroun, RG and Assaf, JC and El Khoury, A and Lteif, R}, title = {Comparative fermentation performance of biofilm and planktonic Saccharomyces cerevisiae under standard and high-carbon media.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41854812}, issn = {1618-1905}, support = {FS173//Saint Joseph University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41859601, year = {2026}, author = {Ricafrente, RML and Malalay, AP}, title = {Synergistic Anti-quorum Sensing and Anti-biofilm Activities of Crude Terminalia catappa Leaf Extract Combined With Ciprofloxacin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e103643}, pmid = {41859601}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {The increasing prevalence of biofilm-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for alternative and complementary therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the anti-quorum-sensing, anti-biofilm, and antibacterial activities of Terminalia catappa ethanolic crude leaf extract combined with ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa BIOTECH 1335 using an in vitro quantitative experimental design. The crude extract was obtained from fresh leaves, yielding 2.46% (2.46 g/100 g), and phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, and fixed oils, while alkaloids and anthraquinone glycosides were absent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analysis was performed using an IRPrestige-21 FTIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a MIRacle ATR accessory (PIKE Technologies, Madison, WI, USA), confirming functional groups associated with phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Biofilm inhibition assays showed that the extract alone achieved up to 67.23% inhibition at 64 µg/mL. Ciprofloxacin demonstrated an inverse dose-response pattern in biofilm inhibition, wherein higher concentrations exhibited lower inhibitory effects, an atypical finding of potential mechanistic relevance. The combined treatment produced enhanced inhibition at defined concentration ranges, with the highest biofilm inhibition (72.94%) observed at 64 µg/mL extract and 0.0625 µg/mL ciprofloxacin. Quorum-sensing assays showed dose-dependent reductions in swarming and swimming motility across treatments. Checkerboard analysis revealed concentration-dependent synergistic interactions (∑FIC ≤ 0.5) specifically at low-to-moderate extract concentrations (16-32 µg/mL) combined with sub-inhibitory ciprofloxacin doses (0.015625-0.03125 µg/mL), while higher-dose combinations demonstrated predominantly additive effects. Two-way ANOVA confirmed significant main effects of extracts and ciprofloxacin concentrations. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Terminalia catappa crude extract can potentiate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of ciprofloxacin at specific concentration combinations, supporting the potential of plant-antibiotic combination strategies as a multi-targeted approach against biofilm-related infections and antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41859727, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, D and Shao, C and Liu, D and Ying, H}, title = {Enhancing cytidine biosynthesis by coupling minicell-forming morphology with biofilm-based fermentation.}, journal = {Synthetic and systems biotechnology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {390-395}, pmid = {41859727}, issn = {2405-805X}, abstract = {Cytidine is an important nucleoside in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology fields. To improve its biosynthesis efficiency, this study proposes a strategy that integrates minicell-forming recombinant strains with biofilm-based fermentation. By knocking out the key gene minC that regulates cell division, a cytidine-producing strain capable of stable minicell formation was constructed. In the biofilm-based fermentation system, the cytidine titer of this strain reached 1.74 g/L, representing a 114% increase compared to traditional free-cell fermentation. The study further revealed that minicell formation may promote biofilm formation, which in turn helps mitigate acidification during the fermentation process. This work provides a new approach for the synergistic optimization of morphology engineering and fermentation processes in microbial cytidine production, with significant potential in industrial biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid41859892, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, Y and Ma, J and Fu, L and Zheng, Z and Wang, W}, title = {Bioinspired antibacterial microrobots derived from mammalian cells for biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d6cc00121a}, pmid = {41859892}, issn = {1364-548X}, abstract = {This study reports bioinspired antibacterial microrobots for biofilm disruption and bacterial killing. Cell-derived magnetic microrobots (MMCs) have been prepared via polymer-assisted cell metallization, precisely preserving the original cell morphology. When decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, MMCs mechanically disrupt biofilms through structural interactions and dramatically promote the bactericidal performance of H2O2.}, }
@article {pmid41860219, year = {2026}, author = {Ru, Y and Tan, S and Shen, X and Zheng, C and Wu, Y and Shao, Y and Liu, X}, title = {Thermoregulation of functional amyloid Fap-dependent biofilm formation via cyclic diguanosine monophosphate signaling in Pseudomonas fluorescens.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0238725}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02387-25}, pmid = {41860219}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: We recently reported that Pseudomonas fluorescens PF07, an isolate from refrigerated marine fish, produces the functional amyloid Fap as the major component of its biofilm matrix and that transcription of the fap gene cluster is directly regulated by BrfA, a novel c-di-GMP-responsive transcription regulator. As a psychrotrophic food spoiler, P. fluorescens encounters temperature fluctuations during food processing and distribution; however, the effects of temperature on its biofilm formation remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that reduced temperatures (4°C and 15°C) significantly attenuate macrocolony, pellicle, and solid-surface-associated biofilm formation in PF07 compared to 28°C. Mechanistically, low temperatures suppress Fap-dependent biofilm formation by downregulating intracellular c-di-GMP levels via the coordinated control of two key enzymes: a novel diguanylate cyclase, DebA, and a cold-adapted phosphodiesterase BifA. At 28°C, DebA is highly expressed and maintains robust catalytic activity via its PAS domain, while BifA exhibits low activity due to poor thermostability; these effects together drive c-di-GMP accumulation, fap expression, and biofilm formation. Conversely, low temperatures reduce DebA expression and activity, while BifA retains exceptional cold tolerance to accelerate c-di-GMP degradation, thereby suppressing fap expression and biofilm formation. This study delineates a novel temperature-responsive c-di-GMP signaling pathway in the psychrotrophic food spoiler, P. fluorescens PF07.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The persistence of bacteria in various biofilms frequently leads to food spoilage and foodborne illnesses. Pseudomonas fluorescens is widely recognized as one of the most prevalent spoilage organisms, with a robust capacity for biofilm formation. Temperature is a critical factor in food processing, distribution, and preservation. This study identifies a novel temperature-responsive c-di-GMP signaling module centered on the novel diguanylate cyclase DebA and the cold-adapted phosphodiesterase BifA, which governs Fap-dependent biofilm formation in P. fluorescens PF07. Our findings expand the known repertoire of c-di-GMP-mediated biofilm regulatory pathways and may inform the development of improved antibiofilm strategies for the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41862269, year = {2026}, author = {Wakamatsu, N and Yoshioka, Y and Habu, M and Ariyoshi, W and Yamasaki, R}, title = {Surfactin selectively suppresses acidogenicity in Streptococcus sobrinus without inhibiting growth or biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of oral biosciences}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {100756}, doi = {10.1016/j.job.2026.100756}, pmid = {41862269}, issn = {1880-3865}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology ; *Lipopeptides/pharmacology ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Humans ; *Streptococcus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Dental caries are caused by organic acids produced by cariogenic bacteria through carbohydrate metabolism. Suppression of acid production without disrupting the oral microbiome is a promising preventive strategy against dental caries. Surfactin, a naturally derived biosurfactant, has several biological activities. However, its effects on acid production by cariogenic bacteria remain unclear. In this study, the effects of surfactin on lactate production, growth, biofilm formation, and metabolic activity of Streptococcus sobrinus, were investigated.<br><br>METHODS: In vitro assays were performed to distinguish surfactin-mediated suppression of acidogenic metabolism from its effects on bacterial growth or biofilm formation, combined with molecular and enzymatic analyses to explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms.<br><br>RESULTS: Surfactin significantly reduced lactate production in planktonic and biofilm-associated S. sobrinus, and it delayed environmental pH reduction in the presence of sucrose. Notably, these effects were observed without inhibition of bacterial growth or biofilm formation. There were no significant changes in the expression of lactate production-related genes, and lactate dehydrogenase activity was not inhibited by surfactin. In contrast, in the MTT assay, there was a transient reduction in metabolic activity, accompanied by delayed initiation of growth.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that surfactin selectively attenuates acidogenicity in S. sobrinus, without markedly affecting bacterial viability or biofilm architecture, which is consistent with an anti-virulence mode of action. Although further validation in more complex oral environments and comprehensive safety assessments are required, this study provides fundamental evidence supporting the potential of naturally derived biosurfactants as a basis for future preventive strategies for caries.}, }
@article {pmid41850416, year = {2026}, author = {Gonçalves Veríssimo, MH and Gonçalves, LFF and da Costa, PCQG and de Boa, PWM and Borges, BCD and Magnani, M and de Castro, RD and Batista, AUD and Cavalcanti, YW and Barão, VAR and Pereira, ALC}, title = {Impact of cleaning protocols on surface integrity and biofilm formation of heat-polymerized and 3D-printed denture base resins after gastric acid exposure.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106635}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106635}, pmid = {41850416}, issn = {1879-176X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of commonly used cleaning protocols on the surface, physical, chemical, optical, and microbiological properties of heat-polymerized and 3D-printed denture base resins after gastric acid exposure.<br><br>METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens (10&#xd7;3 mm) were fabricated from one heat-polymerized resin (HT) and two 3D-printed resins (Yller&#xae; [YL] and Monile&#xae; [M]). After erosive cycling with gastric acid, specimens were allocated to four cleaning protocols (n=20): brushing with denture paste, effervescent tablet combined with brushing, immersion in mouthwash, and rinsing with tap water. Surface roughness, wettability, Vickers hardness, water sorption and solubility, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), color stability (CIEDE2000), and microbiological behavior were assessed at baseline and after cleaning. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (&#x3b1;=0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Erosive cycling followed by cleaning increased surface roughness (p=0.03) and hydrophilicity (p<0.01) in all resins. Hardness was influenced by both resin type and cleaning protocol (p<0.05), with the greatest reduction observed in YL. Water sorption and solubility remained low and unchanged (p>0.05), and FTIR analysis revealed no chemical degradation. However, all resins exhibited clinically perceptible color changes (p<0.01) and increased Candida albicans colonization (p<0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite stable chemical structure and bulk properties, gastric acid exposure combined with routine cleaning impaired surface integrity, color stability, and resistance to microbial colonization of denture base resins.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Gastric acid erosion associated with daily hygiene procedures may accelerate denture degradation and microbial colonization, potentially reducing prosthesis longevity and reinforcing the need for closer monitoring of patients with gastroesophageal reflux.}, }
@article {pmid41851696, year = {2026}, author = {Albayrak, F and Tunç, T and Altunbaş, D and Zan, R and Ayhan, M and Bal, H}, title = {The anti-biofilm effect of ozonated water and super-oxidized water applied with different activation procedures against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-08147-3}, pmid = {41851696}, issn = {1472-6831}, }
@article {pmid41853207, year = {2026}, author = {Fayed, EA and Najm, MAA and Abdelglil, MI and Ramsis, TM and Gohar, NA and Metwally, SA and Ebrahim, MA}, title = {A structural blueprint for antibacterial discovery: microwave- and ultrasound-assisted synthesis of pyrrolidine-fused quinoxalines as novel inhibitors of DNA gyrase and biofilm.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {16}, pages = {14638-14659}, pmid = {41853207}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {In order to lessen the severity of infectious diseases, anti-infective agents-drugs that prevent, combat, or control infections brought on by microorganisms-are essential in contemporary medicine. To tackle antimicrobial resistance, this project intends to design and synthesize hybrid compounds that contain pyrrolidine, quinoxaline and a hydrazinyl bridge, and assess the antimicrobial and antifungal properties of these compounds against a variety of pathogenic strains. The bactericidal properties of hybrids 24, 27, and 29 against E. coli were verified. The MIC of 12.5 µM was shown by hybrids 24, 25, and 31, which suggests bactericidal hybrids are effective against P. aeruginosa at greater concentrations. In comparison to Levofloxacin, treatment with all hybrids produced an 89-92% reduction in biofilm formation at 90% MIC. Eight hybrids' killing kinetics against P. aeruginosa were time-dependent, with an abrupt decrease in CFU number observed at higher concentrations. While 4-fold and 8-fold MICs resulted in nearly total bacterial eradication, primary bacterial elimination happened after three hours. The most effective DNA gyrase inhibitors were hybrids 25, 28, and 31; their IC50 values were significantly less than that of ciprofloxacin (77.3, 87.6, and 65.5 µM, respectively). To determine the best drug-like qualities, the study examined the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic features of active compounds. Molecular docking simulation experiments were also conducted to comprehend the binding interactions and mechanisms of action of these hits.}, }
@article {pmid41853806, year = {2026}, author = {Chao, CA and Hoskins, TD and Hammad, M and Jo, S and Bostrom, MP and Carli, AV}, title = {Pretreatment With Vancomycin Prevents Staphylococcal Biofilm Formation on Marlex Mesh.}, journal = {Arthroplasty today}, volume = {38}, number = {}, pages = {101985}, pmid = {41853806}, issn = {2352-3441}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polypropylene (PPE) mesh is a popular surgical treatment for extensor mechanism disruption in revision knee arthroplasty, but development of infection can be catastrophic. Pretreating orthopedic materials with antibiotics has precedence, but has not yet been described for PPE mesh. The purpose of the current study is to determine if mesh pretreatment with vancomycin could effectively prevent biofilm formation.<br><br>METHODS: Sterile PPE mesh was cut into 10-mm diameter circles. PPE circles were soaked in saline for 20 minutes with one of the following vancomycin concentrations: 1) 0.625 mg/ml, 2) 1.25 mg/ml, 3) 2.5 mg/ml, 4) 5.0 mg/ml, and 5) 10.0 mg/ml. To simulate surgical irrigation prior to closure, samples were rinsed with saline 0, 1, 2, or 3 times. Each group had 9 samples. Rinsed PPE circles were placed in a 48-well plate, inoculated with 10[6] colony-forming units (CFUs) of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, cultured in tryptic soy broth for 24 hours, rinsed to remove planktonic bacteria, and sonicated in fresh media for 30 minutes. Sonicated fluid was serially diluted and plated for CFUs. Infection prevention was defined as 0 CFUs. PPE circles were imaged with scanning electron microscopy to visualize vancomycin crystals and biofilm.<br><br>RESULTS: Pretreatment of PPE mesh with 10 mg/mL of vancomycin was the only condition that prevented S aureus biofilm formation in all conditions. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that vancomycin pretreatment deposited antibiotic crystals on the mesh surface and that biofilm was not present.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Vancomycin pretreatment of PPE mesh can prevent biofilm formation even after rinsing.}, }
@article {pmid41854771, year = {2026}, author = {Anees, TMM and Suchithra, KV and Shetty, AV}, title = {Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of thyme oil, oregano oil, and their combination against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii polymicrobial biofilms.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41854771}, issn = {1572-9699}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Thymus Plant/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Origanum/chemistry ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry ; Thymol ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, and their coexistence leads to highly drug-resistant polymicrobial biofilms. We tested the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and biofilm-disrupting activities of thyme oil, oregano oil, and their combination against dual species culture of K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii. Chemical composition was characterized by GC-MS. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion, with MIC and MBC determined by broth dilution. Antibiofilm activities of oils and their combinations were tested using crystal violet staining and live/dead fluorescence imaging. RT-PCR was performed to examine the expression of biofilm-associated genes, and anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using protein denaturation inhibition. Both oils exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with oregano showing stronger bactericidal effects (MIC 5 µL/mL; MBC 10 µL/mL) and thyme exhibiting superior protein denaturation inhibitory activity. The combination of oils acted synergistically (FIC index = 0.5), achieving > 90% disruption of dual-species biofilms. RT-PCR confirmed significant downregulation of mrkA, fimA, ompA, and bap, with the combination showing the strongest suppression (p < 0.0001). GC-MS analysis confirmed carvacrol as the major constituent of oregano oil and thymol as the dominant component of thyme oil, providing a chemical basis for the observed biological activities. Overall, the results highlight the therapeutic potential of oregano and thyme essential oils, individually and in combination, for managing polymicrobial biofilm-associated infections caused by K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii.}, }
@article {pmid41841120, year = {2026}, author = {Alenazi, N and Binsuwaidan, R and Alhabardi, S and Alanazi, SS and Aldahasi, RM and Almutairi, JA and Fatani, WK}, title = {Enhanced antibacterial properties of amoxicillin-loaded silver nanoparticles against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: physicochemical characterization, anti-virulence activity, and biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e20924}, pmid = {41841120}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/pathogenicity ; *Amoxicillin/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Silver/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Virulence/drug effects ; Particle Size ; Acacia/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents significant challenges in healthcare and community settings due to its diverse virulence factors and increasing resistance to conventional antibiotics. Given the scarcity of effective treatments, developing innovative antibacterial strategies is essential. This study explores the potential of silver nanoparticles conjugated with acacia extracts as nanocarriers for amoxicillin to enhance antibacterial efficacy and circumvent resistance mechanisms in MRSA. The synthesized amoxicillin-loaded silver-acacia nanoparticles were characterized for their physicochemical properties, revealing spherical morphology with a minimum particle size of approximately 230 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.3, and a high negative zeta potential of -32 mV as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In vitro assays demonstrated that these nanoparticles significantly inhibited bacterial growth, achieving a reduction at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL. At this concentration, biofilm formation by MRSA was inhibited by 80%, as verified by scanning electron microscopy, and hemolytic activity on blood agar was completely suppressed. While a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells was observed, the MIC concentration remained cytocompatible (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the promise of amoxicillin-loaded silver-acacia nanoparticles as potent antibacterial agents with minimal cytotoxicity at effective doses. This study highlights the potential of nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery to repurpose amoxicillin and offers a novel platform for combating multidrug-resistant MRSA infections, which may inform future therapeutic developments.}, }
@article {pmid41844432, year = {2026}, author = {Marcomini, EK and Negri, M}, title = {Corrigendum to "Fungal quorum-sensing molecules and antiseptics: A promising strategy for biofilm modulation?" [Drug Discov. Today 28 (2023) 103624].}, journal = {Drug discovery today}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104641}, doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2026.104641}, pmid = {41844432}, issn = {1878-5832}, }
@article {pmid41847195, year = {2026}, author = {Ravichandran, V and Li, A and Rajasekharan, SK}, title = {Editorial: Novel strategies to target biofilm formation in ESKAPE pathogens for combating antimicrobial resistance.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1800825}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1800825}, pmid = {41847195}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid41847355, year = {2026}, author = {Monyela, S and Kayoka, PN and Olawuwo, OS and Ngezimana, W and Nemadodzi, LE}, title = {In vitro antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-quorum-sensing, and cytotoxic activities of leaf crude extracts of Cannabis "Gorilla glue 1".}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1750799}, pmid = {41847355}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {The resilience of biofilms makes it challenging to treat bacterial infections using conventional antibiotics. The study aimed to assess the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-quorum-sensing, and cytotoxic activities of acetone extracts of Cannabis "Gorilla Glue 1" against fish pathogens. Antibacterial activity was determined using the two-fold serial microdilution method, while anti-biofilm activity was assessed using a modified crystal violet staining in vitro assay. Anti-quorum-sensing activity was evaluated via inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity was assessed using a colorimetric assay against Vero kidney cells. Solvent extracts from treatment 0.36 g N; 0.12 g P; 0 g K showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (0.02 mg/mL) against Edwardsiella tarda (ATCC 15947) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) compared with other treatments. All tested solvent extracts demonstrated the ability to prevent or disrupt biofilm formation; however, treatment 0.36 g N; 0.06 g P; 0.12 g K showed consistent anti-biofilm activity (>50% inhibition) against all tested pathogens. All solvent extract treatments exhibited comparable anti-quorum-sensing activity, while treatment 0.36 g N; 0.06 g P; 0.12 g K demonstrated the highest inhibition of violacein production (98.61% at 1.25 mg/mL). Most solvent extracts were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells, with LC50 values >0.1 mg/mL, except treatment 0 g N; 0.24 g P; 0 g K, which showed high cytotoxicity (LC50 = 0.04 mg/mL). Treatments 0.36 g N; 0.12 g P; 0 g K, 0 g N; 0.36 g P; 0.6 g K, and 0 g N; 0 g P; 0 g K exhibited moderate toxicity (LC50 = 0.06 mg/mL). Treatment 0.36 g N; 0.12 g P; 0 g K displayed the highest selectivity index (3.00) against Vero cells, indicating the most favorable safety profile among the extracts investigated. Leaf extracts of Cannabis exhibited useful bioactivities coupled with low cytotoxicity, providing impetus for further studies on their potential development as protective feed additives against microbial infections in fish production.}, }
@article {pmid41847560, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, F and Xuan, Q and Hu, Y and Ren, Z and Wei, A and Cai, J and Wang, B and Li, M and Yu, J and Wang, C and Yang, Y and Guo, G and Tang, J and Han, P and Li, H and Chen, X and Chen, C and Shen, H}, title = {Dual-engineering metalloimmunotherapy mediates Staphylococcus aureus virulence silencing and biofilm immune microenvironment reprogramming against implant-associated infections.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {178-201}, pmid = {41847560}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Implant-associated infections (IAIs) caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are notoriously recalcitrant to treatment due to the self-reinforcing interplay between bacterial virulence and a suppressive biofilm immune microenvironment (BIME). Here, we present a dual-engineering metalloimmunotherapy nanoplatform that synchronously silences bacterial virulence and reprograms host immunity to eradicate IAIs. The nanoplatform, termed HMPF, integrates a fenoprofen-loaded, polydopamine-modified hollow MnO2 core that is further cloaked with a macrophage-erythrocyte hybrid membrane, enabling bacteria-targeted delivery and hemolysin-responsive drug release. By inhibiting the SaeRS two-component system of S. aureus, HMPF suppresses virulence factor expression and disrupts biofilm structure, dismantling the physical barrier for immune cell infiltration. Simultaneously, Mn[2+] release and mild photothermal stimulation activate the cGAS-STING and pattern recognition receptor pathways, reprogramming host BIME to enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses. Crucially, HMPF establishes pathogen-specific immune memory, which prevents infection recurrence, outperforming vancomycin in murine IAIs models. This pathogen-host dual-engineering strategy remains effective against other clinical S. aureus strains without inducing drug resistance, bridging virulence disarmament and immunomodulation to offer a transformative antibiotic alternative for resistant IAIs.}, }
@article {pmid41848040, year = {2026}, author = {Tian, T and Zhang, JX and Yu, HQ}, title = {Rethinking Biocake in Membrane Bioreactors: Beyond the Biofilm Paradigm.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6c02739}, pmid = {41848040}, issn = {1520-5851}, }
@article {pmid41848890, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, Z and Huang, B and Zhao, H and Fan, J}, title = {Harnessing biofilm colonizers: alleviate light limitation and boost nutrients removal via phosphorus-accumulating and photo-related microbes.}, journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41848890}, issn = {1615-7605}, support = {2023-1656-047//Science and Technology Plan of Hubei Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41848960, year = {2026}, author = {Zafar, S and Sattari-Maraji, A and Moghadam, SO and Nejati, A and Kharrazi, S and Ahadi, EM and Firoozpour, L and Rahbar, M and Pourmand, MR}, title = {Potential of Jelleine-I peptide on down-regulation of biofilm-associated genes and the biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41848960}, issn = {1573-4978}, }
@article {pmid41839669, year = {2026}, author = {Abd-Alrahman, AK and Al-Hayanni, HS}, title = {Bioactivity of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum extract on the expression of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and biofilm-associated genes in the pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {Journal, genetic engineering &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {100645}, pmid = {41839669}, issn = {2090-5920}, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a serious clinical threat because of its ability to form biofilms and generate extended-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs). This research investigated the influence of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles made from Fusarium oxysporum alcohol extract (FOE) on ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV) and the biofilm-associated genes mrkA and luxS. The presence of the 16S rRNA, ESBL and biofilm genes was confirmed through subsequent polymerase chain reaction of the isolates. The FOE and zinc oxide nanoparticles both demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibiting greater inhibition with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 26 μg/ml. Compared with untreated and FOE-treated isolates, those treated with sub-MIC concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles expressed significantly fewer ESBL and biofilm-related genes. The expression levels of the genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, mrkA and luxS were downregulated below a ratio of 1.0 in each of the bacterial isolates. The biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles demonstrated strong antibacterial and antibiofilm effects through the downregulation of bacterial antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in K. pneumoniae. The findings of this study demonstrate the ability of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles to function as a green and apotential alternative or support the role of antibiotcs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41839781, year = {2026}, author = {Escalona, CE and Santibañez, N and Cortés, M and Arriagada, V and Ruiz, P and Fuentes, D and Romero, A and Oliver, C}, title = {Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Florfenicol Modulate the Expression of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Genes in Biofilm-Embedded Piscirickettsia salmonis.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70166}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.70166}, pmid = {41839781}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {11180994//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; 1231761//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; CIA250009//Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigaci&#xf3;n en &#xc1;reas Prioritarias/ ; }, abstract = {Piscirickettsiosis is the most prevalent bacterial disease affecting Chilean aquaculture and responsible for the majority of mortality in salmonids. Currently, large quantities of antibiotics, predominantly florfenicol, are used in the Chilean aquaculture industry, and sub-MIC concentrations of this antibiotic, similar to what occurs in the marine environment, have been shown to induce biofilm formation on both biotic and abiotic surfaces when sub-MIC doses of florfenicol, raising concerns about the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether in vitro sub-MIC concentrations of florfenicol induce the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in the biofilm-embedded P. salmonis. Interestingly, in vitro analyses showed that sub-MIC dilutions of antibiotic significantly modulated the expression of an efflux pump acrAB and the two-component systems cpxAR, and qseBC, as well as the antibiotic resistance-associated genes tclor/tflor and t.flor in the biofilm-embedded P. salmonis isolates tested. Thus, this study highlights the negative consequences of the extensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture, which can promote biofilm formation in marine bacterial pathogens, potentially facilitating the spread of resistance genes among different bacterial species in the aquatic environment and increasing the risk of reinfection within culture systems.}, }
@article {pmid41839986, year = {2026}, author = {Enan, G and El-Wafa, NA and El-Saber, MM and Osman, A and Abdel-Shafi, S and Sitohy, M}, title = {"Salvia officinalis extract-conjugated magnetite and selenium nanocomposites showed enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens".}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-39983-6}, pmid = {41839986}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41840555, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, J and Lei, J and Yu, J and Jin, C and Liang, S and Guo, J and Huang, C}, title = {Effects of cleaning methods on the removal efficacy of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and material properties of thermoplastic aligner materials.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-08132-w}, pmid = {41840555}, issn = {1472-6831}, support = {82271010//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41833560, year = {2026}, author = {Mathewos, W and Kumalo, A and Teklu, T and Demisse, T and Temesgen, M and Chinasho, T}, title = {Nasal Carriage Rate of Biofilm Producing Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Its Associated Factors Among Health Care Workers at Hospital of Central Ethiopia.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {e70266}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70266}, pmid = {41833560}, issn = {2045-8827}, mesh = {Humans ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/drug effects ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Health Personnel/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Female ; *Carrier State/microbiology/epidemiology ; Male ; Adult ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; *Nose/microbiology ; Hospitals ; Nasal Cavity/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Not susceptible to methicillin Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a potentially harmful bacteria that is resistant to the most important antimicrobial agents. Because MRSA is so resistant to many antibiotics, it can cause illnesses by forming biofilms. The aim of this study was to assess the nasal carriage rate of biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its associated factors among HealthCare Workers at Wachemo University Nigist Ellen Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Central Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study, carried out at Wachemo University Nigist Ellen Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Central Ethiopia from August 1 to November 30, 2023. Nasal swab samples from 294 healthcare workers (HCWs) were obtained using sterile cotton swabs. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard culture methods on Mannitol Salt and Blood Agar, while antimicrobial susceptibility testing and biofilm formation assessments followed the CLSI 2023 (M100, 33rd edition) guidelines via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods. All laboratory analyses were performed in triplicate to ensure consistency. Data were double-entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and cross-checked for accuracy. Missing or inconsistent data were verified against original laboratory records and latterly then, exported to SPSS V25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied for statistical evaluation, with a p-value of ≤ 0.05 regarded as statistically significant. In this study, the occurrence rates of S. aureus, MRSA, and biofilm-producing MRSA were 98 out of 294 isolated strains (33.4%), 41 out of 294 isolated strains (13.9%), and 28 out of 294 isolated strains (9.5%), respectively. The MRSA strains exhibited high sensitivity to linezolid, rifampicin, and vancomycin while showing resistance to cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. A history of prior hospitalization (length of stay in the hospital) was statistically significant for the colonization of biofilm-producing MRSA, with an adjusted odds ratio of 10.00 (95% CI: 1.36-73.3; P = 0.024). MRSA and MRSA that produces biofilms were found to be 41.8% and 68.3% prevalent overall in the study area, respectively. Biofilm-producing MRSA is a potential cause of healthcare-associated diseases. Therefore, these findings emphasize the urgent need for improved infection-prevention practices and routine screening of healthcare workers to mitigate the risk of healthcare-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41834852, year = {2026}, author = {, }, title = {Retraction: Low temperature synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and their ROS mediated inhibition of biofilm formed by food-associated bacteria.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1812892}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1812892}, pmid = {41834852}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02567.].}, }
@article {pmid41839405, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, PF and Hu, BM and Wang, D and Ma, XG and Sun, HW and Wang, A}, title = {Optimization of conditions and mechanism of algal-bacterial biofilm formation: Degradation effects, biofilm characteristics, and bacterial community structure.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134431}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134431}, pmid = {41839405}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The study aimed to determine the treatment performance and optimal operating conditions of an algal-bacterial biofilm system supported by either high-density polyethylene (HDPE) carrier or rope-type carrier for domestic wastewater treatment. Response surface methodology (RSM) identified the optimal conditions as: (i) an algae-to-bacteria ratio of 7.4 (sludge: microalgae, in terms of mixed liquid suspended substances (MLSS), mass ratio), (ii) 12.2 mg/L FeCl3, and (iii) one starvation period of one cycle. Both carriers achieved ＞80% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The rope-type carrier outperformed HDPE for nutrients, delivering 85.8% TN and 97.6% TP removal. Biofilm mass on the rope-type carrier was 3.66 times higher than on HDPE carrier, indicating rapid algal enrichment and minimized cell washout. In both algal-bacterial biofilms, Proteobacteria and Chlorophyta were dominant. Carrier properties influenced overall community composition, whereas identical operating conditions maintained a stable core bacterial community. The dominance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota likely supported stable nitrogen removal and organic matter degradation. In conclusion, the rope-type carrier conferred superior and more stable performance on the algal-bacterial biofilm system for domestic wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41829330, year = {2026}, author = {Ameen, S and Miran, F and Azhdar, B}, title = {Synthesis of Core-Shell Chitosan-TiO2 Nanoparticles and Its Impact on Candida albicans Biofilm Inhibition on 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins: An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41829330}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {Objective: This study aimed to obtain a core-shell chitosan-TiO2 nanoparticle and to investigate its ability to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation when added to 3D-printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resins. Materials and Methods: Ionic gelation was employed to prepare and characterize the nanoparticle, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction were used to identify the structure and morphology. Nanoparticle was added to 3D-printed denture resins at four different weight percentages (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) and antibiofilm activity was determined by carrying out Colony Forming Unite (CFU) counts after exposure to C. albicans. Results: The 0.25 wt.% chitosan-TiO2 group exhibited a significant reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) compared to the control (p < 0.05). Although higher nanoparticle concentrations showed improved biofilm formation, this was most likely caused by nanoparticle aggregation, which interfered with surface homogeneity and biofilm resistance. Conclusions: Incorporating a 0.25 wt.% core-shell chitosan-TiO2 nanoparticle into 3D-printed denture base resin markedly improves its antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans while maintaining the material's integrity.}, }
@article {pmid41830776, year = {2026}, author = {Kaiser, T and Picioreanu, C and Lackner, S}, title = {A modeling perspective on biofilm formation in granular activated carbon filters - local promotion of autotrophic microorganisms due to the effects of adsorption processes on the availability of organic substrates.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {125693}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125693}, pmid = {41830776}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Various studies demonstrated that biofilm formation occurs in granular activated carbon (GAC) filters for (waste-)water treatment. However, little is known about how transient adsorptive interactions between organic solutes and the GAC within the filter bed influence biofilm development on the macroscale. This study proposes a numerical approach to simulate biofilm development in a GAC filter bed. For this purpose, a model approach for simulations at the single grain scale was extended to additionally account for spatial gradients along the filter bed length. The model was successfully tested with operational data from pilot-scale GAC filters. The subsequently simulated scenarios aimed at conceptually identifying key interactions between the GAC and biofilm formation, including spatial gradients in its composition. The simulation results showed that both heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms grew in GAC filters under typical operating conditions. The heterotrophs grew closer to the filter influent, consistent with the system's plug-flow-like behavior. Adsorption of organic solutes onto the GAC resulted in a stricter longitudinal separation of the two general types of microorganisms in the filter bed compared to a non-adsorbing reference filter bed by decreasing the downstream concentrations of organic substrate. Considering explicit backwash events further consolidated this separation for the GAC case. Together with the periodic adsorptive retention and release of organic solutes in the upper filter bed section, depending on the current biological activity, backwash events created even more favorable conditions for autotrophic growth in intermediate regions of the filter bed. Overall, the simulation results showed that autotrophic activity was locally enhanced by adsorptive effects of the GAC and that its extent was directly influenced by the simulated backwash regime. Considering the link between autotrophic activity and co-metabolic biotransformation of organic micropollutants discussed in literature, the results further highlight the potential biological contributions to the overall removal of certain micropollutants in GAC filters, but also the necessity to adequately represent longitudinal gradients and biofilm thickness control mechanisms in mathematical models.}, }
@article {pmid41831689, year = {2026}, author = {Li, H and Fan, D and Liu, X and Chen, Y and Xiao, J and Hou, C and Zeng, W and Chen, F}, title = {Stage-specific therapeutic strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections: Recent advances and future perspectives.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {114815}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114815}, pmid = {41831689}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are highly organized microbial communities that drive chronic and recurrent infections, posing significant clinical challenges. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix and dormant cells of biofilms confer strong tolerance to conventional antimicrobials, and their formation through distinct developmental stages presents unique vulnerabilities that can be therapeutically targeted. This review summarizes recent advances in functional biomaterial-based strategies aimed at combating biofilm-associated infections, including prevention of bacterial adhesion, disruption of EPS, eradication of dormant cells, and enhanced antimicrobial penetration. We discuss both in vitro and in vivo validations, emphasize the importance of prophylactic approaches, and highlight emerging multifunctional platforms that improve infection control and biofilm clearance. By linking mechanistic insights to translational applications, this review provides a framework for next-generation therapies capable of effectively combating biofilm-driven infections at each developmental stage.}, }
@article {pmid41828398, year = {2026}, author = {Guerra, MES and Destro, G and Cezar, RV and Ciaparin, I and Ferraz, LFC and Hakansson, AP and Girardello, R and Darrieux, M and Converso, TR}, title = {Capsule Regulation Shapes Klebsiella pneumoniae Pathogenesis by Balancing Adhesion, Biofilm Formation, and Intracellular Survival.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27052169}, pmid = {41828398}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2019/23566-6//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2022/15111-1//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2024/02517-5//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 400099/2022-5//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 139133/2025-9//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 2021-06050//Swedish Research Council/ ; 2022-01296//Swedish Research Council/ ; Grant//Alfred &#xd6;sterlunds Stiftelse/ ; }, mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Capsules/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Humans ; *Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; Virulence ; Epithelial Cells/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major opportunistic pathogen, where the polysaccharide capsule is traditionally recognized as a critical virulence determinant. However, its role in surface interactions and intracellular adaptation remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined phenotypic assays with physicochemical analyses to dissect the contribution of the capsule. A wza knockout mutant displayed enhanced biofilm formation, adhesion, and invasion of epithelial cells compared to the encapsulated strain. Zeta potential and hydrodynamic size measurements revealed that capsule absence increased surface negativity and exposure of adhesion structures, thereby promoting host-cell interactions. In contrast, intracellular survival assays demonstrated that the capsule conferred a clear advantage for persistence and replication. Together, our results support a dynamic model in which capsule expression imposes a trade-off: restricting early adhesion and biofilm development but favoring long-term intracellular survival. This trade-off model expands the understanding of capsule biology and may inform novel strategies to disrupt colonization or persistence in antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae.}, }
@article {pmid41828371, year = {2026}, author = {Tadtong, S and Techavijit, S and Mukdapattanakul, N and Singh, S and Chittasupho, C and Eiamart, W and Samee, W}, title = {Phytochemical Assessment, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties, and Molecular Docking to Elucidate the Regulation of Bacterial Biofilm Formation in an Herbal Formulation for the Treatment of Abscesses.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27052145}, pmid = {41828371}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {457/2567//Srinakharinwirot University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Phytochemicals/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Curcuma/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects ; Curcumin/pharmacology/analogs &amp; derivatives/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Abscess formation is commonly precipitated by bacterial infection. This study delineates the phytochemical composition and evaluates the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities of a Thai traditional anti-abscess herbal formulation comprising Curcuma zedoaria, Vitex trifolia, and Azadirachta indica. Validated high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) analysis of the ethanolic extract identified curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and vitexicarpin as principal constituents. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 32.08 ± 2.54 mg GAE/g and 17.52 ± 1.28 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. Antioxidant assessment by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay yielded an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 53.46 ± 3.24 µg/mL, while reducing power corresponded to 383.97 ± 13.24 µg FeSO4/g dry weight. Molecular orbital analysis revealed a highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap for vitexicarpin (ΔE = 9.7710 eV), indicative of greater radical-scavenging potential relative to curcuminoids. Antibacterial assays demonstrated selective activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (inhibition zone 1.48 ± 0.16 cm), with no observed inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Curcumin exhibited the highest activity against S. epidermidis (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 62.5 µg/mL; minimal bactericidal concentration minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) 125 µg/mL). Molecular docking showed curcumin binding to the teicoplanin-associated transcriptional regulator (TcaR) with a binding energy of -8.00 kcal/mol, comparable to methicillin (-8.16 kcal/mol), suggesting a potential mechanism for modulation of biofilm-associated regulatory pathways. Collectively, these findings indicate that the formulation has measurable antioxidant activity and targeted antibacterial efficacy against S. epidermidis, which may contribute to attenuation of abscess progression via interference with biofilm regulation.}, }
@article {pmid41826947, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, Q and Sun, F and Fan, Y and Wang, P and Yang, Y}, title = {Florida probe combined with guided biofilm therapy in the treatment of severe periodontitis: a case report.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-08090-3}, pmid = {41826947}, issn = {1472-6831}, }
@article {pmid41824940, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Zhu, D and Zhao, C and Jiao, J and Xue, H and Li, P and Du, X}, title = {Characterization and Affecting Factors' Analysis of Biofilm Formation by Cronobacter sakazakii on Different Food Contact Surfaces.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15768}, pmid = {41824940}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Cronobacter sakazakii is a major pathogen that contaminates infant milk powder, which usually attaches to abiotic surfaces in the form of biofilms and causes diseases. However, few in-depth studies have been conducted on the properties of biofilms formed on different abiotic surfaces. Therefore, this study explored the characteristics of biofilm formation by C. sakazakii on commonly used food contact surfaces, including stainless steel (SS), glass (GS), poly(phenylene sulfone) resin (PPSU), and soft silicone (SSI), with a focus on the biofilm formation ability and the biofilms' functional, structural, and compositional properties. Correlation analysis was used to confirm the leading factors affecting C. sakazakii biofilm formation, including surface hardness and stiffness, cell length, and extracellular nucleic acid content. Finally, proteomic analysis revealed menaquinone biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, SOS response, and transport systems as being crucial for C. sakazakii biofilm formation. This study provides valuable insights for a deeper understanding of the bacterium's biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41824364, year = {2026}, author = {Pelka, M and Czekala, W and Kwiatek, A and Polanska, M and Maciejewska, B and Otwinowska, A and Golec, P and Wyszyńska, A and Drulis-Kawa, Z and Adamczyk-Popławska, M}, title = {Phage-derived depolymerase targeting K27 capsule impairs Klebsiella pneumoniae virulence, biofilm formation, and promotes immune clearance.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {2645857}, doi = {10.1080/22221751.2026.2645857}, pmid = {41824364}, issn = {2222-1751}, abstract = {The global rise of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae underscores the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Bacteriophage-derived depolymerases have emerged as promising antimicrobial factors, selectively degrading bacterial capsules and impairing key pathogenic traits. We characterize a novel depolymerase, PRA33gp45, associated with the structural protein of bacteriophage vB_KpnP_PRA33. Bioinformatic structural analyses predicted endo-N-acetyl neuraminidase-like activity and canonical depolymerase domain architecture. The recombinant PRA33gp45 specifically hydrolysed capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of K27-serotype K. pneumoniae and produced characteristic halo zones on bacterial lawns, confirming its enzymatic activity. Capsule staining demonstrated rapid and progressive capsule degradation within 120 minutes of treatment. PRA33gp45 significantly inhibited biofilm formation, disrupted mature biofilms, and altered biofilm architecture as visualized by confocal microscopy. Depolymerase pre-treatment markedly reduced K. pneumoniae survival within A549 human lung epithelial cells, without exhibiting any cytotoxic effect and sensitized bacteria to complement-mediated killing in human serum. Finally, PRA33gp45 treatment of K. pneumoniae lowers morbidity and mortality in the Galleria mellonella larvae model. Collectively, these findings identify PRA33gp45 as a novel and highly specific depolymerase that diminishes K. pneumoniae virulence by targeting its protective capsule, impairing persistence as biofilm, and enhancing innate immune clearance. Its safety and efficacy suggest potential as an antimicrobial or adjuvant therapeutic agent against K27-type K. pneumoniae infections, particularly in the context of multidrug resistance and emerging pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41823755, year = {2026}, author = {Luong, JHT}, title = {Biofilm Control with Rare-Earth Oxides: A Mechanistic Framework for Next-Generation Antibiofilm Materials.}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nano16050302}, pmid = {41823755}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections remain a major barrier to wound healing, implant integration, and chronic infection management. Rare-earth oxides (REOs) have emerged as promising antibiofilm materials, though their mechanisms, limitations, and translational potential are still being defined. Cerium oxide (CeO2) serves as the benchmark due to its redox adaptability, oxygen-vacancy-driven catalytic activity, and host compatibility. In contrast, non-ceria REOs show antibiofilm effects under more restricted conditions, often requiring surface functionalization, composite architectures, or hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces-such as polyphenol coatings or hydroxyapatite-based composites-to achieve comparable activity. Across systems, biofilm control arises not from bactericidal potency but from matrix-level mechanisms including extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) destabilization, extracellular DNA (eDNA) sequestration, redox modulation, and quorum-sensing interference. Preclinical and near-clinical evidence, particularly in chronic wound models, supports the translational relevance of these mechanisms, though the evidence base remains preliminary. This review synthesizes mechanistic data across cerium-, samarium-, lanthanum-, and strontium-based systems to establish a unified framework for REO-mediated biofilm disruption. REOs are positioned as biofilm-modulating platforms that complement antibiotics, enhance healing, and improve outcomes. Design rules emphasize controlled redox activity, targeted coordination chemistry, functional surface engineering, and host-compatible performance, alongside regulatory and manufacturing guidance for future development.}, }
@article {pmid41823455, year = {2026}, author = {Niu, J and Chen, D and Lin, T and Li, S and Xu, J and Xu, H and Liu, X and Chen, X and Wei, N and Meng, K}, title = {Species-specific chlorine resistance and biofilm regulation by extracellular polymeric substances and quorum sensing in drinking water pipeline bacteria.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0153125}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01531-25}, pmid = {41823455}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems pose significant risks by harboring chlorine-resistant bacteria. This study isolated five bacterial strains (Sphingomonas ursincola, Sphingobium amiense, Gordonia amicalis, Microbacterium saccharophilum, Hydrogenophaga laconesensis) from municipal pipelines to evaluate differences in biofilm formation and chlorine resistance. Biofilm formation ability varied notably, with S. ursincola showing the strongest capacity and H. laconesensis the weakest. Quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules (C6-HSL, 3-OXO-C14-HSL; 0.2240-0.2481 μg/L) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs: 19.940-32.407 mg/L) were critical in biofilm regulation, where QS molecules influenced EPS composition. Chlorine resistance assays revealed species-specific tolerance: at ≤1.0 mg/L, resistance ranked M. saccharophilum > S. amiense > G. amicalis > S. ursincola > H. laconesensis; above 1.0 mg/L, S. ursincola and S. amiense exhibited robust resistance. Low chlorine levels (0.6 mg/L) damaged only 25.91%-34.80% of bacteria, insufficient to control the biofilm formation of the tested isolates. Optimal disinfection occurred at 1.0-1.5 mg/L, effectively controlling biofilm biomass. These findings highlight EPS-driven chlorine resistance mechanisms and QS-mediated biofilm regulation, providing actionable strategies for pipeline management.IMPORTANCEThis study addressed a critical gap in understanding different bacterial biofilm dynamics and chlorine resistance mechanisms in drinking water systems. By linking quorum sensing to extracellular polymeric substance production, it reveals how bacteria modulate biofilm resilience, elucidating species-specific mechanisms underlying biofilm resilience to chlorine disinfection. The identification of chlorine-resistant species (Sphingomonas ursincola, Sphingobium amiense) and optimal disinfection thresholds (1.0-1.5 mg/L) directly informs municipal water treatment protocols, providing a practical chlorine concentration range (1.0-1.5 mg/L) that effectively controls biofilms while avoiding excessive disinfectant use. These results are pivotal for mitigating secondary contamination risks and safeguarding public health, particularly in aging infrastructure where biofilm-related outbreaks are prevalent.}, }
@article {pmid41823410, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Li, D and Zhou, M and Zhao, L and Chen, L and Cheng, Z}, title = {Targeting biofilm and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: AidH@SPEEK as a novel quorum-sensing inhibitor.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0166825}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01668-25}, pmid = {41823410}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, poses severe risks to immunocompromised patients. Conventional antibiotics often fail due to toxicity and resistance, primarily linked to biofilm formation controlled by quorum sensing (QS). Here, we developed an AidH-loaded sulfonated polyetheretherketone (AidH@SPEEK) composite, optimizing its loading conditions (400 μL AidH, 30 min). Enzymatic activity peaked at 40°C and pH 7.0 but remained stable at 37°C. AidH@SPEEK significantly suppressed PA biofilm formation and virulence factor secretion while downregulating QS (LasR/LasI, RhlR/RhlI) and virulence genes (exoS, phzM). Notably, it enhanced PA's antibiotic susceptibility, offering a promising QS-targeting strategy to combat resistant infections.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The rising antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) underscores the urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches. This study highlights the potential of AidH@SPEEK as a non-antibiotic strategy to combat PA infections by targeting the quorum-sensing (QS) system, a key regulator of biofilm formation and virulence. By degrading QS signaling molecules, AidH@SPEEK disrupts bacterial communication, reduces pathogenicity, and enhances antibiotic sensitivity. The use of SPEEK as a delivery platform ensures sustained enzyme activity and biocompatibility, making it suitable for medical implants. These findings offer a promising direction for developing anti-infective materials that mitigate biofilm-associated resistance, ultimately improving clinical outcomes for high-risk patients.}, }
@article {pmid41823381, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, B and Ni, K and Wang, W and Lu, M and Jin, H}, title = {Filamentous surface structures drive biofilm formation in ICU-isolated Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus: implications for persistent environmental contamination.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0211425}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02114-25}, pmid = {41823381}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {The relationship between surface biofilms and the persistent contamination of environmental surfaces has garnered increasing attention. Although biofilm research is extensive, systematic comparisons of the morphological characteristics of pathogens isolated from healthcare surfaces, particularly strains that retain biofilm-forming capacity after long-term preservation, are still lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biofilm formation potential and ultrastructural features of the cell membrane surfaces of healthcare environment-isolated Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The revived strains were inoculated into 96-well plates containing TSB and incubated for 24 h to assess their biofilm-forming potential under favorable growth conditions. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet staining. Strains with different biofilm-forming abilities were examined for their morphological characteristics under a scanning electron microscope. Of the 198 historically preserved strains of the three common pathogens, 162 were successfully revived (78 A. baumannii, 36 P. aeruginosa, and 48 S. aureus). The biofilm formation rates of A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus were 70.51%, 88.89%, and 25%, respectively. The cell surface morphology between the biofilm- and non-biofilm-forming strains differed significantly. Biofilm-forming strains exhibited numerous filamentous structures on their surfaces and displayed aggregation and multidimensional stacking owing to the "net-like" effect of the filaments. In contrast, non-biofilm-forming strains had smooth surfaces without filamentous structures or aggregation. This study provides systematic evidence for the biofilm-forming capabilities of common pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections, isolated from healthcare environment surfaces. All biofilm-forming strains displayed distinct filamentous structures on their surfaces, with the clonal strains exhibiting similar characteristics.IMPORTANCEThis study is the first to demonstrate the biofilm-forming capacity and morphological characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care unit (ICU) environments, filling a critical gap in our understanding of biofilm mechanisms among healthcare-associated pathogens. Notably, P. aeruginosa exhibited an 88.89% biofilm formation rate, with its distinctive filamentous fibrous structures significantly enhancing bacterial adhesion and aggregation-a key explanation for persistent environmental contamination. These findings directly inform the optimization of ICU cleaning protocols, promote the development of biofilm-targeted disinfection standards, and provide a scientific foundation for refining environmental monitoring metrics in infection control policies, ultimately reducing healthcare-associated infection rates.}, }
@article {pmid41823272, year = {2026}, author = {Gaware, MG and Goswami, S and Sahai, S and Chate, GP and Banerjee, T and Biswas, S and Wavhale, RD and Banerjee, SS}, title = {A biofilm-penetrating nanozyme robot for drug-free inactivation of drug-resistant bacteria.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb02853a}, pmid = {41823272}, issn = {2050-7518}, abstract = {The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections mainly due to the proliferation of bacterial biofilms poses a critical clinical challenge. The low efficacy of currently used antibacterial agents, caused due to their poor penetration into biofilms, hinders their therapeutic potential. Here, we report a drug-free, nanozyme-based, self-propelling Janus nanobot engineered to penetrate bacterial biofilms and eradicate drug-resistant pathogens through a synergistic physical-chemical mechanism. The nanobot is fabricated using magnesium (Mg) nanoparticles as a propulsion core, which generate hydrogen bubbles upon reaction with water, and a hemispherical copper oxide (CuO) shell that imparts catalytic and bactericidal activities. The CuO shell catalyses Fenton-like reactions in response to elevated hydrogen peroxide levels within bacterial microenvironments, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and cell death. Autonomous propulsion enables the nanobots to actively traverse the dense extracellular polymeric matrix of biofilms, thereby enhancing the antibacterial effect. The Mg-CuO (MCO) nanobots achieved efficient biofilm removal and significant reduction in cell viability against S. aureus (MIC - 256 µg mL[-1]), P. aeruginosa (MIC - 512 µg mL[-1]), and MRSA (MIC - 1024 µg mL[-1]). This drug-free, self-powered nanozyme platform effectively overcomes diffusion-limited biofilm barriers and demonstrates potent activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, offering strong translational potential for the treatment of chronic and drug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid41822123, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, D and Ma, G and Li, G and Zhang, C}, title = {Biofilm-driven multi-stage anaerobic-aerobic process for high-strength petrochemical wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1778614}, pmid = {41822123}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {High-strength petrochemical wastewater typically shows poor biodegradability, making stable compliance difficult with biological treatment alone. In this study, an integrated train combining coagulation-Fenton oxidation pretreatment with a biofilm-driven multi-stage anaerobic-aerobic process was developed. The Fenton pretreatment was optimized by response surface methodology, and the downstream system comprised an anaerobic biofilter, multi-stage biological contact oxidation, followed by hydrolysis-acidification/contact oxidation and clarification. Results indicated that the Initial pH was the most influential factor for Fenton performance. Under optimized conditions (pH 2.20, H2O2 dosage 4.5 mL/L, H2O2/Fe[2+] molar ratio 20), pretreatment achieved 51.9% COD removal. At steady operation (Day 28), overall COD decreased from 3740 mg/L to 239.2 mg/L (93.6% cumulative removal). Anaerobic biofilter provided stable COD removal of 20.2-23.5% with an optimal temperature window of 25-35°C, while the multi-stage biological contact oxidation maintained 64.1-80.0% COD removal and was buffered under higher loading by extending reaction time/increasing hydraulic retention time. Biofilm stability was supported by MLSS of 4,151 mg/L and SVI of 75.9 mL/g in the multi-stage reactor (Day 30). Overall, coagulation-Fenton served as an influent-shaping module, complementing the anaerobic-aerobic biofilm process to achieve robust removal of high-strength refractory organics.}, }
@article {pmid41821963, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Dechesne, A and Franck, SL and Klümper, U and Wang, G and Smets, BF}, title = {Effect of biofilm lifestyle caused by water matric potential on invasion of exogenous plasmid.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag031}, pmid = {41821963}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Conjugal plasmid transfer is an efficient mechanism for gene exchange among bacteria. Most bacteria exist in biofilms encased in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which provide protection against environmental stressors such as water deprivation. We hypothesized that enhanced EPS production in response to water matric stress would create a physical barrier limiting exogenous plasmid invasion into established biofilms. Employing filter mating assays, we demonstrate that Pseudomonas putida (serving as recipient strain), which produces more EPS with decreasing water matric potential, suppresses plasmid invasion from exogenously added P. putida (pKJK5) donor cells. Similarly, transfer into a biofilm formed by an EPS overproducing P. putida mutant was impaired. This barrier effect was not observed in biofilms co-established by mixtures of donor and recipient strains, probably because EPS does not form a thick enough internal barrier within the biofilm compared to the external barrier on top of a mature biofilm. Hence, sufficiently high cell-to-cell contacts remain possible within these biofilms regardless of water matric stress and EPS production capability. We further tested these mechanisms employing a complex, natural soil bacterial community as recipient; also here conjugal plasmid invasion declined with decreasing matric potential. Our study provides novel insight into the complex dynamics of horizontal transfer of plasmids in microbial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41821380, year = {2026}, author = {Castro, AB and Hadisurya, J and Gaurav Srivastava, M and Bernaerts, K and Braem, A and Zayed, N}, title = {Advancing Biofilm Removal: Evaluating Electrolytic Methods for Decontaminating Dental Implants In Vitro.}, journal = {Journal of periodontal research}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, pages = {216-218}, doi = {10.1111/jre.70031}, pmid = {41821380}, issn = {1600-0765}, support = {1SHFK24N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; *Decontamination/methods ; Titanium ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Electrolysis/methods ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Bioreactors ; }, abstract = {Multispecies oral biofilms were established on titanium implants using a controlled bioreactor model and subjected to different decontamination strategies. Biofilm persistence was evaluated by v-qPCR, SEM, and CLSM to assess treatment efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41820875, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, L and Luo, Z and Zou, X and Sun, C and Peng, F and Peng, C and Zhou, Q}, title = {Pogostone disrupts key virulence traits of Candida albicans: hyphal inhibition and biofilm suppression.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-04890-3}, pmid = {41820875}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; U24A20790//National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Key Program/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024NSFSC0054//National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; 2024ZD02//Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Special Scientific Research Project/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41818211, year = {2026}, author = {Matsumoto, Y and Shimizu, Y and Nakayama, M and Takizawa, M and Kurakado, S and Sugita, T}, title = {Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of calcineurin reduces biofilm formation by the pathogenic fungus Trichosporon asahii in an in vivo silkworm infection model.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {e0344259}, pmid = {41818211}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Calcineurin/genetics/metabolism ; *Bombyx/microbiology ; *Trichosporon/drug effects/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity ; Tacrolimus/pharmacology ; *Calcineurin Inhibitors/pharmacology ; *Trichosporonosis/microbiology/drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Basidiomycota ; }, abstract = {Trichosporon asahii is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus that causes catheter-related bloodstream infection in immunocompromised patients with neutropenia. Biofilm formation by T. asahii on the surfaces of medical devices such as catheters is influenced by various host environmental factors. Calcineurin, a protein phosphatase composed of the catalytic subunit Cna1 and the regulatory subunit Cnb1, regulates multiple stress responses and virulence of T. asahii. The role of calcineurin in biofilm formation under host-derived conditions, however, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that calcineurin is essential for biofilm formation in vivo by T. asahii. While the cna1 gene- and the cnb1 gene-deficient mutants formed biofilms comparable to those of the parent strain in vitro, it produced significantly less biofilm than the parent strain in the in vivo silkworm infection model. Similarly, tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, did not inhibit biofilm formation by T. asahii in vitro but markedly suppressed biofilm formation in vivo. Together, these findings suggest that calcineurin plays a crucial role in biofilm formation by T. asahii under host environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41817910, year = {2026}, author = {Ye, JB and Zeng, K and Li, XB and Yang, J and Zhang, S and Chen, Q}, title = {Analysis of the efficacy of fosfomycin trometamol in preventing biofilm bacterial infection in double-J stents among diabetic patients and the factors associated with infection.}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41817910}, issn = {1573-2584}, support = {Project No. 22yb050//the General Project of the Scientific Research Program of the Zigong Municipal Health Commission/ ; Project No. 2024GZL14//the High-Quality Development Project of the First People's Hospital of Zigong City/ ; Project No. 2024-YKY-03-13//the Scientific Research Project of the Zigong Medical Academy/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of fosfomycin trometamol powder (FMT) in preventing biofilm-associated bacterial infections on double-J stents in diabetic patients; to characterize the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of biofilm-forming bacteria isolated from these devices; and to identify clinical and microbiological risk factors associated with such infections-thereby informing evidence-based strategies for infection prevention in this high-risk population.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 100 adult diabetic patients who underwent double-J stent placement at our tertiary care center between June 2024 and June 2025 were prospectively enrolled and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either an experimental group or a control group (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;50 per group). Patients in the experimental group received a single oral dose of 3&#xa0;g FMT on the day before stent insertion and on postoperative days 7 and 15; those in the control group received a single oral dose of 0.5&#xa0;g levofloxacin (LFX) tablets on the day before stent insertion and on postoperative days 1 and 2. At the time of stent removal, stent surface specimens were collected for quantitative biofilm-forming bacterial culture, species identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Baseline clinical characteristics, stent-related symptoms, and infection outcomes were systematically recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0, with two-sided p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05 considered statistically significant.<br><br>RESULTS: Among the 100 diabetic patients with indwelling double-J stents, biofilm-forming bacterial colonization was detected in 24 (24.0%), with significantly lower prevalence in the experimental group (7/50, 14.0%) than in the control group (17/50, 34.0%) (&#x3c7;[2]&#x2009;=&#x2009;5.48, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.019). Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the predominant pathogen isolated (accounting for 50% of all positive cultures); among these E. coli isolates, 83.3% (10/12) were confirmed as extended-spectrum &#x3b2;-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. Gram-negative bacilli exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin (93.7%), ampicillin (100%), levofloxacin (87.5%), cefepime (68.7%), cefazolin (87.5%), cefuroxime (81.2%), and ceftriaxone (75.0%). Multivariable logistic regression identified age&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;60&#xa0;years, double-J stent indwelling duration&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;30&#xa0;days, daily fluid intake&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;2000&#xa0;mL, serum albumin&#x2009;<&#x2009;30&#xa0;g/L, serum creatinine&#x2009;>&#x2009;110&#xa0;&#x3bc;mol/L, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)&#x2009;>&#x2009;6% as independent risk factors for biofilm-associated bacterial infection (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: When administered with equivalent dosing frequency (three doses total), FMT was associated with a significantly lower detection rate of biofilm-forming bacteria in double-J stent specimens compared with LFX among diabetic patients. These findings support the preferential use of FMT over LFX for targeted prophylaxis in high-risk diabetic populations and underscore the importance of integrating antimicrobial stewardship-particularly agent selection aligned with local resistance patterns-with proactive management of modifiable risk factors to optimize infection prevention and clinical outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41816737, year = {2026}, author = {Ökeer, M and Aydemir, S&#x15e; and Eraç, B}, title = {Fitness cost and biofilm formation in fosfomycin-resistant clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.}, journal = {Turkish journal of medical sciences}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {315-325}, pmid = {41816737}, issn = {1303-6165}, mesh = {*Fosfomycin/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIM: Fosfomycin has regained importance owing to its unique mechanism of action and effectiveness against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the biological fitness cost associated with fosfomycin resistance and its impact on biofilm formation in clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 78 Escherichia coli and 34 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from urine samples at Ege University Hospital were analyzed. Fosfomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the reference agar dilution method. Resistance was induced by exposing two K. pneumoniae strains with a fosfomycin MIC of 4 &#x3bc;g/mL and two E. coli strains susceptible to fosfomycin (MIC &#x2264; 8 &#x3bc;g/mL) to gradually increasing concentrations of the antibiotic. Biofilm-forming capacities, growth rates, and expression levels of selected virulence genes (fimH and papC in E. coli; entB, mrkD, uge, wabG, and ycfM in K. pneumoniae) were compared between variants with low and high fosfomycin MICs.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the 78 E. coli isolates, 13 (16.6%) were resistant to fosfomycin. Additionally, eight (23.5%) of 34 K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited high fosfomycin MICs (MIC > 32 &#x3bc;g/mL). No significant differences in biofilm formation were observed between the variants. However, the expression of the fimH gene decreased in one E. coli resistant variant compared with its susceptible counterpart. While the expression of the uge gene decreased in one K. pneumoniae isolate with a high MIC, the expression of the wabG gene increased. Slower growth rates were observed in two fosfomycin-resistant E. coli strains and one K. pneumoniae strain with a high fosfomycin MIC than in their counterparts.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that, in the examined isolates, decreased susceptibility to fosfomycin was associated with slower growth, whereas biofilm formation ability remained largely unaffected. Continued surveillance of fosfomycin resistance is essential owing to its potential implications for bacterial fitness and pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid41815836, year = {2026}, author = {Mohamed, H and Marusich, E and Leonov, S}, title = {Framework for Analyzing the Anti-biofilm and Anti-virulence Activities of Fatty Acids from Hermetia illucens Larvae Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {Bio-protocol}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e5629}, pmid = {41815836}, issn = {2331-8325}, abstract = {The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the persistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms represent significant challenges to public health. Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae are considered a sustainable reservoir of novel bioactive compounds. This protocol details a method for extracting fatty acids from HI larvae fat (AWME3 fraction) and studying their effects on multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Effects are evaluated by crystal violet and ethidium bromide uptake assays, motility assays (swimming, swarming, and twitching), minimal biofilm inhibitory and eradication concentration tests (MBIC/MBEC) for single, mixed, and mature biofilms, light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy imaging, and microbial adhesion to solvents (MATS). This protocol offers a reliable methodology for evaluating the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of natural compounds. Key features • A reproducible protocol for extracting fatty acids from Hermetia illucens larvae fat (AWME3). • A comprehensive set of assays to assess biofilm inhibition and eradication in multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. • Combines light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy to visualize biofilm structure and fatty acid-induced morphological changes. • Includes microbial adhesion to solvents (MATS) analysis for evaluating cell surface hydrophobicity in relation to biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41815221, year = {2026}, author = {Debta, P and Sahu, BK and Patra, SK and Debta, FM and Mishra, E and Panda, SK}, title = {Overcoming Candida biofilm resistance: targeting persister cells with probiotic-derived metabolites.}, journal = {Frontiers in antibiotics}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {1767028}, pmid = {41815221}, issn = {2813-2467}, abstract = {Candida biofilms pose a significant complication in clinical settings due to antifungal drug tolerance and the presence of persister cells. Biofilm-mediated resistance is influenced by several associated factors, including the high density and extracellular matrix characteristics of the biofilm, metabolic downregulation, efflux pump activity, and stress-response signaling pathways, which ultimately diminish drug permeability and effectiveness. Within biofilms, persister cells form a small subpopulation of cells with unique phenotypic traits that enable them to survive lethal antifungal exposure and promote the recurrence of infection. Failure of antifungal treatments in eliminating biofilm and their resilient communities suggests a need for new, adjunct treatment options Recent findings have highlighted the therapeutic potential of probiotic-derived metabolites for inhibiting certain aspects of biofilm behavior and survival. These postbiotic compounds could offer a multi-faceted, low-toxicity treatment approach that may be used as an adjunct with existing antifungal therapies. Future investigations incorporating mechanistic studies, biofilm models, and drug product development for metabolite formulations could lead to a new treatment strategy for persistent Candida infections.}, }
@article {pmid41814592, year = {2026}, author = {Youn, MJ and Eom, YB}, title = {Plumbagin Disrupts Biofilm Integrity and Resistance Gene Expression in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {e2601011}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2601.01011}, pmid = {41814592}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics ; *Naphthoquinones/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Plumbaginaceae/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has appeared as a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, resulting in high mortality rates and limited treatment options. The development of novel antibacterial agents has lagged behind the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria; thus, alternative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we investigated plumbagin, a natural compound derived from Plumbago zeylanica L., for its potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against CRAB. MIC and MBC determinations showed that plumbagin significantly inhibited growth and exerted bactericidal activity at low concentrations. Biofilm inhibition concentration and biofilm eradication concentration assays revealed that plumbagin both prevented biofilm formation and eradicated mature biofilms. Consistent with these findings, XTT reduction assays showed a marked decrease in metabolic activity after plumbagin treatment, and confocal laser scanning microscopy with COMSTAT analysis confirmed reduced biofilm biomass and decreased viability of biofilm-embedded cells. Further, quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed the downregulation of the carbapenem-resistance gene blaOXA-23 and biofilm-related genes, including bfmR, csuA/B, ompA, and bap. Collectively, these results reveal plumbagin as a therapeutic candidate against CRAB.}, }
@article {pmid41813782, year = {2026}, author = {Hong, JY and Moon, YG and Choi, SK and Kim, HT and Jo, S}, title = {Povidone iodine demonstrates strong efficacy in reducing Candida biofilm in an in vitro fungal prosthetic infection.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-42366-6}, pmid = {41813782}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41812688, year = {2026}, author = {Özdemir, FN}, title = {Lactic Acid Bacteria Derived Postbiotic Preparations Disrupt Biofilm Architecture of Mastitis-Related Pathogens in vitro.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108433}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108433}, pmid = {41812688}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Rising antimicrobial resistance necessitates alternative therapeutic approaches for bovine mastitis, especially strategies targeting biofilm-related infections. This study explores the antibiofilm effects of LAB-derived postbiotic preparations (neutralized cell-free supernatants, nCFS) from Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactococcus lactis, isolated from local sources as potential complementary or adjuncts to conventional antibiotic therapy. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, while antibiofilm efficacy was determined via the microtiter plate assay. Biofilm eradication assays showed that L. lactis CNM81-derived postbiotic preparations removed up to 93% Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, with 63-94% reductions in other Gram-positive pathogens, including Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In contrast, postbiotic preparations from P. pentosaceus M46 were more effective against Gram-negative pathogens, achieving up to 88% biofilm removal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 74% in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Several pathogen-treatment combinations exceeded the 50% eradication threshold, highlighting the condition-dependent nature of the antibiofilm activity. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to support the bioactive potential of L. lactis CNM81. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed extensive structural disruption of mature biofilms, particularly in S. aureus. Raman spectroscopy further confirmed molecular-level biofilm damage, showing marked reductions in carotenoid- and protein-associated bands following treatment with L. lactis-derived postbiotic preparations. These LAB-derived postbiotic preparations represent a promising non-antibiotic strategy against S. aureus, the most prevalent pathogen implicated in both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, particularly in chronically infected mammary glands.}, }
@article {pmid41812557, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, S and Zuo, Z and Li, S and Ma, M and Liu, Y and Huang, X}, title = {In-sewer biofilm and sediment-derived suspended solids accelerate virus genome-signal decay and implications for wastewater-based epidemiology.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {125607}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125607}, pmid = {41812557}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Mechanistic models in wastewater-based epidemiology rely on robust in-sewer virus genome-signal decay parameters, yet most existing decay estimates are derived from bulk wastewater and neglect the role of suspended solids originating from sewer infrastructure. Here, we quantified the decay of an enveloped virus (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV), an enveloped bacteriophage (Phi6), and a non-enveloped bacteriophage (T7) in suspended solids derived from sewer biofilms (BF-SS) and sediments (SD-SS), and compared them with raw wastewater (WW) across temperatures from 4 to 35 °C. Biofilm- and sediment-derived suspended solids significantly accelerated virus genome-signal decay relative to raw wastewater, contributing 34.32-44.15 % and 27.98-41.75 % of the total decay, respectively, under the tested solids conditions and controlled matrix preparation. Elevated temperatures increased decay rates by approximately 2-3 times across all matrices. Integrating these kinetics, we developed a temperature-dependent comprehensive decay model (T-CMD) that jointly represents virus genome-signal decay in wastewater, biofilm-derived, and sediment-derived suspended solids. The T-CMD exhibited 2.2-3.0-fold higher temperature sensitivity compared with wastewater-only models, indicating that neglecting suspended solids leads to systematic underestimation of in-sewer virus genome-signal loss. These findings identify biofilm and sediment-sourced suspended solids as major drivers of virus genome-signal decay in sewers and provide a mechanistic framework to refine sewer process models and improve the accuracy of wastewater-based epidemiology for public health surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid41811925, year = {2026}, author = {Oastler, C and La Ragione, RM and Chambers, MA and Gosling, RJ and Martelli, F and Wales, AD and Davies, RH}, title = {Biofilm-forming capability of Salmonella isolates sourced from poultry production and farm environments in Great Britain.}, journal = {Journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.002131}, pmid = {41811925}, issn = {1473-5644}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Salmonella/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; United Kingdom ; *Poultry/microbiology ; Farms ; *Environmental Microbiology ; *Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Serogroup ; Temperature ; Chickens/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Introduction. Poultry and poultry products are commonly implicated in human salmonellosis, making effective Salmonella control in the poultry and allied industries an important public health priority. Several factors have been identified which contribute to Salmonella survival and persistence in the environment, including biofilm formation.Gap Statement. Biofilm-forming capability in Salmonella has previously been under-studied in environmental isolates sourced from some commercial poultry production environments, such as poultry feed mills, hatcheries and duck farms.Aim. This study assessed the biofilm-forming capabilities of 96 Salmonella isolates from the environments of commercial poultry premises in Great Britain: feed mills, hatcheries, chicken farms, turkey farms and duck farms.Methodology. A crystal violet microtitre plate biofilm assay was used at environmentally relevant temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C under aerobic conditions. Analysis of correlations between the biofilm-forming capability and serovar of isolates, assay conditions and origin was undertaken.Results. Ninety-five of the 96 Salmonella isolates formed biofilms. The influence of incubation temperature varied between isolates but increased significantly after an extended incubation period of 72 h. Isolates originating from different types of commercial poultry environments showed significant differences in biofilm-forming capability. However, as different serovars predominated in the isolate panels from each poultry environment, the influences of serovar versus origin could not be differentiated. The influence on biofilm formation of sample type and/or surface material of origin was not statistically significant. Inter-serovar variation was observed with nine serovars also demonstrating intra-serovar variation, consistent with biofilm-forming capability being strain dependent.Conclusion. This study demonstrates that most Salmonella isolated from poultry environments have strong or moderate biofilm-forming capabilities in microtitre plate assays.}, }
@article {pmid41809886, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, M and Liu, X and Zhang, T and Wang, Y and Yao, H and Liu, X and Fang, Z and Yu, Y and Luo, L}, title = {Hypoxia-responsive hybrid nanoparticles loaded with fingolimod and colistin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with mature biofilm.}, journal = {Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {101107}, pmid = {41809886}, issn = {2221-285X}, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-KP) is characterized by high mortality and risk of nosocomial transmission, and biofilm constitutes the primary challenge in the treatment of its implant-associated and refractory pulmonary infections. Notably, the hypoxic microenvironment and the physical barrier of biofilm leading to the increased tolerance of the bacteria to antibiotics. Herein, a hypoxia-responsive hybrid nanoparticle (CHLip@FLD/COL) loaded separately with anti-biofilm candidate fingolimod (FLD) and antibiotic colistin (COL) is achieved targeting antibacterial efficacy against MDR-KP in vitro and in vivo. CHLip@FLD/COL is composed of hybridizing hypoxia-responsive lipids (HLipid) and lipid A targeting materials DSPE-mPEG-COL. HLipid is synthesized by hexadecanedioic acid esterified with nitroimidazole, while DSPE-mPEG is coupling with vector COL via amide reaction. The relative level of extracellular polymeric substances and the NIR-IIb sO2 images of the infection site are used as indicators to establish mature biofilm models. CHLip@FLD/COL readily releases FLD and COL in hypoxic conditions, and its MIC against MDR-KP is only one-sixteenth of that when COL is used alone in vitro. The nanoparticle exhibits bacterial targeting ability and antibacterial effect in the pulmonary infection and biofilm infection mice models. Bacterial loads eliminated by 4 Log10 CFU and 2 Log10 CFU, respectively. The strategy provides a valuable reference for the treatment of refractory infections caused by MDR-KP.}, }
@article {pmid41809372, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Singh, P and Chen, X and Shi, L and Cao, Z and Rahimi, S and Pandit, S and Mijakovic, I}, title = {Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans: antibacterial activity and transcriptomic insights into planktonic and biofilm states.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {37}, number = {}, pages = {102983}, pmid = {41809372}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Dental caries, one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, is closely associated with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms that exhibit strong resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. Herein, a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is reported to use extracellular metabolic products derived from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents for antibacterial therapy. The resulting AgNPs possess nanoscale size, negative surface charge, and excellent colloidal stability. These green AgNPs display potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. mutans, significantly disrupting bacterial membranes, suppressing acidogenicity, and inducing metabolic dysfunction. Biofilm evaluation further revealed a marked reduction in bacterial and extracellular polysaccharide biomass, indicating the collapse of the three-dimensional biofilm structure. To gain deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of AgNPs-mediated antibacterial activity, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted, revealing significant transcriptional reprogramming associated with the inhibition of metabolic and translational processes, disruption of cell wall homeostasis, suppression of virulence gene expression, and perturbation of carbohydrate metabolism. This study presents an environmentally friendly and effective strategy that bridges green nanotechnology with oral microbiology, offering a sustainable approach for caries prevention and biofilm control.}, }
@article {pmid41809201, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, SD and Kim, EY and Radhakrishnan, NK and Ganbaatar, B and Lee, CW and Yang, S and Shin, SY}, title = {Development of lysine-branched dendrimeric antimicrobial peptides targeting ESKAPE pathogens: broad-spectrum activity, biofilm eradication, and endotoxin neutralization.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1702629}, pmid = {41809201}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a pressing global health challenge, driving the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents with improved stability and selectivity. In this study, we present the rational design and synthesis of lysine-branched dendrimeric antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) based on short arginine/tryptophan-rich motifs (Du-6 and Lf-6), yielding dimeric and tetrameric architectures. Physicochemical analyses revealed a systematic increase in net charge and hydrophobicity with higher degrees of branching. Comparative biological evaluations demonstrated that dimeric peptides (di-Du-6 and di-Lf-6) achieved optimal broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. These dimers maintained low hemolytic activity and exhibited therapeutic indices of up to 40. In contrast, despite their elevated charge density and tryptophan content, tetrameric peptides showed increased cytotoxicity, likely due to deeper membrane penetration into eukaryotic cells, thereby compromising selectivity. To overcome proteolytic degradation, D-enantiomeric dimers [(di-Du-6) D and (di-Lf-6) D ] were synthesized. These retained potent antimicrobial efficacy, demonstrated complete resistance to trypsin digestion, and remained active under physiologically relevant conditions, including the presence of salts and serum. Beyond their antibacterial effects, the dimeric peptides effectively inhibited and eradicated biofilms formed by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, exhibited synergistic interactions with conventional antibiotics, and attenuated inflammatory responses by suppressing the production and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, they neutralized endotoxins through direct binding and disaggregation of LPS aggregates. Collectively, these results establish dimeric peptides as multifunctional anti-infective agents, combining broad-spectrum antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory activities. The enhanced proteolytic stability and selectivity of D-form dimers underscore their promise as next-generation therapeutics for combating multidrug-resistant infections and sepsis-associated inflammation.}, }
@article {pmid41808008, year = {2026}, author = {Belkacem, N and Terrade, A and Hong, E and Deghmane, AE and Taha, MK}, title = {Role of biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in urogenital Haemophilus influenzae isolates.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-04914-y}, pmid = {41808008}, issn = {1471-2180}, }
@article {pmid41807572, year = {2026}, author = {Wintachai, P and Thonguppatham, R and Smith, DR and Voravuthikunchai, SP and Sitthisak, S and Boripun, R and Surachat, K and Clokie, MRJ}, title = {Efficacy of a novel bacteriophage in controlling Escherichia coli associated with swine farm environments and its potential for biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-42644-3}, pmid = {41807572}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {N42A670603//the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and Walailak University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41807094, year = {2026}, author = {Al Hashedi, SA and Dmour, SM and Galut, HS and Alsheikh, ADI and Abukhalil, MH and Ma'aitah, S and Al-Zoreky, NS and Ramadan, KMA and Sattar, MN and Iqbal, Z and Alshoaibi, A and Saghir, SAM}, title = {Myricetin as a potential therapeutic agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: inhibition of biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and virulence factor production.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-17}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2634395}, pmid = {41807094}, issn = {1029-2454}, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), pose a significant threat to human health. Despite the huge persistence of antibiotics, there remains a lack of effective natural compounds capable of simultaneously disrupting quorum sensing (QS), biofilm formation, and virulence in this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential of myricetin against P. aeruginosa focusing on its ability to interfere with QS-regulated virulence traits. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-QS, and virulence factor activities were evaluated using crystal violet biofilm formation and QS-regulated virulence factor inhibition assays (e.g. pyocyanin, rhamnolipid, protease, and exopolysaccharides). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required to inhibit visible bacterial growth was 0.97 mg/mL. Additionally, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of 50 (MBIC50) was recorded at the MIC value. Myricetin showed a significant inhibitory effect against biofilm formation by suppressing bacterial hydrophobicity, aggregation, and swarming motility. Furthermore, myricetin significantly reduced the production of pyocyanin, rhamnolipid, protease, and exopolysaccharides. The myricetin effectively impeded QS mechanisms as evidenced by a significant reduction in the production of acyl homoserine lactone and violacein pigment, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Gene expression analysis exhibited a significant downregulation of LasI/R and RhlI/R genes, further enhancing the myricetin role in QS inhibition. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that myricetin effectively interferes with QS-mediated virulence mechanisms in P. aeruginosa, supporting its potential as a promising lead compound for developing anti-virulence strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41806603, year = {2026}, author = {Eddaoui, N and Soulaine, C}, title = {Modeling chemotaxis-biofilm competition during NAPL biodegradation in porous media.}, journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology}, volume = {279}, number = {}, pages = {104904}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104904}, pmid = {41806603}, issn = {1873-6009}, abstract = {Bioremediating non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in subsurface environments poses a persistent challenge due to their low solubility and the tendency of microbial biofilms to induce pore clogging, both of which limit contaminant accessibility. This study develops a continuum-scale bioreactive transport model to investigate the competitive dynamics between chemotactic motility - defined as the intrinsic ability of bacteria to migrate in response to chemical gradients - and biofilm formation during toluene biodegradation under diffusion-dominated conditions. The model incorporates NAPL dissolution, solute diffusion, chemotactic migration, microbial growth, and biofilm-induced pore clogging. We tested three microbial strategies: a biofilm-only population, a chemotaxis-only population, and a combined system. Our results reveal that competition for feeding alone, even in the absence of physical pore obstruction, limits bacterial mobility. Simulations show that chemotactic bacteria migrate along solute gradients, forming patterns that refresh the contaminant targeting. However, this directed migration toward the aromatic hydrocarbon is progressively restricted in the presence of growing biofilms by a dynamic feeding competition for dissolved toluene. As bacterial activity suppresses the dissolved toluene gradient, the system shifts into a growth-dominated regime, chemotactic activity is suppressed, and continuous biofilm expansion leads to clogging and more reduced substrate accessibility. Our results also show that chemotactic bacteria can mitigate clogging by suppressing biofilm formation through competitive interactions, but this comes at a cost: reduced overall degradation rates compared to biofilm-only systems. While advective transport and shear-induced biofilm detachment are not considered here, the results isolate key microbial competitive mechanisms relevant to diffusion-controlled environments, with implications for bioremediation and other subsurface applications such as underground hydrogen storage, where suppressing microbial activity and bioclogging are desirable.}, }
@article {pmid41806111, year = {2026}, author = {Garcia, LS and Roque-Borda, CA and Pavan, FR and Chorilli, M}, title = {Biofilm Associated Persistence and Drug Tolerance in Mycobacteria Within Host Microenvironments.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, pages = {e70166}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70166}, pmid = {41806111}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 2024/23710-8//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; 2023/01664-1//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; 2020/16573-3//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; 2021/14603-5//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms formed by mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), represent a major challenge in tuberculosis (TB) treatment due to their highly organized structure and their capacity to induce phenotypic drug tolerance. These three-dimensional bacterial aggregates are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix that restricts antibiotic penetration and shields bacilli from host immune responses. The resulting spatial and physiological heterogeneity within biofilms generates microenvironments that favor slow-growing or non-replicating cells, markedly reducing the efficacy of conventional antimicrobial therapies. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence supports the presence of biofilm-like mycobacterial communities in TB lesions, linking this growth mode to disease chronicity, treatment failure, and relapse. This review aims to provide an integrated overview of the biological and physiological states adopted by mycobacteria within biofilm microenvironments, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying biofilm-associated drug tolerance. In addition, it critically discusses therapeutic strategies designed to overcome this tolerance, focusing on synergistic antibiotic combinations and peptide-antibiotic therapies that directly disrupt biofilm architecture, enhance drug penetration, or sensitize biofilm-embedded bacilli to antimicrobial killing.}, }
@article {pmid41806019, year = {2026}, author = {Su, ZZ and Hou, Y and Lin, JJ and Duan, YF and Obeten, AU and Dong, S and Huang, Q and Huang, H and Pan, Z}, title = {Extracellular vesicles from biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: proteomic profiles, iron chelation and functional Implications.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41806019}, issn = {1432-072X}, }
@article {pmid41805852, year = {2026}, author = {Subramani, T and Vuppu, S}, title = {Targeting super bugs: metal complexes as emerging anti-microbial and anti-biofilm agents.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41805852}, issn = {1432-072X}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the major global health threats, driving the search for innovative strategies to combat chronic and recurring infections, particularly associated with biofilm formation. Biofilms confer strong tolerance to traditional antibiotics by shielding microbial communities within an extracellular matrix, posing significant challenges in clinical settings, especially in device-associated infections. Conventional antibiotics often fail to eradicate these complex biofilm structures, underscoring the need to explore alternative therapeutic strategies. Over the past decade, metal-based complexes have emerged as promising alternatives due to their unique modes of action and physicochemical properties. The integration of organic and inorganic chemistry, metal-ligand interactions in metal complexes, exhibits diverse mechanisms of action, including ROS production, enzyme inhibition, membrane cleavage and delayed resistance, representing a compelling frontier in addressing the global AMR crisis. This review highlights the dual role of metal complexes in antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications, with emphasis on silver, copper, palladium, gold, zinc, ruthenium, platinum and other complexes, reinforcing their potential as next-generation therapeutic antimicrobials.}, }
@article {pmid41800823, year = {2026}, author = {Shen, Y and Zhang, X and Xia, X and Li, M and Chen, C and Li, Q and Zhang, Y and Zhu, H}, title = {Antimicrobial Activities of Ophiobolins from Bipolaris maydis against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria via Biofilm Formation Inhibition.}, journal = {The Journal of organic chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.joc.6c00055}, pmid = {41800823}, issn = {1520-6904}, abstract = {Bipolarizens A-O (1-15), 15 previously undescribed ophiobolin derivatives, and one known analog, 3-anhydroophiobolin A (16), were discovered from the fungus Bipolaris maydis. All of the compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data, DP4+ analyses, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and X-ray crystallography studies. Compound 1 had a 15-oxatetracyclo[9.3.2.0[2,12].0[4,8]]hexadecane-bridged system. Compound 2 featured a 5/8/5/7-tetracyclic sesterterpenoid framework, constituting only the second reported example of this structural class. Bioactivity research revealed that compound 16 exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, with a MIC of 50 μg/mL. Further crystal-violet assay, fluorescent staining, and scanning electron microscopy significantly demonstrated that compound 16 could inhibit biofilm formation and cellular morphological integrity of B. cereus. These findings not only enrich the structural diversity of ophiobolins but also offer a promising molecular scaffold to control foodborne contamination associated with B. cereus and its biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid41800478, year = {2026}, author = {Çetinsoy, E and Gökçe, B and Köse, T and Gürkan, A}, title = {Ultrasonication-Assisted Sequential Chemical Removal of Mature Biofilm on Retrieved Titanium Healing Abutments.}, journal = {Clinical implant dentistry and related research}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {e70131}, doi = {10.1111/cid.70131}, pmid = {41800478}, issn = {1708-8208}, support = {2023-Dent-32360//Ege University Research Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Titanium ; Humans ; *Dental Abutments/microbiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Decontamination/methods ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Male ; Maleates ; Citric Acid ; Lactic Acid ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Sonication ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Potential effectiveness of ultrasonication (US) with different chemical solutions on the decontamination of titanium implant healing abutments (HAs) and their surface characteristics was investigated.<br><br>METHODS: Ninety-five HAs, representing two distinct brands/designs, were retrieved from patients after 4-6&#x2009;weeks for the present study. They were precleaned by immersing in enzymatic detergent (ED) and randomized into five groups: autoclaving only (control), US in 40&#xb0;C tap water and autoclaving, US in 40&#xb0;C 1% sodium hypochlorite (SH) and autoclaving, US in 80&#xb0;C citric&#x2009;+&#x2009;maleic&#x2009;+&#x2009;lactic acid (CA) solution and autoclaving, US in 40&#xb0;C ED and autoclaving. HAs were stained and photographed from lateral and occlusal aspects before and after decontamination. Stained areas were calculated and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were conducted to assess surface morphology and elemental composition.<br><br>RESULTS: Control group showed the lowest debridement potential (mean 54.4%) and highest residual contamination. SH almost entirely removed the debris (mean 99.7%, Brand1: 99.6%, Brand2: 99.9%) showing an outperforming cleansing efficacy among all groups (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). SEM and EDS analyses demonstrated that surface morphology and elemental composition of decontaminated surfaces in SH group was similar to that of unused HAs.<br><br>CONCLUSION: After precleaning HAs by soaking in ED, 1% SH, used in combination with US, can be preferred for decontaminating HAs due to its superior cleaning efficiency and minimal surface alteration regardless of HA macrogeometry. In cases where placing unused HAs is not feasible, this three-step protocol may present an efficient and cost-effective alternative for at least one reuse cycle.}, }
@article {pmid41799496, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, W and Han, Z and Gu, H and Ren, D}, title = {On-demand biofilm removal by shape-memory triggered local changes in surface topography.}, journal = {MRS bulletin}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {128-137}, pmid = {41799496}, issn = {0883-7694}, abstract = {ABSTRACT: Bacterial pathogens can form biofilms on implanted biomedical devices, causing persistent infections that are highly tolerant to antibiotics. Previously, we reported a strategy of biofilm control based on dynamic topography, which effectively removes biofilms via horizontal contraction of the substrate surface of a shape-memory polymer (SMP) upon triggered shape recovery. This method is effective and species nonspecific; however, alterations in the bulk material profile limit its applications. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that biofilm can be removed by changes in local topography without altering the shape of the bulk material. Acrylate-based SMPs were prepared to obtain transition temperature of 40℃ to trigger shape recovery in aqueous environment within 10 min. Micron-scale square patterns that are about 6-µm tall with varying width and spacing were prepared by hot compression against PDMS with complementary patterns, while maintaining the bulk shape of the material unchanged. The results demonstrated effective on-demand biofilm removal (e.g., 48 h biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 24 h biofilms of Escherichia coli were removed by 71.5% and 70.6%, respectively). In addition, shape recovery triggered topographic changes increased antibiotic susceptibility of attached bacterial cells. Overall, the results from this study demonstrated the feasibility to remove biofilms without changing the shape of the bulk material. These findings are helpful for engineering better antifouling materials.<br><br>IMPACT STATEMENT: Bacterial biofilms are the root cause of persistent infections associated with implanted biomaterials. Conventional treatments with antibiotics are often ineffective and promote the development of bacterial drug resistance. Thus, we are motivated to engineer new biomaterials that are self-defensive against bacterial colonization. Previously, we reported that shape-memory polymers (SMPs) can be programed to change the bulk shape (via horizontal stretch) on-demand and effectively remove bacterial biofilms. In this study, we further developed this strategy to control shape change of surface topography alone. The SMP surfaces programmed with microscale square-shaped features were fabricated, which were able to revert to flat surfaces upon triggering with moderate temperature change and disrupt bacterial biofilms (~70%). The shape recovery was limited to surface topography with the bulk shape unchanged. In addition to biofilm removal, shape recovery also enhanced the antibiotic susceptibility of remaining biofilm cells. Further research could explore various forms of surface topographies and different stimuli to enable more effective and reversible changes. In summary, this study reports a new strategy for biofilm control. With further development, it could help reduce medical device-associated infections and biofouling in industrial settings.<br><br>On-demand biofilm removal through microscale shape recovery.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43577-025-01024-4.}, }
@article {pmid41798863, year = {2026}, author = {Abolarinwa, TO and Ajose, DJ and Oluwarinde, BO and Ewunkem, AJ and Montso, PK and Engohang-Ndong, J and Callaway, TR and Fayemi, OE and Aremu, AO and Ateba, CN}, title = {Unravelling the Pathotype, Biofilm, Virulome and Resistome Profile of MultiDrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Cattle Faeces Using Whole Genome Sequence Analysis.}, journal = {International journal of microbiology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {6662085}, pmid = {41798863}, issn = {1687-918X}, abstract = {The high mortality and morbidity resulting from diarrhoeal cases worldwide are associated with the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and represent a serious public health concern. Cattle are a major reservoir of AMR organisms, and faecal shedding may facilitate their transmission into the food chain. This study examined the pathotype, biofilm, virulome and resistome profiles of bacteria isolated from cattle faeces using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Asymptomatic cattle faecal samples (n = 269) were analysed, and three isolates identified as multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria were sequenced. In this study, we successfully isolated bacteria from cattle faecal samples, and the isolates DEC_NWU, DVC_NWU and DSS_NWU were phenotypically confirmed as multidrug-resistant and strong biofilm formers. WGS analysis confirmed DEC_NWU, DVC_NWU and DSS_NWU to have genome lengths of 4,803,571, 4,499,945 and 5,374,783 bp, respectively. The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) confirmed that DEC_NWU, DVC_NWU and DSS_NWU are E. coli, V. cholerae and S. enterica, respectively. Also, the genetic nexus of the isolates with other species confirmed that DEC_NWU, DVC_NWU and DSS_NWU were related to E. coli O104:H4 (88%), V. cholerae O1 (100%) and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (100%), respectively. In addition, PathogenFinder classified the isolates as human pathogens. Furthermore, virulence factors such as adherence, iron uptake, invasion, toxin and secretion system were detected in the genomes of DEC_NWU, DVC_NWU and DSS_NWU. The DSS_NWU genome had the highest number of virulence genes (65), compared to DVC_NWU (29) and DEC_NWU (40). Notably, DEC_NWU, DVC_NWU and DSS_NWU each harboured several resistance genes. This study established that asymptomatic cattle carry human pathogens, which harbour a repertoire of virulome and resistome.}, }
@article {pmid41794707, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, W and Yun, J and Niu, L and Liang, Y and Tian, Y and Wang, N and Song, Y and Chen, B and Bai, H and Li, Y}, title = {Microenvironment-responsive nanomotors enable enhanced biofilm penetration and immune reprogramming for peri-implantitis therapy.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12951-026-04244-1}, pmid = {41794707}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {TJWJ2024MS010//Tianjin Health Research Project/ ; 24JCYBJC01060//Tianjin Science and Technology Planning Project/ ; TJYXZDXK-3-008B//Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project/ ; 82171008//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Peri-implantitis is driven by persistent multispecies biofilms and a pathological inflammatory microenvironment characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), acidic pH, and sustained pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. These coupled features severely limit the efficacy of conventional antimicrobial therapies by restricting drug penetration into mature biofilms and perpetuating immune dysregulation. Therapeutic strategies capable of simultaneously overcoming biofilm mass-transport barriers and restoring immune homeostasis remain lacking.<br><br>RESULTS: Herein, we report a microenvironment-responsive nanomotor system (M-CaO&#x2082;-CL) that converts pathological inflammatory cues into sustained autonomous motion, enabling active biofilm penetration and concurrent immunomodulation. Triggered by elevated hydrogen peroxide (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;) and sustained by acidic pH, the nanomotors generate continuous oxygen-driven propulsion, facilitating deep infiltration into dense biofilm matrices and overcoming diffusion-limited transport. This motion-enabled behavior markedly enhances antibacterial efficacy, particularly when combined with mild photothermal treatment under near-infrared irradiation (<&#x2009;48&#xa0;&#xb0;C), achieving efficient biofilm disruption without detectable collateral tissue damage. Beyond antibiofilm activity, the nanomotor platform exhibits intrinsic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, effectively scavenging excessive ROS and reprogramming macrophages from a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward a reparative M2 phenotype. In a rat peri-implantitis model, M-CaO&#x2082;-CL treatment significantly reduced bacterial burden, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and preserved peri-implant bone architecture.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, this study demonstrates a multifunctional nanomotor-based therapeutic strategy that integrates inflammation-responsive propulsion, enhanced biofilm penetration, mild photothermal disinfection, and immune reprogramming. By harnessing pathological microenvironmental cues as endogenous driving forces, the M-CaO&#x2082;-CL nanomotor effectively addresses key biological barriers in peri-implantitis, establishing a promising nanotherapeutic platform for biofilm-associated inflammatory diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41794508, year = {2026}, author = {Mgomi, FC and Lu, C and Tang, A and Xu, S and Chen, F and Yuan, L and Yang, ZQ}, title = {Biofilm-inspired encapsulation enhances the viability of probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NN4-1 under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {118649}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118649}, pmid = {41794508}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Probiotics ; *Microbial Viability ; Alginates/chemistry ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; *Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/physiology/genetics ; }, abstract = {The survival of probiotics during transit through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) remains a significant challenge, limiting their in vivo functional efficacy. Microorganisms often resist adverse conditions by forming biofilms. Leveraging this property, the current study introduces a novel biofilm-inspired encapsulation approach using single- and multilayer-coated sodium alginate gel beads (SAGBs) to promote in situ biofilm formation by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NN4-1. Comparative analyses were conducted to assess bacterial viability in SAGBs, planktonic cells, and biofilm cells under simulated GIT conditions. In vitro studies showed enhanced resistance in SAGBs, with a survival rate of 81.48% compared to unencapsulated cells. Additionally, biofilm encapsulation increased biochemical production, yielding average protein and polysaccharide concentrations of 0.633 mg/mL and 1.056 mg/mL, respectively. The scanning electron microscope revealed clusters of bacterial colonization inside the SAGBs. Whole-genome sequencing revealed multiple genes associated with biofilm formation, stress tolerance, adhesion, acid, and bile salt resistance. Multilayer of SAGBs reduced bacterial leakage by 52.52%, slowed small-molecule diffusion, and slightly improved textural properties without compromising bacterial metabolic activity or growth. Furthermore, SAGBs exhibited markedly higher survival (99.43%) than planktonic (76.3%) and biofilm cells (77.5%) after 21 days of refrigerated storage in milk. This approach offers promising applications in designing next-generation functional foods and targeted probiotic delivery systems, warranting higher viability of probiotics under adverse conditions of the GIT.}, }
@article {pmid41793880, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, S and Tang, P and Wang, L and Xi, Y and Huang, X and Yin, S}, title = {Zein-based Upconversion Nanoplatform enables NIR-activated Photothermal-photodynamic synergy for rapid sterilization and biofilm eradication.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {714}, number = {}, pages = {140229}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2026.140229}, pmid = {41793880}, issn = {1095-7103}, abstract = {Bacterial resistance is a major factor compromising the efficacy of conventional antibiotics, particularly in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections. To tackle this critical challenge and enable antibiotic-free antimicrobial therapy, we developed a near-infrared (NIR)-activated photothermal-photodynamic therapy nanoplatform (UCNPs/Cur@Zein@PDA, denoted as UCZP), through an innovative Zein-based hierarchical integration strategy. Specifically, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and curcumin (Cur) were co-encapsulated within the hydrophobic core of Zein nanoparticles through self-assembly, followed by surface polymerization of polydopamine (PDA). Under 808 nm laser irradiation, the resulting UCZP nanoplatform exhibits efficient photothermal conversion and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to rapid bacterial inactivation within 10 min via disruption of cell wall and membrane integrity, as well as inhibition of the respiratory chain. Moreover, the UCZP nanoplatform achieves effective eradication of mature biofilms under the same irradiation conditions. Collectively, this work establishes a NIR-activated synergistic ROS-thermal antibacterial paradigm and presents a promising colloidal strategy combating biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41793807, year = {2026}, author = {Gu, J and Guo, J and Peng, R and Wu, Y and Long, M and Zheng, X and Huang, H and Chen, Y}, title = {Biofilm-suspension syntrophy drives synergistic electro-fermentation through engineered spatial division of labor for concurrent carbon recovery and pollutant degradation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {125665}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125665}, pmid = {41793807}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Electro-fermentation systems (EFS) offer a promising approach for waste activated sludge valorization, yet the spatial metabolic interaction between electrode biofilms and planktonic suspensions remains unclear. This lack of understanding limits the optimization of systems aimed at simultaneous resource recovery and pollutant removal. This work investigated the cooperation between biofilms and suspensions in EFS designed to synchronize carbon recovery (volatile fatty acid, VFAs) production and halogenated contaminant degradation (4-bromophenol, 4-BP, as model pollutant). The system demonstrated dual advantages, achieving 97.4% removal of 4-BP while increasing VFAs production by 40.2% compared to the control. Multi-omics analysis revealed a distinct spatial division of labor. Electrode biofilms primarily governed reductive debromination by enriching electroactive bacteria (e.g., Syntrophomonas and Geobacter) and dehalogenators (e.g., Hydrogenophaga). This process was driven by the enrichment of genes related to electron transfer and dehalogenation. In contrast, planktonic suspensions mainly drove acidogenesis by enriching fermentative bacteria (e.g., Sedimentibacter and Petrimonas) and accelerating hydrolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. Partial least squares path modeling identified extracellular electron transfer as the key factor reinforcing this biofilm-suspension syntrophy, significantly contributing to both dehalogenation and acidogenesis. Furthermore, the microbial community activated an integrated adaptive network involving sensing, defense, and energy metabolism to protect the system from toxicity. This work provides in-depth insight into how biofilms and suspensions partition metabolic functions in EFS, clarifying rules that coordinate carbon and redox flows for robust sludge valorization and detoxification.}, }
@article {pmid41792774, year = {2026}, author = {Sołtysiuk, M and Przyborowska, P and Wiszniewska-Łaszczych, A and Tobolski, D}, title = {Virulence, cytotoxicity potential and biofilm production ability of Listeria spp. isolated from raw fish in Poland.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12917-026-05323-z}, pmid = {41792774}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {the Regional Initiative of Excellence Program//the Minister of Science (Poland)/ ; the Regional Initiative of Excellence Program//the Minister of Science (Poland)/ ; the Regional Initiative of Excellence Program//the Minister of Science (Poland)/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41792751, year = {2026}, author = {Ballı Akgöl, B and Bayram, M and Üstün, N and Aksaka, N}, title = {Effect of plaque-disclosing agents on biofilm removal: single-center randomized trial in fourth-year dental students.}, journal = {Head &amp; face medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13005-026-00596-z}, pmid = {41792751}, issn = {1746-160X}, }
@article {pmid41792180, year = {2026}, author = {Pereira, GL and Belizario, JA and Ambrósio, SR and Benard, G and Pires, RH}, title = {Tolerance of outbreak-associated Candida parapsilosis isolates to antiseptics in a dry surface biofilm model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-40814-x}, pmid = {41792180}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2023/15798-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2023/17649-1//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41791612, year = {2026}, author = {Qin, Y and Zhang, J and Yuan, P and Ding, Y and Guo, R and Wang, C and Ma, B}, title = {Membrane aerated biofilm reactors for sustainable nitrogen management: Mechanisms, process integration, and engineering implications.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134354}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134354}, pmid = {41791612}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) have emerged as a promising platform for sustainable nitrogen management in wastewater treatment, owing to their unique counter-diffusion biofilm architecture. This review critically examines how stratified redox microenvironments in MABRs govern nitrogen transformation pathways, enabling shortcut nitrogen removal and improved energy efficiency. We synthesize recent advances in gas diffusion and mass transfer modeling, microbial functional organization, and process integration strategies, with particular emphasis on simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) and partial nitritation-anammox (PN/A) configurations. Beyond performance advantages, key sustainability challenges are discussed, including nitrite accumulation, nitrous oxide (N2O) formation, operational stability, and scale-up limitations. By linking mechanistic insights with engineering implications, this review identifies critical knowledge gaps and control strategies for minimizing emissions and maximizing nitrogen removal efficiency. The analysis provides a framework for advancing MABR applications toward robust, low-energy, and low-emission nitrogen management in full-scale wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid41791499, year = {2026}, author = {Witte, M and Lee, KH and Hardy, J}, title = {Biofilm and planktonic Staphylococcus aureus exhibit distinct gene expression patterns in response to cinnamaldehyde.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105919}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2026.105919}, pmid = {41791499}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus forms biofilms in the context many infections, including endocarditis, lung infection, and the colonization of implants. How antimicrobials specifically affect S. aureus biofilms as opposed to planktonic S. aureus is an important consideration in the development of treatments of these infections. It is well known that bacteria in biofilms are more resistant to antimicrobials, and the degree and nature of the responses is crucial to understanding the basis of this resistance. While certain antimicrobials such as antibiotics have specific mechanisms that induce pathways related to those mechanisms, and others such as hypochlorite are highly toxic, a wide variety of compounds exhibit intermediate effects that affect multiple systems. Responses to these substances are important to understand if new therapeutics are to be designed. Here, we investigated antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of cinnamaldehyde (CmAl), an antibacterial agent commonly used in foods. CmAl affects multiple bacterial systems, providing a model for the characterization of these intermediate responses. We measured CmAl activity on established biofilm and planktonic bacteria using recombinant bioluminescent S. aureus and performed RNA-seq on CmAl-treated biofilms and planktonic bacteria. RNA-seq results revealed response pathways that differ between these states, including phosphate uptake. The results of this study demonstrate how CmAl differentially affects S. aureus biofilms compared to planktonic forms.}, }
@article {pmid41791283, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Qin, H and Guo, R and Wang, Y}, title = {The impact of the hly gene deletion on biofilm formation and antibiotic sensitivity in Listeria monocytogenes.}, journal = {International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM}, volume = {322}, number = {}, pages = {151709}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2026.151709}, pmid = {41791283}, issn = {1618-0607}, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a pathogenic bacterium that poses a significant threat in food safety due to its ability to form resilient biofilms, contributing to cross-contamination risks in food processing environments. This study examines the role of the hly gene on biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in L. monocytogenes. By generating a hly deletion mutant (Lm-Δhly), we investigated how the absence of this gene affects bacterial behavior and biofilm development. Our results revealed that hly deletion did not impact bacterial growth but significantly impaired biofilm formation. The Lm-Δhly strain exhibited a reduced biofilm biomass and a looser biofilm structure compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Microscopic analysis, including SEM and CLSM, confirmed that biofilm architecture was compromised, with more viable cells in the WT biofilms and a substantial decrease in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the mutant strain. Furthermore, the Lm-Δhly strain displayed reduced motility, auto-aggregation, and surface hydrophobicity, indicating a reduced ability to adhere and disseminate. Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of key virulence factors such as prfA, sigB, and quorum sensing (QS) genes in the Lm-Δhly strain, suggesting that hly plays a role in their regulation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the Lm-Δhly strain was more sensitive to ribosome-targeting antibiotics, including tetracycline and roxithromycin, correlating with impaired biofilm development under antibiotic stress. These findings emphasize the importance of hly in biofilm development, antibiotic resistance, and virulence regulation in L. monocytogenes. Targeting hly or its associated pathways may be a promising strategy to combat persistent L. monocytogenes contamination in food-related environments. Further investigation into hly' interactions with broader regulatory networks is needed to fully elucidate its role in L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41791150, year = {2026}, author = {Kumar, A and Deepshikha,  and Saini, S and Chaturvedi, V and Kayastha, AM}, title = {Ficus benghalensis β-amylase: A potent biofilm-degrading enzyme with broad-Spectrum activity against nosocomial and foodborne pathogens.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {510}, number = {}, pages = {148688}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148688}, pmid = {41791150}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {The current study elucidates the purification and characterization of β-amylase derived from the fruit of the Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) and its potential efficacy as an antibiofilm agent. The enzyme was purified by utilizing a four-step process that included acetone precipitation, acid precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-cellulose, and epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography. This resulted in 11-fold purification with a specific activity of 376.74 U/mg. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), SDS-PAGE, and LC/MS analysis have confirmed the identity of β-amylase from F. benghalensis fruit. SDS-PAGE confirmed purity, with a single band at 29 ± 1 kDa. The purified β-amylase showed optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 5.6. Kinetic analysis using soluble starch yielded Km and Vmax values of 3.67 mg/mL and 381.68 μmol/min/mg, respectively. Most importantly, the enzyme was highly effective at degrading preformed biofilms of foodborne bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The enzyme breaks down Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), which are important parts of the biofilm matrix. The results indicate that β-amylase derived from F. benghalensis fruit is a potentially novel therapy for disorders associated with biofilms, along with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.}, }
@article {pmid41790930, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Correction for Potapova et al., Vibrio cholerae biofilm matrix assembly and growth are shaped by a glutamate-specific TAXI/TRAP protein.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {11}, pages = {e2605129123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2605129123}, pmid = {41790930}, issn = {1091-6490}, }
@article {pmid41790864, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, T and Cao, W and Fan, S and Liu, R and Zhu, H and Lu, X and Zhang, Z and He, X and Zhang, K and Huang, J and Ma, N and Chang, G and Yang, Z}, title = {Repurposing metformin as a dual-function agent to combat E. coli-induced mastitis: Mechanistic insights into biofilm dispersion and AMPK/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {e1014012}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1014012}, pmid = {41790864}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {Escherichia coli-induced bovine mastitis represents a major challenge in dairy production due to the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains. This study repurposes metformin as a dual-function agent that simultaneously targets bacterial virulence and host inflammation. Epidemiological surveillance identified phylogroup B1 as the most prevalent (52.5%) and resistant E. coli lineage. Against a representative B1 strain, metformin potently inhibited and dispersed bacterial biofilms, and synergized with conventional β-lactam antibiotics. Bacterial transcriptomics revealed metformin downregulated genes critical for membrane integrity and metabolism. In parallel, metformin attenuated the inflammatory response in bovine mammary epithelial cells and in murine and ovine mastitis models. In vivo, it significantly reduced bacterial colonization in mammary tissue and suppressed key pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, metformin activated the AMPK/SIRT1 axis, leading to deacetylation of NF-κB p65. In the ruminant model, this culminated in epigenetic regulation, with increased chromatin compaction at promoters of inflammatory genes, and a significant inverse correlation (r = -0.77) between NF-κB binding and chromatin accessibility. Collectively, metformin combats resistant E. coli mastitis through a dual mechanism: disrupting biofilm-dependent bacterial persistence and reprogramming host immunometabolism via AMPK/SIRT1-mediated epigenetic regulation. These findings provide a compelling non-antibiotic strategy for overcoming antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41790731, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, X and Dong, J and Wang, B and Chen, L and Gong, Z and Yang, J and Shu, G and Ning, Q}, title = {Molecular mechanism of gallium nitrate in inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation through pykF modulation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {e0337557}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0337557}, pmid = {41790731}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Gallium/pharmacology ; Animals ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Virulence/drug effects ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Gallium nitrate, a non-redox analog of iron (III), suppresses bacterial biofilms and virulence within the framework of bacterial regulation. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways through which gallium nitrate modulates bacterial activity and function.<br><br>METHODS: The antimicrobial properties of gallium nitrate, its effects on bacterial biofilms, and gallium-responsive signaling pathways were assessed. Observation of marked upregulation of pyruvate kinase (pykF) expression following gallium nitrate exposure prompted in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine how gallium influences the expression, enzymatic activity, and functional role of bacterial pykF.<br><br>RESULTS: Crystal violet staining, XTT assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy consistently indicated that gallium nitrate suppressed bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity. Transcriptomic profiling and subsequent validation analyses further suggested a strong association between pykF and gallium-mediated antibacterial effects. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that pykF knockout significantly enhanced bacterial survival and biofilm formation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Gallium nitrate modulates bacterial biofilm development and virulence, with its antimicrobial effect largely dependent on pykF upregulation. Concurrent therapeutic targeting of both pykF and gallium may provide a more effective strategy against persistent biofilm-associated infections. This work also establishes a mechanistic basis for clinical approaches aimed at reducing biofilm formation and limiting device-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41790700, year = {2026}, author = {AlKhalidi, HM and Ali, AH and Abo-Ouf, AM and El-Bidawy, MH and Arafah, AMR and Aldawsari, SM and Dayel, SB and Hajelbashir, MI and Abd El-Naem, MM and AlGhamdi, MAA and Alhumaid, KH and Abd El-Lateef, AES and Aljabr, KHE and Khairy, HA and Samhan, MA}, title = {Effect of the antidepressant drug paroxetine in downregulating the biofilm-adhering genes in Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro and in silico studies.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {105}, number = {10}, pages = {e47907}, doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000047907}, pmid = {41790700}, issn = {1536-5964}, abstract = {Osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of the bone that affects millions globally. Due to problems in drug delivery, bacterial resistance through biofilm formation, adverse effects of the medications in use, etc, the scientists are searching for novel antimicrobial agents. As drug repurposing is an excellent method to develop new antimicrobials, this study evaluates the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of the antidepressant paroxetine, combined with hydroxyapatite (HA), against drug-resistant, biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of paroxetine was assessed using the agar diffusion assay, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method. The antibiofilm potential of paroxetine was quantified through the crystal violet assay and further examined using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The bacterial load on drug-loaded hydroxyapatite was determined using the viable colony count method. The expression of bacterial adhesion genes following paroxetine treatment was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate the binding affinity of paroxetine to bacterial adhesion proteins and penicillin-binding proteins. The study demonstrated promising antibacterial properties of the drug and the drug-HA combination against S aureus with a MIC of 18.75 µg/mL. Paroxetine prevented the biofilms formation by S aureus, and could eradicate mature biofilms, with 83%, 86%, and 89% efficacy after 1X MIC, and 2X treatment. The antibiofilm effect was further confirmed by in silico, in vitro methods, wherein a strong affinity was noted for biofilm adhesion protein and paroxetine. Paroxetine treatment revealed downregulation of biofilm-adhering genes, like icaA, clfA, cna, fnbpA, and fib, using RT-PCR. When combined with HA, paroxetine displayed synergistic activity, and this was visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy, which showed 81% and 19% dead/live cells after treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy analysis displayed the impact of the drug paroxetine on S aureus cell morphology, which showed remarkable damage to the bacterial cells. In silico docking revealed that paroxetine's mode of action was mediated through binding with proteins and penicillin-binding protein, thereby inducing cell death. These results suggest that the paroxetine-HA combination may serve as a promising adjunctive strategy for treating biofilm-associated infections caused by S aureus.}, }
@article {pmid41790510, year = {2026}, author = {Supparitsch, S and Zeitlinger, M}, title = {Experimental biofilm models for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations: bridging in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo systems.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkag091}, pmid = {41790510}, issn = {1460-2091}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections represent a major therapeutic challenge due to reduced antimicrobial susceptibility and the limited predictive value of conventional pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices with clinical outcome. A wide spectrum of experimental models has been developed to study biofilms, ranging from simple in vitro assays to ex vivo tissue-derived systems and in vivo infection models. Each category provides distinct advantages: in vitro platforms enable high-throughput compound screening and measurement of biofilm-specific indices such as MBIC and MBEC; ex vivo models preserve host tissue architecture and allow investigation of topical therapies and therapeutic windows; and in vivo systems are indispensable for analysing host-pathogen interactions and systemic PK/PD relationships. No single model is sufficient to replicate clinical biofilm complexity, but combined use and progressive standardization can improve translational value. This review provides a structured overview of available models, their PK/PD readouts and their strengths and limitations, aiming to guide model selection in preclinical biofilm research and antimicrobial development.}, }
@article {pmid41790256, year = {2026}, author = {Aydın, E and Genç, S and Perçin Renders, D}, title = {Interaction between lpxABCD and pmrABC genes and Biofilm Formation in Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41790256}, issn = {1432-0991}, }
@article {pmid41788398, year = {2025}, author = {Kayser, C and Druart, K and Bouscasse, E and Matondo, M and Chane, A and Hoh, F and Groboillot, A and Barbey, C and Merieau, A and Latour, X and Soule, P and Mühle, E and Norris, V and Konto-Ghiorghi, Y}, title = {Staphylococcus epidermidis DnaK alters biofilm formation and proteome in Staphylococcus aureus CIP 107093.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1705130}, pmid = {41788398}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, two Gram-positive bacteria of the human skin microbiota, form biofilms that contribute to dysbiosis and inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), involved in skin inflammation, was previously shown to enhance the virulence of S. epidermidis MFP04. We previously observed a significant increase in the level of the molecular chaperone DnaK/Hsp70 in the secretome of CGRP-activated S. epidermidis. Here, we investigated the role of recombinant S. epidermidis DnaK in biofilm formation in both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. DnaK modulates biofilm formation in a strain-dependent manner. In commensal strains (S. aureus MFP03 and S. epidermidis MFP04), it is associated with an increase in biofilm biomass. In contrast, it significantly reduces biofilm formation in the clinical S. aureus strain CIP 107093. Point mutations in the substrate-binding domain (SBD) and nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of DnaK differentially affect its modulation of biofilm formation. Specifically, only the mutation in the SBD abolishes the biofilm reduction observed in CIP 107093, while the NBD mutation results in a milder effect. Notably, these mutations have no significant impact on DnaK-induced biofilm changes in strains where DnaK promotes biofilm formation. Proteomic analyses of S. aureus CIP 107093 reveal that DnaK alters the S. aureus biofilm proteome, stabilizing protein degradation components and downregulating key biofilm regulators. These findings highlight the cross-species regulatory potential of S. epidermidis extracellular DnaK in the skin microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid41787690, year = {2026}, author = {Dong, J and Feng, S and Shao, J and Huang, L and Xiang, L and Zhou, X}, title = {Synthesis of LiYbF4: Tm-Based Core-Shell Upconversion Nanoparticles for Biofilm Eradication on Titanium Implants via Dominated Photoelectron Therapy.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c23508}, pmid = {41787690}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm-induced inflammation can corrode implant surfaces and is the main reason for implantation failures. Considering that conventional mechanical treatments show limited efficacy, prolonged antibiotic therapy carries certain risks as well. Here, we developed NIR-active antibacterial Ti implant surfaces. LiYbF4-based core-shell upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were synthesized with controlled core size (∼10 nm) and shell thickness (∼2 nm). These UCNPs were homogeneously coated onto sandblasted and acid-etched titanium (SLA Ti) implants by ultrasonic spraying following the prior deposition of a conformal polydopamine (PDA) coating. Upon NIR excitation (λ = 980 nm), the UCNPs generate upconverted ultraviolet (UV) light, which can be absorbed by PDA and natural TiO2 layers on Ti implants. The PDA layer not only mediates localized energy transfer but also enhances light absorption through the aromatic structures. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated excellent biofilm eradication rate (98.9% in vitro and 99.99% in vivo) and potentially high biocompatibility. This approach combines the high efficiency of LiYbF4 core-shell UCNPs with PDA, providing antibacterial functionality based on photoelectron therapy on Ti implants. The deep-tissue penetration of NIR light and the localized UV generation minimize off-target effects, making this system a promising and clinically translatable strategy for infection-resistant implants.}, }
@article {pmid41787281, year = {2026}, author = {Van Rossum, U and Heyndrickx, M and Rasschaert, G and Demaître, N and Sadiq, FA and Boon, N and Cools, A and De Reu, K}, title = {Hidden threats: exploring biofilm communities in broiler houses and pig nursery units drinking water lines.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-04790-6}, pmid = {41787281}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {HBC.2021.1060//VLAIO-LA/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41787264, year = {2026}, author = {Su, J and Wen, J and Zheng, W and Wang, J}, title = {Phenotypic-genotypic characteristics of Corynebacterium striatum clinical isolates and diversified biofilm production capabilities in the presence of plasma proteins.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-04912-0}, pmid = {41787264}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {No. 82260416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 82260416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 82260416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 82260416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 2025YFSH0088//Science and Technology Plan Project of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region/ ; No. 2025YFSH0088//Science and Technology Plan Project of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region/ ; No. 2025YFSH0088//Science and Technology Plan Project of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region/ ; No. 2025YFSH0088//Science and Technology Plan Project of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region/ ; No. ZY20241209//Zhiyuan talents project of Inner Mongolia Medical University/ ; No. ZY20241209//Zhiyuan talents project of Inner Mongolia Medical University/ ; No. ZY20241209//Zhiyuan talents project of Inner Mongolia Medical University/ ; No. ZY20241209//Zhiyuan talents project of Inner Mongolia Medical University/ ; No. 2024GLLH0302//Science and Technology Program of the Joint Fund of Scientific Research for the Public Hospitals of Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; No. 2024GLLH0302//Science and Technology Program of the Joint Fund of Scientific Research for the Public Hospitals of Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; No. 2024GLLH0302//Science and Technology Program of the Joint Fund of Scientific Research for the Public Hospitals of Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; No. 2024GLLH0302//Science and Technology Program of the Joint Fund of Scientific Research for the Public Hospitals of Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41786098, year = {2026}, author = {Mukherjee, S and Sikdar, B and Chaudhuri, D and Giri, K and Roy, S}, title = {Attenuating effect of plumbagin on Chromobacterium violaceum quorum sensing and biofilm formation: an in-vitro and in-silico approach.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {214}, number = {}, pages = {108418}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108418}, pmid = {41786098}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance over recent decades calls for alternative methods to reduce bacterial pathogenicity. Targeting quorum sensing (QS) is gaining attention as a promising alternative treatment. This study investigates the potential of plumbagin, a natural naphthoquinone derived from Plumbago species, to inhibit quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Chromobacterium violaceum using both in vitro and in silico methods. In vitro assays revealed that sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of plumbagin significantly suppressed QS-regulated traits compared to controls. These included a reduction in violacein production by up to 40%, exopolysaccharide levels by up to 30%, and swarming motility and biofilm formation, which were reduced by up to 40%. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that plumbagin (at 2.42 μg/ml, corresponding to 1/4th MIC) decreases the expression of key QS genes (with relative fold changes of 0.36 ± 0.06, 0.35 ± 0.06, and 0.18 ± 0.01 for cviI, cviR, and vioA, respectively), indicating interference with bacterial communication pathways. Furthermore, the hemocompatibility assay demonstrated that the plumbagin concentrations used in this study are safe. Complementary in-silico molecular docking and dynamic simulations confirmed stable interactions between plumbagin and the QS regulatory protein CviR, suggesting its plausible mechanism of action. These results highlight plumbagin as a promising anti-QS agent that could be developed into alternative antibacterial therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41785019, year = {2026}, author = {Harrington, NE and Allen, F and Garcia Maset, R and Harrison, F}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression changes during established biofilm infection in a cystic fibrosis lung model.}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {172}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001678}, pmid = {41785019}, issn = {1465-2080}, abstract = {The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms biofilm infections in the lungs of people with the genetic condition cystic fibrosis (CF) that can persist for decades. There are numerous P. aeruginosa lifestyle changes associated with chronic biofilm infection that are cued by the CF lung environment. These include a loss of virulence, metabolic changes and increased antimicrobial tolerance. We have investigated P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilm infection over 7 days in an ex vivo pig lung (EVPL) model for CF, previously shown to facilitate formation of a clinically relevant P. aeruginosa biofilm structure with expression of key genes comparable to human infection. We have compared P. aeruginosa gene expression between sequential time points: 24 h, 48 h and 7 days post-infection, and investigated tolerance to polymyxins. Our results demonstrate that the EVPL model can maintain a P. aeruginosa biofilm population, which exhibits increased antibiotic tolerance, for at least 7 days. Differential expression of antimicrobial resistance-associated genes was not observed; however, there was significant upregulation of sulphur metabolism and maintenance of a structured biofilm. Our findings demonstrate that 7 days is a viable time point for studying established, chronic biofilm infection in the EVPL model and provide insight into the accompanying gene expression changes.}, }
@article {pmid41784609, year = {2026}, author = {Vincy, A and Anand, V and Kannan, DK and Pandith, A and Gurnani, B and Ranjan, P and Pathak, A and Jain, N and Chahal, S and Kumar, P and Vankayala, R}, title = {Correction to "NIR-Responsive Free Standing Borophene Mediates Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy to Reduce Bacterial Biofilm Burden".}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.6c03914}, pmid = {41784609}, issn = {1944-8252}, }
@article {pmid41782171, year = {2026}, author = {Hosny, NS and Elgamal, SG}, title = {Efficacy of Calcium Silicate-Based, Simvastatin, Levofloxacin and Calcium Hydroxide Intracanal Medicaments Against Mature Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm. An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/aej.70070}, pmid = {41782171}, issn = {1747-4477}, abstract = {This in vitro study investigated the antibiofilm efficacy of calcium silicate-based, Simvastatin, Levofloxacin and calcium hydroxide intracanal medicaments against mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Ninety dentine specimens were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm for three weeks and divided into five groups (n = 18): (1) calcium silicate-based; (2) Simvastatin; (3) Levofloxacin; (4) calcium hydroxide (CH); (5) positive control, no medicament. After two weeks of intracanal medicament application, live/dead bacterial cells were assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in the percentage of dead bacteria of the four tested groups compared to the positive control group (H = 30.45, p < 0.001). The calcium silicate-based group recorded the highest median (IQR) percentage of dead bacteria at 56.33 (10.03), followed by Simvastatin 44.88 (7.30), CH 41.70 (12.53), Levofloxacin 35.99 (3.78), and the positive control group 3.61 (1.01). These findings suggest that these intracanal medicaments demonstrate promising antibiofilm activity, with further investigations needed.}, }
@article {pmid41781815, year = {2026}, author = {Abduljalil, H and Bartie, K and Bal, AM and Rautemaa-Richardson, R and Williams, C and Kean, R and Ramage, G}, title = {Rezafungin exhibits anti-biofilm properties against fungal biofilms in vitro.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkag058}, pmid = {41781815}, issn = {1460-2091}, support = {//MundiPharma/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the comparative activity of rezafungin compared with caspofungin and other antifungal classes against biofilms from a large clinical panel of Candida strains (n = 167).<br><br>METHODS: Biofilm killing and inhibition were assessed using standard XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide salt] metabolic assessment. Biofilm time-kill kinetics were also evaluated using metabolic and viable cell counts. Microscopy was performed to visually assess biofilm inhibition.<br><br>RESULTS: Rezafungin was shown to outperform caspofungin and other antifungals against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and Nakaseomyces glabratus (previously called C. glabrata) strains with a heterogeneous biofilm phenotype. Assessment of high biofilm-forming strains at 0.03&#x2005;mg/L concentrations showed that rezafungin killed biofilms to an equal or greater extent than caspofungin. Time-kill studies showed a rapid reduction in metabolism and viable cfus by both rezafungin and caspofungin, but with little difference between both compounds. Evaluation of biofilm inhibition characteristics of both compounds showed that rezafungin was marginally more effective than caspofungin, which was corroborated by microscopical analyses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data show that rezafungin is non-inferior to caspofungin in terms of anti-biofilm activity and displays characteristics that suggest it can control biofilms more effectively than caspofungin. Further evaluation is required to establish whether these in vitro effects translate clinically, but the data indicate an opportunity for rezafungin to be used for the clinical management of biofilm-related diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41780771, year = {2026}, author = {Kanchanapiboon, J and Tuntoaw, S and Poonsatha, S and Maiuthed, A and Rukthong, P and Thumanu, K and Siriwong, S and Thunyaharn, S and Wachisuthon, D and Sakpetch, A and Chuennangchee, V}, title = {Boesenbergia rotunda extract decreases biofilm formation and host-pathogen interaction of bloodstream-isolated Candida albicans by interfering with biomolecule composition and metabolomics adaptation.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108417}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108417}, pmid = {41780771}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. rhizome has been traditionally used to treat abscesses, leukoplakia, and leukorrhea. Candida albicans is a major cause of these incidences and can lead to bloodstream infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and mechanisms of B. rotunda extract on susceptibility, biofilm formation, and invasion into human endothelial EA.hy926 cells of bloodstream-isolated C. albicans. Their virulence were determined by microdilution, metabolic activity, lactate dehydrogenase release, and internalization assays. Alterations in biomolecule composition were determined by Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. The metabolomic profiles during host-pathogen interactions were assessed with high-resolution accurate-mass spectrometry. The B. rotunda extract consisted of 15.60% (w/w) pinostrobin and 6.02% (w/w) pinocembrin. All strains of C. albicans were not susceptible to the extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The biofilm formation was inhibited only in C. albicans Isolate03 by the B. rotunda extract with IC50 value of 46.03 μg/mL. However, the ability of Isolate03 and Isolate04, invasive phenotypes, to damage the endothelial EA.hy926 cells was significantly inhibited with IC50 values of 27.39 and 30.81 μg/mL, respectively. The extract markedly altered the invasive phenotype's biomolecule composition and metabolomic profiles. The glycogen and carbohydrate compositions were decreased, whereas protein was increased. Moreover, propanoate and glycerolipid metabolism were dramatically regulated. These results suggest that alterations of biomolecule and metabolism could decrease their virulences because metabolic adaptation involved in pathogenic traits of C. albicans. Therefore, the B. rotunda extract might disrupt biomolecule compositions and metabolic pathways of the isolated C. albicans, thereby reducing biofilm formation and tissue invasion.}, }
@article {pmid41780377, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, H and Fan, Q and Liu, B and Wang, Y and Jia, A and Yi, L and Wang, Y}, title = {Glycosyltransferases play a pivotal role in regulating biofilm formation and pathogenicity in Streptococcus suis.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {315}, number = {}, pages = {110962}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2026.110962}, pmid = {41780377}, issn = {1873-2542}, abstract = {In bacteria, the glycosyltransferases play important roles in bacterial fitness and virulence. A prior transposon screen implicated glycosyltransferase Gtf-2 in the regulation of S. suis biofilm formation, but the biological function of Gtf-2 and how biofilm is modulated by Gtf-2 remains largely unclear. Here, we characterized the major components of S. suis biofilm matrix and further elucidated the its regulatory role in biofilm formation, which involved the regulation of S. suis extracellular matrix, c-di-AMP, cell surface properties, and bacterial energy metabolism. Additionally, we also revealed that Gtf-2 regulates the content and composition of capsular polysaccharide. Finally, the regulatory role of Gtf-2 in the virulence of S. suis was elucidated based on in vitro and in vivo infection models, and the loss of Gtf-2 function weakened the virulence of S. suis.}, }
@article {pmid41780240, year = {2026}, author = {Calabro-Souza, G and Lorke, A and Simons, A and Chaumont, C and Tassin, B and Dris, R}, title = {Understanding the role of turbulence and biofilm on low density microplastic dynamics: An experimental approach towards natural conditions.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {506}, number = {}, pages = {141640}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141640}, pmid = {41780240}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The fate of microplastics (MP) in rivers is controlled by particle properties, biological interactions, and hydrodynamics, yet mechanisms governing near-bed behavior of low-density MP remain unclear. Despite their buoyancy, low-density MP are frequently found in sediments, suggesting that turbulence-driven transport and benthic biofilms influence the near-bed transport and retention. Flume experiments quantified how turbulence modulates MP transport, biofilm contact, and MP-biofilm interaction at the sediment-water interface. Flume integrating water, sediment, and biofilm compartments used fluorescent polyethylene spheres (0.995 g cm[-3]; ∼50 µm) under controlled flows. Particle trajectories near a monospecific Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm were reconstructed via particle tracking velocimetry, while turbulence intensity was characterized by friction velocity (u* = 0.0009, 0.0014 and 0.0024 m s[-1]). Increasing turbulence significantly increased MP-biofilm encounters (p < 0.001), with median fractions reaching 3.3-4.3% of all observed MP at u* ≥ 0.0014 m s[-1] , compared with 1.6% at 0.0009 m s[-1] . Most MPs contacting the biofilm originated within the viscous boundary layer, although up to ∼20% came from above under higher turbulence, reflecting a shift in transport pathways. Biofilm retention of MPs remained low (0.6-5.8%) and decreased slightly with turbulence, revealing a trade-off between delivery and attachment. These results indicate a two-step mechanism: turbulence delivers particles to near-bed zone, while biofilm properties govern retention. This coupled process helps explain the presence of buoyant MP in sediments and highlights the role of benthic biofilms in mediating MP exchange between water and riverbeds. The empirical relationships derived here can inform process-based transport models to improve predictions of MP fate and fluxes in fluvial systems.}, }
@article {pmid41779039, year = {2026}, author = {Yogendraiah, KM and Sadanandan, B and Natraj, LK and Vijayalakshmi, V and Shetty, K}, title = {Biofilm formation directly correlates with cell viability in Candida tropicalis on polypropylene.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41779039}, issn = {1432-0614}, abstract = {Candida tropicalis, the most prevalent non-Candida albicans Candida species, is an emerging pathogen forming robust biofilms on medical devices, contributing to biofouling, virulence, and antifungal resistance. In this study, growth conditions for six C. tropicalis clinical isolates (C4, U873, U951, U1179, U1309, U1360) and a standard strain (MTCC-184) were optimized on polypropylene using central composite design-based response surface methodology. The parameters tested included temperature, pH, shaker speed, inoculum size, and incubation time, with biofilm formation quantified by crystal violet, cell viability by MTT, biomass by calcofluor white, and wet/dry weight measurements. Notably, C. tropicalis forms biofilm on polypropylene surfaces, resembling extracellular polymeric substance-rich matrices. Among the isolates, C4, U873, U951, and U1179 fit the CCD model, whereas for MTCC-184, U1309, and U1360, the Johnson Transformation was required to obtain unified optimal conditions. Temperature and pH were the major factors influencing biofilm formation in C4 and U1179, while temperature and incubation time were significant for U873 and U951. A direct correlation was observed between cell viability and biofilm formation, though biomass varied, indicating strain-specific virulence. This high-throughput optimization strategy establishes a platform for antifungal screening, biofilm-material interaction studies, and the development of medical devices resistant to fungal colonization. KEY POINTS: • Optimized growth conditions of Candida tropicalis biofilm on polypropylene material by RSM • Four C. tropicalis isolates fit the CCD model; the other three isolates were modelled using CCD-JT • A direct correlation was observed between cell viability and biofilm with variations in cell mass.}, }
@article {pmid41778856, year = {2026}, author = {Ge, J and Shi, X and Hou, S and Wang, Y and Zhou, X and Ji, Y and Tao, Z and Liu, X and Cheng, Y and Li, S and Xiao, Y and Hong, Y and Zhao, Z and Ge, F and Wang, J}, title = {Magnetically Recyclable Core-Shell Ag@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Waterborne Pathogen Inactivation and Medical Biofilm Eradication.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.6c00025}, pmid = {41778856}, issn = {2576-6422}, abstract = {The proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria in water poses a significant public health threat. Experimental wastewater from microbiology laboratories and residual fluids in medical catheters are particularly prone to pathogenic bacterial growth and biofilm formation. This challenge requires antibacterial agents that can eliminate pathogenic bacteria with high efficiency. In this study, core-shell Ag@Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized via a straightforward solvothermal method. This structuration minimizes silver ion loss and ensures sustained antibacterial activity through core-shell synergy. Mechanistic studies revealed that Ag@Fe3O4 disrupts biofilm architecture and induces nucleic acid leakage via the synergistic release of Ag[+] ions and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Significantly, Ag@Fe3O4 NPs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and demonstrate a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 μg/mL. In water treatment simulations, Ag@Fe3O4 NPs maintained a 100% pathogen elimination rate across diverse environmental conditions after 40 magnetic recovery cycles. Furthermore, the Ag@Fe3O4 NPs achieved precise targeting and efficient removal of biofilms in a medical catheter model under magnetic guidance. Ag@Fe3O4 NPs offer an efficient and sustainable solution for eradicating waterborne pathogens and eliminating medical catheter biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41778798, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, J and Fan, S and Shi, J and Hu, X and Ding, W and Hao, J and Zhang, W}, title = {Genomic and chemical analyses of 713 marine biofilm-derived bacterial strains.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0259325}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02593-25}, pmid = {41778798}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Marine biofilms are known as a reservoir of bacterial specialized metabolites, but the majority of these metabolites remain unexplored because most biofilm-associated bacteria have not yet been cultivated or genomically characterized. In a recent study, we isolated and cultivated 713 bacterial strains from marine biofilms and generated their nearly complete genomes. Here, we conduct a systematic analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) contained in these bacterial genomes. A total of 3,146 BGCs are predicted and organized into 2,176 mostly new gene cluster families (GCFs), in comparison with the GCFs in the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster database, and those from genomes of global seawater bacteria. In particular, certain less-studied microorganisms, such as members of the Roseobacteriaceae family, possess a number of novel BGCs. Moreover, through bacterial antagonistic tests, 50 of the 713 strains inhibit the growth of at least one tested pathogenic bacterial strain. Furthermore, metabolomics followed by molecular networking reveals previously uncharacterized antimicrobial activities associated with known secondary metabolites, represented by the polycyclic tetramate macrolactam alteramide A.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Marine microorganisms are important sources of natural products, yet quite a few studies have systematically explored the production of active molecules by marine biofilm-associated bacteria. In the present study, we analyzed nearly complete genomes of 713 strains isolated from marine biofilms to assess their biosynthetic potential. We further conducted experiments to discover compounds with a strong inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacterial strains. This work has laid the groundwork for further prospecting marine biofilm-associated bacterial strains for antibacterial agents.}, }
@article {pmid41778262, year = {2025}, author = {Du, J and Huang, S and Li, Y and Qiu, Z and Hao, Y and Huang, J and Zhan, L and Chen, S and Huang, X}, title = {Deletion of dltD gene modulates biofilm matrix and acid metabolism to attenuate Streptococcus mutans cariogenicity.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1741359}, pmid = {41778262}, issn = {2235-2988}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus mutans (SM) is one of the key pathogenic bacteria in the occurrence and development of dental caries. Its complex virulence regulation network has become an important target in current ecological caries prevention research. This study explored how dltD attenuates SM cariogenicity using standard strain SMUA159, high-cariogenic clinical strain SM593, and their dltD deletion/complemented strains.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, the clinical serotype C SM593 clinical strain isolated from caries-active patients (DMFT6), the SM593 dltD deletion strain (SM593-dltD), and SM593-dltD complementary strain (SM593-dltD-c) were selected as the experimental strains. Rat caries model was constructed to detect the cariogenicity. Colony forming counting units (CFU) counting was used to detect the colonization ability in vivo. The adhesion ability and surface hydrophobicity of each strain were examined by tube attachment assay and microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons method. Biofilm of each strain was constructed in vitro., CFU counting and MTT staining were used to analyze the SM biofilm formation. Laser confocal scanning microscope were used to observe the biofilm morphology, live/dead staining distribution. Anthrone-sulfuric acid assay, laser confocal scanning microscope, SYTOX probe assay and BCA protein kit assay were used to detect the extracellular polysaccharide content, extracellular polysaccharide distribution, eDNA content and extracellular protein content of the biofilm. Acid production was examined by detecting the pH of the biofilm supernatant. Potassium iodide assay and lactate dehydrogenase detection kit assay were used to examine intracellular polysaccharides and lactate dehydrogenase activity. CFU counting was used to detect the adaptive acid tolerance ability. Laurdan fluorescent probe was used to examine the cell membranes fluidity under the acidic condition. The expression of genes related to biofilm formation and acid tolerance was detected by RTqPCR.<br><br>RESULTS: In vivo, dltD deletion significantly reduced fissure and proximal caries severity (P<0.05), with strain-specific colonization differences. In vitro, dltD deletion strains showed decreased biofilm viable cells (P<0.05), metabolic activity (P<0.01), and water-insoluble polysaccharides (P<0.01), associated with downregulated gtfB and gtfC expression (P<0.05), increased autolysis, and extracellular DNA (P<0.01). Acidogenicity and acid tolerance were impaired, associated with downregulated dexA, fabM, and atpD expression (P<0.05).<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings confirmed that dltD deletion attenuates SM cariogenicity by disrupting biofilm EPS and acid metabolism, supporting dltD as a potential target for caries prevention.}, }
@article {pmid41778016, year = {2026}, author = {Sharma, A and Katoch, P and Shrivastava, R}, title = {Bacterial biofilm conundrum: insight into the frontiers of antibiotic resistance and state-of-the-art anti-biofilm interventions.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1589866}, pmid = {41778016}, issn = {2235-2988}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are organized multicellular structures enmeshed in a self-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM). The communities present an alarming challenge in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). They act as a protective niche for microbes, provide chemical and physical protection to the resident cells, allow bacteria to endure host immune responses, and undermine the standard antimicrobial treatments. Despite advancements in microbiological research, biofilms remain an invisible frontier that complicates diagnostics and treatment. This perspective article provides insights into the enigmatic nature of biofilms and examines their role in human infections and diseases. It scrutinizes biofilm AMR mechanisms, including altered metabolic states, ECM-linked decreased antibiotic penetration, and augmented horizontal gene transfer. Further, it delves into the innovative anti-biofilm interventions for mitigating impact of bacterial biofilm on human health. The article also highlights the challenges in engineering ECM for eradicating the recalcitrant biofilms. The article emphasizes critical urgency to integrate biofilm-related research with the comprehensive AMR response, and advocates for interdisciplinary collaborations to transform laboratory discoveries into healthcare advancements. Research uncovering the complexity of biofilms and intriguing therapeutic approaches can address the requirement of revolutionary solutions to combat biofilm-associated infections and ensuing AMR. Overall, this perspective serves as a call to action, underscoring the compelling need to prioritize collective efforts in biofilm research to promote public health.}, }
@article {pmid41777716, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, H and Xia, A and Huang, Y and Ji, J and Zhang, J and Zhu, X and Zhu, X and Liao, Q}, title = {Engineering a semi-artificial photosynthetic biofilm for robust and high-efficiency CO2-to-methane conversion.}, journal = {Chemical science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41777716}, issn = {2041-6520}, abstract = {Hybrid semi-artificial photosynthetic systems, which integrate semiconductor nanomaterials with methanogens, offer an innovative strategy for the solar-driven conversion of CO2 to CH4 with high selectivity. However, these systems face challenges, including light harvesting losses, low quantum efficiency, and instability due to photodamage. To overcome the intrinsic limitations, we introduce a paradigm-shifting strategy: leveraging biofilms as a new platform for efficient solar-driven CO2-to-CH4 conversion. The strategic modification of carbon nitride promoted the self-assembly of stable biofilms. This process formed an integrated, cross-linked network comprising the material, cells, and extracellular polymeric substances, which remarkably improved light utilization efficiency compared to traditional suspension systems. Furthermore, the extracellular polymeric substance matrix served as a biocompatible shield, effectively quenching reactive oxygen species and suppressing photodamage to the cells. To further enhance efficiency, Methanosarcina barkeri was decorated with silver nanoparticles. This modification rewires the electron transfer pathway, promoting a ferredoxin-independent mechanism and significantly enhancing cellular electron uptake. We achieved a state-of-the-art performance with a record 1.92% quantum yield and 97.1% methane selectivity by suppressing photodamage. This study pioneers the paradigm of integrating biofilms within hybrid systems. By elucidating its advantages and potential applications, our work provides a foundational blueprint for engineering the hybrid-biofilm microenvironment and designing practically viable reactors.}, }
@article {pmid41777556, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, H and Tang, Q and Zhu, Q and Xu, W and Wang, Z and Jiao, Z and Zuo, J and Jiang, W and Huang, C and Yin, H and Han, X and Zhou, W}, title = {Discovery of novel coumarin amphiphiles: dual-action antimicrobials with bacteria-mediated biofilm disruption and host-directed immunomodulation.}, journal = {RSC medicinal chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41777556}, issn = {2632-8682}, abstract = {Bacterial infections pose a threat to the health of animals and humans, and biofilm formation exacerbates the microbial threat. Therefore, new antimicrobial agents to address this challenge are much needed. In this study, some new amphipathic compounds derived from the natural product coumarin were designed and synthesized by mimicking the structure and function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Compound 15 exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 and four clinical isolates, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1 to 4 μg mL[-1]. It also demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity and a low propensity for resistance development. The in vivo activity of compound 15 was supported by good antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse wound infection model. More importantly, the good immunomodulatory effects, biofilm formation inhibition and biofilm clearance were detectable in the treatment of compound 15, which made it a potential antibacterial candidate for controlling S. aureus forming biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid41773870, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, A and Li, X and Lu, S and Zhang, J and Zheng, Y and Wang, M and Zhao, K}, title = {Role of sucrose-dependent exopolysaccharides in the biofilm development of Streptococcus mutans revealed at the microscale level.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0000926}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00009-26}, pmid = {41773870}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has a superior ability to rapidly metabolize sucrose into exopolysaccharides (EPS, mainly glucans), which serve as a critical virulence factor related to dental caries. Despite extensive research on sucrose-dependent EPS at the molecular and macroscale levels, however, the mechanisms underlying EPS effects at the microscale level remain poorly understood. Here, by employing bacteria tracking and fluorescence staining techniques, we investigated the role of sucrose-dependent EPS during biofilm development of S. mutans at the microscale level for both WT and ΔgtfB strains. The results showed that at the early stages of biofilm development, the sucrose-derived glucans enhanced the surface attachment of S. mutans through bamboo joint-like glucan patterns displayed on cell surfaces and altered their microcolony structures from loose 2D chains in ΔgtfB to dense-packed cell clusters in WT; then, after microcolonies formed, sucrose-dependent EPS promoted their development by speeding up the 2D-3D transition of WT microcolonies and affected final biofilm morphologies at the stage of biofilm maturation. Moreover, by tracking the long-time dynamic process of WT biofilm development at the microscale, the results demonstrated clearly the origin of liquid regions and their correlations with the structural and pH heterogeneity of biofilms. These findings establish sucrose-dependent EPS as dual-functional scaffolds-mechanically accelerating biofilm assembly, meanwhile, facilitating the formation of structural and pH heterogeneity inside biofilms that are critical for enamel demineralization, and thus provide insights for developing new anti-caries strategies.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Streptococcus mutans is a major pathogen in caries development due to its ability to rapidly metabolize sucrose into EPS. EPS serves as a major component of the S. mutans biofilm matrix, and previous studies mostly explored the effects of EPS on the macroscale. However, how EPS shapes S. mutans biofilm formation at the microscale is not well understood. By combining single-cell tracking with fluorescence staining techniques, we demonstrate that sucrose-dependent EPS governs the transition from 2D growth to 3D biofilm architecture and facilitates the formation of a liquid region at the bottom of the biofilm. These findings bridge a fundamental knowledge gap between the microscale organization and macroscale attributes of biofilms, offering novel perspectives for developing targeted anti-caries strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41772628, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, C and Huo, S and Guo, R and Li, X and Wang, X and Gu, C and Li, Z and Lu, L and Shi, C and Liu, X}, title = {Ultrasound-activated MoS2@Fe3O4 nanoplatform orchestrates biofilm disruption and immune reprogramming in implant-associated infections.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12951-025-03995-7}, pmid = {41772628}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82472391//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82402272//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Implant-associated infections (IAIs), particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens and protected by biofilms, remain a formidable challenge in orthopedic surgery due to limited antibiotic efficacy and sustained local immunosuppression. Addressing this dual bottleneck, we report a multifunctional MoS2@Fe3O4 heterostructure nanocomposite that enables ultrasound (US)-triggered piezocatalytic antibacterial therapy coupled with immune microenvironment remodeling. The nanoplatform integrates the piezoelectric polarization of MoS2 and the Fenton-like catalytic activity of Fe3O4 to achieve efficient charge separation, interfacial polarization, and enhanced Fe[3+]/Fe[2+] cycling, generating high levels of ROS (•OH, •O2[-], [1]O2) under low-intensity US irradiation. These reactive species effectively disrupt MRSA biofilms, promote bacterial membrane rupture, and expose pathogen-associated antigens. Importantly, this treatment activates the cGAS-STING signaling axis in dendritic cells, enhances M1-type macrophage polarization, and triggers coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses. In a murine subcutaneous IAI model, MoS2@Fe3O4 + US not only eradicated biofilm infections and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration, but also induced robust CD4[+]/CD8[+] T cell activation and memory B/T cell formation, effectively preventing infection recurrence after implant replacement. This work presents a paradigm-shifting, non-antibiotic immunotherapeutic strategy that integrates catalytic disinfection, immune activation, and long-term protection in a single nanoplatform. By overcoming key limitations of current treatments, our approach offers substantial promise for improving clinical outcomes in IAIs and advancing the field of immune-interactive nanomedicine.}, }
@article {pmid41772582, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, X and Hu, Y and Xu, C and Lian, T and Li, H and Sun, L and Sun, S and Hu, M and Wang, Y and Liu, D}, title = {Injectable dual-drug hydrogel containing curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid for biofilm inhibition and immunomodulatory therapy in periodontitis.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12951-026-04219-2}, pmid = {41772582}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82401076//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82273499//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82571050//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23JCZDJC00210//Key Program of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by excessive oxidative stress, persistent bacterial biofilms, and progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Current clinical treatments primarily focus on controlling bacterial infection but often show limited long-term efficacy due to unresolved immune dysregulation. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target microbial biofilms and the pathological immune microenvironment are urgently needed. In this study, we developed an injectable dual-drug hydrogel incorporating curcumin (CUR) and glycyrrhizic acid (GL) for the treatment of periodontitis.<br><br>METHODS: CUR was dissolved in melted polyethylene glycol distearate and then dispersed in an aqueous medium to form micelles (CURM). Compared to CUR, CURM exhibited improved solubility and stability, thereby displaying greatly enhanced antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. CURM were subsequently embedded within a hydrogel self-assembled from glycyrrhizic acid and polyvinyl alcohol (GLH) to form a dual-drug hydrogel system (CURM@GLH). Experimental periodontitis was established in mice to test their in vivo effects.<br><br>RESULTS: Owing to the intrinsic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of glycyrrhizic acid, the hydrogel exhibited combined effects in regulating immune dysregulation. The CURM@GLH effectively protected cells from oxidative damage, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, promoted macrophage polarization from the proinflammatory M1 phenotype toward the pro-regenerative M2 phenotype, and downregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression. In a ligature-induced rat model of periodontitis, local administration of the hydrogel significantly alleviated periodontal oxidative stress and inflammation and markedly reduced alveolar bone resorption.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study presents an injectable dual-drug hydrogel, CURM@GLH, that integrates biofilm inhibition with immunomodulatory regulation, offering a promising host-directed therapeutic strategy for periodontitis. The proposed approach provides new insights into the design of multifunctional biomaterials for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with biofilm persistence and immune imbalance.}, }
@article {pmid41772134, year = {2026}, author = {Sadiq, FA and Yang, N and Goeteyn, J and De Reu, K and Heyndrickx, M and Burmølle, M}, title = {Microbial Interactions Shape Spatial Organisation and Transcriptional Responses in a Model Mixed-Species Biofilm.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02701-w}, pmid = {41772134}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Dynamic social interactions within bacterial biofilms drive distinct spatial organisation and transcriptional responses. Here, we combine fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to investigate a model three-species biofilm community derived from a dairy pasteuriser, comprising Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Microbacterium lacticum, and Bacillus licheniformis. CLSM revealed species-specific biovolume dynamics and stratified 3D structures over 24 h, with S. rhizophila as the dominant species and M. lacticum exhibiting the lowest abundance yet playing an essential role as the initial coloniser. Spatial patterns reflected known pairwise interactions - commensalism, exploitation, and neutral interaction. Transcriptomic profiling of S. rhizophila revealed extensive gene expression changes in dual-species biofilms with M. lacticum, including upregulation of genes related to flagellar motility, nutrient acquisition, energy metabolism, and TonB-dependent transport. In contrast, co-culture with B. licheniformis induced minimal transcriptional changes in S. rhizophila, consistent with a neutral interaction among the two. Our findings demonstrate how interspecies interactions govern both spatial topology and functional specialisation in mixed-species biofilms which is of relevance to microbial ecology, industrial biofilm control, and the targeting of keystone biofilm species.}, }
@article {pmid41768750, year = {2026}, author = {Yılmaz, MK and Esen, MK and Yalçın, MS and İnce, S and Özdemir, S}, title = {Design, Synthesis and Multitarget Biological Evaluation of Perfluoroalkylated Benzoylthiourea Compounds: From Biofilm Disruption to DNA Cleavage.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {11911-11919}, pmid = {41768750}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {In the present study, a series of benzoylthiourea compounds bearing a perfluorinated group (-C8F17), namely N-((4-(heptadecafluorooctyl)-phenyl)-carbamothioyl)-benzamide (1) and N-((3-(heptadecafluorooctyl)-phenyl)-carbamothioyl)-benzamide (2) along with their non-fluorinated analogue, N-(phenylcarbamothioyl)-benzamide (3), were synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, various biological properties of the thiourea derivatives 1, 2, and 3 were evaluated, with a particular focus on elucidating the effect of the fluorinated group. The free radical scavenging activities of these compounds were evaluated with ascorbic acid and Trolox standards. Antioxidant activity peaked at 84.56% for 1 and 74.22% for 3. While 1 and 2 showed 97.70 and 96.50% inhibitory effects on α-amylase at 6.25 mg/L, 3 demonstrated 74.90% inhibitory effect at 100 mg/L. All compounds also displayed effective DNA nuclease activity. Additionally, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of benzoylthiourea compounds were also investigated. The most resistant microorganisms to the tested compounds were found to be Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In contrast, the most sensitive microorganisms were found to be Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila and Enterococcus faecalis. The biofilm formation inhibition activities of benzoylthiourea compounds against S. aureus were 71.79, 69.80, and 63.53%, and against P. aeruginosa were 53.52, 63.33, and 70.00%, respectively, at the highest concentration. These findings provide a basis for proposing perfluorinated benzoylthiourea derivatives as potential potent, selective, and multitarget medicinal agents.}, }
@article {pmid41766602, year = {2026}, author = {Jennings, JA and Abdelbary, H and Abdulla, FS and Arafah, O and Benzouak, T and Choe, H and Coenye, T and Coraça-Huber, DC and Drago, L and Gustavo Garcia, R and Goh, GS and Hamilton, J and Hamoudeh, R and Hickok, NJ and Jensen, LK and Lee, HG and Li, B and Manzary, M and Markovics, A and McDonald, K and Fintan Moriarty, T and Muthukrishnan, G and Nishitani, K and Norton, NJ and Oral, E and Parvizi, J and Del Pozo, J and Priddy, LB and Raafat, D and Saeed, K and Spiegel, C and Schwarz, EM and Siverino, C and Trobos, M and Tubbs, A and Yeasmin, R}, title = {2025 International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection: Summary From Biofilm Workgroup on Treatment of Biofilm-Related Infection and Preclinical Models.}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {e70169}, doi = {10.1002/jor.70169}, pmid = {41766602}, issn = {1554-527X}, abstract = {Despite advancements in surgical techniques, musculoskeletal infections (MSKI) remain severe complications following orthopedic surgery, imposing a substantial financial and personal burden on patients and healthcare systems globally. To establish the current state of knowledge in this field, International Consensus Meetings (ICM) were held in 2013, 2018, and 2025, including a Biofilm Section focused on establishing state-of-the-art basic science and translational research. The latest ICM utilized a 2-year-long Delphi process that commenced on May 31, 2023, and culminated in an in-person meeting involving voting on 30 questions by 47 delegates on May 8-10, 2025, in Istanbul, Turkey. Following the voting process, the Biofilm Section formed three workgroups (Biofilm Basic Science, Biofilm Treatment, and Research Priorities) to interpret the results and disseminate the findings in Consensus Articles that highlight priorities. The following is the summation of the Biofilm Treatment Workgroup, which aims to shape future pre-clinical MSKI research directions and grant funding with respect to: (1) elevating scientific rigor to ensure reproducibility and high-quality data in preclinical research; (2) transitioning mature therapeutic concepts into rigorous in vivo models to definitively prove their clinical feasibility; and (3) accelerating the development of novel molecular targets and advanced drug-delivery systems. Finally, the workgroup acknowledged a critical shift in the funding landscape. As government support faces future challenges, there is an urgent need for increased investment from industry and philanthropic partners. Such support is essential to develop effective treatments for serious orthopedic infections and to improve outcomes for patients facing life-altering illnesses.}, }
@article {pmid41765712, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, L and Dong, N and Fu, M and Yue, X and Jian, Y and Li, H and Zhuang, WQ}, title = {Corrigendum to "Dissimilatory sulfate reduction in an anaerobic biofilm reactor for tofu processing wastewater treatment: Bacterial community and their functional genes" [Sci. Total Environ. 892, (2023), 164579].}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {181598}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181598}, pmid = {41765712}, issn = {1879-1026}, }
@article {pmid41765503, year = {2026}, author = {Sato, T and Fukada, N and Kobayashi, H and Okaniwa, A and Okada, M and Yamazaki, K}, title = {Biofilm and Dermatophytoma.}, journal = {Medical mycology journal}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {71-77}, doi = {10.3314/mmj.26.006}, pmid = {41765503}, issn = {2186-165X}, abstract = {Dermatophytoma is a type of onychomycosis with distinctive clinical features. Clinically, it typically appears as a linear spike, triangular, or round white- or yellow-colored mass on the nail plate. Dermatophytes are thought to adhere to the nail surface and secrete extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), proteins, DNA, and other components, forming a biofilm matrix. EPS typically encases this microbial aggregation and is synthesized by the microbial constituents of the biofilm. Herein, we review dermatophytoma and the relationship between nail infection and biofilm. We also discuss green nails with dermatophytoma and infection models of biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41765389, year = {2026}, author = {Jurrat, H and Liaqat, I and Naseem, S and Abdul Latif, A and Saleem, G and Ali, A and Aftab, MN and Ali, S and Ismoilov, M}, title = {Biotechnological Evaluation of Anti-microbial and Anti-biofilm Properties of Biosurfactants Isolated from Catla catla Fats Derived Bacteria.}, journal = {Journal of oleo science}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {251-270}, doi = {10.5650/jos.ess25217}, pmid = {41765389}, issn = {1347-3352}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections are major global health concerns, requiring sustainable antimicrobial alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm potential of biosurfactants produced by Bacillus strains (H1, H2, and H5) isolated from the fat of Catla catla, a freshwater fish from the Sutlej River, Pakistan. The biosurfactants were extracted, purified, and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis revealed that strain H5 produced the highest levels of surfactin (107.5 ± 0.3 mg L[-1]) and iturin A (60.5 ± 0.5 mg L[-1]). The biosurfactants exhibited strong antibacterial activity, producing inhibition zones of up to 28.3 ± 0.3 mm against Bacillus licheniformis and 24.3 ± 0.3 mm against Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus were 6.6 ± 0.6 µg mL[-1] and 11.8 ± 0.4 µg mL[-1], respectively. Antifungal tests showed up to 34.6 ± 0.3 mm inhibition zones against Fusarium moniliforme. Antibiofilm assays demonstrated that the extracellular biosurfactant from strain H2 achieved the highest inhibition (82.7 ± 0.3 %) at 50 µg mL[-1]. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the isolates as Bacillus subtilis (PV789583), Bacillus thuringiensis (PV789584), and Bacillus cereus (PV789585). These findings indicate that biosurfactants derived from Catla catla fat as a substrate represent a cost-effective and eco-friendly source of potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds with promising biotechnological and therapeutic applications.}, }
@article {pmid41764148, year = {2026}, author = {Murugesan, S and Rengarajan, S and Subbarayalu, A and Raman, S and Navaneethan, RD and S, SS and G, RR and Pandian, A and Chinnapandi, B}, title = {Sustainable fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles using Gracilaria edulis extract: a study on biofilm inhibition and photocatalytic industrial dye degradation.}, journal = {Environmental geochemistry and health}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41764148}, issn = {1573-2983}, abstract = {Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were green-synthesized using whole Gracilaria edulis. The G. edulis was washed, dried, powdered and extracted, which is rich with various natural reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. The TiO2 nanoparticles confirmed with strong UV-Vis absorption with peaks between 250 and 350 nm, consistent with the anatase TiO2 band gap. FTIR analysis revealed surface hydroxyl groups and organic residues from the algal extract, potentially facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. XRD confirmed a highly crystalline nature of green-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and showed irregular nanoscale morphology by SEM, while EDS confirmed Ti and O with minor algal-derived elements. TEM images showed mostly spherical, well-dispersed nanoparticles with minimal aggregation. Antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated stronger inhibition, with MIC values of 0.50 mg/mL for bacteria and 0.25 mg/mL for fungi. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight achieved efficiencies of 90.1-94.4% at neutral pH (7) and 88.3-90.1% at alkaline pH (9), with performance improving at higher TiO2 loadings (10-30 ppm), while acidic pH showed slightly lower but variable degradation. Immobilization within sodium alginate produced uniform, stable beads with minimal leaching, suitable for reuse, and biofilm assays demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation. These results highlight that G. edulis-mediated TiO2 nanoparticles are promising sustainable materials in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial work because they have good physiochemical properties, strong antimicrobial and anti-biofilm action, and high dye degradation by photocatalysts.}, }
@article {pmid41763718, year = {2026}, author = {Radcliffe, T}, title = {Overcoming Biofilm Detection and Mitigation Challenges to Improve Process Control of a Pharmaceutical Water-for-Injection System: Poster presented at PDA Microbiology Conference 2025.}, journal = {PDA journal of pharmaceutical science and technology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {187-188}, doi = {10.5731/pdajpst.2026.26133}, pmid = {41763718}, issn = {1948-2124}, abstract = {The development and existence of bioburden in pharmaceutical water systems is often misunderstood. Microorganisms are always present and have a keen ability to adapt to their environment. This is especially true in a Water-for-Injection (WFI) system, where microbial attachment and biofilm growth will occur regardless of flow rate, material of construction, turbulent flow and low nutrient conditions. While industry makes every effort to control and eliminate bioburden, traditional sanitization methods are not one-hundred-percent effective at accomplishing this objective. Additionally, because of the limitations and time to result delay of conventional plate counting, we may be at a disadvantage for assessing bioburden, causing us to use water at risk. This poster explores real-life examples of biofilm in pharmaceutical water systems, risk mitigation strategies, and how real-time microbial detection could be used as a tool for improved risk management and process control.}, }
@article {pmid41763046, year = {2026}, author = {Tao, Y and Zhang, Y and Liu, H and Xu, X and Zhuang, J and Huang, T and Lu, H and Wu, B}, title = {Sustainable nutrient removal without chemical addition: Pilot-scale performance of a biochar-enhanced hybrid biofilm system in municipal wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {402}, number = {}, pages = {129151}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129151}, pmid = {41763046}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {This study proposes a chemical-free and carbon-efficient strategy for advanced nutrient removal by integrating functional biochar into a hybrid biofilm system within a modified A[2]/O process. A long-term pilot-scale demonstration was conducted at a municipal wastewater treatment plant to evaluate system performance under realistic operating conditions. The biochar-enhanced system achieved stable treatment performance, consistently meeting China's Class 1A discharge standards without the addition of external carbon sources or chemical precipitants. The system achieved average removal efficiencies of 80.6% for total nitrogen and 94.2% for total phosphorus, with effluent concentrations consistently below 10 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, which are well within the stringent regulatory limits. Biochar served as a multi-functional habitat and electron mediator, fostering the development of redox-stratified microenvironments and enhancing direct interspecies electron transfer. The introduction of biochar reduced aeration energy demand by 15-20%, which significantly decreased operational costs and enhanced overall system efficiency. High-throughput sequencing revealed the selective enrichment of key functional guilds, including denitrifying Caldilineaceae (12.3% relative abundance) and phosphorus-removing Saprospiraceae (8.7%). Structural equation modeling further quantified that biofilm-surface communities contributed 1.8-2.3 times more to pollutant removal than internal populations. The system also demonstrated robust adaptability to varying C/N ratios (2-8) and temperatures (15-30 °C), showcasing its potential for widespread application in diverse environments. These results provide not only insights into biochar-facilitated microbial processes but also a practical and scalable retrofit strategy for existing treatment plants to achieve sustainable nutrient management with reduced operational costs and chemical dependency.}, }
@article {pmid41759977, year = {2026}, author = {Jing, K and Li, Y and Li, Y and Meng, Q and Zhang, J and Guan, Q}, title = {Migration of antibiotic resistance genes in process of biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in biofilm-sediment: Mechanisms, microbial communities, and driving factors.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {448}, number = {}, pages = {134286}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134286}, pmid = {41759977}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The main removal pathway of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in biofilm-sediment system is biodegradation, which not only promotes the enrichment of drug-resistant bacteria, but its metabolic intermediates also promote the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Since the biofilm-sediment multiphase system is closer to characteristics of the natural aquatic environment, the study of the dynamic migration process of ARGs in this system can reveal the propagation patterns of ARGs more realistically. Therefore, this study investigated the migration characteristics of ARGs and their driving mechanisms during the biodegradation of SAs in the biofilm-sediment system. The results showed that the migration of ARGs exhibited obvious stratification characteristics: the abundance of ARGs in the surface biofilm fluctuated in synchrony with the degradation of SAs, the HGT mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in middle sediments enabled the cross-layer migration and accumulation of ARGs, while deep sediments were limited in migration due to hypoxia and pore barriers. Changes in the bacterial community also facilitated the migration of ARGs, with the proliferation of host bacteria dominating the surface layer and the formation of a composite transfer system of "host bacteria-ARGs-MGEs" in the middle layer. The multivariate statistical analysis model confirmed that the synergistic effects of bacterial abundance, MGEs and environmental factors contributed 95-99% to the migration of ARGs in the surface and middle layers, with pH being the strongest positive regulator. These results demonstrated that the migration of ARGs is closely related to the degradation process of pollutants.}, }
@article {pmid41759553, year = {2026}, author = {Felton, SM and Ficarrotta, JM and Kolling, GL and Papin, JA and Berger, BW}, title = {Enzyme-enhanced RNA isolation from biofilm-producing bacteria.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0307725}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03077-25}, pmid = {41759553}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {RNA isolation is a critical first step for gene expression analysis; however, obtaining high-quality RNA from polysaccharide-rich or biofilm-producing microbial samples remains challenging. High polysaccharide content hinders cell lysis, decreases RNA yield, and reduces sample purity, limiting the reliability and accuracy of downstream techniques such as RNA-seq and RT-qPCR. In this study, we evaluated the use of polysaccharide lyase, Smlt1473, as a pre-processing step to improve RNA isolation from Pseudomonas species. Incorporation of Smlt1473 into a commercial RNA extraction kit workflow significantly improved RNA extraction for mucoid clinical and agricultural pseudomonads and did not adversely affect the non-mucoid isolate, PA14. More specifically, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that pre-processing with Smlt1473 increased the proportion of assigned reads without introducing significant changes in gene expression. Only a limited set of genes-primarily hypothetical proteins and potential phage-associated elements-were differentially expressed, while global transcriptional profiles remained stable. Together, these findings demonstrate that pre-processing with Smlt1473 provides an effective, easily integrated method to enhance RNA isolation from biofilm-forming bacteria and improves RNA-seq data quality without perturbing the underlying biology.IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa, along with other clinically relevant pathogens, is notorious for forming complex biofilms. Microbial biofilms can be composed of anywhere from 50% to 90% polysaccharides. This high polysaccharide content of microbial biofilms severely hinders RNA extraction by complicating bacterial cell lysis, causing a decrease in yield and purity. Challenges with isolating RNA from clinically relevant biofilm-forming pathogens limit our ability to study and better understand bacterial pathogenesis. Low quality and quantity of RNA impede the accuracy and reproducibility of downstream analysis and may ultimately obstruct the discovery of novel drug targets and therapeutic interventions. Developing strategies to overcome these barriers, such as enzymatic pre-processing, is therefore critical to improving RNA recovery from biofilm-producing bacteria to enable more accurate transcriptomic studies that advance both basic science and clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41758651, year = {2026}, author = {Bjarnsholt, T and Lex, C and Stewart, P}, title = {The biofilm paradigm: A milestone, not the destination.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {117014}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117014}, pmid = {41758651}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {Biofilms have profoundly shaped our understanding of chronic infection, yet their explanatory reach is limited. This commentary argues that chronicity emerges from a host-pathogen partnership, where host-derived structural, metabolic, immune, and systemic constraints define persistence, tolerance, and treatment responses beyond microbial architecture alone.}, }
@article {pmid41758321, year = {2026}, author = {Pathak, A and Singh, J and Swati,  and Dwibedi, V}, title = {Deciphering microbial biofilm: mechanism, infection, and advanced approaches for control.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41758321}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {Microbial biofilms are densely organised microbial communities that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces, encased within an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Microorganisms within these biofilm structures gain enhanced protection, versatility, and resistance to external stresses, antibiotics, and host immune systems. The biofilm formation follows a series of steps, including initial microbial adherence, microcolony establishment, EPS production, regulation by quorum sensing (QS), and dispersal. This flexibility enables biofilm survival in multiple environments, such as medical devices and natural systems, posing serious challenges in healthcare, agricultural, and industrial sectors. The review focuses on the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and discusses the role of EPS in promoting biofilm stability and resistance to antimicrobials. It addresses biofilm-associated infections in medical environments, such as chronic wounds, cystic fibrosis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and complications with implanted medical devices. The capacity of biofilm-forming microorganisms to evade immune responses and persist through extended antibiotic use highlights the urgent demand for novel therapeutic approaches. The discussion includes emerging strategies for biofilm control, including anti-biofilm agents, QS inhibitors, enzymatic treatments, and innovative combination therapies combining antibiotics with biofilm-disrupting agents. Emerging technologies, like antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), CRISPR-Cas systems, nanotechnology, and bioelectric therapies, present innovative biofilm disruption and removal approaches. This paper discusses the effectiveness of natural products, plant-derived compounds, and bacteriophage therapies for mitigating biofilm-associated infections linked to biofilms. The review examines the dynamic challenges posed by biofilms, particularly their role in chronic and device-related infections, which contribute to significant healthcare complications. The study highlights the significance of adopting new approaches to overcome biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and improve therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, this paper discusses the promising potential of emerging technologies, such as nanomaterials, QS interference, and biofilm-specific antimicrobial agents, in enhancing biofilm control and prevention measures across clinical, industrial, and environmental domains.}, }
@article {pmid41757890, year = {2026}, author = {Tarasov, K and Zarubin, M and Yakhnenko, A and Gangapshev, A and Kravchenko, E}, title = {Metagenomic analysis of the biofilm community at the oxic-anoxic interface of a deep-underground saline spring at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0210325}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02103-25}, pmid = {41757890}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {In this work, the first-ever metagenomic study of the microbial community from the deep-underground saline spring located at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory (BNO) (Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) is presented. Using the metagenomic approach, we obtained 19 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) attributed to the phyla Pseudomonadota (the dominant phyla), Planctomycetota, Myxococcota, Nitrospirota, Gemmatimonadota, Armatimonadota, and Cyanobacteriota. Archaea are generally absent in the metagenome. The microbial community of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory demonstrates a high metabolic diversity, including carbon dioxide-fixing, methane-oxidizing, dinitrogen-fixing, nitrate- and iron-reducing, anammox, nitrifying, and predatory bacteria. Hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and reduced iron compounds, present in the ecosystem, provide energy for primary organic production. The abundance and diversity of bacteria capable of carrying out various stages of the nitrogen cycle suggest that nitrogen compounds are of great significance for microbial community metabolism. On the basis of the Genome Taxonomy Database Toolkit classification of MAGs and comparison to the closest RefSeq genomes, we have identified six new genera, with the proposed names-"Candidatus Jinrbaksania," "Candidatus Neutrinellum," "Candidatus Jinrextremum," "Candidatus Inrsubterrania," "Candidatus Inralta," and "Candidatus Neutrinobacter." Comparative analysis with metagenomes of microbial communities from the deep underground granitic sites and karst caves reveals that the BNO microbial community represents a unique transitional ecosystem on the boundary between the deep anoxic and surface aerobic biosphere.IMPORTANCEThe deep biosphere makes up 12-20% of the Earth's biomass and is poorly studied due to its inaccessibility. To date, only a few metagenomic studies of local deep biospheres have been performed in Russia. The Baksan Neutrino Observatory (BNO) is a deep-underground laboratory, with some abandoned tunnels. One of them hosts a mineral spring saturated with volcanic gases from the peripheral magma chamber of Mount Elbrus. The metagenomic analysis of the biofilm from this mineral spring has revealed the presence of unique microbial community whose composition occupies a transitional position between deep-underground microbial communities and communities of karst caves. We believe that this study of the microbial metagenome of the saline spring of the BNO will make a valuable contribution to understanding the composition and functioning of microbial communities formed at the oxic-anoxic interface.}, }
@article {pmid41757571, year = {2026}, author = {Tian, X and Liu, K and Wang, P}, title = {Flower-Shaped Supramolecular Polymer Enabling Biofilm Eradication, Improved Foliar Affinity, and Bacterial Disease Management.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e25538}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202525538}, pmid = {41757571}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {22578085//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32560673//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82404431//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22467025//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JYB2025XDXM701//Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China/ ; GCC[2023]008//Innovation Program for High-level Talents of Guizhou Province/ ; ZK[2022]017//Guizhou Provincial S&amp;T Project/ ; QianKeHe Basic-[2024] Youth 315//Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects/ ; Guidakechuangtuan[2023]03//Research and Innovation Team of Guizhou University/ ; Guidazhuanjihe[2024]02//Natural Science Special Project of Guizhou University/ ; }, abstract = {The management of bacterial plant diseases is impeded by biofilm fortifications and the poor foliar affinity of conventional antimicrobials. Supramolecular assemblies have recently emerged as promising biofilm-eradicating agents with enhanced surface adhesion. Yet, supramolecular polymers, although endowed with comparable or even greater potential, remain largely untapped in this arena. Herein, we introduce NOP@CB[8], a flower-like supramolecular polymer self-assembled in water from a de novo designed cationic pyridinium salt (NOP) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Acting as a multifunctional agent, NOP@CB[8] disrupts bacterial membranes, perturbs redox equilibrium, disintegrates biofilms, and concurrently enhances foliar affinity. These combined attributes endow NOP@CB[8] with potent in vivo efficacy, exhibiting protective and curative efficacies of 56.1% and 51.2%, respectively, at 200 µg mL[-1] against rice bacterial leaf blight, thereby surpassing both free NOP (47.9%/43.1%) and thiodiazole copper (TC, 36.2%/33.7%). Remarkably, NOP@CB[8] delivers high control efficacy with uncompromised safety toward both target and non‑target organisms, even demonstrates enhanced safety in zebrafish relative to free NOP. Extending its scope to citrus and kiwifruit cankers, NOP@CB[8] achieves approximately 80% protective and over 60% curative efficacy, consistently outperforming NOP and TC. Together, this study delineates a green alternative for crop protection and a conceptual framework for next-generation functional supramolecular polymers.}, }
@article {pmid41757472, year = {2026}, author = {Das, S and Roy, R and Malik, M and Paul, P and Chakraborty, P and Chatterjee, S and Maiti, D and Tribedi, P}, title = {Piperine inhibits biofilm formation in co-cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-18}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2630947}, pmid = {41757472}, issn = {1029-2454}, abstract = {Polymicrobial biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pose serious clinical challenges due to their persistence, metabolic adaptability, and antibiotic tolerance. The present study investigated the ability of these two bacteria to co-exist and form mixed-species biofilms and evaluated the antibiofilm potential of piperine, a plant-derived alkaloid from Piper nigrum. Co-existence of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was confirmed by enumeration of colony-forming units, growth kinetics, cross-streaking, metabolic fingerprinting, Gini coefficient analysis, and antibiotic susceptibility. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of piperine significantly inhibited mixed-species biofilm formation, as demonstrated by biochemical, microbiological and microscopic analysis. Piperine treatment led to noticeable reductions in biofilm biomass, exopolysaccharide content, total protein content, metabolic activity and extracellular DNA. Mechanistic investigations revealed that piperine impaired biofilm-forming determinants by reducing cellular co-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity, inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and increasing membrane permeability. Significantly, piperine effectively disrupted pre-established mixed-species biofilms, and its antibiofilm efficacy was further validated in a catheter model, highlighting its relevance against device-associated infections. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that piperine inhibits and disintegrates S. aureus-P. aeruginosa biofilms through diverse mechanisms, positioning it as a promising phytochemical for managing biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41756912, year = {2026}, author = {Fields, JL and Sebastian, CC and Zhang, H and Zia, A and Robertson, AN and Wu, H and Kiedrowski, MR and Wang, F}, title = {The archaic CUP pilus SMF-1 utilizes a specific antiparallel bundling mechanism to initiate biofilm formation.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.02.19.706768}, pmid = {41756912}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms represent a survival strategy that enables microbial communities to withstand environmental stress. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging, antibiotic-resistant, Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that frequently colonizes the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Its chaperone-usher pathway (CUP) pilus, SMF-1, is present in nearly all clinical isolates and is essential for biofilm development; however, its molecular architecture has remained unknown. Here, we present a 4.0 Å cryo-EM structure revealing that SMF-1 is an archaic, rather than a classic, CUP pilus. SMF-1 forms thin, zigzag filaments that assemble into defined antiparallel "pili-couples," which further aggregate into thick bundles. These bundles act as robust intercellular tethers, facilitating the rapid cell-to-cell aggregation required for biofilm initiation. Despite high sequence and structural similarity to classic CUP systems, SMF-1 lacks the interfaces required to form a rod-like architecture, suggesting it may represent an evolutionary intermediate between the CUP classes. Finally, we demonstrate that SMF-1 producing bacteria initiate biofilm formation within 24 hours and that flagella can further accelerate this process. Together, these findings uncover a conserved bundling mechanism that promotes bacterial colonization and may contribute to pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid41754955, year = {2026}, author = {Skiba-Kurek, I and Namysł, M and Kania, K and Czekajewska, J and Sepioło, A and Gosiewski, T and Olechowska-Jarząb, A}, title = {In Vitro Activity of Rezafungin Against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus Clinical Isolates from Vascular Infections in Poland: A Pilot Study.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41754955}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {N42/DBS/000093//the Jagiellonian University Medical College's statutory funds/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Certain yeast species are recognized as significant opportunistic pathogens, capable of causing severe systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with disrupted physiological barriers. The rising incidence of invasive candidiasis associated with vascular infections poses a significant clinical challenge due to the high mortality rates and the limited efficacy of conventional antifungal therapies. The formation of resilient biofilms on vascular catheters by species such as Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus further complicates treatment, often leading to persistent fungemia and necessitating device removal. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, there is a critical need for new therapeutic agents like rezafungin-a novel, long-acting echinocandin with potential enhanced antibiofilm activity. Methods: This study tested susceptibility to antimycotics available in Poland (fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin) using the commercial Micronaut-AM test (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Susceptibility to rezafungin (Angene Chemical, Great Britain) was determined using the microdilution method in RPMI medium, recommended by European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), with amphotericin B as a control compound. We evaluated the biofilm-forming capacity and the in vitro activity of rezafungin against 42 clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus recovered from positive blood cultures. Results: The obtained minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values suggest rezafungin activity against all the tested isolates, with different susceptibility to echinocandins and other antifungal drugs (azoles, amphotericin B) currently registered and used in Poland. The MIC readings for rezafungin were in the range of 0.008-0.5, with MIC50 = 0.016 and MIC90 = 0.25. The isolates were categorized as low, moderate, or strong biofilm producers according to established Stepanović criteria (cut-off values OD630 < 0.019, 0.19-0.38, >0.38, respectively). Furthermore, the higher minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) compared to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of planktonic cells confirm the reduced activity of rezafungin against biofilms. Conclusions: Critically, the high antibiofilm efficacy at clinically achievable concentrations suggests that rezafungin shows promise as a potential therapeutic option for catheter-related candidemia, though further clinical studies are needed. Furthermore, the high susceptibility of N. glabratus isolates-a species frequently associated with azole resistance-suggests rezafungin may be a valuable addition to the existing antifungal arsenal of multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal infections in hospital settings. Future research should focus on in vivo models to confirm if these in vitro results translate into accelerated clearance of vascular biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41754826, year = {2026}, author = {Bolotnikov, G and Gruber, D and Walter, JC and Kühnel, K and Kemal, T and Rodriguez, A and Preising, N and Ständker, L and Firacative, C and Spellerberg, B and Stenger, S and Rosenau, F and Kissmann, AK}, title = {Phage Display-Derived Peptides Have Neutralizing Activities Against Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris and Candida parapsilosis.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41754826}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {FTI22-G-012//Gesellschaft f&#xfc;r Forschungsf&#xf6;rderung (GFF) of Lower Austria/ ; WST-F-5035462/004-2024//F&#xf6;rderstelle Wirtschaft, Tourismus und Technologie (WST)/ ; 915477//Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)/ ; 465229237//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)/ ; A 2025//Anschubfinanzierung A 2025 of Ulm University/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Infections caused by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris, and Candida parapsilosis increasingly challenge current treatment options as resistance to currently used antifungals is continuously developing. Neutralizing antimicrobial peptides (nAMPs), which modulate pathogenic behavior rather than inducing cell death, represent a promising approach to fighting against fungal infections. Methods: This study established a whole-cell phage display workflow to identify novel nAMPs, and therefore three independent biopanning processes with the Ph.D.-12 phage display library against C. albicans, C. auris, and C. parapsilosis cells were conducted. Results: Phage display produced species-selective, high-affinity peptides that were non-cytotoxic to human cells and did not affect planktonic Candida viability. These peptides inhibited early biofilm formation, and several also slowed early biofilm maturation down. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that whole-cell phage display as a powerful and adaptable discovery tool is suitable for identifying nAMPs that neutralize biofilm development without toxicity towards human cells. Beyond the peptides described here, this approach expands the methodological toolbox for antifungal research and provides a sustainable approach for generating targeted peptides.}, }
@article {pmid41754445, year = {2026}, author = {Duda-Madej, A and Bazan, H and Łabaz, J and Viscardi, S}, title = {Berberine Interferes with the Molecular Landscape of Biofilm-Driven Pathogenicity.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41754445}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections pose a significant clinical challenge due to their increased antibiotic tolerance and strong association with multidrug-resistant pathogens. The biofilm protects bacteria against antimicrobial agents and host immune response through a complex matrix, altered cell metabolism, activation of quorum sensing, and overexpression of efflux pumps. Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic strategies, the effectiveness of treatment of these infections remains limited, justifying the search for new pharmaceutics, e.g., compounds of natural origin. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid from the plants of the Berberidaceae family, is of growing interest due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of action of berberine against the biofilm forming Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) bacteria. Its effect on bacterial cell adhesion, modulation of quorum sensing, inhibition of extracellular matrix synthesis, disruption of biofilm maturation, and the dispersion process are discussed. The role of berberine as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy was also analyzed, in particular, its ability to restore bacterial sensitivity to different classes of antibiotics. The pharmacokinetic limitations of berberine and the prospects for the use of modern delivery systems are also considered. The collected data indicate that berberine is a promising factor supporting the treatment of biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41754440, year = {2026}, author = {Gerges, B and Rosenblatt, J and Truong, YL and Jiang, Y and Raad, I}, title = {Elevated Antibacterial Activity of a Polygalacturonic + Caprylic Acids Wound Ointment Compared with Hypochlorous Acid in a Three-Dimensional Wound Biofilm Model.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41754440}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms play a major role in delayed wound-healing and in the development of chronic, non-healing wounds. Natural, plant-based agents, which can eradicate bacterial biofilms, are alternatives to antibiotics and antiseptics in the treatment of bacterially contaminated wounds. Bacterial wound biofilms are three-dimensional and complex microbial communities. Therefore, in this study, we used a three-dimensional fibrin-gel wound biofilm (FGWB) model to compare a commonly used natural agent in wound care, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), to a combination of two natural plant-based agents, polygalacturonic acid (PG) and caprylic acid (CAP) (PG + CAP), for their abilities to eradicate resistant bacterial biofilms of common wound pathogens methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, metallo β-Lactamase Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes. PG + CAP produced a significantly greater reduction in viable organisms when compared to HOCL (p ≤ 0.05) against all tested bacterial isolates. PG + CAP was highly effective against biofilms of all resistant bacterial isolates and is a promising option that merits further study for treating chronic wounds contaminated with bacterial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41753773, year = {2026}, author = {Zammit, G and Fenech, K and Sinagra, E}, title = {Responses of Biofilm-Forming Halophilic Calothrix and Coelastrella Strains to Environmental Stressors Associated with Climate Change.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41753773}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Research into the effects of environmental stressors associated with global climate change (GCC) on cyanobacteria and microalgae is scarce, with bloom-forming planktonic cyanobacteria being the exception. This study aimed to address the issue by assessing morphological and biochemical changes in cyanobacterial and microalgal cells exposed to an increased temperature (T), ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. The strains selected were Calothrix sp. SLM0211 and Coelastrella sp. SLM0503, which were isolated from a coastal environment in the central Mediterranean island of Malta. Elevated UVR had a pronounced effect on Calothrix sp. filaments, which produced screening compounds and resorted to trichome coiling to enhance self-shading. Enhanced growth was observed in cultures of Calothrix sp. grown at an increased CO2 concentration, which produced significantly high amounts of biomass, chlorophylls and carotenoids. An increased T resulted in stunted growth and low biomass accumulation in both strains. Each strain exhibited a unique response to T and UVR stressors, which stimulated the production of exopolymeric substances (EPS) and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in cultures of Calothrix sp. and lipid production in Coelastrella sp. cells. Our findings indicate that the effects of stressors related to GCC on cyanobacterial and microalgal cells are strain-specific, making changes at community and ecosystem levels difficult to predict.}, }
@article {pmid41753655, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Hu, H and Pan, W and Wang, Z and Chen, Y and Qiu, M and Luo, X and Xu, Q and Su, H and Lin, F and Huang, T}, title = {A Biofilm-State Bacillus thuringiensis Formulation Drives Midgut Structural Disruption and Transcriptomic Reprogramming in Ectropis grisescens.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41753655}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2023XQ019//Fujian Science and Technology Planning Project/ ; N2023Z007//Nanping Academy of Resource Industrialization Chemistry Project/ ; }, abstract = {Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most extensively used microbial insecticides, attributed to the action of insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs), primarily Cry toxins, which mediate damage to the insect midgut epithelium. Recent evidence suggests that Bt toxicity is also strongly influenced by its physiological state and interactions with the host gut environment. Biofilm formation represents an important adaptive strategy that enhances bacterial stress tolerance and may modulate insecticidal performance, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. However, it is still unclear how Bt in the biofilm state alters host responses at the structural and transcriptomic levels. Using the tea plantation pest Ectropis grisescens as a model, we systematically evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of biofilm-state Bt formulations and their synergistic effects with a biofilm inducer system composed of Tween-80, tea saponin, matrine, and tea polyphenols. Bioassays showed that the biofilm-state Bt supplemented with composite inducers achieved the highest corrected mortality and reduced the LC50 against neonate larvae by 2.88-fold compared with conventional planktonic Bt. Histopathological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses further revealed that biofilm-state Bt caused more severe midgut damage and induced extensive remodeling of detoxification- and stress-response-related pathways. These findings highlight Bt physiological state as a critical determinant of formulation efficacy and provide a novel framework for Bt optimization through microbial physiological regulation.}, }
@article {pmid41753598, year = {2026}, author = {Romo-González, C and Aquino-Andrade, A and Pérez-Carranza, A and Chaparro-Camacho, D and Becerril-Osnaya, A and García-Romero, MT}, title = {Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Pediatric Patients with Atopic Dermatitis.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41753598}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {073/2019//This research was supporting the Mexican Government Ministry of Taxes Program E022 for Health Research Development project/ ; }, abstract = {Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by barrier dysfunction and susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Biofilm formation modifies antibiotic resistance and the host immune response. This longitudinal study analyzed antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation in 136 S. aureus isolates obtained over 18 months from lesional, nonlesional, and nasal samples of 26 pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by the disk diffusion method, and biofilm production was quantified using a crystal violet microtiter assay. Clinical parameters, including disease severity, treatment response, and the administration of dilute bleach baths, were evaluated in relation to bacterial characteristics. Overall, 60.2% of isolates exhibited moderate-to-strong biofilm production, significantly associated with severe AD at baseline (p = 0.01), lack of clinical improvement (p = 0.04), and persistent moderate-to-severe disease (p = 0.01). Resistance rates for penicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and erythromycin exceeded 15%. Isolates from patients using dilute bleach baths showed greater resistance to ciprofloxacin (p < 0.0001) and exhibited constitutive or inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance, with ermA detected in 80% of inducible cases. In conclusion, S. aureus biofilm formation is linked to disease severity and treatment failure in pediatric AD, underscoring the importance of culture-guided, targeted therapeutic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41753559, year = {2026}, author = {Cano-Pérez, M and Caballero Pérez, JD and Gómez García de la Pedrosa, E and Gómez-López, A}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Aspergillus fumigatus: A Comparative Study of Strains from Different Origins.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41753559}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {AESi PI21CIII/00012//National Institute of Health Carlos III/ ; }, abstract = {One of the most notable aspects of Aspergillus fumigatus, and related to its dynamic adaptation, is its ability to form biofilm and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. The aim of this study is to advance the characterization of biofilms generated by different A. fumigatus strains across their developmental stages and analytically evaluate their structure and composition and their relationship with secondary metabolism activation. An in vitro biofilm model was standardized to investigate structural and analytical differences among strains isolated from distinct clinical settings and associated with different pathologies. We found that all tested strains could form biofilms; however, the characteristics of these structures-including total biomass, cellular viability and overall structure-varied markedly among strains under the evaluated conditions. Strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients exhibited distinct behaviors in most conducted assays compared to other strains. These findings provide new insights into the variability of biofilm composition and may contribute to a better understanding of the role of biofilms in fungal pathogenesis, persistence and treatment resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41750524, year = {2026}, author = {He, Y and Kuang, N and Chang, Z and Feng, C and Cheng, L and Liu, J and Li, P and Shi, Y and Wang, F and Zhang, Y and Zhong, C}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Chicken-Derived Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Alters the Expression of Biofilm- and Virulence-Associated Genes.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41750524}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) poses significant health risks to poultry and humans, with biofilm formation often complicating treatment by enhancing bacterial persistence and resistance. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying this lifestyle transition is crucial for controlling infections. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biofilm formation on the transcriptional expression of specific biofilm- and virulence-associated genes in chicken-derived ExPEC strains.<br><br>METHODS: Biofilm formation conditions for three strong biofilm-producing chicken-derived ExPEC strains were optimized using an orthogonal experimental design (L9(3[3])), evaluating culture medium, incubation time, and initial inoculum concentration. Biofilm biomass was quantified via crystal violet staining. Subsequently, the transcription levels of 10 biofilm-associated genes and 17 virulence-associated genes were compared between planktonic and biofilm states using Reverse Transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).<br><br>RESULTS: Optimal culture conditions varied among strains, though nutrient-rich media consistently promoted rapid biofilm formation. Transcriptional analysis revealed significant reprogramming in the biofilm state. Among biofilm-associated genes, flhC, tolA, qseC, mhpB, and bdcR were consistently and significantly upregulated across all strains (p < 0.05). Regarding virulence determinants, the expression of eaeA, LT, fimH, ompF, and iss was significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), whereas Sta levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm formation induces a distinct transcriptional shift in chicken-derived ExPEC, simultaneously enhancing the expression of key genes involved in biofilm maintenance and pathogenicity. The conserved upregulation of flhC, tolA, qseC, mhpB, and bdcR suggests these genes are critical drivers of biofilm development. Consequently, they represent potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing E. coli infections and eradicating biofilms in clinical and agricultural settings.}, }
@article {pmid41750453, year = {2026}, author = {Chopjitt, P and Kanha, W and Sachit, A and Thongkam, J and Kanthain, P and Pradabsri, P and Paiboon, S and Thananchai, S and Khankhum, S and Kerdsin, A and Sunthamala, N}, title = {Bacteriophage-Based Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Anti-Biofilm Activity, Surface-Active Formulation Compatibility, and Genomic Context.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41750453}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {6801034//Mahasarakham University/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to pose a significant challenge for infection prevention, particularly because of its ability to persist on surfaces and form resilient biofilms. Although bacteriophages have attracted renewed interest as alternatives or complements to chemical disinfectants, their applied use requires careful assessment of antimicrobial performance, formulation tolerance, and genomic context.<br><br>METHODS: Staphylococcus-infecting bacteriophages were isolated from environmental sources and examined against reference Staphylococcus isolates. Two phage isolates, designated MRSA-W3 and SA-W2, displayed lytic activity against a broad subset of clinical MRSA strains. Using a time-resolved agar-based infection assay, phage exposure resulted in a multiplicity-of-infection-dependent decline in viable MRSA populations.<br><br>RESULTS: Time-resolved infection assays revealed a multiplicity-of-infection-dependent reduction in viable MRSA, with a pronounced decrease observed approximately 40 min post-infection. At this time point, phage-treated cultures showed a reduction of 1.2-1.8 log10 CFU/mL relative to untreated controls (mean &#x394;log10 = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9), while control cultures remained stable. Quantitative biofilm assays demonstrated that both phages reduced biofilm biomass compared with untreated conditions, with inhibition values ranging from 20% to 45% across isolates (p &#x2264; 0.05), reflecting strain-dependent but reproducible effects. Assessment of formulation compatibility indicated that both phages retained infectivity following exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, and Tween 80, whereas ethanol (&#x2265;10%) and higher concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide were associated with rapid loss of activity. In surface disinfection models, selected phage-surfactant formulations achieved a maximum reduction of 2.18 log10 CFU/cm[2] compared with untreated controls (p &#x2264; 0.05). Infection-coupled whole-genome sequencing of MRSA-infecting phage MRSA-W3 produced a high-quality assembly (99.99% completeness; 0.13% contamination) and revealed a mosaic genome containing incomplete prophage-like regions, which were interpreted conservatively as evidence of shared phage ancestry rather than active temperate behavior.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, these findings suggest that bacteriophage-based approaches may be feasible for MRSA surface decontamination, while clearly emphasizing the need for context-specific validation before practical implementation.}, }
@article {pmid41750448, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, YN}, title = {Real-World Experience in the Treatment of Biofilm-Associated Wounds Using Medical-Grade Honey: A Retrospective Case Series.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41750448}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Wounds complicated by biofilm formation remain a major challenge in wound management. Medical-grade honey (MGH) possesses potent antimicrobial and biofilm-disrupting properties. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of MGH in the treatment of biofilm-associated wounds. Methods: A retrospective case series was conducted involving ten patients with biofilm-suspected wounds treated at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Wesing Hospital. All wounds exhibited positive bacterial cultures and clinical signs of biofilm formation. MGH was applied topically, and wound progression was monitored throughout the treatment period. Results: Eight out of ten wounds achieved complete healing, with a median healing time of 16 weeks (range: 4-46 weeks). Most wounds demonstrated reduced exudate and inflammation, along with progressive granulation and epithelialization. Two wounds did not fully heal within the follow-up period. Conclusions: MGH appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy for wounds associated with biofilm formation, particularly in cases refractory to conventional antibiotic therapy. Further large-scale, controlled studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.}, }
@article {pmid41750425, year = {2026}, author = {Zalaru, C and Dumitrascu, F and Draghici, C and Ferbinteanu, M and Tarcomnicu, I and Marinescu, M and Moldovan, Z and Nitulescu, GM and Tatia, R and Popa, M}, title = {Design, Synthesis, Spectral, Structural Analysis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Anti-Tumor, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Biofilm Agents.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41750425}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Objective: Based on our previous findings, we designed new molecules by extending functionalized pyrazole derivatives containing iodine atoms, which are linked via an amino bond to halogen-substituted phenyl groups. In addition, these newly developed pyrazole compounds exhibit anti-tumor, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities. Methods: Three new series of pyrazole compounds were designed. Fifteen novel pyrazole derivatives, distributed across three series (4a-d, 5a-d, and 6a-g), were synthesized and structurally characterized by [1]H-NMR, [13]C-NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Results: Among them, compound 4c, which exhibited notable anti-tumor activity, crystallized in a monoclinic system and was further analyzed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro on NCTC normal fibroblast cells and HEp-2 tumor epithelial cells. Compound 4c demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity while displaying no cytotoxic effects on normal cells. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of the compounds were also assessed against four bacterial strains. Compounds 5a and 5c exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, both with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.023 μg/mL. Additionally, compounds 4a, 5a, 6a, 6e, and 6f showed the strongest anti-biofilm effects, each presenting a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) of 0.023 μg/mL. ADME and ADMET in silico predictions indicated that all compounds exhibit generally favorable, drug-like physicochemical properties. Conclusions: The study reinforces the applicability of these compounds as promising anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm drugs.}, }
@article {pmid41750267, year = {2026}, author = {Rosignoli, S and Lustrino, E and Shevchuk, O and Rinaldo, S and Rubini, E and Paiardini, A and Carev, I}, title = {Bioinformatics-Driven, Plant-Based Antibiotic Research Against Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Multiresistant Microbes.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41750267}, issn = {2218-273X}, support = {2022N3JXLA//Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito/ ; HOLO-GT 101019289/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {Quorum-sensing (QS) systems play a crucial role in regulating virulence, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant microbes. This review explores the potential of QS systems as targets for developing novel plant-based therapeutic strategies using bioinformatics, aimed at combating highly pathogenic bacteria: uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We examine the key components and molecular pathways of QS systems in these microbes, including autoinducer synthases, receptors, and regulatory proteins. In UPEC, we discuss the LuxS-dependent autoinducer (AI)-2 system, while for P. aeruginosa, we analyze the more complex interconnected Las, Rhl, and PQS circuits. We highlight how these systems control the expression of virulence factors and contribute to biofilm formation, emphasizing their importance in pathogenesis. Furthermore, we explore bioinformatics approaches for identifying and characterizing QS components, i.e., by predicting protein structures and interactions. The potential of in silico screening for QS inhibitors is also discussed, along with challenges and opportunities in targeting QS systems for therapeutic interventions. By integrating microbiological, molecular, and computational perspectives, this review aims to provide insights into the application of bioinformatics in understanding and targeting QS systems in these clinically significant pathogens. The goal is to facilitate the development of novel anti-virulence approaches in search of novel antibiotics that could complement or replace traditional antibiotic treatments, addressing the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance in these clinically relevant microbes.}, }
@article {pmid41749319, year = {2026}, author = {Yadav, V and Pal, D and Poonia, AK}, title = {Penetration and disruption of Salmonella typhimurium biofilm using synthesized citric acid doped zein nanocomposites.}, journal = {BMC pharmacology &amp; toxicology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40360-026-01107-1}, pmid = {41749319}, issn = {2050-6511}, }
@article {pmid41747854, year = {2026}, author = {Nava, V and Attermeyer, K and Schelker, J and Kalem, J and Dory, F and Gandolfi, I and Ambrosini, R and Kruszelnicki, A and Gwinnett, C and Leoni, B}, title = {Temporal succession outweighs substrate characteristics in shaping riverine plastisphere biofilm on textiles.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {127881}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127881}, pmid = {41747854}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Biofilms developing on plastic surfaces (the plastisphere) are increasingly recognized for their ecological significance, yet the drivers of community biomass and biodiversity remain poorly understood. Moreover, plastisphere research has focused on a narrow range of polymers, leaving widely distributed substrates such as textiles understudied. Here, we assessed the relative importance of temporal succession and substrate properties (polymeric composition and color) in shaping microalgal and bacterial community composition and photosynthetic abundances, and evaluated whether substrate-specific selection results in long-term community divergence or is restricted to early colonization. We conducted a mesocosm experiment simulating a lotic system to examine biofilm development on polyester textiles and non-synthetic analogue (cotton), each in two colors (black, white). Prokaryotic and microalgal eukaryotic community composition (16S, 18S rRNA), together with pico-photosynthetic abundances assessed by flow cytometry, were monitored over five time points spanning 7 to 35 days. Microbial diversity, community composition, and inferred prokaryotic functions did not differ significantly among polymer types or colors, indicating that substrate characteristics played a limited role in overall community assembly and the predominance of opportunistic colonization, despite the presence of indicator species. In contrast, microalgal abundances differed among substrates, with higher abundances observed on cotton, suggesting that substrate properties may still influence specific aspects of biofilm development. Temporal succession emerged as the primary driver of community change, with significant effects observed for prokaryotic communities even over short timescales. These findings emphasize that temporal dynamics must be explicitly considered in plastisphere studies, as minor differences in colonization time may confound interpretations of substrate effects.}, }
@article {pmid41747678, year = {2026}, author = {Li, S and Zhang, X and Zheng, Y and Song, Y and Wang, C}, title = {Biodegradability of microplastics reshapes surface biofilm microbial community structure and nitrogen cycling functions in aquatic environments.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {402}, number = {}, pages = {129109}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129109}, pmid = {41747678}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Environmental impacts of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems have been extensively studied, limited attention has been given to how their material types affect surface biofilm development and related nutrient cycling. This experimental study involving three types of MPs biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), non-biodegradable polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) revealed that the PLA surface bioflims had a higher content of chlorophyll a (Chl a), and there are significant differences in the microbial community structure among the three groups of MPs. The PLA group enriched Niveispirillum and Flavobacterium, which are involved in the nitrogen cycle, and were positively associated with increased microbial diversity and community structural shifts at day 55. In contrast, the PE and PVC groups enriched Sediminibacterium, a genus with pollutant-degradation capabilities. Analysis of nitrogen cycling genes revealed that the PLA group had consistently high levels of the nitrite reductase gene (nirS) while the PVC group showed a significant increase in the copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) during the mid-stage of the experiment. Functional prediction analysis also revealed that PLA group showed enrichment in energy metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, indicating that surface microbes preferentially utilize sugars as carbon and energy sources. In contrast, the PVC group showed higher reliance on amino acid metabolism, with enriched biosynthesis pathways of L-tryptophan and L-ornithine. The PE group had strong organic pollutant degradation, as surface microbes adapt to hydrophobic conditions by decomposing complex organics. Our results reveal that biodegradable PLA and non-biodegradable PE/PVC exert divergent effects on the development and ecological functions of surface biofilms, highlighting the key role of MP biodegradability in mediating these outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41746561, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, T and Tabassum, N and Javaid, A and Hassan, MI and Khan, F}, title = {Marine-derived Peptides As Anti-biofilm and Anti-virulence Agents: Mechanistic Insights and Applications Against Microbial Pathogens.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41746561}, issn = {1867-1314}, support = {202506400001//This work was supported by the 2025 Global Joint Research Program funded by the Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41746453, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Liu, J and Li, H and Zhang, W and Wei, H and Song, S and Chen, X}, title = {Isolation and characterization of a novel phage AbT1 and evaluating its anti-biofilm activity and antibiotic synergy.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41746453}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {32300033//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; (325RC647)//Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KYQD(ZR)-23141//the Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University/ ; KYQD (ZR)-23006//the Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii is a formidable multidrug-resistant pathogen prevalent in healthcare settings. Amid the escalating challenge of antimicrobial resistance, phage therapy has regained significant attention. This approach harnesses the natural predatory ability of bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A novel phage, AbT1, specific for A. baumannii, was isolated and comprehensively characterized. Under testing conditions, the phage AbT1 demonstrated notable stability across a broad spectrum of temperatures and pH conditions, and suggested potent lytic activity against A. baumannii isolates. Phage AbT1 belongs to the class Caudoviricetes. It appears phylogenetically closest to members of the genus Vieuvirus and likely represents a novel species. It possesses a double-stranded DNA genome of 53,410&#x202f;bp containing 78 open reading frames (ORFs), among which 29 are predicted to encode structural or functional proteins. Furthermore, treatment with phage AbT1 mitigated&#xa0;A. baumannii-induced cytotoxicity in host cells and disrupted biofilm formation. Notably, the combination of phage AbT1 with antibiotics (GM/Kan) significantly enhanced bactericidal efficacy and improved the survival rate of Galleria mellonella larvae, compared to either monotherapy alone.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights the substantial therapeutic potential of phage AbT1, whether used alone or in combination with antibiotics, providing valuable insights for the development of phage-based approaches to combat multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections.}, }
@article {pmid41745232, year = {2026}, author = {Mello, TP and Barcellos, IC and Oliveira, SSC and Giovanini, L and Lackner, M and Branquinha, MH and Santos, ALS}, title = {Role of Iron Availability in Modulating Pseudomonas aeruginosa's Antifungal Effects on Planktonic and Biofilm Growth of Scedosporium/Lomentospora Under Cystic Fibrosis-Mimicking Conditions.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41745232}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {001//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 001//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 200.096/2025//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 200.095/2025//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Scedosporium/Lomentospora often coexist in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, where their interaction can affect disease outcomes. Our group has recently demonstrated that P. aeruginosa suppresses the growth of Scedosporium/Lomentospora species partly through mechanisms involving iron sequestration. In this study, we have investigated how molecules secreted by P. aeruginosa under high (36 µM) and low (3.6 µM) iron conditions affect the planktonic growth and biofilm formation by S. apiospermum, S. minutisporum, S. aurantiacum and L. prolificans. Although P. aeruginosa exhibited enhanced proliferation under high-iron conditions, spectrophotometric analyses revealed a marked increase in phenazine and pyoverdine production under low-iron conditions, with siderophore activity confirmed by Chrome Azurol S assays. Supporting these findings, supernatants from P. aeruginosa cells grown under iron limitation markedly inhibited fungal growth (≈30%) and biofilm formation (≈70%), whereas those from high-iron cultures were less effective. Notably, low-iron bacterial-free supernatants exhibited pronounced cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells, reducing metabolic activity by an average of 20% in A549 lung epithelial cells and 40% in THP-1 macrophages, and significantly compromising survival in the Tenebrio molitor infection model, resulting in 100% larval mortality within 7 days. Collectively, these results indicate that the antifungal activity of P. aeruginosa is closely coupled with increased host toxicity. Moreover, the results demonstrate that environmental iron availability plays a critical role in modulating both antifungal activity and toxicity, thereby shaping P. aeruginosa interactions with Scedosporium/Lomentospora species. Such iron-dependent dynamics may influence the progression and severity of respiratory co-infections, with important implications for patient management and therapeutic interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41744904, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, F and Luo, J and Wang, Y and Tian, S and Kang, X and Zhang, N and Zheng, W and Li, W and Xia, Q and Kuang, D}, title = {The IrlS2-IrlR2 two-component system is a global regulator of biofilm formation, stress adaptation, and virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0074425}, doi = {10.1128/msphere.00744-25}, pmid = {41744904}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Burkholderia pseudomallei, which causes melioidosis, is an adaptable pathogen that survives in diverse environments. Two-component systems (TCSs) play pivotal roles in bacterial signal transduction and adaptation, yet the functions of most TCSs in B. pseudomallei remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a previously unstudied TCS, IrlS2-IrlR2, which shares partial homology with the IrlS-IrlR system but exhibits distinct regulatory roles. Knockout of irlR2 (ΔirlR2) did not affect growth in nutrient-rich medium but led to enhanced biofilm formation, reduced motility, decreased siderophore production, and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, all of which were restored in the complemented strain. The mutant also exhibited growth retardation under subinhibitory cobalt concentrations, despite unchanged MICs. In infection assays, ΔirlR2 displayed impaired adhesion and cytotoxicity toward A549 cells and attenuated virulence in Galleria mellonella, with a higher median lethal dose than the wild type. Transcriptomic analysis revealed hcp2 within the type VI secretion system 2 (T6SS-2) cluster, and multiple T3SS-3 genes were strongly downregulated, consistent with reduced intracellular survival, whereas T3SS-1 and T3SS-2 were upregulated, suggesting a dysregulated secretion system balance. Adhesion-related (fimA) and iron transport (fhuBCDF) genes were repressed, while oxidative stress-associated (cydABX) and nitrate reductase (narIJHGK-nasA) operons were induced, indicating altered regulation of iron homeostasis, redox balance, and nitrogen metabolism, which may reflect adaptive responses to environmental stress. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the IrlS2-IrlR2 system functions as a global regulator, integrating biofilm formation, stress adaptation, and virulence regulation, highlighting its role in the environmental resilience and pathogenic potential of B. pseudomallei.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Burkholderia pseudomallei, which causes melioidosis, poses a serious threat to human and animal health in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Classified as a tier 1 biothreat agent by the U.S. CDC and a category II pathogen in China, B. pseudomallei causes severe pneumonia and septicemia with case-fatality rates approaching 50%. Despite its medical and epidemiological significance, the regulatory mechanisms controlling its virulence and environmental persistence remain poorly understood. This study identifies IrlS2-IrlR2 as a previously uncharacterized two-component system (TCS) that acts as a global regulator integrating biofilm formation, stress adaptation, and virulence. Functional and transcriptomic analyses reveal that IrlS2-IrlR2 modulates secretion systems, iron homeostasis, and redox balance. These findings deepen our understanding of B. pseudomallei pathogenesis and highlight the role of TCS-mediated regulatory networks.}, }
@article {pmid41743510, year = {2025}, author = {Bseikri, H and Michniewski, S and Goicoechea Serrano, E and Jameson, E}, title = {Simple Catheter Biofilm Flow Model: Klebsiella Phages Disrupt E. coli Biofilms on Urinary Catheters Under Static and Dynamic Flow Conditions.}, journal = {PHAGE (New Rochelle, N.Y.)}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {242-249}, pmid = {41743510}, issn = {2641-6549}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilms pose a significant challenge in medical settings, leading to persistent infections. Phage therapy shows promise in biofilm eradication, but its effectiveness under dynamic flow conditions remains unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We used two novel phages isolated on Klebsiella, Llofrudd and Samara, and characterized their genomes, host range, virulence, and impact on biofilms. In this study, we built a simple catheterized bladder model with flow to investigate the impact of phage treatment on biofilm viability in a flow-based catheter model.<br><br>RESULTS: Our analyses demonstrate that phages Llofrudd and Samara are the same species and infect a limited number of strains (3/221), but crucially across three species: Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Phage treatment significantly reduced E. coli biofilm viability in catheters both in static conditions and under flow and liberated bacteria from the biofilms, highlighting the potential of phage therapy as an intervention strategy for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI).}, }
@article {pmid41741969, year = {2026}, author = {Pulat, G and Bilgiç, E and Sezer, B}, title = {Plasma-Assisted KR-12 Conjugated PLGA Nanofibers With Dual Osteogenic and Biofilm-Inhibitory Activity.}, journal = {Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, pages = {e70059}, doi = {10.1002/jbm.a.70059}, pmid = {41741969}, issn = {1552-4965}, support = {323S035//T&#xfc;rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara&#x15f;t&#x131;rma Kurumu/ ; }, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections pose a significant challenge in bone tissue engineering, primarily due to the formation of biofilms on implant surfaces, which can impede osteointegration. KR-12, a cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with dual osteoinductive and biofilm-inhibitory properties, represents a promising strategy to address this issue. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun nanofiber (NF) scaffolds offer biocompatibility, tunable morphology, and support for cell adhesion and proliferation, making them ideal for bone regeneration. While cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment has been explored to enhance peptide functionalization, covalent conjugation of KR-12 to PLGA electrospun NFs has not yet been reported. In this study, KR-12 was incorporated into electrospun PLGA NFs to create a dual-functional scaffold that promotes osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting biofilm formation. Scaffold surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements, and peptide incorporation was confirmed via fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling and FTIR spectroscopy. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on KR-12-functionalized NFs exhibited enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium and collagen deposition, and upregulated expression of collagen type I (COL1), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), as well as positive immunofluorescence staining. Antibacterial and biofilm formation inhibition activities were evaluated against multidrug-resistant MRSA and P. aeruginosa, as well as non-MDR E. coli and S. aureus, demonstrating potent inhibition of biofilm formation. KR-12-functionalized PLGA NFs thus provide a dual-functional platform for infection-resistant bone tissue regeneration, combining osteogenic support with potent inhibition of biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41740934, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, W and Zhu, S and Dong, Q and Tang, S and Liu, Q and Sha, Y and Chen, T and Wang, R and Chen, Y and Ying, H}, title = {Engineering Escherichia coli cell Factories for continuous 5'-cytidine monophosphate production via biofilm-anchored dual-enzyme cascade catalysis.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134267}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134267}, pmid = {41740934}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {5'-cytidine monophosphate (5'-CMP) serves as a crucial intermediate for diverse nucleotide derivatives and finds extensive applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, existing enzymatic production processes suffer from low catalytic efficiency and poor economic feasibility. In this study, we developed a continuous 5'-CMP production system based on a cell-enzyme co-immobilized biocatalytic platform. First, the pgaABCD gene cluster was integrated into ClearColi BL21(DE3) using CRISPR-Cas9, enhancing its biofilm-forming capacity by 168.93% and enabling robust cell immobilization on the carrier. Second, a dual-anchoring strategy utilizing ice-nucleation protein (INP) and autotransporter (AIDA-I) enabled surface display of uridine kinase (UDK) and acetate kinase (AckA) on the cell surface. This approach successfully addressed the instability and recovery issues of free enzymes by using biofilm engineering to co-immobilize cells and enzymes. The modified strain achieved a 5'-CMP productivity of 1.77 mmol/L/h, 5.98-fold higher than free intracellular enzyme catalysis, and was reused for ten consecutive cycles under the tested conditions while maintaining a cytidine conversion rate above 73.79%, and a 5'-CMP yield above 59.26%. This work demonstrates the first successful realization of continuous 5'-CMP biosynthesis and establishes an efficient route for its industrial production.}, }
@article {pmid41738758, year = {2026}, author = {Ji, Y and Yang, Y and Zhang, T and Zeng, X and Bao, W and Pan, D and Zhao, L and Li, H and Wu, Z}, title = {Sortase A regulates cell wall integrity, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation to modulate adhesion properties in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum C8.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0002926}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00029-26}, pmid = {41738758}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a ubiquitous probiotic in fermented foods and the human gut, relies on gastrointestinal tract colonization for its health-promoting functions. Central to this colonization is Sortase A (SrtA), a transpeptidase that anchors LPXTG motif-containing proteins to the cell wall peptidoglycan layer. This study investigates the srtA-mediated regulatory axis linking cell wall integrity, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing (QS) to adhesion properties in L. plantarum C8 (CGMCC No. 30504). Gene Ontology (GO)-KEGG enrichment analysis reveals that srtA deletion disrupts pathways critical for environmental adaptation, including two-component signal transduction and AI-2-dependent QS. Furthermore, the results of differential gene expression analysis indicate that srtA deletion is associated with the downregulation of genes involved in pyruvate metabolism, amino sugar/nucleotide sugar metabolism (essential for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis), and cell wall-associated signaling cascades, processes linked to adhesion and colonization. The molecular-level alterations were consistent with the observed phenotypic changes, including impaired cell wall integrity, reduced adhesion, and diminished biofilm-forming capacity. These results establish a mechanistic connection between srtA-directed cell wall anchoring, QS-regulated biofilm dynamics, and probiotic adhesion efficacy in L. plantarum.IMPORTANCEGastrointestinal tract colonization is the foundation of probiotic efficacy, enabling Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to modulate the gut microbiota, reinforce intestinal barriers, and confer health benefits. Sortase A (SrtA) is central to this process, covalently anchoring LPXTG-containing surface proteins that mediate adhesion, biofilm formation, and immune modulation. While srtA's role in pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria is well documented, its regulatory functions in non-pathogenic probiotic strains remain largely unexplored-especially regarding its integration with quorum sensing (QS) and environmental adaptation pathways. This study dissects the srtA-mediated molecular network in L. plantarum C8, revealing srtA as a master regulator integrating cell wall integrity, QS-regulated biofilm dynamics, and surface protein function via pathways including pyruvate and amino sugar/nucleotide sugar metabolism. These insights provide a mechanistic foundation for engineering probiotic strains with enhanced adhesion, colonization, and persistence and offer a scientific basis for developing precision-targeted functional foods and therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid41738449, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, X and Su, Y and Shen, H and Lian, Z and Cao, J and Wu, B and Zhang, Q and Shi, B and Lu, Z and Li, G}, title = {Small-Portion Replacement with MnOx Media Promotes Biofilm Development, Leading to Rapid Biological Maturation and Sustained Mn(II) Removal in Sand Filtration.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c13201}, pmid = {41738449}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Stringent control of Mn is critical for drinking water safety. However, conventional rapid sand filters exhibit slow biological maturation for Mn(II) removal, limiting their performance in engineered Mn(II) removal. This study examined the effectiveness of partially replacing sand with natural manganese ore (NMO) to enhance Mn(II) removal and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that replacing only 1/8 of sand with NMO enabled consistently effective Mn(II) removal (residual <5 μg/L) from start-up through long-term operation, even under stressful conditions; its performance was comparable to columns packed with 100% NMO. In 1/8 NMO columns, early Mn(II) removal driven by MnOx-mediated chemical processes rapidly diminished, after which MnOx-enhanced biological processes promptly took over. Compared with sand columns, 1/8 NMO columns biologically matured nearly 100 days earlier, and biomass on the rough, porous MnOx surface was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that on sand. Although NMO partly altered microbial communities, the relative abundance of Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria did not increase; the larger absolute biofilm biomass primarily drove sustained efficient Mn(II) removal. These findings highlighted the important but previously overlooked role of MnOx in promoting biofilm accumulation and accelerating the maturation of biological Mn(II) removal systems and provided a practical and cost-effective upgrade for conventional sand filtration.}, }
@article {pmid41738310, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, H and Guo, BW and Chen, Y and Chen, H and Yang, Z and Wu, MY and Jiang, Y}, title = {Combating Multiple-Drug Resistance Polymicrobial Biofilm Infections with an Amphiphilic Cationic Photosensitizer.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c24458}, pmid = {41738310}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {Polymicrobial infections, particularly those involving both Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria, present a severe public health threat due to the lack of effective treatments. The formation of polymicrobial biofilms further complicate this challenge, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. To address this issue, we designed a series of amphiphilic cationic photosensitizers (PSs) featuring distinct hydrophilic cationic side chains (pyridinium, imidazolium, alkyl quaternary ammonium, and quaternary phosphonium) and systematically investigated their structure-activity relationships. Among them, the pyridinium-modified PS, TBTCP-PY, demonstrated a superior performance. It efficiently generates hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen ([1]O2) upon light irradiation, enabling it to target and disrupt the membranes of both G+ and G- bacteria. Furthermore, TBTCP-PY exhibits a strong capacity to penetrate extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), leading to the effective eradication of polymicrobial biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). In a murine model, TBTCP-PY successfully eliminated MRSA-MDR-PA polymicrobial biofilms from implanted medical catheters, reduced subsequent inflammation, and promoted wound healing. This work not only presents a promising candidate for treating complex polymicrobial biofilm infections but also provides valuable theoretical insights into developing novel antibiofilm materials.}, }
@article {pmid41737991, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, K and Lu, M and Fu, S and Jiang, C and Dong, X and Liu, T and Chen, Y and Li, X and Xu, S and Su, H and Jia, S and Zhang, J and Gu, L}, title = {The proteinaceous biofilm of Gardnerella vaginalis enables a novel enzymatic therapy for bacterial vaginosis.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100346}, pmid = {41737991}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Since it was first reported in the 1950s, bacterial vaginosis (BV) has become a globally vital concern among women of childbearing age. Gardnerella vaginalis is widely recognized as the primary causative agent responsible for BV development. G. vaginalis has a strong tendency to form biofilms which have been linked to widespread antimicrobial tolerance and recurrent or persistent BV episodes. Our study demonstrated that proteins constitute more than 50% of the G. vaginalis biofilm matrix, which significantly protects the bacterium from degradation by lysozyme, and that LasA, an elastase derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, effectively disrupts G. vaginalis biofilms and subsequently lyses the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death. Four candidate biofilm-associated proteins of G. vaginalis were identified using cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) and subsequently confirmed as LasA substrates through purification and LasA digestion. Peptidoglycan debris was observed after treating the G. vaginalis cell wall extract with LasA. We also found that LasA showed a minimal adverse effect on lactobacilli strains when used in vitro. In vivo studies utilizing murine models artificially infected with G. vaginalis further demonstrated that a single dose of LasA effectively reduces G. vaginalis colonization while exerting a negligible adverse effect on lactobacilli populations. The safety of LasA was further supported by the fact that no negative effects were observed on the treated mice's vaginal tissue sections during the post-treatment administration period.}, }
@article {pmid41737880, year = {2026}, author = {Nir, I and Sharaby, A and Barak, H and Pavan, MJ and Friedlander, LR and Multanen, V and Kushmaro, A}, title = {Correction: Extensive biofilm covering on sgraffito wall art: a call for proactive monitoring.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1795378}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1795378}, pmid = {41737880}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1664404.].}, }
@article {pmid41737868, year = {2026}, author = {Mukashema, H and Yadufashije, C and Tuyishimire, A and Imurinde, Y and Rugira Niyonkuru, B and Muhimpundu, L and Nshimiyimana, A and Musabyumuremyi, C and Muhizi, E and Muhire, P and Habyarimana, T}, title = {Profile of Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Adult Patients Presenting with Urinary Tract Infections at Ruhengeri Level Two Teaching Hospital, Rwanda.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {559490}, pmid = {41737868}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a public health concern worldwide, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the primary cause. Biofilm-forming E. coli increases bacterial resistance to antibiotics, leading to significant morbidity and mortality among patients with UTIs. This study was conducted to determine biofilm formation potential and assess antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli isolated from adults with suspected UTIs attending Ruhengeri Level Two Teaching Hospital (RLTTH), Rwanda.<br><br>METHODS: A cross-sectional laboratory-based study was conducted between April and June 2025 on 151 adults with suspected UTIs. A questionnaire was used to record sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors contributing to UTIs among the participants. Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured, and biochemically analyzed to identify E. coli in urine samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined using the disc diffusion method. Biofilm production in E. coli isolates was detected using Congo Red Agar (CRA) method.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 151 adults, 64.2% were female and 35.8% male, and the majority of participants were in the age group of 29-39 years (34.4%). E. coli accounted for 37/151 (24.5%) isolates, of which 16 (43.2%) were confirmed biofilm producers. High resistance was observed for amoxicillin (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (93.8%), nitrofurantoin (87.5%), ampicillin (87.5%), cefixime (56.2%), gentamycin (50%), and ceftazidime (37.5%). Ciprofloxacin and meropenem were effective. Age was the only risk factor associated with biofilm production by E. coli in the study population (p = 0.000).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights the critical role of E. coli in biofilm production in adults with UTI at RLTTH. A high prevalence of drug resistance was observed among biofilm-producing strains. Intervention strategies, such as frequent biofilm screening, continuous surveillance, and enhanced antimicrobial stewardship programs, are needed.}, }
@article {pmid41737838, year = {2026}, author = {Kothari, PP and Banerjee, T and Ghosh, B and Biswas, S}, title = {Bimetallic Nanozymes/Polypyrrole/Methylene Blue Platform for Photothermal and Catalytic Biofilm Disruption and Angiogenesis Enhancement in Diabetic Wound Healing.}, journal = {Small science}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e202500445}, pmid = {41737838}, issn = {2688-4046}, abstract = {Diabetic wounds pose a significant challenge due to impaired tissue regeneration, prolonged inflammation, poor oxygen supply, and microbial infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections delay healing by prolonging inflammation and increasing antimicrobial resistance. To develop an effective antibiotic alternative, multifunctional nanocomposites, ceria-zinc nanoflowers (CeZn@PPY@MB NFs) bearing a polypyrrole (PPY) coating loaded with methylene blue (MB) are developed, to address the multifaceted requirements for healing diabetic wounds. Due to the synergistic effects of photothermal, catalysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation,CeZn@PPY@MB NFs exhibit robust antibacterial activity with high collagen deposition and angiogenesis. The nanoflowers, with a high surface area of water lily-like morphology, are confirmed through scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. PPY/MB-mediated synergistic photothermal effect, ROS generation, and catalytic activities lead to robust MRSA killing and biofilm disruption. Nanoflowers demonstrate rapid wound healing due to reduced inflammation, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis in the diabetes-induced wound model by modulating tumor necrosis factor-α, CD-44, Ki-67, collagen deposition, ROS, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and IL-6 expression. Therefore, the developed multifunctional hybrid-metallic nanoflowers provide an advanced nanotherapeutic platform to eradicate MRSA effectively, offering a promising alternative to antibiotic therapy for managing resistant bacteria-infected diabetic foot ulcers.}, }
@article {pmid41735832, year = {2026}, author = {Ahmed, AB and Rezgui, M and Dauelbait, M and El-Shaboury, GA and Salamatullah, AM and Algopishi, UB and Ruzieva, M and Mahmoudi, F and Jaouani, A and Cheffei-Haouari, C and Ammar, WB}, title = {Impact of biofilm support media on microbial dynamics, rocket (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) growth, and antioxidative content in aquaponics.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-07953-1}, pmid = {41735832}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {RGP2/134/46//King Khalid University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41735619, year = {2026}, author = {Hirabayashi, A and Kurakado, S and Wakaura, F and Sasaki, H and Sugita, T and Koyama, K and Kinoshita, K}, title = {Meroterpenoids from the fruiting body of Albatrellus dispansus with inhibitory activities against Candida albicans budded-to-hyphal-form transition and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of natural medicines}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41735619}, issn = {1861-0293}, abstract = {Six novel meroterpenoids, dispanoic acids A-C (1-3), 2'-hydroxydaurichromanic acid (4), albatrellutin A (5), and dispanolactone (6), along with four known meroterpenoids, grifolin (7), grifolic acid (8), grifolin methyl ether (9), and grifolic acid methyl ether (10), were obtained by bioactivity-guided isolation from the n-hexane, CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of the fruiting body of Albatrellus dispansus. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated from NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Although 5 was determined to have the same structure as albatrellutin, its [1]H and [13]C NMR data were inconsistent with published data. Therefore, we synthesized albatrellutin (reported original structure) and a positional isomer of albatrellutin (revised structure). The published NMR data for albatrellutin and the synthesized positional isomer of albatrellutin were in good agreement. Thus, we corrected the structure of albatrellutin to the positional isomer and renamed it albatrellutin A. Compound 5, which has the structure originally reported as albatrelutin, was named neoalbatrellutin. Isolated compounds (1-10) were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Candida albicans budded-to-hyphal-form transition (BHT). A new compound 3 showed potent inhibitory activity against BHT and biofilm formation by C. albicans and also downregulated expression of the hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1).}, }
@article {pmid41733756, year = {2026}, author = {Azeez, DA and Al-Zayadi, FQJ and Shakir, AS}, title = {The synergistic antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of fluoxetine and quercetin against carbapenemase producing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41733756}, issn = {1573-4978}, }
@article {pmid41732928, year = {2026}, author = {Urbančič, I and Lunder, M and Fink, R}, title = {Targeting resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm with organic acids: uncovering the biofilm disinfection mechanism.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2634396}, pmid = {41732928}, issn = {1029-2454}, abstract = {This study examines the effects of ascorbic, acetic, citric, and lactic acids on resistant S. aureus, assessing planktonic growth using minimal inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations, and evaluating mature biofilms for viability, biomass, enzyme activity, membrane integrity and stress. We found the lowest antimicrobial potential for acetic acid, followed by ascorbic acid, citric acid and lactic acid. Treatment of mature biofilms showed a reduction of up to 3 log CFU mL[-1] for lactic acid, while other organic acids were less effective. Lactic acid was also the most effective in reducing biofilm biomass by up to 33%, indicating potential for combination with other antibacterial compounds. The crystal violet staining confirmed a reduction in biomass regarding the non-treated samples. Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride assay showed a decrease in metabolic activity, with the highest formazan reduction (88%) observed with acetic acid. Live/dead staining indicated increased cell death at higher concentrations (9 MIC), with lactic acid causing the most severe membrane damage. In addition, intracellular stress increased with acid concentration. These findings reveal not only differential biofilm-targeting effects among common organic acids but also highlight the translational potential of lactic and acetic acids as cost-effective strategies to control resistant S. aureus in clinical and industrial settings, providing a foundation for future therapeutic and preventive applications.}, }
@article {pmid41730354, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, Y and Li, Z and Wang, H and Li, X and Zhang, Q and Zhang, L and Peng, Y}, title = {Synergistic integration of denitrifying phosphorus removal with partial denitrification/anammox in biofilm-floc system for advanced nutrient removal from mixed municipal and pickling wastewater.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {447}, number = {}, pages = {134260}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134260}, pmid = {41730354}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Achieving simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal from low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio municipal wastewater co-treated with high-nitrate industrial wastewater remains challenging for sustainable water treatment. This study developed a biofilm-floc dual-sludge system integrating partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) with denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) for treating mixed municipal and pickling wastewater. Through systematic regulation of carbon source composition, dissolved oxygen (DO), and external carbon-to-nitrate ratio (C/NO3[-]-N), the system achieved 97.6 ± 1.2% phosphorus and 99.4 ± 0.4% total inorganic nitrogen removal. A dual-source nitrite (NO2[-]-N) supply mechanism via biofilm-mediated PD and floc-based DPR sustained 82.4 ± 3.2% anammox-dominated nitrogen removal. Cultivation with municipal wastewater shifted the competitive balance between denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating organisms (DPAOs) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs), increasing the proportion of DPAOs for carbon storage (PPAO) to 74.5 ± 3.8%. Spatial niche differentiation enabled stable anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB)-DPAOs coexistence, with AnAOB (Candidatus_Brocadia: 3.05%, Candidatus_Jettenia: 1.23%) colonizing biofilm while DPAOs (Dechloromonas: 2.59%) dominating flocs. This configuration resolved the inherent sludge retention time (SRT) conflict between AnAOB and DPAOs, providing a robust and energy-efficient strategy for mixed wastewater treatment under carbon-limited conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41728988, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Zhang, L and Li, Y and Cao, L and Zhang, J and Tong, Y and Li, M}, title = {Characterization and complete genomic sequence of a novel phage BUCT805 infecting Serratia marcescens and its anti-biofilm activities.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0311925}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03119-25}, pmid = {41728988}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in the environment and is capable of causing nosocomial and various severe infections. Bacteriophages (phages), as safe and eco-friendly natural antibacterial agents, hold promise for eradicating S. marcescens and its biofilms in hospital settings. In this study, we report a novel phage, BUCT805, isolated from wastewater, which effectively lysed S. marcescens, and we provide a detailed analysis of its physiological properties and genomic characteristics. BUCT805 was classified within the kingdom Heunggongvirae and the phylum Uroviricota. It formed clear plaques with a diameter of approximately 3.36 ± 0.63 mm, featuring a transparent center surrounded by a halo. The optimal multiplicity of infection for BUCT805 was 0.1, with a burst size of 338 ± 17 PFU per infected cell (n = 3), and the phage exhibited robust stability across a wide range of temperatures and pH levels. The genome of phage BUCT805 was composed of double-stranded DNA with a total length of 42,067 bp and a G+C content of 47%, exhibiting the highest sequence similarity to Serratia phage vB_SmaS_Serratianator with a query coverage of 88%. Importantly, no known antibiotic resistance or virulence genes were identified in the genome, and 40.32% of its open reading frames were annotated as functional proteins. Although the efficiency of biofilm removal by BUCT805 varied among different bacterial strains, it demonstrated significant biofilm eradication effects at high titers (10[9] PFU/mL) against all tested strains. Overall, our findings supported the potential of phage BUCT805 as a promising candidate for the removal of S. marcescens biofilms from environmental settings.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Hospital surfaces could harbor Serratia marcescens, a resilient bacterium that forms protective biofilms and causes hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). We isolated and fully characterized BUCT805, a novel phage that specifically targeted S. marcescens and effectively removed its biofilms on plastic surfaces. BUCT805 was highly stable across a broad range of temperatures and pH, exhibited a high burst size, and carried no known antibiotic-resistance or toxin genes, supporting its safety for environmental applications. Phage BUCT805 had the potential to remove biofilms in the environment, thereby reducing the risk of HAI and providing an additional option for controlling S. marcescens and its biofilms in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid41728109, year = {2026}, author = {Eom, JH and Cho, MY and Kim, JW and Kim, Y and Yang, SJ and Hwang, J and Lee, D and Kim, HS and Baek, H and Kim, YY}, title = {Peri-implantitis biofilm from explanted implants in Korean patients: microbial and functional profiling.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1768841}, pmid = {41728109}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Peri-Implantitis/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Middle Aged ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Male ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Republic of Korea ; Microbiota ; Aged ; Adult ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Dental Plaque/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting tissues surrounding dental implants, with microbial biofilms recognized as the primary etiological factor. However, most previous studies analyzed samples from peri-implant pockets, and research on biofilms directly attached to explanted implant surfaces remains limited. This study compared the microbial composition and functional characteristics of biofilms from explanted implant surfaces in peri-implantitis cases with subgingival plaque from healthy controls. A total of 41 samples (peri-implantitis n=19, healthy controls n=22) were obtained from the Apple Tree Oral Biobank. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, ASVs were generated using DADA2, and taxonomic assignment was performed using SILVA database (v138.1). Alpha and beta diversity analyses were conducted, and functional potential was predicted using PICRUSt2. The peri-implantitis group showed significantly higher Simpson index (p=0.0086) and phylogenetic diversity (p<0.0001), with distinct clustering separation between groups. Beyond well-known periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Filifactor alocis), the peri-implantitis group exhibited significant increases in sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfobulbus, Desulfovibrio) and emerging pathogens ([Eubacterium] nodatum group, [Eubacterium] saphenum group, Phocaeicola abscessus, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Pyramidobacter). Health-associated bacteria (Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Capnocytophaga, Lautropia) were decreased. Functional analysis revealed enrichment in LPS biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, iron acquisition, and amino acid degradation pathways, while carbohydrate metabolism was decreased. This study demonstrates that diverse emerging pathogens, including sulfate-reducing bacteria, are associated with peri-implantitis biofilms in explanted implant surface biofilms, contributing to expanded understanding of peri-implantitis etiology and development of candidate biomarkers.}, }
@article {pmid41727627, year = {2026}, author = {Rajashekara, AM and Reed, T and Torres-Huerta, A and Gomulinski, M and Boger-May, A and Hiller, M and Cronberger, E and Kane, G and Fowler, A and Jessel, K and Chapman, M and Boone, D}, title = {A host anti-amyloidogenic stomach-specific protein inhibits colonization and biofilm formation by adherent invasive Escherichia coli in the colon.}, journal = {Research square}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-8663439/v1}, pmid = {41727627}, issn = {2693-5015}, abstract = {Gastrokine-1 (Gkn1) is an anti-amyloidogenic host protein secreted into the gut lumen by the stomach. Gut bacteria make functional amyloids to facilitate biofilm formation and biofilms in the gastrointestinal tract are associated with a variety of disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is a pathobiont that produces amyloids, forms biofilms, and is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. We therefore investigated whether Gkn1 is required to clear AIEC from the gastrointestinal tract by comparing the course of infection in wild-type and Gkn1-deficient (Gkn1 [-/-]) mice. Our findings reveal that Gkn1 does not impact initial colonization by AIEC, but is required for effective clearance of AIEC from the distal GI tract. We also find that Gkn1 inhibits biofilm formation by AIEC and that Gkn1 inhibits the formation of amyloid fibers by the functional E. coli amyloid curli. Furthermore, biofilms of AIEC were evident in the distal gut of Gkn1 [-/-] mice. Together these results indicate that Gkn1 inhibits bacterial amyloid fiber formation, bacterial biofilms, and facilitates clearance of a biofilm forming, IBD-associated, pathobiont from the distal gut. In addition, as the stomach is the sole source of Gkn1, these results implicate the stomach as a source of protection from intestinal biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41727250, year = {2026}, author = {Majlesi, S and Divsar, F and Moshiri Langroudi, M and Izee, N and Amin Malek, M and Yousefipour, S and Zendehrokh, SJ and Mirdamadi, A and Jafari, Z and Zahmatkesh, H and Nikpassand, M and Shahriarinour, M and Ranji, N}, title = {Synthesis of stable micelle/liposome nanocarriers to deliver silibinin into ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Escherichia coli with effects on biofilm formation and efflux pumps.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {107}, pmid = {41727250}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Silibinin-loaded micelle/liposome nanocarriers (SMLNs) were successfully synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XRD and TGA analyses. The nanocarriers exhibited an average particle size of 16.33 nm as determined by TEM imaging and less than 60 nm by FE-SEM analysis. They displayed an amorphous structure, and high thermal stability, maintaining integrity at temperatures exceeding 650 °C. The silibinin loading content and entrapment efficiency were 3.2% and 83.3%, respectively. In vitro release studies demonstrated a rapid, pH-dependent release, achieving complete drug release within 60 min at pH 5.0 and 65 min at pH 7.4. The combination of SMLNs with ciprofloxacin produced strong synergistic antibacterial effects, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin by 2- to 128-fold against resistant E. coli isolates. Biofilm formation decreased significantly under combination therapy compared with ciprofloxacin alone. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that co-treatment downregulated efflux pump (acrA, acrB and tolC) and virulence (fimH and sfa) genes, while upregulating the repressor gene acrR. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding of silibinin to AcrAB-TolC, acrR, and fimH with binding affinities ranging from - 6.0 to - 8.9 kcal/mol.These findings demonstrate that SMLNs enhance the antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin by inhibiting efflux pumps and biofilm formation, highlighting their potential as a multifunctional nanoplatform to combat antibiotic-resistant E. coli.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04604-y.}, }
@article {pmid41722708, year = {2026}, author = {Li, W and Shi, Z and Hong, J and Zhu, M}, title = {Biological ponds enhanced with autotrophic moving bed biofilm reactor for upgrading rural wastewater treatment plant effluent: performance and microbial mechanisms.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {447}, number = {}, pages = {134238}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134238}, pmid = {41722708}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Rural small-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) typically discharge nutrient-rich effluent characterized by low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and high dissolved oxygen (DO), posing a significant challenge to conventional heterotrophic denitrification. To address this, we retrofitted effluent-receiving ponds into enhanced biological ponds using two novel autotrophic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) carriers: iron-based (MBBR + VIA) and sulfur-iron-based (MBBR + SIA). During the 19-day experiment, both enhanced systems achieved superior removal rates for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N: 97.4%/100.0%), total nitrogen (TN: 92.7%/94.2%), and total phosphorus (TP: 35.1%/76.5%), far exceeding those of conventional MBBR and blank controls (-69.5% to 15.1%). Microbial analysis revealed that both carriers enhanced microbial richness (Ace index: 315.13 - 482.96 vs. 98.29 for conventional MBBR) and established distinct denitrification pathways: Hydrogenophaga-driven hydrogenotrophic denitrification dominated in MBBR + VIA, whereas Pseudomonas-mediated sulfur-iron autotrophic denitrification prevailed in MBBR + SIA. These established autotrophic pathways are proposed as the key mechanism underlying the superior performance of the two enhanced systems.}, }
@article {pmid41722165, year = {2026}, author = {Auzoux-Bordenave, S and Kavousi, J and Nedelec, K and Martin, S and Badou, A and Dubois, P and M'Zoudi, S and Hubas, C and Huchette, S and Roussel, S}, title = {Interactive effects of ocean acidification and settlement biofilm on the early development of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {227}, number = {}, pages = {119412}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119412}, pmid = {41722165}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Ocean acidification (OA) and associated shifts in carbonate chemistry represent major threats to marine organisms, particularly calcifiers. OA effects can be influenced by other environmental variables, including the biotic environment. This study investigated the effects of OA and algal density, acting through an Ulvella-conditioned settlement biofilm, on post-larval and juvenile abalone (Haliotis tuberculata). In a three-month full factorial experiment, abalone were exposed from metamorphosis onward to two pH conditions (ambient 8.0 and reduced 7.7) and two initial densities of the green alga Ulvella lens on settlement plates. Biofilm biomass and composition were characterised using spectral reflectance and HPLC pigment analysis. Biological (density, length), physiological (respiration rate), behavioural (hiding response) and shell parameters (colour, surface corrosion, strength) of abalone were measured. Biofilm biomass and composition assessed with pigment proxies remained relatively stable under both pH conditions, though greater variability in algal biomass occurred at low initial Ulvella density. Post-larval density and total length decreased significantly under low pH, while high Ulvella density reduced juvenile length at 80 days, likely due to competition between algal groups. A pH × Ulvella interaction affected shell fracture resistance and colouration, but not metabolism or behaviour, indicating that juvenile abalone maintained vital functions. Overall, the results confirm the sensitivity of early H. tuberculata stages to moderate OA (-0.3 pH unit) and highlight indirect macroalgal effects through changes in diatom cover. In natural environment, the capacity of abalone to cope with future OA will depend on complex trade-offs between direct acidification effects and food-related biotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41721742, year = {2026}, author = {Raghubansi, A and Greene, CM}, title = {MicroRNA-Enriched EVs from mesenchymal stromal cells: a novel approach to suppress biofilm and inflammation in CF airway epithelium.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1152/ajplung.00353.2025}, pmid = {41721742}, issn = {1522-1504}, }
@article {pmid41721221, year = {2026}, author = {Jahangiri, N and Abedinnezhad Naeini, MM and Jafarpoor Kami, A and Mohammadi Gozarji, M and Masuomi, MH and Zamani, A and Mahdevar, M}, title = {ZnO@Carvacrol nanoparticles effectively suppress biofilm and quorum-sensing mechanisms in MDR Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-025-04688-9}, pmid = {41721221}, issn = {1471-2180}, }
@article {pmid41720203, year = {2026}, author = {Shukla, A and Seyyadali, A and Rastogi, S and Rani, S and Nath, G}, title = {Synergistic Potential of Bacteriophage and Blue Light Therapy Against Biofilm-Associated Klebsiella pneumoniae in Postoperative Gynaecological Infections.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105399}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105399}, pmid = {41720203}, issn = {1873-1597}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae, a prominent member of the ESKAPE pathogen group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species), represents a serious concern in postoperative gynaecological infections due to its multidrug resistance (MDR) and strong biofilm-forming ability. The limited efficacy of conventional antibiotics against such infections underscores the need for innovative combinatorial strategies, such as bacteriophage therapy and phototherapy.<br><br>AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial potential of bacteriophage therapy and blue light (450 nm) phototherapy against biofilm-associated MDR K. pneumoniae isolated from a post- cesarean wound infection.<br><br>METHODS: A clinically isolated MDR K. pneumoniae strain was characterised, and biofilms were treated with phage, blue light, or sequential phage-light combinations. Crystal violet assays and microscopy quantified biofilm biomass reduction, while synergy was analysed using the Bliss independence model. Phage stability under blue light and cytocompatibility with HiFi&#x2122; human PBMCs were also assessed, along with cytokine profiling.<br><br>RESULTS: The combined phage-blue light treatment achieved an 82.3% reduction in biofilm biomass, significantly surpassing either monotherapy (p < 0.0001). Sequence-dependent synergy was observed, with Phage&#x2192;Light treatments showing stronger early effects (6 h). Phage viability remained unaffected by blue light, and PBMC assays confirmed high cytocompatibility with no detectable cytokine induction. Mechanistically, blue light-induced ROS disrupted the biofilm matrix, facilitating enhanced phage penetration and infection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Bacteriophage-blue light combination therapy represents a safe, synergistic, and resistance-mitigating approach for managing MDR K. pneumoniae biofilm infections, offering promising translational potential in postoperative gynaecological wound care.}, }
@article {pmid41719909, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, Y and Xue, R and Zhang, S and Ye, M and Zhao, J}, title = {Biofilm surface proximity-induced branched hybridization chain reaction strategy based on microchip electrophoresis for distinguishing exosomes from different cancer cells.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {304}, number = {}, pages = {129563}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129563}, pmid = {41719909}, issn = {1873-3573}, abstract = {The exosome surface contains various cancer markers that can be suitable candidates for early cancer diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. However, due to the very small size of exosomes, major challenges remain to detect tumor markers on their surface. To circumvent these challenges, a signal amplification strategy based on microchip electrophoresis-assisted biofilm surface proximity-induced branched hybridization chain reaction (bHCR) is proposed to distinguish exosomes from different cancer types. It uses an aptamer to identify the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) protein on the exosome surface by adjacent hybridization reaction on the biofilm surface. The multistage bHCR is designed for signal amplification, inducing a detection limit of 250 exosomes/μL in MCF-7 cells. When applied to distinguish exosomes from different cancer cell types, the results show that exosomes from MCF-7 cells contain a large number of EpCAM protein molecules on their membrane surface, while exosomes from A549 and HeLa cells contain relatively few EpCAM protein molecules. This finding indicates that EpCAM protein is highly expressed on the surface of exosomes secreted from breast cancer cells, and the expression of EpCAM protein from different types of cancer cells are also varies. The developed method has important application potential in terms of exosome analysis, and is expected to provide a new technical platform for breast cancer screening and prognosis assessment.}, }
@article {pmid41719764, year = {2026}, author = {Kaushik, A and Singh, A and Taneja, NK and Taneja, P}, title = {Ultrasound-assisted quercetin treatment for mono- and dual-species biofilm eradication in milk: Modeling and optimization using GA-ANN approach.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {107785}, pmid = {41719764}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {The presence of mono- and dual-species biofilms in food industry poses a critical threat with respect to food security and safety at a global scale. This study explored a novel synergistic eradication strategy using ultrasonication and quercetin, for the eradication of mono and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in milk. The eradication of biofilms was simulated via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a Genetic Algorithm-Artificial Neural Network (GA-ANN), taking treatment parameters like ultrasonic amplitude, time and bioactive concentration as inputs variable. Quercetin alone exhibited a significant dose- and time-dependent biofilm inactivation, with the maximum reduction of 2.49 ± 0.08 log for S. Typhimurium and 2.14 ± 0.14 log for E. coli mono-species biofilms, at 4 mg/mL after 4 h of exposure. However, this efficacy decreased in dual-species biofilms, confirming their enhanced structural integrity and resilience. The GA-ANN models showed a better predictive accuracy (R[2] > 0.98; IoA > 0.99) compared to RSM, successfully accounting synergistic interactions among all input variables. The optimized parameter obtained from GA-ANN model demonstrated the highest biofilm inactivation (7.19 log reduction) at 70% US amplitude, for 20 min of US-time, and bioactive concentration of 4 mg/ml. These results demonstrated the GA-ANN model's resilience as a predictive and optimization tool for complex biological systems like multispecies biofilms in milk. This synergistic combination of ultrasonication and quercetin as a novel hurdle approach can be utilized for enhancing microbial safety on food processing surfaces as well as in food matrices.}, }
@article {pmid41717737, year = {2026}, author = {Chaitanya, KS and Yu, TT and Chaudhari, H and Orekonday, N and Kumar, N and Dey, RJ and Murugesan, S and Sekhar, KVGC}, title = {Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Indole-Based 1,2,3-Triazoles as Potential Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Inhibitors Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Archiv der Pharmazie}, volume = {359}, number = {2}, pages = {e70209}, doi = {10.1002/ardp.70209}, pmid = {41717737}, issn = {1521-4184}, support = {F. No. CRG/2022/001889//Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi/ ; F. No. 02(392)/21/EMR-II//Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India/ ; F. No. EMMDRIG/13/2023-0557//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; SR/FST/CS-I/2020/158//DST-fist/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Drug Design ; *Triazoles/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Indoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Molecular Structure ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; }, abstract = {Targeting quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) is a promising strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria by disrupting biofilm formation without imposing direct lethal pressure. In this study, we designed and synthesized a library of 30 2-phenylindole-based 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (11a-g, 12a-i, 13a-h, and 14a-f), which were structurally characterized using HRMS, IR, and [1]H and [13]C NMR spectroscopy. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro QS inhibitory activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa MH602 reporter strain at concentrations ranging from 250 to 8 μM. All compounds demonstrated good to excellent QS inhibition (> 60%) at 250 μM and moderate inhibition (> 30%) at 8 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that halogen substitution had a positive influence on QS inhibitory potency. Among the series, compound 12a showed the most potent activity, with 82.6% and 38.9% inhibition at 250 and 8 μM, respectively. Further studies, including in silico ADME prediction, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy analysis, were performed for 12a. The most active compounds from each series were also assessed for cytotoxicity against the HEK 293 T cell line, showing IC50 values in the range of 83.7-168.7 μM. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that the top seven compounds exhibited minimal or no antibacterial activity at 125 μM; however, compounds 12h, 13a, and 14c showed significant biofilm inhibition addition to pyocyanin and QS suppression, highlighting their potential as promising leads to combat antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41716908, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, D and Brink, J and Hiebner, DW and Casey, E}, title = {Fragmented but functional: Post-dispersion dynamics and phenotypic variation in dispersed biofilm-associated cells.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100353}, pmid = {41716908}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Schematic overview of primary biofilm formation, dispersion of primary biofilm-associated cells (PBACs), and development of secondary biofilms.Image 1.}, }
@article {pmid41716907, year = {2026}, author = {Nahum, Y and Gross, N and Muhvich, J and Zaman, MH}, title = {Microplastics as active modulators of Escherichia coli biofilm characteristics and their implications on the development of antimicrobial resistance.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100355}, pmid = {41716907}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Microplastics are increasingly recognized as substrates that facilitate microbial colonization and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance, yet their role in shaping biofilm physiology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility, structural features, mechanical properties, and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilms grown under flow and under identical conditions with three different materials: control (C), glass microbeads (G), and microplastic 10-μm beads (MP). We performed 24h antibiotic susceptibility tests using ciprofloxacin and found significantly enhanced tolerance in MP-biofilms, with approximately 60% of cells remaining viable after exposure to 350 μg/mL, compared to 24% in G-biofilms and minimal survival in controls at lower concentrations of ciprofloxacin (P < 0.0001). Reducing microplastic concentrations ten-fold did not enhance susceptibility, whereas lighter, hollow glass beads generated significantly more susceptible biofilms. MP-biofilms were shown to be nearly seven times thicker than control biofilms and exhibited localized zones of high cell density surrounding the microbeads. We further observed lower creep compliance in MP- and G-biofilms relative to controls, indicating increased stiffness. Finally, we analyzed EPS matrix composition and found that only MP-biofilms displayed substantial enrichment across all EPS components, especially proteins (>2.5-fold increase, P < 0.0001). Together, these results indicate that microplastics can not only serve as favorable surfaces for bacterial attachment and colonization but also actively promote biofilm architectures and biochemical features that confer elevated antibiotic tolerance. Our findings highlight microplastics as contributors to drug-tolerant biofilm microbial communities and reinforce their role as emerging environmental drivers of antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41716906, year = {2026}, author = {Mohammadi, S and Maranesi, A and de Bruijn, ACJM and Castañon, I and Gierlich, P and Falciani, C and Pini, A and van Beusekom, HMM and Ferrari, A and Unger, WWJ}, title = {SET-M33 loaded biosynthesized cellulose as effective protection against S. aureus biofilm formation.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100351}, pmid = {41716906}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen responsible for postoperative infections associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), primarily due to its biofilm-forming capability on implant substrates. Protective envelopes, which sustain the local elution of antibiotics, significantly reduce the risk of CIED infection and biofilm formation. However, they are not equipped to counteract emerging bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can effectively erase contaminating bacteria, without eliciting resistance. Here, we explored the antimicrobial efficacy of biosynthesized cellulose (BC), a natural biopolymer used in protective envelopes, in combination with two synthetic AMPs: SET-M33D and Mastoparan X (MPX). The BC/AMPs combination inhibited bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation significantly better than native BC or AMP coated titanium substrates, as revealed by full factorial design (FFD) experiments. The outcomes of FFD were used to develop a regression model that estimates the interaction between influential parameters and their impacts on response value. Furthermore, SEM imaging confirmed the superior antibiofilm activity of BC/SET-M33D compared to BC/MPX. We demonstrated that the protective function against S. aureus ATCC29213 may be linked to the downregulation of the biofilm associated gene icaA. The results reported demonstrate the feasibility of exploiting BC as AMP carrier for inhibiting biofilm formation in conditions relevant to deployment of CIEDs. While further in vivo evaluation is needed, this approach may offer a promising path to address antimicrobial resistance in the management of post-operative infections associated with CIED implant.}, }
@article {pmid41716695, year = {2026}, author = {Thomas, JM and Mosharaf Ghahfarokhy, P and Rivera, SGP and Nobile, CJ and Rawat, M}, title = {The glutathione pathway is required for biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100562}, pmid = {41716695}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative nosocomial bacterium that is a member of the ESKAPE group of pathogens, notable for its virulence and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. It causes diverse infections, including respiratory and soft tissue disease, that are increasingly difficult to treat. Glutathione (GSH), the major intracellular redox buffer, is known in other bacteria to protect against stress and influence physiological processes such as biofilm formation. To investigate the roles of GSH in A. baumannii, we analyzed transposon mutant strains lacking gshA and gshB genes, which encode the enzymes that catalyze the two steps of GSH biosynthesis. Both mutant strains failed to produce GSH, exhibited impaired growth, and were hypersensitive to oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, toxins, and ferric chloride, compared to the wildtype strain. They also showed pronounced defects in biofilm formation and motility. Transcriptomic analysis of the gshA mutant strain relative to the wildtype strain revealed upregulation of genes involved in phenylacetate degradation and fimbrial biogenesis, while genes involved in iron and sulfur uptake and metabolism were downregulated. Moreover, mutant strains lacking GSH-dependent S-nitrosoglutathione reductases (GSNORs) displayed similar biofilm and nitrosative stress defects. Together, these findings demonstrate that GSH and GSNORs play central roles in stress resistance, biofilm development, and metabolic regulation in A. baumannii, highlighting their importance in the physiology and pathogenesis of this clinically relevant pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid41715978, year = {2026}, author = {Macedo, M and Albernaz Neves, J and Pérez, AR and Proença, L and Bessa, LJ}, title = {Enhanced Efficacy of Laser-Activated Irrigation (Er,Cr:YSGG) in Eradicating Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in 3D-Printed Molar Replicas: A Pilot Study.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental dental research}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {e70279}, pmid = {41715978}, issn = {2057-4347}, support = {UID/4585/2025//FCT-Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/radiation effects/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects ; Pilot Projects ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Molar/microbiology ; *Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; *Therapeutic Irrigation/methods ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; Bacterial Load ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study compared the efficacy of Sonic (EDDY) and Er,Cr:YSGG (2780 nm) laser activation in eradicating Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formed in 3D-printed molar replicas with two mesial canals and one distal canal.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vitro design was implemented using 20 3D-printed mandibular molar replicas mimicking the natural canal morphology. Root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis and incubated for 21 days to allow the development of a mature biofilm. Three irrigation protocols were tested: Conventional needle irrigation (CNI), EDDY sonic activation (SA), and Er,Cr:YSGG (2780&#x2009;nm) laser activation (LA). The control group was irrigated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without activation. Residual bacterial load was quantified through colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Bacterial viability in the apical isthmus was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. A Student's t-test was performed to identify significant differences between CFU/mL values in groups, with significance set at 5% (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: CFU counts of E. faecalis were significantly lower in the CNI, SA, and LA groups compared to the control (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). In the SA and LA groups, bacterial counts were reduced to the lower detection limit (<&#x2009;log10 CFU/mL of 1.00), suggesting near-total bacterial elimination. qPCR and fluorescence microscopy corroborated these results, providing greater differentiation between the outcomes of sonic and laser activations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Er,Cr:YSGG (2780&#x2009;nm) laser activation showed superior efficacy in endodontic disinfection by effectively eradicating E. faecalis biofilm, including in the challenging isthmus region, representing a promising method for complex root canal anatomies.}, }
@article {pmid41715721, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, B and Aliee, M and Hosseinirad, S and Boomer, A and Baek, I and Kim, MS and Vasefi, F and Patel, J and Zadeh, HK}, title = {Multispectral fluorescence imaging to detect and ultraviolet C to disinfect single and dual-species bacterial biofilm on abiotic surfaces.}, journal = {Optics express}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {3244-3257}, doi = {10.1364/OE.581002}, pmid = {41715721}, issn = {1094-4087}, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Disinfection/methods ; Stainless Steel ; Polyvinyl Chloride ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/radiation effects ; *Optical Imaging/methods ; }, abstract = {Biofilms, because of their persistence on various surfaces such as medical devices or industrial piping, are associated with approximately 65% of all microbial infections. Thus, their detection and inactivation are of great importance to public health. Many detection methods, such as swabbing, require sampling by rubbing, which can be expensive, time-consuming, and require highly trained personnel. This study proposes the use of previously developed, handheld multispectral fluorescence imaging systems to detect and disinfect biofilm in situ and in real-time. We utilized the contamination and sanitization inspection (CSI) and disinfection (CSI-D+), both of which feature various cameras and UV-emitting LEDs to image and disinfect contamination. Biofilms were grown on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel (SS) coupons using an industrial bioreactor, including dual-species biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes/Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)/Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as single-species biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and STEC. Using 275, 365, or 405 nm illumination with combinations of cameras detected biofilm formation visually. Color data image analysis comparing sterile broth and different types of biofilm yielded accuracies of 91% on SS and 89% on PVC coupons. The UVC light significantly reduced these pathogens in single- and dual-species biofilms from surface coupons.}, }
@article {pmid41714774, year = {2026}, author = {Doughan, GE and Walthart, BK and Petersen, MB and Schau, CE and Skoland, KJ and Macedo, NR and Brown, JT and Bonnema, JL and Zhang, D and Karriker, LA}, title = {Water line biofilm regrowth dynamics in six wean-to-finish farms post peracetic acid water line cleaning and disinfection.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-40725-x}, pmid = {41714774}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41712590, year = {2026}, author = {Nazari, M and Taheri, M and Nouri, F and Bahmanzadeh, M and Alikhani, MY}, title = {Synergistic effects of antibiotics and fucoidan on dual-species Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm in diabetic rat wound models.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {e0342905}, pmid = {41712590}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Rats ; Male ; *Polysaccharides/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Rats, Wistar ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications/microbiology ; Drug Synergism ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Gentamicins/pharmacology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic diabetic wounds are often complicated by biofilm-forming, antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, which delay healing. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of gentamicin and imipenem in combination with fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweed, against dual-species biofilms in a diabetic rat wound model.<br><br>METHODS: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain 6 and A. baumannii strain 1, isolated from diabetic foot ulcers, were used to establish dual-species biofilms in vitro and in vivo. Excisional wounds were created in male Wistar rats with streptozocin-induced type II diabetes and infected with the biofilms. Rats received daily treatments of gentamicin, imipenem, their combination, or the triple combination with fucoidan. Outcomes assessed included bacterial load (CFU/g), biofilm formation, expression of biofilm-related genes (icaA and bap by real-time PCR), wound size, and histological healing parameters.<br><br>RESULTS: The triple therapy demonstrated the strongest antibacterial effect, reducing bacterial load by more than 4 log&#x2081;&#x2080; CFU/g compared to controls (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.005). Real-time PCR revealed significant downregulation of icaA in S. aureus (threefold decrease) and bap in A. baumannii (fourfold decrease) relative to antibiotic-only groups (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.005). Histology showed accelerated wound contraction and complete re-epithelialization by day 14 with the triple combination, whereas monotherapy or dual antibiotics led to delayed healing and persistent inflammation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Fucoidan enhances the efficacy of gentamicin and imipenem against biofilm-associated infections and promotes diabetic wound healing. This combinatorial approach offers a promising strategy for managing chronic, biofilm-infected wounds and combating antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41712064, year = {2026}, author = {Ruffier d'Epenoux, L and Rwayane, K and Paquin, A and Persyn, E and Fayoux, E and Hervochon, C and Corvec, S}, title = {Correction to: In vitro emergence of amoxicillin-resistance and impact of amoxicillin on biofilm production across Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes?.}, journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10096-026-05442-3}, pmid = {41712064}, issn = {1435-4373}, }
@article {pmid41711436, year = {2026}, author = {Simões, LC and Simões, MS and Esteves, M and Simões, M}, title = {A simple alginate bead biofilm model for undergraduate teaching of antimicrobial tolerance.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology &amp; biology education}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0031025}, doi = {10.1128/jmbe.00310-25}, pmid = {41711436}, issn = {1935-7877}, abstract = {Biofilms play a crucial role in medical, industrial, and environmental microbiology, yet their structural complexity often makes them challenging to study in undergraduate teaching laboratories. We present a simple, fast, and effective method for exploring bacterial behavior within an artificial biofilm model. Through a hands-on activity, bacteria are entrapped in calcium alginate beads to simulate biofilm conditions and then exposed to an antimicrobial. Their viability is compared to that of the same bacteria in the planktonic state. This classroom approach introduces students to the impact of living in a sessile state on bacterial tolerance to antimicrobials, offering valuable insights into how the biofilm structure contributes to antimicrobial tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41710233, year = {2026}, author = {Jafar, T and Saha, SR and Alam, S and Saha, O and Sultana, KF}, title = {A Review on Survival Strategies and Social Dynamics of Microbial Communities in Biofilm.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {95-107}, pmid = {41710233}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {Single-celled organisms colonize biotic and abiotic surfaces via intrinsic mechanisms that differentiate them from free-floating bacteria. The vital role of these mechanisms is in communication and survival in challenging environments. Particularly concerning are the biofilms formed by bacteria, which pose substantial challenges in diverse settings, ranging from medical implants to industrial pipelines. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms driving biofilm formation is essential as a foundational step in devising strategies to curb or prevent their growth. The rationale behind conducting this review study is to comprehensively address the intricate issue of bacterial biofilm formation and its far-reaching implications across various domains of human life and healthcare. Bacteria within biofilms exhibit complex multicellular behaviors, orchestrated through quorum sensing, which finely regulates gene expressions. This collective behavior fundamentally transforms the traditional perception of microbes, as they navigate three-dimensional colonization, evolve, allocate responsibilities within the biofilm consortium, and adapt to varying environmental conditions. Furthermore, the escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria presents formidable challenges in treating biofilm-associated infections such as urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, chronic otitis media, lung infections, etc. Conventional antibiotics, historically effective against bacterial infections, now falter in the face of biofilm-related ailments. Hence, the pressing need to deepen our comprehension of bacterial biofilms becomes evident. Considering all this, this review will provide insight into the biofilm formation, and intercellular communication within biofilm communities, as well as their survival and socializing strategies. We also address the pressing challenge of antibiotic resistance which has emerged as a major obstacle in healthcare. Therefore, it is critical and urgent for clinicians to effectively treat biofilm-mediated infections with antibiotics that are now accessible. To achieve this, a collaborative approach involving microbiologists, chemists, and clinicians is essential to develop novel nanoparticle-based therapeutics and preventive strategies to effectively target and eradicate biofilms. In Short, our goal is to improve patient management and address the root cause of several chronic diseases that are often exacerbated by biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid41709580, year = {2026}, author = {Jaiswal, SR and Shinde, PS and Tale, VS}, title = {Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Contact Lens-Associated Bacteria.}, journal = {Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3341/kjo.2025.0178}, pmid = {41709580}, issn = {2092-9382}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To characterize biofilm-forming capacity, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and antibiotic susceptibility (AST) of bacteria isolated from contact lenses (CL) and their accessories.<br><br>METHODS: Bacterial isolates from 20 CLs and their cases from asymptomatic participants were assessed for biofilm formation using crystal violet (CV) staining in tubes and tissue culture plates (TCP). AST was performed by the Kirby-Bauer method. EPS production was detected using Congo red agar (CRA) and broth (CRB), with the contents of carbohydrate, protein, and eDNA assessed. Biofilm structures were visualized, and the effect of different physiological conditions on biofilm was studied.<br><br>RESULTS: The bacterial isolates included A. xylosoxidans, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus, identified and confirmed by MALDI TOF MS. Out of 110 isolates, biofilm production by CV staining showed 28.5% strongly positive, 38.09% moderately positive, and 23.33% weakly positive by the tube method, and 32.07%, 18.57%, and 29.04% respectively by TCP method; 14.28% were non-biofilm producers. The selected isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics, but resistance was noted in A. xylosoxidans. The EPS production was confirmed by black coloration in CRA plates, and CRB tubes with carbohydrate content was found to increase, whereas protein content was slightly reduced, and the presence of eDNA was detected after 48 hrs. By Maneval's stain, a pink bacterial cell embedded in blue-colored extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed. The SEM images depicted the presence of branched and sheet-like ECM structures. Physiological conditions like acidic pH and the presence of ribose sugar showed reduced biofilm formation; conversely, incubation at 28&#xb0;C enhanced bacterial attachment. In Staphylococcus species, increased salt concentration supported biofilm formation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study shows that bacteria present on contact lenses of asymptomatic users possess significant biofilm-forming capacity. We conclude that A. xylosoxidans and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were predominant and capable biofilm formers. CRB was found to be a convenient qualitative method for detecting EPS production in this study. The bacterial attachment on CL may vary with physiological conditions. These findings reflect presence of bacteria rather than active infection and highlight the importance of hygiene and preventive strategies during contact lens use.}, }
@article {pmid41708876, year = {2026}, author = {Feng, M and Wu, X and Hu, X and Wu, Y and Gou, S and Ran, Q and Yuan, Y and Huang, T and Dan, L and Chu, Y and Zhou, X and Zhao, K and Du, L}, title = {Repurposing Tirazone as an effective quorum-sensing inhibitor against Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and biofilm formation.}, journal = {The Journal of antibiotics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41708876}, issn = {1881-1469}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical global public health challenge. Quorum sensing (QS), a density-dependent regulatory mechanism, plays a pivotal role in bacterial pathogenesis by coordinating virulence factor expression, making it a critical target for antivirulence therapy. Leveraging a drug repositioning strategy, this study investigated the antivirulence potential of drugs in the database of DrugBank on the common opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by virtual screening. Molecular docking analysis predicted that the antitumor drug, Tirazone, could bind to the core QS regulatory proteins, LasR, RhlR, and PqsR of P. aeruginosa with abundant active sites, whereas the binding free energies were higher than those of the native QS signals. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Tirazone significantly suppressed virulence factor secretion, cell motilities, and biofilm formation in the model P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, and downregulated the expression of a series of QS-related genes with low effective concentration (≤ 8 μM). A competitive binding model of QS signal molecules further elucidated that Tirazone interfered with QS signaling by competitively inhibiting the function of LasR, RhlR, and PqsR. Additionally, Tirazone treatment significantly protected Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse models from P. aeruginosa infection, and reduced the bacterial loads and pathological lesions in mouse lungs. Moreover, Tirazone demonstrated synergistic effects with polymyxin B, levofloxacin, and amikacin, significantly enhancing their bactericidal efficacy in treating P. aeruginosa. This study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying Tirazone's multi-target intervention in the QS system, and provides an experimental foundation for developing combination therapies based on antivirulence strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41708362, year = {2026}, author = {Akshaya, BS and Premraj, K and Iswarya, C and Muthusamy, S and Mohamed Ibrahim, HI and Khalil, HE and Ashokkumar, V and Vickram, S and Kumar, VS and Palanisamy, S and Thirugnanasambantham, K}, title = {Corrigendum to "Cinnamaldehyde inhibits Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and promotes clearance of its colonization by modulation of phagocytes in vitro" [Microb. Pathog. (2023) 181 106157].}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {108382}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108382}, pmid = {41708362}, issn = {1096-1208}, }
@article {pmid41706891, year = {2026}, author = {Agarwal, H and Ben, H and Chaini, A and Gurnani, B and Mukherjee, N and Pal, A and Upadhyaya, AK and Ghosh, S and Kumar Sasmal, D and Jain, N}, title = {β2-microglobulin inhibits Escherichia coli biofilm formation via selectively blocking curli assembly.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {8}, pages = {e2515986123}, pmid = {41706891}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {I/Seed/NJ/20190019//Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IITJ)/ ; S-12011/12/2021-SCHEME//&#x906;&#x92f;&#x941;&#x937; &#x92e;&#x902;&#x924;&#x94d;&#x930;&#x93e;&#x932;&#x92f;Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India (CCRAS)/ ; T/EMBO/NJ/20230244//European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)/ ; TIH/iHUB Drishti/Project/2021-22/21//Technology Innovation Hub project/ ; STARS2/2023-0473//Scheme for Transformational and Advanced Research in Sciences/ ; ANRF/CRG/2023/003083//Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)/ ; IIRPSG-2024-01-07063//MOHFW | DHR | Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)/ ; 37WS(0014)/2023-24/EMR-II/ASPIRE//Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (CSIR)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *beta 2-Microglobulin/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/metabolism ; Animals ; Rats ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Bacteria have evolved a remarkable strategy to thrive in hostile environments by creating well-organized microcommunities known as biofilms. Biofilms pose a serious global health challenge due to their contribution to antibiotic resistance and suppression of the effectiveness of immune responses, thereby exacerbating pathogenic conditions. Biofilm-dwelling bacteria are difficult to eliminate since the cells are embedded within a self-produced, intricate 3D extracellular matrix composed of protein polymers (amyloids), polysaccharides, and extracellular nucleic acids. The robustness of the matrix poses a significant challenge to curb biofilm infections. Moreover, there is a lacuna in understanding how biofilm may be controlled under physiological conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the role of host proteins in keeping a check on biofilm formation. In the present study, we have established β2-microglobulin (β2m), a human protein integral to innate immunity, as a potent inhibitor of biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Our comprehensive biophysical, biochemical, computational, microscopic, and in vivo analyses revealed that β2m effectively prevents E. coli biofilm formation by specifically inhibiting amyloid curli, a major matrix component of E. coli biofilm. In a rat skin wound infection model, β2m significantly accelerated wound healing, underscoring its therapeutic potential against biofilm infections. Our results illustrate a crucial function of β2m as an endogenous antibiofilm and anticurli protein, provides a host-derived strategy to combat biofilm infections, and presents a method to augment existing antimicrobial therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41705824, year = {2026}, author = {Han, X and Hu, Y and Yue, Y and Ding, Y and Cao, B and Shi, L and Liu, J}, title = {Biofilm engineering through c-di-GMP tuning boosts bioleaching efficiency and arsenic tolerance in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0228825}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02288-25}, pmid = {41705824}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Bioleaching offers a sustainable alternative to conventional metallurgy, but its application is limited by low leaching rates, inhibition by heavy metals, and prolonged adaptation. Here, we engineered Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, a model bioleaching microorganism ubiquitous in mining environments, by modulating intracellular bis(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) signaling to enhance biofilm formation, bioleaching efficiency, and arsenic tolerance. Overexpression of diguanylate cyclase genes AFE_1379, AFE_0053, and AFE_1373 produced engineered strains S-222, S-306, and S-651, respectively, with 1.7-, 2.5-, and 5-fold higher intracellular c-di-GMP levels than the control carrying the empty plasmid vector. Under arsenic-free conditions, all engineered strains showed similar growth profiles, but S-306, at intermediate c-di-GMP (306.3 ± 28.1 μg mg[-1]), formed cytochrome-rich biofilms with low internal resistance and achieved the highest bioleaching efficiency. Under arsenic stress, S-651, at high c-di-GMP (651.4 ± 15.5 μg mg[-1]), developed polysaccharide-rich biofilms that enhanced arsenic tolerance, scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) precipitation, and bioleaching performance. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed these strain-specific gene expression patterns. These findings demonstrate that tuning intracellular c-di-GMP enables A. ferrooxidans to reprogram biofilm matrix composition for extracellular electron uptake and heavy-metal resistance, providing a synthetic biology strategy for environmentally friendly bioleaching and tailings recycling.IMPORTANCEAs a model microorganism for bioleaching, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is limited in leaching efficiency by several key constraints, including slow biofilm formation and susceptibility to environmental heavy metals. Although genetic engineering has been widely used to tackle these challenges, conventional strategies typically focus on modifying one single trait at a time, which significantly restricts their industrial applicability. In this study, we present a novel approach that overcomes this limitation through targeted modulation of the global regulatory molecule c-di-GMP. Engineering this upstream signaling pathway allowed for the tunable enhancement of both bioleaching efficiency and heavy metal resistance, providing an integrated strategy to address multiple bottlenecks simultaneously. This work offers a versatile and practical biotechnology route for diverse scenarios to enhance bioleaching performance and environmental adaptability, which may facilitate the utilization of low-grade ores and mining tailings and ultimately contribute to more sustainable and circular metal production.}, }
@article {pmid41704958, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, Y and Kang, M and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Chen, K and Liang, Q and Lu, X}, title = {Biofilm-related characteristics of Candida parapsilosis in postoperative ocular infections.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1753328}, pmid = {41704958}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; *Biofilms ; *Candida/classification/physiology ; Candida parapsilosis/genetics ; Caspofungin/therapeutic use ; Cataract Extraction/adverse effects ; Corneal Transplantation/adverse effects ; Genotype ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Postoperative Complications/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The research aims to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of Candida parapsilosis infection after keratoplasty and provide evidence-based guidance for the clinical management of Candida infections in ophthalmic practice.<br><br>METHOD: Biofilms were cultured from 45 strains of Candida. The total biomass of the biofilms was measured using the crystal violet staining method, and the biofilm activity was assessed via the XTT reduction assay. Cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion were evaluated for all Candida strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of planktonic Candida was determined using the colorimetric microbroth dilution method, while the MIC of biofilm-embedded Candida was measured via the XTT reduction assay. The release of 1, 3-&#x3b2;-D-glucan was detected using the G-test, and the chemotactic ability of 1, 3-&#x3b2;-D-glucan on neutrophils was evaluated via the Transwell assay. Molecular typing of Candida parapsilosis was performed using microsatellite genotyping. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test.<br><br>RESULTS: In 45 postoperative ocular Candida isolates, Candida parapsilosis accounted for 48.9% (22/45), Candida albicans 35.6% (16/45), Candida tropicalis 11.1% (5/45), and Candida glabrata 4.4% (2/45). The total biofilm biomass and metabolic activity of Candida parapsilosis at 4&#xb0;C were significantly higher than those of the other Candida species. In the cell surface hydrophobicity assay, Candida parapsilosis was more hydrophobic than Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, but less hydrophobic than Candida tropicalis. Among Candida parapsilosis isolates, 77.3% (17/22) showed strong adhesion ability and 81.8% (18/22) showed strong biofilm-forming ability (OD450>0.16). Candida colony and spore morphology were found to correlate with biofilm-forming ability. Strains with strong biofilm-forming ability had wrinkled, dry colonies; Gram-stained spores appeared as pseudohyphae; and lactophenol cotton blue staining showed spores that were uniformly and deeply stained. In the biofilm-antigenicity analysis, the non-biofilm-forming group's 1, 3-&#x3b2;-D-glucan release was significantly higher than that of the strong biofilm group, thereby attracting more neutrophils. In antifungal susceptibility tests, except for C. tropicalis, biofilm-grown Candida showed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) than planktonic cells for all antifungal drugs. Caspofungin was active against all isolates in both states.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that C. parapsilosis has greater adhesion ability and a stronger capacity to form biofilms at 4&#xb0;C (with higher metabolic activity) than other Candida species. When laboratory findings reveal a Candida isolate with a rough colony morphology, its biofilm-forming ability should be tested and antifungal susceptibility should be assessed under biofilm-growing conditions rather than in planktonic culture.Clinically, we recommend shifting antifungal therapy to caspofungin for such infections.}, }
@article {pmid41704850, year = {2025}, author = {Taylor, CC and Aviles-Gonzalez, A and Marchesani, A and Kiessling, C and Patrick, T and Chen, L and Yao, H and Li, Z and Seward, A and Chin, KJ and Gilbert, ES}, title = {The anti-biofilm compound 4-ethoxybenzoic acid inhibits Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor production via a putative 4EB-binding pocket in key virulence-associated proteins.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1704290}, pmid = {41704850}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {There is a need for dual action anti-virulence and anti-biofilm agents that target the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Previous research determined that 0.8 mg/mL 4-ethoxybenzoic acid (4EB) reduced S. aureus ATCC 6538 biofilm formation by 88% relative to untreated controls with moderate inhibition of planktonic cell growth. Here we report that 4EB impacted S. aureus virulence phenotypes across all growth phases, including alpha-hemolysin (Hla) and serine protease (SplB/C) exoprotein production (60% reduction), staphyloxanthin pigment accumulation (73% reduction) and alpha-hemolysis (>87% reduction) compared to untreated control cells. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that 4EB downregulated virulence gene expression, including >100-fold reduction of alpha-hemolysin (hla) and leukocidins (lukDvEv), and a 35-fold decrease of the response regulator SaeR. Phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) transcription by biofilm-grown cells was upregulated by 4EB more than 4-fold for α1-4psm and β1-2psm genes, while δ-toxin (hld) was unaffected. In silico molecular docking analysis revealed that 4EB has a strong binding affinity (ΔG < -6.0 kcal/mol) for 9 virulence-associated transcriptional regulators, including SaeS, IcaR and CodY. Analysis of gene transcription during late exponential phase growth determined that genes controlled by 7 of the 9 identified regulators were significantly impacted by 4EB. The docking analysis identified putative 4EB binding sites that share common features including valine and tyrosine amino acid residues. The combined in vitro and in silico analyses identified interactions with well-known virulence genes but also implicated an effect of 4EB on proteins less commonly associated with S. aureus pathogenesis. These findings suggested potential alternative targets for anti-virulence and anti-biofilm therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid41703846, year = {2026}, author = {Yamik, DY and Wannasrichan, W and Khongkhai, H and Watthanasakphuban, N and Yingkajorn, M and Pelyuntha, W and Vongkamjan, K}, title = {Revealing the biological and genomic characteristics of Escherichia coli phages and their application in reducing biofilm formation and bacterial counts in contaminated meat.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {118383}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118383}, pmid = {41703846}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/virology/physiology ; Genome, Viral ; Food Microbiology ; Animals ; *Meat/microbiology ; *Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; *Coliphages/genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Bacterial Load ; Food Safety ; }, abstract = {The meat industry is often confronted with bacterial contamination, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which compromises food safety and poses significant public health risks. Conventional treatments for bacterial contamination can lead to undesirable outcomes, highlighting the need for alternative strategies. In this study, we characterized E. coli phages, including their genomic features to evaluate their safety, and assessed their potential as biocontrol agents for controlling E. coli in meat and biofilm formation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that all phages possess morphological characteristics typical of the myoviruses. All phages exhibited varying adsorption rates (90% of phage particles adsorbed within 25-35 min), latent periods (10-30 min), and burst sizes (16-130 particles/infected cell). Whole genome analysis showed that phages WPEC3, WPEC4, and WPEC5 have genome sizes of 384,131 bp, 155,794 bp, and 381,326 bp, respectively, with GC contents of 35.84%, 38.93%, and 35.55%. The genomes mainly encode hypothetical proteins, including genes involved in DNA replication, metabolism, phage-host interaction, and structural proteins. Importantly, no antibiotic resistance genes, bacterial virulence genes, or lysogeny-associated genes were detected. The co-culture method at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10,000 was the most effective, reducing biofilm to an OD595 value of 0.09, while the exclusion and prevention methods showed OD595 values of 0.14 and 0.18, respectively, at the same MOI. In chicken meat, a 10% (v/v) phage cocktail concentration achieved complete E. coli eradication within 0 h. In beef, the same concentration reduced the E. coli count by 3.87 log CFU/g at 0 h and achieved complete eradication within 24 h. Overall, the phage cocktail demonstrated strong biocontrol potential against E. coli biofilm formation and contamination in meat. This provides a promising alternative to conventional chemical or physical control methods in the meat industry, potentially enhancing food safety and consumer acceptability.}, }
@article {pmid41703836, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Wang, HD and Qu, Y and Lin, T and Zhou, C and Lin, Z and Liu, Y and Li, Z and Dong, Q and Suo, Y}, title = {Plasmid-mediated modulation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation via TCS/PTS signaling: Implications for food contamination control.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {118372}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118372}, pmid = {41703836}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Plasmids/genetics ; *Signal Transduction ; *Food Microbiology ; *Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Phosphotransferases/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes thrives in diverse and often hostile environments by forming biofilms that act as protective physical barriers. While plasmids have been implicated in enhancing biofilm formation, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, representative wild-type L. monocytogenes strains and their plasmid-cured counterparts were selected from 33 food-derived isolates based on biofilm reduction rates. Their biofilm-forming ability was assessed under various food-relevant stress conditions, followed by comprehensive multi-omics analyses. Phenotypic differences in key regulatory pathways between wild-type and plasmid-cured strains were further validated to systematically elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plasmid-mediated biofilm regulation. The results identified three key plasmid-regulated pathways: (i) Flagellar assembly and exoprotein biosynthesis, which are regulated via two-component systems (TCS), are evidenced by the reduced initial aggregation capacity and extracellular protein content in plasmid-cured strains. (ii) Carbohydrate metabolism, particularly the modulation of fructose/mannose metabolism and d-glucose synthesis through the phosphotransferase system (PTS), was experimentally confirmed that this significantly reduces EPS content in plasmid-cured strains. (iii) Amino acid metabolism, specifically involving glycine, serine, and threonine pathways, was also affected; however, amino acid supplementation failed to restore biofilm formation to wild-type levels, suggesting a more complex regulatory interaction. Collectively, these findings provide the first systematic dissection of plasmid-mediated biofilm regulation in L. monocytogenes, linking mobile genetic elements to coordinated control of motility, metabolic reprogramming, and matrix production. This study deepens our understanding of L. monocytogenes biofilm physiology and offers a scientific foundation for developing targeted strategies to disrupt biofilms in food-related environments.}, }
@article {pmid41703767, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, M and Ran, Z and Li, Y and Song, P and Mei, J and Zhang, H and Zhao, X and Yang, Y and Wu, T and Kang, K and Liu, C and Song, N and Chen, Z}, title = {A Biofilm-Disrupting Microneedle Patch Leveraging DNA-Hydrolyzing Nanozyme and Photothermia for Enhanced Diabetic Ulcer Therapy.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e05929}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202505929}, pmid = {41703767}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {22307033//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22277011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22577014//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SBGJ202302090//Medical Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-infected diabetic ulcer represents a formidable clinical challenge due to the limited penetration and poor efficacy of conventional antimicrobials. Although photothermal therapy offers a non-invasive alternative, its efficacy is severely constrained by the inadequate infiltration of photothermal agents into deep biofilm regions. To address this barrier, we engineered a dissolvable microneedle patch incorporating ceria-decorated oxidized mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MN/OMCN@CeO2). This design leverages the intrinsic DNA-hydrolyzing activity of the CeO2 nanozyme to selectively degrade extracellular DNA (eDNA), a key structural component of the biofilm matrix. Enzymatic disruption of eDNA loosens the biofilm structure, thereby facilitating the deep penetration of the OMCN@CeO2 nanocomposite. Upon near-infrared light irradiation, the infiltrated nanocomposite generates localized hyperthermia, efficiently ablating deeply seated bacteria while simultaneously enhancing the catalytic activity of CeO2. In vitro assays demonstrated superior biofilm penetration and disruption by the MN/OMCN@CeO2 patch, along with robust bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Further, in a murine model of diabetic ulcer biofilm infection, patch application significantly accelerated wound healing through effective bacterial clearance, attenuation of inflammatory responses, and promotion of tissue repair. Collectively, this DNA-hydrolyzing nanozyme-potentiated photothermal platform offers a promising therapeutic strategy for refractory, biofilm-associated diabetic ulcers.}, }
@article {pmid41703047, year = {2026}, author = {Wood, J and Verran, J and Randviir, E and Redfern, J}, title = {A new application of bacterial cellulose in textiles and fashion: using Kombucha-derived biofilm to remove dye from polluted water.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-39271-3}, pmid = {41703047}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The fashion and textile industries face mounting pressure to adopt sustainable practices due to their environmental impacts, including waste generation and water pollution from dyeing. Bacterial cellulose, a renewable, biodegradable material produced via microbial fermentation, offers a promising solution. While bacterial cellulose has been explored as a sustainable textile material in fashion apparel, this study introduces its potential for removing synthetic dyes from dyehouse wastewater. Dyeing processes produce wastewater contaminated with synthetic dyes, which are toxic, persistent, and bio accumulative, posing ecological risks. Bacterial cellulose's nanofibrillar structure makes it effective for capturing liquid contaminants through chemical bonding and physical trapping. Using a microbial consortium (Kombucha), bacterial biofilms were developed over 30 days in either black tea and sugar or Hestrin and Schramm medium. They were then immersed in dye-polluted water. Kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose biofilms reduced dye colour intensity by over 79% for acid blue and 63% for reactive navy, with the most effective results from biofilms developed in black tea containing active microbes. Results indicate that the microbial consortium in the Kombucha-derived pellicle may have a role in removing colour pollution from dyestuff wastewater, thereby presenting a sustainable pathway for addressing key environmental challenges in fashion and textile industries.}, }
@article {pmid41702520, year = {2026}, author = {Tonanzi, B and Massimi, A and Braguglia, CM and Di Pippo, F and Gallipoli, A and Gianico, A and Rossetti, S and Crognale, S}, title = {Fixed-bed biofilm reactor for single-stage bioconversion of organic waste to medium-chain carboxylic acids.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {447}, number = {}, pages = {134228}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134228}, pmid = {41702520}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Biofilm-based systems can enhance medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) production by retaining slow-growing microorganisms and increasing biomass density. This study investigated a novel single-stage fixed-bed biofilm system for the co-fermentation of food waste and sewage sludge. Significant enhancements in stability and metabolic efficiency were achieved without external pH control or the addition of external electron donors, as the process relied on the endogenous in-situ production of lactate and ethanol. Using a 1:1 support-to-inoculum ratio with porous sintered glass as solid support, the system reached a caproic acid yield of 62 ± 5 gC6/kgVSfed, significantly higher than the control (43.4 ± 2.1 gC6/kgVSfed) over the entire seventy-day continuous trial. Analytical profiling and sequencing confirmed the selective enrichment of specialized chain elongators, primarily Caproiciproducens and Pseudoramibacter, within the biofilm. This study establishes the single-stage fixed-bed biofilm reactor as a robust and efficient strategy for valorising complex organic waste into high-value chemicals.}, }
@article {pmid41702164, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, J and Shu, H and Wu, X and Liu, T and Li, G and Cui, Z and Li, T and Zhou, X and Dai, Z and Li, Q}, title = {Quorum sensing-driven biofilm cathode of Shewanella oneidensis for enhanced uranium adsorption: Elucidating the role of exogenous AHLs and validation in actual uranium-contaminated groundwater.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {505}, number = {}, pages = {141485}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141485}, pmid = {41702164}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Large quantities of low-concentration uranium-contaminated water from the nuclear industry poses a critical environmental challenge due to the limitations of current methods on removal efficiency and adsorption selectivity. This study developed a novel biofilm cathode for enhanced uranium adsorption by leveraging the quorum sensing (QS) system of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Biofilm formation was induced using exogenous acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), with C4-HSL (10 μmol/L) identified as the most efficient signal molecule. It significantly improved biofilm properties, increasing thickness by 107.7 % versus the control without AHLs, boosting extracellular protein content, and increasing the proportion of living cells. Microstructure analysis (CLSM) revealed a "base-polysaccharide-gel" three-dimensional structure, where proteins, lipids, and β-polysaccharides form a functional gel layer that provides the primary functional matrix for uranium binding. The C4-HSL-induced biofilm exhibited a 43.4 % higher reduction peak current and a 33.3 % decrease in electron transfer resistance, confirming improved electron transfer efficiency. Furthermore, coupling CLSM, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and XPS analysis indicated uranium capture was primarily dominated by complexation/coordination with functional groups on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), supplemented by electrochemical reduction of 25.91 % soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV). Accordingly, a possible mechanism model of QS-driven biofilm cathode is proposed for optimizing biofilm structure and enhancing uranium capture. Finally, verification tests in actual uranium-contaminated groundwater demonstrated the biofilm cathode exhibited exceptional performance with a 99.4 % uranium recovery rate and high selectivity (Kd,U at 34.57 L/g). These findings highlight the significant potential of AHLs-triggered QS as a powerful strategy to optimize bioelectrochemical properties for highly-efficient uranium remediation and resource recovery.}, }
@article {pmid41702077, year = {2026}, author = {Mielcarek, A and Przemieniecki, SW}, title = {Citric acid-assisted biofilm treatment enabling nutrient recovery and safe discharge of hydroponic wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {401}, number = {}, pages = {129008}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129008}, pmid = {41702077}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Soilless greenhouse cultivation generates large volumes of wastewater with high nutrient concentrations, while effective solutions for its environmentally safe management remain limited. This study compared two strategies for final wastewater treatment. In Variant A, wastewater underwent direct biological treatment in a biofilm reactor, whereas in Variant B, it was first alkalized to pH 8.5 to induce phosphorus precipitation and recovery before biological treatment. Citric acid served as the sole organic carbon source, applied at COD/N ratios of 2, 4, and 6. The study evaluated nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency, citric acid utilization, sludge characteristics, and bacteriobiome dynamics. Preliminary alkalization enabled recovery of over 95% of phosphorus and improved denitrification, resulting in effluent nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations below discharge limits. Denitrification was efficient across a wide pH range (2.45-8.97), and citric acid supported complete denitrification despite inhibitory effects of increased alkalinity from nitrate reduction or post-alkalization conditions. The COD/N ratios required for complete denitrification were 3.16 ± 0.16 (Variant A) and 3.14 ± 0.10 (Variant B). Higher COD/N ratios enhanced pollutant removal rates and reduced hydraulic retention time. Alkalization had a stronger impact on bacteriobiome composition than on metabolic activity, with structural transformations proving more critical than changes in microbial abundance. Dominant genera included Castellaniella, Paracoccus, and Trichococcus, depending on treatment variant and COD/N ratio. Overall, the two-stage strategy integrating alkalization with citric acid-driven biological denitrification provides an effective and sustainable solution for managing nutrient-rich wastewater from hydroponic systems.}, }
@article {pmid41699568, year = {2026}, author = {Ahangari, Z and Zargar, N and Pourhajibagher, M and Shahhosseini, R}, title = {Antimicrobial effects of Propolis, calcium Hydroxide, triple antibiotic paste, and modified triple antibiotic paste on tubular dentin inoculated with a dual-species biofilm: an ex vivo study.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-07901-x}, pmid = {41699568}, issn = {1472-6831}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of Propolis, Calcium Hydroxide (CH), Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP), and modified TAP (mTAP) as intracanal medicaments on tubular dentin inoculated with a dual-species biofilm.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this ex vivo study, dentin cylinders were obtained from the root canals of 56 single-rooted extracted teeth, which were instrumented and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) suspensions to allow biofilm formation. After that, the cylinders were randomly assigned to five groups for a 7-day exposure to Propolis, TAP, mTAP (penicillin G), and Calcium Hydroxide (CH), and a no-medicament negative control group. Colonies were counted in dentin samples obtained from 200&#xa0;&#x3bc;m to 400&#xa0;&#x3bc;m depths and analyzed using ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, Tukey, robust Welch, Games-Howell, Fisher's exact, Wilcoxon, and paired t tests (&#x3b1;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: All medicaments significantly decreased the colony counts (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). CH, TAP, and mTAP showed similar optimal efficacy at both depths, whereas Propolis caused a significant reduction in bacterial count only at 200&#xa0;&#x3bc;m (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.047). Effect sizes were very high for both microorganisms. Dentin depth had a significant effect on the bacterial count of both microorganisms, and the load of both microorganisms was significantly lower at 400&#xa0;&#x3bc;m than 200&#xa0;&#x3bc;m depth (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSION: TAP and mTAP demonstrated high efficacy, and CH showed acceptable efficacy for elimination of E. faecalis and A. naeslundii dual-species biofilm. Propolis showed lower efficacy, highlighting the need for further modifications to enhance its penetration depth.}, }
@article {pmid41698217, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Correction to: Investigation of the roles of T6SS genes in motility, biofilm formation, and extracellular protease Asp production in Vibrio alginolyticus with modified Gateway-compatible plasmids.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/lambio/ovag017}, pmid = {41698217}, issn = {1472-765X}, }
@article {pmid41697076, year = {2026}, author = {Li, D}, title = {Influence of gemcitabine combined with lobaplatin interventional embolization on vaginal flora and biofilm formation in patients with advanced cervical cancer.}, journal = {African journal of reproductive health}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {38-50}, doi = {10.29063/ajrh2026/v30i3.4}, pmid = {41697076}, issn = {1118-4841}, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy/drug therapy/pathology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vagina/microbiology/drug effects ; Gemcitabine ; Middle Aged ; *Deoxycytidine/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Adult ; *Organoplatinum Compounds/therapeutic use/administration &amp; dosage ; Treatment Outcome ; *Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use/administration &amp; dosage ; Gardnerella vaginalis/drug effects ; Microbiota/drug effects ; Cyclobutanes ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Gemcitabine (GEM) combined with Lobaplatin (LOB) interventional embolization in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to a therapy group (30 cases) treated with GEM+LOB interventional embolization and a control group (30 cases) treated with GEM+LOB intravenous drip. The curative effect and changes in vaginal flora and biofilm formation were assessed using bioinformatics methods and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The therapy group showed significantly better outcomes (P <0.05), with substantial changes in vaginal flora. The proportion of Gardnerella vaginalis (Gv) in the therapy group decreased from 43.51% before treatment to 13.54% after treatment, and the rate of Gv's cell membrane formation was significantly shortened. However, no significant differences were found in colony content or cell membrane formation delay between the two groups. GEM+LOB interventional embolization not only improved treatment efficacy and survival prognosis in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer but also modulated vaginal microbiota imbalance and inhibited biofilm formation of Gv. These findings provide a new theoretical basis for optimizing clinical treatment strategies for cervical cancer and exploring the relationship between cancer therapy and vaginal microecological balance.}, }
@article {pmid41695963, year = {2026}, author = {Zhan, X and Huang, G and Su, J and Zhang, J and Huang, Q and Deng, X and Xu, M}, title = {Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus encodes a functional BolA transcriptional regulator related to motility, biofilm development, and stress response.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1717228}, pmid = {41695963}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) is an uncultivable α-proteobacterium causing the most destructive and currently incurable citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB). The transcription factors (TFs) of CLas are involved in various biological processes. However, the functions of most TFs remain unverified. BolA is reported to be an important transcriptional regulator related to bacterial growth and virulence. Here, the role of BolA in CLas was investigated using gene deletion and complementation assays in the heterologous host Sinorhizobium meliloti (Sme). The results showed that BolA CLas and BolASme are similar in sequence and transcriptional regulation. BolA positively regulates biofilm formation-evidenced by the significant downregulation of a key gene (cyaA) in the mutant (ΔBolASme), without affecting bacterial growth. The upregulation of 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to flagellar assembly indicated that BolA negatively regulates CLas motility. BolA deletion also led to the downregulation of ABC transporters (15 DEGs) and lipid metabolism genes (13 DEGs), correlating with reduced stress tolerance. Furthermore, BolA CLas is involved in modulating heme metabolism, as well as protein export, folding, sorting, and degradation. Finally, in vivo screening identified two compounds as BolA inhibitors, which significantly reduced CLas titer in infected periwinkle leaves. Taken together, this study constitutes a relevant step toward the understanding of CLas virulence by demonstrating that BolA is a key TF involved in biofilm formation, stress response, motility, and bacterial physiology, thereby presenting a potential target for disease control.}, }
@article {pmid41695949, year = {2026}, author = {Tan, T and Chang, W and Wang, Y and Cheng, R and Yang, D}, title = {Synergistic bactericidal activity of a ginsenoside-copper nano-agent against gram-positive and gram-negative biofilm bacteria.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1758802}, pmid = {41695949}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm-associated infections pose a formidable challenge due to their high tolerance to conventional antibiotics. While copper-based therapies offer a promising avenue, their clinical utility is severely limited by non-specific cytotoxicity and rapid deactivation. To address this, we engineered an intelligent, redox-responsive nanoplatform composed of Ginsenoside Re (GS) and copper (Cu[2+]), termed GSR NPs.<br><br>METHODS: GSR NPs were synthesized through a facile self-assembly process using GS and Cu[2+]. The nanoparticles were extensively characterized using microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Their physicochemical stability, redox-responsiveness, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and antibacterial efficacy were evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli. Additionally, biofilm disruption capabilities and in vitro biocompatibility were assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Characterization indicated the formation of uniform, ultra-small nanospheres stabilized by coordination and hydrogen bonds. GSR NPs remained stable in physiological buffers but exhibited responsive behavior in reducing microenvironments, triggering the release of active components and ROS generation. Consequently, GSR NPs displayed potent antibacterial activity and effectively disrupted established biofilms of both S. aureus and E. coli, far surpassing the efficacy of individual components. Mechanistic investigations suggest a multi-pronged attack involving physical disruption, oxidative stress induction, and metabolic suppression. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated favorable biocompatibility with negligible cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells in vitro.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This work presents GSR NPs as a highly efficient and potentially low-toxicity antibacterial strategy. By overcoming the limitations of free copper ions, GSR NPs offer a promising therapeutic alternative for combating challenging biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41695306, year = {2026}, author = {Chao, CA and Khilnani, TK and Hammad, M and Bostrom, MPG and Carli, AV}, title = {Pulsatile Lavage Is Not Enough to Remove Implant Biofilm: An In Vitro Evaluation of Sonication Brushing.}, journal = {JB &amp; JS open access}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41695306}, issn = {2472-7245}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During periprosthetic joint infection revision surgeries, intraoperative irrigation is performed to clear debris, blood, purulence, and microbes from the surgical wound. Dental evidence suggests motorized agitation is effective in removing established biofilms. The purpose of this study was to investigate how pulsatile irrigation and sonicated brushing affect mature staphylococcal biofilm on real arthroplasty components.<br><br>METHODS: Five identically sized, never implanted tibial base plates (TBPs) underwent keel removal with a wire electrical discharge machine. Implants were passivated in 25% nitric acid, autoclaved, and submerged in Methicillin sensitive&#xa0;Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infected tryptic soy broth. Biofilm was grown for 72 hours, with media replaced every 24 hours. Following growth, TBPs were assigned to 6 experimental conditions: control (no treatment), low-speed pulsatile lavage, high-speed pulsatile lavage, sonication brushing, combination of low-speed pulsatile lavage followed by sonication brushing, and combination of high-speed pulsatile lavage followed by sonication brushing. Pulsatile lavage lasted 5 seconds, while sonication brushing lasted 20 seconds using a modified commercial brush. Experiments were performed in sextuplicate. Posttreatment TBPs were either put in a sonication bath to dislodge remaining bacteria to count colony-forming units (CFUs) or stained with crystal violet to quantify residual biofilm biomass.<br><br>RESULTS: All mechanical methods significantly reduced CFU counts. Low-speed pulsatile lavage, high-speed pulsatile lavage, sonication brushing, and brushing without sonication reduced CFU counts by 64%, 68%, 87%, and 82%, and reduced biofilm biomass by 74%, 68%, 78%, and 77%, respectively, as compared with controls. The combination of pulsatile lavage and brushing lowered CFU counts by 99%, and biofilm biomass was reduced by 86%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging confirmed biofilm removal from the locking mechanism by sonication brushing only.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Combining pulsatile lavage and mechanical debridement methods more effectively removes biofilm from implant surfaces compared with either method alone.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mechanical methods including pulsatile lavage and sonication brushing remove biofilm from orthopaedic implants. Clinicians should be aware of these tools and consider using them.}, }
@article {pmid41692224, year = {2026}, author = {Lebielle, T and Olive, C and Marion-Sanchez, K}, title = {From a biofilm to another: when bacteria from Dry Surface Biofilms settle in invasive medical devices.}, journal = {The Journal of hospital infection}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2026.01.022}, pmid = {41692224}, issn = {1532-2939}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Following the recent observation of bacterial deposits on dry surfaces referred to as Dry surface biofilms (DSB), a number of studies were conducted in vitro on bacterial culturability, sensitivity to cleaning and disinfection protocols, and bacterial transfer via gloves or wipes to culture media or inert surfaces. Our study aimed to reproduce in vitro the cross-transmission of bacteria from dry surfaces to invasive medical devices via healthcare professional's gloves.<br><br>METHODS: Monobacterial DSBs were produced using an automated model with five different bacterial isolates involved in healthcare-associated infections. Bacteria from dried or rehydrated DSBs were first transferred to sterile gloves, then to central venous catheters, urinary catheters or endotracheal tubes. The presence of culturable bacteria and the formation of traditional hydrated biofilms inside the devices were investigated.<br><br>FINDINGS: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the only species to be transferred from both dry and rehydrated DSBs to each invasive device, while the other isolates were only transferred from rehydrated DSBs on mainly central catheters and endotracheal tubes. Despite the non-culturability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all the DSBs produced, rehydration enabled its transfer to endotracheal tubes and urinary catheters, suggesting residual viability as evidenced by Live/Dead staining.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A possible link appears to emerge between DSB rehydration, bacterial culturability and transferability. Rehydration may promote bacterial adhesion to gloved fingers and/or the "resuscitation" of non-culturable bacteria. This viable but non-culturable state of bacteria in DSBs needs to be studied in depth and considered in infection prevention strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41691756, year = {2026}, author = {Atahan, A and Musatat, AB and Kiliccioglu, I and Akkoyunlu, A and Dulger, G}, title = {Multi-targeted quinoline-sulfonamide-chalcone hybrids: novel candidates for anti-quorum sensing, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {109622}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.109622}, pmid = {41691756}, issn = {1090-2120}, abstract = {This study presents the rational design, synthesis, and comprehensive evaluation of a novel series of quinoline-sulfonamide-chalcone (QCSa-i) hybrids as potential multi-targeted therapeutic agents. By a hybridization approach, the series was investigated for the antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities, complemented by extensive in silico analyses including (DFT) calculations and molecular docking simulations against key oncogenic targets (Bcl-2, EGFR, Survivin), alongside ADME profiling. The studied compounds demonstrated promising biological activities, with QCS-h emerging as a lead candidate exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, and C. glabrata, with considerably lower IC50 values compared to the used standards, tetracycline and nystatin. Furthermore, QCS-h demonstrated superior antibiofilm activity, achieving over 80% inhibition against strong biofilm-forming Escherichia coli at all tested concentrations. Molecular docking studies revealed the QCS-h's remarkable binding affinity for the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), with a binding energy of -11.25 kcal/mol and a theoretical inhibition constant of 5.68 nM, significantly outperforming the control compound (1.85 μM). DFT calculations provided insights into the electronic properties, facilitating the understanding of the wet experiments. The favorable ADME profiles further support the drug-like potential of these compounds. This integrative approach highlights the therapeutic promise of quinoline-sulfonamide-chalcone hybrids, particularly QCS-h, as multi-targeted agents for combating antimicrobial resistance and gastrointestinal malignancies, providing valuable insights for future rational drug design strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41691659, year = {2026}, author = {Torusdag, B and Ozyildiz, G and Orhon, D and Sözen, S}, title = {Pumice stone waste as biofilm carrier in MBBR systems: impacts on wastewater treatment and colour removal in the denim industry.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2026.2628279}, pmid = {41691659}, issn = {1479-487X}, abstract = {The denim industry generates wastewater with high organic loads and intense colouration due to the extensive use of synthetic dyes. Conventional biological treatment methods are generally inadequate for colour removal, necessitating alternative approaches. This study investigates the reuse of waste pumice stones - discarded during denim processing - as a dual-function material for industrial wastewater treatment. Pumice was utilised both as (i) a biofilm carrier in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) to enhance chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, and (ii) an adsorbent for residual colour reduction. Pumice particles (10-14 mm) were applied at a 30% filling ratio in the MBBR and compared with a suspended-growth control system. The pumice-assisted MBBR achieved approximately 60 mg/L higher COD removal, confirming its efficacy in biofilm support. Complementary batch adsorption experiments demonstrated up to 45% colour removal, with performance varying across wavelengths (436, 525, and 620 nm). These results highlight the potential of repurposed pumice stones as a sustainable and costeffective resource for enhancing industrial wastewater treatment while promoting waste valorisation.}, }
@article {pmid41689045, year = {2026}, author = {Bei, Z and Tong, Q and Yang, Y and Ye, L and Liang, S and Li, J and Liu, J and Liang, X and Chen, W and Liu, W and Yu, X and Chu, B and Shi, B and Qian, Z}, title = {An antioxidant and injectable hydrogel dressing for repairing MRSA biofilm-infected diabetic wounds.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12951-026-04093-y}, pmid = {41689045}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {GZC20241165//the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF/ ; 2024NSFSC1724//the Sichuan Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars/ ; U21A20417//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024NSFSC0046//the Nature Science Foundation of Sichuan Province/ ; ZYGD24003//the "1&#xb7;3&#xb7;5" Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/ ; }, abstract = {Chronic non-healing wounds represent a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, which frequently progress to infection, limb amputation, and even mortality. The dysregulated wound microenvironment, marked by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress, severely impedes tissue repair, and the presence of MRSA biofilm infection further worsens these impairments and poses major clinical challenges. To address these challenges, we constructed a multifunctional injectable hydrogel (SOT) that integrates antibiofilm, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This hydrogel is formed through dynamic covalent crosslinking between thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) and dopamine-modified oxidized dextran (ODex-DA), which enables favorable injectability, self-healing, and in situ gelation. Tannic acid-silver nanoparticles (TA-Ag NPs) incorporated into the system impart antibiofilm and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging properties. In a diabetic MRSA biofilm infection model, the SOT hydrogel eradicated biofilms, reduced excessive ROS, and promoted wound closure. These findings suggest that this immuno-instructive hydrogel platform may offer a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of MRSA biofilm-infected chronic diabetic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41688814, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, Z and Zhang, Z and Tang, Y and Cui, J and Wang, X}, title = {2D modeling of micropost-induced flow fields and biofilm adhesion mechanisms: a CA-FEM approach for flow-biofilm interactions in microfluidic channels.}, journal = {Journal of biological physics}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, pmid = {41688814}, issn = {1573-0689}, support = {12372321//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Bacillus subtilis/physiology ; *Finite Element Analysis ; *Models, Biological ; Hydrodynamics ; *Microfluidics ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are widely present in any environment with water and a substrate, posing microbial contamination risks to flow pipelines. This study established a bacterial biofilm flow growth model based on the experimental phenomena of Bacillus subtilis biofilm in microfluidic channels, combining the principles of cellular automata with the finite element method. In the model, the hydrodynamic model was developed using the COMSOL platform to analyze the flow field distribution characteristics induced by micropost. A cellular automata model was developed in MATLAB, innovatively incorporating a flow direction weight algorithm and a filamentous growth mode. The study focused on the attachment behavior of biofilms in microfluidic channels, and simulations of biofilm growth in microfluidic channels with different micropost structures were conducted. The model successfully reproduced key experimental phenomena, such as the attachment and growth of filamentous structures and the aggregation of streamer-like biofilms. By combining real-time flow field analysis with the model, the attachment and growth mechanism of biofilm in the micropillar-flow system was revealed. The spatial arrangement of microposts affects the flow paths of free bacteria by altering streamline distribution. The secondary flow induced by the micropillars promotes bacterial attachment, and its spatial distribution characteristics determine the initial attachment sites of bacteria. This study provides a reference for preventing biofilm formation in flow pipelines and reducing the risk of microbial contamination in similar devices.}, }
@article {pmid41687889, year = {2026}, author = {Su, H and Yan, X and Zhu, X and Zhao, Q and Jiang, X and Wang, X}, title = {Layered design of Fermenters-Exoelectrogens in biofilm improves accuracy of fermentative organics sensing.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {446}, number = {}, pages = {134210}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134210}, pmid = {41687889}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fermentation ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Glucose/metabolism ; Geobacter/metabolism/physiology ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Organic Chemicals/analysis ; Electrodes ; *Biosensing Techniques/methods ; Wastewater/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Microbial electrochemical sensors based on electroactive biofilms (EABs) offer a promising approach for real-time biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) monitoring. However, current standardized EAB designs, developed based on studies of acetate-fed systems, feature a double-layer biofilm architecture with Geobacter anodireducens as the inner core, which oversimplifies microbial metabolism in fermentable wastewater and often leads to underestimated BOD values. In natural EABs cultured with domestic wastewater, we revealed a specific, selective metabolic cooperation between Geobacter and fermentative microorganisms, where different fermentative taxa preferentially associated with electroactive or methanogenic partners. Using glucose-fed EABs, Dysgonomonas termitidis was identified within the inner layer as a representative fermentative partner exhibiting strong synergy with Geobacter. Based on this, a layered "sandwich-like" EAB (S-EAB) was constructed, sequentially comprising G. anodireducens, pre-enriched D. termitidis and self-adapted environmental microorganisms. Incorporating this intermediate functional layer improved BOD sensing accuracy for glucose by 28%, with results closely matching theoretical values. This study demonstrates that integrating a selectively cooperative fermentative partner within the middle biofilm layer provides a practical strategy for designing high-performance EABs tailored to fermentable wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41687391, year = {2026}, author = {Fahmy, MA and Alwutayd, KM and Ashkan, MF and Mojally, M and Alqahtani, AM and Alsulami, RN and Mostafa, YS and Khodeer, D and Al-Najjar, MAA and AbuQamar, SF and El-Tarabily, KA and El-Saadony, MT}, title = {Bioremediation potential of bacterial isolates for diamide pesticides: Enzymatic activity, tolerance, biofilm formation, and degradation efficiency.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {311}, number = {}, pages = {119745}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119745}, pmid = {41687391}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {This study investigates the bioremediation potential of six bacterial strains isolated from pesticide-contaminated soils for the degradation of two widely used diamide pesticides: chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and flubendiamide (FBD). The strains were evaluated for their enzymatic activities, tolerance to pesticide mixtures, biodegradation efficiency (as measured by 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) decolorization and biomass accumulation), and their ability to form biofilms under pesticide-induced stress. Significant enzymatic activities were recorded, with dehydrogenase activity ranging from 510 to 560 µg triphenyl formazan (TPF) mL[-1] (n = 3, mean ± SD: 535 ± 25 µg TPF mL[-1]) and catalase activity from 40.13 to 40.88 µmoles H2O2 min[-1] mg[-1] protein (n = 3, mean ± SD: 40.51 ± 0.38 µmoles H2O2 min[-1] mg[-1] protein). All strains exhibited considerable tolerance to CAP-FBD pesticide mixtures, with optical density (OD600) values ranging from 0.201 to 2.212 across the tested concentration range (50-3000 mg L[-1]) after 24 h of incubation. Biodegradation assays revealed efficient breakdown of CAP and FBD, with decolorization times ranging from 18 to 62 h. Notably, all strains formed robust biofilms, suggesting enhanced resilience to environmental stressors. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed that the bacterial consortium T3 (n = 3) achieved the highest FBD degradation rate of 98.23 % of 60 mg kg[-1] FBD after 20 days, with only 1.77 % residues, compared to C1 (native bacteria, FBD, without NPK, which gave 29.4 % degradation) and C2 (native bacteria, FBD, with NPK, which gave 31.70 %), indicating that nearly the entire pesticide loss was due to biological activity of T3 consortia rather than native bacteria. These findings highlight the adaptive capabilities of these bacterial isolates and their potential for environmentally sustainable pesticide remediation. The novelty of this study lies in its integrative assessment of enzymatic function, pesticide tolerance, and biofilm formation, offering a comprehensive understanding of microbial strategies for diamide pesticide bioremediation.}, }
@article {pmid41687216, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, F and He, J and Chen, J and Hou, Z and Li, S and Jiang, T and Jiang, X}, title = {Charge-switching and on-demand assembly of carbon dots in acidic biofilm microenvironment for synergistic low-temperature photothermal/cationic therapy.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {262}, number = {}, pages = {115543}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115543}, pmid = {41687216}, issn = {1873-4367}, abstract = {Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) biofilms establish a dynamic acidic microenvironment characterized by a pH gradient from the outer layers (∼pH 6.5) to the inner core (∼pH 5.5). Conventional pH-triggered strategies, limited by low activation thresholds (pH ≤ 5.5), fail to respond effectively across this gradient, resulting in incomplete biofilm eradication. Thus, we herein present novel nanocomposites (NPs) with an elevated pH response threshold of 6.5, formed through electrostatic assembly of vancomycin-conjugated carbon dots (CNDs@Van) and lysine-modified carbon dots (CNDs@Lys). The prepared NPs undergo on demand assembly and charge switching in the acidic biofilm microenvironment. At the biofilm periphery (pH ∼6.5), protonation-induced aggregation initiates low-temperature photothermal therapy, achieving > 90 % biofilm clearance in vitro under mild heating (≤45 °C). As NPs migrate into deeper acidic regions (down to pH 5.5), they release cationic CNDs@Lys, which penetrate the biofilm and cause ≈ 99.99 % bacterial mortality. In a murine subcutaneous infection model, NPs treatment under NIR irradiation led to ∼80 % abscess shrinkage within 2 days and a 3.1 log10 reduction in bacterial load. The synergy of cationic membrane disruption and mild phototherapy allows significant reductions in light intensity and exposure time while minimizing off-target thermal damage. This strategy not only extends the pH-activation range to cover broader biofilm microenvironments, but also enables spatiotemporally controlled dual-mode therapy via pH-gradient-driven assembly and charge switching, offering a precise and effective platform against drug-resistant biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41684743, year = {2025}, author = {Díaz-Velis, L and Salvador-Sagüez, F and Roach, F and Mancilla, E and Campos, MA and Ruiz-Gil, T and López-Moral, M and Garrido, G and Lázaro-Martínez, JL}, title = {Metagenomic and ribosomal transcript profiles of diabetic foot osteomyelitis in Hispanic patients: underestimated bacteria in biofilm persistence.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1729196}, pmid = {41684743}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetic Foot/microbiology/complications ; *Osteomyelitis/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Hispanic or Latino ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Aged ; Chile ; Microbiota/genetics ; Metagenomics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Adult ; Bone and Bones/microbiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; White ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of diabetes and a leading cause of lower-limb amputations. Conventional culture-based diagnostics often underestimate the microbial diversity of infected bone tissue. This study represents the first characterization of both total and ribosomally active bone microbiota in Hispanic patients with DFO using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The work aims to contribute to the inclusion of underrepresented populations in microbiome research and informing molecular-based antimicrobial strategies.<br><br>METHODS: Bone specimens (n = 13) were collected from seven Chilean patients with histologically confirmed DFO. Samples were analyzed using conventional aerobic culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing from both genomic DNA (gDNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) to characterize the total bacterial community and the ribosomally active fraction. In three patients, samples were stratified by bone depth (superficial/top, middle and bottom). Microbial diversity and relative abundance were assessed across patients and bone layers.<br><br>RESULTS: Acute osteomyelitis was the predominant histopathological pattern. Culture yielded 19 bacterial isolates, 95% of which were Gram-negative bacilli. Sequencing identified 3,412 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria as dominant phyla. Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most ribosomally active families. Microbial community composition varied substantially among patients and across bone depths. Staphylococcus aureus was infrequent (5% of culture isolates; ~1% of sequence reads), whereas low-abundance but ribosomally active taxa, such as Corynebacteriaceae, were consistently detected across all layers.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This combined metagenomic and ribosomal transcript analysis reveals a polymicrobial, patient-specific bone microbiota in Chilean patients with DFO, highlighting potentially active bacteria frequently overlooked by standard diagnostic methods. These findings underscore the value of integrating molecular approaches into clinical workflows to improve pathogen detection and support more personalized antimicrobial strategies, while also helping to address gaps in microbiome research among underrepresented populations.}, }
@article {pmid41684446, year = {2026}, author = {Boot, W and Schläppi, M and Post, V and Moriarty, TF and Wahl, P}, title = {Gentamicin fails to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in vitro, even in combination with rifampin.}, journal = {Journal of bone and joint infection}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {65-76}, pmid = {41684446}, issn = {2206-3552}, abstract = {Introduction: Biofilm formation is one of the key elements making orthopaedic device-related infections (ODRIs) difficult to eradicate. Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin are frequently applied via local carriers, and systemic rifampin is added for its anti-biofilm activity. However, robust in vitro evidence of their ability to eradicate mature biofilm is limited. This study assessed whether gentamicin, alone or in combination with rifampin, can eradicate established Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in vitro. Methods: A clinical methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolate was grown as a 5 d old biofilm on a peg lid microtiter plate. Three exposure regimens were tested: (i) continuous exposure to gentamicin (15-2000 mg L[-1]) for 28 d, (ii) intermittent 2 h exposures twice daily (at 15, 250 and 2000 mg L[-1]) for 28 d to reflect systemic twice-daily dosing and (iii) a 14 d burst release starting at 2000 mg L[-1] with stepwise decline to model release from local carriers. Rifampin was either absent or added at 3.3 mg L[-1], approximating peri-implant concentrations from preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. Biofilm viability was quantified as colony-forming units (CFUs) from sonicated pegs, and selected surviving isolates underwent susceptibility testing. Results: Across all regimens, concentration- and time-dependent decreases in CFU counts were observed, but no regimen resulted in bacterial counts falling below the lower limit of detection (LLOD). The addition of rifampin did not result in the sustained enhancement of biofilm killing, and, in some regimens, resulted in higher CFU counts. Isolates recovered from culture-positive pegs remained largely susceptible to gentamicin, whereas rifampin resistance arose sporadically. Conclusion: High-dose gentamicin exposures failed to eradicate 5 d old S. aureus biofilm in vitro, whatever the administration regimen. Rifampin co-administration did not alter the final outcome of biofilm persistence, despite its well-recognised anti-biofilm activity. These findings challenge the reliance on aminoglycoside-loaded carriers as curative strategies for ODRIs and suggest that persistent viability may reflect antibiotic tolerance that may not be overcome by antibiotics alone.}, }
@article {pmid41680277, year = {2026}, author = {Doğrugören, R and Topsakal, KG and Aksoy, M and K Bakirhan, N and Şavluk, M and Ünal, N}, title = {Post-processing effects of Aloe vera on biofilm formation and physical properties of 3D-printed dental resins.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-39650-w}, pmid = {41680277}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41680091, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, P and Wang, R and Guo, R and Su, Z and Wu, Y and Xie, C}, title = {Antiseptic Susceptibility and Sub-Inhibitory Concentration-Induced Biofilm Response in Staphylococcus epidermidis from Abdominal Surgical Site Skin.}, journal = {Surgical infections}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {10962964261425154}, doi = {10.1177/10962964261425154}, pmid = {41680091}, issn = {1557-8674}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal skin pathogen, is a key pathogen in surgical site infections (SSIs). This study characterized clinical isolates obtained from an abdominal operation to guide decolonization therapy.<br><br>METHODS: In total, 146 S. epidermidis isolates obtained from pre-operative skin swabs of patients undergoing gynecological procedures were analyzed. PCR was performed to detect mecA, efflux pump genes (qacA/B, smr, etc.), and biofilm-associated genes (icaA-D, aap). Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolates were typed by multi-locus sequence typing. Broth microdilution was used to assess susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG). Biofilm formation was measured in the presence or absence of sub-inhibitory antiseptic exposure.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the isolates, 49.3% were MRSE, and 63.0% and 29.5% carried qacA/B and smr, respectively. MRSE showed higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values for both antiseptics. qac-positive strains exhibited significantly increased BAC MIC50 (1 vs. 0.25 &#xb5;g/mL; p < 0.001). Biofilm-forming isolates (16.4%) had three-fold higher BAC MIC50 (p < 0.01). Sub-MIC exposure to BAC/CHG induced biofilm formation in prior non-producers (p < 0.05); among these, 81.3% were qac-positive, and 62.5% were MRSE.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of MRSE and efflux genes contributed to antiseptic tolerance. Sub-inhibitory antiseptic concentrations may enhance biofilm formation in resistant strains, underscoring the need for optimized decolonization tactics to prevent SSI.}, }
@article {pmid41678751, year = {2026}, author = {Teng, A and Hu, Y and Cao, B}, title = {Engineering a High-Activity Photosensitive Synthase for Optogenetic Control of c-di-GMP and Biofilm Dynamics.}, journal = {ACS synthetic biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acssynbio.5c00775}, pmid = {41678751}, issn = {2161-5063}, abstract = {Bis(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) plays a crucial role in bacterial signaling pathways, allowing bacterial cells to respond to various environmental stimuli. The prevalence of c-di-GMP and its potential applications underscore the necessity for developing tools and methods to regulate intracellular c-di-GMP levels. Optogenetic control of c-di-GMP dynamics is particularly attractive because it enables tunable and spatiotemporal regulation of c-di-GMP metabolism. The development of sensitive optogenetic control systems requires highly active, light-responsive c-di-GMP synthases. Here, we report an engineered, highly active photosensitive c-di-GMP synthase, BphS-13. This engineered c-di-GMP synthase was developed from a near-infrared (NIR) light-activable bacteriophytochrome c-di-GMP synthase, BphS, using a three-step directed evolution process that included error-prone PCR, in vitro homologous recombination, and site-directed mutagenesis. After two rounds of this directed evolution strategy, we generated a BphS variant with 13 mutations, referred to as BphS-13. The diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity of BphS-13 was approximately 13 times higher than that of the original BphS, and it exhibited tightly regulated DGC activity in response to NIR light with minimal leakage in the dark. We then demonstrated the effectiveness of BphS-13 in controlling biofilm dynamics. Overall, this study highlights BphS-13 as a highly active and photosensitive tool for optogenetic applications in biotechnology and suggests its future potential application in mammalian systems for precise control of gene expression, particularly given the lack of native c-di-GMP signaling pathways in mammalian cells.}, }
@article {pmid41675679, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, J and Jia, S and Sun, R and Zhang, T and Cai, X and Song, M and Chen, L and Lin, H and Guan, S}, title = {MnOx-armored magnesium implants for anti-osteosarcoma and biofilm eradication by charge-transfer interference.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {37}, number = {}, pages = {102817}, pmid = {41675679}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Frequent tumor recurrence and postoperative bacterial infections after osteosarcoma surgery have increased the demand for advanced bone implants. Although magnesium and its alloys are considered promising candidates for next-generation bone implants, their clinical application remains limited due to inadequate corrosion resistance. In this work, manganese oxide (MnOx) nano-coatings with varying Mn[3+]/Mn[2+] ratios were fabricated on the surface of ZE21C alloys via heat treatment, effectively enhancing corrosion resistance. The MnOx nano-coatings consisted of multiple semiconductors with different Mn[3+]/Mn[2+] ratios, and Mn2O3 with a narrower band gap became the dominant phase with heat treatment, resulting in a significant improvement in the photothermal conversion performance. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that samples with higher Mn[3+]/Mn[2+] ratios disrupted redox homeostasis, inducing lipid peroxidation of biological membranes. Additionally, valence electrons in the semiconductors could be excited by NIR irradiation to generate photogenerated carriers, forming transmembrane electron-transfer channels with adhered tumor and bacterial cells, leading to structural membrane disruption and sustained antibacterial and tumor cell ablation. Furthermore, Mg alloys modified with MnOx nano-coatings exhibited excellent biocompatibility and did not inhibit mitochondrial function of normal cells. This work provides a broader range of options and practical solutions for developing intelligent bone tissue-engineering materials for postoperative osteosarcoma.}, }
@article {pmid41675305, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Hu, P and Yu, H and Furman, A and Habimana, O}, title = {Biofilm dynamics under salt exposure: insights from irrigation piping systems.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag001}, pmid = {41675305}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Global agricultural dependence on blended saline and freshwater irrigation mandates a mechanistic understanding of how salinity influences microbial biofilms within distribution networks, which are pivotal mediators of water quality and pathogen viability. Here, we examine the architectural, mechanical, and operational reactions of multi-species biofilms to saline exposure (0.6% NaCl) utilizing a regulated laboratory-scale irrigation model. Through a cohesive methodology combining confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, 16S rRNA sequencing, and meta-transcriptomics, we elucidate that salinity instigates a pivotal trade-off in biofilm maturation. While salt stress consistently suppressed live and dead cell biovolumes, it induced a significant enhancement of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), leading to a thicker, EPS-rich biofilm architecture. These saline biofilms exhibited a lower adhesive force and Young's modulus, indicating a softer and less sticky surface. A community analysis revealed a reduction in taxonomic heterogeneity, along with an increase in specialized taxa associated with hydrocarbon decomposition functionalities, such as Hydrogenophaga and Nakamurella. Consequently, transcriptomic characterization revealed substantial upregulation of genes implicated in lipid distribution, ionic equilibrium, and oxidative stress mitigation, in conjunction with a downregulation of intercellular adhesion pathways. Our findings reveal that salinity drives biofilm adaptation towards a protected, EPS-dominated state with a functionally specialized community, suggesting a potential increase in the resilience of biofilms and risk of pathogen shielding in saline irrigation systems.}, }
@article {pmid41673299, year = {2026}, author = {Smaje, D and Zhu, X and Hinton, JCD and Raval, R and Goodacre, R and Muhamadali, H}, title = {Investigating Salmonella biofilm responses to antibiotic treatment using optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-09655-2}, pmid = {41673299}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {BB/R012415/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; BB/X002950/1//Innovate UK/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are microbial communities of aggregated cells encased in extracellular matrix that are a pressing healthcare concern. Since biofilms have complex metabolic dynamics, in this study a new approach for studying biofilm metabolism is developed that employs optical-photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy imaging combined with [13]C stable isotope probing and cryosectioning to track the carbon metabolism of cells at different depths of the biofilm. This approach demonstrated that metabolic gradients can be visualised using O-PTIR imaging, revealing a core of cells with low metabolic activity at the centre of the biofilm, with outer regions showing significantly higher metabolic activity. By incorporating the heavy stable isotope of carbon into bacterial biomass, we monitored the metabolic activity of gentamicin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium within the biofilm structure upon exposure to various antibiotics. O-PTIR imaging revealed altered metabolic responses at various depths of the biofilm, with variations that depend on the bacterial antibiotic susceptibility profile.}, }
@article {pmid41671657, year = {2026}, author = {AlAhmari, FM and Lambarte, RNA and Sumague, TS and Vigilla, MGB and Shaheen, MY and Ajlan, S and Alssum, LR and Basudan, AM and Niazy, AA}, title = {An Oxygen-Releasing Mouthwash Reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilm and Suppresses fimA and hagA Expression.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {109432}, pmid = {41671657}, issn = {1875-595X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key periodontal pathogen whose biofilm and virulence limit the effectiveness of mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine (CHX). This study evaluated the antibacterial, antibiofilm and virulence effects of an oxygen-releasing mouthwash against P. gingivalis, complemented by in silico docking and cytotoxicity testing on human oral fibroblasts.<br><br>METHODS: P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was grown anaerobically. Minimum inhibitory (MIC), bactericidal (MBC) and biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) were determined by resazurin-based microdilution and crystal violet biofilm assays, with 0.12% CHX as control. Biofilm structure and viability were analysed by confocal microscopy. Quantitative PCR measured expression of 6 virulence- and biofilm-associated genes. Molecular docking of sodium perborate to protein targets used AutoDock GNINA. Fibroblast cytotoxicity (ISO 10993-5 threshold &#x2265;70% viability) was evaluated over 30 min to 24 h.<br><br>RESULTS: Bluem mouthwash showed concentration-dependent inhibition of P. gingivalis with minimum inhibitory (MIC), bactericidal (MBC) and biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) values of 0.78%, 1.56% and 3.12%, respectively. At 0.78%, biofilm biomass decreased to around 45% and at concentrations of &#x2265;3.12% was reduced to &#x2264;20%, with greater reduction than 0.12% CHX. Confocal imaging showed reduced biomass and thickness with a predominance of nonviable cells at higher concentrations. Bluem mouthwash was associated with downregulation of virulence-related genes, with fimA and hagA expression reduced at concentrations &#x2265;0.78%, whereas 0.12% CHX increased fimA expression. Molecular docking predicted moderate binding affinities of sodium perborate with key virulence proteins, including kgp and mfa1. Bluem concentrations &#x2264;0.78% maintained noncytotoxic fibroblast viability, while &#x2265;1.56% and 0.12% CHX were cytotoxic across all tested periods.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The oxygen-releasing mouthwash inhibited P. gingivalis biofilm formation, modulated virulence-associated gene expression and showed a wider noncytotoxic range on oral periodontal fibroblasts than chlorhexidine.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings on an oxygen-releasing mouthwash may help guide concentration selection and inform its potential adjunctive use in periodontal protocols, but clinical outcome studies are still needed before routine use can be recommended.}, }
@article {pmid41670123, year = {2026}, author = {Alencar, AA and Souza, LDG and Silva, LA and Lima, LO and Nogueira, PL and Oliveira Filho, AA and Guerra, FQS and Rocha, WPS and Castellano, LRC}, title = {Antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of patchouli essential oil (Pogostemon cablin) against oral isolates of Candida albicans.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {e293258}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.293258}, pmid = {41670123}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Pogostemon/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The Candida albicans species is part of the human microbiota and is associated with different types of infections. It is the most commonly isolated yeast in samples of oral cavity infections. The number of infections attributed to the Candida genus has grown significantly on a global scale and due to the rigorous and improper use of current antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance has also increased. Pogostemon cablin Benth., popularly known as patchouli, is a medicinal herb of great relevance, with several pharmacological properties reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal potential of P. cablin essential oil against 11 oral isolates of Candida albicans and a standard strain (ATCC90028). The chemical characterization of P.cablin was carried out using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and 19 molecules were identified, including patchouli alcohol (15.11%), Δ-Guaiene (9.85%), α-Guaiene (8.06%) and α-Patchoulene (5.03%). The antifungal activity was analyzed using the microdilution technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The mechanism of action of the possible antifungal activity of the phytocomplex in question was analyzed using the sorbitol and ergosterol assays. In addition, some virulence factors were also investigated, such as biofilm formation capacity and morphogenesis. P. cablin showed MIC and MFC values between 2 and 128 µg/mL for the strains tested. The results suggest that this activity occurs through the complexation of the oil's constituents with the ergosterol of the fungal membrane. The essential oil slightly reduced the Morphology Index (MI) of the strains tested. For the most filamentous strain, there was a significant decrease in filament length, from 285.0 µm to 220.5 µm. In the formation of biofilms, the essential oil showed a reduction of 26% to 59% at concentrations of 4 to 40 µg/mL and in the reduction of biofilms formed, the values ranged from 49% to 68%. The essential oil of P. cablin showed a complex chemical composition and significant activity on C. albicans, which was considered fungicidal for most of the strains tested. It is suggested that this antifungal action is due to the complexation of the essential oil with the ergosterol of the fungal plasma membrane. In addition, P. cablin acted on the formation and reduction of biofilm and also exerted an influence on the morphogenesis of Candida albicans.}, }
@article {pmid41668882, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Qi, J and Gu, L and Yi, S and Liu, Y and Zhang, K and Guo, L and Zuo, Z}, title = {Overexpression of the crp gene promotes biofilm formation and increases antibiotic resistance in bovine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1766955}, pmid = {41668882}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The multidrug resistance of bovine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant concern, with biofilm formation serving as a major factor in the escalation of antibiotic resistance. The function of cAMP receptor protein (CRP), which is encoded by the crp gene and acts as a central regulator of environmental sensing and virulence, remains unclear in pathogenic strains derived from livestock.<br><br>PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the influence of CRP overexpression on biofilm formation and antibiotic resistancein bovine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae, with a particular focus on its effect against cotrimoxazole.<br><br>METHODS: Recombinant strains with constitutive (Pkan) and inducible (Ptac) promoter-driven CRP overexpression were constructed using molecular cloning. Gene and protein expression were validated using RT-qPCR and immunoblotting analyses. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining, antibiotic susceptibility to 23 agents was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and metabolic burden was evaluated through growth curve analysis.<br><br>RESULT: The CRP-overexpressing strain (KAN group) showed a 2.9-fold increase in CRP protein expression (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.01) and a significant enhancement in biofilm formation (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.0001), without significant impact on bacterial growth. Notably, a reversal in antibiotic susceptibility was observed: while the wild-type strain was sensitive to cotrimoxazole (inhibition zone: 22&#x202f;mm), the CRP-overexpressing strain displayed complete resistance (inhibition zone: 7&#x202f;mm).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overexpression of CRP protein promotes biofilm formation and confers resistance to cotrimoxazole in bovine-derived Klebsiella pneumonia, indicating that CRP-mediated biofilm formation might be a key mechanism driving the observed cotrimoxazole resistance in this strain.}, }
@article {pmid41667443, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, D and Li, D and Su, L and Wang, DY and Ren, Y and van der Mei, HC and Shi, L and Chen, T and Busscher, HJ}, title = {Stimuli-responsive, antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers for oral biofilm control and microbiome restoration.}, journal = {International journal of oral science}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {17}, pmid = {41667443}, issn = {2049-3169}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; *Drug Carriers ; *Anti-Infective Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Mouth/microbiology ; Animals ; *Nanoparticles ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; }, abstract = {Nanotechnology has provided thousands of novel nano-antimicrobials possessing features uncommon in clinically available antimicrobials. Here, nanocarriers loaded with conventional antimicrobials and responding to environmental changes upon entry into oral biofilms are reviewed. Supra-gingival biofilms are characterized by acidic pH, the presence of bacterial enzymes, and the development of hypoxia in deeper layers. Sub-gingival biofilms are slightly alkaline, with hypoxia occurring over their entire depth. Upon entering biofilms, negatively charged, pH- and/or hypoxia-responsive nanocarriers become positively charged. This charge reversal leads to electrostatic double-layer attraction between positively charged nanocarriers towards negatively charged, water-filled channel walls in biofilms, enhancing their accumulation in a biofilm. Degradation of bacterial enzyme-responsive nanocarriers causes in-biofilm release of antimicrobial cargo, yielding higher local antimicrobial concentrations than can be achieved through their direct, oral administration without harming soft tissues. Enhanced antibiofilm activity after in-biofilm antimicrobial release from biofilm-responsive micelles and liposomes has been demonstrated in vitro towards single-species Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms or in vivo using specific-pathogen-free rodents inoculated with selected pathogens. This preferential antibacterial activity regulated the microbial composition of ex vivo human oral biofilm towards a more healthy microbiome composition. Although clinical confirmation is limited, the potential benefits of stimuli-responsive, antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers for oral biofilm control and microbiome restoration are worth further investigation towards clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid41666731, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Li, C and Chen, P and Bai, Z and Zhao, Z and Yuan, K and Wang, W and Zhu, F and Li, Z and Li, S}, title = {Treatment of coking wastewater in a biological enhanced coupled biological fluidized bed-biological filter process: Biofilm formation and refractory organics degradation.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {401}, number = {}, pages = {128951}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128951}, pmid = {41666731}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Coking wastewater (CWW) contains complex, highly toxic organic compounds, posing substantial environmental risks. Conventional treatments are often ineffective in removing refractory organics, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N). In this study, a laboratory-scale biofilm-enhanced biological fluidized bed-biological filter (BF-BFB) system was developed for the treatment of real CWW, using a microbial consortium bioaugmented with Comamonas sp. ZF-3 as the inoculum. Preliminary comparative experiments employing different types of wastewater were conducted to evaluate the applicability of bioaugmentation, and the results demonstrated superior performance under high-concentration conditions. The BF-BFB system was then operated with high-strength influent. The integrated system showed excellent treatment efficiency, reducing COD from 858.78 to 44.21 mg/L and NH4[+]-N from 70.04 to 0.48 mg/L. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that most refractory compounds, including phenol and pyridine, were completely degraded or significantly reduced. Dense and stable biofilms formed in all reactor units within 30 days, with average thicknesses of 171 μm in the facultative anaerobic biofilter, 175 μm in the aerobic fluidized bed, and 161 μm in the anaerobic biofilter. Microbial analysis revealed Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chlorobi as the dominant phyla. Simulated degradation experiments confirmed the high removal efficiency of phenol and pyridine, achieving nearly complete pyridine degradation. Based on the laboratory-scale findings, the BF-BFB system was successfully implemented in a full-scale coking wastewater treatment project in Yunnan, achieving COD and NH4[+]-N removal efficiencies exceeding 99%. This study provides an effective, scalable technical solution for treating coking wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41665726, year = {2026}, author = {Kumar, V and Srivastava, A and Agarwal, V}, title = {Anti-quorum, anti biofilm activity of FDA approved drugs against P. aeruginosa: in silico and in vitro studies.}, journal = {Biotechnology letters}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {35}, pmid = {41665726}, issn = {1573-6776}, support = {AMR/ADHOC/184/2019-ECD-II//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; United States ; Humans ; Computer Simulation ; }, abstract = {P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various nosocomial infections. The ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilms is one of the main factors contributing to its pathogenicity. Due to biofilm formation, bacteria get embedded in it and is able to withstand extreme environmental conditions like chemicals, UV, temperature, pH, salinity, and antibiotics. Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor associated with quorum sensing (QS), which is a cell-to-cell communication system that is influenced by cell density. P. aeruginosa is a notorious pathogen that is known to cause severe complications in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and immuno-compromised individuals in hospital setting as a result of biofilm formation. We might limit P. aeruginosa infection pathogenesis and biofilm formation if we can disrupt the signalling molecules involved in QS. In this study, we suggested that already-approved medications by the FDA could be employed as anti-quorum and anti-biofilm agents and potentially be helpful in curing P. aeruginosa associated infections. The anti-quorum and anti-biofilm properties of FDA-approved medications have been investigated here. We have also performed RT-PCR analysis and molecular docking experiments to assess the mechanism of action of these drugs. We have found that all four drugs have anti QS activity. Out of these four drugs Flurbiprofen was found to be more effective. RT data confirms that these drugs have significantly downregulated all four QS gene and therefore are able to inhibit the P. aeruginosa virulence factors. This study significantly opens up the new horizons for the development of novel therapeutics against P. aeruginosa and infections associated with it.}, }
@article {pmid41665193, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, SH and Kim, HM and Chung, DR and Ko, JH and Huh, K and Cho, SY and Kang, CI and Peck, KR}, title = {In vitro activity of double and triple antimicrobial combinations against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkag031}, pmid = {41665193}, issn = {1460-2091}, support = {SMX1230761//Future Medicine 2030 Project of the Samsung Medical Center/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Drug Synergism ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Colistin/pharmacology ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Drug Combinations ; Azabicyclo Compounds/pharmacology ; Ceftazidime/pharmacology ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common microorganism in chronic infections due to biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to compare the synergistic effects of antibiotic combinations against carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) in planktonic and biofilm-embedded states.<br><br>METHODS: Twelve CRPA bloodstream isolates from the Asian Bacterial Bank (2016-2018) were analysed. The minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) were determined using the peg lid system, and antimicrobial interactions were assessed using biofilm checkerboard assays, testing three double combinations (colistin-rifampin, colistin-imipenem, and rifampin-ceftazidime/avibactam) and two triple combinations (colistin-rifampin-imipenem and colistin-rifampin-ceftazidime/avibactam).<br><br>RESULTS: The MBEC values of all four antimicrobial agents (rifampin, colistin, imipenem, and ceftazidime/avibactam) were significantly higher than their corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration values (P&#x200a;<&#x200a;0.001). Although single agents required markedly elevated concentrations to eradicate CRPA biofilms, approximately half of the double and triple antimicrobial combinations demonstrated synergistic activity. In the biofilm phase, synergism rates were comparable between triple combinations (colistin-rifampin-ceftazidime/avibactam, 50%; colistin-rifampin-imipenem, 66%) and double combinations (colistin-rifampin, 42%; rifampin-ceftazidime/avibactam, 42%; colistin-imipenem, 66%). The triple combinations showed lower FBEC indices (colistin-rifampin-imipenem: median 0.17; colistin-rifampin-ceftazidime/avibactam: 0.34) than the corresponding double combinations (colistin-rifampin: 0.53; colistin-imipenem: 0.20; rifampin-ceftazidime/avibactam: 0.78), although these differences were not statistically significant.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides experimental evidence that antimicrobial combination therapy may offer advantages over single agents for CRPA biofilm eradication, supporting further investigation into the role of such regimens in biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41665031, year = {2026}, author = {Khalid, T and Rafey, HA and Mohammed, MMD and Rajput, TA and Ross, SA and Osman, AMA}, title = {Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus L.: Phytochemical Profiling, Toxicity, Biofilm Inhibition, and Antidiabetic Activity.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {e03322}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202503322}, pmid = {41665031}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Phytochemicals/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism ; *Asteraceae/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; }, abstract = {Chronic diabetes, often linked to oxidative stress and microbial infections, requires safer, multifunctional therapies. Parthenium hysterophorus L., a member of the Asteraceae family, has long been used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study explores its potential in managing diabetes and related complications. Chemical analysis revealed hydroxyl-rich compounds, such as phenols and phenolic acids, with a prominent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) band at 3378.8 cm[-1]. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and AQF fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity (IC50: 14.71 ± 0.64 and 33.4 ± 0.89 µg/mL) and significant antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentration: 312.5 µg/mL). Notably, the EAF fraction showed anti-biofilm activity (IC50: 3110 ± 0.10 µg/mL) and potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50: 0.112 ± 0.006 µg/mL). Molecular docking revealed that ferulic acid exhibited the highest binding affinity for the 3TOP transcriptional regulator's active site (-6.309 kcal/mol), while vanillic acid interacted robustly with the 2UV0 and 4F5S enzymes (docking scores: -6.299 and -6.161 kcal/mol). Cluster analysis confirmed stable binding clusters, particularly for ferulic acid. MD simulations revealed minimal RMSD fluctuations and favorable solvent accessible surface area (SASA) values, indicating stable complex formation and significant interaction stability. Ferulic acid showed the most favorable binding with the 3TOP enzyme, reinforced by hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. In case of pure compounds tested, ferulic acid demonstrated significant biofilm (IC50: 3.25 ± 0.54 µg/mL) as well as α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50: 0.067 ± 0.0013 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity assays on HEK293 (human embryonic kidney cells) showed no significant viability reduction at 2.5% concentration, but a 74% reduction at 10%, indicating dose-dependent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest P. hysterophorus L. as a promising natural source for multifunctional therapies targeting oxidative stress, infections, and hyperglycemia, with ferulic acid as a potent bioactive compound. Further studies on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are warranted to evaluate its therapeutic potential.}, }
@article {pmid41664943, year = {2026}, author = {Mandal, P and Mottram, NJ and Mcginty, S}, title = {Mathematical modelling of biofilm growth on medical implants incorporating nutrient-dependent phenotypic switching.}, journal = {Mathematical medicine and biology : a journal of the IMA}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/imammb/dqag002}, pmid = {41664943}, issn = {1477-8602}, abstract = {Biofilm infections on medical implants are difficult to eradicate because insufficient nutrient availability promotes antibiotic-tolerant persister cells that survive treatment and reseed growth. Existing mathematical models usually omit nutrient-dependent phenotypic switching between proliferative and persister states. Without this mechanism, models cannot capture how environmental conditions control the balance between active growth and dormancy, which is central to biofilm persistence. We present a continuum model that couples nutrient transport with the dynamics of proliferative bacteria, persisters, dead cells, and extracellular polymeric substances. The switching rates between proliferative and persister phenotypes depend on local nutrient concentration through two thresholds, enabling adaptation across nutrient-poor, intermediate, and nutrient-rich regimes. Simulations show that nutrient limitation produces a high and sustained proportion of persister cells even when biomass is reduced, whereas nutrient-rich conditions support reversion to proliferative growth and lead to greater biomass. The model also predicts that persister populations peak at times that vary with nutrient availability, and these peaks coincide with turning points in biofilm growth, identifying critical intervention windows. By directly linking nutrient availability to phenotypic switching, our model reveals mechanisms of biofilm persistence that earlier models could not capture, and it points toward strategies that target nutrient-driven adaptation as a means to improve the control of implant-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41664634, year = {2026}, author = {Deng, D and Chen, J and Meng, H and Wen, Y and Min, Y}, title = {AIE-active anthraquinone-derived sonosensitizers with enhanced reactive oxygen species generation for ultrasonic biofilm eradication.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {2556-2567}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb02280k}, pmid = {41664634}, issn = {2050-7518}, mesh = {*Anthraquinones/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ultrasonic Waves ; Molecular Structure ; }, abstract = {The development of highly efficient and biosafe sonosensitizers remains a significant challenge for sonodynamic antibacterial therapy. Herein, we report a novel class of aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active anthraquinone-derived sonosensitizers (AQ and EQ) engineered to overcome aggregation-caused quenching limitations. Through rational molecular design featuring twisted donor-acceptor-donor architectures and rotor-integrated anthraquinone cores, these sensitizers exhibit exceptional reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capabilities under low-intensity ultrasound irradiation. Nano-formulation with the biocompatible phospholipid DPPC further enhanced dispersibility and biofilm penetration capacity. The optimized sonosensitizer AQ@DPPC and EQ@DPPC demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy, achieving outstanding eradication of both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) biofilms at low concentrations (15 µM). This work establishes a new paradigm for designing AIE-enhanced organic sonosensitizers and provides a robust platform for ultrasound-activated antimicrobial applications, with significant potential for translation into non-thermal sterilization technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41664528, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, Y and Zhou, YX and Jia, LY and Song, XY and Lai, YJ and Liu, SY and Wang, SY and Laborda, P and Shi, XC}, title = {Roles of spoVF operon subunits A and B (dipicolinic acid synthase) in regulating cell morphology and biofilm formation in the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70634}, pmid = {41664528}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {32302433//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32172441//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 3251101410//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KFJN2440//Large Instruments Open Foundation of Nantong University/ ; 24KJB0017//Funded by Basic Research Program of Jiangsu/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The spoVF operon, encoding the dipicolinic acid (DPA) synthase, is critical for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. A recent study suggested that spoVF expression in vegetative cells promotes biofilm formation, yet the detailed regulatory pathways and the underlying metabolic connections remain to be fully elucidated.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, deletion of spoVF subunits spoVFA and spoVFB severely reduced DPA synthesis, downregulated mreB gene expression, and impaired biofilm formation, with mutant &#x394;A showing stronger effects than mutant &#x394;B. Although wild type B. subtilis 168 cells exhibited rod shape, double mutant &#x394;A&#x394;B cells were spherical. In the MT strain, engineered for enhanced spoVF expression during vegetative growth, the upregulation of key TCA cycle genes (e.g., citC) and glutamate synthesis genes (e.g., gltA) was observed. This metabolic reprogramming was accompanied by the promotion of Spo0A phosphorylation. The activated Spo0A~P then inhibited the SinR and AbrB repressors, which led to the activation of the eps and tasA biofilm operons. The MT strain showed superior stress tolerance to high temperature (42&#x2009;&#xb0;C), salt, acidic and alkaline pH, and UV-A and UV-B radiation. Additionally, the MT strain exhibited higher nutrient competition ability, and in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) storage root pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata compared to mutant &#x394;A, &#x394;B, and &#x394;A&#x394;B strains.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidates how the spoVF operon links the central metabolic pathways with B. subtilis cell morphology and biofilm formation, offering a novel target for engineering advanced Bacillus-based biocontrol agents. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41664488, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Xiong, LH and Tang, BZ and He, X}, title = {Engineering Bacteriophage Cocktail with Mutually Promoted Chemodynamic-Photodynamic Activity for Targeted and Synergistic Biofilm Eradication.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {6063-6080}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c19780}, pmid = {41664488}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Photochemotherapy ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/virology ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/physiology ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Glucose Oxidase/metabolism/chemistry ; Horseradish Peroxidase/chemistry/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilms formed by bacterial symbiosis significantly strengthen bacterial resistance to external interference and cause chronic infections. Herein, a chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) coarmed bacteriophage cocktail was developed to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by conjugating aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer (AIE PSs), glucose oxidase (GOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the bacteriophage surface. Leveraging the particular specificity of the bacteriophage toward host bacteria, the three conjugates can penetrate the biofilm and colocalize on the inner bacterial surface. When thus enriched, AIE PSs exhibited intensified fluorescence, enabling labeling and killing pathogens via photoirradiation-generated singlet oxygen. After combining AIE PSs with GOx/HRP, which can convert glucose nutrients into H2O2 and ultimately to hydroxyl radicals via cascade catalysis, the bactericidal efficiency was dramatically improved compared to individual phage-CDT (>468%) or phage-PDT (>290%) at the same PFU concentration of phage. The colocalized PSs and enzymes on the confined space of the bacterial surface are mutually promoted in the microenvironment of the biofilm, realizing synergistic enhancement. This strengthened bacteriophage cocktail offers an effective strategy for treating biofilm-related clinical superbug infections.}, }
@article {pmid41664062, year = {2026}, author = {Mokari, S and YousefiMashouf, R and Karami, P and Taheri, M}, title = {Genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-associated virulence in clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates from Hamedan, Iran.}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12879-026-12768-y}, pmid = {41664062}, issn = {1471-2334}, }
@article {pmid41663922, year = {2026}, author = {Moustafa, MW and El-Banna, TE and Sonbol, FI and El-Bouseary, MM}, title = {Fosfomycin at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration impairs biofilm and efflux pump activity in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41663922}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Fosfomycin/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae plays a critical role in hospital-acquired infections, which pose a serious threat globally. Older antibiotics such as fosfomycin are being reconsidered to combat MDR K. pneumoniae. In healthcare settings, bacteria are exposed frequently to antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs), which may alter their virulent characteristics. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of fosfomycin at sub-MICs on the virulence determinants of MDR K. pneumoniae.<br><br>METHODS: The effect of sub-MIC fosfomycin treatment on biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The cartwheel technique was employed to study efflux pump activity phenotypically. The expression of genes of biofilm (fimH, mrkD) and efflux pump (acrA, acrB) was determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also utilized to visualize the morphological changes.<br><br>RESULTS: The MIC of fosfomycin against K. pneumoniae MDR isolates ranged from 256 to 1024&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL. The biofilm formation ability of isolates (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;50) was reduced significantly (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) following the exposure to &#xbc; MIC of fosfomycin. CLSM analysis revealed disruption of biofilm structure, reduced thickness and density, and increased percentages of dead cells. RT-qPCR revealed 20-60% downregulation of fimH and mrkD and downexpression of acrA and acrB. SEM analysis showed pronounced morphological changes, including a characteristic cauliflower-like deformation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Fosfomycin at sub-inhibitory levels is able to disrupt biofilm architecture and the efflux pump activity in MDR K. pneumoniae, pointing to its possible role as an adjunct agent in combating antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41661391, year = {2026}, author = {Guchhait, KC and Dey, S and Panda, AK and Ghosh, C}, title = {Microbe-derived surfactant as promising Anti-Biofilm agent: current insights and future prospects.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41661391}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {Structured communities of microbial cells within an extracellular polymeric matrix, called biofilms are a significant cause of the persistence and severity of chronic infection. These biofilm-mediated infections pose significant complications in the treatment plans since they are more resistant to conventional antimicrobial drugs and they are also resistant to the host immune system. Hence, new approaches should be warranted over the traditional therapies to counter such infections. The use of biosurfactants is one of the promising strategies, as these amphiphilic molecules that are produced by microorganisms are present naturally and have strong antibiofilm capabilities. Biosurfactants, including rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, and lipopeptides, work in a range of ways, including interfering with the integrity of biofilms, modulation of microbial adhesion, and quorum sensing. This review discusses the biofilm characteristics and the step of biofilm development along with the detailed analyses of the major biosurfactants and their mechanisms of action as an alternative to the conventional therapy. Moreover, we have pointed out the most recent case studies on biosurfactants with their antibiofilm activities as well as biosurfactant-coated surfaces in biofilm prevention on medical devices to provide the new opportunities in managing biofilm-related infections. Overall, this review brings the better understanding about different biosurfactants to integrate it into clinical treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41660757, year = {2026}, author = {Sezer, B and Bilgiç, E and Ercan, UK and Karaman, O and Pulat, G}, title = {Dual-functional urinary PVC catheters via peptide surface modification for the prevention of biofilm formation and fibrotic response in vitro.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {2190-2203}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb02559a}, pmid = {41660757}, issn = {2050-7518}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Polyvinyl Chloride/chemistry/pharmacology ; Mice ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; *Urinary Catheters/microbiology ; Surface Properties ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Fibrosis/prevention &amp; control ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Prolonged urinary catheterization often leads to two major complications, bacterial biofilm formation and fibrotic tissue development, both of which hinder catheter function. However, current catheter designs fail to address these challenges simultaneously. In this study, the surface of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) catheter was conjugated with TetraF2W-RR, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) effective against drug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) strains, and DR8, an antifibrotic peptide (AFP) that inhibits excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) buildup to provide both antimicrobial and antifibrotic effects. Covalently co-immobilizing TetraF2W-RR and DR8 peptides onto PVC surfaces (PVC-AMP/AFP) via cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) created dual-functional urinary catheters that prevent biofilm formation by MRSA and MDRPA while diminishing fibrotic responses in vitro. PVC-AMP/AFP surfaces demonstrated strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity without harming NIH 3T3 cells. In a TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast model, PVC-AMP/AFP catheter groups significantly reduced fibrotic gene expression (COL1A1, FN1, ACTA2, and TGF-β1), lowered total collagen levels, and decreased COL1A1 and α-SMA expression by immunofluorescence staining. A wound healing assay in a TGF-β1-induced fibrotic fibroblast model further confirmed suppressed fibroblast migration in PVC-AMP/AFP catheter groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to simultaneously impart antibacterial and antifibrotic functionalities to PVC urinary catheters via covalent co-immobilization of AMP and AFP. This combined approach offers a promising strategy to improve the long-term safety and efficacy of indwelling urinary catheters and could be applied to a variety of implantable biomaterials.}, }
@article {pmid41659324, year = {2026}, author = {Shayghan Mehr, A and Fazlzadeh, M and Dargahi, A and Mokhtari, SA and Alighadri, M}, title = {Optimization of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) operation for biodegradation of Diuron herbicide and organic load removal from synthetic wastewater.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {7726-7743}, pmid = {41659324}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {This study evaluates the performance of a laboratory-scale Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) for the biological removal of the herbicide Diuron and simultaneous reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic wastewater. The reactor was operated under varying hydraulic retention times (HRT = 24, 48, and 72 h), carrier fill fractions (30%, 50%, and 70%), influent COD levels (500-1500 mg L[-1]), and Diuron concentrations (10-25 mg L[-1]). Results show that increasing HRT and carrier fill fraction significantly enhanced treatment efficiency. The highest Diuron removal (98.68%) and COD removal (93.4%) were achieved at HRT = 71.7 h, carrier fill fraction = 52.6%, organic load = 502.4 mg L[-1], and Diuron concentration = 10.13 mg L[-1]. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, p < 0.05) confirmed that HRT, fill fraction, Diuron concentration, and organic load all significantly influenced removal performance. Although the MBBR demonstrated high efficiency for Diuron degradation, residual concentrations under even optimal conditions (e.g., ∼212 µg L[-1] from 10 mg per L influent) remain well above regulatory thresholds (e.g., EU limit: 0.1 µg L[-1]), indicating that MBBR is best suited as a pre-treatment step prior to advanced polishing technologies. The system proved robust under elevated Diuron loads (up to 25 mg L[-1]) and variable organic loading, highlighting its potential for treating pesticide-laden industrial and agricultural effluents when integrated into a multi-barrier treatment train.}, }
@article {pmid41658093, year = {2026}, author = {Hakme da Silva, AM and Baptista, A and Albuquerque, VBS and de Moraes, J and Fortulan, CA and Fraga, MA and Gelamo, RV and Navarro, RS and Moreto, JA}, title = {Impact of Nb2O5 Coating Produced by Using the Reactive Sputtering Technique on Bacterial Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {5883-5893}, pmid = {41658093}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The reactive sputtering technique has been employed to deposit niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) thin films onto the surfaces of the Ti-6Al-4 V alloy, which is widely used in trauma care and tissue repair. This approach has shown significant potential in enhancing the alloy's resistance to uniform and localized corrosion, as well as improving its wear and fatigue performance. In this study, Nb2O5 thin films were deposited on Ti-6Al-4 V surfaces using reactive DC sputtering, and their biofilm-modulating effects were evaluated in the presence of artificial saliva (AS) and two clinically relevant bacteria strains(?)Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Gram-negative). The extent of biofilm coverage, expressed as a percentage, was quantitatively assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). This combined analytical approach allowed for detailed morphological examination of the biofilm's distribution. Results demonstrated that the uncoated Ti-6Al-4 V surfaces exhibited 99.83% organic retention after saliva exposure and up to 74.94% biofilm coverage with E. coli, while Ti-6Al-4 V/Nb2O5 specimens showed lower retention under the same conditions (85.11 and 51.10%, respectively). Notably, S. aureus adhesion was markedly reduced on the coated samples (67.42%) when compared to that on the AS sample (40.68%), suggesting species-specific modulation of bacterial colonization. These findings indicate that Nb2O5 coatings can alter the surface wettability and biofilm architecture, reducing nonspecific organic adsorption and selectively influencing bacterial adhesion. This study underscored the potential of Nb2O5 coatings for the development of multifunctional biomedical surfaces exhibiting both antimicrobial and biointeractive properties.}, }
@article {pmid41657994, year = {2025}, author = {Paul, A and Joardar, SN and Samanta, I and Batabyal, K and Dey, S and Ghosh, P and Wahed, AAE and Bardhan, R and Dhara, KC and Datta, S}, title = {Novel insights into antimicrobial-resistant, virulent and biofilm-forming Salmonella: Molecular and phenotypic evidence from duck at the human-animal-environment interface.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1753559}, pmid = {41657994}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The present study provides first time the comprehensive molecular and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial-resistant, biofilm-forming, and virulent Salmonella spp. isolated from apparently healthy ducks and their environments in West Bengal, India. A total of 462 samples from Indigenous, Khaki Campbell, and Pekin ducks yielded 436 isolates, of which 42.2% were ESBL producers carrying bla TEM (36.5%), bla CTX-M (20.6%), bla SHV (17.7%), and bla AmpC (32.6%). Sequence analysis revealed multiple clinically relevant alleles, including bla TEM -164, bla CTX-M -15, and bla SHV -45, underscoring their potential public health significance. The isolates were also screened for biofilm genes (csgA, sdiA, rpoS, rcsA), and the virulence gene invA. Biofilm-associated genes were widely distributed (csgA: 54.59%, sdiA: 52.52%, rpoS: 80.28%, rcsA: 63.76%), while 141 (32.34%) of isolates possessed the invA virulence marker. Of 26 selected strains, high multi-drug resistance was detected, mainly against tetracycline and cefixime. Phylogenetic analysis of ESBL gene sequences showed clustering across avian, animal, and clinical (human) Salmonella isolates, indicating potential interspecies transmission and evolutionary divergence. Notably, strong positive correlations were observed among biofilm formation, multidrug resistance, and virulence (τ = 0.656, ρ = 0.765, p < 0.001). Western blotting further identified two unique polypeptide markers (69 and 35 kDa) with diagnostic potential for detecting resistant, virulent, and biofilm-forming Salmonella. In short, these findings highlight, for the first time, duck as silent reservoirs of high-risk Salmonella strains, and propose novel protein markers to facilitate early detection at the human-animal-environment interface.}, }
@article {pmid41657986, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, M and Zhang, C and Jaiswal, Y and Xie, X and Huang, D and He, Z and Williams, L and Guan, Y and Bian, H and Song, X}, title = {JR20, a novel natural product-derived compound, exhibits potent anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1743534}, pmid = {41657986}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: JR20, a novel sesamin-derived arylnaphthalene lignan, has demonstrated potent antifungal activity. This study further investigates its antibacterial potential against MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).<br><br>METHODS: The highlights of this research include the use of SYTO9 and PI fluorescence double staining, along with three-dimensional confocal microscopy to reveal the thickness and viability of biofilms under JR0's influence. Additionally, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed to observe the morphological changes of MRSA under JR0's impact. By combining the observed reduction in ATP content within MRSA, a preliminary mechanism was hypothesized. In vivo anti-infection experiments were further conducted to evaluate the compound's biological activity in liver and spleen tissues of mice.<br><br>RESULTS: JR20 exhibited potent anti-MRSA activity (IC50 = 20.88 &#x3bc;g/mL). Mechanistic investigations revealed multi-level effects: confocal microscopy demonstrated altered biofilm thickness and viability; SEM/TEM confirmed distinct morphological changes in bacterial cells; And ATP content reduction indicated metabolic disruption. In vivo experiments validated these antibacterial effects and further revealed anti-inflammatory properties, underscoring JR0's therapeutic potential against MRSA infections.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study confirms JR0's potent anti-MRSA activity, clarifies its effects on biofilms and MRSA morphology, and proposes a preliminary mechanism by reduced ATP. JR20 demonstrates significant potential for combating drug-resistant bacteria and advancing antibiofilm drug discovery.}, }
@article {pmid41655799, year = {2026}, author = {Phatak, A and Rathod, D and Patel, K and Patil, RB and Mittal, S and Sangshetti, J and Patil, R}, title = {Multi-targeted antimicrobial action of Juglone against Proteus mirabilis biofilm and virulence.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {108367}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108367}, pmid = {41655799}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Proteus mirabilis is a uropathogen frequently implicated in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), largely due to its ability to form biofilms and express multiple virulence factors. The limitations of conventional antibiotics, along with increasing resistance rates, necessitate the exploration of natural compounds with broader antimicrobial mechanisms against such pathogens. This study investigated the antibiofilm and anti-virulence potential of Juglone, a phytochemical derived from Juglans regia, against P. mirabilis. A series of in vitro assays demonstrated that Juglone not only inhibited bacterial proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner but also significantly restricted biofilm formation, as visualized by FE-SEM, while simultaneously impairing motility and reducing the secretion of critical virulence-associated enzymes. Membrane depolarization and altered membrane fluidity indicated compromised bacterial envelope integrity. Gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR further revealed the downregulation of multiple adherence- and virulence-associated genes. Complementing these findings, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable interactions between Juglone and the MrpH adhesin protein, highlighting its potential to interfere with host attachment mechanisms. Importantly, untargeted LC-MS-based metabolomic profiling revealed widespread metabolic reprogramming in Juglone-treated P. mirabilis, characterized by enhanced oxidative stress, redox imbalance, and suppression of core biosynthetic and energy-generating pathways. Taken together, these findings establish Juglone as a promising multi-target antimicrobial agent against P. mirabilis, with potential applications in the prevention of catheter-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41654547, year = {2026}, author = {Malmi, H and Pakharukova, N and Paul, B and Tuittila, M and Ahmad, I and Knight, SD and Uhlin, BE and Ghosal, D and Zavialov, AV}, title = {Antiparallel stacking of Csu pili drives Acinetobacter baumannii 3D biofilm assembly.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-68860-z}, pmid = {41654547}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {Stipend 2025//Suomen Kulttuurirahasto (Finnish Cultural Foundation)/ ; Senior Research Fellow 2024//Sigrid Jus&#xe9;liuksen S&#xe4;&#xe4;ti&#xf6; (Sigrid Jus&#xe9;lius Foundation)/ ; 360760 and 360760//Academy of Finland (Suomen Akatemia)/ ; APP1196924//Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/ ; SMK21-0076//Kempestiftelserna (Kempe Foundations)/ ; 2019-01720 and 2020-06136//Svenska Forskningsr&#xe5;det Formas (Swedish Research Council Formas)/ ; }, abstract = {Many Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens rely on adhesive filaments, known as archaic chaperone-usher pili, to establish stress- and drug-resistant, multi-layered biofilms. Here, we uncover the mechanism by which these pili build three-dimensional (3D) biofilm architectures. In situ analyses of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms using electron microscopy (EM) reveal an extensive network of ultrathin, flat stacks of archaic Csu pili interconnecting bacterial cells in 3D space. Cryo-EM structures of a single native pilus, pilus pairs, and two types of multi-pilus stacks show that the pili pack into antiparallel sheets, with their rods connected laterally by junctions at their zigzag corners. This antiparallel arrangement ensures that contacts form primarily between pili from interacting cells rather than pili from the same cell. With a remarkably short helical repeat, archaic chaperone-usher pili spontaneously establish a high density of junctions that determines the biofilm's 3D architecture. Our findings may help develop new therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections by targeting pilus-pilus interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41653623, year = {2026}, author = {Pasupulety, L and Zaki, MI and Lakshmi, AN}, title = {Biofilm inhibition and microbial corrosion protection of carbon steel by a green surfactant based novel ZnO nanofluid.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {109240}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109240}, pmid = {41653623}, issn = {1878-562X}, abstract = {A stable nanofluid containing ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and a plant-based surfactant, soapnut, was synthesized and its composite nature established by thermogravimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. Its effectiveness as a microbially induced corrosion (MIC) inhibitor was investigated. Gravimetric and electrochemical techniques-potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, revealed a reduction in corrosion rates (from 31.63 to 1.17 mils/year), achieving an inhibition efficiency of up to 97% at a low nanofluid concentration of 4 vol%. Both the components- ZnO NPs and the soapnut extract (SN) exhibited pronounced bactericidal activity, leading to effective suppression of biofilm formation, as confirmed by biofilm inhibition assays (78%) and confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. The amphiphilic nature of SN, together with the high surface availability of ZnO NPs, enhanced inhibitor adsorption on the metal surface which was supported by adsorption studies and surface analyses- field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX. In the synthesized composite, SN acting as a ligand, prevented aggregation of ZnO NPs and thereby improved surface coverage and stability. Overall, the synergistic interaction between SN and ZnO NPs produced an environmentally benign nanofluid with strong potential for mitigating MIC in petrochemical pipeline systems.}, }
@article {pmid41653262, year = {2026}, author = {Khambhati, K and Chaudhari, H and Patel, V and Ahire, P and Gohil, N and Bhattacharjee, G and Alzahrani, KJ and Ramakrishna, S and Maurya, R and Singh, V}, title = {Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Traditional Medicinal Herb Phyllanthus Maderaspatensis for their Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Activities.}, journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41653262}, issn = {1559-0291}, support = {TU-DSPP-2024-05//Taif University/ ; 2021M3A9H3015390//National Science Foundation Korea/ ; SUR/2022/001937//Anusandhan National Science Foundation, India/ ; }, abstract = {The misuse of antibiotics has led to the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, posing a significant threat to global health. The shortcoming of new antibiotics with novel mode of action augments this challenge. Nanoparticles, particularly synthesized through green synthesis methods, have emerged as promising agents to combat the growing issue of MDR. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using seed extract from the traditional medicinal herbaceous plant Phyllanthus maderaspatensis (PM). AgNPs were synthesized by mixing the PM seed extract (PMSE) with 3 mM silver nitrate at 80 °C for 15 min, followed by precipitation using acetone and drying at 70 °C. Characterization of the derived AgNPs with UV spectroscopy resulted absorption maximum at 430 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the capping of functional moieties such as alcohol, amine, aldehyde, alkene and halo to their surfaces. SEM and TEM analysis disclosed the spherical and quasi-spherical shaped nanoparticles, with smooth surface and notable lattice fringes appearance. The size of AgNPs ranges from ~ 5 nm to ~ 78 nm in diameter. The synthesised nanoparticles happen to be highly stable as deduced via mean zeta potential of -37.9 mV. XRD and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the synthesized AgNPs conforms the presence of silver in the synthesised nanoparticles. The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized AgNPs against different bacterial strains provides minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 150 to 225 µg/mL. Additionally, the AgNPs also exhibited outstanding anti-biofilm capabilities. Crystal violet uptake assay and light microscopy studies indicates that membrane disruption contributes to their bactericidal effect. Altogether, the utilization of PMSE as a reducing agent holds promise as a cost-effective, scalable, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional AgNP synthesis methods. This PMSE derived AgNPs demonstrate strong potential for broad applications namely in agriculture for management of PM seeds and across medicine such as development of anti-bacterial coating or as an active ingredient in wound dressing.}, }
@article {pmid41652509, year = {2026}, author = {Matthews, E and Moravek, A and Harper, D and Wilkinson, S and Bohutskyi, P and Sims, RC and Miller, CD and Buecherl, L}, title = {Rotating algal biofilm reactors retain core microbial communities during scale-up.}, journal = {Journal of biological engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13036-026-00635-y}, pmid = {41652509}, issn = {1754-1611}, }
@article {pmid41651879, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, SC and Hu, PF and Wei, SM and Li, XL and Yang, QQ and Wong, KH and Zhang, BB}, title = {Food-grade Lacticaseibacillus paracasei postbiotics suppress oral Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and cariogenicity.}, journal = {NPJ science of food}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41538-026-00742-6}, pmid = {41651879}, issn = {2396-8370}, support = {32472313//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Dental caries is a highly prevalent non-communicable disease driven by dysbiosis of the oral microbiota, in which Streptococcus (S.) mutans plays a keystone role. We discovered that cell-free supernatant (CFS) from food-associated Lacticaseibacillus (L.) paracasei disrupts S. mutans membranes, causing leakage, reduced viability, and decreased surface hydrophobicity. CFS also inhibits biofilms by decreasing biomass, metabolic activity, chain length, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) accumulation. Neutralization experiments revealed organic acids as the primary antibacterial factors: activity weakened at pH > 6 but remained stable after heating and long-term storage. In a hydroxyapatite disc model, CFS markedly suppressed biofilm formation and reduced free calcium release, indicating lower cariogenic potential. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of virulence and quorum-sensing genes (including stsR, gbpA, gbpB, scrB, ldh, aguB, atpA, atpD, luxS, ciaR, ciaH, and ciaX), while metabolomic studies identified creatine and phosphoenolpyruvate as key metabolites linked to these pathways. Our findings demonstrate that L. paracasei postbiotics can act as stable, food-compatible ingredients to modulate cariogenic biofilms, providing a mechanistic basis for developing next-generation postbiotic-based oral care and functional food products. This work connects the science of food-derived postbiotics with oral health, contributing to a One Health approach to caries prevention.}, }
@article {pmid41651183, year = {2026}, author = {Lach, CE and Silveira, DD and Belli, TJ and Lapolli, FR and Lobo-Recio, M&#xc1;}, title = {Bioelectrochemical hybrid system integrating anodic biofilm and cathodic Fenton into a microbial fuel cell for multifunctional treatment of azo dye wastewater.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {446}, number = {}, pages = {134149}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134149}, pmid = {41651183}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Azo Compounds/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bioelectric Energy Sources/microbiology ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; Electrodes ; *Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry ; *Coloring Agents/isolation &amp; purification ; *Water Purification/methods ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification ; *Iron/chemistry ; *Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxidation-Reduction ; }, abstract = {This study investigates a hybrid bioelectrochemical system that integrates an anodic biofilm (ABF) with a cathodic bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) process for the treatment of azo-dye-containing wastewater. Three operational strategies were evaluated by varying the RBV-5R/acetate ratio and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Under optimal conditions (20 mg L[-1] RBV-5R, 0.25 g L[-1] acetate, 6 h/12 h ABF/BEF), the system achieved a power density of 73.3 mW m[-2] and in situ H2O2 generation of 12.3 ± 0.2 mg L[-1], resulting in high removals of color (99.8%), COD (79.6%,), and a marked reduction in phytotoxicity after pH neutralization. Unlike conventional MFC-BEF configurations, this work demonstrates a redox-sequential, self-powered ABF + BEF architecture in which the anodic biofilm serves as an active pretreatment stage prior to oxidative polishing. These results highlight the potential of this integrated platform as a sustainable strategy for advanced wastewater treatment of azo dyes.}, }
@article {pmid41648539, year = {2026}, author = {van Wijngaarden, EW and Brunette, MP and Goetsch, AG and Brito, IL and Hershey, DM and Silberstein, MN}, title = {Rheinheimera sp. T2C2 Bacterial Biofilm for Bioremediation of Cobalt (II).}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41648539}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R35 GM150652/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Toxic metals, including cobalt, are often the cause of contamination of rivers and lakes in mining regions. Heavy metal water pollution has been linked to numerous human health problems, prompting the need for environmental remediation. Existing techniques for removing heavy metals from water, such as chemical precipitation and filtration, produce toxic waste, are costly, or require high power consumption for pumping. Biosorption is a potential alternative strategy that is cost-effective and uses readily available and naturally produced biomass and living material to absorb pollutants. Engineering living materials, such as biofilms, which consist of living cells and a secreted polymer matrix, offer potential to integrate toxin sensing, sequestration, and metabolism capabilities of cells to improve pollution remediation strategies. New biofilm producing candidates need to be explored to implement these material capabilities. Previous biosorption studies have primarily used bacterial biofilms from known pathogens and/or generate toxic waste in the form of the absorbent material combined with the heavy metal. Here, we describe a newly isolated bacterium called Rheinheimera sp. T2C2 that forms biofilms with promising biosorption characteristics. T2C2 is a non-pathogenic, aquatic bacterium with low nutrient requirements and high biofilm production. We demonstrate 1) the efficacy of Rheinheimera sp. T2C2 as a biosorbent for cobalt bioremediation; 2) how biosorption is altered by water conditions to establish the efficacy of this strategy in different environments; and 3) how the metal can be released from the biofilm for metal recycling. Our findings will provide a living materials strategy that overcomes existing barriers for bioremediation, and improve the health of ecosystems and humans through heavy metal removal and recycling.}, }
@article {pmid41648023, year = {2025}, author = {Nir, I and Sharaby, A and Barak, H and Pavan, MJ and Friedlander, LR and Multanen, V and Kushmaro, A}, title = {Extensive biofilm covering on sgraffito wall art: a call for proactive monitoring.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1664404}, pmid = {41648023}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The study focuses on a black and white sgraffito decoration attached to a cement exterior wall in Kibbutz Yiftach, Israel. Since its creation in 1971, the artwork has experienced weathering processes, resulting in peeling, flaking, and the development of a microbial layer on the wall art decoration. Before its restoration in 2022, this study was initiated, aiming to address three primary questions: What is the composition of the microbial communities? What is the distribution of these microbial communities throughout the wall, and how do they interact with the substrate materials?<br><br>METHODS: Complementary methods, including mineral analysis, microscopic observations, and molecular techniques, were implemented to answer the study questions.<br><br>RESULTS: Five main groups of bacteria (e.g., Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Chloroflexi), as well as various types of fungi, were revealed. Nevertheless, although the same phyla were detected across samples, each displayed distinct diversity at the order level. Microscopic observations revealed the attachment of microbial components to both the porous plaster and the rough cement.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The study shows a well-developed microbial coating with a localized colonization pattern, underscoring the need for continued long-term monitoring of both the wall-art materials and their environmental conditions to support data-driven conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41648010, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, K and Hao, H and Zhang, K and Li, K and Li, Y and Andrews, M and Zhang, H and Feng, Z and Zhang, J}, title = {motA-mediated flagellar motility modulates biofilm formation and competitive nodulation in Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA 3378.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1743961}, pmid = {41648010}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The introduced rhizobial inoculum M. ciceri USDA 3378 demonstrates a significant competitive advantage over the indigenous M. muleiense CCBAU 83963 for nodulating chickpea in newly established planting areas in China. Previous genomic analyses revealed that USDA 3378 possesses a greater number of genes related to cell movement and flagella production compared to CCBAU 83963. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the expression of the flagella-associated gene motA (flagellar motor protein) significantly changed under symbiotic conditions. Although the genome of M. ciceri USDA 3378 contains the motA gene, its biological function within this strain has not been previously reported. In this study, we constructed a motA mutant (ΔmotA-3378) in USDA 3378 using homologous recombination and biparental conjugation methods to assess the differences in bacterial structure, growth, motility, exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation, and competitive nodulation ability between the wild type and the mutant. Experimental results showed that the ΔmotA-3378 mutant was unable to produce flagella, leading to reduced motility, diminished biofilm formation, and lower exopolysaccharide production. In competitive nodulation with wild-type USDA 3378, the ΔmotA-3378 mutant's nodule occupancy was 40.43 %. Furthermore, its competitive nodulation advantage against CCBAU 83963 decreased from 100 % (achieved by wild-type USDA 3378) to 94.6 %. These findings indicate that the motA gene plays a crucial role in the motility, exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation, and competitive nodulation ability of M. ciceri USDA 3378.}, }
@article {pmid41647768, year = {2025}, author = {Kumari, S and Rain, Z and Prakash, P and Kumar, D and Gupta, MK and Singh, AK and Tilak, R}, title = {Iron modulation drives biofilm formation and virulence enzyme production in emerging clinical Candida species: implications for diagnostics and therapeutics.}, journal = {Frontiers in fungal biology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1746357}, pmid = {41647768}, issn = {2673-6128}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The changing epidemiology of candidemia indicates a rise in non-albicans Candida species, especially resistant Candida auris and emerging Candida utilis. Although iron impacts fungal virulence, its role in these species remains poorly understood. This study investigates how manipulating iron levels influences biofilm formation, virulence enzymes, and antifungal susceptibility in clinical isolates.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 216 isolates of Candida utilis, Candida albicans, and Candida auris from bloodstream infections over two years were identified via phenotypic methods, MALDI-TOF MS, VITEK 2, and 18S rRNA PCR. Susceptibility was tested using disc diffusion and broth microdilution with ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). Virulence enzyme activities and biofilm formation were assessed under iron-rich and control conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: Candida auris showed multidrug resistance, especially to fluconazole and caspofungin, with iron increasing caspofungin MICs up to 16-fold. Candida utilis exhibited strong biofilm formation and increased phospholipase and proteinase activities in the presence of FeSO4, and also showed 4- to 32-fold increases in fluconazole resistance. Biofilm biomass was unaffected by iron, but enzyme activities varied by species and enzyme. Candida albicans had high proteinase and haemolysin activity but responded minimally to iron.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Iron differentially influences virulence-associated traits (biofilm-related enzyme activities) and antifungal resistance across these Candida species. C. utilis exhibits iron-responsive increases in phospholipase and proteinase activities together with amplified azole resistance, while C. auris shows iron-linked enhancement of echinocandin resistance and sustained expression of key virulence-associated enzymes. These results underscore the importance of accounting for host iron levels and species-specific responses when managing candidemia and indicate the potential for therapies targeting iron.}, }
@article {pmid41646428, year = {2026}, author = {Lima, RD and Bauer, OR and Pauer, H and Hajiarbabi, K and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Ferreira, RBR}, title = {Cutibacterium acnes inhibits Staphylococcus lugdunensis biofilm formation through inhibition of autolysis and purine biosynthesis.}, journal = {Research square}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41646428}, issn = {2693-5015}, support = {P20 GM113117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Cutibacterium acnes is a predominant member of the human skin microbiome that plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and protecting the host against pathogen colonization. Staphylococcus lugdunensis, while also a resident of the skin microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing severe infections, associated with its ability to form biofilms. Building on our previous observation that C. acnes secretes molecules capable of inhibiting S. lugdunensis biofilm formation without inhibiting planktonic growth, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and its impact on pathogenicity. Here, we demonstrate that cell-free supernatants from various C. acnes strains exhibit dose-dependent antibiofilm activity targeting the initial stages of S. lugdunensis biofilm development. Additionally, extracellular molecules from C. acnescultures significantly reduced the ability of S. lugdunensis to adhere to and invade human epithelial cells (A549) and to adhere to keratinocytes (HaCaT). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that C. acnes-derived molecules significantly repressed the expression of genes involved in purine biosynthesis in S. lugdunensis, while inducing the expression of the negative regulators of autolysis, lrgA and lrgB. Functional assays confirmed that C. acnes-derived molecules inhibit autolysis and extracellular DNA (eDNA) release by S. lugdunensis. Crucially, the addition of exogenous guanine suppressed the effect of C. acnes molecules on both biofilm formation and lrgA gene expression. Collectively, our data indicate that C. acnes molecules inhibit S. lugdunensisbiofilm formation by depleting the intracellular guanine pool, which leads to repression of autolysis, thereby reducing the release of eDNA essential for biofilm structural integrity. These findings underscore the potential of exploiting interspecies microbiome interactions to better understand their role in pathogen exclusion.}, }
@article {pmid41645117, year = {2026}, author = {Kattner, S and Hochreiter, M and Dörr, AK and Engler, A and Möhlen, H and Freitag, V and Pawlytta, K and Brenner, T and Meyer, F and Kraiselburd, I}, title = {Biofilm formation on venovenous ECMO cannulas can lead to re-introduction of pathogens during the decannulation process - a small-scale study reveals new insights when combining cultures and molecular results.}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {273}, pmid = {41645117}, issn = {1471-2334}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulas are potential reservoirs for pathogens, yet their role in bacteremia and sepsis following decannulation remains poorly understood. This proof-of-concept study aims to characterize bacterial colonization of ECMO cannulas, identify potential sources of these bacteria, and assess their association with post-decannulation bloodstream infections and sepsis.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a single-center observational study including 10 patients receiving venovenous ECMO support between January 2022 and January 2023. Microbial colonization of cannulas, skin sites, and plasma was analyzed using culture-based methods and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed, and findings were correlated with clinical outcomes, including sepsis and bacteremia.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 117 samples yielded&#x2009;~&#x2009;11&#xa0;million sequencing reads. Bacteria colonizing ECMO cannulas matched pathogens causing prior bacteremia during ECMO support in all affected patients. Bacteria detected on cannulas and insertion sites were frequently recovered in plasma following decannulation. Notably, 16S rDNA analysis detected circulating pathogens that conventional cultures missed, often those from prior infections that were thought to be eradicated by antibiotics. Patients who developed sepsis post-decannulation exhibited higher bacterial diversity on cannulas and a higher overall abundance of Pseudomonas, while non-septic patients had greater Enterococcus abundance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that ECMO cannulas serve as pathogen reservoirs, with decannulation enabling bacterial translocation into the bloodstream and contributing to post-decannulation sepsis. 16S rDNA sequencing exhibited greater sensitivity than cultures for detecting bloodstream pathogens. These findings support re-assessment of prophylactic measures during ECMO decannulation and lay the groundwork for developing early sepsis risk stratification tools.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-026-12731-x.}, }
@article {pmid41644633, year = {2026}, author = {Rodriguez-Alvarez, JS and Xu, Y and Gutierrez-Aceves, J and De, S and W Miller, A and Krishna, V}, title = {Broad spectrum antimicrobial nanoparticles with low toxicity to prevent biofilm formation on urologic devices.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41644633}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Glickman Urology Fellowship//Cleveland Clinic/ ; Caregiver Catalyst Award//Cleveland Clinic Foundation/ ; Seed Funds//Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Antimicrobial coatings for medical implants are critical in preventing device failures and infections. Antibiotics are often used as prophylactic or coatings but fail to prevent biofilm formation and drive antibiotic resistance. Herein, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of different polyhydroxy fullerene-based metal nanoparticle coatings on polyurethane discs were quantified after exposure to Escherichia coli. Gold-silver nanoparticles (GSNP) exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to other silver-containing nanoparticles. GSNPs were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ureteral stents and inflatable penile prostheses and achieved 100% reduction of all tested urologic pathogens at physiological relevant bacterial loads (p < 0.0001). GSNPs inactivate bacteria by reactive oxygen species production with the estimated minimum inhibitory concentrations slightly higher for Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria with highest observed for S. epidermidis at 2.23 µg/mL. Safety studies with fibroblasts demonstrate that GSNPs at estimated minimum inhibitory concentrations have minimal effect (< 20%) on cell viability. Further, the GSNPs were able to reduce bacteria by six logs more than commercial nanoparticles. GSNPs represent a promising strategy for preventing biofilm formation on medical devices and implants due to their broad antibacterial activity and low toxicity.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-36969-2.}, }
@article {pmid41644069, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, J and Li, S and Ma, S and Jiang, P and Riaz, A and Feng, F and Niu, H and He, J}, title = {Cyclic dipeptides inhibit Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and virulence via agr-quorum sensing, ica, and sarA pathways.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {108359}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108359}, pmid = {41644069}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen mainly involved in chronic biofilm-related infections, especially at epithelial surfaces and wound sites, owing to its ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms and release virulence factors. Conventional antibiotics often fail to eradicate established biofilms and may contribute to the emergence of drug resistance, underscoring the urgent need for alternative biofilm-inhibiting and antivirulence strategies. Herein, we synthesized several dicyclic peptides, including cyclo(L-Phe, L-Hyp) and its stereoisomers cyclo(L-Phe, D-Hyp) and cyclo(D-Phe, L-Hyp), to evaluate their ability to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation. All cyclic dipeptides exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 mg/mL. Biofilm inhibition was assessed via crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. At 0.5 mg/mL (1/2 MIC), the compounds exhibited superior inhibition of 24 h biofilm formation compared with vancomycin, with cyclo(L-Phe, D-Hyp) showing the most profound inhibitory activity. qRT-PCR revealed that at 0.25 mg/mL (1/4 MIC), cyclo(L-Phe, D-Hyp) significantly downregulated the expression of the Agr-quorum-sensing system (RNAIII: -75.7%; hla: -61.7%; psm-α: -73.3%), the ica operon (icaA: -71%; icaD: -76.7%), and sarA (-69.3%) (P < 0.0001). Notably, cyclo(L-Phe, D-Hyp) showed low cytotoxicity (CC50 = 5.13 ± 0.27 mg/mL) and negligible hemolysis (<1 %) at twice its MIC, indicating a favorable safety margin for antimicrobial use. These cyclo dipeptides can be formulated for topical delivery to sites such as skin, mucosa, or open wounds, providing a practical approach for localized treatment of biofilm-associated infections. These findings identify cyclo(L-Phe, D-Hyp) as a promising lead for the development of topical anti-infective agents targeting chronic S. aureus biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41643609, year = {2026}, author = {Dykes, C and Pearson, J and Bending, G and Abolfathi, S}, title = {Biofilm growth is insufficient to retain large buoyant microplastics in constructed wetlands.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {504}, number = {}, pages = {141265}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141265}, pmid = {41643609}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Microplastics/analysis/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Polystyrenes/chemistry ; Biomass ; Polyethylene/chemistry ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants, with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as principal hotspots for their release into downstream systems, including constructed wetlands (CWs), a nature-based solution for water treatment. While non-buoyant MPs readily settle, buoyant MPs risk bypassing CWs and entering aquatic environments. Biofilm formation could influence MP transport by altering buoyancy, promoting sinking, and enhancing MP retention, yet its role in CWs remains unknown. This study, for the first time, quantifies the effects of MP polymer type, particle characteristics, exposure time, and seasonality on biofilm colonisation and its impact on terminal rising velocities of initially buoyant MPs in a UK-based CW receiving partially treated wastewater. Polypropylene (PP), expanded polystyrene (PS), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) particles (3-5 mm) in spherical, beaded, and film shapes were incubated in situ over 12 months. Sampling followed two approaches: (1) a rolling bi-monthly schedule to capture seasonal variation, and (2) a long-term deployment with subsets retrieved every two months. Biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining, surface characteristics were captured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and terminal rising velocity experiments measured buoyancy changes. Biofilm growth showed strong seasonality, with peak biomass in late spring showing up to a 1972 % increase compared to winter. Despite widespread colonisation, changes in terminal rising velocity were minimal and largely non-significant (p < 0.05), indicating that biofilm formation alone is insufficient to retain initially buoyant MPs in CWs. These findings are crucial for deriving MP transport models and challenge assumptions that biofilm-induced density changes drive MP retention in CWs.}, }
@article {pmid41642439, year = {2026}, author = {Tortamano, ACAC and Kassa, CT and Magalhães, FD and Ferreira, GF and de Holanda Lima, S and Pavani, C and Rodriguez, VS and Kato, IT and Wainwright, M and Prates, RA}, title = {Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Butyl toluidine blue O for inactivation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm.}, journal = {Photochemical &amp; photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41642439}, issn = {1474-9092}, abstract = {As an adjunctive intervention to mechanical periodontal treatment, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy aims to induce the production of reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing microbial infection. Butyl toluidine blue O, a novel photosensitizer from the phenothiazine family, was developed through physicochemical modifications of the structure of toluidine blue, demonstrating decreased aggregation and increased singlet oxygen production and lipophilicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of butyl toluidine blue O on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. A biofilm was grown on bovine dental samples, followed by the application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. The experimental design included the following groups: Control, Light, incubation with PS without irradiation (0), and three aPDT groups (1, 3, or 5 min of irradiation time duration). A laser with a wavelength of 660 nm and 100 mW of radiant power was employed. After the procedures, the samples were cultivated under microaerophilic conditions, counted, and converted into colony-forming units for analysis and comparison. The samples exhibiting statistically significant differences were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrobial photodymanic therapy with 5 min irradiation period achieved a 99.99% reduction in biofilm microbial load. In conclusion, the approach mediated by butyl toluidine blue O demonstrated efficacy against A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid41641988, year = {2026}, author = {Kenzaka, T and Ichijo, T and Yamazaki, T}, title = {High extracellular polymeric substance production and biofilm-forming capacity of Ralstonia pickettii isolates from ISS potable water.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0291325}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02913-25}, pmid = {41641988}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {The potable water dispenser (PWD) system plays a critical role as a source of drinking water for astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS). In this study, we examined the bioburden in the potable water produced by the PWD. The amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the PWD water was approximately 19 or 55 times greater than the bacterial count, and the EPS biomass accounted for approximately 24% or 86% of the bacterial biomass. Ralstonia pickettii consistently comprised approximately 70% or 80% of the bacteria for 3 years. Under simulated microgravity conditions, the isolated R. pickettii strains exhibited higher cell and EPS concentrations and higher total volume concentrations (average volume multiplied by concentration) of cell and EPS than under 1G conditions, whereas the average cell volume was smaller and the average EPS volume was larger. The ISS isolates showed higher EPS production and biofilm-formation abilities than terrestrial strains under nutrient-rich conditions and possessed high biofilm-formation ability comparable to those of terrestrial strains under nutrient-poor conditions. The ability of R. pickettii to produce EPS may play a crucial role in its adaptation to the water environment on the ISS.IMPORTANCEIn space habitation environments, the use of recycled water is indispensable, and ensuring its microbiological safety is essential. In this study, we elucidated the microbiological characteristics of water from the potable water dispenser (PWD) on the International Space Station (ISS). Our findings revealed that bacteria of the Ralstonia pickettii are the predominant species in PWD water and that extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) constitute a large proportion of the biomass. Furthermore, the isolated R. pickettii was shown to possess high EPS production ability and strong biofilm-forming capacity. Since EPS plays a crucial role in biofilm formation, these abilities may be important factors enabling R. pickettii to adapt to the water environment of the ISS.}, }
@article {pmid41637976, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, YN and Hu, Y and Cao, B}, title = {Controlling biofilm dynamics to unlock the future of biofilm-based biocatalysis.}, journal = {Current opinion in biotechnology}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {103447}, doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103447}, pmid = {41637976}, issn = {1879-0429}, abstract = {Biofilms have emerged as promising biocatalysts due to their distinct structural and functional advantages. Since biofilm dynamics shape biofilm architecture and catalytic performance, engineering strategies to control these dynamics are key to improving biofilm-based catalysis. In this review, we outline the fundamental features and catalytic benefits of biofilms, with a focus on biofilm dynamics. We highlight recent advances in regulatory strategies, from the manipulation of biofilm-associated genes to the design of synthetic circuits based on signaling networks that govern biofilm development. We further discuss current challenges, including limited regulatory efficiency, restricted applicability beyond model organisms, and the need for biofilm functional enhancement. Collectively, these insights position the control of biofilm dynamics as a frontier for advancing next-generation biofilm-based biocatalysis.}, }
@article {pmid41636982, year = {2026}, author = {Doğan, SY and Kaya, S and Solak, EK}, title = {Postbiotic-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Revealing Potent Antimicrobial, Anti-Biofilm, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties using Paenibacillus xylanexedens.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41636982}, issn = {1867-1314}, }
@article {pmid41636357, year = {2026}, author = {Li, D and Xu, B and Ren, F and Yu, J and Tong, Y and Deng, S and Jiang, H}, title = {Lipase-Activated MnO2 Nanoflowers for Precise Biofilm Imaging and Oxygen-Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy to Promote Diabetic Wound Healing.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e05333}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202505333}, pmid = {41636357}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {2024YFFK0193//Funds of Sichuan Science and Technology Program/ ; 2682025ZTPY042//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2025152//Student Research Training Program/ ; 2022LHXD-05//Chengdu Medical College-Xindu District People's Hospital Joint Research Project/ ; }, abstract = {Diabetic wound healing is substantially impaired by biofilm infections, oxidative stress, and persistent hypoxia, which present major challenges for timely diagnosis and treatment. In this study, theranostic nanoparticles (NPs) were engineered to facilitate lipase-triggered biofilm theranostics and accelerate wound healing. Theranostic Mn-TC NPs were prepared by grafting a fluorescent sonosensitizer, meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (TCPP), onto manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoflowers, quenching the fluorescence emissions of TCPP. Upon encountering biofilms in vivo, the elevated lipase hydrolyzes ester linkages within the Mn-TC NPs, liberating TCPP to restore its fluorescence emission and enabling the real-time visualization of biofilm-infected wounds. MnO2 nanoflowers offer abundant reaction sites for TCPP grafting while enhancing the catalysis of hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen. The boosted oxygen evolution promoted the sonodynamic therapy effect of ultrasound-activated TCPP, achieving 94.0% reduction in biofilm biomass and 99.9% bacterial clearance. Engineering NPs accelerate wound healing by simultaneously eradicating biofilms, modulating inflammatory states, enhancing collagen deposition, and promoting angiogenesis. This study presents a novel theranostic strategy for biofilm-triggered visual imaging and an antibiotic-free therapy for diabetic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41634699, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, H and Chen, J and Ma, X and Li, H and Wu, Q and Jiang, Z and Xi, T and Zhang, C and Guo, G and Han, P}, title = {Glutamate nanoregulator for metabolic immunotherapy of biofilm-associated implant infections.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {123}, pmid = {41634699}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {No. 82202727//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. ynyq202301//the Excellent Talent Cultivation Project of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital/ ; No. 2023YFC2410804//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; No. 23Y11908200//Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Implant-associated infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus biofilms remain difficult to eradicate because the extracellular matrix and metabolic heterogeneity jointly suppress antibiotic penetration and immune clearance. The biofilm environment induces excessive interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in dendritic cells, leading to inhibition of the cGAS–STING signaling pathway and T-cell activation. Therefore, strategies that simultaneously disrupt biofilm structure and reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment are urgently needed.<br><br>RESULTS: We developed a near-infrared&#x2013;responsive MnO&#x2082;@PMS nanoregulator that integrates photothermal catalysis with metabolic immunotherapy. Upon laser irradiation, MnO&#x2082;@PMS generated oxygen-independent sulfate radicals (&#x2022;SO&#x2084;&#x207b;) that efficiently degraded the biofilm matrix and suppressed bacterial glutamate metabolism, thereby reducing the synthesis of poly-&#x3b3;-glutamic acid. This metabolic inhibition decreased biofilm-derived glutamate accumulation and downregulated IL-10 production in dendritic cells, leading to reactivation of the cGAS&#x2013;STING pathway and restoration of antigen presentation. In vivo, MnO&#x2082;@PMS treatment promoted mature dendritic-cell and T-cell activation, reduced bacterial burden, alleviated local inflammation, and enhanced angiogenesis and tissue repair, while exhibiting favourable short-term biocompatibility in vivo.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study introduces a glutamate-targeted nanoplatform that couples biofilm destruction with immune reprogramming in a chronic biofilm infection model. By bridging metabolic regulation and immune activation, MnO&#x2082;@PMS complements existing nanozyme and photothermal antibiofilm strategies by illustrating a mechanistically supported approach that integrates oxygen-independent sulfate radical catalysis with modulation of glutamate&#x2013;IL-10&#x2013;associated immunosuppression.<br><br>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-025-04016-3.}, }
@article {pmid41634676, year = {2026}, author = {Esnaashari, F and Alidoust, FA and Jafari, N and Ghasemi, M and Asadi Rahmani, F and Sedaghat Safsari, S and Zahmatkesh, H}, title = {Berberine-ZnO loaded chitosan nanoparticles inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 through targeting extracellular polymeric substances.}, journal = {BMC biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12896-026-01103-7}, pmid = {41634676}, issn = {1472-6750}, }
@article {pmid41634273, year = {2026}, author = {Ferré, C and Gbaguidi, L and Fagervold, SK and Carrion, C and Adouane, E and Gorand, Y and Nicole, L and Lami, R}, title = {Multiscale insights into biofilm development on hydrophobic fouling-release coatings.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {7118}, pmid = {41634273}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Seawater/microbiology ; Biomass ; Surface Properties ; Polymers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Marine biofilms develop under the combined influence of environmental conditions and substrate properties. Among antifouling strategies, fouling-release coatings (FRCs) aim to promote the detachment of microorganisms considering their surface characteristics, offering an opportunity to examine how unfavorable adhesion conditions shape microfouling processes. Hydrophobic interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on tetrafluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and a commercial PDMS-based FRC were immersed for 6 months in natural seawater (Banyuls-sur-Mer, NW Mediterranean Sea), followed by exposure to moderate hydrodynamic shear stress using a rotor device. Biofilms were analyzed through a multiscale and multiomics approach combining biomass assays, microscopy, metabarcoding, and metabolomics. Community structure varied with time and substrate, but taxonomic convergence occurred during the mature stage. Notably, fungi appeared as overlooked contributors to biofilm dynamics on low-adhesion surfaces, suggesting that their roles in FRCs warrant further attention. Exposure to moderate hydrodynamic stress induced partial biomass loss while the overall community composition was largely unaffected. Metabolomic profiles further revealed coating-specific signatures, reflecting distinct physiological strategies. Together, these findings underscore how FRC surfaces modulate biofilm maturation and resilience under mechanical stress.}, }
@article {pmid41631454, year = {2026}, author = {Jo, BS and Lee, DW and Lee, JY and Seok, S and Kim, YB and Lee, JY and Park, SY and Cho, YD and Seol, YJ and Park, YS and Ghanaati, S and Zadeh, HH and Chung, CP and Park, YJ}, title = {A Multifunctional β-Defensin-3 Mimetic Peptide Modulates Host-Biofilm Interactions and Reduces Bone Loss in Periodontitis.}, journal = {Journal of periodontal research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jre.70079}, pmid = {41631454}, issn = {1600-0765}, support = {1711174358//the Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; RS-2020-KD000091//the Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; 1711174308//the Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; RS-2020-KD000105//the Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; 2021R1A6A1A03039462//the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education/ ; }, abstract = {AIM: This study evaluated the potential of a beta-defensin-3 mimetic peptide (BDMP), a synthetic cell-penetrating peptide with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, as an adjunctive therapeutic approach for periodontitis.<br><br>METHODS: BDMP was formulated in a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) gel and assessed for binding affinity, release kinetics, and ability to penetrate cells and gingival tissues. Anti-inflammatory and osteoclast-related signaling pathways were examined in&#xa0;vitro using RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Effects on osteogenic recovery were evaluated in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under inflammatory conditions. Antimicrobial activity against multispecies biofilms was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In a ligature-induced experimental periodontitis model in beagle dogs, BDMP gel was compared with a subgingival instrumentation (SI)-only (standard-of-care) control, and minocycline gel was included as an active adjunctive comparator. Clinical parameters, inflammatory markers, microbial load, radiographs, micro-CT images, and histology were evaluated.<br><br>RESULTS: In vitro, BDMP reduced histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) phosphorylation and attenuated downstream NF-&#x3ba;B-associated inflammatory signaling without altering upstream kinase activity. BDMP decreased osteoclast differentiation, reduced inflammatory cytokine transcription, and partially restored osteogenic capacity in LPS-stimulated PDLSCs. BDMP also demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and disrupted mature multispecies biofilms. In&#xa0;vivo, BDMP resulted in greater reductions in gingival inflammation, bleeding, IL-1&#x3b2; levels, and oral spirochetes over 12&#x2009;weeks compared with the SI-only control. Radiographic images provided qualitative support for reduced bone loss, which was corroborated by micro-CT and histology, indicating attenuation of alveolar bone resorption. When compared with the combination of SI and minocycline arm, BDMP showed comparable or greater improvements in several inflammatory and microbiological parameters.<br><br>CONCLUSION: BDMP exhibited sustained antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity and attenuated bone loss in a beagle periodontitis model when used alongside standard SI therapy. These findings support BDMP as a promising adjunctive therapeutic candidate for managing periodontal inflammation and biofilm-associated disease, although further studies are needed to confirm long-term safety and to define its mechanistic contributions to periodontal tissue preservation.}, }
@article {pmid41631269, year = {2026}, author = {Campobasso, C and Henderix, P and Jalomo-Khayrova, E and Bolognini, S and Bange, G and Lavigne, R and Tavanti, A and Wagemans, J and Di Luca, M}, title = {Directed evolution of phage Romulus in biofilm-embedded Staphylococcus aureus: mutations in baseplate proteins enhanced its antibiofilm activity.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100345}, pmid = {41631269}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilm and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains make staphylococcal infections often chronic and difficult to treat. To face these challenges, alternative or adjunct strategies to antibiotics are urgently required. In this context, phage therapy gained renewed interest as promising approach to target multidrug-resistant bacteria. To enhance their efficacy as natural phages, they can undergo directed evolution via serial host passages. To date, most protocols focus on planktonic cultures, while the effects towards biofilm-targeted evolution remain poorly explored. Our study aims at investigating the potential of a new directed evolution protocol designed to specifically enhance the efficacy of phage Romulus to target staphylococcal sessile communities and to identify whether specific phage proteins are involved in this process. The method involved 31 serial passages with a two-step incubation: 1 h for phage adsorption and infection, followed by 8 h for its amplification. Mutant phages were isolated, sequenced, and phenotypically characterised. Mutations emerged in two baseplate proteins (gp54 and gp58), involved in host adsorption. Three mutants (R31, R31p2, R31p5) showed enhanced bactericidal activity against planktonic cells and improved efficacy against biofilm, achieving up to a 4-log10 reduction. While their host range remained consistent with the wildtype, phage Romulus mutants exhibited higher efficiency of plating against the nine out of 21 sensitive S. aureus strains. Overall, our results underscore the potential of biofilm-adapted phages to improve phage efficacy towards both planktonic and sessile cells, without impacting on the phage host range. The analysis of mutations suggested that the baseplate plays a crucial role in targeting biofilm-embedded cells, even if further investigation is necessary to explain the molecular basis responsible for the enhanced lytic efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41630754, year = {2025}, author = {Ali, MK and Galut, HS and Matar, EETM and Mamand, SF and Sabrie, LS and Mala, SF and Jghef, MM}, title = {Exploring the antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts: A natural strategy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Open veterinary journal}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {5549-5561}, pmid = {41630754}, issn = {2218-6050}, mesh = {*Rosmarinus/chemistry ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; HCT116 Cells ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has posed a significant challenge to global health care. The increasing ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics has driven the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) is known for its diverse biological properties, including antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities.<br><br>AIM: This study aimed to investigate and compare the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of different R. officinalis L. solvent extracts against MRSA.<br><br>METHODS: Antibacterial efficacy was determined using the well-diffusion method, followed by the assessment of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against 10 MRSA strains. The antibiofilm potential was analyzed using a crystal violet assay. In addition, cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells.<br><br>RESULTS: Methanol demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity among the tested extracts. The MIC values ranged between 0.108 and 0.320 mg/ml, with corresponding MBC results confirming strong bactericidal effects. The anti-biofilm analysis indicated that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the greatest inhibition of MRSA biofilm formation, followed by the dichloromethane and methanol extracts.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extracts, particularly those extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate, exhibited strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against MRSA.}, }
@article {pmid41629629, year = {2026}, author = {Iqbal, M and Urooj, S and Huda, NU and Khan, FZ and Hassan, Z and Khan, A and Shar, NA and Khan, MN and Siddiqui, A and Khan, AB and Khan, S and Mirani, ZA}, title = {Biofilm formation and associated biomechanical traits co-segregate with multidrug resistance in typhoidal Salmonella.}, journal = {The Journal of antibiotics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41629629}, issn = {1881-1469}, abstract = {Typhoidal Salmonella continues to pose a severe public health threat, with its management increasingly complicated by the rise of antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated 50 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi to delineate the association between antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and nanoscale mechanical traits. Our results revealed that 22% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), displaying the classical resistance pattern against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Among these resistant isolates, 54% formed biofilms, and this trait was strongly associated with multidrug resistance; 100% of MDR isolates were biofilm-positive (p = 0.001). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a distinct "hard-shell" bio-mechanical phenotype in biofilm-positive isolates, exhibiting significantly higher stiffness (31.3 ± 9.8 vs. 8.2 ± 2.3 kPa), adhesion force (17.8 ± 4.6 vs. 5.4 ± 1.4 nN), and surface roughness (11.6 ± 3.2 vs. 3.6 ± 1.0 nm) (p < 0.001 for all). This mechanical reinforcement was accompanied by a 2.7-fold increase in cell surface hydrophobicity (80.4 ± 8.9% vs. 30.3 ± 11.9%) and a 13.5-fold enhancement in desiccation survival (40.4 ± 10.7% vs. 3.0 ± 2.9%). Correlation analysis revealed these traits are highly interdependent (ρ = 0.78--0.89, p < 0.001), forming a cohesive "hard-shell" persistence phenotype. In summary, multidrug-resistant Salmonella possesses a unified trait that enhances its structural strength, ability to adhere, and environmental survival.}, }
@article {pmid41629499, year = {2026}, author = {Saddik, JN and Naguib, MM and Labib, LM and El-Gendy, AO and Molham, F}, title = {Nano-chitosan modified restorative materials suppress Streptococcus mutans biofilm and virulence gene expression.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {20}, pmid = {41629499}, issn = {2191-0855}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Secondary caries and biofilm production remain a persistent concern, prompting the development of antibacterial restorative materials. However, worries about synthetic additives’ safety and long-term effects urge the use of natural, biocompatible alternatives. This study explored the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan (CH) and nano-chitosan (NCH) incorporated into different restorative materials: amalgam (Am), glass ionomer cement (G), and resin composite (R). This study employs a direct comparative analysis of both modified and unmodified restorative materials against Am to evaluate their efficacy against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25,175 using agar diffusion, broth inhibition, biofilm formation assays, and qPCR investigation of virulence genes (ldh and gtfB). Incorporating CH and NCH, especially at 15%, decreased biofilm biomass, downregulated virulence gene expression, and significantly increased the effectiveness of bacterial growth suppression. When compared to controls, the G modified with 15% NCH (GN15) showed the strongest inhibition of bacterial growth by 43.1%. The most significant finding was the ability of GN15 to downregulate the expression of ldh and gtfB by 50% and 28%, respectively, indicating a disruption in acid production and biofilm matrix synthesis. While Am showed the highest overall inhibition (86%, 65%). These results demonstrate that nano-chitosan is a biocompatible and promising addition to restorative materials, providing improved defense against cariogenic biofilms and facilitating the creation of dental biomaterials of the future.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13568-025-02004-2.}, }
@article {pmid41627250, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, B and Xie, Q and Hong, G and Wang, M and Chen, M and Zhou, X and Ren, R and Tang, S and Fang, J and Zhao, Z and Guo, J}, title = {Sugar-Responsive Enzyme-Polyphenol 'Tooth Nanoarmor' for Long-Lasting Caries Prevention via Glucose Depletion and Biofilm Suppression.}, journal = {Nano letters}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {1715-1724}, doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c05438}, pmid = {41627250}, issn = {1530-6992}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology/metabolism ; *Polyphenols/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Glucose Oxidase/chemistry/pharmacology ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Glucose/metabolism ; Humans ; Animals ; Dental Enamel/drug effects ; }, abstract = {High sugar intake in modern dietary patterns heightens the risk of dental caries, yet current preventives neither address dietary sugars nor effectively inhibit cariogenic biofilms. Herein, we introduce a fully biomass-derived enzyme-polyphenol 'tooth nanoarmor' that self-assembles from glucose oxidase (GOx) and ellagic acid, a natural phenolic molecule found in pomegranate peels and tree bark. Noncovalent interactions mediate the self-assembly, yielding a porous supramolecular phenolic framework, with nanochannels exhibiting remarkable bioadhesion and biostability. Adhering to tooth enamel, the 'tooth nanoarmor' continuously depletes glucose and generates bactericidal H2O2. The 'tooth nanoarmor' reduces bacterial viability by 59% and exopolysaccharide accumulation by 83% in vitro. It also exhibits a long-lasting preventive effect manifested by a 94% reduction in Keyes score and a 47% increase in dentin mineral density in vivo. Our findings highlight an effective biohybrid 'tooth nanoarmor' based on the natural self-assembly of proteins and polyphenols for long-lasting prevention of dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid41627021, year = {2026}, author = {Povšič, K and Munjaković, H and Zayed, N and Teughels, W and Seme, K and Fidler, A and Gašperšič, R}, title = {Electrolyzed saline as an alternative to chlorhexidine: Antimicrobial and biofilm volume outcomes in a 4-day non-brushing randomized controlled clinical trial.}, journal = {Journal of periodontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jper.70070}, pmid = {41627021}, issn = {1943-3670}, support = {P3-0293//Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Republic of Slovenia/ ; TP-2023026//Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Republic of Slovenia/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The biofilm-inhibitory effects of electrolyzed saline (EOS) vary widely due to differences in formulations and treatment methods. This study analyzed the impact of EOS on key oral microbial species and used serial 3D-intraoral scans to evaluate its effects on de novo biofilm formation.<br><br>METHODS: This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, 4-day, non-brushing, plaque-regrowth study on periodontally healthy individuals. Each subject participated in three trial arms. During each 4-day arm, the subjects refrained from mechanical oral hygiene. Instead, they rinsed their oral cavities twice-daily with EOS, 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), or placebo. De novo plaque accumulation after 4 days was assessed as the primary outcome using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI) and the volumetric plaque index (VPI). qPCR analyses of key-microbial species and measurements of active-matrix-metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) in gingival crevicular fluid were performed to complement the clinical data.<br><br>RESULTS: The biofilm-inhibitory effect of CHX was superior to that of EOS at the level of TMQHPlI and VPI, although both significantly reduced biofilms compared with placebo. The broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect of CHX caused significant reductions in overall bacterial loads, while the action of EOS was more selective. Both CHX and EOS markedly reduced the bacterial loads of Tannerella forsythia; CHX remained more effective against Treponema denticola. In contrast, only EOS demonstrated stronger antimicrobial effects against Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia while showing no significant impact on periodontal commensals. No significant effects on aMMP-8 were observed.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: EOS showed substantial, but inferior biofilm-inhibitory, effects compared with CHX. However, EOS had more selective and dysbiosis-controlling effects than CHX. The clinical trial was registered at Clintrials.gov under no. NCT05709015.<br><br>PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study investigated the effectiveness of electrolyzed saline (EOS) in preventing biofilm build-up on teeth. The efficacy of EOS mouthwash was compared with a positive control (chlorhexidine, CHX) and a negative control (distilled water). A method based on 3D scans of teeth was used to measure changes in the biofilm volume. In the study, participants stopped brushing their teeth for 4 days and rinsed their mouths twice daily with either EOS, CHX, or a placebo instead. They were then assessed for biofilm levels and changes in oral bacteria numbers. The results showed that CHX was more effective than EOS in reducing biofilm, although both were more effective than placebo. Chlorhexidine significantly lowered harmful bacteria but also negatively affected the beneficial bacteria. On the other hand, EOS also reduced specific harmful bacteria, but did not lower the beneficial ones as much. Overall, while EOS was less effective at reducing biofilm than CHX, it was better at maintaining a healthy balance of oral bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41625154, year = {2025}, author = {Ranganathan, S and Nagarajan, H and Busi, S and Esakkiraj, P and Parasuraman, P and Mariasoosai, RCC and Vetrivel, U}, title = {Editorial: Decoding biofilm resilience: integrative multi-omics approaches and novel disruption strategies.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1756728}, pmid = {41625154}, issn = {2235-2988}, }
@article {pmid41624430, year = {2026}, author = {Pan, X and Zhu, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhao, J and Gao, X and Li, C and Yu, Y and Ma, J}, title = {Amino acid starvation and iron limitation facilitate the biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae within urine.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100347}, pmid = {41624430}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a critical virulence mechanism in pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative, encapsulated bacterium that has emerged as a zoonotic threat capable of infecting both humans and animals. Its biofilm-forming ability is closely associated with catheter-related and urinary tract infections. Given its potential to cross species barriers and cause significant public health concern, elucidating the environmental cues and conserved molecular pathways driving biofilm formation is essential for developing cross-species prevention strategies. Here we found that K. pneumoniae exhibited significantly greater biofilm-forming efficiency in urine than in nutrient-rich medium under comparable biomass conditions. Transposon-insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) identified 19 fitness genes essential for optimal growth in urine, most involved in the de novo biosynthesis of amino acids, particularly arginine, methionine, and isoleucine. Urine represents an amino acid-starved (AAS) environment for K. pneumoniae, modulating c-di-GMP signaling to promote biofilm formation. Eight diguanylate cyclase (DGC, c-di-GMP synthesis) genes, four phosphodiesterase (PDE, c-di-GMP degradation) genes, and four DGC + PDE genes were significantly regulated in response to urine. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis comparing K. pneumoniae grown in urine with that grown in M9 medium revealed significant activation of genes associated with exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis, including those encoding lipopolysaccharides (LPS), capsules, peptidoglycan, and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). Notably, K. pneumoniae increases EPS biosynthesis under the iron-limited conditions in urine, further promoting biofilm development. In conclusion, AAS-mediated c-di-GMP signaling and iron limitation are key drivers of biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae in urine, providing mechanistic insights that may guide strategies to disrupt biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41623765, year = {2025}, author = {Thakkar, RR and Yadav, N and Kumar, A and Duseja, S and Mavi, S and Sahoo, U}, title = {Machine learning for predicting antimicrobial efficacy of periodontal gel formulations in vitro biofilm models.}, journal = {Bioinformation}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {3866-3870}, pmid = {41623765}, issn = {0973-2063}, abstract = {Periodontal disease caused by dysbiotic biofilms poses a major challenge and predicting the efficacy of topical antimicrobial gels is limited by biofilm resistance and resource-intensive in vitro testing. Therefore, it is of interest to develop machine learning (ML) models to predict antimicrobial efficacy of novel gel formulations against multi-species periodontal biofilms. Hence, a total of 120 formulations with varying polymers, agents, concentrations and enhancers were tested using the Calgary Biofilm Device and efficacy data were used to train Random Forest, SVM, Gradient Boosting and Neural Network models. Gradient Boosting achieved the best performance (accuracy 92.8%, AUC-ROC 0.96), with antimicrobial type, concentration and polymer viscosity as key predictors. ML, particularly Gradient Boosting, offers a reliable tool for predicting periodontal gel efficacy, enabling faster formulation optimization and reducing the need for extensive laboratory screening.}, }
@article {pmid41623748, year = {2025}, author = {Kakade, M and Sharma, S and A, N and Pandey, T and G, U and Rao, V}, title = {Performance of chitosan nanoparticle-loaded irrigants on biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Bioinformation}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {3823-3827}, pmid = {41623748}, issn = {0973-2063}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections pose a major clinical problem due to their resistance to conventional antimicrobial therapies. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticle-loaded irrigants in disrupting established Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Using in vitro 96-well plate models, biofilm biomass reduction and bacterial viability were assessed with crystal violet assay, CFU counts and SEM imaging after exposure to 2% and 1% chitosan nanoparticles, 0.2% chlorhexidine and saline. Data showed that 2% chitosan nanoparticles produced the greatest biofilm disruption (89.7±3.2%) and bacterial reduction (4.8±0.3 log10 CFU/mL), significantly outperforming 1% chitosan and chlorhexidine. Thus, we show that chitosan nanoparticle irrigants, particularly at higher concentrations, may serve as effective alternatives for managing biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41623691, year = {2026}, author = {Hadadi, M and Esfahani, BN and Mirzaei, A and Moghim, S}, title = {Molecular Characterization and Clonal Analysis of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Insights Into Biofilm-Related Gene Coexistence in Clinical Isolates.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {2304337}, pmid = {41623691}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Colistin/pharmacology ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; Intensive Care Units ; }, abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR A. baumannii) and biofilm-producing ability have become a worldwide serious concern. This study is aimed at investigating the clonal relationships, coexistence of carbapenemase-resistant and biofilm-related genes, and biofilm biomass capacity in 57 A. baumannii isolates obtained from patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Antibiotic resistance patterns to 11 antibiotics were determined using the disc diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of imipenem and colistin were evaluated by the microdilution method. All isolates were subjected to PCR for the detection of carbapenemase- and biofilm-related genes and examined for the biofilm-forming ability using crystal violet staining methods. The clonality relationship was identified by rep-PCR. Overall, 49 (86%) isolates were characterized as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) with a high MIC for imipenem. Eight isolates were resistant to colistin (MIC>64 μg/mL). Additionally, 86.21% of isolates were strong biofilm formers, which correlated with the PDR phenotype. All isolates carried at least three genes related to biofilm formation. Genotypically, 100% of isolates had bla OXA-51-like, bla OXA-24-like, and bla TEM genes, followed by bla VIM (61.4%), bla OXA-23-like (24.6%), bla SHV (1.8%), and bla KPC (1.8%), whereas bla CTX-M and bla OXA-58-like genes were not found in the isolates. The rep-PCR analysis identified 10 distinct genotypes, among which GTG Type 3 showed a significant correlation with strong biofilm formation. Moreover, the greatest number of colistin-resistant isolates (MIC>64 μg/mL) were located in this cluster. This study highlights the emergence of PDR A. baumannii strains carrying a variety of β-lactamase and biofilm-related genes in ICUs, underscoring the urgent need for improved infection control measures and antimicrobial stewardship programs to address the spread of these formidable pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41623631, year = {2025}, author = {An, C and Chen, R and Wu, B and Chen, S and Zou, S and Lin, Y and Yang, B and Luo, C}, title = {Iron dictates the growth, biofilm formation, and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pulmonary infections.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1742683}, pmid = {41623631}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent pathogen responsible for persistent pulmonary infections. Iron concentrations in the human lung are known to vary considerably between health and disease states. We hypothesized that increased iron availability is a key driver of persistent infection establishment and sought to define the impact of iron on P. aeruginosa in the context of persistent lung infection.<br><br>METHODS: Clinically isolated strains of P. aeruginosa from persistent lung infections and the reference strain PAO1 were collected. We examined bacterial growth rates, virulence determinants such as biofilm formation and pyocyanin production, and adhesion to lung epithelial cells under different iron conditions. Virulence was assessed using a Galleria mellonella model, and pathogenicity was evaluated in a mouse model.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to P. aeruginosa grown in iron-deficient medium, bacteria cultured in iron-rich medium exhibited significantly enhanced growth rates and biofilm formation, while virulence determinants were attenuated. The Galleria mellonella model also showed reduced virulence. Additionally, iron-rich conditions enhanced bacterial adhesion to lung epithelial cells. In the mouse model, weakened pathological damage and higher bacterial loads in the lungs were observed.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that environmental iron facilitates the growth and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa causing pulmonary infections, while attenuating its virulence. This iron-mediated adaptation may be associated with the persistence of P. aeruginosa pulmonary infections, and these findings merit further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid41623626, year = {2025}, author = {Joshi, S and Bruni, GO and Zimmerman, T and Terrell, E and Salter, J and Kashem, MNH and Nam, S}, title = {Phenotypic variation in growth and biofilm formation of Leuconostoc spp. from sugar beet factories.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1745936}, pmid = {41623626}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Leuconostoc bacteria are common colonizers of sugar crop processing environments, resulting in sucrose losses and the formation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and biofilms that can lead to reduced product quality and higher operational costs. Although Leuconostoc species are present in abundance, strain-specific differences in biofilm formation, EPS production, and matrix structure are not well understood. In this study, nine sugar beet factory-derived Leuconostoc isolates were grown and evaluated using a combination of batch adherence and continuous flow biofilm bioreactor assays, cryo scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EPS quantification, viscosity testing, and growth rate analysis to determine which phenotypes correlate with biofilm formation. The results from the adherence batch-phase biofilms indicated significant phenotypic variation among isolates, with the highest bacterial proliferation by L. suionicum BSDF25-7 and BSDF48-3, exceeding 5 × 10[8] colony-forming units/cm[2] on stainless steel coupons. In contrast, the highest biofilm biomass accumulated was BSDF2-3 and BSDF25-7, indicating differences in cell proliferation and biofilm matrix structure. CryoSEM imaging revealed diverse biofilm structures, such as silo-like aggregates and patchy surface colonization, indicating strain-specific extracellular matrix assembly strategies. Flow-through biofilm bioreactor assays further identified BSDF2-3 and BSDF5-1 as predominant biofilm formers with the highest CFU/cm[2] present at 4 × 10[8] and 1 × 10[9], respectively, while BSDF2-3 accumulated twice the biofilm biomass as BSDF5-1. Leuconostoc strains BSDF25-7 and BSDF48-3 produced high levels of dextran and EPS, while BSDF2-3 consistently formed dense, shear-resistant biofilms despite slow growth and low EPS levels, suggesting the possibility of alternative matrix composition or structural adaptations. Individual Leuconostoc strains adapt uniquely, adding to the functional diversity of biofilms that impact formation, matrix complexity, and resistance to environmental stressors. This study furthers our understanding of EPS and growth phenotypes involved in biofilm formation while providing a working model, enabling the development of future antimicrobial mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41623114, year = {2026}, author = {Rahman, MRT and Fliss, I and Biron, E}, title = {Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on catheters, contact lenses, and contact lens cases by a synthetic analogue of the antimicrobial lipopeptide humimycin.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {294-304}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2621190}, pmid = {41623114}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Contact Lenses/microbiology ; *Lipopeptides/pharmacology ; *Catheters/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, pose a persistent challenge in clinical settings and in medical devices such as catheters, wound dressings, orthopaedic and dental implants, and contact lenses. The resilience of biofilms to conventional antimicrobial treatments underscores the need for innovative strategies. This study evaluated the efficacy of a synthetic analogue of the antimicrobial lipopeptide humimycin as a preventive measure against biofilm formation of S. aureus on catheters, contact lenses and contact lens cases, both as a coating agent and in combination with commercial multipurpose contact lens solutions. The results demonstrate a dose-dependent reduction in biofilm formation with the humimycin analogue coatings achieving up to 98% inhibition at 256 µg/mL. This significant reduction was accompanied by a marked decrease in bacterial metabolic activity, indicating that the humimycin analogue disrupts biofilm integrity and impairs bacterial function. When combined with commercial contact lens solutions such as Opti-Free[®] Express[®] and Solocare Aqua[®], the biofilm-disrupting activity of the lipopeptide was further enhanced, with lower minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration values. These findings suggest that the humimycin analogue holds significant promise as a novel antimicrobial strategy for preventing S. aureus biofilm-related infections acquired from medical devices.}, }
@article {pmid41619601, year = {2026}, author = {Bilgiç, E and Özkaya, &#x15e; and Gençer, D and Karaman, O and Pulat, G}, title = {Dual-functional β-TCP based injectable bone grafts functionalized with peptides for enhanced osteogenesis and broad-spectrum biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Biomaterials advances}, volume = {183}, number = {}, pages = {214739}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214739}, pmid = {41619601}, issn = {2772-9508}, abstract = {Bone defects with irregular geometries and high infection risk remain a major clinical challenge. Injectable bone grafts (IBGs) offer minimally invasive and moldable solutions, yet conventional β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)-based formulations often lack sufficient mechanical strength and antimicrobial activity. Here, a dual-functional β-TCP-based putty-form IBG was developed by combining powdered and sintered granules at optimized ratios to enhance mechanical stability, osteogenic potential, and handling properties. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), KR-12 and its anti-MRSA analog KR-12-a5, were covalently immobilized onto β-TCP surfaces via cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), which created reactive sites without compromising structural integrity to ensure stable peptide conjugation and sustained antimicrobial activity. The AMP-functionalized IBGs demonstrated potent anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and MRSA with KR-12-a5, while KR-12 more effectively promoted human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) viability, osteogenic differentiation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Osteogenic markers were analyzed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and collagen deposition to assess protein levels, and the expression of OCN, OPN, COL1, ALP and RUNX2 genes was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR). To our knowledge, this is the first injectable bone graft that simultaneously integrates osteogenic and broad-spectrum anti-biofilm functionalities for treating complex, infection-prone, and irregularly shaped bone defects.}, }
@article {pmid41618063, year = {2026}, author = {de Carvalho, LF and Badaró, MM and Stolf, SC and Maske, TT and Marques, G&#xc1; and da Cunha, LM and Longaray, JS and Peña, CLD and Lund, RG and de Andrade, JSR}, title = {Influence of S-PRG-based restorative and adhesive systems on biofilm formation and enamel demineralization in a simulated oral environment.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {67}, pmid = {41618063}, issn = {1436-3771}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of bioactive restorative materials on biofilm formation and cariogenic processes using an in vitro dynamic cariogenic biofilm model simulated by a Multifunctional Oral Cavity Simulator. The experimental design included composite resins and adhesive systems containing S-PRG particles (Beautifil and FL-Bond II – Shofu), compared against a conventional composite (Filtek Z350XT – 3 M ESPE) and a conventional adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond – Kuraray).<br><br>METHODS: Samples were exposed to a controlled cariogenic environment and analyzed for colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness, and chemical modifications by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). One-way ANOVA and Tukey&#x2019;s post hoc test was performed (&#x3b1;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: CFU counting and SEM analysis revealed no significant differences in biofilm volume or microbial counts among groups (P&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05), indicating no reduction with bioactive materials. FTIR analysis showed a marked reduction in phosphate and carbonate absorption peaks compared to sound enamel, indicating a similar demineralization pattern regardless of material. Microhardness analysis revealed no significant differences among materials (P&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings did not reveal superior protection of bioactive materials containing S-PRG particles against cariogenic challenges. In this context, more robust clinical evidence is still needed to confirm the effectiveness of bioactive materials in enhancing restoration longevity and caries control.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Under dynamic cariogenic conditions, S-PRG-based materials performed similarly to conventional restoratives materials. These findings indicate that the purported bioactivity may not result in measurable clinical benefits.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-025-06731-5.}, }
@article {pmid41617289, year = {2026}, author = {Xie, F and Jiang, L and Lu, Y and Li, L and Jiang, W and Cai, J}, title = {Self-healing quaternized chitosan-phenylboronic hydrogel with ceria nanozymes and stem-cell exosomes simultaneously eradicates MRSA biofilm and regenerates diabetic wounds.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {377}, number = {}, pages = {124882}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124882}, pmid = {41617289}, issn = {1879-1344}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Chitosan/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Exosomes/chemistry/metabolism ; *Cerium/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy ; *Boronic Acids/chemistry/pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Stem Cells ; Humans ; Male ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Diabetic wounds represent a major clinical challenge due to their susceptibility to bacterial biofilm infections, persistent oxidative stress, and impaired tissue regeneration. Current therapeutic approaches typically address these pathological factors individually, limiting their overall efficacy in achieving complete wound closure. There is thus an urgent need for integrated platforms capable of simultaneously targeting multiple barriers to healing. Here we show that a self-healing hydrogel composed of quaternized chitosan-phenylboronic acid (QCSP), ceria nanoparticles (CeNPs), and embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes (ESC-Exo) effectively eradicates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms, scavenges reactive oxygen species, and promotes tissue regeneration in diabetic mice. The QCSP matrix provides inherent antibacterial activity and injectable, self-healing properties, while CeNPs function as catalytic antioxidants through reversible Ce[3+]/Ce[4+] redox cycling. Incorporation of ESC-Exo further enhances angiogenesis and re-epithelialization. In an MRSA-infected diabetic wound model, this multifunctional hydrogel achieves near-complete wound closure within 12 days alongside significant biofilm clearance and collagen deposition. This work demonstrates that integrating natural polymer-based hydrogels with nanozymes and bioactive exosomes offers a promising strategy for managing complex chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41616246, year = {2026}, author = {Chourashi, R and Weiner, JM and Hoang, T-M and Ouattara, K and Oglesby, AG}, title = {The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PrrF sRNAs and PqsA promote biofilm formation at body temperature.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {e0050725}, pmid = {41616246}, issn = {1098-5530}, support = {R01AI161294/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01GM126376/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; T32Al162579/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Temperature ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Iron/metabolism ; *Quinolones/metabolism ; *RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; Quorum Sensing ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that causes both acute and chronic infections in vulnerable populations. Treatment of P. aeruginosa infections is increasingly challenging due to multi-drug resistance, and biofilm formation during infection further increases antibiotic tolerance. Iron, which is sequestered by the host innate immune system, is also a key nutrient that is required for P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. The iron-responsive PrrF small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are key to P. aeruginosa's iron starvation response, promote the production of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) quorum sensing molecule, and are required for virulence in murine lung infection. Prior work showed that the PrrF sRNAs are dispensable for biofilm formation; however, these studies were performed using flow-cell biofilms grown at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate a temperature dependency for PrrF in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation: the genes for these sRNAs are required for optimal biofilm formation at 37°C but not 25°C. We further show that a ∆pqsA mutant, which lacks production of PQS and related metabolites, phenocopies the ∆prrF mutant. These studies demonstrate the importance of the PrrF sRNAs in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation at body temperature and reveal a previously underappreciated role of temperature in iron homeostasis and P. aeruginosa biofilm physiology.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is a critical virulence trait for many microbial pathogens that confers tolerance to the host immune system and antimicrobials. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that forms biofilms resulting in treatment failure. Iron is a known requirement for P. aeruginosa biofilm formation, yet the precise role of iron in biofilm physiology remains unclear. Here, we show that temperature alters the requirement for the PrrF small regulatory RNAs, key components of P. aeruginosa's iron starvation response, for biofilm formation. Specifically, PrrF is required for the optimal formation of flow-cell biofilms at 37°C but not at 25°C, yet most flow-cell biofilm studies are conducted at 25°C. These results demonstrate a previously underappreciated role of temperature in P. aeruginosa biofilm physiology.}, }
@article {pmid41615575, year = {2026}, author = {López-Ramos, RP and Merino, L and Angarita-Díaz, MDP and Toledo, A and Cabrera, L and Jimenez-Hualpa, BR and Gilman, RH and Pajuelo, MJ}, title = {Streptococcus dentisani and Streptococcus mutans in dental biofilm of preschoolers with and without early childhood caries: a cross-sectional study.}, journal = {European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41615575}, issn = {1996-9805}, support = {EF033-235-2015//FONDECYT/CIENCIAACTIVA scholarship/ ; D43 TW007393/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; 5R01AI108695//the Fogarty International Center of the U.S. National Institutes of Health./ ; }, abstract = {AIM: To quantify Streptococcus dentisani and Streptococcus mutans in the dental biofilms of preschoolers with and without early childhood caries (ECC) and to assess their relationships with ECC-associated factors.<br><br>METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 204 dental biofilm samples from children aged 3 to 5&#xa0;years was conducted. ECC was diagnosed according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criteria. DNA was extracted from the dental biofilm samples, and S. dentisani and S. mutans were quantified via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additional data were collected on oral hygiene status, salivary pH, cariogenic diet, and oral hygiene habits. Multivariate linear regression was employed to evaluate the relationships between ECC and the concentrations of S. dentisani and S. mutans (expressed in CFU/ng DNA), adjusting for confounding variables.<br><br>RESULTS: The mean concentration of S. dentisani in children with ECC was 0.52 log10 CFU/ng DNA lower than that in caries-free children after adjustment for confounders. Frequent consumption of sweets was associated with a 0.65 log10 CFU/ng DNA reduction in S. dentisani levels. Conversely, children with poor oral hygiene had significantly higher concentrations of S. mutans (2.39 log10 CFU/ng DNA).<br><br>CONCLUSION: S. dentisani was more abundant in the caries-free biofilm dental samples of children, whereas S. mutans predominated in those with ECC. These findings indicate that both bacteria may play a role in distinguishing between oral health and disease.}, }
@article {pmid41613634, year = {2026}, author = {Gaayathiri Devi, E and Nisha, MK}, title = {In silico analysis of Barleria cuspidata compounds against Streptococcus mutans biofilm-associated proteins.}, journal = {In silico pharmacology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {45}, pmid = {41613634}, issn = {2193-9616}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Dental caries is a prevalent chronic infection caused by tooth-adherent cariogenic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans, which demineralize tooth structure and lead to plaque formation. The present study evaluated the potential of Barleria cuspidata leaf extract (BCLE) to combat tooth decay by investigating its effects on S. mutans, a major contributor to dental caries, using both in vitro and in silico approaches. BCLE strongly inhibited the growth of S. mutans, showing a zone of inhibition of 17.4 mm at 150 µ g/mL, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 mg/mL. At twice the MIC (2 mg/mL), it exhibited bactericidal effects, prevented acid production, reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, and inhibited biofilm formation. Thirty-six major compounds revealed from Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results of BCLE were subjected to molecular docking with the receptors, dextranase, N-terminal, and central regions comprising the third A-repeat through the first P-repeat (A3VP1) of antigen I/II, glucan binding protein C, deoxycytidylate deaminase, and dextran glucosidase that coordinates with the demineralization of tooth structure and plaque formation. Out of thirty-six compounds docked, the top fourteen showed no violations for the drug-likeness feature except monoethylhexylphthalate, pentadecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy carbofuran phenol. Among them, Octadecanedioic acid represented the highest inhibition with deoxycytidylate deaminase (SmdCD) (PDB ID: 5C2O), and the complex, further analyzed for molecular dynamic simulation for 100ns, was found to be stable from 60-100ns with strong ionic and hydrogen bond interactions. Thus, the study suggested that the anti-cariogenic effect of BCLE would be beneficial in exploring the co-existence of plant extract and inventing novel herbal medicines to enhance caries protection.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-025-00529-9.}, }
@article {pmid41612201, year = {2026}, author = {Shahadat, MN and Siddique, AB and Ahmed, S and Rahman, MH}, title = {High prevalence of class 1 integron, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, water, and soil in Bangladesh.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41612201}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Cattle/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Integrons/genetics ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Soil Microbiology ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Water Microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Prevalence ; Colistin/pharmacology ; Feces/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat. Escherichia coli is an important reservoir of resistance genes, and the coexistence of mcr with class 1 integron (intI1) is alarming, mcr confers resistance to colistin, a last-resort antibiotic, while intI1 often carries multiple transferable resistance determinants. Although colistin use in livestock is banned in Bangladesh, data on colistin-resistant E. coli in food animals, particularly cattle, remain scarce. This study investigated multidrug-resistance patterns, biofilm formation, and the prevalence of intI1 and its association with mcr and other resistance determinants in E. coli from Bangladeshi cattle.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 254 samples (feces, rectal swabs, soil, and water) were collected from cattle farms across three divisions of Bangladesh (Dhaka, Sylhet, and Barisal). E. coli isolates were identified using culture methods and confirmed with the VITEK-2 system and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK-2 system following CLSI guidelines. The presence of class 1 integron and mcr (mcr-1 to mcr-5) genes was detected by PCR. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet assay. Statistical analysis was conducted in R using Chi-square exact test, with significance set at p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05.<br><br>RESULTS: E. coli was detected in 76.4% of samples, with the highest prevalence in feces (86.8%). Antimicrobial testing revealed complete sensitivity to several antibiotics, but resistance occurred to cefuroxime (33%), ciprofloxacin (26.8%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22.2%), with all isolates showing intermediate response to colistin. Overall, 29.4% of isolates were MDR, though no XDR or PDR were detected. Class 1 integron was present in 52.6% and the mcr-1 gene in 21.7%, both significantly associated with MDR (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Water isolates showed the highest proportion of strong biofilm producers (25.5%).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study reveals a high prevalence of class 1 integron and the mcr-1 gene in MDR E. coli from food animals in Bangladesh, highlighting their role in resistance dissemination and the public health risk of colistin resistance. The strong association of integron with MDR and mcr-1 underscores the need for prudent antibiotic use, routine surveillance, and stronger antimicrobial stewardship in livestock to limit the spread of resistance to humans.}, }
@article {pmid41611409, year = {2026}, author = {Bogachev, MI and Baranov, PS and Sinitca, AM and Mironova, AV and Sharivzyanov, DR and Basmanov, AA and Trizna, EY and Gorshkova, AS and Pyko, NS and Kayumov, AR}, title = {Non-contact identification of opportunistic pathogens in mixed biofilm contaminations by hyperspectral imaging.}, journal = {Analytica chimica acta}, volume = {1388}, number = {}, pages = {345098}, doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2026.345098}, pmid = {41611409}, issn = {1873-4324}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Hyperspectral Imaging/methods ; *Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification ; Candida albicans/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilms are present on almost all surfaces in households, healthcare and medical equipment, foods, industrial and water supply systems, and often contain opportunistic pathogens that represent one of the key public health hazards. The highest risks are imposed by ESKAPEE pathogens, as well as mixed bacterial-fungal communities often exhibiting multiple drug resistance, this way challenging public healthcare.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we show how recent developments in hyperspectral imaging technology, complemented by advanced image analysis and machine learning methods, create a unique framework for the potential design of non-contact monitoring systems operating at the macroscale. We could successfully identify five key pathogenic bacteria and a common pathogenic yeast, C. albicans, that frequently occur on surfaces in monospecies and mixed biofilms consisting of combinations of various strains using hyperspectral imaging in the visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared spectral bands. Our results indicate that the above pathogenic species could be identified in monocultural biofilms with 95-99.5&#xa0;% accuracy, while in more frequently occurring mixed biofilms obtained by combining different microorganisms, the accuracy ranges from 90 to 92&#xa0;% for gram-negative E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa to 96-99&#xa0;% for fungi and gram-positive E. faecalis and S. aureus, respectively, under in vitro conditions.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: Based on our results, we believe that hyperspectral imaging represents a promising and highly efficient technology for the rapid, regular, non-contact monitoring of various equipment and surfaces to detect bacterial and fungal pathogens in situ.}, }
@article {pmid41611200, year = {2026}, author = {Diehl, A and Lindemann, F and Cremer, N and Roske, Y and Hiller, M and van Rossum, B and Leidert, M and Turgay, K and Oschkinat, H}, title = {Conservation and Specificity in Bacillus Biofilm Dynamics: On Structure and Function of B. cereus Camelysins.}, journal = {Journal of molecular biology}, volume = {438}, number = {6}, pages = {169661}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2026.169661}, pmid = {41611200}, issn = {1089-8638}, mesh = {*Bacillus cereus/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Amino Acid Sequence ; *Metalloendopeptidases/chemistry/metabolism/genetics ; Protein Multimerization ; }, abstract = {The B. cereus family comprises members highly pathogenic for mammals or insects, with B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis respectively as notable examples. The biofilm operon of these bacteria encodes two TasA-like proteins, the 60% identical Camelysins CalY1 and CalY2. In this study, we observed that at neutral pH CalY2 alone polymerizes readily into filaments, whereas CalY1 forms a polydispersed mixture of oligomers without filament formation. However, at basic or acidic pH CalY1 also modestly polymerizes. CalY2 polymerization into filaments involves ß-sheet remodeling via donor strand complementation, as demonstrated here by a combination of NMR and AlphaFold studies. In contrast to TasA of B. subtilis, this process is spontaneous and does not require initiation by a TapA homolog. NMR studies show that the functionally relevant region (β1-β2-β3) of the CalY2 monomer structure closely resembles that of B. subtilis TasA, and differs from AlphaFold models. A survey of AlphaFold 2 predictions on 12 homologous B. cereus group Camelysins yielded only four correctly predicted β1-β2-β3 segments, which decreased to one when using AlphaFold 3. Since crucial residues in the protomer contact region are conserved among TasA-like proteins, we investigated whether family members of different species could form mixed filaments. NMR revealed features in CalY2 filaments that are structurally conserved with TasA filaments but sequentially different, promoting specificity. These interactions and differences, respectively, involve the C-terminus and the beginning of β3, which most likely hinder joint TasA and CalY1 copolymerization. A protease activity could not be observed for the heterologously expressed B. cereus Camelysins. SIGNIFICANCE: The B. cereus group includes extremely harmful and surprisingly benign bacterial strains. The Anthrax-toxin-producing B. anthracis is one of the most toxic bacterial threats to man, whereas B. thuringiensis toxin is used as a biological insecticide. Other B. cereus strains pose problems in food production and medical implant usage. These bacteria can exist as biofilms allowing them to survive and proliferate, an essential feature of which are protein filaments. Here we characterize the B. cereus Camelysins CalY1 and CalY2 and compare their structure and filament formation with B. subtilis filaments to understand principles determining patterns of conservation and specificity. This investigation provides the basis for developing novel means to suppress or enhance biofilms with potential benefits for plant protection.}, }
@article {pmid41611023, year = {2026}, author = {Li, W and Li, J and Wu, Y and Chen, M and Fu, Y and Li, W and Liu, S and Wang, J and Chen, Y}, title = {Artificial regulation of aerobic and anaerobic layers interface enhanced efficient nitrogen removal by weaving insulating grid and conductive carbon fiber in membrane aerated biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {134074}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134074}, pmid = {41611023}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; Aerobiosis ; *Carbon/chemistry ; Carbon Fiber ; Anaerobiosis ; *Membranes, Artificial ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Electrodes ; Electric Conductivity ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Artificial regulation of aerobic and anaerobic biofilm thickness is crucial for enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency of the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). In this study, conductive aeration membrane modules were fabricated by physical weaving technology to couple MABR with microbial electrochemistry for efficient nitrogen removal. Insulating grids of different thickness and conductive carbon fibers were woven onto the aeration membrane to form aerobic and anaerobic layers. When the total biofilm thickness reached 254 μm (150 μm aerobic layer and 104 μm anaerobic layer), the TN removal efficiency (89.49 ± 2.89 %) was optimal. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics analysis confirmed that the aerobic and anaerobic layers in the biofilm were completely separated, but there was a synergistic effect in nitrogen removal. The composite cathode structure provides a mechanism for efficient spatial coupling between the aerobic and anaerobic layers, establishing a basis for regulating biofilm stratification.}, }
@article {pmid41610730, year = {2026}, author = {Soares, LGP and Sérgio, AFA and da Silva, APLT and Nunes, IPF and Habib, FAL and Pinheiro, ALB}, title = {Er:YAG (λ2940nm) microablation of supragingival biofilm in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.}, journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {113373}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2026.113373}, pmid = {41610730}, issn = {1873-2682}, abstract = {The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Er:YAG laser in controlling supragingival biofilm in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. In this randomized, single-session, pre-post intervention study, the sample consisted of 18 individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Prof. José Édimo Soares Martins Center for Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics, FOUFBA. The Er:YAG laser (λ2940 nm, 0.8 W, 20 Hz, ED = 0.16 J/cm[2], t = 30s) was applied to the cervical region of the right mandibular lateral incisor, at an average distance of 10 mm from the tooth surface. The collections occurred before the intervention (Control Group) and after irradiation with Er:YAG (Laser Group). The samples were inoculated in Petri dishes for visual counting of colony-forming units (CFU). After tabulation and logarithmic transformation of the data obtained, the ANOVA test (General Linear Model) was applied to verify the existence of a significant difference between the groups. Results showed that the logarithmic means of the Control and Laser Groups' CFU count were 5.08 ± 0.71 and 3.04 ± 0.88, respectively. The group comparison showed a significant decrease (ANOVA, F = 58.43; p < 0.001), with a 99% reduction in CFU. In conclusion, Er:YAG laser microablation quickly reduces biofilm in orthodontic patients, offering a promising adjunct to conventional hygiene.}, }
@article {pmid41610458, year = {2026}, author = {K, V and Wang, CT}, title = {Influence of synthesis temperature of eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite on biofilm formation and microbial fuel cell performance.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {109235}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109235}, pmid = {41610458}, issn = {1878-562X}, abstract = {Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) enable simultaneous wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation, but their performance is often constrained by poor bacterial adhesion and slow anode electron transfer. Hydroxyapatite (HA) can address these limitations; however, most studies rely on commercial HA and rarely examine biowaste-derived sources or synthesis-route effects. In this study, eggshell-derived HA was synthesized via room-temperature precipitation (CHP) and hydrothermal treatment at 250 °C for 3 h (CHH), then blended with carbon to fabricate composite anodes. Dual-chamber MFCs inoculated with Shewanella putrefaciens were evaluated using electrochemical analyses (CV, EIS, polarization) and biofilm characterization (CFU counts, crystal violet staining, SEM). CHH achieved a peak power density of 0.164 W m[-2], approximately 167% higher than bare carbon and 23-33% higher than carbon and CHP. CHP exhibited slightly lower peak power but superior sustained output over a wider current-density range, attributed to its low-crystallinity structure and rapid early colonization. The results demonstrate that HA nanostructure, governed by synthesis route, directly influences biofilm formation and electron transfer. Overall, eggshell-derived HA anodes significantly enhance MFC performance, establishing a clear synthesis-nanostructure-biofilm-performance relationship.}, }
@article {pmid41609497, year = {2026}, author = {Brandquist, ND and Kielian, T}, title = {Differential sensitivity of leukocyte populations to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0065425}, doi = {10.1128/iai.00654-25}, pmid = {41609497}, issn = {1098-5522}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) typified by biofilm formation. Anti-inflammatory granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) represent the main leukocyte population in a mouse model of S. aureus PJI, followed by neutrophils (PMNs), and macrophages (Mφs), which is also seen during human PJI. Defining how each leukocyte population responds to S. aureus biofilm vs planktonic bacteria could have important implications for how S. aureus evades immune detection to facilitate biofilm persistence. This study compared the kinetics of leukocyte death and relationship to mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production following exposure to planktonic S. aureus or biofilm. Mφs were exquisitely sensitive to S. aureus biofilm with toxicity observed within 15 min following biofilm co-culture, whereas G-MDSCs and PMNs were more resilient, with appreciable survival out to 6 h. In contrast, G-MDSC viability was significantly decreased after extended exposure to planktonic S. aureus compared to PMNs and Mφs. Although leukocyte death coincided with increased mtROS production across all leukocyte populations, inhibiting mtROS had no impact on leukocyte survival following biofilm co-culture, suggesting alternative cell death triggers. Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis was observed in PMNs, whereas Mφs and G-MDSCs were targeted by necrosis since an inhibitor of H2O2-induced necrosis improved cell survival of both populations, whereas programmed cell death inhibitors had no effect. These findings may account, in part, for the abundance of G-MDSCs and PMNs, but not Mφs, during PJI based on differential susceptibility to biofilm-induced cytotoxicity.}, }
@article {pmid41609444, year = {2026}, author = {Er, H and Kaleli, &#x130;}, title = {[Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, Molecular Epidemiology and Biofilm Formation in Corynebacterium striatum Isolated from Clinical Samples].}, journal = {Mikrobiyoloji bulteni}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.5578/mb.20260163}, pmid = {41609444}, issn = {0374-9096}, mesh = {Humans ; *Corynebacterium/drug effects/genetics/physiology/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; *Corynebacterium Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Molecular Epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Turkey/epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles, molecular epidemiology, and biofilm formation of Corynebacterium striatum isolated from clinical samples in our hospital. A total of 132 C.striatum isolates were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method in accordance with the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Resistance genes were determined using polymerase chain reaction. Biofilm formation was investigated using the microtiter plate method. Clonal relationships in isolates were examined using the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) method. All isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Resistance rates among the isolates were quite high, with resistance to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, gentamicin and erythromycin observed in 100.0%, 98.5%, 97.0%, 99.2%, 100.0%, 90.2%, and 74.2% of the isolates, respectively. bla/ampC, ermX, aac(3)-XI, aphA1, gyrA, and tetA genes were detected as 99.2%, 96.2%, 93.2%, 91.7%, 100.0% and 43.8%, respectively. In isolates positive for the aphA1 and aac(3)-XI genes, the gentamicin resistance rate and in isolates positive for the ermX gene, the clindamycin and erythromycin resistance rates were found as significantly higher (p< 0.05). Biofim formation was detected in 28% of the isolates. The similarity ratio of the isolates was determined to be 85%. The four main clusters, A, B, C, and D showed 32 different PFGE patterns. The clustering rate was determined to be 96.0%. In conclusion, the high rates of phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance among C.striatum strains in our hospital are quite remarkable.}, }
@article {pmid41608690, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, X and Wang, S and Yang, Y and Gao, R and Yuan, S and Yu, J and Liu, D and Tan, X}, title = {Engineered Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages with quorum-quenching enzyme or depolymerase for inhibition of biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1752980}, pmid = {41608690}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and a significant threat to global health, primarily due to its ability to form biofilms that protect it from host immune responses and block antibiotic efficacy. While bacteriophages (phages) are emerging as potential antimicrobial agents, their effectiveness is often limited by these bacterial biofilms. This study aimed to enhance the biofilm-disrupting capabilities of phages through genetic engineering. First, we validated the in vitro biofilm-inhibitory effects of two enzymes: the quorum-quenching lactonase (Aiia) and a phage-derived depolymerase (DP). To demonstrate their potential, we then used CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer the P. aeruginosa phage PaGZ-1 to express these biofilm-disrupting genes. The resulting engineered phages demonstrated superior inhibition of biofilm formation compared to the wild-type phage. Notably, the PaGZ-1-Aiia variant showed significant promise in both inhibiting biofilm formation and disrupting established biofilms. Our findings provide a straightforward method for introducing exogenous genes into non-model P. aeruginosa phage genomes, offering a novel and potentially effective strategy for combating drug-resistant, biofilm-forming infections.}, }
@article {pmid41607216, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, J and Huang, S and Yang, Y and Wang, J and Guo, Q and Xu, Y and Jiang, B and Lin, J}, title = {Dental plaque biofilm-targeting composite nanomaterials: advances and outlook.}, journal = {Biomaterials science}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {952-989}, doi = {10.1039/d5bm01747e}, pmid = {41607216}, issn = {2047-4849}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Nanostructures/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Animals ; Periodontal Diseases/drug therapy/microbiology ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The disruption of oral microbial homeostasis is a major cause of periodontal disease, and the formation of pathogenic plaque biofilms is a key driver of disease progression. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within dental plaque biofilms provide structural support and a protective barrier, rendering these biofilms markedly resistant to conventional antimicrobial strategies. Owing to their favorable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and multifunctionality, nanomaterials have attracted widespread attention as potential drug-delivery platforms and therapeutic agents targeting EPS across inorganic, organic, natural-product-derived, and composite systems. This review concentrates on recent advances in the use of nanomaterials, especially nanozymes, for degrading the EPS matrix and treating dental plaque biofilms. It explicates mechanisms by which nanomaterials act, including inhibition of EPS production and adhesion, degradation of polysaccharides and proteins, targeting of extracellular DNA (eDNA), and exploitation of negative surface charge to disrupt biofilm integrity; and we also explored the potential of polypeptide-folded artificial enzymes as multifunctional nanocarriers in combination with other therapeutic modalities. Collectively, these studies furnish a theoretical rationale and technical support for the development of novel, effective antimicrobial strategies and may open new avenues for periodontal therapy. The review also summarizes current challenges in the field of nanomaterial-based and EPS-targeted periodontal treatment and discusses possible approaches to address these obstacles.}, }
@article {pmid41607099, year = {2026}, author = {Salman,  and Yasmin, A and Rahatuzzaman,  and Anik, TA and Akhter, H and Begum, A}, title = {Bacterial Diversity in Fish Farms: Relation to Biofilm Formation, Antibiotic Resistance, and Heavy Metal Tolerance.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {e70150}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70150}, pmid = {41607099}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {//Ministry of Education, Government of the People&#x270;s Republic of Bangladesh/ ; }, mesh = {*Metals, Heavy/pharmacology/toxicity ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Animals ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/classification/genetics ; *Fishes/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Aquaculture ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Biodiversity ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is facilitated by the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in aquaculture. This study assessed antibiotic resistance profiles and heavy metal responses of bacteria isolated on Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) agar from six sample types across three fish farms, yielding 51 isolates belonging to nine genera and 12 bacterial classes, with Staphylococcus being the most predominant genus. Although they appeared as Gram-positive on TCBS agar, 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed their taxonomic identity, indicating that TCBS selectivity requires reevaluation. Half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (50.98%), and MDR and MAR index >0.2 were more frequent in Gram-negative (71%) than in Gram-positive isolates (33%). The most prevalent resistance determinants were tetM (62.7%) and tetA (54.9%), while only one isolate carried a carbapenemase gene. Biofilm formation was observed in 80.4% of isolates. Heavy metal susceptibility followed the order Cd[2+] > Cr[6+] > Zn[2+] > Pb[2+], and co-exposure to Cd[2+], Zn[2+], and Cr[6+] (40 ppm) significantly increased resistance to imipenem. These findings indicate that aquaculture environments may act as reservoirs for co-resistant pathogens, posing potential risks to food safety and public health.}, }
@article {pmid41606402, year = {2026}, author = {Klesiewicz, K and Mrowiec, P and Kania, K and Hojda, S and Witek, K and Kasperski, T and Chmielarczyk, A and Karczewska, E}, title = {Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in healthcare settings: clonal analysis, resistance profiles, and biofilm formation of strains isolated from hospitalized patients.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41606402}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {2023/07/X/NZ6/01095//National Science Centre (NCN), Poland/ ; N42/DBS/000501//Statutory founds of Jagiellonian University Medical College/ ; }, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), are a significant public health threat. This study aimed to perform molecular characterization of E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates with respect to glycopeptide and phenotypic resistance, and clonal relatedness. A total of 45 isolates (41 E. faecium, 4 E. faecalis) were obtained from clinical specimens collected at the University Hospital in Kraków, Poland. Isolates were screened on chromogenic media, identified by Matrix-Assisted Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of vanA/vanB genes. Biofilm formation was assessed on culture media, and clonal relationships were determined using PFGE. Among the isolates, 86.7% harbored vanA and 13.3% vanB genes. E. faecium remained resistant mainly to ampicillin and teicoplanin, but susceptible to tigecycline and linezolid. E. faecalis showed partial susceptibility to ampicillin, tigecycline and linezolid, but frequent resistance to teicoplanin and reduced susceptibility to imipenem. Biofilm assessment revealed that 88.9% of isolates produced high biofilm levels. PFGE analysis identified several clonal groups among Enterococcus faecium, with clone A being the most prevalent (9 strains). The predominance of clonal strains and their robust biofilm production underscore the dissemination potential of VRE in hospital settings. High levels of antibiotic resistance highlight the limited therapeutic options available. Comprehensive preventive and control measures are essential to mitigate transmission of multidrug-resistant pathogens in healthcare environments. These findings provide recent epidemiological data on VRE circulation and highlight the clinical relevance of a dominant, biofilm-forming clonal lineage in a tertiary-care setting.}, }
@article {pmid41605129, year = {2026}, author = {Mohd Daud, IS and Mahmud Ab Rashid, NK and Palmer, J and Flint, S}, title = {From extraction to application: Nanoemulsified lemongrass oil for biofilm and spore control in food preservation.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {450}, number = {}, pages = {111654}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111654}, pmid = {41605129}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Food Preservation/methods ; *Bacillus cereus/drug effects/physiology ; *Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Spores, Bacterial/drug effects ; Acyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; Emulsions/pharmacology ; Food Preservatives/pharmacology ; Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; Terpenes ; }, abstract = {Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, toxin-producing pathogen that poses a persistent threat to global food safety due to its resistance to heat, disinfectants, and its ability to form biofilms. This review highlights the antimicrobial potential of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) and its major compound, citral, from traditional use to its modern application through nanoemulsion systems. It critically examines how extraction methods affect citral content and bioactivity, and how nanoemulsification enhances LEO's stability, solubility, and efficacy against B. cereus spores and biofilms. Applications include dairy, meat, and fresh produce preservation, where LEO-based coatings, packaging, and sanitizers offer clean-label alternatives to synthetic preservatives. The review also explores regulatory and safety concerns and identifies gaps in sensory effects, long-term stability, and dosing optimization. Overall, citral-rich LEO nanoemulsions represent a promising, sustainable strategy to improve microbial safety and shelf life in food systems affected by B. cereus.}, }
@article {pmid41605060, year = {2026}, author = {Bhattrai, S and Sun, Z and Jenkins, M and Parker, C and Lillehoj, H and Li, C}, title = {Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {106409}, pmid = {41605060}, issn = {1525-3171}, abstract = {Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens imposes major health and economic losses in broiler production, especially with coccidiosis co-infection. Beyond toxin secretion, C. perfringens forms biofilms that enhance persistence and reduce treatment efficacy. Thymol, a phenol from thyme, has broad antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, but its effects on C. perfringens biofilms are not well defined. We profiled 23 clinical isolates, genotyped them (all cpa[+], most cpβ2[+]; eight netB[+]; tpeL detected only in LLY_TpeL17), quantified biofilm biomass by 0.1% crystal violet staining (OD570) with and without 1% glucose, and tested thymol (6.25-1600 µg/mL) in a microplate model for effects on planktonic growth (OD590) and biofilm formation. Biofilm capacity varied widely, and glucose increased baseline biomass. Thymol inhibited planktonic growth and biofilm biomass in a dose-dependent manner, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of approximately 100 µg/mL in glucose-deprived medium and 200 µg/mL in 1% glucose-supplemented medium, where biofilm formation was significantly reduced at sub-MIC concentrations (25-50 µg/mL) under both conditions. In mature 72-h biofilms from high-biofilm producers, a 3-h thymol exposure reduced metabolic activity (resazurin RFU) and biomass, with strong effects at 50-100 µg/mL and near-baseline signals at ≥200 µg/mL. These findings reveal substantial isolate-to-isolate variability and support thymol as a promising natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent for NE control in poultry.}, }
@article {pmid41604100, year = {2026}, author = {Av, VR and Dubal, ZB and O R, VK and Kolhe, R and Dhanze, H and Rawat, S and Kumar, RR and Viswas, KN}, title = {Enterotoxin and biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA isolates from animal source foods sold in Assam.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {45}, pmid = {41604100}, issn = {1678-4405}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Enterotoxins/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; India ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology/drug effects ; *Food Microbiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology/drug effects ; *Milk/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {Animal-derived foods (ADF) are carriers of toxin-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains, posing a global food safety risk. We evaluated the toxin and biofilm production capabilities of S. aureus isolates from ADF marketed in Assam, India. Of the 138 staphylococcal isolates, 29 (21.01%) were identified as S. aureus, mostly isolated from raw milk. Resistance to chloramphenicol (13.79%), erythromycin (68.96%), penicillin (93.10%), enrofloxacin (20.68%), tetracycline (55.17%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (20.68%), linezolid (6.89%), cefoxitin (55.17%), and oxacillin (48.27%) was noted. Approximately 82.75% isolates were MDR, whereas 27.58% carried mecA gene, indicating methicillin-resistant S. aureus. PCR toxinotyping revealed pvl (20.69%), sea (37.93%), and sed (17%) genes. Additionally, 6.89% isolates harbored seb, sei, and tst genes; all lacked eta, etb, see, seg genes. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in sea and sei genes across food sources. Biofilm-forming genes were detected as icaA (65.51%), icaB (34%), icaC (48.27%), icaD (27.58%), clfA (51.72%), clfB and fnbA (44.82%). At least one biofilm-associated gene was found in 72.41% of isolates, while two or more genes were present in 80.95%. Approximately 87.5% of mecA-positive isolates contained at least one biofilm-associated gene. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted in icaA, icaD, clfB, and fnbA across the different ADF sources.}, }
@article {pmid41603711, year = {2026}, author = {Adhikary, R and Poddar, S and Patel, D and Sen, T and Gang, S and Chattopadhyay, D and Nath, UK and Hazra, S}, title = {Draft genomes of four multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gammaproteobacteria from biofilm on hemodialysis catheters in Gujarat, India.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0097925}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00979-25}, pmid = {41603711}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {Four Gram-negative bacteria, viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa HL_CHRF_S30, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae HL_CHRU_S36A, Enterobacter bugandensis HL_CHRU_S49, and Acinetobacter haemolyticus HL_CHRU_S74 were isolated from the biofilm of the catheter tip of 152 renal failure patients. Multiple antibiotic-resistant gene cassettes were predicted by whole-genome analysis of these Gammaproteobacteria to develop antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41603117, year = {2026}, author = {Diarrassouba, A and Rekiki, A and Loubière, C and Kuchler-Bopp, S and Petit, L and Calligaro, C and Mercer, D and Gaudin, A and Canourgues, N and Adicéam, E and Beitz, B and Welsch, J and Vigué, A and Kettel, MJ and Karl, M and Guilbaud-Chéreau, C and Lavalle, P and Vrana, NE and Hathroubi, S}, title = {Medical Fabrics with Non-Antibiotic, Supramolecular Antimicrobial Coatings: A Preventive Approach to Combat Biofilm Formation and Bacterial Dissemination.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e04888}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202504888}, pmid = {41603117}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {190184905//HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council/ ; //the European Innovation Council (EIC) under the SPARTHACUS project/ ; }, abstract = {Infections caused by bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on wounds and dressings present critical challenges to wound care, often impeding healing. Here, we report an antibiotic-free preventive strategy based on medical fabric coated with supramolecular antimicrobial assemblies. Using layer-by-layer dip coating technique, we functionalized medical fabric with polyarginine (PAR30) and hyaluronic acid (HA144) polymers, biopolymers that synergistically exhibited intrinsic antimicrobial activity. Coatings deposition and structural integrity were validated by confocal microscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Antibacterial performance was assessed using the AATCC100 standard test method, showed strong efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical pathogens. In vivo wound infection models, employing bioluminescent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), were used to evaluate biofilm prevention. Coated and uncoated fabrics were either pre-inoculated with MRSA or applied to pre-infected wounds to assess their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects. The coated fabrics showed potent antibacterial activity, achieving ≥6 log-reduction in bacterial load within 24 h compared to uncoated fabrics. Bioluminescence imaging confirmed infection development in wounds covered with uncoated fabrics, while coated fabrics prevented infection with a ≥6 log-reduction in bacterial load on fabrics and a ≥4 log-reduction in wound biopsies. Additionally, coated fabrics inhibited biofilm formation and bacterial proliferation in wound beds inoculated with MRSA. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility assessments demonstrated the safe profile of the coated fabrics for clinical use. These findings highlight the antimicrobial efficiency of coated fabrics in minimizing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on wounds and textiles. This safe and effective first-in-class, innovative approach offers a promising preventive strategy against biofilm formation and addresses antimicrobial-resistant strains like MRSA in wound care.}, }
@article {pmid41602772, year = {2025}, author = {Ravi, A and Pan, I}, title = {Mitigating gut dysbiosis induced by biofilm-forming pathogens: therapeutic potential of LAB-derived bacteriocins.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1721987}, pmid = {41602772}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The gut-brain axis plays a critical role in bidirectional communication system connecting intestinal and neurological health. Imbalance in this system, often caused by gut dysbiosis and pathogenic biofilm formation, can result in inflammation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and microbial imbalance.<br><br>METHODS: LAB isolates were screened for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. The most effective strain, C82, was identified through morphological, biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing. Bacteriocin production, and stability were assessed and optimized. The functional efficacy of the bacteriocin was tested in a zebrafish larval gut dysbiosis model.<br><br>RESULTS: Lactiplantibacillus pentosus C82, confirmed through 16S rDNA sequencing (NCBI GenBank submission ID: SUB14502111, accession number PP860573), demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones of 1.2&#x202f;cm against E. coli and 1.4&#x202f;cm against S. marcescens. The bacteriocin reduced inflammation and improved gut barrier integrity. It upregulated IL-10, Claudin-5a, ZO-1, Nfe2l2a, and Hmox1a, while downregulating TNF-&#x3b1;, csgD, and bsmA.<br><br>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results establish L. pentosus C82 bacteriocin as a safe, stable, and potent natural antimicrobial agent with significant antibiofilm, antioxidative, and gut-protective effects. It shows promise as a bio-therapeutic candidate for restoring microbial balance, addressing gut dysbiosis, and influencing the gut-brain axis. However, the study was limited to short-term evaluation in zebrafish larvae, which may not fully represent the complexity of the mammalian gut. Further research involving long-term exposure and higher animal models is necessary to validate its therapeutic potential.}, }
@article {pmid41602769, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, X and Zhang, Y and Yao, Y and Cho, WC and Shang, A}, title = {Biofilm-mediated immune dysregulation in chronic pulmonary diseases: mechanisms and clinical implications.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1736384}, pmid = {41602769}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Microbial biofilms are increasingly recognized as critical modulators of chronic airway inflammation and immune dysregulation in pulmonary diseases. This review summarizes current evidence on how biofilm formation and persistence alter host immune responses, contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic lung disorders. We first outline the characteristics of respiratory biofilms and the major pathogens involved. We then discuss how biofilms reshape innate and adaptive immunity-impairing pattern recognition receptor signaling, promoting neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, altering macrophage polarization, and skewing T-cell differentiation. These immune alterations sustain low-grade inflammation, tissue remodeling, and immune tolerance, driving disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, severe asthma, and even lung cancer. We further highlight emerging diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches targeting biofilm-associated immune pathways, including combined antibiofilm and immunomodulatory strategies. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and propose future research directions, emphasizing multi-omics approaches and personalized interventions to better define and target biofilm-driven immune dysregulation in chronic respiratory diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41602109, year = {2025}, author = {Juliet, R and Nachimuthu, R}, title = {Correction: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from clinical infections: a multifactorial analysis of resistance, virulence, and biofilm potential.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1762026}, doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2025.1762026}, pmid = {41602109}, issn = {2235-2988}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1712034.].}, }
@article {pmid41599662, year = {2025}, author = {Małaszczuk, M and Pawlak, A and Krzyżek, P}, title = {Salmonellosis as a One Health-One Biofilm Challenge: Biofilm Formation by Salmonella and Alternative Eradication Strategies in the Post-Antibiotic Era.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599662}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {SUBK.A130.25.025//Wroclaw Medical University/ ; }, abstract = {Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are globally distributed zoonotic pathogens of major concern within the One Health-One Biofilm framework. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella strains are included by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Bacterial Priority Pathogens List as high-risk agents. A key virulence determinant of Salmonella is its ability to form biofilms, which may display multidrug-resistant (MDR) characteristics and contribute to bacterial persistence and treatment failure. Animals, particularly poultry and reptiles, represent important reservoirs of Salmonella, and reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) may manifest as extraintestinal infections in humans. In the post-antibiotic era, there is an urgent need to identify effective alternatives to conventional therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge on Salmonella biofilms, with particular attention to their MDR potential, and discusses possible strategies for their prevention and eradication, including specific immunoprophylaxis, bacteriophage therapy, and alternative antimicrobials. The promising antimicrobials include plant-based compounds/extracts, bacteriocins, fatty acids, and synthetic/semi-synthetic substances. The integration of vaccination, phage therapy, and novel anti-biofilm compounds may provide a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in controlling Salmonella infections and aligns with the principles of the One Health approach.}, }
@article {pmid41599603, year = {2025}, author = {Damar-Çelik, D and Mataraci-Kara, E and İstanbullu-Tosun, A and Çakmak, SM and Sümbül, B and Özbek-Çelik, B}, title = {Evaluation of the In Vitro Synergistic Activity of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strains in Planktonic and Biofilm Cell Cultures.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599603}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {38826//The Research Fund Of The University Of Istanbul (Istanbul, Turkey)/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM) is a significant cause of hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised and critical care patients. This study investigates the impact of combining ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) with conventional antibiotics on SM obtained from various sources in planktonic and biofilm cell cultures. Methods: Using broth microdilution, the MICs of different antibiotics, including CZA, were determined on 37 SM strains. CZA's bactericidal and synergistic effectiveness were examined through in vitro time-kill curve tests with tigecycline (TGC), chloramphenicol (CHL), levofloxacin (LVX), colistin (CS), and amikacin (AMK). In addition, synergistic activity was investigated against SM biofilm cell cultures, and antibiotic Mutant Prevention Concentrations (MPCs) were tested against SM isolates. Results: Compared to ceftazidime (CAZ), CZA was four times more efficient against 37 SM strains. Unlike TGC and CHL, CS, AMK, and CZA had 2-4 times higher MBCs than MICs. All studied antibiotics were bactericidal at 1× or 4× MIC doses against SM bacteria, except for CZA. The combinations of CZA with LVX and CZA with AMK or CS demonstrated synergistic effects in four out of seven (57%) strains and in three out of seven (43%) strains, respectively, when tested at doses equivalent to the MIC. Moreover, all antibiotic combinations with CZA showed a synergistic effect at dosages four times the MIC. Additionally, CZA and the tested drugs synergistically inhibited SM biofilm formation, and MPC values were 8-16 times the MIC. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that combining CZA with LVX and CS was more effective against SM strains. These combinations might provide alternatives for treating SM pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm cell cultures.}, }
@article {pmid41599583, year = {2026}, author = {Wuersching, SN and Manghofer, D and Stawarczyk, B and Gueth, JF and Kollmuss, M}, title = {Surface Properties of Dental Materials Influence the In Vitro Multi-Species Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599583}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {This study examined the association between biofilm growth and surface properties of 3D printed, milled, and conventional materials used for manufacturing fixed dental prostheses. Disc-shaped specimens were produced and finished from five 3D-printing resins (VarseoSmile Crown plus [VSC], NextDent C&amp;B MFH [ND], VarseoSmile Temp [VST], Temp PRINT [TP], P Pro Crown &amp; Bridge [P]), two polymer milling blocks (composite: TetricCAD [TC], PMMA: TelioCAD [TEL]), two conventional polymer materials (Tetric EvoCeram [TEC], Protemp 4 [PT]), and zirconia (ZR). Surface roughness (Ra), wettability, interfacial tension (IFT) and surface topography were examined. Three-day biofilms were grown on the specimens using A. naeslundii, S. gordonii, S. mutans, S. oralis, and S. sanguinis in a multi-species suspension. Biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining and with a plating and culture method (CFU/mL). Linear regression analysis was computed to demonstrate associations between the surface properties and biofilm growth. The strength of this relationship was quantified by calculating Spearman's ρ. TC exhibited the highest, and TP the lowest IFT. TEC showed the highest Ra, while TEL had the lowest, with significant differences detected particularly between milled and 3D-printed specimens. TP specimens exhibited the highest biofilm mass, while ZR surfaces retained the least. Bacterial viability within the biofilms remained similar across all tested materials. There was a strong negative correlation between total IFT and biofilm mass, and a moderate positive correlation between Ra and CFU/mL. Surface properties are shaped by material composition, microstructure, and manufacturing methods and play a crucial role in biofilm formation on dental restorations.}, }
@article {pmid41599203, year = {2026}, author = {Risheq, S and Venugopal, A and Sancho, A and Friedman, M and Gati, I and Eliashar, R and Steinberg, D and Gross, M}, title = {Sustained Release Varnish of Chlorhexidine for Prevention of Biofilm Formation on Non-Absorbable Nasal and Ear Sponges.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599203}, issn = {1999-4923}, abstract = {Background: Non-absorbable polyvinyl alcohol sponges (Merocel) are widely used in otolaryngology for nasal and ear packing but are prone to bacterial colonization and biofilm formation, which may increase infection risk and drive frequent use of systemic antibiotics. Sustained-release drug delivery systems enable prolonged local antiseptic activity at the site of packing while minimizing systemic exposure. Methods: We developed a sustained-release varnish containing chlorhexidine (SRV-CHX) and coated sterile Merocel sponges. Antibacterial, in vitro, activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated using kinetic diffusion assays on agar, optical density (OD600) measurements of planktonic cultures, drop plate, ATP-based viability assays, biofilm analysis by MTT metabolic assay, crystal violet bio-mass staining, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), and spinning disk confocal microscopy. Results: SRV-CHX-coated sponges produced sustained zones of inhibition on agar plates for up to 37 days against S. aureus and 39 days against P. aeruginosa, far exceeding the usual 3-5 days of clinical sponge use. Planktonic growth was significantly reduced compared with SRV-placebo, and a bactericidal effect persisted for up to 16 days for S. aureus and 5 days for P. aeruginosa before becoming predominantly bacteriostatic. Biofilm formation was markedly inhibited, with suppression of metabolic activity and biomass for at least 33 days for S. aureus and up to 16 days for P. aeruginosa. HR-SEM and confocal imaging confirmed sparse, discontinuous biofilms and predominance of non-viable bacteria on SRV-CHX-coated sponges compared with dense, viable biofilms on the placebo controls. Conclusions: Coating Merocel sponges with SRV-CHX provides prolonged antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against clinically relevant pathogens. This strategy may reduce dependence on systemic antibiotics and improve infection control in nasal and ear packing applications in otolaryngology.}, }
@article {pmid41599123, year = {2025}, author = {Dubinenko, G and Senkina, E and Golovina, K and Myshova, A and Igumnova, O and Plotnikov, E and Badaraev, A and Rutkowski, S and Filimonov, V and Tverdokhlebov, S}, title = {Tailorable Antibacterial Activity and Biofilm Eradication Properties of Biocompatible α-Hydroxy Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599123}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {project &#x2116; 24-23-00471//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently gained attention for their antimicrobial properties, particularly because they target both planktonic bacteria and biofilms. Among these, DESs based on α-hydroxy acids (αHAs) are of interest due to their inherent antibacterial properties and favorable biocompatibility. However, effects of the αHA molecular structure and hydrogen bonding ability within a DES formulation on biological activity has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Methods: This study systematically investigates DESs formed by combining glycolic acid, lactic acid or tartaric acid with either choline chloride or tetraethylammonium chloride. Results: All DESs demonstrate broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and effectively inhibit biofilm formation while exhibiting low cytotoxicity toward 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Conclusions: DES formation enhances antibacterial efficacy while attenuating cytotoxicity compared to the individual components, thereby decoupling bactericidal activity from toxicity. Physicochemical characterization confirms the formation of a eutectic phase and reveals that biological activity is primarily governed by acidity rather than by the specific αHA structure or eutectic strength. These results provide new insights into structure-function relationships in DESs and establish a design strategy for biocompatible, non-cytotoxic antimicrobial agents.}, }
@article {pmid41599109, year = {2025}, author = {Kaliniak, S and Deptuła, P and Spałek, J and Sawieljew, M and Chmielewska-Deptuła, S and Daniluk, T and Lesiak, A and Durnaś, B and Savage, PB and Piktel, E and Bucki, R and Okła, S}, title = {Ceragenins in Combination with Ivacaftor Prevent the Formation of Biofilm by Bacteria That Cause Rhinosinusitis.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599109}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {B.SUB.25.403 to RB//Medical University of Bia&#x142;ystok/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Ceragenins (CSAs) maintain strong antibacterial activity even in cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum. Ivacaftor (IVA), a CF transmembrane regulator modulator, provides significant clinical benefits in CF therapy. Based on these properties, we hypothesized that the combination of CSAs and IVA, due to their antibacterial and biofilm-penetrating abilities, may also be beneficial in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), including CRS in CF patients. Notably, the physicochemical properties of biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) resemble those in CF sputum. Methods: We determined the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for ceragenins (CSA-13, CSA-44, CSA-131), ivacaftor (IVA), selected conventional antibiotics, and their combinations against both reference and clinical strains. Bacterial viability within biofilms was also evaluated following exposure to these agents. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to analyze the morphology and nanomechanical properties of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, rheological measurements of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms treated with CSAs combined with IVA were performed using a rotational rheometer. Results: The tested agents demonstrated anti-biofilm activity against bacterial strains associated with CRS development. IVA enhanced the anti-biofilm effects of both CSAs and tested antibiotics. CSAs exhibited low MIC and MBC values, confirming their efficacy against tested pathogens. AFM showed that CSA-44, IVA, vancomycin, and their combinations altered the nanomechanical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cells. Interestingly, the addition of IVA induced aggregation of S. aureus cells. CSAs reduced the stiffness of P. aeruginosa biofilms, and co-treatment with IVA resulted in a further decrease in biofilm stiffness. Conclusions: These findings indicate that ceragenins, particularly in combination with ivacaftor, represent a promising therapeutic strategy for challenging chronic infections caused by the studied bacteria. This supports further research aimed at developing new treatment methods for CRS.}, }
@article {pmid41599104, year = {2026}, author = {Szabóová, T and Gregová, G and Király, J and Dančová, N and Hajdučková, V and Hudecová, P and Hisirová, S and Polan, P and Lovayová, V}, title = {Prevalence of Biofilm-Forming and Antibiotic-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in an Orthopedic Clinic.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599104}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {APVV-23-0488//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; KEGA 018UVLF-4/2025//Cultural and Educational Grant Agency (KEGA) of the Slovak Republic/ ; KEGA 009UVLF-4/2025//the Cultural and Educational Grant Agency (KEGA) of the Slovak Republic/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Staphylococcus/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects/genetics/physiology/classification ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Coagulase/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Slovakia/epidemiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Prevalence ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Hospitalization ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) are a major cause of infectious diseases, owing to their ability to form biofilms and colonize community and hospital environments. MRCoNS strains were identified using biochemical tests, an MALDI-TOF MS analyzer, and PCR-based 16S rRNA gene confirmation. This study was designed to assess antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity and to determine the presence of the mecA, mecC, agrA, srtA, icaABCD, bap, fnbAB, and clfAB genes in MRCoNS isolates. From patients undergoing random screening during hospitalization in the Orthopedics Clinic in Slovakia, 28 strains of MRCoNS were identified: S. epidermidis (n = 10), S. hominis (n = 8), S. haemolyticus (n = 4), S. lugdunensis (n = 3), while S. simulans, S. pasteuri, and S. warneri were detected only once. The highest rates of resistance were observed for ampicillin, oxacillin, rifampicin, trimethoprim (100%), and erythromycin (62%). The mecA gene was detected in 12 analyzed isolates. In 12 isolates, MDR, strong efflux pump activity, and strong or moderate biofilm formation were simultaneously detected. Our findings highlight the problems posed by biofilm-forming, resistant CoNS in hospitalized patients and the importance of diagnostics, separation, rapid treatment, and proper hospital hygiene.}, }
@article {pmid41599102, year = {2026}, author = {Shaikh, S and Mekonnen, A and Saleem, AN and Ymele-Leki, P}, title = {A Predictive Computational Framework for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Growth Stages in Hydrodynamic Conditions.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41599102}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {2000330//Division of Civil, Mechanical &amp; Manufacturing Innovation/ ; 1955034//Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems/ ; 1505301//Division of Equity for Excellence in STEM (EES)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Hydrodynamics ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus on medical devices and tissue surfaces are a major contributor to persistent infections due to their resistance to antibiotics. Hydrodynamic forces in physiological and device-associated environments significantly influence biofilm development, yet the dynamics of detachment and regrowth under flow remain poorly quantified. In this study, biofilm surface coverage was measured in microfluidic flow assays across combinations of shear rates and nutrient concentrations. A computational workflow was used to segment biofilm trajectories into three kinetic phases-growth, exodus, and regrowth-based on surface coverage dynamics. Each phase was modeled using parametric functions, and fitted parameters were interpolated across experimental conditions to reconstruct biofilm lifecycles throughout the flow-nutrient conditions. The analysis revealed that intermediate shear rates triggered early detachment events while suppressing subsequent regrowth, whereas lower and higher shear regimes favored biofilm persistence. The resulting model enables quantitative comparison of condition-specific biofilm behaviors and identifies key thresholds in mechanical and nutritional inputs that modulate biofilm stability. These findings establish a phase-resolved framework for studying S. aureus biofilms under hydrodynamic stress and support future development of targeted strategies to control biofilm progression in clinical and engineered systems.}, }
@article {pmid41597730, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, G and Chen, J and Wang, X and Guo, D and Liu, Z}, title = {Fusobacterium nucleatum Enhances Intestinal Adaptation of Vibrio cholerae via Interspecies Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41597730}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {ZR2024QC312//Guozhong Chen/ ; 31770132//Zhi Liu/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation represents a key survival strategy employed by Vibrio cholerae to adapt to the complex intestinal environment of the host. While most previous studies on V. cholerae biofilms have focused on genetic regulation and monospecies cultures, its ability to form dual-species biofilms with other intestinal pathogens is still poorly understood. In this study, using samples from both cholera patients and healthy individuals, Fusobacterium nucleatum was identified as a bacterium capable of co-aggregating with V. cholerae. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that F. nucleatum-derived metabolites, specifically 6-hypoxanthine, enhance biofilm formation in V. cholerae. Further validation confirmed that these F. nucleatum-derived metabolites upregulate the biofilm-associated regulatory gene vpsT. In an adult mouse model, co-infection with F. nucleatum and V. cholerae significantly enhanced the intestinal adaptability of V. cholerae compared to infection with V. cholerae alone. Together, these findings elucidate the mechanism enabling the co-infection of F. nucleatum and V. cholerae in the host intestine, thereby shedding new light on how other pathogenic bacteria can assist in V. cholerae infection.}, }
@article {pmid41597584, year = {2025}, author = {Mahapatra, S and Ankri, S}, title = {The Role of Biofilm-Derived Compounds in Microbial and Protozoan Interactions.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41597584}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {1049/24//Israel Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are more than just structural microbial communities. They are dynamic chemical ecosystems that synthesize a range of extracellular compounds involved in functions that extend beyond biofilm architecture. From quorum-sensing molecules like acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phenazines, indoles, and reactive sulfur species (RSS), biofilm-derived metabolites can impact the physiology and behavior of microorganisms living in the same ecosystem, including other bacteria and protozoa. It has recently been demonstrated that such molecules may also modulate competition between microbes, promote cooperation, and impact motility, differentiation, or virulence of free-living and parasitic protozoa. This review aims to discuss biofilm compounds that mediate interspecies or interkingdom interactions and their involvement in regulating gut and environmental microbiomes functions, and host-pathogen relationships with special emphasis on protozoan activity and the infection outcome. This review will also address how this chemical dialog can be explored to identify new therapeutic interventions against microbial infections and parasitic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41596881, year = {2026}, author = {Yan, C and Li, X and Zhang, G and Bi, J and Hao, H and Hou, H}, title = {The Regulatory Role of Quorum Sensing-Mediated Amino Acid Metabolism in Biofilm Formation and Motility of Hafnia alvei H4.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41596881}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {No.31871895//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The spoilage phenotype of microorganisms is a key mechanism leading to food spoilage, but how their metabolic environment affects the spoilage phenotype remains unclear. This study utilized metabolomics and spoilage phenotype analysis to reveal metabolic differences between different quorum sensing (QS) genotypes of Hafnia. alvei H4 and their impact on spoilage phenotypes. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection revealed that the QS system participated in the differential metabolic regulation of eight amino acids, with serine exerting the most significant influence on the spoilage phenotype. Subsequent studies demonstrated that QS-promoted serine inhibited bacterial motility by affecting the biosynthesis of rhamnolipid (rather than c-di-GMP) and inhibiting flagellar/chemotactic genes expression. Moreover, QS-promoted serine induced the difference of bacterial inner membrane, further inhibiting bacterial motility. These findings provided fundamental information for the control of biofilms conformation within complex food nutritional background.}, }
@article {pmid41596793, year = {2026}, author = {Elbehiry, A and Alajaji, AI}, title = {Next-Generation Strategies for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens: Precision Antimicrobials, Biofilm Disruption, and Emerging Molecular Interventions.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41596793}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {Foodborne diseases remain a major global challenge because pathogenic microorganisms persist in food systems, often protected by biofilms and increasing resistance to conventional chemical preservatives and sanitizers. Control strategies that were effective in the past are becoming less reliable in complex processing environments, creating a need for more precise and adaptable food-safety approaches. This review examines emerging technologies that shift food safety from broad, reactive control toward targeted, data-driven intervention. Biological tools, including bacteriophages, phage-derived enzymes, bacteriocins, quorum-sensing inhibitors, and gene-guided antimicrobial systems, are discussed for their capacity to selectively control specific pathogens while limiting unintended effects on beneficial microbiota. The review also addresses nano-enabled strategies that improve antimicrobial stability, delivery, and performance, along with plant-derived and microbial bioactive compounds that support clean-label and sustainable preservation. In parallel, advances in anti-biofilm surface engineering, such as nano-textured, contact-active, and responsive materials, are examined as preventive measures to reduce microbial attachment and persistence on food-contact surfaces. Beyond individual interventions, this review emphasizes integration within coordinated multi-hurdle systems supported by real-time monitoring and predictive analytics. Emerging digital frameworks, including digital twins of food-processing lines, are highlighted as tools to link detection, risk prediction, and targeted control. Finally, remaining knowledge gaps, regulatory challenges, and research priorities are identified, highlighting the need for realistic testing, long-term safety evaluation, standardized validation, and collaborative efforts to translate precision food-safety technologies into dependable real-world applications.}, }
@article {pmid41596409, year = {2026}, author = {Ilieva, L and Baev, V and Marhova, M and Yahubyan, G and Apostolova, E and Gozmanova, M and Gochev, V and Paunova-Krasteva, T and Damyanova, T and Kostadinova, S and Gocheva, M and Iliev, I}, title = {Potential of Fermented Food-Derived Lactiplantibacillus Cell-Free Supernatants to Control Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Biofilm Development.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41596409}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {BG-RRP-2.004-0001-C01//European Union-NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Fermented Foods/microbiology ; Bacteriocins/pharmacology/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; *Lactobacillaceae/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilms represent a critical healthcare challenge, driving chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. This study investigates the anti-staphylococcal efficacy of two Lactiplantibacillus strains isolated from traditional Bulgarian pickled vegetables (turshiya): L. plantarum IZITR_24 and L. paraplantarum IZITR_13. Combining whole genome sequencing (WGS) with functional assays, we established a robust genotype-to-phenotype framework to characterize their antimicrobial arsenal. Based on WGS, we identified conserved plantaricin (plnJK, plnEF) clusters in both isolates, with IZITR_13 additionally carrying genes for pediocin and enterolysin A-alongside the confirmed absence of virulence factors. Reconstituted lyophilized cell-free supernatants (LCFSs) were evaluated in dose-response microtiter assays to determine the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Both strains demonstrated clear, dose-dependent inhibitory activity against the S. aureus growth and biofilm formation. Microscopy (SEM/CLSM) confirmed significant biofilm disruption and cell membrane permeabilization. The observed consistency between genome-inferred capacity and phenotypes highlights the strong predictive value of a genome-first screening approach for selecting bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These findings position IZITR_24 and IZITR_13 as promising postbiotic producers with potent antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. By utilizing their stable postbiotic products rather than relying on live colonization, this study proposes a targeted, antibiotic-sparing strategy to combat persistent staphylococcal biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41594122, year = {2026}, author = {Pompilio, A and Di Bonaventura, G}, title = {An Unexpected Inverse Relationship Between Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41594122}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {ex-60%//University of Chieti-Pescara/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infections, particularly in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Its intrinsic multidrug resistance and biofilm-forming capacity complicate treatment. Although biofilms are generally associated with antimicrobial tolerance, the relationship between biofilm formation and planktonic antibiotic resistance in S. maltophilia remains poorly understood. This study investigated the association between antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm production in clinical isolates from CF and non-CF patients. Methods: A total of 86 clinical isolates (40 from CF airways and 46 from non-CF patients) were analyzed. Susceptibility to seven antibiotics was assessed by disk diffusion, and multidrug resistance profiles were defined using standard criteria. Biofilm formation was quantified after 24 h using a crystal violet microtiter plate assay and categorized by using a semiquantitative scale. Results: High resistance rates were observed, particularly to meropenem (87.2%), ciprofloxacin (80.2%), and rifampicin (72.1%). CF isolates exhibited significantly higher resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and a greater prevalence of multidrug resistance. Biofilm formation was detected in 94.2% of isolates, with strong or powerful producers predominating. However, CF isolates formed significantly less biofilm than non-CF isolates. Notably, resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem was associated with reduced biofilm biomass and a lower proportion of high biofilm producers. Across all isolates, an inverse correlation was observed between the number of antibiotic resistances and biofilm biomass. These trends persisted after stratification by clinical origin, although some comparisons did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: This study reveals an unexpected inverse relationship between planktonic antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity in S. maltophilia. Enhanced biofilm production may represent an alternative persistence strategy in more antibiotic-susceptible strains, with important implications for infection management and therapeutic failure.}, }
@article {pmid41594093, year = {2026}, author = {Teskey, SJL and Khoma, L and Lorbes, M and Miller, CC}, title = {Nitric Oxide-Releasing Gels in the Context of Antimicrobial Stewardship, Biofilm Management, and Wound-Repair Biology.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41594093}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Topical antibiotics have long been used for the prevention and treatment of superficial skin and soft tissue infections; however, increasing evidence indicates that their clinical value is undermined by rising antimicrobial resistance, high rates of allergic sensitization, inadequate activity against biofilms, and a lack of wound-healing properties. Agents such as bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin B, mupirocin, and fusidic acid act through narrow, target-specific mechanisms that facilitate resistance selection and provide limited benefit in chronic or polymicrobial wound environments. Contemporary antimicrobial stewardship frameworks therefore discourage routine use of topical antibiotics and increasingly favor non-antibiotic antiseptics with broad-spectrum activity and low resistance risk, including silver, iodine, polyhexamethylene biguanide, octenidine, and medical-grade honey. These modalities, however, primarily serve to reduce microbial burden and do not directly address the underlying biological impairments that prevent healing. Nitric oxide-releasing gels (NORGs) represent a novel class of topical antimicrobials that combine multi-target bactericidal activity with physiologic pro-healing effects. Nitric oxide exerts potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects via oxidative and nitrosative stress, disruption of metabolic pathways, inhibition of DNA replication, and interference with quorum sensing. Simultaneously, nitric oxide enhances angiogenesis, modulates inflammation, improves microvascular perfusion, and promotes fibroblast and keratinocyte function. Preclinical models and early-phase clinical studies demonstrate broad-spectrum efficacy-including activity against multidrug-resistant organisms-with favorable tolerability and minimal risk of resistance development. Although the current evidence base remains preliminary, NORGs offer a promising antimicrobial platform with the potential to reduce reliance on topical antibiotics while simultaneously addressing key barriers to wound healing. Larger randomized controlled trials, direct comparisons with established advanced dressings, and robust pharmacoeconomic evaluations are needed to define their optimal role within stewardship-aligned wound-care practice.}, }
@article {pmid41593326, year = {2026}, author = {Kotay, SM and Parikh, HI and Gweon, HS and Barry, K and Stoesser, N and Sarah Walker, A and Crook, DW and Vegesana, K and Mathers, AJ}, title = {Biofilm removal in hospital sink drains drives unintended surges in antibiotic resistance.}, journal = {npj antimicrobials and resistance}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {41593326}, issn = {2731-8745}, support = {BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; BAA 200-2017-96194//Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services/ ; HPRU-2012-10041//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; HPRU-2012-10041//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; HPRU-2012-10041//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; }, abstract = {The prevalence and proliferation of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is considered one of the critical issues of our time. Wastewater is a habitat for complex microbial communities where bacteria share antimicrobial-resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. Hospital wastewater plumbing systems are an ideal reservoir for environmental and pathogenic bacteria to interface and exchange antimicrobial-resistance genes. Replacement of contaminated plumbing may be the most intuitive and widely deployed response to the detection and colonization of highly-resistant potentially pathogenic bacteria in hospital sink drains. In this study, we analyzed sink-drain biofilms from six intensive-care patient rooms using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and microbial culture. We show an evident shift in biofilm community structure toward increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae following plumbing replacement. Higher resistome load and abundance of clinically relevant resistance and typically encountered mobile genes in the newly replaced plumbing was also observed. Taken together, these finding suggest that exchanging contaminated plumbing for new plumbing may actually have the unexpected consequence of increased abundance of Enterobacterales and antimicrobial-resistance genes in the sink drains. Disruption of preexisting complex environmental biofilms may result in an unintended microbial population shifts and a potential subsequent increase in the amount of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales which are targeted for elimination.}, }
@article {pmid41592404, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, W and Wang, X and Liu, S and An, L and Ren, A and Lv, X and Li, J and Li, X and Li, M}, title = {Dual-species biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Hafnia alvei and their susceptibility to penicillin V acylase from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YP4-1-2.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {450}, number = {}, pages = {111657}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111657}, pmid = {41592404}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas fluorescens/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Quorum Sensing ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Food spoilage typically arises from bacterial consortia rather than individual species. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Hafnia alvei employ quorum sensing (QS)-mediated biofilm formation to accelerate spoilage in salmon. This study constructed a dual-species biofilm model of P. fluorescens and H. alvei to simulate the actual spoilage environment in salmon, and investigated the anti-biofilm potential of penicillin V acylase (LpPVA) from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YP4-1-2 against mono- and dual-species systems. The results showed that a more compact dual-species biofilm with elevated levels of AHLs, higher metabolic activity, and greater extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was observed when P. fluorescens and H. alvei were co-cultured at a ratio of 1:1. In salmon juice, the inhibitory effect of LpPVA against P. fluorescens, H. alvei, and dual-species biofilm were significantly higher than that in the LB medium, reaching 66.93%, 70.71%, and 63.66% respectively. LpPVA also significantly reduced AHL levels and suppressed both metabolic activity and EPS production in P. fluorescens, H. alvei, and dual-species biofilms, with inhibitory rates on AHLs of 97.23%, 95.18% and 98.30%, respectively; on metabolic activity of 50.16%, 47.08% and 51.16%, respectively; and on extracellular polysaccharides and proteins of 75.78% and 40.10%, 78.63% and 46.01%, 67.42% and 50.68%, respectively. Additionally, LpPVA down-regulated QS-related genes and biofilm-related genes to inhibit biofilm formation. The study demonstrates that the interactions between P. fluorescens and H. alvei in a dual-species promoted the formation of complex biofilm structures by increasing AHLs, and their sensitivity to LpPVA provides a novel strategy for controlling multi-species contamination in aquatic products.}, }
@article {pmid41590423, year = {2025}, author = {Schöpf, C and Geschwindt, A and Knapp, M and Seybold, AC and Coraça-Huber, DC and Ausserlechner, MJ and Romanelli, A and Marx, F}, title = {Amphibian-Derived Peptide Analog TB_KKG6K: A Powerful Drug Candidate Against Candida albicans with Anti-Biofilm Efficacy.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41590423}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {10.55776/W1253/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; Cristina Sch&#xf6;pf//Tiroler Nachwuchsforscher*innenf&#xf6;rderung/ ; 10.55776/PAT1835525/FWF_/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans, a commensal and opportunistic fungal pathogen, is a major clinical concern due to its ability to cause infections ranging from mild mucosal conditions to life-threatening systemic diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Its capacity to form biofilms on medical devices further complicates treatment by enhancing antifungal resistance and immune evasion. In the search for novel therapeutic strategies, the lysine-enriched amphibian-derived temporin B analog, TB_KKG6K, has emerged as a promising antifungal agent. This study demonstrates that TB_KKG6K exhibits potent fungicidal activity against planktonic C. albicans cells, with a low potential to induce adaptation or resistance. TB_KKG6K has no adverse impact on the anti-Candida efficacy of standard antifungal drugs when applied in combination, interacting additively with amphotericin B and caspofungin in a fungicidal mode of action. Additionally, TB_KKG6K effectively reduces biofilm maturation on silicone elastomers, a material commonly used in medical devices, further highlighting its therapeutic potential. These data together with our previous documentation of minimal cytotoxicity and irritation potential in human cells makes TB_KKG6K a strong candidate for combating both planktonic and biofilm-associated C. albicans infections. These findings underscore the dual efficacy of TB_KKG6K and its potential to address the challenges posed by C. albicans in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid41590165, year = {2026}, author = {Sato, Y and Watanabe, Y and Ayabe, T and Kokubo, T}, title = {Inhibition of Streptococcus Biofilm Formation by 6'-Sialyllactose and N-Acetylneuraminic Acid.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41590165}, issn = {2304-6767}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Oral hygiene is crucial for maintaining overall health, as poor oral care can lead to various systemic diseases. Although xylitol is widely used to inhibit plaque formation, more effective agents are needed to control oral biofilms. Herein, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of sialyllactose (SL), a type of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), and its partial structure N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) against Streptococcus biofilm. Methods: Under a CO2 atmosphere, Streptococcus mutans and mixed Streptococcus species were each cultivated in vitro, and the inhibitory effects of HMOs [2'-fucosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL)] and Neu5Ac on biofilm formation were evaluated. Bacterial biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet assay. Biofilm architecture and viability were visualized using confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) with SYTO9/propidium iodide staining. Transcriptomic responses of S. mutans biofilms to the test compounds were analyzed by RNA-Seq. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. Results: SLs and Neu5Ac at 100 mM significantly inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation, with stronger effects than those of xylitol. The inhibitory effects varied among HMOs, with 6'-SL being more effective than 3'-SL and Neu5Ac being most effective. These effects were consistent in assays targeting biofilms formed by other S. mutans strains and in a mixed biofilm comprising Streptococcus species. Gene expression analysis suggested that the inhibitory mechanism involves the physical inhibition of surface adhesion and stress-induced regulation of gene expression. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the physiological significance of HMOs in the oral cavities of humans. HMOs exhibited potential as functional foods to control oral biofilm formation and reduce the risk of oral and systemic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41588894, year = {2026}, author = {Hosseinali, Z and Jeddi, F and Niapour, A and Arzanlou, M and Mirzaei, S and Dogaheh, HP and Jafari, A}, title = {Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Gene Expression by Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Oxide/Zeolite Nanocomposites on Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0127724344367073251106200403}, pmid = {41588894}, issn = {2772-4352}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is recognized as the primary oral pathogen responsible for dental caries. The formation of biofilms on tooth surfaces is a crucial virulence factor for S. mutans. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) and zinc oxide/zeolite nanocomposites (ZnO/Zeolite NCs) on S. mutans gene expression and biofilm formation.<br><br>METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), sub-MIC, safranin staining, growth curve analysis, and MTT assays were performed to evaluate the anti-biofilm properties of the nanoparticles. The expression levels of the ftf, gtfB, vicR, and gbpB genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. Cytotoxic effects of the nanoparticles were measured by the MTT assay with human gingival fibroblast (HGF2PI2) cells.<br><br>RESULTS: Both SiO2 NPs and ZnO/Zeolite NCs effectively inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation, with MTT assay results showing a 79% inhibition by SiO2 NPs and 95% by ZnO/Zeolite NCs. Additionally, both nanoparticles reduced the transcription levels of the ftf, gtfB, vicR, and gbpB genes, with no toxic effects observed on HGF2PI2 cells at a concentration of 32 mg/ml.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that SiO2 NPs and ZnO/Zeolite NCs are promising agents against S. mutans biofilms, with potential applications in oral care products.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SiO2 NPs and ZnO/Zeolite NCs show significant potential for preventing biofilm formation by S. mutans, representing effective and cost-efficient antibacterial options for oral health.}, }
@article {pmid41588613, year = {2026}, author = {Jasim, HF and Majeed, NS and Salam, AA and Hamad, RH and Behrouzi, Y and Rajabi, E and Shahbazi, R}, title = {Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Genes, and smeDEF Efflux Pump in Clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates From Iran.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e70222}, pmid = {41588613}, issn = {2045-8827}, mesh = {*Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Iran ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial and opportunistic microorganism with increasing antibiotic resistance rates. This study aimed to assess its biofilm production capacity, antibiotic resistance distribution, and the prevalence of biofilm- and resistance-related genes in clinical isolates. In this multiinstitutional study, 230 isolates were collected from hospitals across Iran between 2022 and 2024. Resistance trends were evaluated using disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration E test methods, per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Crystal violet staining assessed biofilm production, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing identified biofilm- and resistance-related genes. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the relative expression of the smeD, smeE, and smeT genes, calibrated against TMP/SMX-sensitive control strains. Susceptibility rates to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), levofloxacin, and minocycline were 97.39%, 93.47%, and 93.04%, respectively. TMP/SMX-resistant strains showed 19.8- and 16-fold higher expression of smeD and smeE, compared with sensitive isolates. The spgM gene was detected in all isolates, and 93.04% (n = 214) were biofilm producers, with most showing moderate-biofilm formation (n = 89, 38.70%). Additionally, the rpfF gene was closely associated with strong-biofilm formation (p ≤ 0.05). The L2, L1, smqnr, sul2, and sul1 resistance genes were identified in 214 (93.04%), 181 (78.69%), 135 (58.7%), 136 (59.1%), and 127 (55.2%) isolates, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that most isolates remain sensitive to TMP/SMX, while resistance to alternative antibiotics is rising. Moreover, biofilm production appears significantly associated with the rpfF gene.}, }
@article {pmid41588506, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, L and Xu, M and Tang, S and Cai, Q and Chen, H and Xu, D and Qin, H and Long, B and Tian, W and Liu, B and Amantai, H and Yu, L and Han, Y and Zhang, X and Chen, J and Li, Y}, title = {Study on drug resistance, biofilm formation, phylogenetic and virulence gene analysis of Escherichia coli from diarrheic lambs.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {116}, pmid = {41588506}, issn = {1746-6148}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study comprehensively characterized E. coli from diarrheal lambs in Aksu, China. We evaluated growth kinetics, phylogenetic groups, virulence and resistance genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity in mice to determine their potential risks.<br><br>METHODS: Fresh fecal samples from diarrheic lambs were collected for bacterial isolation. E. coli was identified via specific PCR and 16&#xa0;S rRNA sequencing. A microbial growth analyzer was used to determine growth curves, and motility medium was used to detect active motility. Biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet staining. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial resistance of the strains, while PCR was performed to identify phylogenetic groups, virulence genes, and resistance genes. Pathogenicity was confirmed via a murine infection model.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 28 E. coli strains were isolated from 21 diarrheal lambs. Growth kinetic analysis revealed that all the strains entered the logarithmic growth phase after approximately 5&#xa0;h of cultivation. Among the strains, 53.6% exhibited active motility. Phylogenetic classification revealed a predominance of Group B1 (53.6%), followed by Group D (35.7%) and Group A (10.7%). Thirteen virulence genes and nine resistance genes were detected. The murine infection model demonstrated that 39.2% of the strains tested were pathogenic, with significant pathological lesions observed in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and small intestine of infected mice. Additionally, 64.3% of the strains were multidrug resistant (MDR), and the detection rate of extended-spectrum &#x3b2;-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains was 53.6%. blaCTX-M4 was the key determinant mediating E. coli resistance to &#x3b2;-lactam antibiotics. Notably, complete phenotype&#x2012;genotype concordance was observed for blaNDM-mediated imipenem resistance and cmlA-mediated chloramphenicol resistance. A statistically significant correlation was found between biofilm formation capacity and resistance patterns: strains with stronger biofilm formation were more likely to be MDR- and ESBL-positive.<br><br>CONCLUSION: E. coli from diarrheal lambs poses significant risks to sheep farming and may represent a zoonotic reservoir. These findings highlight the need for effective measures to control E. coli infections on sheep farms.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-026-05296-z.}, }
@article {pmid41587707, year = {2026}, author = {Ayenero, ME and Kumar, R and Wang, HC and Le, PT and Chen, YH and Lo, CF and Lin, SJ and Wang, HC}, title = {The transcriptional regulator AphB[vp] is involved in virulence gene expression and biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {344}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {150504}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150504}, pmid = {41587707}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Virulence/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Animals ; *Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a serious bacterial disease impacting shrimp farming worldwide. The disease was originally found to be caused by a specific strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus harboring a unique ∼70-kbp plasmid encoding the binary PirA[vp] and PirB[vp] toxins. We have previously shown that AphB[vp] regulates the expression of these toxins. In this study, we investigated the role of AphB[vp] in regulating key genes associated with V. parahaemolyticus virulence and survival by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) of wild-type (3HP) and aphB[vp]-deleted mutant (ΔaphB[vp]) strains. Our RT-qPCR validation of NGS data showed that 6 genes, hns[vp], dgc[vp], t6ss[vp], tssB[vp], ifp[vp] and DNA mtase[vp] were significantly downregulated in the ΔaphB[vp] compared to the 3HP, while vcrH[vp] was upregulated. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) confirmed that AphB[vp] directly binds to the promoter regions of hns[vp], dgc[vp] and t6ss[vp]. Notably, AlphaFold structural prediction indicates that DGC[vp] is a diguanylate cyclase involved in producing cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a key second messenger for bacterial biofilm formation and persistence. An intracellular c-di-GMP assay further showed that the concentration of c-di-GMP in the ΔaphB[vp] was significantly lower than in the 3HP, while crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy revealed significant changes in both the biomass and structure of the biofilm formed by the ΔaphB[vp]. Collectively, our findings suggest that AphB[vp] could be a key regulator for V. parahaemolyticus virulence and biofilm formation. This study of the integrated AphB[vp] regulatory network deepens our understanding of the pathogenesis of AHPND and offers potential targets for disease control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41585443, year = {2026}, author = {Luu, CH and Moonshi, SS and Nepal, A and Perera, B and Sajin, D and Cha, H and Nguyen, DN and Nguyen, NT and Ta, HT}, title = {Antithrombotic and antibacterial surface coating based on spiky silver nanoparticles: A counterattack against clotting and biofilm.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {37}, number = {}, pages = {102762}, pmid = {41585443}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Blood-contacting medical devices such as vascular grafts, stents, and catheters are indispensable in life-saving interventions but remain prone to thrombosis and bacterial infection. These complications are often synergistic, with clot formation facilitating bacterial colonisation and biofilm growth, yet most surface coatings lack active countermeasures once thrombi or biofilms have developed. In this study, we hypothesised that integrating spiky silver-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (AgIONPs) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) into a surface coating could provide both passive and active protection. AgIONPs offer strong photothermal properties under 808 nm laser irradiation for on-demand thrombolysis and biofilm disruption, while PEG contributes antifouling, anticoagulant, and biocompatible characteristics. The optimised AgIONPs-PEG coating exhibited safe photothermal heating (<45 °C), effectively lysed thrombi in static and dynamic models, and disrupted most biofilm biomass after a single irradiation cycle. Antithrombogenicity assays confirmed PEG's ability to reduce biofouling and improve haemocompatibility. Biocompatibility was further validated through in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo assays, with reduced immune-mediated inflammation. These findings highlight a multifunctional, responsive coating that could extend the lifespan and reliability of blood-contacting devices, offering a promising platform for next-generation photothermal materials in biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41585188, year = {2026}, author = {Dee Manuel, MP and Shih, YH and Hsia, SM and Wang, TH and Tseng, YH and Tu, MG and Shieh, TM}, title = {Evaluating thymol vapor for biofilm removal and biocompatibility in curved root canal models in vitro.}, journal = {Journal of dental sciences}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {323-332}, pmid = {41585188}, issn = {2213-8862}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Conventional irrigants such as chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite have strong antimicrobial properties but high cytotoxicity, limiting their use in regenerative endodontics. We hypothesized that thymol vapor could provide effective antibacterial activity with lower cytotoxicity.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antimicrobial activity of thymol in both liquid and vapor phases was tested against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using a resin block model simulating curved root canals. The effect of thymol vapor, alone or with mechanical instrumentation, was tested on early-stage biofilms removal. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assays in L-929 fibroblasts and MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression (IL-1&#x3b2;, TNF-&#x3b1;, IL-6) was measured via qRT-PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: Thymol exhibited minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.8-1.0 mg/mL in planktonic cultures. In early-stage biofilms models, 10-100 mg/mL liquid thymol and 5.0 mg/mL thymol vapor significantly reduced bacterial viability. Combining 1.0 mg/mL thymol vapor with mechanical instrumentation enhanced early-stage biofilms removal, particularly against E. faecalis. Direct exposure to thymol and chlorhexidine caused significant cytotoxicity, while 1.0 mg/mL vapor showed lower cytotoxic and did not significantly induce pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in L-929 cells. At higher concentrations, MG-63 cells exhibited increased cytokine expression.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study is the first to propose thymol vapor for biofilm removal in curved root canal models and to demonstrate its antibacterial activity with lower cytotoxicity than conventional irrigants. Its potential as an adjunct in regenerative endodontics merits further investigation, particularly in relation to immunomodulatory effects.}, }
@article {pmid41585173, year = {2026}, author = {Enggardipta, RA and Akizuki, M and Bando, M and Inagaki, Y and Sekine, K and Hamada, K and Sumitomo, T and Sato, K and Yumoto, H}, title = {Trimethyl chitosan: Antibacterial activity on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and cytocompatibility on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts cells.}, journal = {Journal of dental sciences}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {150-158}, pmid = {41585173}, issn = {2213-8862}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Effective disinfection of the root canal system remains a major challenge due to complex anatomy and the persistence of biofilm-forming bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis. Trimethyl chitosan (TMC), a quaternized chitosan derivative, has shown promising antimicrobial properties but has not been extensively studied for endodontic use. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of TMC against E. faecalis and assess its cytocompatibility with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLFs).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The E. faecalis biofilm formation in the presence of TMC and antibacterial activity of TMC against mature E. faecalis biofilms were evaluated using crystal violet staining, adenosine triphosphate assays, colony forming unit counting, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The expression of genes associated with E. faecalis biofilm formation, such as ace, esp, and gelE, was determined. Moreover, cytocompatibility of TMC with HPdLFs was assessed using a cell counting kit-8 assay.<br><br>RESULTS: TMC significantly inhibited biofilm formation by E. faecalis and in the mature E. faecalis biofilm, TMC interfered with the total biofilm biomass, reduced bacterial numbers, weakened the biofilm structure, and upregulated ace, esp, and gelE expression. Furthermore, a lower concentration of TMC maintained HPdLFs viability.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential of TMC as a novel irrigating material owing to its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against E. faecalis and its cytocompatibility with HPdLFs.}, }
@article {pmid41580943, year = {2026}, author = {Marzullo, P and Presentato, A and Campisciano, V and Tornatore, E and Alduina, R and D'Anna, F and Giacalone, F and Gruttadauria, M}, title = {Surficial N[+] Charge Density as Key Factor for Inhibition of Pseudomonas Biofilm Formation in Non-Leaching Quaternary Ammonium-Modified Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings.}, journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e03027}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202503027}, pmid = {41580943}, issn = {1521-3765}, support = {CN00000023//European Union-NextGenerationEU-National Sustainable Mobility Center/ ; 1033-17/06/2022//Italian Ministry of University and Research Decree/ ; spoke 3//Italian Ministry of University and Research Decree/ ; CUPB73C22000760001//Italian Ministry of University and Research Decree/ ; //University of Palermo/ ; }, abstract = {Marine biofouling represents significant environmental and economic concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable and non-leaching antifouling materials. In this work, we developed cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings functionalized with methyldimethoxysilanes bearing quaternary ammonium groups and alkyl side chains of two different lengths (C8 and C12). [29]Si and [13]C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful incorporation of silanes into the polymer matrix. Surface analysis was carried out by fluorescein assay, surface roughness, and contact angle measurements. Antifouling assays against Pseudomonas delhiensis PS27, a robust Gram-negative strain exhibiting strong resilience to environmental stresses, demonstrated notable biofilm inhibition in coatings with higher charge surface density without affecting the physiological fitness of planktonic cells. An observed minimum effective value of surface charge density (6.23 ± 0.76)·10[16] N[+]/cm[2] for biofilm inhibition was observed. These findings suggest a link between surficial N[+] charge density and antifouling efficacy. The developed coatings represent a promising and durable strategy for environmentally friendly fouling prevention in marine and aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid41580019, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, X and Quan, M and Zong, Z and Wang, X}, title = {Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion of Clostridioides difficile.}, journal = {Anaerobe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103023}, doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2026.103023}, pmid = {41580019}, issn = {1095-8274}, abstract = {UDCA exhibits limited direct bacteriostatic activity against Clostridioides difficile with a high MIC90 of >128 μg/mL against 121 clinical strains. However, compared with vancomycin, UDCA significantly impedes biofilm formation and bacterial adherence at subinhibitory concentrations, which may be the therapeutic advantages of UDCA and support this old drug to be further developed for CDI prevention.}, }
@article {pmid41575928, year = {2026}, author = {Sakai, R and Zhao, Y and Robert, M}, title = {LOTUS: A low-cost time-lapse automated imaging system for spatio-temporal analysis of microbial colony or biofilm development.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {e0339652}, pmid = {41575928}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Time-Lapse Imaging/economics/instrumentation/methods ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Escherichia coli/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; }, abstract = {The proliferation of low-cost single-board computers and 3D printers has considerably accelerated open science. In the life sciences, for both research and educational purposes, there is a growing trend to develop affordable imaging systems rather than purchasing specialized commercial instruments. However, existing solutions often lack diversity of imaging modes or adequate throughput. To fill this gap, we developed LOTUS, a low-cost (~$550 USD) automated imaging system built from 3-D printed components that integrates motorized sample positioning with interchangeable light-emitting diodes (LED) sources and optical filters for spatio-temporal analysis of microbial colony or biofilm development. LOTUS images up to nine samples at fixed time intervals (e.g., 20 min) in four modes: bright-field transillumination (biomass), bright-field epi-illumination (morphology), and dual-color epi-fluorescence (gene expression or other types of reporter analysis). Validation experiments demonstrated stable and reproducible timing and positioning accuracy over 3 days and homogeneity of LED illumination and captured images enabling semi-quantitative analysis. We demonstrated LOTUS capabilities by imaging E. coli biofilms expressing fluorescent reporter proteins (GFPmut2 and mCherry) over 5 days and tracking fluorescence intensity dynamics following sub-MIC ampicillin treatment. LOTUS represents a versatile and cost-effective semi-quantitative platform for parallel monitoring of colony or biofilm development and fluorescent reporter expression pattern. This open-source system makes automated time-lapse live imaging accessible for research and educational applications.}, }
@article {pmid41575222, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Q-Q and Wan, Y}, title = {Mechanisms of microbial colonization in biofilm-associated infections of hemodialysis catheters and advances in surface modification technologies.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0028325}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.00283-25}, pmid = {41575222}, issn = {1098-6618}, abstract = {SUMMARYHemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs), primarily driven by microbial colonization and biofilm formation, represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Key pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa employ sophisticated virulence mechanisms, including microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and quorum-sensing (QS) systems, to establish resilient biofilms. Surface modification technologies-encompassing antibacterial coatings, antithrombotic modifications, antibiofilm technologies, surface topological optimization, and tip design innovations-offer promising "anti-colonization" strategies to prevent infections. Notably, while tunneled and non-tunneled catheters exhibit distinct biofilm dynamics and clinical risk profiles, emerging multifunctional coatings demonstrate the potential for enhancing long-term catheter safety and performance. However, the clinical translation of these innovations requires overcoming challenges related to biocompatibility, long-term durability, and scalable manufacturing, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration.}, }
@article {pmid41575074, year = {2026}, author = {Adkins, PE and Yarawsky, AE and Herr, AB}, title = {The secreted staphylococcal biofilm protein Sbp forms biomolecular condensates in the presence of DNA.}, journal = {Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {e70485}, pmid = {41575074}, issn = {1469-896X}, support = {R35 GM151986/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM063483/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; //Anonymous MSTP donor/ ; }, mesh = {*Staphylococcus epidermidis/metabolism/chemistry/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/genetics ; *DNA/metabolism/chemistry ; *Biomolecular Condensates/chemistry/metabolism ; *DNA, Bacterial/metabolism/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis is the leading cause of device-related infections, primarily due to its ability to form biofilms, surface-adherent bacterial communities that confer remarkable resistance to antibiotics and host defenses. Small basic protein, Sbp, is a 16-kDa protein expressed by S. epidermidis that has been shown to be crucial for biofilm formation, but little is known about its function. Sbp features a high proportion of basic residues as well as several predicted regions of intrinsic disorder. Consistent with its high positive charge density, Sbp is shown here to interact with double-stranded DNA, a ubiquitous component of the biofilm matrix, forming soluble complexes or large aggregates with short or longer DNA oligonucleotides, respectively. The observed multivalent interaction of Sbp with DNA along with its predicted disorder suggested that it might form biomolecular condensates with DNA. Confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy revealed that Sbp and dsDNA form phase-separated droplets and/or solid aggregates, depending on the concentration and stoichiometry of Sbp and DNA as well as the DNA oligonucleotide length. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments demonstrated that Sbp-DNA condensate droplets initially exhibit liquid-like behavior but gradually transition to a gel-like state. This work provides the first evidence that Sbp binds DNA and undergoes biomolecular condensation, revealing a previously unrecognized mechanism that may contribute to biofilm matrix organization in S. epidermidis.}, }
@article {pmid41572302, year = {2026}, author = {Einarsson, GG and Das, S and Silversides, JA and Fundano, N and Lonsdale, E and McMullan, R and McAuley, DF and Irwin, NJ and McCoy, CP and Wylie, MP and Sherrard, LJ}, title = {Biofilm communities above and below the cuff of endotracheal tubes are spatially homogenous.}, journal = {Respiratory research}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {74}, pmid = {41572302}, issn = {1465-993X}, support = {NICHS 2020_C05//Northern Ireland Chest Heart and Stroke/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During mechanical ventilation, the inflated cuff of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) may help to minimise patient secretions containing microorganisms from reaching the lower trachea and distal ETT surface. The primary study aim was to determine if there were differences in biofilm formation above and below the cuff using microbial community profiling.<br><br>METHODS: In this prospective observational study, ETTs were collected following extubation of mechanically ventilated critically ill adults. The biofilm community composition and structure on ETT segments were examined by culture-independent (Illumina MiSeq 16S&#xa0;rRNA marker-gene sequencing) and -dependent (extended-quantitative culture) methods and related to clinical variables.<br><br>RESULTS: Sixty-four participants were recruited following a median (IQR) of 3.77 (1.56&#x2013;7.49) days intubation. Although participant-level differences in communities were observed, most had evidence of multispecies biofilm development on the ETT surface. Community profiling indicated that there was no difference in alpha- and beta-diversity metrics or density in paired segments from above and below the ETT cuff. Culture-independent analysis detected a greater biofilm richness and more often identified microorganisms reported with clinically-directed culture of respiratory secretions than extended-quantitative culture (82.35% vs. 52.94%). At extubation a higher community density was associated with increased richness (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01) and diversity (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.03) and reduced evenness (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01) and dominance (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.03), but not bacterial pathogen or yeast presence/abundance by culture. Participant characteristics were not associated with the extent of biofilm community density.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm communities forming above and below the ETT cuff are highly individual but conserved suggesting that an inflated ETT cuff does not provide an effective microbial barrier.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-025-03485-2.}, }
@article {pmid41571700, year = {2026}, author = {Pathoor, NN and Ganesh, PS and Gopal, RK and Anshad, AR and Shankar, EM and Mariappan, V and Busi, S and Salim, SA and Kathiresan, N and Kulanthaivel, L and Mahesh, R and Rudrapathy, P and Ponmalar, EM and Suchiang, K}, title = {Attenuation of biofilm-encoding genes and virulence attributes in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii by essential oil derived from Myroxylon balsamum.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2861}, pmid = {41571700}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Biofilm-associated infections due to recalcitrant bacterial pathogens pose a major challenge to global public health. Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) a multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen, relies on biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) for sustained virulence and survival in the host. Here, we evaluated the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence potential of Myroxylon balsamum essential oil (M. balsamum EO) against A. baumannii (MCC-AB-07). M. balsamum EO disrupted biofilm formation, inhibited swarming motility, and increased bacterial susceptibility to oxidative stress. Our RT-qPCR investigations confirmed downregulation of key biofilm and QS genes. Additionally, M. balsamum EO resulted in improved survival of Caenorhabditis elegans following infection. Our findings indicate promising anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of M. balsamum EO, warranting elaborate investigations to explore its therapeutic applications and possible synergistic and complementary effects in conjunction with antibiotics.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-32223-3.}, }
@article {pmid41571075, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, K and Gao, J and Guo, Y and Xie, T and Zhang, Y and Zhang, J and Lu, T}, title = {Distinct influence of preservatives on microbial community and resistance gene in bio-carriers biofilm and microplastics biofilm as revealed in sulfur autotrophic denitrification coupled with anammox system.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {294}, number = {}, pages = {123831}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.123831}, pmid = {41571075}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Denitrification/drug effects ; *Microplastics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Sulfur/metabolism ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; Autotrophic Processes ; Parabens ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) can act as a carrier of microorganisms and form a distinct ecological niche. Methylparaben (MeP) and benzethonium chloride (BZC) are commonly used as preservatives in daily life and co-exist with MPs in wastewater environment. This study comprehensively examined the diverse characteristics of resistance genes (RGs) and the microbial communities in both bio-carriers biofilm and MPs biofilm, along with the performance variations in sulfur autotrophic denitrification coupled with anammox (SAD/A) under co-exposure to MeP (0.5 mg/L) and BZC (0.5-2 mg/L). Results showed that co-exposure to 0.5 mg/L MeP and 2 mg/L BZC decreased the total nitrogen removal efficiency of SAD/A (from 95.16% to 75.36%). Preservatives exhibited the enhanced effect on the prevalence of intracellular RGs and extracellular RGs, which was stronger in MPs biofilm (1.33 × 10[5]-1.53 × 10[6] copies/ng DNA) than in bio-carriers biofilm (3.58 × 10[5]-9.08 × 10[6] copies/ng DNA). Stappia, Microbacterium and Acidovorax identified as pathogenic bacteria, exhibited higher abundance in MPs biofilm (0.46%-2.11%) than in bio-carriers biofilm (0.24%-1.71%). In both bio-carriers biofilm and MPs biofilm, the microbial community assembly was predominantly driven by stochastic processes, with preservatives inducing enrichment of potential RGs hosts. These findings provided important insights into different ecological characteristics of MPs and bio-carriers in SAD/A system under preservatives exposure, which offers references for the management and risk assessment of preservatives and MPs.}, }
@article {pmid41571071, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, Y and Huang, Y and Wang, Z and Xiang, W and Xiao, N and Zhou, Y}, title = {Microbial insights into simultaneous linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and nitrogen removal from greywater in a biofilm reactor under varying treatment loadings.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {294}, number = {}, pages = {123794}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.123794}, pmid = {41571071}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Alkanesulfonic Acids/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Water Purification/methods ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {The unpredictable treatment loadings of greywater present a challenge for decentralized greywater treatment. This study developed a gravity-flow self-oxygenating granular activated carbon-based multifunctional dynamic biofilm reactor (GAC-MDBfR) for the efficient and low-energy removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and nitrogen from source-diverted greywater under varying hydraulic loadings (0.58-2.00 m[3]/(m[2]·d)). The results showed that the GAC-MDBfR exhibited efficient and simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen over a hydraulic loading (HL) range of 0.58-1.00 m[3]/(m[2]·d). Optimal greywater purification occurred at an HL of 1.00 m[3]/(m[2]·d), achieving removal ratios of chemical oxygen demand, NH4[+]-N, total nitrogen, and LAS of 95.6 %, 99.1 %, 82.5 % and 97.0 %, respectively. Higher HLs and fluctuating pollutant loadings resulted in compromised biofilm stability, along with high LAS biotoxicity and insufficient contact between pollutants and biofilm microbes, leading to reduced pollutant removal efficiency. The underlying microbial mechanism behind the effect of HL on GAC-MDBfR performance was investigated. Higher HLs led to a decrease in microbial diversity and the relative abundance of functional microorganisms involved in nitrogen and LAS metabolism. Furthermore, trends in the abundance of enzymes associated with LAS and nitrogen metabolism under different HLs were examined. The relative abundances of NH4[+]-N and LAS metabolic enzymes were governed by both hydraulic and pollutant loadings, whereas the relative abundances of NO3[-]-N metabolic enzymes were unaffected by the HL. These findings contribute to the development of the GAC-MDBfR and provide valuable insights for the biofilm reactors in treating greywater of varying quality and quantity, ultimately contributing to efficient and low-energy greywater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41570927, year = {2026}, author = {Magalhães, AP and Jorge, P and Neiva, J and Sousa, AM and Cerca, N and Pereira, MO}, title = {Contribution of viable but non culturable cells and small colony variants in antibiotic insusceptibility and therapeutic failure against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilm co-infections.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {108312}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108312}, pmid = {41570927}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Coinfection/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are often co-isolated from biofilm-associated infections, such as those afflicting cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Biofilms, along with the interspecies interactions, play a significant role in fostering antibiotic insusceptibility, contributing to infection chronicity. Previously, we showed that S. aureus adopts a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state in biofilms with P. aeruginosa. Here, we aimed to gain insight into the impact of VBNC and phenomena such as phenotypic switching on antimicrobial treatment and vice-versa. Single- and dual-species biofilms of two isolates from each species were characterised in terms of viability, culturability, clonal diversification, and pathogenic potential, upon treatment with ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Data show that S. aureus became less susceptible to antibiotics in its VBNC state induced by P. aeruginosa and by the treatments. P. aeruginosa's susceptibility to ciprofloxacin diminished in dual-species biofilms, suggesting mutual benefits. Following treatment, S. aureus persisted as VBNC in the dual-species biofilm and its tolerance to ciprofloxacin endured after planktonic regrowth. P. aeruginosa triggered S. aureus's small colony variants (SCV), but P. aeruginosa's rugose SCV probably explains S. aureus's protection due to enhanced biofilm formation. This work sheds light on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus' co-increased tolerance to antibiotics, with cooperative interactions, phenotypic diversification, and VBNC underpinning this and the persistence of S. aureus within P. aeruginosa biofilms. This work is the first relating S. aureus's decreased susceptibility in dual-species biofilms to its VBNC state. Findings highlight the importance of microbial ecology, viability and colony morphotyping studies when designing treatments for multispecies infections.}, }
@article {pmid41570646, year = {2026}, author = {Sidikjan, N and Li, Y and Chen, Y and Guo, XP and Liu, M and Huang, Y}, title = {Multimedia profiling of metal resistance genes in the Yangtze Estuary: Biofilm dominance and community-driven regulatory pathways.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {310}, number = {}, pages = {119769}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119769}, pmid = {41570646}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Estuaries ; *Metals, Heavy/toxicity/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; China ; Environmental Monitoring ; Genes, Bacterial ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are critical microbial assemblages that function as sinks and potential reservoirs of metal resistance genes (MRGs) in contaminated aquatic systems. In this study, metagenomic sequencing and environmental profiling were employed to characterize MRGs distribution, heavy metal contamination, and microbial community structure across water, sediment, and biofilm samples in the Yangtze Estuary. Biofilms exhibited significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals and MRGs than other matrices, particularly for key genes such as corS (Cu-resistance), nrsS (Ni-resistance), and pbrA (Pb-resistance). Ecological risk assessment identified cadmium as the primary risk contributor, especially in biofilms. Partial redundancy analysis revealed that microbial community composition was the dominant factor shaping MRGs distribution, rather than metal concentrations alone. Network and canonical correspondence analyses further demonstrated strong co-occurrence patterns between MRGs and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), regulated by eutrophication (TN, Chl-a) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu). Notably, Pb-resistance genes in biofilm communities were significantly enriched and closely associated with Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, reflecting a multi-stage co-occurrence pattern potentially involving pbrT, pbrA, cadD, and czcD. These findings highlight the ecological significance of biofilms in MRGs enrichment, dissemination, and risk propagation in estuarine ecosystems under combined pollution stress.}, }
@article {pmid41570015, year = {2026}, author = {Htay, TKK and Hathaway, MR and Daniel, J}, title = {Piperine inhibits biofilm formation and efflux activity and dysregulates lipid metabolism in Mycobacterium abscessus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {e0341420}, pmid = {41570015}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Benzodioxoles/pharmacology ; *Polyunsaturated Alkamides/pharmacology ; *Alkaloids/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Piperidines/pharmacology ; *Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; *Mycobacterium abscessus/drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The nontuberculous Mycobacterium abscessus is a human pathogen that causes chronic lung infections and soft tissue infections. The bacterium forms biofilms and efflux pumps contribute to its tolerance of antibiotics. Efflux pumps also transport lipids and other molecules to the bacterial outer cell surface for biofilm formation. The effects of piperine, an alkaloid derived from black pepper, on biofilm formation, efflux activity and lipid biosynthesis in M. abscessus have not been reported. We report that, at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration levels, piperine inhibits biofilm formation in M. abscessus by more than 90%. We investigated lipid biosynthesis from exogenously supplied radiolabeled 14C-palmitic acid in M. abscessus during its log-phase growth and during biofilm formation and examined the effects of piperine. We report that piperine dysregulates the biosynthesis of major lipids in M. abscessus during biofilm formation. Piperine inhibited the biosynthesis of the neutral storage lipid triacylglycerol during biofilm formation by nearly 80% and the biosynthesis of the polar lipid trehalose monomycolate by 50%. In contrast, piperine stimulated the biosynthesis of the major polar lipid phosphatidylethanolamine during biofilm formation. Piperine inhibited efflux activity in M. abscessus by nearly 70%. Piperine enhanced the efficacies of four commonly used antibiotics used to treat M. abscessus infections. The minimum inhibitory concentration of clarithromycin was decreased by more than 16-fold by piperine and that of amikacin and cefoxitin by about 5-fold. The efficacy of ciprofloxacin was improved by more than 2-fold by piperine. This is the first report on the effects of piperine on lipid biosynthesis, efflux activity and biofilm formation in M. abscessus that highlights the potential importance of piperine as an adjunct therapy to treat nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41568957, year = {2026}, author = {George, SD and Amerson-Brown, MH and Sousa, LGV and Rinehart, AH and Tamhane, A and Riegler, AN and Leal, SM and Lammons, JW and Elnaggar, JH and Graves, KJ and Łaniewski, P and Herbst-Kralovetz, MM and Taylor, CM and Cerca, N and Muzny, CA}, title = {Spatial organization of Gardnerella species, Prevotella bivia, and Fannyhessea vaginae in the bacterial vaginosis biofilm.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, pages = {e0063025}, pmid = {41568957}, issn = {1098-5522}, support = {R01 AI146065/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI146065//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vaginosis, Bacterial/microbiology ; *Prevotella/physiology ; Adult ; *Gardnerella/physiology ; Vagina/microbiology ; Young Adult ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; *Bacteroidaceae/physiology ; }, abstract = {Key bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacteria implicated in biofilm formation include Gardnerella species, Prevotella bivia, and Fannyhessea vaginae. We investigated their spatial organization in the BV biofilm over time from longitudinal vaginal specimens obtained from women with incident BV (iBV) using peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH). Heterosexual women with optimal vaginal microbiota self-collected vaginal specimens twice daily for 60 days or until iBV development (Nugent score 7-10 on ≥4 consecutive specimens). Women who developed iBV were matched to healthy controls by age, race, and contraceptive method. Gardnerella spp., P. bivia, and F. vaginae were quantified using PNA-FISH 2 days pre-iBV, the day of iBV, and 2 days post-iBV across five optical layers (z, z + 2, z + 4, z + 6, and z + 8 μm). Total counts of all three bacterial species were significantly higher on the day of iBV compared to 2 days pre-iBV (P = 0.011) and remained elevated 2 days post-iBV. Across most layers and time points, pooled mean Gardnerella spp. counts were significantly higher than F. vaginae counts (P ≤ 0.022-0.0003). On the day of iBV and 2 days post-iBV, pooled mean counts of Gardnerella spp. and F. vaginae progressively increased across most biofilm layers (P ≤ 0.043-0.0012). Controls had significantly lower counts of Gardnerella spp. and F. vaginae. P. bivia had low counts in all specimens. During the critical time period surrounding iBV, Gardnerella spp. are abundant throughout the developing biofilm and facilitate F. vaginae incorporation at later time points and higher biofilm layers. Additional research, including other Prevotella spp., is needed.IMPORTANCEBacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in reproductive-age women worldwide with a global prevalence of 30%. Recurrence rates can be up to 60% within 1 year of treatment. While BV is characterized as a polymicrobial biofilm infection, the exact etiology remains unknown. The BV biofilm may persist after antibiotic treatment, possibly due to incomplete eradication by current antimicrobial therapies, contributing to recurrent infection. Data are limited in evaluating the spatial formation of the BV biofilm around the time of incident BV. Providing a better understanding of this critical time period in incident BV pathogenesis is necessary to inform the development of prevention methods aimed at inhibiting biofilm formation and improving long-term treatment outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41568955, year = {2026}, author = {Baborski, A and Rohland, O and Wuenschmann, T and Bauer, M and Allen, RJ and Busch, A}, title = {Biofilm-derived bile duct microbiota in liver transplantation: high-quality genomes of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {e0088625}, pmid = {41568955}, issn = {2576-098X}, support = {390713860.//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {We present draft genomes of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) isolated from a bilioenteric catheter after liver transplantation. Genome sizes were 5.58 Mb, 2.95 Mb, and 2.78 Mb, with G+C contents of 57.25%, 37.6%, and 37.99%, respectively, highlighting biofilm-associated bile duct colonizers.}, }
@article {pmid41565846, year = {2026}, author = {Jayasekara, LACB and Watchaputi, K and Butkinaree, C and Soontorngun, N}, title = {Overcoming Candida albicans biofilm drug resistance via azole-sophorolipid synergy.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {5963}, pmid = {41565846}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects ; *Azoles/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Oleic Acids/pharmacology ; Fluconazole/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects ; Ketoconazole/pharmacology ; *Glycolipids/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance is a momentous global threat, demanding innovative approaches to combat drug-resistant pathogens. As a prevalent fungal pathogen, Candida albicans exhibits increasing resistance to conventional antifungals, especially the azoles. This study explores a novel approach combining sophorolipids (SLs), a glycolipid biosurfactant, with clinical azoles, including fluconazole (FLZ), itraconazole (ITZ), and ketoconazole (KCZ), against C. albicans biofilms. SLs from the yeast Starmerella riodocensis exhibited promising metabolic reduction and antibiofilm activity against Candida biofilms, with a biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC50) of 512 mg/L. Among the tested azoles, ITZ exhibited the highest antibiofilm efficacy, prompting further investigation of SLs combinations. The ITZ-SLs combination markedly enhanced antibiofilm activity against preformed biofilms, with ITZ and SLs concentrations reduced by 16-fold and 4-fold, respectively, compared with their individual treatments (achieving a BIC50 of 1 mg/L ITZ and 128 mg/L SLs). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed significant downregulation of essential biofilm-associated genes such as BCR1, EFG1, and CDC28, demonstrating SLs's ability to inhibit various stages of biofilm development and stability. Thus, the synergy observed with azole drugs, particularly ITZ and SLs, was highly effective in biofilm removal, highlighting the compatibility of anti-biofilm biosurfactant SLs with some antifungal agents.}, }
@article {pmid41565134, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Wang, X and Bao, Z and Huang, D and Yang, P and Shi, Q and Zhou, G and Xie, X}, title = {Gelatin-based injectable hydrogel with dual ROS generation and biofilm disruption for infected wound healing.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {343}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {150399}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150399}, pmid = {41565134}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Gelatin/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Injections ; Catechin/analogs &amp; derivatives/chemistry/pharmacology ; Mice ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Chronic wounds present a major clinical challenge due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm formation. Here, we developed an injectable gelatin-based hydrogel (Pgel-EGCG-DMY) with dynamic spatiotemporal antibacterial activity. By integrating epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and dihydromyricetin (DMY), the hydrogel enabled pH-responsive release, synergistically induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and MRSA biofilm disruption. The hydrogel exhibited robust mechanical property, self-healing ability, and achieved>90% antibacterial efficacy against MRSA via combined ROS induction and gene expression (lrgA/B, mprF, narK/nasA, and saeR/S). In vivo, it accelerated tissue repair by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), upregulating anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β), and promoting angiogenesis. This intelligent hydrogel platform offers a promising strategy for treating drug-resistant wound infections.}, }
@article {pmid41563930, year = {2026}, author = {Baird, R and Gogoi, D and Forde, L and Ahmed, SW and Niu, M and Cavanagh, B and Fitzpatrick, F and Reeves, EP}, title = {Inhibition of &lt;italic&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/italic&gt; Biofilm Formation by Peptidyl-Arginine Deiminases 2 and 4.}, journal = {Journal of innate immunity}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {104-119}, pmid = {41563930}, issn = {1662-8128}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant pathogen associated with acute and chronic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Its capacity for biofilm formation, combined with antibiotic resistance, plays a critical role in the persistence of these infections. Peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PADs), including PAD2 and PAD4 isoforms, are involved in neutrophil phagocytic killing of P. aeruginosa. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PAD enzymes on biofilm development and virulence factor production in P. aeruginosa, with focus on the multidrug resistant strain, PGO2330.<br><br>METHODS: Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet assays and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Quorum sensing (QS) gene expression and QS-related virulence factor production were quantified using qPCR and virulence factor assays.<br><br>RESULTS: Exposure to 20 n<sc>m</sc> of PAD2 or PAD4 reduced PGO2330 surface attachment (p < 0.0001) and biofilm formation to 67.9 &#xb1; 5.6% (p < 0.0001) and 68.2 &#xb1; 4.2% (p = 0.0004), respectively. Moreover, rPAD2 and rPAD4 citrullinated multiple protein substrates of P. aeruginosa, yet citrullination activity was not required by rPADs to reduce P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. PGO2330 exposed to PAD2 and PAD4 showed reduced lasR, lasI, rhlR, rhlI, and mvfR gene expression and reduced levels of extracellular DNA, rhamnolipids, pyocyanin, and protease activity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that PADs inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and decrease the production of QS-related virulence factors, highlighting their potential as novel antimicrobials and supporting further research into the development of PAD-based therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid41563913, year = {2026}, author = {Omelchenko, O and Gutiérrez, AV and Diaz, M and Lewis, E and Solsona Gaya, M and Webber, MA and Gilmour, M}, title = {Evolved populations of Listeria monocytogenes related to biofilm formation and biocide stress in the context of food production environment niches.}, journal = {Microbial genomics}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41563913}, issn = {2057-5858}, mesh = {*Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Benzalkonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Mutation ; Food Microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Cleaning and disinfection of food production environments (FPE) are fundamental components of food safety programmes designed to control microbial pathogens and prevent food contamination. Yet, FPE can still harbour foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, a significant concern to food manufacturers and health authorities due to the high mortality rate associated with invasive listeriosis. Mechanisms contributing to L. monocytogenes persistence in FPE include biofilm formation and reduced susceptibility to biocides, such as benzalkonium chloride (BC), for which several mechanisms are known. We hypothesized that prolonged exposure to disinfectants and other FPE-associated stressors would drive L. monocytogenes adaptation, resulting in the accumulation of genetic mutations linked to biofilm formation and reduced biocide susceptibility. To test this, we developed a biofilm persistence model, which studied 30 consecutive passages of biofilm-associated cells grown on stainless steel under sub-inhibitory BC concentrations. Whole-genome sequencing of evolved populations identified mutations that were associated with biofilm lineages and/or BC exposure. Non-synonymous mutations were identified in genes and pathways involved in metal homeostasis, stress response and pyrimidine biosynthesis. In addition, reduced susceptibility to BC arose through multiple independent mutations within the fepRA operon, encoding FepR transcriptional repressor and FepA MATE efflux pump. These mutations were observed across both planktonic and biofilm lifestyles, resulting in a comparable level of reduced susceptibility to BC in both states. Several loci with fixed mutations associated with biofilm lineages were identified, including the ykoK riboswitch leader, the pyrimidine synthesis operon and the stress response-related gene rsbU. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying L. monocytogenes biofilm persistence and reduced biocide susceptibility in the context of FPE and reveal novel targets potentially exploited by L. monocytogenes to establish and maintain niches in unfavourable environments.}, }
@article {pmid41563494, year = {2026}, author = {Zaidi, S and Srivastava, N and Ghosh, M and Jain, D and Prasad, PN and Sood, S and Khare, SK}, title = {Anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activity of a rare actinobacteria Nocardia sp. EMB45 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {3}, pages = {145}, pmid = {41563494}, issn = {1432-072X}, }
@article {pmid41563282, year = {2026}, author = {Moisés, LS and Viotto, HEDC and Coelho, SRG and Marin, DOM and Souza, RF and Pero, AC}, title = {Biofilm formation of mixed Candida albicans and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and surface properties of a 3D-printed denture base resin under different printing parameters.}, journal = {Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB}, volume = {34}, number = {}, pages = {e20250526}, doi = {10.1590/1678-7765-2025-0526}, pmid = {41563282}, issn = {1678-7765}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Candida albicans/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Surface Properties ; Materials Testing ; *Denture Bases/microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Time Factors ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reference Values ; Analysis of Variance ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the formation of mixed-species biofilms of Candida albicans and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) on the surface of a 3D-printed denture base resin, as well as its surface properties, under varying printing parameters.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: Discs (n=40 per group, 10&#xd7;1.2 mm) of a denture base resin (priZma 3D Bio Denture) were fabricated using two 3D-printers-Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Digital Light Processing (DLP)-at three different angles (0&#xb0;, 45&#xb0;, or 90&#xb0;). Surface roughness was measured using a digital profilometer and expressed as Ra (&#xb5;m). For surface energy (SE) analysis, contact angles were measured using a tensiometer. Discs were incubated at 37 &#xb0;C for 90 minutes and 48 hours to enable biofilm formation using C. albicans and MSSA inocula. Cell viability was assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) counts, and metabolic activity was evaluated using the XTT assay (absorbance). Microbial counts and XTT results were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (printer type, printing angle, incubation period). Surface roughness was analyzed by two-way ANOVA (printer type, printing angle), with Tukey's test and a significance level of 0.05.<br><br>RESULTS: For both CFU/mL and XTT assays, incubation period was the only significant factor (p<0.001 and p=0.006, respectively), while other factors and interactions were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Surface roughness was significantly influenced by printer type, printing angle, and their interaction (p=0.027). The LCD 0&#xb0; and LCD 90&#xb0; groups produced smoother surfaces compared with LCD 45&#xb0; (p=0.002), which showed similar values to all DLP groups regardless of angle (p>0.05). The DLP printer did not show significant roughness variations across the tested angles (p>0.05). The LCD groups presented numerically lower SE values compared to the DLP groups.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The LCD system performs better than DLP in reducing surface roughness at 0&#xb0; and 90&#xb0;. Moreover, the analyzed factors did not significantly affect microbial adhesion or the formation of mixed-species biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41562871, year = {2026}, author = {Hou, CY and Lin, YT and Wu, JS and Chen, YC and Lin, CM}, title = {Application of combining microbubbles with sanitizers to inactivate biofilm on stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag023}, pmid = {41562871}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {112-2637-B-992-004//National Science and Technology Council/ ; 112-2813-C-992-097-B//National Science and Technology Council/ ; MOST 111-2637-E-992-005//National Science and Technology Council/ ; MOST-112-2731-M-EM023700//SEM/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Stainless Steel ; Polyvinyl Chloride ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/physiology ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Oxides/pharmacology ; *Microbubbles ; Chlorine Compounds/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Biofilm is a continuing issue of food microbial safety. This study combined microbubble (MB) with 50 mg/L sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) to inactivate the biofilms of Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel (SS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: The biofilms were treated with the combinations of MB and NaClO (NMB) or ClO2 (CMB). After 10-min treatment, populations of S. Typhimurium on SS were below the detection limit (1.1 log CFU piece-1) for NMB and 2.6 log CFU piece-1 for CMB; the populations on PVC were 1.6 and 3.3 log CFU piece-1 for NMB and CMB, respectively. For S. aureus, 7.5-min NMB and CMB treatments reduced the populations on SS to below the detection limit and 1.6 log CFU piece-1, respectively, and to 1.3 log CFU piece-1 on PVC. Compared with water washing and sanitizers alone, NMB and CMB obtained an additional 5 to 6 log reductions. Higher residual populations of both bacteria were obtained on PVC, and S. Typhimurium had higher residual populations on both surfaces. Observation under a scanning electron microscope revealed that no biofilm remained on the NMB-treated SS and PVC pieces, but biofilm remained on the NaClO- and water-treated pieces. Furthermore, calcofluor white staining confirmed that NMB treatment achieved the greatest removal of extracellular substances.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This is the first study showing that the combinations of MB and sanitizers inactivate the biofilm of these two bacteria on SS and PVC and demonstrate the potential for application in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41562249, year = {2026}, author = {da Silva Barbosa, G and Rodrigues de Sousa, B and de Oliveira Ferro, L and Assunção Ferreira, MR and Soares, LAL and Maranhão Chaves, G and Ferreira de Souza, A and Antonio Barbosa de Lima, M and Pereira Neves, R and Maria Correia Magalhães, O}, title = {Anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis potential and anti-biofilm activity of Psidium guajava L. hydroacetone extract.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2026.2616800}, pmid = {41562249}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Sporothrix brasiliensis is the primary cause of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Reports of therapeutic failures with itraconazole treatment exist. We evaluated the antifungal activity of the hydroacetone extract of Psidium guajava in planktonic cells and biofilms of S. brasiliensis. The extract was obtained from the leaves, and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed. Broth microdilution tests were performed according to the CLSI M38. The strains were subjected to biofilm formation, and the antifungal activity of the extract against a strong producer strain was determined. The extract inhibited planktonic cells with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤ 2 to 8 µg/mL. The metabolic activity of the strain with strong biofilm formation was inhibited with MICs of 16 and 32 µg/mL. The anti-Sporothrix activity of the hydroacetone extract of P. guajava serves as a basis for future studies for developing new drugs for the treatment of sporotrichosis.}, }
@article {pmid41561411, year = {2025}, author = {Silva Urco, SE and Miguel Soto, SY and Olaechea Alejo, RM and Nima, G}, title = {[Edta concentration in the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with curcumin on streptococcus mutans biofilm].}, journal = {Revista cientifica odontologica (Universidad Cientifica del Sur)}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e277}, pmid = {41561411}, issn = {2523-2754}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the optimal concentration of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) in curcumin-mediated antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with blue LED light on S. mutans biofilms.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms of S. mutans grown on resin discs were used, exposed to two concentrations of EDTA (1% and 17%). The experimental groups included: negative control, positive control (chlorhexidine), 1% EDTA, 17% EDTA, 100 &#x3bc;M curcumin, 100 &#x3bc;M curcumin + 1% EDTA, and 100 &#x3bc;M curcumin + 17% EDTA, with and without exposure to blue LED light, except for the positive control. Bacterial viability was assessed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/ml) after treatment application. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA adjusted by a generalized linear model (GLM) (p < 0,05).<br><br>RESULTS: The groups treated with 100&#xb5;M curcumin and 100 &#x3bc;M curcumin + 1% EDTA, activated with blue LED light, showed the greatest reduction in bacterial viability. The combination with 17% EDTA did not significantly enhance the effect of aPDT.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The addition of EDTA did not significantly enhance the activity of curcumin-mediated aPDT against S. mutans biofilms. The 1% EDTA concentration showed results comparable to the use of curcumin alone, suggesting that higher concentrations do not provide additional benefit.}, }
@article {pmid41560818, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, A and Wang, J and Song, W and Pu, J and Cai, X and Han, W and Wang, Y and Pan, H and Ouyang, J and Wu, S and Chen, R and Fang, F and Yan, F}, title = {Genetically engineered bacteria with jacketed biofilm for enhancing drug delivery into tumor.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {102692}, pmid = {41560818}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Tumor-targeted bacteria have emerged as promising drug carriers due to their intrinsic motility and hypoxia-homing property. Therapeutic agents can be loaded onto the bacterial surface, enabling their active delivery into tumor tissues. However, premature drug release during systemic circulation-likely triggered by various physiological/physical factors-inevitably results in reduced efficacy or increased off-target toxicity. Here, we present a genetic engineering strategy that enables E. coli MG1655 (EC) to autonomously produce a biofilm "jacket" on its surface (termed MEC) by regulating the expression of the biofilm-associated Csg gene cluster. This biofilm coating markedly enhances drug adsorption (1.7-fold increase for the model drug indocyanine green, ICG) and effectively prevents off-target leakage during systemic circulation. Benefiting from its tumor-homing capability and biofilm-mediated protection, MEC can deliver substantially more ICG into tumor inner regions. In murine tumor models, MEC-mediated delivery achieves significantly enhanced intratumoral drug retention and photothermal efficacy in comparison with the wild-type bacterial carrier. This work demonstrates an effective tumor-targeted drug delivery strategy based on genetically engineered biofilm technology, offering a promising avenue for precision bacterial oncology.}, }
@article {pmid41559447, year = {2026}, author = {Namiki, T and Takada, K and Hayakawa, S and Komine-Aizawa, S}, title = {Candida Tropicalis Biofilm Formation Under Secondary Bile Salt Sodium Deoxycholate.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {144}, pmid = {41559447}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {Nihon University//Nihon University/ ; Nihon University//Nihon University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Deoxycholic Acid/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Candida tropicalis/drug effects/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Candida albicans/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Iron/metabolism ; *Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Candida species are components of the normal intestinal microbiota and are under constant exposure to bacterial metabolites, including secondary bile salts. Secondary bile salts are produced by commensal bacteria in the intestine and not only affect lipid absorption through emulsification but also have great effects on other microorganisms. Here, we examined the effect of a secondary bile salt, sodium deoxycholate (NaDCA), on the formation of biofilms by Candida tropicalis. In contrast to C. albicans, C. tropicalis tended to maintain its absolute biofilm biomass and surface hydrophobicity in the presence of NaDCA. Fluorescent 3D microscopic imaging of the biofilm revealed that NaDCA treatment reduced filamentous projection to the top of the biofilm. RNA-seq analysis revealed that some genes, especially those associated with iron metabolism, were differentially expressed in NaDCA-treated C. tropicalis. Although NaDCA altered the appearance of C. tropicalis biofilms, analysis of the expression of key virulence factor genes encoding agglutinin-like sequences and candidalysin revealed that these genes were less affected by NaDCA in C. tropicalis than in C. albicans. High-iron exposure had a negative effect on C. tropicalis biofilm biomass. These results suggest a difference in the intestinal niche occupied by C. albicans and C. tropicalis according to the local availability of secondary bile salts.}, }
@article {pmid41559119, year = {2026}, author = {Özer, NE and Niran, B and Çalı, A and Şahin, Z}, title = {In-vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of various disinfection procedures in reducing biofilm formation on customized implant abutments of different designs.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2846}, pmid = {41559119}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; *Dental Abutments/microbiology ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Humans ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Dental Implant-Abutment Design ; }, abstract = {To investigate the effectiveness of 80% ethanol and 2% chlorhexidine gel in reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilm formation on different types of customized implant abutments, using the crystal violet staining method. Three types of implant abutments were tested: Ti-base, monoblock titanium, and zirconia hybrid abutment. A total of 84 abutments were prepared and divided into four groups for each abutment type (n = 7): negative control (no biofilm), positive control (biofilm, no disinfection), ultrasonic cleaning with 80% ethanol for 5 min, and immersion in 2% chlorhexidine gel for 10 min. All abutments were incubated with P. aeruginosa for 24 h. Biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet staining method, and bacterial adhesion was confirmed in the positive control group via scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. There was no significant difference in bacterial retention among the different abutment designs tested (p > 0.05). The analyses revealed that both cleaning methods significantly reduced biofilm formation in all abutment types (p < 0.05) but were not superior to each other (p > 0.05). Both ethanol- and chlorhexidine-based disinfection protocols were effective in reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on different abutment designs under in-vitro conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41558382, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, R and Niu, S and Jiang, Y}, title = {Adsorption of heavy metals by biofilm-coated microplastics in aquatic environments: Mechanisms, isotherm and kinetic processes, and influencing factors.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1015}, number = {}, pages = {181388}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181388}, pmid = {41558382}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Microplastics/chemistry/analysis ; *Biofilms ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/analysis ; Adsorption ; *Metals, Heavy/chemistry/analysis ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals (HMs) are pervasive co-contaminants in environmental systems, where their synergistic interactions may amplify ecological risks. Notably, biofilm-coated microplastics (B-MPs), ubiquitous in aquatic environments, exhibit distinct physicochemical properties that govern heavy metal (HM) adsorption behaviors. Despite a surge in research on B-MPs-mediated HM adsorption, mechanistic drivers, quantitative modeling, and multifactorial regulation are still lack of systematic elucidation. This critical review synthesizes current advances to systematically decode adsorption mechanisms, adsorption isothermal/kinetic models, hierarchical controls spanning biofilm traits, microplastic characteristics, metal properties, and environmental conditions. The difference in HM adsorption between by B-MPs and naked MPs (N-MPs) are also systematically discusses. Key findings reveal that electrostatic interactions and surface complexation generally dominate the adsorption of HMs onto B-MPs, with kinetics best described by pseudo-second-order models and isothermal processes fitting Freundlich or Langmuir models. Several key aspects necessitate further elucidation, including competitive adsorption phenomena and their interplay with microbial metabolic shifts in multimetallic systems, the influence of plastic-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM), dynamic adsorption processes during biofilm formation, and the repercussions of pH-induced alterations in biofilm architecture and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition. By bridging current insights with environmental realism, this work identifies understudied knowledge-high-environmentally relevant research models, biofilm succession dynamics, long-term HM retention, multifactorial influencing effects, AI-assisted exploring approaches-that warrants prioritization in future research.}, }
@article {pmid41556957, year = {2026}, author = {Han, X and Wang, P and Zhang, H and Wang, H and Liu, F and Fan, Y and Xiong, X and Zhang, J and Wang, G}, title = {Novel Regulatory Interplay between FtsH and Spo0A∼P in Bacillus cereus 0-9 Biofilm Formation: A Potential Target for Antibiofilm Strategies.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {3947-3957}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c10623}, pmid = {41556957}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus cereus/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development/enzymology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Spores, Bacterial/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {The biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus brings new challenges to food hygiene control. We investigated the multifunctional role of FtsH, an ATP-dependent metalloprotease, in regulating biofilm formation and environmental adaptation in B. cereus 0-9. Through homologous recombination, we generated ΔftsH and related mutants, subsequently evaluating their biofilm production using crystal violet staining, colonial morphology, and sporulation capacity, respectively. Transcriptional analysis using luminescent reporter strains revealed that biofilm-associated genes (sipW and calY) are downregulated in a FtsH-dependent manner in the mutants. Our findings demonstrate FtsH modulates Spo0E protein stability (confirmed by Western blot) and consequently influences Spo0A phosphorylation levels. Thus, FtsH as a crucial regulator of both sporulation and biofilm formation in B. cereus 0-9, mirroring its function in Bacillus subtilis while differing from Bacillus anthracis. It provides novel insights into bacterial stress response mechanisms and offers potential applications for developing biofilm eradication strategies, thereby addressing critical disinfection challenges in food processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid41555762, year = {2026}, author = {Massano, F and Afonso, AC and Sousa, M and Teixeira, LS and Borges, A and Simões, M}, title = {The action of selected monoterpenes as biofilm control agents and antibiotic resistance modifiers.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {264-277}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2615081}, pmid = {41555762}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; *Menthol/pharmacology ; Acyclic Monoterpenes ; Erythromycin/pharmacology ; Amoxicillin/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant bacteria in biofilms are a growing public health threat, due to their resistance to conventional antibiotics. Phytochemicals are attractive candidates because of their structural diversity and ability to potentiate antimicrobial activity. This study investigated the antibiofilm and resistance-modifying effects of two monoterpenes, menthol and linalool, alone and in combination with ten antibiotics, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Menthol exhibited MIC and MBC of 800 µg/mL against E. coli and the same MIC against S. epidermidis, while linalool showed MICs of 800 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL, respectively. Combination assays revealed enhanced activity of erythromycin with both monoterpenes against E. coli and of amoxicillin with menthol against S. epidermidis, although sessile cells were largely unaffected. When applied individually, both monoterpenes caused a 3-log reduction in culturable E. coli biofilm cells. The overall findings highlight the antibiofilm activity of linalool and, particularly, menthol, supporting their role as antibiotic adjuvants against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41555753, year = {2025}, author = {Prabhu, PP and Nambi Krishnan, J}, title = {Comprehensive assessment of photo-oxidative degradation and biofilm colonization on microplastic pellets in simulated marine environment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances &amp; environmental engineering}, volume = {60}, number = {12}, pages = {657-672}, doi = {10.1080/10934529.2026.2613557}, pmid = {41555753}, issn = {1532-4117}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Microplastics/chemistry/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry ; Plastics ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a noteworthy environmental concern due to their pervasive presence and potential ecological impact. This study investigates the degradation of three commonly used plastics-polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and Nylon-6 (N6) under artificial aging conditions mimicking natural sunlight exposure and chemical oxidation in seawater. MP pellets were exposed to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in artificially simulated seawater with controlled temperature at 60 °C, 300 RPM agitation, and UV irradiation. The chemical, morphological, and physical changes in the MP pellets over a 160-h period was characterized with Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Stereomicroscopy, and Particle size analysis (PSA). The results indicate that the degradation patterns and mechanical stability of the plastics varied based on the polymer type and exposure conditions. The PE exhibited significant degradation characterized by the formation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups along with surface roughening and mechanical instability. The PP showed less degradation compared to PE attributed to its higher melting point and UV stability. The N6 displayed intermediate degradation influenced by amide linkages and mechanical strength. Additionally, this study investigated the formation and characterization of biofilms on MP fragments under simulated marine conditions over a 305-day period. FE-SEM analysis revealed distinct morphologies of biofilm development and Crystal Violet staining quantified the biofilm biomass on the aged PE, PP, N6 pellets. Confocal microscopic analyses using Hoechst-33342 and AO/PI staining further elucidated biofilm composition, highlighting varied microbial densities and cell viability on MP surfaces. These observations contribute to the understanding of the complex processes governing microplastic degradation and emphasize the importance of considering environmental factors in evaluating plastic pollution.}, }
@article {pmid41555718, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Correction to: 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid interferes with the spatiotemporal dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag004}, pmid = {41555718}, issn = {1365-2672}, }
@article {pmid41555213, year = {2026}, author = {Subramaniyan, Y and Megha, KS and Adithyan, K and Nair, RR and Mujeeburahiman, M and Baby, BM and Ganesh, PP and Rekha, PD}, title = {Effect of metabolites on the survival and biofilm formation of Pantoea piersonii (Basionym: Kalamiella piersonii) in synthetic urine media.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-025-04684-z}, pmid = {41555213}, issn = {1471-2180}, }
@article {pmid41554908, year = {2026}, author = {Sana, SS and Mishra, V and Vadde, R and Sillanpaa, M and Alfarraj, S and Van Hung, P and Kim, SC}, title = {Curcuma longa debranched starch assisted synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles and its antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-biofilm activities.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {5538}, pmid = {41554908}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Cerium/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Curcuma/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Starch/chemistry ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Nowadays, there is a growing emphasis on eco-friendly methods for synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs), that avoid chemical processes and the production of harmful substances. In this study, we present a novel green approach for preparing cerium oxide nanodots (CeO2NPs) using Curcuma longa debranched starch as a reducing and capping agent via the sol-gel method. The prepared CeO2NPs were characterized using various techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and zeta potential (ζ). An absorption peak of the particles at 315 nm was detected in the UV-Vis spectrum. Spherical CeO2NPs were observed by SEM and TEM with a 2-4 nm NP range. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis showed that the Ce, oxygen and carbon contents were 68.33 wt%, 25.59 wt and 6.07 wt%, respectively. The CeO2NPs exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC[50] value of 3.2 ± 0.23 µg/mL, and 3.66 ± 0.18 µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays, respectively. Furthermore, CeO2NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli and antibiofilm activity against Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Escherichia coli. The in vitro cytotoxicity of CeO2NPs against HepG2 cells (IC[50] of 178 ± 14 µg/mL) was dose-dependent as evaluated using the MTT assay. These results collectively suggest the diverse functions of CeO2NPs, showcasing their potential as antioxidants, anticancer and antibacterial agents, and their usefulness in biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41554215, year = {2026}, author = {Mekureyaw, MF and Pandey, C and Sorty, AM and Hennessy, RC and Nicolaisen, MH and Liu, F and Nybroe, O and Roitsch, T}, title = {Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 contributes to improve tomato drought stress resilience and priming for enhanced gene regulation.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {317}, number = {}, pages = {154704}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2026.154704}, pmid = {41554215}, issn = {1618-1328}, mesh = {*Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas putida/physiology/genetics ; *Droughts ; Stress, Physiological ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), known to enhance tolerance to pathogen infection, but its role in drought stress mitigation remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to assess whether inoculation with KT2440 improves tomato tolerance to drought. Inoculation with the KT2440 wild type (WT) significantly improved ecophysiological drought stress responses by increasing leaf water potential and photosynthetic rate. It also resulted in an impact on the holobiont cell physiology through modulation of the activity signature of key enzymes of carbohydrate (e.g., PGM and vacInv) and antioxidant (e.g., GR, MDHAR, and cwPOX) metabolism under drought conditions. To functionally assess the role of biofilm formation in drought response, biofilm-deficient mutants KT2440 Alg, with only one gene cluster for the exopolysaccharide alginate deleted, and KT2440 Q, with four exopolysaccharide gene clusters (alg, bcs, pea and peb) deleted, were used. Inoculation with these two mutants led to reduced drought resilience, with partial or complete loss of protective effects in the Alg and Q mutants, respectively. This was reflected in lowered leaf water potential, photosynthetic rate, and reduced antioxidant and carbohydrate metabolism enzyme activities compared to inoculation with the corresponding wild type. Global RNA sequencing revealed that under drought conditions 360 % more genes were differentially regulated in the presence of KT2440 WT compared to the mock inoculated control, whereas this value decreased again to only 140 % more differentially regulated genes after recovery from the drought stress. Thus, KT2440 specifically primes the plant for a much more pronounced transcriptional response only during the impact of drought, thus providing resilience protection on demand. This priming for enhanced abiotic stress responsiveness was partially dependent on the ability to form biofilm. Both under well-watered and drought stress the number of differentially regulated genes was strongly reduced in plants inoculated with KT2440 Q compared to WT. Gene ontology and expression analyses showed significant upregulation of pathways involved in photosynthesis, phytohormone signaling, antioxidant metabolism, and drought resilience in KT2440-inoculated plants. Although KT2440 WT showed higher biofilm formation compared to the Alg and Q mutants, the strains did not differ in their ability for root colonization. These findings provide novel insights into the contribution of biofilm formation to PGPR-mediated drought tolerance and protection on demand via priming for enhanced transcriptional regulation under stress, supporting the potential of KT2440 for environmentally friendly mitigating of drought stress responses in crops.}, }
@article {pmid41553350, year = {2026}, author = {Bao, X and Li, B and Wang, Y and Meng, X and Huang, Q and Li, S}, title = {The CpxA/R system mediates the regulation of TolC on biofilm formation by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in response to medium osmolarity.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag013}, pmid = {41553350}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {31572539//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32473122//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Osmolar Concentration ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Culture Media/chemistry ; *Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Osmotic Pressure ; Bacterial Proteins ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Hyperosmolarity is widely used for food preservation by inhibiting bacterial survival and growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to reveal bacterial osmotic-response mechanism. Biofilm formation presents a significant challenge for the control and prevention of pathogenic bacteria. Our previous study showed that inactivation of the efflux protein TolC in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) decreased biofilm formation by affecting curli production in a medium osmolarity-dependent manner. This study aims to explore the role of the two-component CpxA/R system in mediating TolC regulation of ExPEC biofilm formation in response to osmolarity.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Various mutants derived from the parental ExPEC &#x394;tolC strain were constructed, and their abilities to form biofilms and produce curli fimbriae in different osmotic media were evaluated using crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, Congo red assay, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the disruption of CpxA/R system by deleting the gene encoding histidine kinase-CpxA or response regulator-CpxR, or by introducing a point mutation at the phosphorylation site of CpxA, significantly compromised the effect of TolC inactivation on ExPEC biofilm formation and curli biosynthesis under both NaCl- and sucrose-induced osmotic stresses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study firstly demonstrate that the CpxAR system mediated the regulation of TolC inactivation on ExPEC biofilm formation and curli production in response to both NaCl- and sucrose-induced osmotic stresses. These findings expand the regulatory network of bacterial biofilm formation and osmotic-responsiveness, contributing to exploring potential targets for preventing and controlling pathogenic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41553344, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, F and Wang, M and Hu, J and Zuo, J and Jiang, W and Bao, Y and Yin, H and Zhang, J and Xu, F and Han, X}, title = {RatA regulates growth, biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag017}, pmid = {41553344}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {U22A20518//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32302883//Young Scientists Fund/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Virulence/genetics ; *Escherichia coli/pathogenicity/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Mice ; *Bacterial Toxins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/genetics ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Chickens ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis, incurring significant economic losses. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems regulate bacterial virulence, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. This study focuses on RatA, a toxin characterized as a ribosomal large subunit from our Tn5 transposon mutant library biofilm screen. In the clinical isolate APEC81, ratA is co-transcribed with its putative antitoxin gene, ratB, in the ratAB operon. This study aims to characterize the function of ratA in APEC and determine if ratB affects its regulation.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that deletion of ratA (&#x394;ratA and &#x394;ratAB) significantly impaired bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and motility, while deletion of the antitoxin gene ratB had no observable effect, indicating that RatA acts independently of RatB in modulating these traits. Further analysis identified four key active sites (V34, W103, F117, F147) essential for RatA binding to coenzyme Q. Mutating these sites recapitulated the &#x394;ratA phenotype, confirming their functional importance.In host-pathogen interactions assays, the &#x394;ratA mutant exhibited markedly reduced adhesion and invasion in HD-11 macrophages, diminished colonization in murine tissues, and a weakened capacity to provoke host inflammatory responses.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Studies demonstrate RatA as a central virulence factor in APEC, governing multiple pathogenic traits-from bacterial fitness to host interaction. These results underscore the potential of ratA as a target for anti-virulence strategies against APEC infections.}, }
@article {pmid41552723, year = {2025}, author = {Bahkali, NA and Lambarte, RNA and Sumague, TS and Dawoud, TM and Almaary, KS and Niazy, AA}, title = {Busulfan inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and reduces biofilm biomass and pyocyanin production.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1721773}, pmid = {41552723}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pyocyanine/metabolism/biosynthesis ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Busulfan/pharmacology ; Biomass ; Virulence Factors ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Humans ; Drug Synergism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains a serious threat in clinical settings, especially among patients who are immunocompromised, receiving chemotherapy, or in intensive care units. With the rise of antibiotic resistance, drug repurposing offers a promising alternative strategy. Busulfan, an anticancer alkylating agent that induces DNA cross-linking and cytotoxic effects in cancer cells, may exert similar effects on microorganisms, as reported for other alkylating agents.<br><br>METHODS: This study evaluated the antibacterial potential of busulfan against P. aeruginosa. Initially, the antimicrobial activity of busulfan was assessed using the microdilution method, followed by investigations of key virulence factors of the PAO1 strain after treatment.<br><br>RESULTS: Busulfan inhibited bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner, with 84% inhibition observed at 108 &#x3bc;g/mL, whereas bactericidal activity was only observed at much higher concentrations (MBC >512 and <1,024 &#x3bc;g/mL). Busulfan significantly reduced biofilm formation by 55%, decreased live-cell viability by 67% as observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), decreased pyocyanin production by 57%, and impaired iron chelation by 25%. Moreover, moderate synergy with gentamicin was observed at higher concentrations of busulfan. However, treatment with 108 &#x3bc;g/mL busulfan showed no effect on PAO1 hemolysis or motility.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overall, busulfan demonstrates antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, particularly through its effects on virulence factors. These preliminary results support the potential value of busulfan for repurposing, although further studies are needed to clarify its mechanism and therapeutic relevance.}, }
@article {pmid41552615, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, Y and Xu, Z and Li, C and Zhang, J and Zheng, J and Wen, Z and Yu, Z and Chen, Z and Han, S and Li, P and Hou, T}, title = {Inhibition of Growth and Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus by LLY-507.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2021-2033}, pmid = {41552615}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a prevalent antibiotic-resistant pathogen underscores the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents. This study investigates the potential of LLY-507 against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly S. aureus, focusing on its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Here, our data exhibited the favorable antibacterial activity of LLY-507 with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 25 μM against S. aureus. Additionally, LLY-507 at sub-MIC concentrations effectively reduced the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus. Proteomic analysis of S. aureus treated with LLY-507 revealed the classification of the functional proteins with significant expression level alterations in bacterial metabolism, particularly amino acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated the disruption of S. aureus cell integrity by LLY-507 through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assay, membrane permeability assays, and direct binding experiments between LLY-507 and cardiolipin. Lastly, the effectiveness of LLY-507 was proven in vivo using the Galleria mellonella infection model. Overall, these findings highlight the promising antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of LLY-507 against S. aureus and provide insights into its mechanism of action, implicating its potential as a lead compound for developing novel antibacterial agents targeting Gram-positive bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41551768, year = {2026}, author = {Mo, D and Pan, M and Wei, Y and Yang, Y and Chen, W and Liu, Q and Li, X and Li, J and Luo, T and Yang, F and Deng, H and Zhang, Z and Xiao, Z and Li, K and Qian, Z}, title = {Near-infrared light-driven photocatalytic reactive oxygen species-generating antibacterial and self-shrinking hybrid hydrogels for combating drug-resistant bacterial biofilm infection and accelerating wound healing.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {59}, number = {}, pages = {396-420}, pmid = {41551768}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {The development of wound dressings with tunable antibacterial activity and controllable self-shrinkage remains an intractable medical task for treating drug-resistant bacterial biofilm-infected wounds. Herein, we prepared a near-infrared-light (NIR)-controlled hydrogel (Co-BOS@C/F Gel) using an oxygen vacancy (OV)-rich cobalt (Co)-doped bismuth oxysulfide (Co-Bi2O2-XS, Co-BOS) photocatalyst as the guest molecule and a hydrazide-modified chondroitin sulfate/aldehyde-terminated Pluronic F127 hydrogel (C/F Gel) as the host carrier. First, the two-dimensional Co-BOS photocatalysts were synthesized via a one-step liquid-phase ion-exchange method. Co doping decreased the band gap, increased the number of OVs, and promoted charge transfer. Co-BOS also exhibited excellent photothermal performance (η = 34.09 %) and strong photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating ability. The Co-BOS@C/F Gel formed via a dynamic Schiff reaction showed good temperature sensitivity, adhesion, hemostasis, and electrical conductivity and unique NIR-light-driven self-shrinkage. It exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against various bacteria and eliminated 95 % of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm using photothermal therapy/antibacterial photocatalytic therapy. Integrated transcriptomic analyses revealed that the Gel operates via multiple antibacterial mechanisms, including the regulation of oxidative stress pathways and metabolic networks. Furthermore, this Gel significantly promoted cell proliferation and migration. In a mouse model of MRSA biofilm-infected wounds, the Co-BOS@C/F Gel under NIR light adaptively covered irregular wounds, eliminated MRSA biofilms, and accelerated wound closure. Without NIR light, the gel effectively promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis. This study provides an innovative "kill four birds with one stone" strategy to treat drug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds and promotes the application of hybrid hydrogels in the biomedical field.}, }
@article {pmid41551333, year = {2026}, author = {Hemmingsen, LM and Škalko-Basnet, N}, title = {Breaking biofilm barriers in skin wounds: Membrane-Active antimicrobials in an era of resistance.}, journal = {Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100249}, pmid = {41551333}, issn = {2590-2571}, abstract = {Chronic wounds remain a significant challenge for healthcare systems worldwide, placing a considerable burden on both patients and resources. Their management is further complicated by the persistence of biofilm-forming bacteria and an escalating problem of antimicrobial resistance, both of which restrict the effectiveness of conventional therapies. Antimicrobial compounds with a rapid onset of action and activity that is not solely dependent on bacterial metabolism represent promising alternatives for bacterial and biofilm eradication. Among these, membrane-active antimicrobials (MAAs), including antimicrobial peptides, peptidomimetics, and other membrane-disrupting compounds, constitute a particularly interesting group of agents. Recent investigations have revealed diverse mechanisms through which MAAs compromise biofilm integrity, ranging from permeabilization of bacterial membranes to interference with quorum sensing and extracellular polymeric substances. Furthermore, pharmaceutical innovations such as nanoparticle-based carriers, hydrogel matrices, and scaffold-based delivery systems have shown potential to enhance MAA stability, optimize and prolong release profiles, improve antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy, increase tissue penetration, and mitigate cytotoxicity concerns. By integrating insights from microbiology, materials science, and drug development, this short review aims to outline the challenges posed by biofilms in chronic wounds, appraise the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of MAAs, and discuss how advanced delivery strategies might expand their clinical efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41551328, year = {2026}, author = {Ababneh, Q and Alawneh, D and Jaradat, Z and Al-Zoubi, E and Atoom, A and Aldaken, N and Al-Rousan, E and Alshari, Y and Saadoun, I}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Is Influenced by Isolate Source and Is Inversely Correlated With Antibiotic Resistance.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {9348199}, pmid = {41551328}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Intensive Care Units ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a troublesome bacterium that is highly prevalent in hospital settings, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). Biofilm is one of the main virulence factors that makes A. baumannii a successful pathogen, enabling it to survive the harshest environments. This study aimed to corrolate the biofilm-forming capacity of clinical A. baumannii isolates with their antibiotic resistance phenotypes and isolation sources. A total of 327 clinical isolates originated from different hospitals, were recovered from diverse clinical specimens collected from patients admitted to the ICU and non-ICU wards. The isolates were characterized for their resistance phenotypes and biofilm formation capacities. Most A. baumannii isolates showed high resistance patterns against all examined antibiotics. Based on the resistance profiles, 81.2% and 12.3% of isolates were classified into extensively resistant (XDR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR), respectively. Moreover, the number of the ICU isolates exhibiting the XDR phenotype (86.7%) was higher than non-ICU XDR isolates (76.4%). The biofilm-forming capacity varied among the isolates, with most of the isolates forming either strong (44.3%) or weak biofilms (25.7%). Additionally, the fraction of ICU isolates with a strong capacity to form biofilms (60.7%, 91/150) was higher compared with the non-ICU isolates (30.5%, 54/177). We found a significantly higher tendency to form biofilms in isolates that are susceptible to 10 out of the 17 antibiotics (p = 0.014-0.002), including three carbapenems. In addition, a significant difference in the ability to form biofilms was revealed between the isolates originating from different hospitals and clinical specimens. Notably, a higher tendency to form biofilms was associated with susceptible strains isolated from blood (p = 0.024-0.04) and cerebrospinal fluid (p = 0.001-0.009). Our findings indicate that investigating the biofilm formation capacity of clinical A. baumannii strains could help identify patients requiring short or extended therapeutic treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41551166, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Guo, H and Hu, G and Fu, S and Li, J and Yin, K and Shi, X and Wang, Y and Tu, J and Xia, X and Li, G}, title = {Exploring the antibacterial mechanism and biofilm inhibition of Plantago asiatica L. extract against Bacillus cereus with application in milk.}, journal = {Current research in food science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {101298}, pmid = {41551166}, issn = {2665-9271}, abstract = {Plantago asiatica L. is an edible and medicinal plant with notable antibacterial activity. However, its antibacterial effects against Bacillus cereus have not yet been investigated. In this study, its extract exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 μg/mL against B. cereus ATCC 11778 and demonstrated effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant strains. Antibacterial activity, confirmed through growth kinetics and microscopy, was linked to cell membrane damage and disruption of genomic DNA and protein profiles. Beyond planktonic cells, the extract significantly combated biofilms, a key virulence factor, reducing biomass by over 77 % and key matrix components. Transcriptomic analysis provided mechanistic depth, revealing that the extract interfered with central metabolism, virulence, and membrane transport, and downregulated three key biofilm-related genes. This multi-faceted mechanism was validated in a practical food application, where 1 mg/mL of the extract completely inhibited bacterial growth in skim milk within 24 h. This study is the first to comprehensively demonstrate the dual antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of P. asiatica L. extract against B. cereus, establishing its potential as a novel, multi-targeted biointervention agent for the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41550424, year = {2026}, author = {Herrera-Galindo, J and Alcantara-Rosales, CA and Ojeda, OM and Xiqui-Vázquez, ML and Mancilla-Simbro, C and Reyes-Carmona, S and Baca, BE and Ramírez-Mata, A}, title = {Inactivation of Cysteine Synthase CysK-A enhances flocculation, biofilm formation, and sensitivity to oxidative stress in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100335}, pmid = {41550424}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Cysteine biosynthesis is a critical metabolic pathway for bacterial physiology. However, the full impact on the lifestyle of the plant-beneficial bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 is not completely understood. Our previous work identified a cysteine synthase A (CysK-A) as a key enzyme in cysteine synthesis in A. brasilense Sp7, but its inactivation did not lead to cysteine auxotrophy, suggesting functional redundancy in this type of enzyme. Here, we comprehensively characterized an A. brasilense AR cysK-A mutant, revealing a multifaceted phenotype that highlights the indispensable role of CysK-A. The cysK-A mutant exhibited a growth defect that was rescued by genetic and chemical complementation, underscoring the importance of de novo cysteine synthesis for optimal metabolic fitness. Furthermore, the cysK-A mutant displayed a striking hyper-aggregative behavior, characterized by significantly enhanced flocculation, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharide production. Confocal microscopy revealed an abundance of ovoid, cyst-like cells. This transition toward a sessile lifestyle, induced by cysteine limitation stress, correlated with the intracellular accumulation of cyclic-di-GMP, as determined by a c-di-GMP biosensor assay. Additionally, the cysK-A mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to exogenous hydrogen peroxide stress, a deficiency that was restored by cysK-A complementation. The mutation also led to enhanced adhesion to radish seeds; however, it did not result in statistically significant differences in overall radish seedling colonization after seven days, possibly due to compensatory mechanisms. Collectively, our findings establish CysK-A as crucial for optimal growth, stress tolerance, and the regulation of aggregative behaviors in A. brasilense Sp7, providing insights into the adaptive strategies employed by this important plant-associating bacterium.}, }
@article {pmid41550423, year = {2026}, author = {Salazar-Sánchez, A and Ghigo, JM and Martínez-Ballesteros, I and Martinez-Malaxetxebarria, I}, title = {Identification of biofilm-associated genes in Arcobacter butzleri.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100344}, pmid = {41550423}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging zoonotic and foodborne pathogen isolated from human diarrhoeal samples and environmental sources. Despite its increasing clinical relevance, functional studies in this species have been limited by the lack of effective genetic tools. In this study, we report the first successful application of random transposon mutagenesis using the EZ-Tn5 transposome system in three A. butzleri strains. Transformation efficiency was found to be strain-dependent, with only one strain (P8) yielding enough mutants for phenotypic screening. A total of 56 mutants were characterised with 29 different disrupted genes, all exhibiting significantly reduced biofilm formation, and ten strains showing reduced or abolished motility. Furthermore, the phenotype of some mutants was also associated with lactate metabolism, methionine auxotrophy, cold sensibility and resistance to several antimicrobials. The identification of multiple independent insertions at identical nucleotide positions suggests possible insertional hotspots, although no conserved sequence motifs were identified. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the gene functions associated with biofilm formation and other phenotypes in A. butzleri. This work not only represents a significant technical advancement for the genetic manipulation of this bacterium species but also establishes a foundation for future functional genomics studies aimed at elucidating the pathogenicity and environmental adaptability of A. butzleri.}, }
@article {pmid41550422, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, YH and D'Amico, I and Whalen, J and Mullett, SJ and Gelhaus, SL and Cooper, VS and Armbruster, CR and DePas, WH}, title = {Experimental evolution in the cystic fibrosis chemical environment reveals early TCA cycle flux as a central regulator of Mycobacterium abscessus biofilm formation.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100343}, pmid = {41550422}, issn = {2590-2075}, support = {K22 AI173802/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI170607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD032141/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe, recalcitrant pulmonary infections in susceptible groups, including people with cystic fibrosis (CF). MAB forms biofilms during human infection and in environmental reservoirs such as household plumbing systems, and biofilm formation renders MAB more drug tolerant. However, our limited understanding of the regulatory systems governing mycobacterial biofilm formation undercuts our ability to disperse MAB biofilms and potentially increase treatment efficacy. Using experimental evolution, we demonstrate that selective pressure from synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium (SCFM1) drives the emergence of evolved MAB lineages that more readily aggregate in different environmental conditions. Whole-genome sequencing identified mutations in genes coding for two putative IclR family transcriptional regulators, which we named MraA and MraB, as responsible for the increase in aggregation. Using RNA-seq, we revealed that MraA and MraB share a regulon composed largely of genes involved in the early tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glutamate metabolism. Targeted metabolomic analysis confirmed that both mutants had increased levels of TCA cycle intermediates citrate/isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate (AKG), suggesting that in WT both MraA and MraB suppress flux through those metabolites. We found we could increase both citrate/isocitrate and AKG pools in WT MAB by supplementing SCFM1 with acetate, thereby increasing biofilm formation without increasing expression of the MraA/B regulon and demonstrating a specific causal relationship between those metabolites and biofilm formation. Finally, we show that acetate-induced, agar-suspended biofilms confer antibiotic tolerance. Altogether, we demonstrate how MAB carbon flux can be redirected by selective pressures in a CF sputum-like chemical environment to increase biofilm formation and drug tolerance. We propose a model in which MraA and MraB control flux of citrate/isocitrate/AKG and thereby feed into a metabolism-based biofilm regulatory system in MAB.}, }
@article {pmid41550100, year = {2025}, author = {Sengupta, B and Alrubayan, M and Kolla, M and Wang, Y and Mallet, E and Torres, A and Solis, R and Wang, H and Pradhan, P}, title = {AI-Based Detection of Optical Microscopic Images of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Planktonic and Biofilm States.}, journal = {Information (Basel)}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41550100}, issn = {2078-2489}, support = {R03 DE032766/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R21 CA260147/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are resistant microbial cell aggregates that pose risks to the health and food industries and produce environmental contamination. The accurate and efficient detection and prevention of biofilms are challenging and demand interdisciplinary approaches. This multidisciplinary research reports the application of a deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) model for detecting biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high accuracy. Aptamer DNA-templated silver nanocluster (Ag-NC) was used to prevent biofilm formation, which produced images of the planktonic states of the bacteria. Large-volume bright-field images of bacterial biofilms were used to design the AI model. In particular, we used U-Net with ResNet encoder enhancement to segment biofilm images for AI analysis. Different degrees of biofilm structures can be efficiently detected using ResNet18 and ResNet34 backbones. The potential applications of this technique are also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid41549143, year = {2026}, author = {Vadaga, BS and Sharma, S and Batchu, R and Dasgupta, M and Kodgire, P}, title = {Unveiling the role of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in biofilm formation and Harnessing them for targeting biofilm-forming bacterial infections.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {49}, pmid = {41549143}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {EM/Dev/SG/178/2764/2023 and IIRPSG-2024-01-06863//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Bacterial Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Bacteria/drug effects/metabolism/genetics ; Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are surface-attached bacterial consortia, which account for 80% of the world's microbial biomass, and are responsible for 75% of human infections. These surface bacterial communities have enhanced their ability to withstand unfavourable conditions and resist antimicrobial treatments due to the presence of outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play a central role in biofilm formation by mediating adhesion, matrix assembly, and intercellular interactions, and they are increasingly being targeted for novel antibacterial therapies to disrupt biofilm-related infections. OMPs play a crucial role in biofilm formation, as these proteins contribute to the assembly and architecture of the biofilm matrix, interact with other matrix proteins, and influence surface hydrophobicity and cell aggregation. Notably, genetic modifications or deletions of OMPs can increase or decrease biofilm formation, indicating their regulatory influence on matrix composition and biofilm morphology. Incidentally, biofilm poses significant challenges in industry and abiotic medical equipment. OMPs offer excellent targets to mitigate biofilm-forming infections, since blocking their function can reduce bacterial adhesion and disrupt biofilm integrity. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides as well as nanotechnology-based therapeutics are under development to target OMPs, allowing for innovative approaches that circumvent traditional resistance mechanisms seen in biofilms. This review underscores the significance of key OMPs in devising strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections and offers a concise overview of their structure, function, and immunoprotective role. By targeting outer membrane proteins, emerging therapies seek to address the persistence and antibiotic resistance of biofilm-forming bacteria, representing a promising direction in the treatment of chronic and multidrug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid41548998, year = {2026}, author = {Thakur, V and Juneja, A and Raza, M and Mehra, P and Jacob, AT and Shahi, PK}, title = {Antimicrobial effects of four different probiotic compositions and delivery forms on clear aligner biofilm: A randomized single-blind crossover trial.}, journal = {Journal of the World federation of orthodontists}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.12.001}, pmid = {41548998}, issn = {2212-4438}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To evaluate the short-term antimicrobial effects of consumer probiotic formulations on bacterial load and biofilm accumulation on clear orthodontic aligners using a randomized four-period crossover design.<br><br>METHODS: Twenty Invisalign users completed four 7-day intervention periods separated by 14-day washouts. Interventions comprised: (1) probiotic gummy (Bonatona; Bacillus coagulans, 1.5 &#xd7; 10&#x2079; CFU/dose), (2) probiotic rinse (Perfora; proprietary multi-strain blend, 1.5 &#xd7; 10&#x2079; CFU/10 mL), (3) probiotic capsule (HealthKart; multi-strain, 3.0 &#xd7; 10&#xb9;&#x2070; CFU/dose), and (4) probiotic drink (Yakult Original; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota, &#x223c;6.5 &#xd7; 10&#x2079; CFU/65 mL). Products were used as labelled; Labelled strains included Bacillus coagulans, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota, and proprietary multi-strain Lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium blends (10&#x2079;-10&#xb9;&#x2070; CFU/dose). No independent verification of strain identity or viability was undertaken. After each period, 5-mm discs from standardized aligner sites were analysed for total viable counts (CFU/mL) and for biofilm matrix (EPS) and viability using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with Concanavalin A staining. Primary analysis used linear mixed-effects models with treatment, period, and sequence as fixed effects and subject as a random intercept. Least-squares means (95 % CI) and Bonferroni-adjusted contrasts are reported. Trial registered at CTRI/2024/08/072820.<br><br>RESULTS: All four probiotic delivery forms produced significant reductions in total viable counts and EPS fluorescence compared with pre-intervention controls (P < 0.001). CFU reductions ranged from 0.62-1.06 log&#x2081;&#x2080; (mean reduction 3.8-4.3 &#xd7; 10&#xb3; CFU/mL), with the probiotic drink showing the largest decrease (LS-mean difference vs. baseline = 1.055 log&#x2081;&#x2080; CFU; 95% CI: 0.93-1.18; P < 0.001). Similar reductions were observed in CLSM fluorescence (mean differences 93-145 AU; all P < 0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Short-term use of consumer probiotics delivered as a drink, rinse, gummy, or capsule, demonstrated statistically significant antimicrobial reductions in aligner biofilm. The probiotic drink yielded the greatest effect. Given the short intervention duration and label-only verification of probiotic content, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary. Larger, species-resolved studies with longer follow-up and comparison against routine mechanical cleaning are needed before clinical recommendations can be established.}, }
@article {pmid41548819, year = {2026}, author = {Rocha, IV and Martins, LR and Pimentel, MIS and Mendes, RPG and Lopes, ACS}, title = {Post-pandemic molecular epidemiology of β-lactam resistance and biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from a Brazilian tertiary hospital.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {108307}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108307}, pmid = {41548819}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Humans ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Tertiary Care Centers ; *Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; Molecular Epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a critical post-pandemic pathogen, combining antimicrobial resistance with biofilm formation, severely complicating infection control. We aimed to characterize the genetic mechanisms of β-lactams resistance and biofilm-forming capacity of MDR A. baumannii isolates from a Brazilian tertiary hospital, in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period.<br><br>METHODS: A. baumannii isolates were collected from various clinical specimens between 2023/2024. Species identification was performed using the Phoenix BD&#xae; system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution. &#x3b2;-lactamase genes were investigated by PCR, and biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet assay. Growth kinetics were analyzed spectrophotometrically.<br><br>RESULTS: Among 78 isolates, 98.7&#xa0;% exhibited MDR profiles while remaining susceptible to colistin. Strong biofilm production occurred in 71.8&#xa0;% of isolates, particularly from rectal swabs. Dominant resistance genes included blaOXA-23 (66.7&#xa0;%), blaOXA-24 (19.2&#xa0;%), and blaOXA-143 (12.9&#xa0;%), with blaNDM-1 in 3.9&#xa0;%. Isaba1 was associated with blaOXA-23 (44.2&#xa0;%) and blaADC (92.3&#xa0;%). The bap gene was detected in 28.2&#xa0;% of the isolates, while blaKPC/GES/IMP/SPM/PER-1 were absent. Biofilm-forming groups displayed distinct growth patterns.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that most A. baumannii isolates exhibit MDR profiles and robust biofilm formation. The widespread presence of &#x3b2;-lactamase genes and biofilm-producing strains underscores the necessity for enhanced molecular surveillance and biofilm-focused infection control measures in critical care units. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms driving resistance and biofilm formation in post-pandemic clinical settings. To mitigate the persistence and spread of high-risk MDR clones, hospitals should integrate genetic resistance profiling and biofilm-targeted strategies into infection control protocols.}, }
@article {pmid41548818, year = {2026}, author = {Shen, Y and Kang, L and Xu, A and Tu, G and Wu, S}, title = {Type II and type VII Toxin-antitoxin systems: an overview and their roles in bacterial biofilm development.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {108304}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108304}, pmid = {41548818}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/genetics/physiology ; *Bacteria/genetics/pathogenicity/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Toxins/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Antitoxins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are distinct genetic modules, typically consisting of adjacent toxin and antitoxin genes, and are extensively prevalent in various bacterial species. These genetic elements play key roles in shaping bacterial physiology and pathogenicity, specifically in the regulation of growth dynamics, the mediation of stress responses, and the modulation of bacterial persistence and biofilm formation. TA systems are currently classified into eight types, type II and type VII stand out as pivotal modules for bacterial survival and have drawn much research interest. This review systematically dissects the multifaceted impacts of representative type II and type VII TA systems on the initiation, maturation, and dispersal stages of bacterial biofilm development, while comprehensively unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid41548257, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Zhang, C and Kang, X and Liu, Y and Qiu, Y and Wanyan, D and Liu, J and Cheng, G and Lin, P and Huang, X}, title = {Exploring efficient mainstream nitrogen removal by partial nitrification/anammox under limited COD condition in a pilot-scale membrane aerated biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {292}, number = {}, pages = {125398}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125398}, pmid = {41548257}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Nitrification ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Pilot Projects ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Water Purification/methods ; Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Oxidation-Reduction ; }, abstract = {The integration of partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) into membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is a promisingly energy-efficient and high-efficiency technology for nitrogen removal. For the first time, this study investigated the practicability and stability in the combined pilot-scale MABR unit and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB)-carriers unit to remove nitrogen under limited COD condition by PN/A. About 83% of NH4[+]-N removal efficiency was realized with the influent flow rate of 2.4 m[3]/d (i.e. the hydraulic retention time of 12 h) by nitrification in MABR system before the inoculation of AnAOB. The free nitrous acid (FNA) enhanced strategy showed remarkable NOB inactivation and stable PN. After the inoculation of AnAOB, the total nitrogen removal efficiency was 78% with the influent flow rate of 1.2 m[3]/d, and the percentage of nitrogen removal by PN/A accounted for 55%. The optimizing operational conditions suggest that for an effective strategy to balance water quality and the nitrogen removal rate of the MABR, a proper biofilm thickness controlling strategy is recommend for future practice. The obtained results would further improve our perspectives on NOB inhibition in the pilot-scale MABR system and shed light on the future practical application for a sustainable wastewater treatment by PN/A technology.}, }
@article {pmid41546578, year = {2026}, author = {Nauman Gulzar, M and Shahid, M and Mushtaq, Z and Amir Aslam, M}, title = {Beyond antibiotics: Essential oils as novel biofilm inhibitors.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {421-429}, doi = {10.36721/PJPS.2026.39.2.REG.14747.1}, pmid = {41546578}, issn = {1011-601X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Plant Oils/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Lavandula/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Clove Oil/pharmacology ; Mentha piperita/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multidrug and extensively antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, also known as "superbugs," are now becoming a global threat to mankind. Bacteria constitute a protective layer of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) around their colonies, which produces persistent bacterial infection. Bacteria coordinate in aggregated biofilm with each other through a mechanism named quorum sensing.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the potential of essential oils as novel agents for inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation, specifically through their quorum sensing inhibitory properties.<br><br>METHODS: The extracts and essential oils of three herbal plants, viz. lavender oil, peppermint oil and clove oil, were used for different biological, therapeutic, anti-quorum sensing and biofilm inhibition. Chemical fingerprints of essential oils and extracts were performed using GC-MS and HPLC. Hemolytic activity and Ames assay was performed to document toxicological profile of samples. Anti-quorum activity of essential oils and extracted bio-functional components was performed against sinusitis isolates and reporter strain.<br><br>RESULTS: According to toxicological analysis, samples were non-toxic. Ames assay expressed that the samples used were non mutagenic while, DNA damage protection assay exhibited that essential oils and water extracts protected the DNA damage. High antibacterial activity of lavender essential oil was 21.83 &#xb1; 1.60 mm. According to SEM studies, essential oils and extracts have shown the destruction in three-dimensional structure of biofilm matrix with shrinkage of bacterial cell. The potency of extracts on violacein production is studied and results bring about moderate to good inhibition.<br><br>CONCLUSION: It is concluded that due to antibiotic resistance, medicinal plant extracts are an alternative for chronic infection treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41545779, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, C and Saiding, Q and Chen, W and An, S and Zhao, S and Khan, MM and Kong, N and Ge, M and Shi, J and Lin, H and Tao, W}, title = {Chemically modified and inactivated bacteria enable intra-biofilm drug delivery and long-term immunity against implant infections.}, journal = {Nature biomedical engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41545779}, issn = {2157-846X}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms, prevalent in human infections, present a major barrier to effective antibacterial therapy due to limited drug permeability and resistance. Here we introduce a 'trick-bacteria-with-bacteria' strategy that employs bacteria modified via calcium chloride treatment and antibiotic loading, followed by ultraviolet inactivation. These modified bacteria integrate selectively into biofilms of the same species, enabling targeted intra-biofilm drug release triggered by local pH and hydrogen peroxide. Species-specific integration is essential, as mismatched strains exhibit spatial segregation due to differences in surface adhesins and protein profiles. The strategy is effective against polymicrobial biofilms and demonstrated efficacy in treating biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. It also reinvigorates biofilm-associated macrophages by inducing the release of biofilm-derived l-arginine, enhancing immune responses. In vivo studies using subcutaneous and bone implant infection models showed stronger biofilm eradication and longer-term immunity in animals treated with modified bacteria compared with those treated with antibiotics, including resistance to re-infection. This approach could be adapted to modify infection-related bacteria from patients for personalized intra-biofilm drug delivery.}, }
@article {pmid41545695, year = {2026}, author = {Melzi, A and Zecchin, S and Colombo, M and Borgonovo, G and Mazzini, S and Mondal, S and Arioli, S and Cavalca, L}, title = {Copper biosorption by Serratia plymuthica: crucial role of tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances in planktonic and biofilm systems.}, journal = {Biodegradation}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {25}, pmid = {41545695}, issn = {1572-9729}, support = {PhD Food Systems, XXXVIII cycle//University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional sciences/ ; 2020-1069//Fondazione CARIPLO/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Copper/metabolism ; *Serratia/metabolism/physiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Adsorption ; *Plankton/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Wastewater/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Heavy metals in aquatic environments pose significant environmental and human health risks, highlighting the urgent need for innovative remediation strategies. This study explores the role of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances as active binding surfaces for copper, in planktonic cells and biofilm-based adsorption systems. Serratia plymuthica strain As3-5a(5) achieved 92% Cu(II) biosorption (from an initial concentration of 3.14 mM) within 4 min in a non-proliferating planktonic cell system, and 98% biosorption in a biofilm-based system on sintered glass. Maximum metal biosorption was achieved by late stationary phase grown cells (72 h), likely due to an increased protein fraction in the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances. When in the presence of real electroplating wastewater containing 40 mM Cu(II) at pH 1.9, planktonic cell system (10[11] cells mL[-1]) achieved 97% Cu(II) biosorption. These results highlight the strong potential of Serratia plymuthica strain As3-5a(5) for developing efficient biological systems for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater. Furthermore, this work provides valuable insights into sustainable biotechnological approaches for copper remediation, with potential applications in catalytic processes and metal recovery within a circular economy framework. Future studies should involve synthetic biology approach to improve copper sequestration and to investigate the scalability of these systems to higher technology readiness levels under real industrial wastewater conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41544975, year = {2026}, author = {Wesgate, R and Maillard, JY}, title = {Impact of Wiping Materials on the Elimination from Surfaces of Dry Surface Biofilm of Bacteria of Food Safety Concern.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {100700}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2026.100700}, pmid = {41544975}, issn = {1944-9097}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/physiology ; *Salmonella/drug effects/physiology ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; Food Handling/methods ; Equipment Contamination ; }, abstract = {Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are common foodborne pathogens that easily contaminate food preparation surfaces. Salmonella's ability to form dry surface biofilms (DSBs) likely exacerbates surface persistence, making effective removal from food contact surfaces essential. This study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of food contact surface sanitizers against artificial L. monocytogenes DSBs, with comparisons to hydrated biofilms and dried planktonic cells. We hypothesized that the effectiveness of no-rinse, quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based sanitizers depends on both the wiping material used and the bacterial strain present. Two preformulated no-rinse QAC sanitizers and one QAC spray were tested with six commercial wiping materials against three dried planktonic Salmonella spp. and one L. monocytogenes, as well as their DSBs, on stainless steel surfaces. Dried planktonic cells were more easily eliminated than DSBs, achieving approximately 4 log10 versus 2 log10 reductions, respectively. Although no-rinse QAC sanitizers are designed to reduce bacterial levels to acceptable limits, formulation constraints may limit their cleaning efficacy, particularly against DSBs in the presence of organic matter. Preformulated QAC wipes were less effective than spraying the sanitizer followed by wiping. Wiping material type significantly influenced efficacy: paper towels significantly outperformed cloths, though performance varied among brands, and one sponge was the most effective overall. This study underscores the need to carefully select wiping materials and no-rinse food contact surface sanitizers to eliminate Salmonella and Listeria DSBs, ensuring effective sanitation practices in foodservice settings.}, }
@article {pmid41544864, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Zhai, YR and Kong, XY and Wang, JH and Chi, ZY and Ren, JG}, title = {Differential robustness of microalgal-bacterial biofilm to once and consecutively changing multi-stressors: Combined impacts of salinity, nutrients, and hydrodynamic loads.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {134020}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134020}, pmid = {41544864}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Microalgae/physiology/metabolism ; *Salinity ; *Hydrodynamics ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; *Nutrients/pharmacology ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Denitrification ; }, abstract = {Regarding estuary remediation using microalgal-bacterial biofilm, the ever-fluctuating salinity, nutrients, and hydrodynamics was under-researched. This study compared the influence of various combined fluctuating stresses via both parallel (identical initial condition) and consecutive experiments, and found the biofilm being most sensitive to salinity stress then hydrodynamic shear. Among parallel experiments, highest salinity plus highest hydrodynamic stress displayed most biofilm impairment, while sufficient nutrients failed to relieve the impairment, rendering up to 83 % chlorophyll reduction, 366 mg/g extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) over-secretion, least nitrogen removal efficiency, and most denitrification. Over consecutive multi-stressed phases, biofilm robustness was enhanced. Linear biofilm accumulation, stable chlorophyll profiles, and reduced oxidative stress were obtained even under highest stresses. Soluble EPS decrease favored nitrogen removal (up to 12.5 mg/L/d), while denitrification weakened over biofilm operation. Salinity-tolerant Oceanicaulis (up to 43.4 % relative abundance) supported biofilm robustness enhancement. This study provided valuable insights into microalgal-bacterial biofilm robustness against unpredictable fluctuations.}, }
@article {pmid41543686, year = {2026}, author = {Mendes, SG and Combo, SI and Allain, T and Mó, I and Domingues, S and Buret, AG and Da Silva, GJ}, title = {Ciprofloxacin resistance enhances biofilm formation and modulates virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii: Insights into the role of efflux pumps and quorum sensing.}, journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41543686}, issn = {1435-4373}, support = {2021.06289.BD//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/ ; Grant RT690446//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41543510, year = {2026}, author = {Dumoulin, D and Ghrayeb, M and Côté, S and Garneau, D and Chai, L and Frost, EH and Fülöp, T and Beauregard, PB}, title = {Bidirectional relationship between the biofilm of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the amyloid-beta peptide.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0198125}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01981-25}, pmid = {41543510}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis infections are significant risk factors for the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the reliance of P. gingivalis on its biofilm for its survival and virulence, the impact of the extracellular matrix on AD's neuropathological hallmarks has never been examined. In this study, we report a bidirectional relationship between the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, which plays a central role in AD, and the biofilm of P. gingivalis. Using multiple fluorescent markers for biofilm components, we observed that Aβ1-40 inhibited biofilm formation while Aβ1-42 increased extracellular matrix production. Also, using thioflavin T staining and atomic force microscopy, we observed co-aggregation of the biofilm and monomeric Aβ1-40, resulting in faster aggregation and significant changes in aggregate structure. Our findings propose mechanistic explanations for the role of P. gingivalis as a risk factor for AD and offer potential mechanisms for microbial involvement in AD etiology.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: While the etiology of Alzheimer's disease has been studied extensively for the past 50 years, its exact causes remain unknown. Our current understanding is that the accumulation of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors would lead to the onset of the disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterium that produces biofilm and elicits periodontitis, a chronic infection of the gums that constitutes a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. While studies have looked at the effects of P. gingivalis in triggering Alzheimer's symptoms in animal models, none have explored the impact of the biofilm, which is essential in this bacterium. Our study seeks to bridge that gap by demonstrating a bidirectional relationship between P. gingivalis biofilm and amyloid beta, one of the brain lesions involved in Alzheimer's disease. By understanding the risk factors involved in Alzheimer's disease and their impact, we aim to provide valuable insights on prevention and treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41542414, year = {2026}, author = {Fehrenbach, P and Kuhn, EMA and Gens, L and Tapia-Dean, J and Rangel-Moreno, J and Hangartner, A and Kwant, P and Zeiter, S and de Jong, EC and Muthukrishnan, G and Moriarty, TF}, title = {Beyond the skin barrier: commensal S. epidermidis imprint systemic immunity to invasive biofilm infection.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41542414}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R01 AI111914/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis, a dominant human skin commensal that promotes microbial homeostasis from early life, can transition to an opportunistic pathogen under certain conditions, including invasive, biofilm-associated infections linked to medical devices. Neonatal exposure to skin commensals induces a lifelong immunological imprint in the skin, characterized by immunoregulatory responses. We therefore hypothesized that early life exposure to S. epidermidis influences immune responses to invasive biofilm-associated infections later in life. Using a murine model of biofilm-related S. epidermidis bone infection induced in adulthood, we show that mice previously colonized as neonates displayed substantially different immune responses to later-life invasive infection than those not colonized or those colonized as adults. Neonatal colonization led to greater numbers of NK cells and neutrophils than no colonization, along with reduced Tregs and Th1 cells, and consistent increase in immune checkpoint receptor PD-1[+] Tregs, T effector, Th1 and Th2 cells across infected bone marrow, blood and spleen. These PD-1-related immune modulations were absent in the adult-colonized group, which had the highest numbers of Tregs, Th1 and Th2 cells of all three groups. These findings reveal that early exposure to commensal bacteria strongly impacts the response to invasive infection later in life. Notably, the response depends on the timing of previous exposure. Neonatal colonization drives T cell modulation, resembling neonatal immunity, while adult-colonization increases specific T cell abundance. These differences highlight the essential role of skin commensal colonization in shaping the quality of pathogen immunity to protect against invasive, biofilm-associated infection later in life.}, }
@article {pmid41541020, year = {2026}, author = {Verma, S and Khan, A and Venkatesh, V and Waliullah, S and Kumar, D and Rashmi, }, title = {Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Orthopaedic Implant Infections: A Molecular Analysis of icaA, icaD, and mecA Genes in an Indian Cohort.}, journal = {Indian journal of orthopaedics}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {100-109}, pmid = {41541020}, issn = {0019-5413}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Orthopaedic implant-related infections (OIRIs) are a major clinical challenge, contributing to increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalisation, and higher healthcare costs. This study investigated the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD) in Staphylococcus spp., antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the relationship between implant material, infection rates, and treatment outcomes.<br><br>METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 200 clinical samples from patients with suspected OIRIs. Pathogens were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested according to CLSI 2023 guidelines. Biofilm formation was assessed by a modified microtiter plate assay, and icaA, icaD, and mecA genes were detected by PCR. Statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, was performed to explore associations between implant material, biofilm genes, and infection risk.<br><br>RESULTS: The mean patient age was 37.99&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;18.17&#xa0;years, with males comprising 74%. Fractures were the leading cause of OIRIs (72.5%), predominantly affecting the lower limb (62.5%). Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.2%) and Escherichia coli (15.1%) were the most frequent isolates, with 98% of infections being monomicrobial. Methicillin resistance was common, with 57% of MRSA and 45% of MRSE producing strong biofilms. The icaD gene was significantly associated with biofilm formation (79% in MRSA, 45% in MRSE), whereas icaA showed no such link. Steel implants had the highest infection rate (41.5%), though analysis indicated surgical and patient factors as primary drivers. MDR Gram-negative bacteria displayed high resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, with carbapenems and colistin remaining effective.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: OIRIs are strongly influenced by biofilm formation and methicillin resistance. Management should prioritize biofilm-targeted therapies, precision antibiotic use, and implant surface innovations to reduce infection risk and improve outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41540957, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Wang, Y}, title = {NIR-Activated Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Eradication in Root Canal Disinfection.}, journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/aej.70060}, pmid = {41540957}, issn = {1747-4477}, abstract = {Persistent bacterial infection remains the primary cause of root canal treatment failure, posing a significant challenge in endodontics. Enterococcus faecalis, with its ability to form biofilms and resist conventional disinfectants, is one of the most commonly isolated species in failed cases. Herein, we developed a novel polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticle-based phototherapy system activated by 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light for enhanced root canal disinfection. The PDA + NIR group exhibited a significantly superior antibacterial effect compared to 2.5% NaOCl, achieving a bactericidal rate of 97.87%. SEM and TEM observations revealed that PDA + NIR treatment caused complete bacterial cell disintegration and ultrastructural destruction, whereas 2.5% NaOCl only induced partial surface damage. Furthermore, PDA + NIR effectively eradicated mature E. faecalis biofilms in simulated root canal models. These findings demonstrate that PDA-mediated NIR phototherapy possesses powerful bactericidal and antibiofilm capabilities. This nanotechnology-based approach may offer a promising alternative strategy for clinical root canal disinfection.}, }
@article {pmid41540619, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, R and Li, H and Yi, B and Chen, S and Ling, Q and Jiang, T and Fu, H and Yang, X and Zhao, P and Bian, L}, title = {Enhanced Biofilm Infiltration by Drug-laden Coacervate for Treating Refractory Infections.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, pages = {e21500}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202521500}, pmid = {41540619}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {2024YFA0919201//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 52473129//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52433010//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025A1515012036//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2024D03J0004//GJYC program of Guangzhou/ ; 2025ZYGXZR015//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2025zsyx01//Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Multi-disciplinary Translational Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; Dogs ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; *Osteomyelitis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; *Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The effective treatments of biofilm-related refractory infections such as osteomyelitis are hampered by the limited drug coverage to large infected areas and infiltration into the biofilm at infection sites. Herein, guided by the hypothesis that liquid water-immiscible coacervates with ultra-low interfacial tension could effectively infiltrate these barriers, it is systematically screened 7 representative coacervates for their biofilm infiltration performance. Coacervates with ultra-low interfacial tension (<0.5 mN m[-] [1]) showed markedly enhanced biofilm infiltration, whereas a high-interfacial-tension control (Gel-Nap coacervate) and aqueous controls failed to infiltrate biofilms. However, electrostatically assembled complex coacervates suffered from poor physiological stability and cytotoxicity. The physiologically stable and biocompatible PEG-alkyl coacervate is selected as a lead candidate for in vivo validation. In murine and canine osteomyelitis models, the selected drug-loaded PEG-alkyl coacervate system further demonstrated robust infiltration of microporous bone and dense biofilm, sustained local drug retention, effective eradication of Staphylococcus aureus, suppression of inflammatory cytokines, and accelerated bone regeneration. This study establishes low-interfacial-tension-driven infiltration as a generalizable principle for designing stable and biocompatible fluidic coacervate carriers to eradicate refractory biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid41539803, year = {2026}, author = {Bernardi, AO and Fracari, JC and Soares, PO and Gós, LVB and da Costa, PFP and Furian, AF and Copetti, MV}, title = {Effect of culture medium composition, incubation time, and temperature on the biofilm-forming ability of Aspergillus westerdijkiae.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {226}, number = {}, pages = {118171}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118171}, pmid = {41539803}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Temperature ; *Aspergillus/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Culture Media/chemistry ; Biomass ; *Food Microbiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {This study quantified the biofilm-forming capacity of two Aspergillus westerdijkiae strains isolated from spoiled salami, focusing on the combined influence of nutritional and environmental variables. A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) 2[3] was applied to evaluate the effects of sugar type (glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose), sugar and peptone concentrations, temperature, and incubation time on fungal biofilm formation. Biofilms were developed in 96-well polystyrene microplates, and biomass was quantified using safranin staining followed by spectrophotometric reading. The strains exhibited distinct biofilm-forming behaviors. Overall, no statistical differences were observed among sugars; however, for one strain, sucrose promoted significantly greater biofilm-forming capacity than maltose at 48 h. Peptone showed a positive and synergistic effect, particularly at higher concentrations and when combined with sucrose. Temperature significantly affected biofilm formation, with an optimal range of 20-26 °C, while incubation time promoted progressive increases in biomass. The significant response surface models exhibited coefficients of determination (R[2]) ranging from 0.75 to 0.88, indicating satisfactory predictive performance. Higher relative errors were observed between experimental and predicted values under extreme factorial conditions. At the same time, the models were able to describe, in general terms, the combined effects of nutritional factors and temperature on biofilm formation, confirming its multifactorial dependence rather than control by isolated parameters.}, }
@article {pmid41539775, year = {2026}, author = {Muthuraman, S and Palmer, J and Flint, S}, title = {Air-liquid interface biofilm formation of pseudomonads and the impact of traditional clean-in-place on biofilm removal.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {226}, number = {}, pages = {118215}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118215}, pmid = {41539775}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Stainless Steel ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; Food Handling/methods ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonads are common psychrotrophic spoilage bacteria associated with dairy, poultry, and meat processing environments. They can multiply at low temperatures, 4-7 °C, producing thermostable spoilage enzymes. Pseudomonads form strong biofilms by producing higher EPS (Extracellular polymeric substances) at low temperatures. This study focused on the biofilm formation of pseudomonads at the air-liquid interface and their EPS removal. Two strong biofilm-forming isolates, (Pseudomonas lundensis) 3SM and (Pseudomonas cedrina) 20SM were allowed to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons in a CDC reactor under a continuous flow of nutrients at 4 °C over a week. The cell counts reached approximately 7.5 log CFU/cm[2]. The biofilms formed at the air-liquid interface showed more visible biofilms, polysaccharides, and higher cell counts than those submerged in liquid. Cleaning the biofilms using 1 % NaOH at 70 °C resulted in viable bacterial cells below the detection limit. However, residual material termed biofilm "footprints" was present after cleaning and were analysed with SEM and FTIR. The SEM observations showed tightly packed robust biofilm cells before cleaning. Coupons treated with 55 °C water showed an upper layer of degraded cells. After treatment with 70 °C NaOH, organic material was still visible under SEM. Based on the FTIR observations, the EPS extracted from the control and treated coupons showed that the amount of biomolecules reduced after cleaning with NaOH, but the footprints still existed. The biofilm footprints led to the early appearance of biofilms at the air-liquid interface compared to new coupons exposed to strong biofilm-forming isolates. Cleaning with caustic can eliminate the cells, but the EPS from biofilms of pseudomonads is not completely removed, resulting in a possibility of regrowth when the new inoculum is introduced.}, }
@article {pmid41539755, year = {2026}, author = {Fang, Z and Mao, J and Chen, Z and Wu, Y and Zhao, X and Tian, R and Lv, Y and Xiao, X and Yan, J and Lou, X and Li, J}, title = {Deciphering the potential risks of Yersinia enterocolitica across multi-points in food chain: prevalence, biofilm, and cross-stage transmission routes.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {226}, number = {}, pages = {118107}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118107}, pmid = {41539755}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Yersinia enterocolitica/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Food Microbiology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Prevalence ; Humans ; Meat/microbiology ; *Yersinia Infections/transmission/epidemiology/microbiology ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Foodborne Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology ; Poultry/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica, a major foodborne zoonotic pathogen with the capabilities of biofilm formation and psychrotolerance, poses critical risks to food transportation and cold-chain safety. This study investigated its prevalence, distribution, and biofilm traits across diverse food products and associated environments, and cross-stage transmission routes of this pathogen were inferred through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) based analysis. A total of 1550 food and 670 environmental samples were analyzed, yielding 402 and 160 isolates, with the overall prevalence rate of 25.9 % and 23.9 %, respectively. Elevated positive rates were detected in raw livestock (40.4 %) and poultry (37.0 %) meat, with meat-based quick-frozen products (72.0 %) and frozen duck meat (66.7 %) demonstrating the highest prevalence. Environmental samples revealed distinct spatial patterns, with slaughterhouses (40.2 %) and farmers' markets (34.8 %) as high-risk zones compared to household kitchens (6.4 %). Biofilm analysis of 562 isolates highlighted source-dependent differences, and 77.8 % (437/562) isolates formed biofilms, with 30.3 % (122/402) food-derived isolates lacking this trait versus only 1.9 % (3/160) environment-derived isolates. Moreover, a gradient increase of strong and extremely strong biofilm-forming isolates was observed along raw meat production, processing, retail, and consumption chain, with 20.5 % (16/78) of slaughterhouses, 31.7 % (20/63) of farmers' markets, and 36.8 % (7/19) of household kitchens. Phylogenetic integration of SNP and MLST data identified five dominant sequence types (STs) including ST3, ST563, ST157, ST536, ST338 associated with slaughterhouses, and farmers' markets, designating these sites as critical hotspots for persistence contamination. These STs exhibited relatively strong biofilm-forming abilities (81.1 % moderate to strong, and one strain extremely strong), underscoring their role in establishing persistent reservoirs, and thereby driving sustained contamination. Together, our novel findings highlights specific genetic and functional traits of Y. enterocolitica associated with cross-stage transmission risk, providing actionable insights for targeted mitigation in food safety management.}, }
@article {pmid41538087, year = {2026}, author = {Koskeroglu, K and Onmaz, NE and Gundog, DA and Gungor, C and Gungor, G and Imre, K and Morar, A}, title = {Tracking persistent and resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from farm to fork: biofilm-linked risks in antibiotic resistance of isolates.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {100}, pmid = {41538087}, issn = {1573-7446}, mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Farms ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Meat/microbiology ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-forming ability, virulence gene profiles, and associated risk levels of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolated along the farm-to-fork meat production continuum in Kayseri, Türkiye. Out of 348 samples analyzed, Enterococcus spp. were detected in 209 (60%) of the samples, of which 41 (20%) were E. faecalis and 48 (23%) were E. faecium. Both strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 35 isolates (39%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Among the tested antibiotics, resistance rates were particularly high for tetracycline (66% in E. faecalis, 69% in E. faecium) and erythromycin (56% and 58%, respectively); resistance to vancomycin (10% in each species) and ciprofloxacin (12% in E. faecalis and 13% in E. faecium) was low but consistently occurred in combination with resistance to other antibiotics and exclusively within multidrug resistance patterns. All isolates formed biofilms, with 55% being strong producers, of which 88% carried the gelE and/or efa gene. Strong biofilm formation was correlated with higher MDR rates (51% in strong biofilm producers and 25% in weak producers), peaking at 58% in E. faecalis strong producers. Risk scoring classified up to 40% of isolates as high risk. These findings suggest that enterococci may contribute to food contamination and serve as potential reservoirs of resistance and virulence, underscoring the relevance of farm-level hygiene, rational antibiotic use, and targeted surveillance within a One Health framework.}, }
@article {pmid41538061, year = {2026}, author = {Moulick, S and Bhattacharya, T and Roy, DN}, title = {Bioflavonoid quercetin upregulates biofilm-degrading genes pslG and pelA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also alleviates pathogenicity through cytokine modulation in infected macrophages.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41538061}, issn = {1432-1912}, abstract = {The escalating prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and severe inflammation associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections emphasize the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This study investigates quercetin, a naturally occurring bioflavonoid, for its dual anti-virulence and anti-inflammatory properties against P. aeruginosa. We hypothesized that quercetin disrupts bacterial biofilms through novel mechanisms beyond conventional quorum-sensing (QS) inhibition. At sub-MIC concentrations (32-128 µg/mL), quercetin effectively reduced the production of pyocyanin (71%), elastase (76%), protease (53%), and rhamnolipids (57%), while inhibiting swarming motility by 60% and biofilm formation by 47%. Molecular docking revealed that quercetin binds to QS regulators LasI (- 4.22 kcal/mol) and LasR (- 5.98 kcal/mol) with high affinity. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that quercetin significantly upregulated the biofilm-degrading genes pslG (2.9-fold) and pelA (3.2-fold), which encode glycoside hydrolases responsible for biofilm matrix disassembly-a mechanism previously unreported for this compound. In P. aeruginosa-infected macrophages, quercetin (128 µg/mL) significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) (P < 0.001) by suppressing the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK signalling pathway. Importantly, quercetin exhibited no cytotoxicity toward macrophages at bioactive concentrations. Collectively, these findings elucidate quercetin's distinct dual modes of action, involving the disruption of biofilms via upregulation of matrix-degrading genes and the suppression of host inflammatory pathways, underscoring its potential as a novel adjunctive therapy against P. aeruginosa infections.}, }
@article {pmid41538733, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, X and Wang, Z and Kong, Z and Duan, H and Zuo, Z and Hu, Z and Zheng, M and Batstone, DJ and Hu, S}, title = {Rapid Waste Activated Sludge Reduction and Stabilization via a Biofilm-Based Acidic Aerobic Digestion Process.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, pages = {3352-3363}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c08428}, pmid = {41538733}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Sewage ; *Biofilms ; Bioreactors ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Nitrification ; Wastewater ; Aerobiosis ; }, abstract = {Aerobic digestion is commonly used for waste activated sludge stabilization in small-to-medium wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but the long retention time (15-30 days) required for stability severely limits process intensification. Acidic conditions maintained by nitrification can enhance digestion efficiency, but at short hydraulic retention time (HRT), nitrifiers are washed out. Here, we utilized a biofilm-based solution to retain nitrifiers and produce in situ free nitrous acid (HNO2) to expedite WAS stabilization and reduce pH. Two laboratory-scale sludge digesters were operated for over one year to evaluate this approach. This process reduced pathogen levels to well below the Class A biosolids standard within an extraordinarily short HRT of 1.75 days. Furthermore, it achieved a high volatile solids (VS) reduction rate of 0.87 ± 0.13 kg/m[3]/d. Model-based analysis indicated the biofilm-based digester achieved both a higher hydrolysis rate (k) (0.58 ± 0.07 d[-1] vs 0.51 ± 0.13 d[-1]) and a greater extent of VS degradability (fd) (31 ± 2% vs 21 ± 2%) compared to the suspended sludge digester. Microbial community analysis revealed that biofilms enriched ammonia oxidizers and acid-tolerant heterotrophs, underpinning enhanced HNO2 production and sludge degradation. Overall, this process provides a promising sludge management strategy for small-scale WWTPs.}, }
@article {pmid41535299, year = {2026}, author = {Antypas, H and Schmidtchen, V and Staiger, WI and Yanhong, LI and Tan, RJW and Ng, KKF and Neo, CJY and Radhesh, SM and Tanoto, FR and da Silva, RAG and Colomer-Winter, C and Schütz, SD and Kloehn, J and Muthualagu Natarajan, L and Manzano, C and Wong, JJ and Pethe, K and Hasse, B and Brugger, SD and Wong, SL and Van Tyne, D and Zinkernagel, AS and Kline, KA}, title = {Loss of Fsr quorum sensing promotes biofilm formation and worsens outcomes in enterococcal infective endocarditis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {1668}, pmid = {41535299}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {MOE2019-T2-2-089//Ministry of Education - Singapore (MOE)/ ; MOH-000645//MOH | National Medical Research Council (NMRC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/metabolism/drug effects ; *Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; *Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Mice ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Female ; *Endocarditis/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe heart infection caused predominantly by Gram-positive bacteria forming biofilm on heart valves. While biofilm formation is central to disease progression, the underlying bacterial mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the Fsr quorum sensing (QS) system of Enterococcus faecalis as an unexpected negative regulator of biofilm and pathogenesis in IE. Using microfluidic and in vivo models, we show that blood flow prevents Fsr activation in early IE, with Fsr induction occurring only later, once bacteria form biofilm microcolonies and become shielded from flow. Deletion of Fsr promotes robust biofilm growth, driven partly through the downregulation of GelE and SprE proteases, reprograms metabolism by upregulating lrgAB to enhance pyruvate utilization, and increases gentamicin tolerance in vivo. Furthermore, we show that GelE cleaves the human pro-IL-1β into an active form, suggesting a species-specific mechanism for inflammation modulation by QS. In support of these findings, analysis of IE patient cohorts shows that naturally occurring Fsr-deficient E. faecalis strains are associated with prolonged bacteremia. Overall, our findings provide insights into how host blood flow impacts QS activation, which, in turn, regulates pathogenesis in IE, and highlight the Fsr QS as a potential determinant of clinical disease course.}, }
@article {pmid41534443, year = {2026}, author = {Shirgill, S and Begum, N and Kuehne, SA and Poologasundarampillai, G and Jabbari, S and Ward, J}, title = {A partial differential equation model of a novel treatment for chronic wound biofilm infections.}, journal = {Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {106744}, doi = {10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106744}, pmid = {41534443}, issn = {1879-1271}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; Humans ; Fibroblasts ; Chronic Disease ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/therapy ; *Models, Biological ; Granulation Tissue/pathology ; Computer Simulation ; Keratinocytes ; Glass/chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic wounds, such as pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers, present a significant healthcare challenge due to their prolonged healing times and association with biofilm infections. This study introduces a mathematical model to investigate wound healing dynamics during the proliferative stage, focusing on chronic wound conditions characterised by poor vascularisation, clotting deficiencies, cellular senescence, and bacterial biofilms.<br><br>METHODS: The model examines the interactions between fibroblasts, keratinocytes, granulation tissue, nutrients, and signalling molecules under normal and impaired healing scenarios. The potential of bioactive glass fibres, doped with antimicrobial and wound healing ions, is also explored.<br><br>FINDINGS: Model results reflect the impairment of wound healing by biofilm infections, with larger bacterial populations leading to poorer outcomes. Simulations suggest that antimicrobial ions reduce bacterial populations and improve nutrient availability, supporting fibroblast and immune cell activity. Reapplication of bioactive glass fibres enhances ion concentrations, further promoting granulation tissue formation and wound closure under certain conditions.<br><br>INTERPRETATION: Results identify critical parameters that hinder healing in untreated wounds and demonstrate how bioactive glass fibre design can be optimised to enhance healing outcomes. This work provides a foundation for designing cost-effective treatments for chronic wounds, addressing a significant unmet clinical need.}, }
@article {pmid41533653, year = {2026}, author = {Thames, HT and Pokhrel, D and Sukumaran, AT and Dinh, TTTN and Schilling, MW and White, S and Ramachandran, R and Macklin, K and Zhang, L}, title = {Environmental stress modulates expression of biofilm-related genes in Salmonella.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag018}, pmid = {41533653}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {//Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station/ ; MIS-322430/NE2442//National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; MIS-300005//National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 6066-31000-015-00D//U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Salmonella/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Serogroup ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Biofilms formed by Salmonella are a significant concern in the poultry industry due to their role in pathogen persistence. However, there is a lack of data observing the expression of biofilm related genes in different Salmonella serovars. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of key biofilm-associated genes across three Salmonella serovars, namely Salmonella Typhimurium, Kentucky, and Reading, throughout their biofilm growth cycles.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: The expressions of csgD, bapA, bcsA, adrA, and luxS were analyzed in cultures representing different biofilm growth phases: 12&#xa0;h and 24&#xa0;h planktonic cells, 4-day old biofilms, and 5-day old biofilms under nutrient deprivation. The findings from this study revealed that only S. Reading exhibited upregulation of these genes at the 24&#xa0;h planktonic stage at a maximum of 9.58-fold. In contrast, a downregulation of all five genes was noted in the 4-day old biofilms for all serovars. Most notably, bapA was downregulated by 3&#x2009;765-fold in S. Typhimurium. Upon subjecting the biofilms to nutrient deprivation, there was a notable recovery in the activity of these genes across all serovars with the exception of csgD in S. Typhimurium.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest that expression of biofilm-associated genes is stimulated by nutrient availability even at biofilm maturity and may vary among different serovars.}, }
@article {pmid41533528, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, X and Gao, X and Weng, A and Yin, T and Jia, Y and Xu, H and Zheng, X and Yang, W and Qu, Y and Zhang, Y and Yu, Q}, title = {A Natural Biomolecule-Based Coating with Antifouling and Quorum-Sensing Inhibition Properties for Preventing Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Biomacromolecules}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {1558-1568}, doi = {10.1021/acs.biomac.5c02209}, pmid = {41533528}, issn = {1526-4602}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Quercetin/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Cattle ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections present a critical healthcare challenge due to antibiotic resistance and frequent medical implant colonization. Preemptive surface coatings with antibiofilm properties are thus critical, yet conventional antifouling coatings only delay initial bacterial adhesion and poorly inhibit long-term biofilm formation. This study develops a versatile all-natural coating, combining phase-transited bovine serum albumin (PTB) as a structural matrix and a natural quorum-sensing inhibitor quercetin (Qe). The PTB framework delivers three core functions: stable adhesion to diverse substrates, immediate antifouling effects via reduced nonspecific protein/bacterial attachment, and sustained Qe release. Released Qe disrupts bacterial communication to inhibit biofilm maturation without bactericidal effects. Targeting both initial adhesion and maturation, this dual-action coating achieves broad-spectrum, prolonged antibiofilm activity against clinically significant pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Its all-natural components ensure excellent cytocompatibility, rendering this facilely fabricated coating a safe, promising solution for biomedical antibiofilm applications.}, }
@article {pmid41533232, year = {2025}, author = {Eskova, AI and Yakovlev, AA and Obuhova, VS and Shchelkanov, MY}, title = {Effect of Marine Bacillus Metabolites on Biofilm Formation by Listeria monocytogenes.}, journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine}, volume = {179}, number = {6}, pages = {722-726}, pmid = {41533232}, issn = {1573-8221}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Bacillus megaterium/metabolism ; Micrococcus luteus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes, a causative agent of sapronoses, can enter the human body through ingestion of contaminated marine hydrobionts, posing a significant public health risk. Mono- and polycultural biofilms of microorganisms were detected spectrophotometrically. The study demonstrated that metabolites from marine-origin Bacillus bacteria stimulate the formation of L. monocytogenes monocultural biofilms, as well as mixed biofilms of L. monocytogenes and the marine bacterium Micrococcus luteus. In mixed biofilms of L. monocytogenes and a marine Flavobacterium bacterium genus, Bacillus megaterium metabolites exhibited both stimulating and inhibitory effects, depending on concentration. These findings suggest that Bacillus-derived metabolites can enhance the growth and proliferation of L. monocytogenes in biofilms, potentially influencing the epidemic risks in recreational areas of Peter the Great Gulf.}, }
@article {pmid41531192, year = {2026}, author = {Farina, R and Simonelli, A and Trombelli, L and Chew, RJJ and Tu, YK and Preshaw, PM}, title = {Clinical Efficacy of Interventions Based on Professional Mechanical Plaque Removal in the Treatment of Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Journal of clinical periodontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jcpe.70083}, pmid = {41531192}, issn = {1600-051X}, abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) for treating naturally occurring dental biofilm-induced gingivitis (i) compared to no treatment or oral hygiene instructions (OHI) (FQ1), (ii) when performed through different modalities (FQ2) or (iii) when combined with professionally administered local adjuncts (FQ3).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A structured literature search was conducted for randomised or non-randomised controlled trials (RCTs and CTs) assessing gingival inflammation at patient level within 2-6&#x2009;weeks after treatment in adults with gingivitis.<br><br>RESULTS: Heterogeneous evidence shows with low certainty that PMPR has no efficacy in patients continuing with ineffective self-performed oral hygiene regimens but enhances OHI outcomes (FQ1; three RCTs, one CT). Split-mouth RCTs consistently indicated with very low certainty that ultrasonic scaling (US) plus air polishing is as effective but less time consuming than US plus polishing with rubber cup and prophylaxis paste. Furthermore, diode laser shows no adjunctive benefit (FQ2; five RCTs). Although some professionally administered local adjuncts have shown positive outcomes in patients receiving PMPR, their broader clinical application is limited due to unresolved clinical issues and uncertain cost effectiveness (FQ3; two RCTs).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: OHI should be the first-line treatment for dental biofilm-induced gingivitis. Combination of PMPR and OHI provides an adjunctive benefit over OHI alone. Air polishing may be combined with US to reduce the time for PMPR administration.}, }
@article {pmid41529970, year = {2026}, author = {Ghosh, C and Bhowmik, J and Ghosh, R and Das, MC and Sandhu, P and Kumari, M and Acharjee, S and Daware, AV and Akhter, Y and Banerjee, B and Chandra De, U and Bhattacharjee, S}, title = {Corrigendum to "The anti-biofilm potential of triterpenoids isolated from Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaud (2019)" [Microb. Pathog. 139 (2020) 103901].}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {108288}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108288}, pmid = {41529970}, issn = {1096-1208}, }
@article {pmid41529797, year = {2026}, author = {Cao, X and Zhang, L and Tu, H and Li, T and Wang, G and Xiao, L and Zhang, Y and Liu, P and Li, Y and Li, J and Li, X and Hu, B and Zhang, S and Li, B}, title = {Membrane aerated biofilm reactor for largely enhanced nitrogen removal in low carbon/nitrogen ratio municipal wastewater: integrating nitrification, partial denitrification, and anammox.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {444}, number = {}, pages = {133994}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.133994}, pmid = {41529797}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Denitrification ; *Nitrification ; *Carbon/analysis ; *Wastewater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Water Purification/methods/instrumentation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ammonia/metabolism ; Cities ; }, abstract = {This study first established an integrated nitrification-partial denitrification-anammox (INPDA) process in a single-stage membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) under low dissolved oxygen concentrations (0.12-0.27 mg/L) and low carbon/nitrogen ratios (1.0-3.0), without the need for anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) inoculation. The optimal effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration reached below 5 mg/L, achieving a 92.7% TN removal efficiency. Nitrifiers (including Ellin6067 and Nitrospira) oxidized a portion of ammonium to nitrate, which was subsequently reduced to nitrite by partial denitrifier Thauera utilizing influent organic carbon. Subsequently, AnAOB Candidatus Brocadia converted remaining ammonium and available nitrite into nitrogen. Metagenomics further confirmed a 32.96-fold increase in anammox-associated gene (hdh) abundance during INPDA establishment. Notably, this elevated hdh abundance remained stable even as carbon/nitrogen ratio increased, demonstrating process robustness. This study established a promising single-stage MABR strategy to advance mainstream anammox application.}, }
@article {pmid41529483, year = {2026}, author = {Tandi, A and Roy, DN}, title = {Andrographiside acts as a novel biofilm inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by modulating quorum-sensing proteins (LasR and RhlI), Pseudomonas quinolone signal regulator (PqsR) and Pellicle B of PEL Operon: An in silico and in vitro approach.}, journal = {Computational biology and chemistry}, volume = {122}, number = {}, pages = {108894}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.108894}, pmid = {41529483}, issn = {1476-928X}, abstract = {The persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm often renders antibiotic treatments ineffective, necessitating alternative approaches, such as biofilm inhibition by another drug molecule. In this study, andrographiside, a labdane diterpenoid glucoside, a secondary metabolite found in Andrographis paniculata, demonstrated potent antibiofilm activity. After an optimization study, andrographiside (0.1 mM) alone or combined with azithromycin (Sub-MIC 6 µg/mL) effectively inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation. The Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope study further confirmed this biofilm inhibition by observing a reduction in biofilm height from 132 µm to 42 µm in the drug-treated samples. Not only that, but swarming/swimming/twitching motility was also significantly reduced due to treatment with andrographiside, which indicates less pathogenicity in the infection cycle. Moreover, on account of the mechanism, andrographiside binds Qurum Sensing Proteins (LasR and RhlI), Pseudomonas quinolone signal regulator (PqsR) and Pellicle B of PEL Operon -42.011, 59.071, -29.296, -33.485 Kcal/mol, respectively. A gene expression study revealed that PelA and PelB expression were enhanced 9- and 12-fold, respectively, as a survival strategy. These pathways are mutually inclusive for biofilm development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, so molecular binding and simulation, along with altered gene expression, resulted in biofilm inhibition in the presence of andrographiside. Following this, the ADMET study of andrographiside confirmed the druggability of the molecule in both animal and human bodies.}, }
@article {pmid41527982, year = {2025}, author = {Batarilo, I and Bedenić, B and Slade-Vitković, M and Maravić-Vlahoviček, G}, title = {Motility, biofilm, and endotoxin in Ralstonia pickettii isolates obtained from purified and ultrapure pharmaceutical water systems.}, journal = {Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {597-612}, doi = {10.2478/acph-2025-0030}, pmid = {41527982}, issn = {1846-9558}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Ralstonia pickettii/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; *Endotoxins/metabolism ; *Water Microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to examine the motility, biofilm production, endotoxin release, and antibiotic resistance of 81 Ralstonia pickettii isolates collected from different pharmaceutical water systems in Croatia. Swimming and twitching motility were detected in all isolates, while swarming was not observed. Biofilm production was detected in approximately 40 % of the isolates under the tested conditions. Notably, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production was a common trait among all isolates. Endotoxin production was detected with the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed consistent resistance to colistin, as well as significant resistance rates to β-lactam antibiotics, ertapenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin and ampicillin. High susceptibility to first-generation cephalosporins, cephalexin, cefoxitin and chloramphenicol was observed. All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline and tetracycline. The isolates were grouped into three genetically closely related clusters, yet notable phenotypic diversity in biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility persisted within these groups. The study highlights R. pickettii's adaptability in pharmaceutical water systems, marked by its motility, biofilm-forming capabilities, and multidrug resistance. These results emphasise the importance of rigorous monitoring of water systems to reduce transmission risks and prevent the emergence of resistant strains in clinical environments.}, }
@article {pmid41524898, year = {2026}, author = {Tuan, DA and Masak, J}, title = {Natural-Compound Adjuvants Dismantle Candida Biofilms: Mechanisms, Design Rules, and Biofilm-Aware Pharmacology.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {131}, pmid = {41524898}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Candida/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Candidiasis/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Biological Products/pharmacology ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Device- and mucosa-associated candidiasis is difficult to cure because Candida biofilms shield cells from antifungals, leading to relapse and device failure. Standard treatment decisions are still largely guided by planktonic susceptibility tests, which poorly predict the drug exposure needed to clear mature biofilms. Here we synthesize evidence that natural-compound adjuvants can dismantle key biofilm defenses and outline design rules to rationalize biofilm-aware combination therapy. Across Candida albicans, non-albicans species and Candida auris, the most reproducible adjuvant effects fell into three themes: (1) reprogramming adhesion and morphogenesis, (2) disrupting membrane sterol homeostasis, and (3) weakening the extracellular matrix and efflux-mediated tolerance. When paired with standard antifungals, these actions frequently increase killing of established biofilms and reduce the exposures required for eradication. Local delivery approaches that concentrate actives at mucosal surfaces or device interfaces (nano- or surface-directed formulations) further improve intrabiofilm exposure while limiting systemic toxicity. We conclude that translation will require standardized biofilm assays, species-stratified testing and tighter links between biofilm pharmacology and clinically achievable exposure. The framework presented here is intended to help prioritize natural adjuvants and combinations most likely to benefit device-associated and mucosal candidiasis.}, }
@article {pmid41524487, year = {2026}, author = {Iglesias, J and Colla, D and Serrangeli, JS and Lozano, MJ and Falduti, O and Brignoli, D and Medici, I and Althabegoiti, MJ and Lodeiro, AR and Abdian, PL and Paczia, N and Becker, A and Soler-Bistué, A and Perez-Gimenez, J and Mongiardini, EJ}, title = {Role of Tad pili during the transition from planktonic to biofilm state in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {e0000825}, pmid = {41524487}, issn = {1098-5530}, support = {PICT0439//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; PIP2993//Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bradyrhizobium/physiology/genetics ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Plankton/physiology ; }, abstract = {Free-living soil bacteria can exist in two main states: planktonic, as motile single cells, or sessile, within biofilms. In biofilms, bacterial cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix that provides protection from environmental stresses and enhances long-term survival. The transition from planktonic to biofilm states sometimes involves surface sensing and attachment, processes commonly mediated by flagella and pili. In this study, we investigated the role of Type IVc Tad pili in surface sensing, adhesion, and biofilm formation in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that Tad pili are widely distributed and highly conserved within the Bradyrhizobium genus. While pili deletion in other model organisms typically reduces biofilm formation, we found that deletion of the most conserved genomic cluster encoding Tad pili in B. diazoefficiens led to increased adhesion to abiotic surfaces and impaired motility-indicative of a physiological shift toward a biofilm-associated state. These findings suggest that Tad pili may play a sensory or regulatory role, potentially influencing cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. Furthermore, we identified a link between Tad pili and intracellular c-di-GMP levels. Together, these results highlight the critical role of Tad pili in the physiology of B. diazoefficiens and offer new insights into bacterial surface adaptation, with potential applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving biofilm management strategies and developing new approaches to enhance bacterial survival in soil and inoculant formulations, ultimately optimizing legume symbiosis.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is essential for bacterial survival in soil environments. In this study, we investigated the role of Tad pili in the biofilm-forming capacity of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and their connection to the second messenger c-di-GMP, a key regulator of the transition between planktonic and sessile states. Bacteria used in agricultural inoculants are typically in the planktonic state, yet survival and persistence are optimized in the sessile state. Our findings may contribute to the development of strategies that promote the transition to the biofilm lifestyle in inoculant formulations, thereby enhancing bacterial viability in storage and soil and improving symbiotic performance with host plants.}, }
@article {pmid41523617, year = {2025}, author = {Sisopa, P and Lamlertthon, S and Kaomongkolgit, R and Chomchalao, P and Tiyaboonchai, W}, title = {Multitarget Anti-Candida Activity of Thai Plant Extracts and Essential Oils: Inhibiting Biofilm Formation, Denture Adhesion, and Germ Tube Formation.}, journal = {Scientifica}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {1766872}, pmid = {41523617}, issn = {2090-908X}, abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Thai plant extracts (PEs) and essential oils (EOs) against reference and clinical isolate strains of Candida albicans, focusing on their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, cell adhesion to denture acrylic, and germ tube formation. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined. The impact on adhesion to denture acrylic was determined by XTT assay, and germ tube inhibition was evaluated using the counting chamber. The results revealed that cinnamon bark oil exhibited the lowest MBIC90 and MBEC90 values (0.156 mg/mL and 0.313 mg/mL, respectively) against both C. albicans strains, followed by lemongrass oil, clove bud oil, Alpinia galanga extract, and Piper betle extract. A similar inhibitory trend was observed for cell adhesion to denture acrylic and germ tube formation. In particular, A. galanga extract (2.50 mg/mL) significantly reduced C. albicans adhesion to denture acrylic by over 80%. Additionally, cinnamon bark oil, lemongrass oil, and A. galanga extract could inhibit the germination of C. albicans at 0.5×MIC. In conclusion, this study indicates that all tested agents possessed anti-C. albicans biofilm activity through decreasing adhesion and yeast-hyphae transition of C. albicans cells. Therefore, these EO and PE could serve as alternative antifungals for treating oral candidiasis.}, }
@article {pmid41523583, year = {2026}, author = {Ranjini, SS and Abinash, A and Sampath, S and Yuvaneka, S and Samiappan, SC}, title = {Tridax procumbens mediated silver nanoparticles synthesis against biofilm forming pyogenic bacteria associated with wound.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {66}, pmid = {41523583}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using leaf extract of Tridax procumbens, which served as a reducing, capping, and stabilising agent. The synthesized TP-AgNPs showed a reddish-brown color, with a surface plasmon resonance confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 420.32 nm. Morphological analysis by SEM revealed spherical nanoparticles, XRD patterns confirmed their crystalline nature. FT-IR spectroscopy identified the presence of various functional groups involved in stabilization, including phenolic, flavonoids, and proteins. DLS analysis showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 150.4 nm, with a zeta potential of -15.3 mV, indicating moderate colloidal stability. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TP-AgNPs were evaluated against wound associated pathogens: Acinetobacter radioresistens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella aerogenes. Biofilm-forming capacity, assessed via tube method and Congo red assay, varied among isolates A. radioresistens exhibited strong biofilm formation, K. aerogenes showed moderate activity, P. aeruginosa showed weak activity, and E. coli non-biofilm forming. Quantitative biofilm inhibition assays using crystal violet demonstrated dose-dependent effect, with the highest inhibition (up to 10% inhibition at 43.2 µg/mL) observed against K. aerogenes (), while A. radioresistens and P. aeruginosa showed limited susceptibility among the tested strains. These findings highlight the selective antibiofilm potential of TP-AgNPs and support their further development as topical agents for managing biofilm associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41523314, year = {2026}, author = {Chakroborty, N and Fahim, NAI and Islam, MS and Rana, ML and Ferdous, FB and Atiq, MN and Sobur, MA and Ahammed, M and Saha, S and Rahman, MT}, title = {Biofilm Formation, Virulence Traits, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus faecalis in Layer Parent Stock in Bangladesh.}, journal = {International journal of microbiology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {4082070}, pmid = {41523314}, issn = {1687-918X}, abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen of growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine due to its virulence traits, biofilm-forming ability, and resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study was aimed at investigating the occurrence, virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of E. faecalis in layer parent stock birds in Bangladesh. Samples (n = 80) were collected from healthy (cloacal swabs, n = 60) and dead (liver tissues, n = 20) birds. PCR was used for E. faecalis confirmation and detection of virulence genes. Biofilm formation was assessed using Congo red agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion. E. faecalis was detected in 76.3% of samples, with higher detection in live birds (80%) than in dead birds (65%). Biofilm production was found in 75.4% of isolates, with a higher rate in dead birds (84.6%) than live birds (72.9%). Strong and intermediate biofilm-forming capacities were more prevalent in isolates from dead birds. All eight tested virulence genes were commonly distributed, particularly pil (95.8%), ace (93.4%), and agg (91.8%), with no significant differences between live and dead bird isolates. High resistance was observed against ampicillin (93.4%), ciprofloxacin (80.3%), erythromycin (78.7%), and tetracycline (72.1%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 79.2% of isolates from live birds and 69.2% from dead birds, with multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranging from 0.27 to 0.72. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh determining MDR and virulence determinants in E. faecalis isolates from layer parent stock. These findings highlight E. faecalis as a prevalent, multidrug-resistant, and virulent bacterium in breeder flocks, emphasizing the need for routine AMR monitoring in parent stock farms.}, }
@article {pmid41523070, year = {2025}, author = {Topiwala, H and Dubey, S and Fernandes, B and Ramamurthy, J and Singh, SG and Das, AC}, title = {Biofilm Formation on Various Implant Surface Modifications: An In-Vitro Comparative Study.}, journal = {Journal of pharmacy &amp; bioallied sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {Suppl 4}, pages = {S3195-S3197}, pmid = {41523070}, issn = {0976-4879}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation on dental implants plays a significant role in peri-implant infections, potentially leading to implant failure. Various surface modifications have been introduced to enhance osseointegration, but their role in biofilm resistance remains unclear.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 40 titanium discs (10 per surface group) were used. Each disc was inoculated with bacterial suspensions and incubated anaerobically for 48 h. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet staining for biomass quantification (Optical Density [OD] at 595 nm) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural evaluation. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test.<br><br>RESULTS: The mean OD values for biofilm biomass were significantly different across groups: machined (1.62 &#xb1; 0.18), sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) (1.31 &#xb1; 0.14), anodized (0.89 &#xb1; 0.11), and laser-treated (0.72 &#xb1; 0.09). Laser-treated surfaces showed the lowest biofilm formation (P < 0.001). SEM analysis confirmed dense and multilayered biofilms on machined surfaces, while laser-treated discs demonstrated sparsely, disrupted bacterial clusters.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Surface modifications significantly influence biofilm formation. Laser-treated and anodized titanium surfaces exhibit superior resistance to biofilm development compared to conventional machined and SLA surfaces. These findings may inform implant design strategies to reduce microbial colonization and enhance long-term clinical outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41522587, year = {2025}, author = {Singaravel, K and Balaji, CRK and Marimuthu, S and Sundaraman, A and Periasamy, P}, title = {Efficacy of Chlorhexidine in Disinfecting Biofilm-Contaminated Tracheostomy Tubes in Various Patient Conditions: A Prospective Observational Study.}, journal = {Journal of pharmacy &amp; bioallied sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {211-213}, pmid = {41522587}, issn = {0976-4879}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy facilitates airway access by creating a stoma in the anterior tracheal wall but predisposes patients to recurrent respiratory infections. Biofilm formation on tracheostomy tubes-complex microbial communities embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix-plays a key role in such infections by shielding pathogens from antibiotics and host defenses.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine in eradicating biofilms from tracheostomy tubes compared to normal saline.<br><br>METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of ENT, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, involving 68 patients with double-lumen tracheostomy tubes. After seven days of tube insertion, inner cannulas were tested for biofilm formation. Biofilm-positive cases were randomized into two groups: Group A (cleaned with normal saline) and Group B (cleaned with 2% chlorhexidine). After seven days, tubes were reassessed for biofilm presence and patient outcomes including secretion type, granulation, and decannulation were recorded.<br><br>RESULTS: Initial biofilm detection confirmed microbial colonization in most samples. After cleaning, Group B showed a significant reduction in biofilm presence (P < 0.001) compared to Group A. Chlorhexidine was particularly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clinical outcomes, including early decannulation and reduction in secretion thickness and granulation tissue, were superior in Group B.<br><br>CONCLUSION: 2% chlorhexidine is significantly more effective than normal saline in reducing biofilm formation on tracheostomy tubes, improving local infection control and patient recovery outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41521746, year = {2026}, author = {Manikandan, S and Inbakandan, D and Madamuthu, M and Haripraba, M and Clarita, C and Naren Kumar, T and Anu, C and Kumar, C and Thirugnanasambandam, R}, title = {Insights into Spectroscopic Signatures of Substrate-Driven EPS Modulation in Diatom Biofilms: Implications for Biofilm Functionality.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {2727-2740}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c05333}, pmid = {41521746}, issn = {1520-5827}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Diatoms/chemistry/physiology ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/chemistry/metabolism ; Photoelectron Spectroscopy ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; }, abstract = {Diatom biofilms represent a promising platform for industrial applications with extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) playing a pivotal role in adhesion, cohesion, and interfacial interactions with substrates. This study employs an integrated spectroscopic strategy to unravel substrate-induced EPS remodeling in two benthic diatoms, Amphora coffeiformis and Nitzschia microcephala, cultivated on hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic polyethylene. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed a functional group distribution shift in polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights on elemental bonding states and chemical-state distributions of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. [1]H NMR further captured a solution-state biochemical shift in EPS. The EPS of A. coffeiformis biofilm on the PE substrate is highly dominated by the strong -CH2 stretching and aliphatic carbon C-C/C-H (55.9%), indicating hydrophobic adaptation. Conversely, the N. microcephala biofilm on glass is dominated by hydroxyl and amide groups, reflecting carbohydrate- and protein-enriched EPS that promote hydrogen bonding with the polar substrates. XPS supported this biochemical shift by exhibiting balanced aliphatic (C-C/C-H) and oxygenated (C-O/C-H) functionalities with enriched carbonyl groups (C═O). [1]H NMR analysis corroborated these findings, with A. coffeiformis on PE displaying strong aliphatic proton signals, whereas N. microcephala on glass revealed strong glycosidic and sugar-ring resonances consistent with the polar adhesion. Together, all these results provide integrated spectroscopic evidence that diatom EPS is not static but actively modulated in response to substrate properties. These mechanistic insights advance the molecular understanding of biofilm-substrate interactions and establish a baseline framework for optimizing biofilm systems for industrial applications in bioprocessing, bioproduct recovery, and bioremediation approaches.}, }
@article {pmid41521657, year = {2026}, author = {Demir, TD and Azechi-Ogawa, S and Ram-Mohan, N and Yang, S}, title = {Unravelling the noncanonical extracellular DNA structures in biofilm and NETosis.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41521657}, issn = {1362-4962}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Traps/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; *DNA/chemistry ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Noncanonical secondary structures of DNA have been well characterized in vitro for their catalytic and sensory functions, as well as in vivo for their regulatory functions in the genome. However, their presence and functional significance in the extracellular DNA (eDNA), particularly within biofilms and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), have only recently begun to be appreciated and have yet to be fully understood. Emerging studies have identified these atypical DNA conformations as integral components that contribute to the structural stability of biofilms and antimicrobial activity of NETs. In this personal view, we advocate for a comprehensive investigation of these unconventional DNA structures within extracellular contexts, where their distinct physiochemical properties are exposed to dynamic and unpredictable microenvironments, with the potential to profoundly influence microbial behaviour, immune responses, and host-pathogen interactions. Considering the broad spectrum of diseases associated with biofilm and NETs, targeting noncanonical eDNA structures may offer novel therapeutic avenues and shed light on mechanisms of immune tolerance and dysregulation.}, }
@article {pmid41521618, year = {2026}, author = {Choudhury, SR and Sharma, C and Patel, SKS and Suman, SK and Mandal, M}, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Extract on Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Natural Alternative to Combat Bacterial Resistance.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {e70140}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70140}, pmid = {41521618}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Developing natural alternatives to antibiotics is an essential aspect for countering bacterial pathogens. This study focused on the influence of plant-derived extracts on biofilm and quorum-sensing (QS) inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On screening, the methanolic extract (ME) of Sapindus mukorossi (Sm-ME) effectively inhibited biofilm formation. The major bioactive groups present in Sm-ME were alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. These phytochemicals were validated by biochemical, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. Sm-ME significantly inhibits up to 82.5% of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and anti-QS activity in a dose-dependent manner. The microscopy analysis and the down-regulation of virulence genes (lasI, lasR, rhII, and rhIIR) validated the effectiveness of Sm-ME in P. aeruginosa inhibition. Additionally, Sm-ME retained good biocatalytic activity on exposure to high temperatures up to 90°C and higher antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid. These findings briefly demonstrated the potential influence of Sm-ME for combating biofilm and QS inhibitions in P. aeruginosa via a natural, sustainable alternative to antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid41519361, year = {2026}, author = {Rahim, MI and Baseer, S and Paasch, D and Steglich, M and Waqas, SFH and Lachmann, N and Falk, CS and Stiesch, M}, title = {Commensal microflora coating endows implants with biofilm-repellent, immunomodulatory and osteogenic properties.}, journal = {Acta biomaterialia}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {266-280}, doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2026.01.017}, pmid = {41519361}, issn = {1878-7568}, abstract = {Bacteria often form biofilms on biomaterials, and these biomaterial-associated infections then become highly resistant to antibiotics and the host immune system. Biofilm-driven implant failures underscore the urgent need for surface modifications that can concurrently prevent microbial colonization, modulate immune responses, and stimulate bone formation. Considering the competitive and osteo-immunomodulatory properties of commensal microflora, we developed Commensal Hybrid Materials (CHMs) by heat-anchoring multilayer assemblies of beneficial microbes onto titanium surfaces. A firmly adherent, carbon- and phosphorus-rich coating with micro-roughness and near-hydrophobic wettability (θ≈90°) suppressed Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation on implant surfaces ‒ even after human-saliva conditioning. The coating did not release antimicrobial agents or alter bacterial gene expression, thereby avoiding selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance. The coated surfaces were cytocompatible with murine cells, did not elicit an inflammatory response, and skewed macrophages toward an M1-like phenotype with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, CHMs first induced macrophages toward a balanced immune response by promoting pro-inflammatory M1 polarization with elevated TNF-α for infection control, followed by an IL-10-rich anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype that supports tissue repair. This polarization significantly upregulated expression of the osteoinductive factor oncostatin M (OSM), and conditioned media from CHM-stimulated macrophages upregulated type I collagen (Col1) expression in osteoblasts. Coated surfaces supported osteogenic potential in osteoblasts by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Although forthcoming in vivo studies will further validate performance, these findings position commensal microflora as a single, drug-free coating that integrates biofilm resistance, pro-host immune modulation, and osteogenic support to improve long-term implant outcomes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial-associated infections resist antibiotics and evade host immunity. We engineered commensal hybrid materials (CHMs) by heat-anchoring commensal microflora onto titanium, yielding a drug-free coating that repels biofilms without releasing antimicrobials or perturbing pathogen gene expression, thereby limiting resistance pressure. CHMs modulate macrophages‒eliciting an early M1/TNF-α phenotype for pathogen control followed by an IL-10-rich M2 phase that restores homeostasis. They also increase macrophage oncostatin M (OSM) and enhance osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization, promoting osteogenesis. By uniting biofilm resistance, immune modulation, and osteogenic support on a single surface, CHMs offer a promising route to extend implant longevity in orthopaedics and dentistry.}, }
@article {pmid41518211, year = {2026}, author = {Margoli Subbaraya, V and Shamanna, V and Arakalgud Kumar, K and Nagaraj, G and Gangaiah Krishnappa, H and Ravi, M and Aanensen, D and Kadahalli Lingegowda, R and , }, title = {Lineage-linked biofilm formation and widespread multidrug resistance among Indian Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41518211}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 16_136_111//National Institute for Health Research/ ; 206194/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; India ; Humans ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the diversity and determinants of biofilm formation among clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Indian isolates and assess their relationship with antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm-associated genes, and genetic lineages revealed through whole-genome analysis.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: 230 A. baumannii clinical isolates across India (2015-2022) were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the VITEK 2 system. Biofilm formation was quantified via the Tissue Culture Plate method. Whole genome sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify biofilm-associated genes, antimicrobial resistance genes and sequence types. Statistical associations were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's, and Fisher's tests. 85.22% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 100% exhibited biofilm formation, with 52.17% strong, 39.57% moderate, and 8.26% weak biofilm producers. Genes including ompA, bfmR, pgaA, pgaB, and pgaD were universally present. No significant association was observed between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.55), specimen type (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.54), or the presence of specific biofilm-related genes (P&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05). 21 sequence types (STs) were identified, with ST2 being the most prevalent (51.73%). Strong biofilm formation was more common in ST164, ST1, and ST575.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of MDR and strong biofilm-forming A. baumannii isolates in India. Biofilm formation appeared independent of resistance or gene carriage but showed lineage-linked variation across sequence types.}, }
@article {pmid41514851, year = {2025}, author = {Janah, H and Ouagajjou, Y and Aghzar, A and Presa, P}, title = {Settlement and Growth of Mytilus galloprovincialis Pediveliger Larvae in Response to Biofilm-Based Microalgae and Chemical Neuroactive Compounds.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41514851}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {Excellence Research Scholarship grant #19UAE 2022 (2022-2024)//Moroccan Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, and Innovation/ ; KA131 2022-2023 from University of Vigo//European Union strategic action Erasmus + KA131/ ; }, abstract = {The sustainability of mollusc aquaculture relies, in part, on overcoming the challenges of spat production in captivity, particularly during the metamorphosis and settlement stages. The optimization of rearing technologies at these stages would ensure possible solutions for sustainably producing mollusc spat while simultaneously improving stock performance. The current work represents a large-scale trial examining the effect of biological and chemical inducers on larval settlement in Mytilus galloprovincialis. For this purpose, one batch of pediveliger larvae was directly transferred to settlement on microalgae-based biofilm (mature cylinders), while another batch was pretreated with gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA (10[-4] M, 10[-5] M and 10[-6] M) and potassium chloride KCl (20 mM and 30 mM) according to two different exposure times (6 h and 24 h), before being transferred for settlement (immature cylinders). The impact of different treatments on larval performance was evaluated in terms of larval settlement rate (Sr), post-larval growth rate (Gr), and spat production rate (Pr). The biofilm treatment had the highest settlement rate and spat production (Sr = 65% and Pr = 46.4 spat/cm[2]) compared to chemical treatments. The highest settlement rate among chemical treatments occurred under short exposure times (6 h) to low GABA concentrations, i.e., Sr 40% and 45% at GABA 10[-5] M and 10[-6] M, respectively). GABA and KCl treatments ensured a faster post-larval growth rate than the biofilm, i.e., 15.54 ± 7.67 µm/day, 18.26 ± 9.39 µm/day, and 11.35 ± 6.73 µm/day, respectively, while control trials showed the lowest growth rate (6.80 ± 4.39 µm/day). These findings reveal a key trade-off: biofilm is the most effective measure for promoting spat production, while a targeted use of GABA and KCl at short exposure times (6 h) appears to significantly enhance post-larvae growth.}, }
@article {pmid41514820, year = {2026}, author = {So-In, C and Piamalung, N and Kongkaew, A and Sriarun, P and Kammungkun, B and Phongchaiwasin, S and Somwaeng, B and Haputon, W and Wadmuang, T and Khankhum, S and Sunthamala, N}, title = {Microbial Distribution and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in the Reproductive Tract of Farm Ruminants.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41514820}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {//Mahasarakham University/ ; }, abstract = {Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes (n = 25), and goats (n = 33) in Northeastern Thailand. Samples collected from the vulva, urethral opening, and vagina were analyzed using bacterial culture, PCR, and a microtiter biofilm assay. Ten bacterial species were identified. H. trogontum and B. ovis were most common in water buffaloes and goats, while cows showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as B. longum and L. acidophilus. Biofilm testing showed mostly weak or non-adherent biofilms, with mean absorbance values remaining low across species. Weak biofilms were especially common in goats, whereas cows showed predominantly non-adherent patterns. Biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD, opp3AB) were more frequently detected in cows and buffaloes and were moderately correlated with weak biofilm formation. Overall, the results show that each ruminant species has a distinct microbial profile and biofilm behavior within its reproductive tract. These differences may influence susceptibility to reproductive infections and can guide future strategies for improving reproductive health and disease prevention in farm animals.}, }
@article {pmid41514810, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, P and Wang, Z and Gao, Z and Liu, J and Zhang, Y and Song, Y and Li, X and Song, H and He, X and Kong, F and Wang, C and Shen, B}, title = {Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41514810}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {LH2022C066//Natural Science Foundation of the Heilongjiang Province/ ; LBH-Q21157//Postdoctoral Research Startup Fund of Heilongjiang Province/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a key pathogen in bovine mastitis, and antibiotic therapy is challenged by resistance and residue concerns. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles emerge as promising natural antimicrobials. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and explore potential associated mechanisms of milk-derived extracellular vesicles against S. aureus. Milk-derived EV-enriched fractions (mEVs) from healthy (HmEVs) and mastitic (MmEVs) bovine milk suppressed S. aureus growth in vitro and were associated with oxidative imbalance, with MmEVs showing stronger inhibition. In addition, MmEVs significantly reduced biofilm biomass, extracellular matrix production, and the expression of key biofilm-associated genes (sarA, icaB, fnbA, clfB, cidA). Small RNA sequencing revealed distinct miRNA profiles between HmEVs and MmEVs; in particular, MmEVs were enriched in miRNAs predicted to target the S. aureus biofilm-associated gene clfB. Although we did not directly demonstrate uptake of mEV-derived miRNAs by bacteria or their regulation of bacterial gene expression in this study, our small RNA sequencing data together with subsequent bioinformatic predictions suggest that vesicular miRNAs should be regarded as candidate contributors, rather than demonstrated mediators, of the observed antibacterial and antibiofilm effects. Taken together, these findings indicate the potential of mEVs as residue-free adjuncts for controlling bovine mastitis, while recognizing that the present conclusions are mainly derived from in vitro experiments with S. aureus and bioinformatic analyses. Therefore, functional validation of candidate miRNAs, in vivo studies, and evaluation of activity against other mastitis-associated pathogens are still required to clarify the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and spectrum of activity of mEVs.}, }
@article {pmid41513695, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Dai, Z and Li, X and He, A and Zheng, J and Ding, M and Li, Q and Mou, Y and Yang, D and Xiu, W and Dong, H}, title = {Emerging non-antibiotic strategies for implant-associated biofilm infections by reprogramming the dysregulated immune microenvironment.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {42}, pmid = {41513695}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {202401016//Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation/ ; 82301104//National Natural Sciences Foundation of China/ ; BK20230160//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; JSTJ-2025-740//Jiangsu Association for Science and Technology (JAST) Young Talents Lift-up Program/ ; 0224C027//High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/immunology/microbiology/drug therapy ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Animals ; Prostheses and Implants/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Implant-associated infections (IAIs) arise from immune dysregulation and the resilience of bacterial biofilms, which create a permissive niche for persistent infection. Biofilms further suppress host immunity and impair repair. Advances in nanoengineered surfaces and multifunctional antimicrobial coatings, together with gas-releasing and stimulus-responsive nanoplatforms, offer effective non-antibiotic strategies to inhibit colonization, disrupt biofilms, and modulate local immunity. This review summarizes emerging immune-informed approaches for treating IAIs.}, }
@article {pmid41513689, year = {2026}, author = {Heredia-Ponce, Z and Bailly, A and Eberl, L}, title = {High-resolution visualization of biofilm matrix development in space and time using fluorescent stains for cellulose.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, pmid = {41513689}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {310030_192800/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 310030_192800/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cellulose/metabolism/analysis ; *Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; *Staining and Labeling/methods ; }, abstract = {The establishment of microbial biofilms, communities embedded in self-produced extracellular matrices, poses growing challenges for health and antimicrobial management. Understanding biofilm formation is crucial for developing control and eradication strategies. In response to environmental cues, planktonic bacteria adopt a sessile lifestyle, coordinating growth with matrix production. We monitored cellulose biofilm formation by Pseudomonas sp. IsoF in real time using single-step fluorescent stains. Live-tracking of polysaccharide synthesis revealed dynamic matrix arrangements shaping final biofilm structure. Cellulose determined substratum adherence, cell contacts, and colony patterning in IsoF. Biofilms formed in flow-cells and at air-liquid interfaces were remarkably similar in composition, progression, and architecture. Artificial elevation of intracellular c-di-GMP levels produced cellulose-dependent biofilms distinct from the wild type and induced a secondary exopolysaccharide. Our fluorescent probes provide real-time visualization of matrix development, enabling detailed analysis of biofilm architecture and regulation in standard laboratory conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41512027, year = {2026}, author = {Park, JH and Kennedy, EN and Tripathi, S and Romp, AB and Rubin, SM and Bourret, RB and Yildiz, FH}, title = {Distinct PlzC mechanisms integrate chemotaxis and c-di-GMP signaling to regulate Vibrio cholerae motility and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {e2511740123}, pmid = {41512027}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {S10 OD023528/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R37AI102584//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R01GM050860//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; R01AI189907//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R35GM145255//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; S10 OD023528/CD/ODCDC CDC HHS/United States ; R01 AI189907/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM050860/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI102584/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM145255/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Vibrio cholerae/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Chemotaxis/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Signal Transduction ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Bacterial motility and biofilm formation are essential for the adaptation and survival of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. In many bacterial species, the second messenger c-di-GMP regulates these processes through PilZ domain proteins, however the downstream mechanisms have remained poorly defined. Here, we identify the PilZ domain protein PlzC as a key positive regulator of motility and biofilm formation through distinct mechanisms. A suppressor screen for mutants restoring ΔplzC migration identified downstream regulators, including CheX, a CheY-3 phosphatase. Genetic and phenotypic analyses revealed that PlzC promotes motility by modulating CheX, thereby influencing the frequency of direction changes during swimming. Notably, the role of PlzC in motility regulation is independent of CheZ, another CheY-3 phosphatase, demonstrating that among the two CheY-3 phosphatases, only CheX is under PlzC control. This distinction suggests that CheY-3-P levels are regulated by at least two separate signaling pathways, one of which operates through PlzC. Despite its function in motility, CheX is not required for PlzC-mediated biofilm regulation, indicating pathway specificity. PlzC regulates biofilm formation through a mechanism that involves c-di-GMP binding, separating it from its CheX-dependent motility regulation. Together, our findings establish PlzC as a central regulator linking CheX-mediated motility and c-di-GMP signaling, thereby impacting motility and biofilm formation in V. cholerae.}, }
@article {pmid41511503, year = {2026}, author = {Ibrahim, S and Sarkar, A}, title = {Non-Antibacterial Mechanisms of Agave sisalana Saponins-Glycerol as a Green Inhibitor for Biofilm-Induced Corrosion on Copper Surfaces.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {e70273}, doi = {10.1002/wer.70273}, pmid = {41511503}, issn = {1554-7531}, support = {53/&#x2060;14/&#x2060;03/&#x2060;2022-&#x2060;BRNS//Department of Atomic Energy, Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS), Government of India/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Saponins/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Agave/chemistry ; Corrosion ; *Copper/chemistry ; *Glycerol/pharmacology/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Green corrosion inhibitors have gained attention as natural and eco-friendly solutions for microbiologically induced corrosion in various industries. This study investigates the potential of Agave sisalana saponins (ASS) combined with glycerol, a green solvent, to control biofilm-induced corrosion on copper surfaces. Bacterial strains with strong biofilm-forming abilities were isolated from Koel River water and identified through 16S rRNA gene amplification. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of Acinetobacter spp., Exiguobacterium sp. BFR12y, and Solibacillus sp. BFR13. Structural characterization of ASS using FTIR spectroscopy, NMR, and high-resolution mass spectroscopy confirmed the surfactant properties of extracted saponins. The Agave sisalana saponins-glycerol combination (ASSG) exhibited no antibacterial activity at the tested concentrations. However, colony-forming unit (CFU/biofilm) counts, CLSM, and SEM revealed a significant biofilm inhibition efficacy of 80.14%. Corrosion rate and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study demonstrated 76.42% corrosion inhibition. The inhibitory effect of ASSG was attributed to its adsorption onto metal surfaces, resulting in a reduction in bacterial motility and adhesion, and Cu2O formation, as confirmed by motility assay, contact angle measurement, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The findings suggest the potential use of the Agave sisalana saponins-glycerol combination as a green, prospective corrosion inhibitor, with promising applications in cooling water systems across various industries.}, }
@article {pmid41511146, year = {2025}, author = {Abduljabbar, M and Kareem, R and Taha, S and Hasan, R}, title = {CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHLORHEXIDINE IMPACT ON GINGIVAL TISSUE RESPONSE AND BIOFILM FORMATION RELATED TO MATERIAL COMPOSITION IN FIXED PROSTHODONTIC RESTORATIONS.}, journal = {Georgian medical news}, volume = {}, number = {368}, pages = {201-205}, pmid = {41511146}, issn = {1512-0112}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Chlorhexidine/pharmacology/therapeutic use/administration &amp; dosage ; Male ; Female ; Zirconium/chemistry ; Adult ; *Gingiva/drug effects/microbiology ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology/prevention &amp; control/drug therapy ; Middle Aged ; Surface Properties/drug effects ; Mouthwashes ; }, abstract = {The success of FDP is dependent on the interplay between restorative materials, gingiva tissues, and oral biofilm. Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been accepted as the gold standard for chemical plaque control because of its effect on both plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Prosthetic materials' surfaces may be modified when in contact with CHX, which presents higher surface roughness, colour stability loss and more ion release. Thus, this study evaluated the clinical and microbiological effects of CHX on FDPs with metal-ceramic and monolithic zirconia restorations. Thirty participants were enrolled. Both plaque and gingival indices were recorded, and biofilm samples were collected at baseline and after 2 weeks of rinsing with 0.12%CHX mouthrinse. Surface characteristics and mechanical properties of the restoratives were assessed in vitro following CHX exposure using surface roughness measurements, color stability analysis, and standard mechanical testing. The study demonstrated that CHX lowered plaque and microorganism counts. Metal-ceramic restorations showed significant surface changes and reduction in strength, while zirconia retained stable surface roughness values and mechanical integrity. These results suggest that zirconia is more chemically stable in CHX than metal ceramic restorations.}, }
@article {pmid41510215, year = {2026}, author = {Ganeyev, M and Morales-Laverde, L and Hoffman, M and Hultcrantz, M and Palmquist, A and Thomsen, P and Johansson, ML and Trobos, M}, title = {Staphylococcal persistence and biofilm resistance in bone-anchored hearing systems: Clinical impact.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100342}, pmid = {41510215}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Persistent inflammation and infection, often linked to staphylococcal colonization, affect bone-anchored hearing system (BAHS) outcomes. Although antibiotics are often used to treat skin complications, the roles of biofilms and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in clinical success remain unclear. This clinical prospective study characterized biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus spp. from BAHS patients, and examined associations with inflammation, pain, and hygiene. Adults eligible for BAHS were prospectively enrolled at a tertiary university hospital in Sweden during 2014-2015. Fifteen patients were followed clinically and microbiologically at surgery, 3- and 12- months. Abutment, peri-abutment exudate and soft-tissue samples were cultured. Fifty-seven Staphylococcus spp. isolates underwent biofilm phenotyping (Crystal Violet, Congo Red), antimicrobial susceptibility testing (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], minimum biofilm eradication concentration [MBEC]) and whole-genome sequencing (lineage, AMR and virulence genes). Clinical status was scored (Holgers, pain, debris). Individual patients harbored the same staphylococcal clone on abutment, exudate, and tissue for 12 months. S. aureus was more prevalent in patients with inflammation (Holgers score >0), S. epidermidis correlated with pain, and slime production was associated with debris accumulation. Overall, 56 % of isolates showed resistance to fusidic acid, and 11-34 % carried tetracycline resistance genes. S. epidermidis carried multidrug resistance genes (beta-lactams, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin), and resistance increased under biofilm conditions (MBEC > MIC). The ica operon was detected in all S. aureus and S. epidermidis ST7, ST297, ST749 and ST278. These findings indicate that staphylococci from BAHS exhibit persistent colonization, diverse clonal lineages, and high biofilm-associated AMR. Early microbial diagnostics and biofilm-targeted strategies, alongside cautious use of topical antibiotics, may improve outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41510038, year = {2025}, author = {Al-Momani, H and Mashal, S and AlGhawrie, H}, title = {Investigation of the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {942-953}, pmid = {41510038}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria limits the spectrum of effective antibiotics. Considerable focus has been placed on the identification of more contemporary and cost-effective antimicrobial drugs. In this study, the antibacterial properties of a commonly used solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), against P. aeruginosa were investigated.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The microtiter broth dilution technique was employed to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of DMSO. The solvent's impact on bacterial growth, biofilm formation and eradication was assessed. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was carried out to assess the effect of varying DMSO concentrations ranging from 1% to 8% (v/v) on quorum sensing gene expression.<br><br>RESULTS: All P. aeruginosa strains exhibited a DMSO MIC of 25% v/v and MBC of 50% v/v. DMSO caused significant growth inhibition and suppression of biofilm formation in all P. aeruginosa strains at sub-inhibitory concentrations, i.e. 1%-8% v/v. At these concentrations, the samples showed a reduction in biomass and reduced metabolic activity. These effects were concentration-dependent. A DMSO strength of 8% v/v was associated with a statistically significant downregulation of most of the quorum sensing genes; at a DMSO titer of 1% v/v, this effect was modest with only a few genes being significantly affected.<br><br>CONCLUSION: DMSO is a potential therapeutic agent against P. aeruginosa as it has been demonstrated that it exhibits antimicrobial characteristics. Moreover, the impact of DMSO on bacterial growth and biofilm formation complicates its use as a solvent in biologic and clinical research.}, }
@article {pmid41509296, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, X and Eastep, GN and Torres-Mejia, N and Zia, A and Ottemann, KM and Wang, F}, title = {Distinct flagellins differentially fine tune biofilm initiation via flagellar stator-associated proteins.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2025.12.30.697036}, pmid = {41509296}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori relies on flagellar motility to colonize the gastric niche. While H. pylori flagella serve multiple functions, including swimming motility, it has recently been appreciated that flagellar basal body properties also contribute to biofilm initiation. The H. pylori flagellar filament contains two spatially segregated flagellins, FlaA and FlaB, but their roles in the biofilm initiation process remained undefined. Here, we confirmed that both FlaA and FlaB are required for optimal motility, but found that they exert opposite effects on biofilm initiation: cells without FlaA display low biofilm initiation, while cells without FlaB display elevated initiation. To understand the molecular basis for this divergence, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of native flagellar filaments revealed that FlaA and FlaB have distinct supercoiled waveforms. We confirmed these intrinsic waveform curvatures by analyzing filaments from Δ flaA and Δ flaB mutants, providing a physical basis for their functional specialization. Genetic epistasis experiments further demonstrated that the enhanced early biofilm formation of the Δ flaB mutant depends on PilO, a stator-associated component of the flagellar motor recently shown to drive a reciprocal biofilm and motility response. Our findings establish that H. pylori has developed functionally specialized flagellins that work with motor-dependent signaling to dynamically balance surface colonization and motility.}, }
@article {pmid41509036, year = {2026}, author = {Tolentino, PHMP and Dinelli, RG and Garzón, HS and Suárez, DR and Corral, MAT and Christoff, EP and Bueno, MR and Sandi, UM and Suárez, LJ and Bueno-Silva, B}, title = {Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in a multispecies subgingival biofilm model.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2603706}, pmid = {41509036}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on a multi-species subgingival biofilm model.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms were formed using 33 bacterial species on a Calgary device. Two protocols were tested: (A) biofilm in contact with CBD (125, 250 and 500&#x2009;&#xb5;g/mL) and chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX) for the entire period; (B) treatments with CBD (500 and 1000&#x2009;&#xb5;g/mL) and CHX started on day 3, twice a day, for 1 minute. The total biofilm counts, the proportion of complexes, and the counts of each species were evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridization (Checkerboard).<br><br>RESULTS: In Experiment A, CBD at concentrations of 250 and 500&#x2009;&#xb5;g/mL, as well as CHX, significantly reduced the total biofilm count. At 500&#x2009;&#xb5;g/mL, CBD also decreased the proportion of the red complex and reduced the counts of 10 bacterial species, whereas CHX affected 20 species. In Protocol B, both CBD at 1000&#x2009;&#xb5;g/mL and CHX reduced the total biofilm count and the proportion of the red complex, while increasing the proportion of the green complex. Both protocols led to a reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia.<br><br>CONCLUSION: CBD reduced the total bacterial count and the red complex, inhibiting known periodontal pathogens. Within the limitations, the results provide exploratory evidence that CBD may reduce the total bacterial count in the proposed polymicrobial biofilm model, including the red complex bacteria, and may thus be postulated as an inhibitor of known periodontal pathogens. However, future in vivo studies with robust sample sizes and standardized CFU-based quantification are required to confirm these findings.}, }
@article {pmid41506787, year = {2026}, author = {Muthukrishnan, G and Coraça-Huber, DC and Atkins, GJ and Abbaszadeh, A and Abedi, AA and Abuhussein, E and Bingham, JS and Cichos, KH and Coenye, T and Drago, L and Hamilton, J and Hickok, NJ and Iannotti, F and Jennings, JA and Jensen, LK and Li, B and Manzary, M and Moriarty, TF and McDonald, K and Nishitani, K and Norton, N and Oral, E and Parvizi, JM and Raafat, D and Saeed, K and Sallai, I and Schwarz, EM and Siverino, C and Sekar, A and Tate, J and Trobos, M and Tubbs, A}, title = {2025 International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection: Summary From the Biofilm Workgroup on Biofilm Formation, Persistence, and Host-Environment Interactions.}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {e70130}, doi = {10.1002/jor.70130}, pmid = {41506787}, issn = {1554-527X}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Musculoskeletal Diseases/microbiology ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) remains a major problem after trauma and elective orthopedic surgery. Chronic MSKI is related to the formation of biofilm, which impairs diagnosis and effective treatments. Therefore, to understand and communicate global standards and best practices, the 2025 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) on MSKI created a Biofilm Section to address crucial aspects of biofilm biology pertaining to its mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion, and potential approaches to overcome them. This featured a 2-year process, with final voting and discussion on May 8-10, 2025, in Istanbul, Turkey. This Consensus Article is the effort of the Biofilm Basic Mechanisms Workgroup, which interpreted the results on ICM questions related to (1) the infectious microenvironment; (2) appropriate inocula in preclinical research; (3) biofilm behavior in infected tissues; and (4) synergy within biofilms and with other comorbidities. Collectively, we find that this field has the necessary research tools to discover the pathophysiology of orthopedic implant-associated biofilm development and maturation, perform clinically relevant studies in animal models, and elucidate mechanisms that allow opportunistic infections in compromised tissues and patients with other health issues.}, }
@article {pmid41506378, year = {2026}, author = {Ye, YT and Xiao, X and Xia, HY and Li, J and Gong, ZZ and Chen, AZ and Wang, SB and Kankala, RK}, title = {Photo-controlled spatiotemporal sequential release of MXenes/NO gas from bilayer (clean-cure) hydrogel promotes healing of MRSA biofilm-infected diabetic ulcer wounds.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {391}, number = {}, pages = {114611}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114611}, pmid = {41506378}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {Despite the success in designing intelligent materials for diabetic ulcer wound (DUW) healing, it is often challenging to consider the entire healing process, from early antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects to late matrix remodeling and angiogenesis characteristics, by on-demand releasing of multiple therapeutics. Herein, we designed a versatile bilayer (GCM/Clean-GDA/Cure) hydrogel dressing with light-controlled, spatiotemporal sequential release of MXene nanosheets (MX NSs)/nitric oxide (NO) gas for the healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm-infected DUWs. The lower GCM layer comprised carboxymethyl chitosan-gelatin and cerium oxide (CeO2)-decorated MX NSs (CO-MX). The upper GDA layer consisted of dopamine-modified methacrylated gelatin (GelMA-DA) with L-arginine (L-Arg) as a precursor. Under NIR irradiation, the GCM hydrogel released photothermal-induced CO-MX NSs as self-regenerating antioxidants, exhibiting 98.25 % inhibition against MRSA and 96.37 % inhibition against Pneumonia aeruginosa. The abundant oxygen vacancies and reversible Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox pairs of the released Ce species from CO-MX NSs could attenuate inflammation and promote early macrophage polarization. The light-assisted gel-sol thermal transition of the lower GCM layer further exposed the upper GDA layer, providing a conducive microenvironment for angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. L-Arg in the GDA layer could enable light-controlled in situ release of NO gas activated by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), reaching 7.71 μM within 10 min of exposure to NIR light. Thus, the NIR-assisted bilayer treatment group achieved a 97.74 % wound closure rate. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis validated the activation of regenerative pathways and suppression of excessive inflammatory and metabolic stress signals. Together, the photo-controlled sequential release of MX NSs and NO gas from the bilayer could expand the application of light-responsive nanomaterials, providing an innovative therapeutic modality for in situ treatment of diabetic wounds infected by highly drug-resistant MRSA biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41504840, year = {2026}, author = {Ahmed, ME and Shaghaleh, H and Ahmed, AF and Alhaj Hamoud, Y}, title = {Eco-Friendly Selenium Nanoparticle Strategy Against Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41504840}, issn = {1559-0291}, support = {This research was sponsored by the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2023ZB869 and 2023ZB897), the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 42277393), the Foreign Youth Talent Project (2019/423402), and China Postdoctor//This research was sponsored by the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2023ZB869 and 2023ZB897), the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 42277393), the Foreign Youth Talent Project (2019/423402), and China Postdoctor/ ; }, abstract = {Biological synthesis of nanoparticles provides an eco-friendly method for producing bioactive materials characterized by low toxicity and enhanced bioavailability. In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using the viable cell filtrate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Biosynthesis with bacterial cell filtrate uses extracellular enzymes, proteins, and metabolites as reducing and capping agents to convert a selenium precursor (commonly sodium selenite, Na2SeO3) into elemental selenium nanoparticles (Se[0]). Advantages include mild conditions, eco-friendliness, and often improved biocompatibility. Characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and zeta potential analysis. The antimicrobial potential of SeNPs was assessed against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus using a microdilution MIC assay. The SeNPs exhibited broad-spectrum activity, effectively inhibiting Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida species. They also demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity, highlighting their safety profile. Furthermore, synergistic assays revealed that combining SeNPs with conventional antimicrobials enhanced their inhibitory effects, including against multidrug-resistant strains. At the molecular level, the clfB gene was detected by PCR, and real-time PCR revealed significant modulation of its expression following SeNP treatment, suggesting interference with biofilm formation. Cytotoxicity assays further indicated that SeNPs exhibited low toxicity toward normal fibroblast (HdFn) cells while showing improved anticancer activity against PC3 cells compared to free drug or neat selenium nanoparticles.}, }
@article {pmid41504460, year = {2026}, author = {Susanto, FC and Wuisan, ZG and Spohn, M and Schäberle, TF and Marner, M}, title = {Exploring the anti-biofilm effect of darobactin B and colistin in static and dynamic environments.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0286825}, pmid = {41504460}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {//Postgraduate Scholarship of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen/ ; 16LW0251//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The increasing challenges of treating biofilm-associated infections highlight the importance to develop new options against biofilm-embedded bacteria. In this study, we evaluated darobactin B-a promising pre-clinical antibiotic candidate targeting the outer membrane protein BamA-against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. First, a static biofilm assay was used for primary screening and showed that darobactin B reduced the viable cells within a biofilm by six orders of magnitude compared to the untreated control. Subsequently, a microfluidic model was conducted to allow real-time monitoring of biofilm development, treatment, and potential regrowth under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. In this assay, the reference compound colistin exhibited strong activity after single-dose administration. Although less effective after single dosing, darobactin B showed notable anti-biofilm activity by killing 85%-97% of biofilm cells and suppressing biofilm recovery for at least 48 h when applied repeatedly once daily for 5 days. When administered repeatedly in the multi-dose regimen, darobactin B caused biofilm disruption and cell detachment, leading to ~40% surface coverage reduction. Our findings highlight the potential of darobactin B as an anti-biofilm agent.IMPORTANCEBacterial biofilms pose serious healthcare challenges, contributing to chronic and device-related infections. Biofilm-embedded bacteria are highly resistant to conventional antibiotics and lead to growing reliance on last-resort drugs, thus underscoring the need for new therapeutic approaches. This study shows that darobactin B consistently disrupts Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and delays regrowth. The multi-dose microfluidic assay provides a flexible platform for real-time evaluation of biofilms, which may support the optimization of treatment regimens.}, }
@article {pmid41503523, year = {2026}, author = {Rudolph, E and Li, S and Aguilar-Sanjuan, B and Ko, S and Raikwar, PS and Kobras, CM and Bettoni, S and Sheppard, SK and Laabei, M}, title = {Functional and comparative genomic characterization of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {100341}, pmid = {41503523}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. In the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, this can enhance resistance to antibiotics and immune responses, contributing significantly to chronic infections associated with medical devices. The underlying mechanisms include the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded by the icaADBC operon, and surface proteins that mediate adhesion. However, it has been challenging to translate in vitro understanding to explain the molecular mechanisms governing biofilm formation in vivo. Here we combined functional and comparative genomics approaches to investigate genetic factors influencing biofilm formation in isolates belonging to the clinically important ST-8 clonal complex (CC8). Phenotypic and genomic screening of a closely related strain cohort (MRSA USA300 isolates) revealed considerable variability in biofilm formation. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified several genes and polymorphisms linked to biofilm development. These included known biofilm genes and compensatory mutations that restored wild-type biofilm levels in hyper-biofilm forming mucoid isolates. Finally, contextualizing CC8 genomes within diverse S. aureus populations revealed the natural occurrence of biofilm-associated genomic variation as well as evidence for the conservation of the ica loci in CC8. This offers insight into the mechanisms and microevolutionary events that give rise to clinically relevant staphylococcal infections.}, }
@article {pmid41501811, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, C and Gao, C and Qian, L and Chen, M and Li, Y and Ye, S and Cai, W and Xu, T and Zheng, L and Liu, Y and Chen, Y and Shi, L and Zhao, L}, title = {Cocrystal-inspired glycyrrhizic acid-azole nanoassemblies for synergistic biofilm disruption and immune modulation in fungal infections.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {115}, pmid = {41501811}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {22475156//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52422307//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52293383//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82305249//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycyrrhizic Acid/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Azoles/chemistry/pharmacology ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Candidiasis/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Fungal biofilms represent a major therapeutic hurdle due to their drug resistance and immune evasion. Here, we report a cocrystal-inspired nano-assembly strategy that co-assembles glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural triterpenoid saponin, with azole antifungal agents into multifunctional nanoparticles. The GA-azole co-assemblies, stabilized via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, exhibit cocrystal-like properties while preserving the bioactivities of both components. This hybrid nanoplatform improves azole solubility and permeability and leverages GA's intrinsic membrane-disrupting, ROS-scavenging, and immunomodulatory effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that the nanoparticles effectively disrupted Candida albicans biofilms by impairing matrix structure and suppressing hyphal formation. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated GA-azole co-assemblies downregulated genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, oxidative stress response, and morphogenesis. Additionally, GA-azole nanoparticles promoted macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and alleviated oxidative stress, by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, thereby modulating the excessive inflammation stimulated by fungal infection. In vitro and in vivo experiments, including a murine perianal infection model, showed significant reductions in fungal burden, biofilm thickness, and local inflammation without systemic toxicity. This work presents a multi-targeted nanotherapeutic strategy combining enhanced drug delivery, antifungal synergy, immune regulation to combat biofilm-associated fungal infections.}, }
@article {pmid41500357, year = {2026}, author = {El-Sayyad, GS and Abdel-Fatah, SS and Mosallam, FM and El-Batal, AI}, title = {Facile synthesis of ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of some pathogenic microbes: Aspects of the gamma-irradiation effect.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {108277}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108277}, pmid = {41500357}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Curcumin/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry/radiation effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Gamma Rays ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Particle Size ; *Bacteria/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The present work has produced a successful way to create nano-drug formulation using cost-effective and environmentally friendly technique. The impact of gamma rays on synthetic methods has been assessed using varying doses of gamma irradiation. To evaluate the synthesized ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite and ascertain its structure and particle size distribution, we employed several analytical methods, including Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis.) spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-EDX mapping techniques, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The produced ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite showed a particle size distribution in the nanometer range at 76.39 ± 1.4. According to the current work, the surface Zeta potential of the produced ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite remains negative at the pH of the synthesis under investigation. Furthermore, the preparation's Zeta potential at a neutral medium (pH 7.2) was -52.39 ± 1.3 mV due to the negative charge of ciprofloxacin. Bacillus subtilis (48.0 mm; zone of inhibition (ZOI)) was the most effective target for the synthesized ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite. Other tested pathogenic microbes included Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus epidermidis (45.0 mm ZOI), Staphylococcus aureus (42.0 mm ZOI), Escherichia coli (40.0 mm ZOI), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.0 mm ZOI), Candida albicans (30.0 mm ZOI), Candida tropicalis (24.0 mm ZOI), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.0 mm ZOI) were sensitive for the synthesized nanocomposite. The result of antibiofilm indicated that, after the treatment with 6.250 μg/mL ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite, the percentage of biofilm inhibition for C. tropicalis was 92.63 %, followed by E. cloacae as 88.01 %, P. aeruginosa (84.97 %), S. epidermidis (84.62 %), and B. subtilis (84.55 %). In membrane leakage assay (as a reaction mechanism determination), the amounts of C. tropicalis, E. cloacae, and S. epidermidis protein eliminated following treatment with ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite are 133.34, 90.34, and 101.23 μg/mL, respectively. The results obtained pave the way for the useful application of the promising nano-drug formulations for fighting pathogenic microbes causing serious problems in biomedical fields.}, }
@article {pmid41500279, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Bi, Z and Li, Q and Duan, S and Li, S and Zhu, T and Zhang, M and Yu, Y}, title = {Polysaccharide platforms for advanced anti-biofilm and anti-fouling applications.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {340}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {150098}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150098}, pmid = {41500279}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polysaccharides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Humans ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation present critical challenges across medical devices, wound interfaces, and biological surfaces, driving persistent infections and treatment failures. Conventional antibacterial strategies primarily target planktonic microorganisms, often overlooking the fundamental need to prevent surface fouling and biofilm establishment. In response, polysaccharides-natural biopolymers derived from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria-have emerged as advanced anti-fouling agents. These materials exhibit unique advantages including inherent biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and multifaceted mechanisms to deter bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. Unlike previous reviews, this work provides a novel design-oriented framework by systematically linking polysaccharide structural features to specific anti-biofilm mechanisms, offering a theoretical blueprint for developing intelligent anti-infection interfaces. This review explores the development of polysaccharides in combating surface dirt and biofilm proliferation, with a focus on their mechanisms of action-inhibition of bacterial attachment and aggregation, regulation of the host immune system, formation of a physical barrier, and induction of bacterial death. These characteristics establish polysaccharides as versatile platforms for developing next generation anti-fouling coatings, wound dressings, and medical device interfaces.}, }
@article {pmid41496643, year = {2026}, author = {Caballero Gómez, N and Manetsberger, J and Terriente-Palacios, C and Vallarino, JG and Benomar, N and Abriouel, H}, title = {Pseudomonas psychrophila Biofilm Formation Inhibition by Thymol Adaptation.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {2315-2323}, pmid = {41496643}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas/drug effects/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Thymol/pharmacology ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the effects of thymol (TH) adaptation on biofilm formation and the metabolic profile of the multiresistant slaughterhouse isolate Pseudomonas psychrophila M33T02.2. After exposure to increasing sublethal concentrations of thymol, the adapted P. psychrophila M33T02.2 showed decreased biofilm-forming capacity, reduced swarming motility, and lower rhamnolipid production compared to the wild-type strain. Confocal microscopy further showed that the biofilms developed by the adapted strain were less homogeneous, confirming their inability to develop well-structured biofilms. To further understand these changes at the metabolic level, high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) identified redox metabolism intermediates and energy balance-related metabolites as most important variables. 20 metabolites were underexpressed for the TH-adapted strain, including glutathione disulfide, guanosine diphosphate, and flavin adenine mono- and di-nucleotide, among others. Therefore, we conclude that repeated exposure to TH prevents the emergence of resistance mechanisms associated with biofilm formation, acting at the level of redox state and energy imbalance.}, }
@article {pmid41496303, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, P and Wang, Y and Li, X and Lü, J}, title = {Research and application of gas therapy in preventing biofilm associated infections.}, journal = {Medical gas research}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {263-268}, pmid = {41496303}, issn = {2045-9912}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Gases/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Bacterial Infections/prevention &amp; control/therapy ; }, abstract = {Conventional antibiotic therapies often fail to eradicate biofilms, which can lead to persistent infections and significant clinical challenges. Gas therapy, which utilizes the unique properties of gas molecules such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide, is emerging as a promising and innovative strategy to address these challenges. This review first highlights gas signaling in bacterial biofilms. It then goes on to list four types of gas therapy in detail: photothermal-enhanced gas therapy, photodynamic-activated gas therapy, micro/nanobubble-mediated gas therapy, and gas-based synergistic therapy. Their potential applications and future directions are also fully discussed. Due to its unique bioactivity, low resistance, and synergy with existing treatments, gas therapy has demonstrated significant potential in the prevention and treatment of biofilm-associated infections. However, overcoming delivery challenges, validating efficacy in large-scale trials, and developing standardized protocols are essential for its clinical translation. Future efforts should prioritize the integration of nanotechnology and mechanistic studies to unlock broader therapeutic utility.}, }
@article {pmid41494999, year = {2026}, author = {Mallick, S and Debnath, B and Ray, RR}, title = {Insights of Bacterial Biofilm Suppression by Cucurbita moschata Seed-Mediated ZnO Nanorods.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {e70135}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70135}, pmid = {41494999}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {//All India Council for Technical Education/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Zinc Oxide/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanotubes/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Seeds/chemistry ; *Cucurbita/chemistry ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Pyocyanine ; }, abstract = {Biogenically synthesized ZnO nanorods using Cucurbita moschata seed have demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Building on our previous findings, the current study extends to investigate the interactions of the nanorods during the pre- and postbiofilm formations. The pre-biofilm investigations include monitoring the changes in cellular zeta potential and hydrophobicity upon nanorod treatment. The post-biofilm assessments focus on the inhibition of cellular revival, extracellular polymeric substance components, and vital virulence factors-staphyloxanthin and pyocyanin; loss of cellular viability and biofilm architecture; and loss of cellular integrity and observation of the alterations in the pH of biofilm cultured media. Notably, the cellular hydrophobicity decreases to 5% and 17% for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively, at 250 μg/mL. Meanwhile, staphyloxanthin was inhibited by 48.49% ± 1.3% (250 μg/mL), and pyocyanin reduction hit a dose-dependent plateau at 500 μg/mL with 89.78% ± 0.47%. Further propositions on the strain-specific mechanistic insights by evaluating the relative mode of interaction with the green-synthesized ZnO nanorods have been discussed. Interestingly, the antibacterial modes of action by 1D-biogenic ZnO nanorods offer a novel approach and insight into the use of eco-friendly resources for an integrated approach towards antibiofilm strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41494972, year = {2026}, author = {Rane, D and Zantye, P and Kerkar, S and Kowshik, M and Ramanan, SR}, title = {Impact of Ag-SiO2 Nanocomposite on Metal Corrosive Desulfovibrio Biofilm.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {e70137}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70137}, pmid = {41494972}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {//Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Silver/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Silicon Dioxide/pharmacology/chemistry ; Corrosion ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Desulfovibrio/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Steel/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a significant issue causing material damage of metals in pipelines, storage tanks, and marine infrastructure, leading to significant industrial damage and maintenance costs. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are the main causative agent for MIC. Their capacity to form biofilms facilitates SRB to cause high corrosion rates. In this study, Ag-SiO2 nanocomposite with silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) dispersed in the silicon dioxide (SiO2) matrix was synthesized using a one-pot sol-gel method. Ag-SiO2 NC was evaluated for its capacity to deter biofilm formation and impact the transcript gene expression of key markers HydA and DVU1817 Cytochrome c553 genes for the SRB biofilm-formation and metal corrosion in Desulphovibrio gigas strain. The effect of Ag-SiO2 NC on the SRB mediated Carbon steel corrosion was also examined using potentiodynamic polarization electrochemical corrosion testing. The findings from our study validate the antibacterial and corrosion inhibitory characteristics of nanocomposite Ag-SiO2 NC against D. gigas. A simple and reproducible Ag-SiO2 NC synthesis will significantly boost the industrial production of silver-doped silica products for controlling SRB population, enabling development of advanced high-performance protective metal coatings with enhanced antimicrobial properties.}, }
@article {pmid41494587, year = {2026}, author = {Bachlechner, C and Zand, E and Eisenrauch, V and Mauermann, M and Jäger, H and Schottroff, F}, title = {Biofilm Properties and Their Implications for Cleaning Processes in the Food Industry - A Review.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {100695}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100695}, pmid = {41494587}, issn = {1944-9097}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; *Food Industry ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; *Food-Processing Industry ; }, abstract = {Cleaning operations are carried out regularly throughout the food industry to remove deposits and microorganisms. Still, biofilms may persist in production plants, with potential negative implications for food safety and quality as well as economic disadvantages for companies. Consequently, the elimination of biofilms is crucial to ensure unrestricted operations. However, mechanisms involved in biofilm removal are still poorly understood, limiting the development of corresponding countermeasures. Therefore, this review focuses on biofilm properties and their implications for the removal process, as a basis for identifying and deeper understanding of the key factors relevant to cleaning strategies. In terms of rheological biofilm characterization, parameters such as elastic modulus and critical strain indicate the stress a biofilm can withstand. Biofilms with lower elastic modulus and crossover points are generally easier to remove. Assessing binding forces is crucial, as effective removal requires overcoming these forces. Further investigation of biofilm porosity may ultimately contribute to the development of targeted removal strategies. Multispecies biofilms grown dynamically show the highest cleaning resistance, with flow characteristics significantly influencing biofilm properties. Parameters from structural characterization methods cannot be directly translated into cleaning practices; however, they are still relevant to obtain deeper information on biofilm systems and their behavior. Exemplarily, modelling and simulation rely on precise material properties, enabling further conclusions relevant to cleaning and disinfection applications. Therefore, deeper insights into the microscopic and macroscopic properties of biofilms will contribute to the development of more targeted and efficient cleaning strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41493724, year = {2026}, author = {Krishna, S and Dahiya, S and Chauhan, N and Goyal, R}, title = {Beyond the biofilm: KLF2 as a molecular gatekeeper in periodontal health and disease.}, journal = {Odontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41493724}, issn = {1618-1255}, abstract = {Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition resulting from complex interactions between microbial dysbiosis and host immune responses, leading to progressive destruction of the periodontium. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a zinc-finger transcription factor, has emerged as a key regulator of immune modulation and tissue homeostasis. KLF2 orchestrates anti-inflammatory pathways, controls immune cell activation, and influences periodontal tissue integrity. Dysregulation of KLF2 is implicated in enhanced inflammation and periodontal tissue breakdown. This review summarizes the molecular biology of KLF2, its role in immune regulation, and its emerging significance in periodontal health and disease. We also discuss potential therapeutic applications targeting KLF2 pathways for improved periodontal disease management.}, }
@article {pmid41493501, year = {2026}, author = {Datta, S and Nag, S and Roy, DN}, title = {Papain: an antimicrobial enzyme of Papaya latex inhibits the production of biofilm and disrupts pre-formed biofilm matrix of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {83}, pmid = {41493501}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Carica/enzymology/chemistry ; *Papain/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Latex/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {In this study, papain (also known as papaya proteinase I; EC 3.4.22.2), a cysteine protease derived from Carica papaya, a tropical fruit cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, is used. Biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a major therapeutic challenge due to its heightened antibiotic tolerance and ability to persist in chronic infections. This study reports that the enzyme papain inhibits approximately 80% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm production at a sub-MIC dose of 80 µg/mL, along with reduced levels of pathogenic molecules, including 87% of total acyl-homoserine lactones, 83% of LasA, 85% of LasB, 89% of pyocyanin, 87% of rhamnolipids, and 86% of exoprotease activity. FE-SEM results have confirmed the absence of new biofilm and the disruption of preformed biofilm due to papain treatment of the bacterial cells. AFM results also indicate the lowering of height in papain treated bacterial biofilm. By targeting both preformed and newly formed biofilms, papain offers a promising, sustainable therapeutic strategy derived from a plant source to manage biofilm-associated infections, addressing a critical gap in current antimicrobial approaches. Therefore, papain, a natural antimicrobial protein, has the potential to eradicate biofilms at infected sites.}, }
@article {pmid41492644, year = {2026}, author = {Zhan, X and Li, Y and Yang, C and Zhang, W and Han, Z and Li, Y and Meng, Q and Feng, Y and Yu, Y and Zhao, B and Li, F}, title = {NO-driven self-propelled nanomotors with deep biofilm penetration for synergistic therapy of peri-implantitis.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {102658}, pmid = {41492644}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Phototherapy as an adjuvant treatment for peri-implantitis (PI) still faces multiple challenges in clinical translation, including weak targeting capability of photosensitizers, poor biofilm penetration, and lack of immunomodulatory and osteogenic functions. To address these limitations, a core-shell nanomotor (IHPS) was constructed, whereby a hollow mesoporous polydopamine core encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG) was coated with S-nitrosothiol-modified ε-polylysine. Under near-infrared light excitation, the IHPS utilizes the positive surface charge provided by ε-polylysine to actively target plaque biofilms, and employs the photothermal effect of ICG to trigger burst release of nitric oxide (NO), thereby enhancing its penetration capacity into the deep regions of the biofilm through a self-propelled mechanism. The released NO can react with reactive oxygen species generated by ICG-mediated photodynamic therapy to form peroxynitrite, further synergistically improving antibacterial and biofilm eradication efficacy. Moreover, under physiological conditions, the IHPS enables sustained and slow release of NO, effectively promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype to suppress inflammation, and enhancing osteogenic differentiation via activation of the sGC-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Ultimately, this approach achieves synergistic antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and bone regeneration effects at the infection site. This study provides a novel multifunctional therapeutic strategy with promising clinical translation potential for the treatment of PI.}, }
@article {pmid41489462, year = {2026}, author = {Alvarado-Vallejo, A and Alvarado-Lassman, A and Snell-Castro, R}, title = {Potential enhancement of syntrophic metabolism with two carrier materials for biofilm formation during anaerobic digestion of tomato liquid fraction.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf314}, pmid = {41489462}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {13821.22-P//Tecnol&#xf3;gico Nacional de M&#xe9;xico/ ; 807672//Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Anaerobiosis ; *Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Methane/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Fermentation ; Methanosarcina/metabolism ; Geobacter/metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; }, abstract = {AIMS: This study evaluated the influence of two carrier materials, a nylon pad (NP) and a nylon-silicon carbide pad (NSCP), on fixed-bed reactor (FBR) and microbiomes performances during the anaerobic digestion of tomato liquid fraction.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: FBR performance was evaluated during start-up, biofilm formation, and biodegradability tests, applying principal components analysis (PCA) to correlate biological, physicochemical, and operating variables. PCA results showed two positive interactions, the first one between facultatively-syntrophic fermenters and CO2-reducing methanogens in both carriers, increasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and methane yield through interspecies formate/H2 transfer. The second interaction was associated with Geobacter daltonii and Methanosarcina spelaei in NSCP, suggesting a direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) to acetotrophic methanogens.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biodegradability tests revealed positive microbial interactions to enhance COD removal and methane yield via sugars&#x2192;butyrate&#x2192;acetate&#x2192;methane pathway in both pads. The use of NP and NSCP carrier materials enhanced syntrophisms, impacting FBR performance. In NSCP syntrophic relationships were associated with the acetotrophic pathway that was increased by a DIET; while in NP a competitive exclusion mechanism where the fermenter Trichococcus alkaliphilus successfully competed against obligately-syntrophic acetogens for sugars and fatty acids was observed.}, }
@article {pmid41489387, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Correction to "Strontium-Containing Piezoelectric Biofilm Promotes Dentin Tissue Regeneration".}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {38}, number = {9}, pages = {e72048}, doi = {10.1002/adma.72048}, pmid = {41489387}, issn = {1521-4095}, }
@article {pmid41488228, year = {2025}, author = {Alghamdi, N and Alshamrani, L and Alboryah, S and Alsenan, JF and Alshehri, T and Abogazalah, NN and Balhaddad, AA}, title = {The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {846}, pmid = {41488228}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Coconut Oil/pharmacology ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; *Cocos/chemistry ; *Frankincense/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Plant Oils/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm effect of coconut and frankincense oils.<br><br>METHODS: Different types of coconut (organic refined, cocos nucifera, organic virgin, and organic extra virgin) and frankincense (frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and uplifting frankincense pure essential) oils were investigated. Serial dilutions (1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:96, and 1:192) were created from each oil and incubated with an overnight culture of S. mutans. The total growth and biofilms absorbance were measured at 595 and 490 nm, respectively. One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for data analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The greatest biofilm inhibition was observed in the uplifting frankincense pure essential oil at 1:3 dilution (0.67&#xb1;0.12), which was significantly lower (p<0.01) than the control (1.51 &#xb1; 0.07). In addition, organic refined (0.96&#xb1;0.13), organic virgin (1.21&#xb1;0.28), and organic extra virgin (1.07&#xb1;0.17) were associated with less biofilms compared to the control, but without a statistical significance. Frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and cocos nucifera coconut oil did not show biofilm inhibition.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Organic refined, organic virgin, and extra virgin coconut oils, and uplifting frankincense essential oil, effectively reduced S. mutans levels in vitro, with the highest amount of biofilm reduction associated with uplifting frankincense essential oil.}, }
@article {pmid41487702, year = {2025}, author = {Toyooka, M and Kaneki, M and Ohira, C and Nakamura, Y and Yamamoto, M and Fukuyama, T}, title = {Cyclodextran prevents Porphyromonas gulae and Porphyromonas gingivalis induced halitosis and cytokine secretion via direct inhibition of biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1713668}, pmid = {41487702}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of teeth, initiated by bacterial biofilm formation. Porphyromonas gulae (P. gulae) and P. gingivalis are key pathogens in canine and human PD, respectively, producing biofilms, volatile sulfur compounds, and proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to halitosis and tissue destruction. Cyclodextran (CI), a cyclic oligosaccharide, has previously been shown to inhibit glucan synthesis in Streptococcus mutans, but its effects on periodontal bacteria remain unexplored. This study investigated the influence of CI on P. gulae and P. gingivalis in vitro. Bacterial cultures were co-incubated with varying concentrations of a CI-dextran mix (0.313%-5%) for up to 24 h. Biofilm formation and insoluble glucan production were assessed via fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan levels were measured by gas chromatography, and cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6) was quantified in murine and canine macrophage cell lines using ELISA. CI had limited bactericidal activity but significantly inhibited biofilm formation and glucan production in both bacterial species. Consequently, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan generation were markedly reduced, although CI did not directly neutralize these compounds. Furthermore, CI treatment significantly suppressed P. gulae and P. gingivalis-induced IL-1β and IL-6 secretion in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that cyclodextran prevents PD-related halitosis and inflammation primarily by inhibiting biofilm formation rather than bacterial killing or direct deodorization. CI represents a promising candidate for preventive oral care in humans and companion animals, with potential to reduce the onset and progression of PD.}, }
@article {pmid41486853, year = {2026}, author = {Mo, D and Wei, Y and Pan, M and Chen, W and Yang, Y and Li, K and Li, X and Li, J and Liu, Q and Deng, H and Zhu, M and Zhang, Z and Xiao, Z and Qian, Z}, title = {NIR Light-Driven Photocatalytic Antibacterial Hydrogels for Synergistic MRSA Biofilm Eradication and Wound Regeneration.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e18215}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202518215}, pmid = {41486853}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {U21A20417//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32530059//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024NSFSC0046//Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province/ ; CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0034//Natural&#xa0;Science&#xa0;Foundation&#xa0;of&#xa0;Chongqing/ ; ZYGD24003//West China Hospital, Sichuan University/ ; }, abstract = {The treatment of drug-resistant bacterial biofilm infections remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. To address this challenge, 3D oxygen vacancy (OV)-rich iron-doped Bi2O2S (Fe-Bi2O2-XS, Fe-BOS) nanoflowers (NFs) are synthesized for the first time via an ion-exchange method. The resulting material exhibits a small band gap, abundant OVs, and favorable charge-transfer properties. It also shows robust photothermal performance and strong photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generation ability. Fe-BOS@C/H Gel is subsequently prepared by crosslinking hydrazide-modified chondroitin sulfate, the Fe-BOS NFs, and oxidized hyaluronic acid via a dynamic Schiff reaction. Fe-BOS@C/H Gel not only shows good hemostasis and injectability, but also achieves 97% methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm elimination. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that Fe-BOS@C/H Gel operates through multiple antibacterial mechanisms, including the destruction of bacterial membranes and the regulation of oxidative stress pathways and metabolic networks. In vitro cell experiments show that Fe-BOS@C/H Gel promotes cell proliferation and migration. In a mouse model of MRSA biofilm-infected wounds, Fe-BOS@C/H Gel under NIR light eliminates MRSA biofilm through localized high temperature and ROS storms, and promotes collagen deposition and angiogenesis without NIR light. This study provides an innovative solution that utilizes the synergistic strategy of "light-driven antibacterial performance and pro-regeneration" to treat drug-resistant bacterial-infected wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41486680, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, L and Wang, L and Zhang, D and Tan, D and Hao, M and Guo, Y and Li, J and Ma, X and Tian, S}, title = {Combining GC-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to explore the biofilm inhibition and antibacterial effects of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {204-223}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2610350}, pmid = {41486680}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Network Pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The essential oil of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss (HC B) exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, yet its antibacterial mechanisms remain underexplored. This study identified 59 compounds, predominantly ketones, via GC-MS analysis, and demonstrated potent anti-Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) activity with an MIC of 7.8125 mg/mL and an MBC of 62.5 mg/mL. The essential oil significantly suppressed acid production, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and biofilm formation in S. aureus. Crystal violet staining confirmed the disruption of preformed biofilms at MIC concentrations. Through molecular docking and kinetic simulations, key bioactive components (e.g. α-gurjunene, cuminal, terpineol) were predicted to target inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes (PTGS2, MAOA/B, RELA, HSP90AA1), suggesting a multimodal antibacterial mechanism. These findings reveal the novel potential of HCB essential oil as a natural anti-biofilm and anti-virulence agent against S. aureus.}, }
@article {pmid41485724, year = {2026}, author = {Corbett, LN and de Vogel, FA and van der Mark, PBJ and Zettler, ER and Mandemaker, LDB and Weckhuysen, BM and Meirer, F and Amaral-Zettler, LA}, title = {Impact of polystyrene nanoplastics on the biodegradation of a polyhydroxyalkanoate and its associated biofilm.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {392}, number = {}, pages = {127634}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127634}, pmid = {41485724}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Polystyrenes ; *Polyhydroxyalkanoates/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Seawater/microbiology ; Netherlands ; Microplastics ; }, abstract = {Biodegradable polymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been proposed as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. Their environmental biodegradation is influenced by complex microbial interactions, particularly within biofilms. The presence of nanoplastics in marine environments has unknown impacts on biodegradation processes. This study investigated the effect of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) on the biodegradation extent of PHA, biofilm spatial organization, and microbial community composition over 35 days using a natural seawater inoculum from the Wadden Sea off the coast of the Netherlands. The results indicated that PS NPs do not significantly impact the biodegradation extent of PHA at the concentrations tested. The spatial organization of the biofilm revealed the presence of large PS NP aggregates, indicating that microbial biofilms may serve as a temporary 'sink' for NPs in the water column. Biofilms exposed to the lowest NP concentration exhibited greater microbial diversity than those at the highest concentration at 21 days. However, by the end of the experiment, no significant differences in relative microbial abundances were detected across treatments, though differences in absolute cell counts within the biofilm were observed. These findings provide new insights into how PS NPs interact with marine biofilms and influence biofilm dynamics and functionality.}, }
@article {pmid41485558, year = {2026}, author = {Polat, &#x130; and Kazan, GK and Şen, B and Konyalı, &#xd6;}, title = {Preliminary Detection and Characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from Chicken Nuggets in Türkiye: Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {100692}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100692}, pmid = {41485558}, issn = {1944-9097}, mesh = {*Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Animals ; Chickens ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {This study presents the preliminary detection and characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from retail chicken nugget samples in Türkiye. A total of 150 samples were collected from retail markets and analyzed following ISO 6579-1:2017 and ISO 6579-3:2014 standards for isolation and serotyping. S. Enteritidis was recovered from two samples, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.33%, indicating a low but confirmed presence in processed poultry products. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. Both isolates exhibited resistance to cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while one isolate was additionally resistant to cefoxitin. No multidrug resistance was observed among the isolates. Biofilm-forming ability was evaluated at 20 °C and 37 °C after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation using the microtiter plate assay. While weak biofilm formation was observed at early incubation times, both isolates demonstrated strong biofilm production after 72 h at 20 °C, suggesting enhanced persistence under suboptimal temperature conditions relevant to food processing environments. Given the limited number of isolates, the results should be interpreted as preliminary. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable baseline data on the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and biofilm-forming capacity of S. Enteritidis in chicken nuggets in Türkiye, and highlight the need for larger-scale surveillance studies and molecular-level investigations to better assess public health risks.}, }
@article {pmid41485376, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Cui, C and Liang, C and Qin, W and Si, Y}, title = {Unveiling the role of hematite crystal facets: {001}-facet enhances vanadium(V) reduction via optimizing biofilm electroactivity and extracellular electron transfer.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {398}, number = {}, pages = {128521}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128521}, pmid = {41485376}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioelectric Energy Sources ; *Ferric Compounds/chemistry ; Electron Transport ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Vanadium/chemistry ; Electrodes ; }, abstract = {Semiconducting mineral facets, when utilized as anodes, influence the electron transfer and redox processes within microbial fuel cells (MFCs). However, the mechanisms of V(V) reduction via semiconductor facet-modified MFCs, particularly the interfacial mineral-microbe interactions and electron transfer pathways, remain unclear. This study investigated the V(V) reduction performance of MFC anodes modified with {001}, {100}, and {214} facets of hematite. Concurrently, the electron transfer pathways and microbial metabolic routes involved in V(V) reduction were explored. The results indicated that V(V) reduction was effectively promoted by facet-hematite-modified anodes. Notably, the {001} facet exhibited optimal V(V) reduction performance, with a reduction rate reaching 87.16 %. Electrochemical analysis confirmed that the {001} facet possessed the lowest charge transfer impedance and optimal electrocatalytic activity, significantly enhancing extracellular electron transfer, as evidenced by NADH and ETSA levels, which were 2.2 times and 1.54 times higher than the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the {001} facet facilitated robust biofilm formation and stimulated extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that the {001} facet specifically upregulated the expression of key functional genes, including those encoding cytochrome c, riboflavin, NADH, and nitrate/nitrite reductases. This upregulation accelerated electron transfer and significantly improved the V(V) bioreduction efficiency. This research offers novel insights into electron transfer mechanisms at the mineral-microbe interface and advances the understanding of vanadium bioremediation, holding significant importance for developing highly efficient bioelectrochemical technologies for heavy metal remediation.}, }
@article {pmid41485351, year = {2025}, author = {Akter, S and Rahman, MA and Ashrafudoulla, M and Mahamud, AGMSU and Reem, CSA and Chowdhury, MAH and Rapak, MT and Yoon, HJ and Ha, SD}, title = {Targeting biofilm resistance in meat production: Postbiotics as a clean-label alternative, a bibliometric analysis review.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {106362}, pmid = {41485351}, issn = {1525-3171}, abstract = {Biofilm-mediated contamination poses a persistent threat in the global meat industry, facilitating the survival of foodborne pathogens and reducing the effectiveness of conventional sanitation methods. This review highlights postbiotics, non-viable microbial derivatives and cellular components, including metabolic byproducts, peptides, organic acids, bacteriocins, biosurfactants, and exopolysaccharides which are emerging as multifunctional agents for biofilm control and meat preservation. Postbiotics exert their effects through diverse mechanisms including disrupting adhesion via surface conditioning and gene suppression, impairing EPS matrix formation by interfering with cyclic-di-GMP signaling, and inducing oxidative and metabolic stress in biofilm-forming cells. Unlike probiotics and prebiotics, postbiotics are stable under harsh processing conditions and deliver immediate antimicrobial action without requiring host interaction. Case studies demonstrate their efficacy in reducing Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli on meat surfaces, packaging materials, and equipment. In addition to microbial safety, postbiotics contribute to product quality by enhancing lipid stability, protein integrity, and color retention. A VOSviewer-based bibliometric analysis further maps global research trends, thematic evolution, and knowledge gaps in postbiotic applications within meat systems. By integrating bibliometric analysis with mechanistic insights, this review evaluates postbiotics as sustainable tools for biofilm control in the meat industry, while emphasizing the need to overcome challenges related to standardization, delivery systems, and regulatory approval to support their effective adoption in clean-label preservation strategies that safeguard meat safety, quality, and consumer acceptance.}, }
@article {pmid41484511, year = {2026}, author = {Isaac, SL and Song, AA and Wan Ahmad Kamil, WNI}, title = {The Biofilm Plight in Healthcare: Orchestration and Control by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41484511}, issn = {1867-1314}, support = {GP-IPM/2021/9695400//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; GP-IPM/2021/9695400//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; GP-IPM/2021/9695400//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; }, abstract = {The clinical consequences of biofilm-related infections are on the rise. Biofilm-related infections represent a mounting burden on healthcare worldwide, posing a significant challenge to patient care and health infrastructure. Another notorious function that needs to be underlined is the association of biofilms with medical devices. Considering the fact that bacteria under biofilm make them virulent and resistant to antibiotics, targeting the biofilms is a crucial area of investigation. Therefore, alternative approaches that extend beyond conventional antibiotic therapies are necessary to overcome biofilm-related infections. In this regard, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a probiotic bacterium, has lately shown promising outcomes as an antibiofilm agent. Largely renowned for its antimicrobial metabolite production, L. plantarum could be a potential alternative to improve biofilm-related treatment and its cost associated with biofilm infections. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and implications of L. plantarum as an antibiofilm agent regardless of its biological form against pathogens in healthcare. Additionally, the potential of L. plantarum as a biofilm producer and its engineered applications in clinical applications and therapeutic use will also be discussed in this review.}, }
@article {pmid41484506, year = {2026}, author = {Ruffier d'Epenoux, L and Rwayane, K and Paquin, A and Persyn, E and Fayoux, E and Hervochon, C and Corvec, S}, title = {In vitro emergence of amoxicillin-resistance and impact of amoxicillin on biofilm production across Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes?.}, journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41484506}, issn = {1435-4373}, }
@article {pmid41483605, year = {2026}, author = {Alava, JJ and Zoveidadianpour, Z and Kazmiruk, TN and Douglas, T and Schuerholz, G and Calle, N and Juurlink, BHJ and Heath, WA and Drever, MC and Bendell, L}, title = {Assessing fiberglass particles in intertidal biofilm and sediments at an anthropogenically impacted estuary in Canada's west coast.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {224}, number = {}, pages = {119187}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119187}, pmid = {41483605}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Environmental Monitoring ; *Estuaries ; *Biofilms ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Glass/analysis ; British Columbia ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Anthropogenic Effects ; }, abstract = {Fiberglass particles are anthropogenic micropollutants of emerging concern for marine-coastal ecosystems and biodiversity. To investigate the occurrence of fiberglass, samples of intertidal sediment and biofilm matrices were collected in 2020, 2023 and 2024 from mudflats on the anthropogenically influenced Cowichan Estuary in British Columbia, Pacific Canada. Samples were analyzed using density separation and extraction methods, stereomicroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM 3 Explore and FE-SEM) to identify fiberglass particles. Fiberglass concentrations in sediments were observed across most sampling stations (frequency of occurrence: 64.3 % in 2020 and 96.15 % in 2023), ranging from 6 to 286 particles/kg dw, with the highest levels detected near a log transport channel and marinas of Cowichan Bay Village. Intertidal biofilm samples showed localized presence of fiberglass abundance, ranging from 30 to 62 particles/kg dw, particularly in areas near industrial, boat, and marina activity. The finding of trimellitic anhydride (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride) via FTIR and FE-SEM in biofilm samples as a potential tracer further corroborates fiberglass presence since this compound is a binder in glass fiber aggregates. Glass fiber fragments having a higher density than seawater were more prone to be deposited deeper in sediments rather than onto surface biofilm, constituting the top layer of 3-5 mm of surficial mudflats. These results highlight the need for better regulation of public access to slipways and commercial boat maintenance facilities, as well as improved waste and of end-of-life boat management practices, with mitigation efforts to minimize the release and further exposure and spread of fiberglass reinforced plastic micropollutants in aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid41483287, year = {2026}, author = {Ismet, MS and Aprilia, S and Bengen, DG and Radjasa, OK}, title = {Exploring the interaction between symbiotic bacteria from seagrass-associated sponges and biofilm-forming bacteria.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {119-132}, pmid = {41483287}, issn = {1618-1905}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Symbiosis ; *Porifera/microbiology ; Animals ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Antibiosis ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {Marine sponges rely on their intricate and varied bacterial communities to sustain their ecological balance and health. The structure and role of bacterial communities are affected by environmental factors and sponge species. One ecological function of symbiotic bacteria is to prevent the formation of biofilms by pathogenic bacteria that could potentially compromise sponges' health. This study investigates the antibiofilm activities of symbiotic bacteria isolated from seagrass associated sponges residing under dynamic conditions. Bacteria were isolated from various sponge species from seagrass ecosystem and assessed for their capacity to inhibit biofilm-forming bacteria discovered on submerged wood and fiber panels in contaminated marine habitats. A double-layer experiment was conducted utilizing Zobell 2216E media to evaluate antagonism among 44 bacterial isolates derived from nine sponge species. Twenty-five isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against five biofilm-forming bacteria, with FP2 being the most substantially inhibited strain. Eight symbiotic bacteria exhibited high to very high antibiofilm activity. Statistical analysis revealed groupings of bacteria with similar inhibition patterns, indicating a potential association with specific inhibitory mechanisms. The 16 S rRNA sequencing research revealed that the symbiotic bacteria are categorized into the Firmicutes and α- and γ-Proteobacteria groups, with potential unique strains identified. The findings suggest that bacteria from seagrass-associated sponges and their secondary metabolites could aid in the development of compounds for biofilm prevention and management.}, }
@article {pmid41483072, year = {2026}, author = {Darwish, MM and Omar, NN and Farouk, R and Ibrahim, K and Attia, R and El-Moussely, LM}, title = {Detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and biofilm formation among dental patients and dental health care workers: cross sectional study.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {41483072}, issn = {1436-3771}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Dental clinics can harbor and transmit Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is a challenging antibiotic-resistant pathogen with global health implications. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, resistance patterns and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from dental patients and dental health care workers (DHCWs) .<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred nasal swab specimens were collected aseptically from 120 dental patients and 80 DHCWs across Egypt including Cairo, Giza, and Upper Egypt over a 12 &#x2013;month period. The study incorporated a comprehensive analysis to identify MRSA isolates using disk diffusion test with cefoxitin, to confirm MRSA isolates by molecular detection of the mecA gene and the prevalence intercellular adhesion gene A and D (icaA and icaD) using Polymerase chain reaction assays, to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and to detect the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the biofilm formation using Congo red agar plates and microtiter plate method respectively. Statistical package for social science was used for data analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Results were interpreted following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2023 guidelines. S. aureus was identified in 47.1% of the collected Staphylococcus species with 66.6% of these S. aureus isolates carried mecA genes and identified as MRSA. The identification rate of icaA and icaD in MRSA isolates was significant compared to Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates, with detection rates of 88.6% and 40.9% respectively. Regarding antimicrobial resistance patterns, all isolates were resistant to Penicillin (100%) with notable resistance to other antibiotics including Clindamycin (60.6%), Erythromycin (42.4%), and Gentamicin (24.2%). Biofilm formation ability was detected in 72.7% of the MRSA isolates with high incidence of strong and moderate biofilm formation in 93.1% of these isolates compared to MSSA isolates (50%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high MRSA colonization rates among DHCWs and patients, along with significant antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming abilities, highlight the urgent need for regular screening and enhanced infection control measures in dental healthcare settings. Future research should aim to expand sampling and clarify more site selection criteria to better inform infection control strategies and improve generalizability.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Given the persistent threat of MRSA in dental settings, the implementation of rigorous infection control protocols and comprehensive antibiotic stewardship strategies is imperative to mitigate transmission risks and enhance patient safety.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-025-06684-9.}, }
@article {pmid41478690, year = {2026}, author = {Vaz, VSA and de A F F Finger, J and Pereira, RF and Derami, MS and Maillard, JY and Nascimento, MS}, title = {Dry surface biofilm of Salmonella and Cronobacter sakazakii: a real concern for the low moisture food industry.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {105013}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.105013}, pmid = {41478690}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cronobacter sakazakii/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; Food Microbiology ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Water/analysis ; Desiccation ; Food Industry ; Food Contamination/analysis ; }, abstract = {Salmonella and Cronobacter sakazakii have been associated with outbreaks linked to low-moisture foods (LMF), and their persistence under desiccation stress can contribute to biofilm formation. This study evaluated different dry surface biofilm (DSB) formation protocols on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP), which differ with the combination of their hydrated (from 24 to 48h) and dry phase (from 48 to 120h). By the end of the protocols (C2), culturable sessile cells (CSC) reached counts up to 7.2 and 7.4 log CFU/cm[2] for Salmonella and C. sakazakii, respectively. In general, T5 (8/48 h) resulted in the lowest CSC counts (p < 0.05), ranging from 3.7 to 5.5 log CFU/cm[2] for Salmonella and 4.5 to 6.3 log CFU/cm[2] for C. sakazakii. In addition, by the end of C2 there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the surface materials. After catalase resuscitation, the culturability of the DSB increased between 1.1 log CFU/cm[2] and 2.8 log CFU/cm[2] for Salmonella, and 0.6 and 2.2 log CFU/cm[2] for C. sakazakii, indicating cells in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the DSB thickness was impacted by the protocol type, being greatest in T1 and T4 (10.4-12.7 μm) and lowest in T3 (3.3-7.1 μm). Morphological changes such as elongation, spherical shape, desiccation, and cell lysis were observed in all biofilms. Overall, the duration of the hydrated phase was the main factor influencing DSB formation and the transition to VBNC state for both pathogens. It highlights the importance of strict moisture control and effective sanitation in LMF plants.}, }
@article {pmid41478686, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Xu, Z and Huang, T and Soteyome, T and Li, Y and Luo, Y and Mao, Y and Yuan, L and Xu, A and Zeng, Z and Huang, S and Premarathna, M and Ye, Y}, title = {Salmonella enterica biofilm is capable of VBNC state formation and virulence gene expression during low temperature food storage.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {105009}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.105009}, pmid = {41478686}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella enterica/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Food Storage ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics ; Cold Temperature ; Food Microbiology ; *Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Oryza/microbiology ; Microbial Viability ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Food Contamination/analysis ; }, abstract = {As a frequently identified foodborne pathogen, Salmonella enterica can enter into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and form biofilm, thereby posing high risk to food safety. In this study, 4 types of rice and flour foods, 4 microbial growth status including different biofilm formation stages in comparison with planktonic state, and 2 storage temperatures (4 °C and -20 °C), were applied to explore the VBNC state formation within S. enterica biofilms during low temperature food storage. The ability of S. enterica cells to express virulence gene invA during low temperature storage was also determined. Partial or all S. enterica cells could enter into the VBNC state depending on food type and storage temperature, leading to false negative detection results by culture-based methods. Mature biofilms acquiring high resistance were easier to enter into the VBNC state. Comparing food composition and storage conditions in different food samples, temperature and nutrient were assumed as major factors for the induction of VBNC state. In addition, decreased but continuous invA gene expression was recorded during storage, and the entry into the VBNC state did not influence invA gene expression. The combination of both biofilm and VBNC state which are hard to remove and detect and have high persistence could increase the risks posed by the contamination of S. enterica in food products. Persistence of virulence-associated gene expression in VBNC cells causes further safety issues. These findings provided risk warning for contamination of S. enterica VBNC cells within biofilms during low temperature food storage.}, }
@article {pmid41478685, year = {2026}, author = {Li, R and Rasschaert, G and Van Rossum, U and Willems, S and Steenackers, H and De Reu, K}, title = {Biofilm formation and intra-pulsotype variability of Listeria monocytogenes at temperatures relevant to food processing environments.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {105008}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.105008}, pmid = {41478685}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Temperature ; Food Handling ; Food Microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes can persist for longer periods in the food production environment. Studies show that certain L. monocytogenes strains are more persistent and others more transient. One of the persistent strategies mentioned in literature is biofilm protection. We studied the difference in biofilm formation of persistent and transient L. monocytogenes isolates at lower temperatures, which better reflect realistic conditions in food production environments. First, the dynamic changes in biofilm biomass and planktonic cell numbers over nine days at 10 °C and 18 °C were studied for nine isolates randomly selected from 40 persistent isolates. Results showed that biofilm production was highest on day three, with an optical density ranging from 0.18 to 0.62 at 10 °C and from 0.29 to 0.94 at 18 °C for the nine L. monocytogenes isolates. Next, the biofilm formation capacity of 40 persistent and 36 transient isolates was studied using the crystal violet staining method after 3 days of incubation at both temperatures. Temperature proved to be an influential factor, with the higher temperature supporting increased biofilm production. Additionally, persistent L. monocytogenes isolates produced significantly more biofilm than transient isolates at 10°C and 18°C, with a more pronounced difference at 18 °C. Finally, the effect of intra-pulsotype variation in biofilm-forming potential was analyzed. Seventeen pairs of isolates exhibited significant differences at least at one temperature (p < 0.05). These findings improve further insights into the factors contributing to L. monocytogenes persistence and offer valuable information for controlling contamination in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41477724, year = {2026}, author = {Dias, GR and Monteiro, ES and de Oliveira, BFR and Laport, MS}, title = {Microbial bioemulsifiers as tools in biofilm disruption and prevention: state-of-the-art and emerging frontiers.}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-18}, doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2611085}, pmid = {41477724}, issn = {1549-7828}, abstract = {Although biofilms pose significant challenges in healthcare and in different industries, main antibiofilm agents currently used for surface disinfection and clinical applications often exhibit harmful side effects and contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. To tackle this challenge many biomolecules have been studied as alternatives, including bioemulsifiers, amphiphilic polymers that exhibit low toxicity and high biodegradability yet remain largely unexplored to date. By covering publications from 1983 to early 2025, this review aims to compile the current knowledge on bioemulsifiers from different microbial sources with a focus on their relevant properties as promising antibiofilm agents. Research on probiotics, often involving producer strains isolated from dairy products and animal microbiomes, focusing on marine-derived microorganisms were the most prominent fields benefiting from these molecules. Among different molecules, polysaccharides stood out, especially those from cultivable bacteria. This review focuses on key physico-chemical properties, such as their ability to alter surface hydrophobicity and to inhibit quorum sensing, while providing a comprehensive overview of their putative antibiofilm mechanisms. Finally, we highlight several identified bottlenecks and discuss key strategies and recent advances in metabolic and molecular engineering to instigate the research appetite on unlocking the full potential of microbial bioemulsifiers for biofilm control and prevention.}, }
@article {pmid41477707, year = {2026}, author = {Caf, M and Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani, P and Kolosnjaj-Tabi, J and Sabotič, J and Berlec, A and Zaveršek, N and Pajk, S and Zahirović, A and Golzio, M and Milosevic, I and Kralj, S}, title = {Magnetic Field-Driven Strategies for Biofilm Disruption: From Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Adaptive Swarms of Magnetic Microrobots.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {34-58}, pmid = {41477707}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Magnetic Fields ; *Robotics ; *Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Biofilms, structured communities of microbial cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, are notorious for their resilience against conventional antimicrobial treatments. They contribute significantly to chronic infections and industrial biofouling, necessitating innovative strategies for their eradication. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool in combating biofilms due to their biocompatibility and unique physicochemical properties, which enable magnetic delivery of antibacterial agents, magnetic hyperthermia, magneto-mechanical actuation including mechanical biofilm disruption, and reversible dynamic magnetic assembly into hierarchical structures. This review describes developing stages of magnetic nanoscale weapons against biofilms ranging from individual iron oxide nanoparticles to complex hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies in the form of magnetic robots and their swarms. A vast array of possible antibiofilm and antibacterial functionalities originating from iron ions, individual iron oxide nanoparticles, spherical nanoparticle assemblies, magnetic robots, and swarms of robots are presented. Magnetic nanotools offer significant improvements and advantages over conventional methods for biofilm eradication, yet their successful future applications depend on addressing and overcoming critical material, biological, and engineering challenges.}, }
@article {pmid41477505, year = {2025}, author = {Lo Bello, G and Dellacasa, E and Damonte, G and Caviglia, D and Schito, AM and Raiteri, R and Monticelli, O and Sartini, M and Cristina, ML and Pastorino, L}, title = {Green-based anti-biofilm nanoformulations against bacterial contaminations in nosocomial environments.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e42934}, pmid = {41477505}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {α-amylase enzyme molecules were conjugated to biocompatible and biodegradable ad-hoc synthetized polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, in order to fabricate an effective and innovative nanoplatform for the treatment of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus contaminations. Indeed, PCL was chosen as the polymer matrix due to its features and the easy scalability of its synthesis, which enables to obtain a linear or star-shaped architecture with high functionality as in the polymer used. The developed nanoformulation underwent extensive structural and functional characterization to evaluate nanoparticles size and morphology before and after enzyme immobilization. Its antibiofilm effectiveness was then validated against bacterial strains isolated from hospital surfaces, demonstrating its potential for practical anti-biofilm applications. The obtained results demonstrated that the system prepared from the enzyme-conjugated nanoparticles exhibited a significant enzymatic activity and an efficient ability to degrade the protective bacterial biofilm. The proposed nanoformulation can therefore be considered an effective and completely environmentally friendly material for surface disinfection in healthcare facilities, which can be safely used in different environment (e.g. sinks and pipes) or medical equipment surfaces (e.g. touch screens).}, }
@article {pmid41477192, year = {2025}, author = {Medel-Plaza, M and Arenas, MA and Aguilera-Correa, JJ and De Bleeckere, A and Mediero, A and García, I and De Damborenea, JJ and Esteban, J and Coenye, T and Conde, A}, title = {Evaluation of bacterial adherence and biofilm development on an anodized stainless-steel surface for the prevention of osteosynthesis-associated infections.}, journal = {Journal of bone and joint infection}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {581-595}, pmid = {41477192}, issn = {2206-3552}, abstract = {Background: Implant-associated infections remain a major challenge in orthopaedic surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-adherent and anti-biofilm properties of a novel anodized 316L stainless-steel (A 316L SS) surface against common pathogens in osteosynthesis-associated infections (OAIs). Methods: Bacterial adherence and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were assessed on A 316L SS and non-anodized 316L stainless steel (Ref 316L SS). Adherence was evaluated after 90 min using fluorescence microscopy. Biofilm development was examined after 24-48 h in synthetic synovial fluid (SSF) using colony counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: A 316L SS significantly reduced bacterial adherence and surface coverage for all species tested compared to Ref 316L SS. In biofilm assays, A 316L SS exhibited notable anti-biofilm properties, with significantly reduced biofilm formation for all species. E. faecalis and C. acnes also showed lower planktonic bacterial counts. Imaging confirmed decreased bacterial presence and extracellular matrix on A 316L SS. Conclusions: A 316L SS shows strong anti-adherent and anti-biofilm properties against common orthopaedic pathogens, even under in vivo-like conditions. This surface modification strategy holds significant potential for reducing implant-associated infections and warrants further investigation for clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41476722, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, L and Yu, T and Wang, H and Zhu, X and Liao, L and Zhu, J and Wang, X and Yang, A and Yang, C and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Zou, K and Yang, X and Li, M}, title = {Virulence arresting drug discovery by strategies targeting bacterial virulence: Mainly focusing on quorum-sensing interference and biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {101310}, pmid = {41476722}, issn = {2214-0883}, abstract = {The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens poses a substantial threat to global healthcare systems, demanding urgent therapeutic interventions. Microorganisms exhibit diverse resistance mechanisms against various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the urgent need to discover novel antimicrobial agents for combating bacterial infections. Anti-virulence therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy that neutralizes pathogens by targeting their virulence determinants. The strategies for screening virulence arresting drugs (VADs) in bacteria represent a multifaceted approach that involves elucidating molecular pathogenesis mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, identifying evolutionarily conserved virulence factors across different pathogens, and employing integrated approaches combining in silico prediction with experimental validation. Recent technological advancements have established standardized protocols for effective identification and validation of anti-virulence compounds. This review systematically examines contemporary screening methodologies, primarily focusing on quorum-sensing disruption and biofilm suppression strategies, including in silico screening, activity-based screening with bioassays, in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, we emphasize the imperative for standardized preclinical validation through physiologically relevant animal models, while proposing framework recommendations for developing next-generation VAD screening platforms. This synthesis not only outlines current best practices but also proposes innovative avenues for future antimicrobial discovery research.}, }
@article {pmid41475116, year = {2026}, author = {Li, YX and Zhang, CB and Xu, Q and He, YX and Li, S and Deng, QY and Jing, FJ and Leng, YX}, title = {Interfacial engineering of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics: Unveiling cu ion-mediated bio-film formation mechanism.}, journal = {Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy}, volume = {350}, number = {}, pages = {127394}, doi = {10.1016/j.saa.2025.127394}, pmid = {41475116}, issn = {1873-3557}, abstract = {Cu-doped zirconia-toughened alumina (Cu-ZTA) ceramics demonstrate exceptional mechanical strength and biocompatibility, making them ideal materials for artificial hip joint replacements. The albumin and globulin, which are primary biomacromolecules in joint fluid, have unclear effects on the Cu-ZTA surface during wear. To elucidate these effects, ZTA, 3 wt% Cu-ZTA, and 5 wt% Cu-ZTA samples were synthesized using a fast hot pressing sintering furnace. Wear tests were then conducted in albumin and globulin solutions to investigate the protein film formation mechanism. During wear, Cu ions were released and interacted with albumin and globulin, breaking disulfide bonds and causing albumin to transition from α-helix to β-sheet structure, while globulin transformed from β-sheet to α-helix and random coil structures. This change exposed hydrophobic groups, which caused protein agglomeration. This mechanism enhanced protein adsorption at the ceramic tribological interface, leading to the formation of viscous bio-protein films that effectively reduced wear.}, }
@article {pmid41474477, year = {2025}, author = {Macedo, MJP and Hamann, PRV and Polikarpov, I}, title = {Revisiting the endo and exo mode of action of dextran hydrolyzing enzymes, and their significance for Streptococcus mutans biofilm eradication.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {15}, pmid = {41474477}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {2023/10037-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2023/07897-8//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2021/08780-1 and 2024/00533-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 306852/2021-7 and 440180/2022-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41473215, year = {2025}, author = {Bhandari, R and Amatya, NM and Bogati, P and Sulu, P and Baniya, P}, title = {Unveiling Hidden Threats: Bacterial Contamination of Frequently Touched Objects and the Biofilm Property of Staphylococcus aureus as a Threat to Antibiotic Success.}, journal = {The Canadian journal of infectious diseases &amp; medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {9929263}, pmid = {41473215}, issn = {1712-9532}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Frequently touched objects within hospital premises acts as a potential reservoir for healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs), significantly amplifying the risk when biofilm-producing bacteria are involved. These bacteria often exhibit multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns, complicating the antimicrobial treatments. So, this study intended to determine the bacterial contamination level on frequently touched objects and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to determine the relation between biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistance patterns.<br><br>METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at different intensive care units (NICU and MICU) and operation theatre of Frontline Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Aseptically, 297 swab samples were collected and cultured, and the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotics susceptibility test done by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and biofilm detection was done by the microtiter plate method at 570&#x2009;nm by using an ELISA reader. For data analysis, SPSS Version 23 was used.<br><br>RESULTS: Of total 297 swab samples processed, 31.3% (93/297) showed bacterial growth, yielding a total of 108 isolates. Mixed growth was reported on 16.1% (15/93) samples. The frequency of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 95.4% (103/108) and 4.6% (5/108), respectively. The main isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) 50.9%, followed by S. aureus (36.1%), Gram-positive bacilli (8.3%), Pseudomonas species (2.8%), and Klebsiella species (1.9%). Out of 39 S. aureus isolates, 53.8% (21/39) were MDR and 25 (64.10%) were biofilm producers. Similarly, 35.9% (14/39) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), among which majority 71.4% (10/14) of MRSA recovered as biofilm producers.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A frequently touched object within different intensive care units and operation theatre was found to be contaminated with potential pathogens and normal flora. Bacterial contamination of such objects can contribute to HCAIs and the hands of health professionals can be the mode of cross-contamination.}, }
@article {pmid41472837, year = {2025}, author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Irigoyen, &#xc1; and Palomo, M and Escribano, P and Guinea, J and Burillo, A and Galar, A and Muñoz, P and Guembe, M}, title = {Corrigendum to "In vitro study to assess modulation of Candida biofilm by Escherichia coli from vaginal strains" [Biofilm 5 (2023) 100116].}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100297}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100297}, pmid = {41472837}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100116.].}, }
@article {pmid41472834, year = {2025}, author = {Barbosa, A and Azevedo, NF and Goeres, DM and Cerqueira, L}, title = {Erratum to "Ecology of Legionella pneumophila biofilms: The link between transcriptional activity and the biphasic cycle" [Biofilm 7 100196].}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100291}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100291}, pmid = {41472834}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100196.].}, }
@article {pmid41472578, year = {2025}, author = {Kozłowska, A and Piłat-Rożek, M and Raczkiewicz, A and Sierniawska, J and Jaromin-Gleń, K and Babko, R and Jamka, K and Łagód, G}, title = {Application of biofilm community structure analysis for assessing the impact of a stormwater system on the aquatic environment.}, journal = {Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {461-468}, doi = {10.26444/aaem/213803}, pmid = {41472578}, issn = {1898-2263}, mesh = {Poland ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Rivers/microbiology/chemistry ; *Rain ; *Periphyton/physiology ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Industrial, agricultural and construction development has brought improvements in living conditions, but have also increased the amount of pollution in the environment. Atmospheric precipitation collects pollutants from urban surfaces, which then end up in stormwater systems, contaminating surface waters. These pollutants are also linked to the similar effects of agriculture, as biogenic pollutants originate from over-fertilized crops. Contaminated surface water forces flora and fauna to adapt to new conditions, and affecting the structure and extent of ecosystems. Monitoring the environment with bio-indication methods is important because it enables identification of the areas in need of protection, in an inexpensive and environmentally harmless way. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using biocenotic indices to assess the impact of a stormwater system on the aquatic environment.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bio-indicative studies were conducted on periphyton sampled at 4 points on the Bystrzyca River in Lublin, eastern Poland, under the influence of stormwater discharge and 1 reference point localized before the stormwater system outflow. The quantitative data concerning the number of chosen algae species was analyzed using indices for the examination of community structure.<br><br>RESULTS: Considered the indices, i.e. taxonomic richness, Shannon, MacArthur, Menhinick and McIntosh were calculated, evaluated, and shown in various types of graphs showing the fluctuation of indices at measurement points.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The use of bioindication and classic biocenotic indices allowed for the description, analysis of changes in the periphyton biocenosis under the influence of point source stormwater discharges, and linking measurements from tested samples with environmental conditions and biodiversity in the analyzed study sites and periods.}, }
@article {pmid41472038, year = {2025}, author = {Musilová, I and Kozlová, K and Šilha, D}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Food and Environmental Isolates.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41472038}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus are emerging foodborne and waterborne pathogens associated with enteritis and extraintestinal infections in humans. Their persistence in the environment and resistance to antimicrobial treatment are closely related to their ability to form biofilms, which provide protection against adverse conditions and support survival on food contact surfaces. This study evaluated both the genotypic and phenotypic aspects of biofilm formation among A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates from food and environmental sources. Six biofilm-associated genes (flaA, flaB, fliS, luxS, pta, and spoT) were detected by multiplex PCR, and biofilm production was assessed using the Christensen microtiter plate assay and Congo Red Agar (CRA) test. All A. cryaerophilus isolates carried the same gene set as A. butzleri, suggesting conserved genetic determinants of motility and Quorum sensing. However, phenotypic assays revealed interspecific variability: while most A. butzleri isolates formed strong biofilms, 70% of A. cryaerophilus strains showed moderate to strong formation despite all being CRA-negative. No direct correlation between gene presence and biofilm intensity was observed, indicating complex regulation of biofilm development. This study provides a comparative overview of biofilm formation in A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus and highlights their adaptive potential and persistence in food-related environments.}, }
@article {pmid41471999, year = {2025}, author = {Hindieh, P and Yaghi, J and Assaf, JC and Chokr, A and Atoui, A and Tzenios, N and Louka, N and Khoury, AE}, title = {Emerging Multimodal Strategies for Bacterial Biofilm Eradication: A Comprehensive Review.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471999}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms pose significant challenges in clinical, industrial, and environmental settings due to their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. Encased within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, these structured microbial communities demonstrate exceptional resilience, resisting conventional antimicrobial treatments and adapting to, as well as recovering from, environmental and therapeutic stresses, necessitating the development of novel anti-biofilm strategies. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of biofilm formation, resistance mechanisms, and current and emerging approaches for controlling biofilms, with a primary focus on advancements made over the last decade. Chemical, physical, and biological strategies, including enzymatic degradation, natural compounds, chelating agents, nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy, and probiotics, have demonstrated promising antibiofilm activity. Additionally, combination therapies and targeted drug delivery systems have emerged as viable solutions to enhance the eradication of biofilms. Despite these advancements, challenges such as cytotoxicity, bacterial adaptation, and clinical applicability remain. Addressing these hurdles requires interdisciplinary research to refine existing strategies and develop innovative solutions for effective biofilm management.}, }
@article {pmid41471972, year = {2025}, author = {Belfihadj, F and Elkolli, M and Boussoualim, N and Bourouba, A and Mouffok, C and Kraouia, M and Milanovic, V and Osimani, A and Aquilanti, L and Raish, M and Jeon, BH and Ahn, HJ and Benguerba, Y}, title = {Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Poultry in Algeria: Implications for Public Health.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471972}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a common foodborne pathogen, posing significant concern due to the emergence of its multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles in S. aureus isolated from raw poultry, the associated resistance genes, and their ability to form biofilms. S. aureus was isolated and identified using conventional microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed using the disk diffusion method, and biofilm-forming ability was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes was determined by PCR. A total of 45 isolates were isolated. High resistance rates were observed against penicillin (88.9%), tetracycline (86.7%) and doxycycline (66.7%). Of the isolates, 71.1% were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, and 60% exhibited a multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. PCR analysis revealed the presence of the resistance genes blaZ (86.7%), mecA (27.3%), tet(M) (46.2%), tet(K) (35.9%), tet(S) (59%), erm(B) (51.9%), and erm(C) (59.3%). A total of 44 isolates were biofilm producers: 46.7% were weak producers, 46.7% were moderate producers, and 4.4% were strong producers. These findings highlight a significant public health concern, emphasizing the need for stringent hygiene practices and continuous monitoring to limit the spread of resistant pathogens through the food chain.}, }
@article {pmid41471964, year = {2025}, author = {Jotic, A and Cirkovic, I and Jovicic, N and Bukurov, B and Krca, N and Savic Vujovic, K}, title = {Biofilm Formation and Its Relationship with the Microbiome in Pediatric Otitis Media.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471964}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {451-03-65/2025-03/200110//Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia/ ; }, abstract = {Otitis media is among the most common pediatric illnesses globally, constituting a leading cause of antimicrobial prescriptions, recurrent medical consultations, and preventable hearing loss in early childhood. Traditionally regarded as a sterile cavity intermittently invaded by pathogens, the middle ear is now recognized as a dynamic ecological niche influenced by anatomical immaturity of the Eustachian tube, host immune development, and the composition of resident microbial communities. Increasing evidence demonstrates that microbial dysbiosis and the establishment of biofilms are central to the persistence and recurrence of disease. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the pediatric middle ear microbiome, highlighting how commensal organisms contribute to mucosal resilience and colonization resistance, whereas pathogenic bacteria exploit ecological disruption to establish biofilm communities. Biofilm formation provides bacteria with enhanced survival through immune evasion, altered microenvironments, and antibiotic tolerance, thereby transforming acute otitis media into recurrent or chronic states. Furthermore, studies demonstrate how adenoids act as reservoirs of biofilm-forming organisms, seeding the middle ear and perpetuating infection. The emerging ecological perspective emphasizes the limitations of conventional antibiotic-centered management and directs attention toward innovative strategies, including microbiome-preserving interventions, probiotic or live biotherapeutic approaches, and antibiofilm agents. By defining pediatric otitis media as a disorder of disrupted host-microbe equilibrium, future research may pave the way for precision-based preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the global burden of this pervasive disease.}, }
@article {pmid41471930, year = {2025}, author = {Hernández-Huerta, MT and Pérez-Campos, E and Pérez-Campos Mayoral, L and Vásquez Martínez, IP and Reyna González, W and Jarquín González, EE and Aldossary, H and Alhabib, I and Yamani, LZ and Elhadi, N and Al-Suhaimi, E and Cabrera-Fuentes, HA}, title = {Proactive Strategies to Prevent Biofilm-Associated Infections: From Mechanistic Insights to Clinical Translation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471930}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Biofilms are structured microbial communities that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces embedded in an autonomous extracellular matrix. These structures contribute to persistent infections, especially in patients with indwelling medical devices, due to their resistance to antimicrobial agents; they have evolved to evade host immune responses. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, biofilm-associated infections remain a major challenge in clinical infectious diseases. This perspective explores the underlying mechanisms of biofilm resilience and immune evasion, emphasizing the limitations of conventional treatments and the need to develop pre-emptive measures that focus on preventing biofilm formation rather than implementing a treatment. This work discusses emerging strategies, such as quorum-sensing inhibition, hormonal modulation, matrix-degrading enzymes, anti-adhesive surface modifications, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery, that offer promising avenues to disrupt biofilm formation and maturation. Also offers a shift from the paradigm, looking into proactive prevention rather than treatment, emphasizing clinical translation, scalability, and biocompatibility. Embedding these strategies into routine care could significantly reduce healthcare-associated infections, improve patient outcomes, and mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance. Our analysis highlights biofilm prevention as a critical frontier in the future of infectious disease management.}, }
@article {pmid41471892, year = {2025}, author = {Zheng, J and Li, Y and Wei, Y and Li, K and Lu, J and Liu, X and Li, W}, title = {HtrA Contributes to Biofilm Formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis by Downregulating the Cell Wall Amidase Ami3.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471892}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {32470034//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022JJG130005//Guangxi Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; 32360013//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32500161//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Ba-Gui Youth Talent Support Program of Guangxi (to Weihui Li and Xiaolin Liu)/ ; }, abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, utilizes biofilm formation as a key mechanism to withstand host-derived stresses. To identify novel factors involved in this process, we performed a CRISPRi screen in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. This screen identified trypsin HtrA as a critical factor for growth and biofilm formation. Deletion of htrA led to a profound upregulation of the cell wall amidase Ami3. We demonstrated that Ami3 is a crucial negative regulator of biofilm formation, as overexpression of ami3 recapitulated the biofilm and growth defects of the ΔhtrA strain. Furthermore, we found that the essential role of periplasmic protease HtrA for normal growth could be suppressed by novel mutations in pmt, a gene encoding a phosphomyoinositol mannosyltransferase, at residues F53 and N55, distinct from the previously reported D68 site. Our findings establish a novel regulatory pathway in which HtrA modulates mycobacterial biofilm formation by controlling the levels of Ami3 and reveal new genetic interactions within this network.}, }
@article {pmid41471871, year = {2025}, author = {Kiousi, DE and Kyriakou, S and Efstathiou, C and Didaskalou, S and Koffa, M and Pappa, A and Panopoulou, M and Panayiotidis, MI and Galanis, A}, title = {Lacticaseibacillus casei Combats Biofilm Formation and Exhibits Antibacterial Activity Against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471871}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {MIS Code 5047285//EPAnEK/ ; Telethon Cyprus//Telethon Cyprus/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-forming pathogens are a major cause of persistent infections, showing limited response to antibiotic treatment. The search for alternative strategies has therefore driven extensive research into the antimicrobial potential of beneficial microorganisms. In the present study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the commercial probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC 393 (Lc393) was examined against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Lc393 reduced pathogen viability and attachment to the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29, with maximal effects recorded against S. aureus. Confocal microscopy visualization of the lactobacilli-pathogens-host interface revealed that Lc393 binds loosely to both host cells and pathogens. The Lc393 cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) significantly reduced planktonic growth, biofilm mass, and viability of cells in biofilm (>2 logCFU reduction, p < 0.05) and downregulated genes involved in the early stages of biofilm formation in S. aureus (i.e., icaA, fnbpA, eno). In silico analysis of the Lc393 genome identified two bacteriocin clusters, along with genes related to ethanol and organic acid production. Based on in silico predictions and a bacteriocin zymogram, the strain cannot produce functional antimicrobial peptides. Untargeted metabolomics based on UPLC/MS further revealed the presence of putative antimicrobial metabolites. Collectively, our findings highlight the antimicrobial potential of Lc. casei ATCC 393 and support its further investigation for combating clinically relevant human pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41471853, year = {2025}, author = {Tkaczyk, M}, title = {Biofilm as a Key Element in the Bacterial Pathogenesis of Forest Trees: A Review of Mechanisms and Ecological Implications.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471853}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Bacterial diseases of forest trees represent an increasing threat to ecosystem health and the sustainability and resilience of forest management, particularly under changing climate conditions. One of the key yet still insufficiently understood adaptive mechanisms of pathogens is biofilm formation-a structured community of bacterial cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which provides protection against stress factors, biocides, and the host's defensive responses such as antimicrobial compounds or immune reactions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current knowledge on the role of biofilms in the bacterial pathogenesis of forest trees, covering their formation mechanisms, molecular regulation, and ecological significance. Four key stages of biofilm development are discussed-adhesion, microcolony formation, EPS production, and dispersion-along with the roles of quorum sensing systems and c-di-GMP-based signaling in regulating these processes. Examples of major tree pathogens are presented, including Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia amylovora, Xylella fastidiosa, the Brenneria-Gibbsiella complex associated with Acute Oak Decline (AOD) and Lonsdalea populi. Biofilm formation is shown to play a crucial role in the colonization of xylem, leaf surfaces, and tissues undergoing necrosis, where biofilms may stabilize decomposition zones and support saprophytic-pathogenic transitions. In the applied section, the concept of "biofilm-targeted control" is discussed, encompassing both chemical and biological strategies for disrupting biofilm structure-from quorum-sensing inhibitors and EPS-degrading enzymes to the use of biosurfactants and antagonistic microorganisms. The need for in situ research in forest environments and the adaptation of advanced imaging (CLSM, micro-CT) and metagenomic analyses to tree systems is also emphasized. This review concludes that biofilms are not merely a physiological form of bacterial organization but a complex adaptive system essential for the survival and virulence of pathogens in forest ecosystems. Understanding their functions is fundamental for developing sustainable and ecologically safe phytosanitary strategies for forest protection.}, }
@article {pmid41471197, year = {2025}, author = {Niedźwiadek, K and Polak-Berecka, M and Waśko, A}, title = {Innovations in Biofilm Prevention and Eradication in Medical Sector: An Integrative Review.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471197}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Nanostructures/chemistry ; Silver/pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm-associated infections remain a major challenge in modern medicine due to their high resistance to antibiotics and immune defences. Advances in materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology have led to the development of innovative, non-antibiotic approaches to prevent or eradicate biofilms.<br><br>METHODS: This review summarises antibiofilm strategies reported between 2020 and 2025, grouped into chemical, enzymatic, physical-photonic, nanomaterial-based, and biological hybrid categories.<br><br>RESULTS: Chemical methods such as silver-based chemical systems, nitric oxide donors, and biosurfactants disrupt bacterial membranes, generate reactive oxygen species, and inhibit quorum sensing. Enzymatic coatings with DNase I or lysostaphin effectively reduce Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis biofilms, showing stability after sterilisation and high biocompatibility. Physical-photonic techniques, including photocatalytic and light-activated coatings, provide controllable and renewable antibacterial activity. Nanomaterials such as silver nanomaterials, chitosan-based carriers, magnetic ferrites, and catalytic nanozymes enable targeted, ROS-mediated biofilm disruption. Biologically derived systems, including bacteriophage hydrogels and plant metabolites, offer eco-friendly, biocompatible alternatives.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Recent antibiofilm innovations mark a transition from conventional antibiotics to multifunctional and adaptive systems integrating chemical, enzymatic, and physical mechanisms for effective biofilm control on medical surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid41470397, year = {2025}, author = {Vegas-Bustamante, E and Toledano-Serrabona, J and Sánchez-Garcés, M&#xc1; and Figueiredo, R and Demiquels-Punzano, E and Gil, J and Delgado, LM and Sanmartí-García, G and Camps-Font, O}, title = {Cytocompatibility and Microbiological Effects of Ti6Al4V Particles Generated During Implantoplasty on Human Fibroblasts, Osteoblasts, and Multispecies Oral Biofilm.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41470397}, issn = {1996-1944}, support = {PI22/00851//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Ti6Al4V particles and implantoplasty (IP)-treated surfaces on human fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and to investigate the influence of these particles on multispecies oral biofilm formation.<br><br>METHODS: Ti6Al4V particles generated during implantoplasty were collected. Human fibroblasts (HFF-1) and osteoblast-like cells (SaOs-2) were used to assess cytotoxicity through indirect lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Multispecies biofilms composed of Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces viscosus, Veillonella parvula and Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated based on colony-forming units (CFUs) and metabolic activity. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts were co-cultured with biofilm-contaminated particles for 2, 4 and 6 h. Cell morphology and biofilm association were examined by phase-contrast microscopy, while metabolic activity was measured spectrophotometrically.<br><br>RESULTS: IP-treated surfaces showed no significant cytotoxicity (metabolic activity > 92%, LDH < 20%). Ti6Al4V particles selectively promoted A. viscosus and V. parvula growth (metabolic activity increases of &#x2248;192% and &#x2248;203%; CFU significantly higher versus controls, p < 0.05). Co-culture with biofilm-contaminated particles drastically reduced cell activity (fibroblasts < 25%, osteoblasts < 10%), whereas bacteria-free particles did not.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm-contaminated particles released during implantoplasty markedly impair fibroblast and osteoblast cytocompatibility and selectively alter bacterial growth, whereas IP-treated surfaces per se are biocompatible. Minimizing particle dissemination and bacterial contamination during IP is therefore crucial.}, }
@article {pmid41469796, year = {2025}, author = {Greve, NB and Fei, X and Håkansson, AP and Olsen, JE and Thomsen, LE}, title = {Identification of a novel gene associated with group B Streptococcus persister cell formation and biofilm production.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {4217}, pmid = {41469796}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {0134-00155B//The Independent Research Fund Denmark/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Antibiotic persistence arises when a subset of cells in an otherwise susceptible bacterial population temporarily exhibits elevated tolerance to bactericidal antibiotics. While significant progress has been made in elucidating persister mechanisms, much of this research has focused on Gram-negative bacteria, and these findings are not always applicable to Gram-positive species. This study explores genetic factors influencing persister cell formation in the Gram-positive Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS). The central finding in this study is the identification of the previously uncharacterized UvrD-like helicase homolog, gbs1341, as a factor affecting multidrug persistence and biofilm formation. Alongside gbs1341, mutants in relA and trmB were also found to be implicated. Mutations in these genes resulted in a phenotype characterized by elevated basal levels of the stringent response alarmone (p)ppGpp, linked with increased persister frequencies and enhanced biofilm production. In contrast, the gbs1341 deletion mutant displayed a significantly higher persister fraction following exposure to antibiotics, along with altered and enhanced biofilm formation, despite unaltered (p)ppGpp levels compared to the wild-type. These findings characterize gbs1341 as a novel genetic factor in both persister cell formation and biofilm production, highlighting a genetic link between these phenotypes, advancing our understanding of persistence in Gram-positive bacteria.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-34333-4.}, }
@article {pmid41469638, year = {2025}, author = {Shirato, M and Lehrkinder, A and Nakamura, K and Kanno, T and Lingström, P and Örtengren, U}, title = {Impact of hydrogen peroxide photolysis on viable bacterial count and composition of in vivo dental biofilm-an ex vivo study.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {206}, pmid = {41469638}, issn = {1472-6831}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A bactericidal technique utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photolysis, which generates hydroxyl radicals, was developed. Since it has demonstrated the potential to kill in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilms, this technique has the possibility to be applied to dental caries. However, its efficacy on in vivo cariogenic dental biofilms remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect of H2O2 photolysis on in vivo biofilms obtained from volunteers, focusing on its potential application in dental caries treatment.<br><br>METHODS: Sixteen participants, prescreened for the presence of S. mutans and/or lactobacilli in their saliva, wore custom-made splints with hydroxyapatite (HA) discs for 5 days. The discs with 5-day-old biofilms were subjected to H&#x2082;O&#x2082; photolysis or control treatments such as H&#x2082;O&#x2082;, light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation, or water for 90&#xa0;s, followed by bacterial culturing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Statistical significances were assessed using the Steel&#x2013;Dwass test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were also used for biofilm evaluation. Discs with treated-biofilms were reinserted for an additional 5 days to evaluate biofilm regrowth and community shifts.<br><br>RESULTS: SEM confirmed biofilm formation on HA surfaces. Bactericidal assays showed that the 90-s treatment with H&#x2082;O&#x2082; photolysis significantly reduced viable bacterial counts, achieving a 3.5 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/specimen for total bacteria and a 2.6 log CFU/specimen for total streptococci, compared with 5.9- and 5.4 log CFU/specimen in the untreated controls, respectively (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). qPCR confirmed that the bacterial proportion was initially equivalent across the groups and remained unchanged after regrowth. The 16&#xa0;S sequencing revealed a diverse microbial community dominated by Streptococcus spp. No significant differences in alpha or beta diversity were observed between the treatment groups even after regrowth.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the H&#x2082;O&#x2082; photolysis technique can kill bacteria within in vivo biofilms. The observed bactericidal effect supports the potentiality of H&#x2082;O&#x2082; photolysis as a promising adjunctive approach for dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid41469009, year = {2025}, author = {Mao, MY and Zhang, YJ and Huang, ZZ}, title = {[Effects of pleiotropic regulator catabolite control protein A in prompting the biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans].}, journal = {Zhonghua kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Zhonghua kouqiang yixue zazhi = Chinese journal of stomatology}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {64-73}, doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20251027-00431}, pmid = {41469009}, issn = {1002-0098}, support = {82571073, 82071104//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JYZP006//Major and Key Cultivation Projects of Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/ ; }, abstract = {Objective: To explore the effects of pleiotropic regulator, catabolite control protein A (CcpA), on the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Methods: The CcpA knockout strain ΔccpA and complementation strain ΔccpA/pDL278-ccpA were constructed. The cell morphologies and growth curves of UA159 and ΔccpA cells were detected. The pH meter and acid tolerance assay were conducted to evaluate the effect of CcpA on the acid-producing and acid resistance capacity of Sm, respectively. Crystal violet assay (CVS), anthrone-sulfuric method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of Sm biofilms. Moreover, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to explore the molecular mechanism of CcpA in prompting the biofilm formation at transcriptional level. Results: Growth curve analysis indicated that ΔccpA demonstrated slightly reduced growth rate compared with UA159, while the final yield showed no significant difference. SEM observation showed ΔccpA bacteria formed loose biofilm architectures and exhibited a reduced capacity in synthesizing extracellular matrix, and these findings were further confirmed by CVS that ΔccpA (0.55±0.11) exhibited decreased biomass relative to UA159 (0.82±0.01) (P<0.01), while no significant difference between ΔccpA/pDL278-ccpA and UA159 (P>0.05). CLSM observation exhibited a reduced capacity to synthesize exopolysaccharides of ΔccpA strain, and these findings were further confirmed by data of anthrone-sulfuric method that ΔccpA exhibited decreased water-soluble glucans (0.10±0.01) and water-insoluble glucans (0.08±0.00) relative to UA159 (0.14±0.02, 0.20±0.03) (all P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between ΔccpA/pDL278-ccpA and UA159 (all P>0.05). RT-qPCR showed the expression levels of gtfB/C/D genes were markedly downregulated in ∆ccpA strain with different carbon resources (all P<0.05). Specifically, the promoter regions of gtfB and gtfC were directly regulated by CcpA. Conclusions: In summary, CcpA can trigger transcription of biofilm-formation genes via direct binding. Our study supports a role for CcpA as a crucial regulator that exploit the nuanced control of Sm biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41468759, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Song, X and Li, W and Luo, X and Yang, C}, title = {Revealing the optimal ratio of aged-to-fresh carbon in BAC filtration: linking biofilm development, iDNA/eDNA community dynamics, and purification performance.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {125248}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125248}, pmid = {41468759}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Filtration ; Carbon ; *Water Purification/methods ; Ozone ; Charcoal ; Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {Ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) filtration has been widely employed for water purification, yet guidance on appropriate strategies for carbon media renewal remains unclear. A pair of full-scale O3-BAC filters located at a water treatment plant in eastern China (new: 3 years; aged: 11 years) was investigated and verified with a 90-day lab-scale test comprising four columns spanning 0-100% fresh carbon to decipher adsorption-biodegradation interactions and microbial succession. In the full-scale system, the newer filter removed 21.99% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and reduced UV254 by 20.14%, whereas the aged filter, despite its weaker adsorption, removed more assimilable organic carbon (AOC, 22.67%) consistent with a mature biofilm but released more cells to the effluent (up to 2.2 × 10[5] mL[-1]). In the laboratory, beds filled only with fresh carbon showed strong early adsorption but slower onset of nitrification and a delayed decline in AOC, while beds filled only with aged carbon provided immediate biodegradation but higher start-up cell release. Critically, intermediate replacement synchronized adsorption and biodegradation: the 75% fresh + 25% aged configuration stabilized fastest, drove residual AOC towards about 20 µg L[-1] by day 90, and maintained effluent cell concentrations on the order of 10[3]-10[4] mL[-1] while developing dense, diverse biofilms. Microbial analysis showed that hybrid beds preserved nitrifiers and aromatic degraders from aged media while recruiting pioneer colonizers on fresh carbon, enabling broad-spectrum removal of protein-like and humic-like organics confirmed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. These findings indicate that partial rather than full replacement, optimally 50-75% fresh carbon, can maximize organic pollutant removal and minimize microbial risks when BAC operation maintains low and stable AOC, low and steady effluent TCC/ICC, and concurrent declines in UV254 and DOC, providing a practical basis for sustainable BAC management under stringent drinking water standards.}, }
@article {pmid41467626, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Yan, S and Song, H and Yang, C and Chen, S and Wu, C and Li, Y and Gao, X and Jiang, L and Li, P and Gu, Q}, title = {Calcium-Powered Probiotics Reconfigure the Intestinal Niche via Biofilm Transformation.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {38}, number = {9}, pages = {e16911}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202516911}, pmid = {41467626}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {32402054//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U20A2066//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; FR25003Z//Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang/ ; LQ24C200004//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //The Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Probiotics/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Calcium/metabolism/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Animals ; Desulfovibrio/physiology/drug effects ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Intestines/microbiology ; Mice ; }, abstract = {Excessive Desulfovibrio (Des) forms biofilm to enable dominant occupation of the intestinal niche, representing a common pathogenic driver of multiple inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) types. Colonization resistance constitutes the primary barrier to antagonistic probiotic efficacy, and this is driven by the pathogen-favorable microenvironment established by Des. Here, probiotic Lactiplantibacillus (Lap) is modified by calcium ions (Ca[2+]) and calcium-regulative polyphenol (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, KAE) via coordinate interaction to achieve intestinal niche reconfiguration. Targeting the tripartite mechanisms of Des-mediated colonization resistance, the Ca[2+]/KAE@Lap platform optimized niche competition through Ca[2+]-bridged interfacial binding with directional bactericidal activity, and this enables bacterial replacement at occupied sites. Ca[2+]/KAE@Lap reestablishes calcium homeostasis disrupted by Des via synergistic Ca[2+]/KAE regulation, dually restoring epithelial energy metabolism and mucus layer reconstitution, counteracting Des-induced colonized sites contraction and regenerated site impairment. This drives phenotypic shift in biofilm composition from Des-dominated to Lap-enriched consortia, which is concomitant with the redirection of intestinal colonization resistance from a pathogen-permissive to a probiotic-favored state. This calcium-based biofilm transformation strategy overcomes the transient colonization limitation inherent in conventional probiotic therapies by effectively disrupting colonization resistance in IBD treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41467047, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, J and Wang, HL and Ding, T and Sun, Y and Wang, S and Yin, C}, title = {L-serine-O-sulfate alters cellular ultrastructure and mitigates the capacity of biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans UA159 via interfering with glutamate racemase.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100427}, pmid = {41467047}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Dental caries, primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), remains a significant global health challenge. Conventional treatments often disrupt commensal oral flora, necessitating targeted antimicrobial strategies. This study investigated L‑serine-O-sulfate (LSOS), a substrate analog of glutamate racemase (MurI), as a potential agent for interfering with S. mutans UA159 virulence. Computational docking predicted LSOS binding to MurI, while circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed LSOS-induced structural perturbations in recombinant MurI. LSOS exhibited concentration-dependent bactericidal effects, with 5.0 mM completely suppressing growth and 2.5 mM significantly extending doubling time (11.37 hrs vs. 5.68 hrs in controls). Transmission electron microscopy revealed progressive ultrastructural damage, characterized by membrane blebs and cell wall disintegration. Biofilm formation was severely impaired, with 63 % reduction in biomass and significant disruption of extracellular matrix integrity. Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified 119 differentially expressed genes, predominantly downregulated (111/119), affecting translation machinery, metabolic pathways, and transmembrane transport. Biosafety evaluation in L929 fibroblasts showed reduced proliferation (67.59 % of control at 2.5 mM after 48 hrs) with both G1-phase reduction and S-phase cell cycle accumulation. Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated uncompromised survival and early development at concentrations <10 mM, with developmental toxicity emerging only at higher doses (≥20 mM). These findings establish LSOS as a promising anti-virulence agent targeting MurI in S. mutans UA159, with favorable biosafety profiles that warrant further investigation for dental caries prevention and treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41466397, year = {2025}, author = {Alimata, B and Ablassé, R and Moussa, C and Eli, C and Leila, KWME and Noufou, O and Emmanuelle, HA and Martin, K and Marie-Geneviève, DF}, title = {Anti-biofilm, anti-quorum sensing potential, cytotoxicity, and UPLC-UV/DAD-MS/MS/QTOF profiling of Prosopis Africana (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Taub. leaves and stems extracts: benefits of a traditional medicine in dental care.}, journal = {BMC complementary medicine and therapies}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {445}, pmid = {41466397}, issn = {2662-7671}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Prosopis africana is traditionally used in folk medicine in Burkina Faso for oral diseases. Leaves and stems are used in rural areas to treat dental caries, and the bark is used to treat green diarrhea in infants. In the context of a better understanding of Prosopis africana’s bioactivity and toxicity, the present study deals with the chemical profiling of the different botanical parts of P. Africana used in phytomedicine. The impact of herbal medicine on various factors contributing to oral infections and caries, specifically with its anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties have been little investigated.<br><br>METHODS: The anti-biofilm effect of methanolic extracts of leaves and stems of P. africana was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using the crystal violet assay. The anti-quorum sensing effect on Chromobacterium CV026 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed spectrophotometrically by using the violacein, rhamnolipids and pyocyanin quantification assay. The cytotoxicity of the leaves and stems extracts was also evaluated by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The chemical composition of the extracts was characterized by UPLC-UV/DAD-MS[2]/ESI-QTOF analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The extracts (100&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml), without affecting cells viability, significantly reduced the biofilm formation of S. mutans with the best inhibition rates of 56.7% and 47.6% for stem and leaf extracts respectively. In Chromobacterium CV026, the violacein inhibition rate was 37.9&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;3.7% for leaves methanol extract and 42.6&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.4% for the stem methanol extract. In P. aeruginosa inhibition rates of 49.03%, 40.2%, and 46.7% were obtained for pyocyanin, elastase, and rhamnolipids respectively, with leaf extracts. UPLC-UV-MS[2] analysis identified sixteen compounds which are mainly polyphenols and alkaloids. They could be related to the activities.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The present study provides evidence of the efficacy and basic scientific justification for the traditional uses of P. africana in the treatment of dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid41465523, year = {2025}, author = {Frolov, NA and Seferyan, MA and Detusheva, EV and Son, E and Kolmakov, IG and Vereshchagin, AN}, title = {In Pursuit of a Better Biocide Composition: Synergistic and Additive Effects of QAC-Based Formulations Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41465523}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry ; Drug Synergism ; *Plankton/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Managing bacterial infections and the spread of microbial resistance is one of the most critical and complex tasks of modern healthcare infrastructures. Antiseptics and disinfectants such as biocides play a significant role in controlling microbial resistance by reducing the microbial load on surfaces, skin, and environments, thereby limiting the opportunity for pathogens to proliferate and develop resistance. Herein, we tested the different interactions of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based biocide compositions in pursuit of a better antimicrobial performance. An extensive microbiological analysis was conducted for 12 selected compositions of various combinations of mono-QACs, bis-QACs, and alcohols on 17 strains of bacteria of the ESKAPEE group and fungi, including 11 clinical highly resistant varieties, highlighting synergistic or additive dynamics. The evaluation showed noticeable improvements in activity, with up to 16-fold MBC and 32-fold MBEC reductions for alcohol-based compositions of lead QAC. Moreover, synergistic interactions were detected and confirmed via an optimized checkerboard assay for pyridinium QAC combinations against planktonic Gram-positive S. aureus with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and fractional bactericidal concentration index (FBCI) of 0.39-0.5 and Gram-negative A. baumannii biofilms. The studied biocides demonstrated the long-term preservation of antimicrobial efficiency without resistance development during a 40-day period and do not induce QAC-associated cross-resistance for four commercially available antibiotics with similar mechanisms of action.}, }
@article {pmid41465147, year = {2025}, author = {Andrzejczuk, S and Sozoniuk, M and Sugier, D}, title = {Preliminary Assessment of Arnica montana L. Extract: Antimicrobial Activity Against Acinetobacter baumannii and Biofilm-Related Gene Expression Profiling.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41465147}, issn = {2073-4425}, support = {Sta&#x17c; za miedz&#x105;//Association of Lublin Universities (Zwi&#x105;zek Uczelni Lubelskich)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Arnica/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Arnica montana L. is widely recognized for its diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of A. montana L. extracts against Acinetobacter baumannii, a pathogen of urgent public health concern due to its increasing antibiotic resistance and capacity for biofilm formation. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic (EtE) and aqueous (AqE) extracts of A. montana flowers was evaluated via the broth microdilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the MBC/MIC ratio were used. The effects of EtE on A. baumannii biofilm formation were assessed via a crystal violet assay. Additionally, transcriptional profiling of biofilm-associated genes following exposure to sub-MIC levels of the extract was conducted via RT-qPCR. Results: The anti-Acinetobacter activity of EtE was demonstrated (MIC = 234.4 and 468.75 µg/mL for A. baumannii ATCC BAA-3252 and ATCC 19606, respectively). The EtE exhibited bactericidal activity against both strains, whereas the AqE showed no activity. Additionally, EtE inhibited biofilm formation and significantly downregulated the expression of key biofilm-associated genes, including those of the csu operon and ompA. Conclusions: Arnica montana EtE demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against A. baumannii and inhibited biofilm development by suppressing the transcription of genes involved in pilus assembly and surface adherence, highlighting their essential role in biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41465050, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, H and Jiang, X and Nychas, GE and Yang, K and Dong, P and Zhang, Y and Zhu, L and Liu, Y}, title = {Role of the PhoP/PhoQ Two-Component Regulatory System in Biofilm Formation in Acid-Adapted Salmonella typhimurium.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41465050}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {SDAIT-09-09//special fund for innovation team of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System in Shan-dong province/ ; ZR2022QC182//Natural Science Foundation of Shan-dong Province/ ; beef-CARS-37//the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; 32302181//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023CXGC010708//Key R&amp;D Program of Shandong Province, China/ ; }, abstract = {Salmonella typhimurium is a global foodborne pathogen, and controlling its persistence is critical for public health. This study investigated the regulatory role of the PhoP/PhoQ two-component system (TCS) in biofilm formation under the acid adaptation condition. A phoP deletion strain (ΔphoP) was constructed and compared with the wild type (WT) after acid induction (pH 5.4). Without acid adaptation, ΔphoP and WT showed similar acid tolerance and biofilm formation. However, after acid induction, ΔphoP exhibited markedly reduced biofilm formation, swimming ability, metabolic activity, and extracellular polymer production. RNA-seq analysis further revealed defects in ΔphoP under acid-induced conditions: (i) first leads to downregulation of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, peptidoglycan synthesis, and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance pathways, thereby weakening the bacteria's envelope modification capacity and structural stability; (ii) it also disrupts signal regulations in acidic environments, further impairing energy metabolism, flagellar function, and chemotaxis, thereby affecting bacterial adhesion capacity and environmental adaptability. These results demonstrate that under acid adaptation, the PhoP/PhoQ TCS is critical for coordinating cell envelope remodelling, energy metabolism, and motility to support biofilm formation in S. typhimurium. Understanding the contribution of this system to biofilm formation is essential for addressing the stress resistance and persistence of Salmonella in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41465039, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, M and Hu, J and Xue, T}, title = {clpC-Mediated Translational Control Orchestrates Stress Tolerance and Biofilm Formation in Milk-Originated Staphylococcus aureus RMSA24.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41465039}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {32270194//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 24242038//Research Funds of the Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that can cause widespread infections as well as severe outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent studies have drawn attention to foodborne pathogens such as S. aureus endowed with the ability to form biofilms and increase resistance to antimicrobial agents as well as environmental stress, posing challenges to food safety. The Clp (caseinolytic protease) protein complex plays a crucial role in energy-dependent protein hydrolysis processes. This mechanism is a common way to maintain intracellular homeostasis and regulation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, especially under stress conditions. In S. aureus, multiple genes encoding Clp ATPase homologues have been identified: clpC, clpB, clpY, clpX, and clpL. This study investigated the roles of clpC in stress tolerance and biofilm formation of foodborne S. aureus RMSA24 isolated from raw milk. Our results showed that the deletion of the clpC gene significantly reduced the bacterium's tolerance to heat, desiccation, hydrogen peroxide, and high osmotic pressure compared to wild type (WT). Furthermore, the clpC knockout mutant also exhibited a marked decrease in biofilm formation using Crystal Violet Staining (CVS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, compared to WT, there was a total of 102 DEGs (differentially expressed genes), with a significant downregulation of genes related to biofilm formation (isaA and spa) and heat-shock response (clpP and danJ). These findings suggest that clpC regulates environmental tolerance in S. aureus by modulating the expression of stress- and biofilm-related genes, positioning it as a potential biomarker and a novel target for controlling contamination in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41465006, year = {2025}, author = {Yao, P and Kang, M and Effarizah, ME}, title = {Characterization of Biofilm-Forming Lactic Acid Bacteria from Traditional Fermented Foods and Their Probiotic Potential.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41465006}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {2023AH052217//Major Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Educational Committee/ ; 2022SJPT03//Collaborative Technology Service Center for the High-Value Processing of Green Agricultural Products (Prepared Foods) in the Yangtze River Delta Region/ ; 2022yzd04//Key Research Project of Suzhou University/ ; }, abstract = {A biofilm is a self-protective material formed by microorganisms to resist adverse environments. As an important group of microorganisms in the food industry and the human intestine, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) demonstrate enhanced probiotic activity in their biofilm state. In this study, a total of 90 LAB isolates from various traditional fermented foods across China were evaluated for their biofilm-forming capacity using the crystal violet staining method. Of these, eight isolates showed strong biofilm-forming capacity. These eight isolates were further evaluated for environmental stress responses, including tolerance to high acid and high bile salt concentrations, resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and adherence to Caco-2 cells. Four isolates with strong resistance to these stresses and adhesion to Caco-2 cells were selected for comparison between their planktonic and biofilm forms. Among these, the two isolates demonstrating the highest biofilm production capacity were AQ-4 and SY1-3, which were isolated from fermented pear juice and apple juice, respectively. Isolate AQ-4 was then identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum based on 16S rDNA sequencing. By integrating biofilm-forming capacity with key biological properties, including stress tolerance and epithelial adhesion, this study focuses on L. plantarum AQ-4, which exhibits distinct microstructural differences between planktonic and biofilm states, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The findings suggest that L. plantarum AQ-4 could be used to investigate the differential mechanisms in the planktonic and biofilm states and to act as the theoretical basis for the application of LAB biofilms in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41465002, year = {2025}, author = {Ahn, JM and Kim, YH and Rhim, JW and Yoon, KS}, title = {Onion-Peel Carbon Quantum Dots: Antimicrobial Effect and Biofilm Control on Food Contact Surfaces.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41465002}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {GS-1-JO-ON-info2120241901//Kyung Hee University/ ; }, abstract = {As by-products rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, onion peels are globally undervalued and often discarded. This study reports the synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from onion peels and evaluates their antimicrobial effectiveness against key foodborne pathogens and biofilms on common food contact surfaces, including plastic, stainless steel, and rubber. The CQDs exhibited a quasi-spherical shape with particle sizes ranging from 1.7 to 9.0 nm and contained abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-functional groups, as confirmed by FT-IR and XPS analyses. The CQDs showed significant antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus of 2200/2800 µg/mL, 1400/2000 µg/mL, 1200/1800 µg/mL, and 400/600 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill assays confirmed these results. In biofilm tests, S. typhimurium formed biofilms more easily than L. monocytogenes. Washing with CQD solution for 5 min reduced biofilm presence by 81.6-91.5% for S. typhimurium and over 74% for L. monocytogenes, with more than 94% reduction after 10 min of treatment (over 94% for S. typhimurium; 95.8-98.8% for L. monocytogenes) across all surfaces, especially on plastic and stainless steel. These findings indicate that onion peel-derived CQDs are promising, eco-friendly agents for disrupting biofilms and turning undervalued waste into valuable products.}, }
@article {pmid41463842, year = {2025}, author = {Azirar, R and Ouagajjou, Y and da Costa, F and Janah, H and Aghzar, A}, title = {Effect of Stocking Density and Biofilm-Based Microalgae on Larvae and Post-Larvae Growth and Settlement Patterns of the Clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Captivity.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {15}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41463842}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {#5UAE 2022 (2022-2024)//Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)/ ; }, abstract = {Larval rearing is a critical phase in shellfish-hatchery production. Thus, optimizing larval survival, growth, and settlement is essential for reliable seed output. This study investigated the effect of rearing density on larvae and settlement performances of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus in captivity. Furthermore, the influence of natural biofilm-based microalgae on larvae settlement and post-larvae performance was also investigated herein. Three larval rearing densities (10, 20, and 40 larvae mL[-1]) were studied during larvae development, and four settlement densities (35, 70, 100, and 140 larvae cm[-2]) were tested during larvae settlement and metamorphosis. The effect of biofilm-based microalgae on larvae settlement and post-larvae pattern was tested at a standard settlement density (70 larvae cm[-2]). High larval density significantly reduced survival (18% at 40 larvae mL[-1]) compared with lower densities (26% and 23% at 20 and 10 larvae mL[-1], respectively). Significantly higher settlement rate (36% and 33%) and spat yield were observed at 35 and 70 larvae cm[-2], respectively, compared to high densities (100 and 140 larvae cm[-2]). Remarkably, post-larvae reared under the biofilm treatment showed faster growth performances compared to untreated (control) ones. These findings indicated that lower larval and settlement densities enhance survival and settlement rates. Natural biofilm promoted post-larval growth, and therefore, its use can be an effective strategy to improve R. decussatus hatchery outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41463784, year = {2025}, author = {Nurmohamed, FRHA and Allen, KJH and Malo, ME and Frank, C and van Duvenbode, JFFH and van der Wildt, B and Poot, AJ and Lam, MGEH and van Strijp, JAG and Nikkels, PGJ and Vogely, HC and Weinans, H and Dadachova, E and van der Wal, BCH}, title = {Pathogen-Specific Actinium-225 and Lutetium-177 Labeled Antibodies for Treatment of Biofilm-Associated Implant Infections: Initial In Vivo Proof-of-Concept.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41463784}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {NWA.1292.19.354//Dutch Healthcare Authority/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: the primary challenge with implant infections is the formation of biofilm, which harbors dormant bacteria that reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics and amplify antibiotic resistance, exacerbating the global antimicrobial resistance crisis. A potential novel treatment strategy is radioimmunotherapy, which uses antibodies linked to radioisotopes to deliver targeted radiation to the bacteria and biofilm. We describe the first in vivo use of targeted radiation therapy, employing Actinium-225 (α-radiation) and Lutetium-177 (β-radiation) labeled antibodies to treat a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated intramedullary implant infection. Untargeted radiation in the form of unbound radionuclide treatment was also evaluated.<br><br>METHODS: to assess therapeutic efficacy, bacterial counts were performed on implant and surrounding bone after seven days of follow-up. Biodistribution was evaluated using SPECT/CT and ex vivo gamma counting.<br><br>RESULTS: radioimmunotherapy using an antibody against wall teichoic acid which was labeled with Actinium-225 and Lutetium-177 achieved bacterial reductions between 45% and 93% on the implant and surrounding bone. Surprisingly, a similar antimicrobial effect was observed with unbound Actinium-225 treatment reducing the bacterial load by 80% on the implant and 98% in the surrounding bone. Indications of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) with Lutetium-177 labeled antibodies were observed through hepatic and renal function evaluations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results should be interpreted in the context of the study's constraints, particularly the limited animal sample size. Nonetheless, the results suggest that in vivo applied radiation may help reduce a biofilm-associated infection at the implant site as well as in the surrounding bone. These findings encourage further investigation into the use of targeted and non-targeted radiation, potentially combined with antibiotics, to develop effective strategies for eradicating biofilm-associated implant infections.}, }
@article {pmid41463718, year = {2025}, author = {Erdoğan Deniz, N and Akkaya, Y and Kılıç, &#x130;H}, title = {Biofilm Production, Distribution of ica Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolates.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41463718}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Backgrounds/Objectives: This study aimed to quantify biofilm production and characterize the distribution of the biofilm-associated ica genes (icaA, icaD, icaB, icaC, icaR) in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates, and to assess the association between these genes and antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods: A total of 121 CoNS isolates collected at Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between 1 January and 30 August 2024 were identified by VITEK 2 Compact and MALDI-TOF MS. Biofilm production was quantified using the microtiter plate assay, and the presence of ica genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed with the VITEK 2 Compact (bioMérieux), and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted according to EUCAST criteria. Results:S. epidermidis was found to have the highest biofilm production capacity among the CoNS isolates, followed by S. haemolyticus. The icaA gene was detected in 99.17% of isolates, followed by icaR (70.24%), icaD (55.37%), and both icaB and icaC (28.92% each). The highest resistance rates were observed for oxacillin (85.8%) and erythromycin (85.1%), while all isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin. Conclusions: The high prevalence of ica genes in CoNS isolates indicates that biofilm formation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of these species. The findings reveal that CoNS have a strong biofilm production potential, which is a decisive factor in their pathogenicity. However, the high methicillin resistance rates emerge as one of the main factors limiting the effectiveness of current treatment options. Therefore, future studies need to focus on the development of anti-biofilm approaches and alternative therapeutic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41463576, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, D and Jiao, F and Yang, Y and Dou, S and Yu, J and Yu, X and Zhou, Y and Xue, J and Li, X and Duan, H and Zhang, Y and Guo, J and Yang, W}, title = {Correction: Zeng et al. Myricetin Potentiates Antibiotics Against Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Disrupting Biofilm Formation and Inhibiting Motility Through FimX-Mediated c-di-GMP Signaling Interference. Biology 2025, 14, 859.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41463576}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Error in Figure [...].}, }
@article {pmid41463348, year = {2025}, author = {Aziz, W and Sultana, H and Kumar, V and Tyagi, A}, title = {The Relationship Between NETosis and Biofilm Formation in Chronic Infections.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41463348}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Animals ; Chronic Disease ; }, abstract = {Chronic infections pose significant clinical challenges due to their persistent nature, heightened resistance to conventional therapies, and association with biofilm formation. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), released through a unique form of cell death known as NETosis, serve as an innate immune defense mechanism by trapping and neutralizing pathogens. However, accumulating evidence reveals a complex and paradoxical relationship between NETs and microbial biofilms. While NETs can immobilize and kill planktonic microbes, the extracellular DNA and associated proteins often contribute to biofilm stability, immune evasion, and chronic infection persistence. This review explores the bidirectional interactions between NETosis and biofilm formation, with a focus on their synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of chronic infections such as cystic fibrosis lung disease, diabetic foot ulcers, periodontitis, and implant-associated infections. We outline the molecular mechanisms governing NETosis, the structural and functional dynamics of biofilms, and how these processes intersect to form recalcitrant infection niches. Emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting this pathogenic interplay including DNase-based treatments, PAD4 inhibitors, and combination therapies are critically evaluated. By illuminating the pathogenic synergy between NETs and biofilms, this review underscores the need for integrated immunomodulatory and anti-biofilm interventions to effectively manage chronic infectious diseases and improve patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41461973, year = {2025}, author = {Jeyachandran, S and Sekar, S}, title = {Natural Anti-Biofilm Agents: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {115}, pmid = {41461973}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Biological Products/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Aquatic Organisms/chemistry ; Animals ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilms, complex microbial communities embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pose significant challenges across medical, industrial and environmental sectors due to their enhanced resistance to antibiotics and chemical agents. Traditional treatments often fail to combat biofilm-associated infections, leading to increased healthcare costs and mortality rates. This comprehensive review explores the potential of natural anti-biofilm agents derived from plants, microorganisms, marine organisms and other natural sources as alternative strategies. Plant-derived compounds, microbial products and marine bioactive substances exhibit promising anti-biofilm properties through various mechanisms, including inhibition of microbial adhesion, quorum sensing (QS) interference and EPS disruption. The review highlights the efficacy of these agents in both in vitro and in vivo studies and discusses their potential applications in industries such as medicine, food processing and water treatment. Despite the promising results, challenges such as standardization, biocompatibility and environmental impact remain. Future research should focus on optimizing these natural agents and exploring synergistic combinations to enhance their efficacy. This review underscores the importance of sustainable and interdisciplinary approaches in developing effective, eco-friendly anti-biofilm strategies for diverse applications.}, }
@article {pmid41461532, year = {2026}, author = {Li, T and Shen, W and Zhou, Y and Shao, S and Wu, X and Pan, D}, title = {Simultaneous removal of manganese and nitrate by manganese redox driven moving bed biofilm reactor: Characteristic, biological community and mechanism.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {858-871}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.05.042}, pmid = {41461532}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Manganese/metabolism/analysis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Nitrates/metabolism/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Manganese Compounds ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the effects of different manganese forms (MnCl2 and MnO2) on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Compared to the control without manganese, the addition of MnCl2 and MnO2 increased NO3[-]-N removal efficiency by 11.47 % and 9.54 %, and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency by 17.91 % and 15.45 %, respectively. The average accumulation of NO2[-]-N decreased from 3.02 to 0.04 mg/L and 0.18 mg/L, respectively. The manganese redox system induced by MnCl2 enhanced total phosephorus (TP) removal efficiency by approximately 3.5 times, while MnO2 reduced TP removal efficiency by 2.94 %. After discontinuing MnCl2 and MnO2 supplementation, denitrification efficiency significantly declined, and Mn(II) reduced by BioMnOx could not sustain the manganese cycling process long-term. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) analysis revealed that MnCl2 and MnO2 stimulated the production of uronic acids, amide III, and secondary amides in proteins. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria were the dominant phyla involved in denitrification, but different manganese sources altered the microbial community composition. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria generally decreased, while Bacteroidetes increased by 16.29 % and 4.14 % with MnCl2 and MnO2. MnCl2 was more conducive to the Bacteroidetes growth. This study provides a practical framework for applying manganese-enhanced MBBR system in wastewater treatment plants to improve nitrogen removal efficiency and operational stability.}, }
@article {pmid41461318, year = {2026}, author = {Qi, WY and Zhou, JY and Guan, SN and Kang, ZY and Wang, SG and Yuan, XZ and Song, C}, title = {Protective behavior of bacterial biofilm at high temperatures: Corrosion control strategies for thermal system pipes.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {133893}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133893}, pmid = {41461318}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Corrosion ; Steel/chemistry ; *Hot Temperature ; *Geobacillus stearothermophilus/physiology/drug effects ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Corrosion in water-heat interaction systems shortens the facility lifespan of transportation pipelines, leading to extensive perforation accidents and economic losses. This study investigates the impact of Geobacillus stearothermophilus on carbon steel corrosion, validated through the separate and combined application of biocide and biofilm dispersant. In high-temperature aqueous environments, the inoculation of this bacterium mitigates corrosion, as evidenced by a 33 % reduction in weight loss, a decrease in pitting depth from 16.2 to 0.8 μm, and an increase in Fe(II): Fe(III) of corrosion products. The addition of biocide (from 0 to 0.5 ppm) weakens the protective effect, while the combined use of both biocide and dispersant nearly abolishes the inhibition of corrosion. The local "anaerobic microenvironment" created by bacterial internal oxygen consumption and biofilm isolation of external oxygen alters corrosion products and directly inhibits aerobic corrosion. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the in-situ anti-corrosion of high-temperature pipelines by thermophiles.}, }
@article {pmid41460350, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, Z and Zhan, Y and Sun, H and Shi, L and Liu, G}, title = {Exploring the Dynamic Culture System of biofilm-forming Bifidobacterium Adolescentis BL-8: from System establishment, Formation Mechanisms Analysis To Application in freeze-dried Probiotic Powder.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {110}, pmid = {41460350}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {6252001//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality/ ; 2022A1515140021//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 31871772//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Probiotics ; *Bifidobacterium adolescentis/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics ; Freeze Drying ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Powders ; Quorum Sensing ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation provides probiotics with a natural barrier against harsh conditions and increases their bioavailability. The dynamic culture system could effectively promote probiotic biofilm formation. In view of the excellent probiotic properties and biofilm-forming ability of Bifidobacterium adolescentis BL-8, a dynamic culture system for this strain was constructed in this study and utilized to carry out in-depth mechanistic and potential application research. The results showed that innovatively establishing this system with physical-biological synergies for B. adolescentis BL-8, using oat bran as the carrier, achieved a 46.6% increase in the biofilm-forming rate and reduced the formation time by 12 h. This enhancement was attributed to carrier-strain interactions that this system strengthened bacterial initial aggregation during reversible adhesion through electrostatic/hydrophilic force regulation. Transcriptome analysis during irreversible adhesion and growth maturation phase further discovered that this system controls two-component signaling systems to boost nitrogen assimilation and c-di-GMP pathways to suppress flagella assembly, collectively promoting bacterial growth and morphological transitions. Dynamic cultivation also regulated the quorum-sensing system, prolonged biofilm growth, and stimulated extracellular polymeric substance synthesis. These modulations reinforced the biofilm's structural integrity, enabling increased bacterial resistance to freeze-drying and gastrointestinal stress and the storage time of the freeze-dried probiotic powder. This dynamic culture system with physical-biological synergies effectively promoted B. adolescentis BL-8 biofilm formation through enhanced initial adhesion, bacterial proliferation and morphological transformations, and prolonged biofilm formation, exhibiting great potential for applications. This study provides an important theoretical basis and new insights for the development of probiotic biofilm-modulation technology and its industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid41459758, year = {2025}, author = {Chatterjee, S and Dube, A and Majumder, SK}, title = {Evaluation of antibacterial photodynamic efficacy of a novel cationic near infrared chlorophyll derivative against planktonic and biofilm-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Photochemistry and photobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/php.70067}, pmid = {41459758}, issn = {1751-1097}, support = {//Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India/ ; //Homi Bhabha National Institute/ ; }, abstract = {Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach for inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, its effectiveness is compromised, particularly when bacteria hide within biofilm and if infection spreads deeper in tissue. To overcome this limitation, photosensitizers having absorption in the near-infrared region (NIR) (650-800 nm), where light penetrates deeper in tissue, need to be developed. We report aPDT efficacy of Cycloimide Purpurin-18 betaine hydrazide conjugate (CIPp-18-BH), a cationic chlorophyll derivative, against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO). CIPp-18-BH was synthesized by conjugating CIPp-18 to betaine hydrazide (BH) using a carbodiimide coupling reaction. CIPp-18-BH, as compared to CIPp-18, exhibited lower lipophilicity; thereby, it did not aggregate in aqueous conditions and generated a substantial amount of singlet oxygen upon photo-excitation with red light. CIPp-18-BH exhibited no fluorescence in water and substantial fluorescence in less polar solvents. CIPp-18-BH bound to planktonic bacteria did not show fluorescence; whereas remarkable fluorescence was seen in biofilms, indicating it lies on the surface of bacteria and accumulates within the apolar micro-environment of biofilms. PDT of planktonic MRSA and PAO with 40 μM CIPp-18-BH led to ~7 log and ~2.5 log reduction in cell viability, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed that PDT led to substantial bacterial inactivation within MRSA and PAO biofilms, resulting in inhibition of biofilm growth by ~50% and ~20%, respectively. Results demonstrate that CIPp-18-BH is a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic inactivation of planktonic and biofilm-borne bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41459494, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, S and Tang, G and Wei, J and Shen, S and Ding, Z and An, Q and Tao, H and Wang, F}, title = {Organosilicone double-long-chain diquaternary ammonium salt acts as a biofilm scavenger to ameliorate colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1644433}, pmid = {41459494}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Animals ; Dextran Sulfate ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Mice ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/drug therapy/microbiology ; Cytokines/blood ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/drug effects/pathology ; Male ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Colitis/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Colon/drug effects/microbiology/pathology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains challenging due to limited efficacy and significant side effects. Organosilicone Double-Long-Chain Diquaternary Ammonium Salt (JUC Spray Dressing) exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of JUC Spray Dressing in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS)-induced UC mouse model and explore its potential mechanisms of action.<br><br>METHODS: A UC model was induced in mice using 3% DSS, followed by JUC Spray Dressing enema treatment. Disease activity index (DAI), histological scores, bacterial biofilms on the intestinal mucosa, and tight junction integrity were assessed. Inflammatory cytokine levels in peripheral blood were measured, and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was performed to analyze cecal microbiota composition.<br><br>RESULTS: JUC Spray Dressing significantly alleviated UC symptoms and reduced colonic congestion, with no significant difference compared to other treatment groups (P > 0.05). All treatments significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood (P < 0.0001), with no significant differences among the groups. Additionally, all treatments effectively reduced biofilm thickness and bacterial abundance, improving intestinal barrier integrity. JUC Spray Dressing inhibited harmful bacteria such as Bacteroides spp. without significantly altering overall microbial composition.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: JUC Spray Dressing effectively removes intestinal bacterial biofilms, reduces inflammation, and enhances barrier function to alleviate UC symptoms. Its efficacy appeared comparable to conventional treatments, suggesting potential as an alternative therapeutic option; however, the present study did not assess mucosal safety, and dedicated toxicology studies are required to establish safety for intraluminal use.}, }
@article {pmid41457938, year = {2026}, author = {Barel, M and Koskeroglu, K and Koca, FD and Hizlisoy, H and Disli, HB and Dishan, A and Satıcıoglu, BI and Hizlisoy, S}, title = {Colistin and Biofilm-Related Genes of Positive Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle (Bos taurus) Carcasses Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, Biofilm and Molecular Characterisation of Isolates.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e70730}, pmid = {41457938}, issn = {2053-1095}, support = {//Bilimsel Ara&#x15f;t&#x131;rma Projeleri, Erciyes &#xdc;niversitesi/ ; TSA-2021-11335//Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit/ ; }, mesh = {*Escherichia coli O157/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance in various infectious agents represents a public health threat. Therefore, the use of antimicrobials reveals new resistance mechanisms, and these resistance mechanisms are spreading globally. In this study, the aim was to isolate Escherichia coli from samples by conventional culture method and to identify the E. coli isolates obtained by PCR analysis. As a result of the culture method, 120 of 300 samples (40%) were isolated as suspected E. coli. However, the detection of the trpA gene only in 90 (75%) of the isolates allowed for the confirmation that it was, in fact, E. coli. According to PCR results, a total of 10 (11%) isolates were identified as E. coli subgroups. Eight (80%) of these isolates were found to be E. coli O157:H7 positive, while two (20%) were found to be E. coli O157 positive. In addition, five (50%) isolates were found to be H7 positive. Antimicrobial effect (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) was determined using the ELISA method. The results show that the CuONPs at 0.085 µg/mL had antibacterial properties against all strains. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disc diffusion method. Nine (10%), 6 (6%), 28 (31%), 24 (26%), 5 (5%), 8 (8.8%), 4 (4%) and 6 (6%) tetracyclines, erythromycin, gentamicin, azithromycin, imipenem, ampicillin and nalidixic acid were found to be resistant, respectively. According to the results of the analysis, 1 and mcr 5 gene levels were found in 10 (11%) and 2 (2.2%) isolates, respectively. Also, in the isolates, E. coli O157:H7 had mcr 1 and mcr 5 genes in levels 3 (37.5) and 2 (25%). Nonetheless, 2 (100%) E. coli O157 isolates carried the mcr 1 gene, while 4 (80%) H7 isolates carried the mcr 1 gene. In this study, virulence genes were detected in all E. coli O157:H7 isolates. According to Congo red agar, two E. coli isolates were found to have strong biofilm formation ability, while three E. coli isolates were found to have moderate biofilm formation ability. The results of this study, due to the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and biofilm formation abilities of the strains, emphasize that these strains pose a significant risk to public health because they are associated with foodborne diseases and that this situation poses a danger of spreading the resistance gene in the environment.}, }
@article {pmid41457737, year = {2025}, author = {Deari, S and Gothwal, M and Gränicher, K and Thurnheer, T and Attin, T and Karygianni, L}, title = {The Effect of Pellicle on Biofilm Formation in a Supragingival Biofilm Model.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental dental research}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e70276}, pmid = {41457737}, issn = {2057-4347}, support = {//Institutional funds of the University of Zurich/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Dental Pellicle/microbiology/physiology ; Humans ; Cattle ; Animals ; Saliva/microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion/physiology ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Candida albicans/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Dental Enamel/microbiology ; Actinomyces/physiology ; Veillonella/physiology/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Oral biofilms initiate with the formation of an acquired pellicle on dental surfaces, a thin layer of salivary glycoproteins that provides a substrate for microbial adhesion. This study aimed to assess the necessity of a preformed pellicle for biofilm growth in vitro by analyzing the development of a standardized six-species biofilm, comprising Actinomyces oris, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms were cultivated on bovine enamel discs under two conditions: (1) precoated with human saliva to simulate a pellicle and (2) without a preformed pellicle. Colony-forming units (CFUs) of each microbial species were quantified after incubation in either human saliva or a NaCl-based medium at 16 and 64&#x2009;h.<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis revealed no significant differences in CFU counts between discs with or without a preformed pellicle, regardless of whether biofilms were grown in human saliva or NaCl medium, with one exception: S. oralis in pellicle/NaCl (6.7 Log10) medium at 16&#x2009;h showed a slight decrease in the absence of a pellicle (5.9 Log10).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that microbial adhesion and subsequent biofilm development occurred independently of an initial pellicle. The preformed salivary pellicle does not seem to play a significant role in the initial development of this in vitro biofilm model. Biofilm testing in laboratory settings, especially for studies on antimicrobial efficacy, could be simplified, as pellicle formation may not be an essential requirement. Although no significant differences in biofilm development were observed between pellicle and no-pellicle conditions, the growth medium may have influenced pellicle interactions, warranting further investigation of media effects on pellicle formation. Existing assumptions about pellicle dependence in biofilm formation are challenged, and suggest that in vitro models without a pellicle may still provide valid platforms for studying biofilms and testing antimicrobial agents effectively.}, }
@article {pmid41457569, year = {2026}, author = {Bai, S and Chen, L and Xiang, L and Li, M and Wu, R and Tang, S and Wang, F and Lv, X and Wan, S}, title = {Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Containing the α-Aminophosphonate Backbone: A Biofilm Inhibitor for Preventing and Treating Citrus Bacterial Canker.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {406-414}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c10988}, pmid = {41457569}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Citrus/microbiology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Sulfonamides/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Xanthomonas axonopodis/drug effects/physiology ; Xanthomonas/drug effects/physiology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Organophosphonates/chemistry/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Structure ; }, abstract = {The formation of bacterial biofilms enhances pathogen resistance, reducing the efficacy of traditional antibacterial agents. Consequently, developing new and efficient biofilm inhibitors is critical. Herein, a series of sulfonamide derivatives containing α-aminophosphonate fragments were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antimicrobial activities. In vitro bioassay revealed the superior efficacy of compound A20 (EC50 = 26.6 μg mL[-1]) over the commercial bactericide thiodiazole copper (EC50 = 82.5 μg mL[-1]) against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). Further studies demonstrated that A20 effectively inhibited Xac biofilm formation and reduced multiple virulence factors, including extracellular enzyme activity, motility, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production. These excellent properties are undoubtedly transmitted to in vivo activity, yielding preventive efficacies of 75.32% and 50.28% against citrus bacterial canker at 200 μg mL[-1], surpassing those of thiodiazole copper (57.52% and 43.83%). These findings indicate that inhibiting biofilm formation represents a promising strategy for developing novel antibacterial agents to manage persistent plant bacterial diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41457517, year = {2025}, author = {Albanell-Fernández, M and Soriano, &#xc1; and Herrera, S and Tuset, M and Arranz, N and Deckers, C and Honoré, PM}, title = {Real-world experience with rezafungin for the treatment of biofilm-forming Candida infections.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, pages = {1345-1354}, pmid = {41457517}, issn = {1746-0921}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Candida/drug effects/physiology ; *Echinocandins/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Candidiasis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm eradication remains a significant challenge in clinical practice and contributes substantially to healthcare costs. Medical devices serve as a common substrate for biofilm formation and are implicated in a considerable proportion of invasive candidiasis cases. Rezafungin, a next-generation echinocandin, exhibits broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against Candida spp. and in vitro studies have confirmed its efficacy against Candida biofilms. A literature review up to July 2025 was conducted, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and gray literature, focusing on the real-world use of rezafungin for device-related and other biofilm-associated Candida infections. Real-world data may suggest its clinical effectiveness in managing complex fungal infections frequently associated with biofilms, such as implant-associated infections, endocarditis, or osteoarticular infections, particularly in co-morbid patients. Among the 18 reviewed cases, mostly coming from Europe and the United States, a successful outcome was reported in 83.3% of patients after a median treatment duration of over 3 months, with no serious drug-related adverse events reported. Although these findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the limited sample size and heterogeneity of cases, they support rezafungin as a potential therapeutic option for biofilm-associated fungal infections.}, }
@article {pmid41457060, year = {2026}, author = {Farah, H and Kadhim-Abosaoda, M and Mohaisen-Mousa, H and Renuka Jyothi, S and Priyadarshini-Nayak, P and Bethanney Janney, J and Singh, G and Singh-Chauhan, A and Kumar-Mishra, M}, title = {Nanomedicine Strategies Against Biofilm-Associated Infections: Advances, Challenges, and Translational Barriers.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e70210}, pmid = {41457060}, issn = {2045-8827}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Nanomedicine/methods/trends ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; Animals ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance continues to rise globally, with biofilm-associated infections intensifying the clinical burden through persistent tolerance to antibiotics and evasion of immune responses. Biofilms, structured microbial communities embedded in a protective extracellular matrix, underlie many chronic and recurrent infections, including endocarditis, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis lung disease, and device-related infections. Conventional antibiotics often fail in these contexts, and the discovery pipeline for novel agents remains limited. Nanotechnology has therefore emerged as a promising alternative, offering unique physicochemical features that enable enhanced penetration into biofilm matrices, improved drug stability, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Diverse nanosystems, including metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, and ligand-functionalized platforms, have shown encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating superior biofilm disruption and bacterial eradication compared with conventional therapies. Nevertheless, translating these advances into clinical practice remains challenging. Key barriers include complex and costly synthesis, scalability under good manufacturing practices, limited drug loading efficiencies, variability of preclinical biofilm models, regulatory uncertainties, and the risks of nanoparticle (NP)-induced toxicity, unpredictable biodistribution, and potential resistance development. Moreover, the dynamic interactions between NPs, host fluids, and biofilm extracellular matrices complicate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic predictability. Addressing these obstacles requires coordinated efforts to refine manufacturing processes, standardize biofilm models, and implement nanospecific regulatory frameworks. With careful optimization, nanomedicine holds the potential to redefine the therapeutic landscape for biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41456269, year = {2025}, author = {Alrashidi, A and Husin, BAEH and Alazmi, M and Ibrahim, SM and Sulieman, AME}, title = {Modulatory effects of Mentha longifolia and Mentha spicata essential oils on Candida albicans biofilm formation.}, journal = {Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)}, volume = {71}, number = {12}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.14715/cmb/2025.71.12.1}, pmid = {41456269}, issn = {1165-158X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Mentha/chemistry ; *Mentha spicata/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Mentha longifolia (horsemint) and Mentha spicata (spearmint) are economically valuable aromatic plants widely utilized in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to their rich reservoir of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the antifungal and antibiofilm properties of essential oils extracted from these species against various Candida strains, particularly Candida albicans, a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for oral and systemic infections. Essential oils were extracted via hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and chemically characterized through GC-MS, revealing that M. longifolia oil was predominantly composed of pulegone (29.7%), menthone (26%), and eucalyptol (17.8%), while M. spicata oil was mainly enriched in pulegone (68.5%), eucalyptol (5.2%), and thymol (3.5%). The antifungal activity, evaluated by agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution assays, showed inhibition zones ranging from 9-14 mm for M. longifolia and 9-12 mm for M. spicata, with corresponding minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.39-6.25 mg/mL and fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of 12.5-100 mg/mL. Both oils markedly reduced biofilm biomass in a concentration-dependent manner, with up to 90% inhibition observed at 4× MIC. The potent biofilm disruption was attributed to the high terpenoid content, capable of altering fungal membrane integrity. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the essential oils of M. longifolia and M. spicata possess significant antifungal and antibiofilm potential, highlighting their possible application as natural, plant-derived therapeutic agents for controlling Candida-associated oral and biomedical infections.}, }
@article {pmid41455904, year = {2025}, author = {Hanna, RS and Sebak, M and Sayed, AM and El-Gendy, AO and Taha, MN}, title = {Mechanistic insights into Rottlerin's inhibition of MrkH-mediated biofilm and capsule formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {59}, pmid = {41455904}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acetophenones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Benzopyrans/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; *Bacterial Capsules/drug effects/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a notoriously aggressive opportunistic pathogen within the Enterobacteriaceae family, with virulence factors, including polysaccharide capsules, lipopolysaccharide (LP>S), siderophores, and biofilm formation, serving as essential determinants of the pathogenicity. Biofilms in particular are associated with substantial nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses; moreover, the capsule enveloping K. pneumoniae's surface further contributes to its viscous phenotype and virulence. This study explores the possible anti-virulence properties of the plant-derived compound Rottlerin using molecular docking aimed at a crucial protein implicated in biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, we investigate the molecular foundation of ligand-specific modulation of MrkH, a c-di-GMP-responsive transcriptional activator essential for biofilm development in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Utilizing a comprehensive methodology that encompasses molecular docking, dynamic modeling, and structural analysis, we evaluated the native c-di-GMP dimer-MrkH complex against the binding orientation and conformational impacts of the plant-derived chemical Rottlerin.<br><br>RESULTS: The sub-MIC of Rottlerin shows an inhibitory effect against some virulence factors, leading to a 57.6% decrease in biofilm formation, and a reduction in capsule size by 85.6% was observed; moreover, Rottlerin also significantly downregulated genes associated with these virulence factors. Through extensive molecular modeling (e.g., inverse docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and structural analysis), the c-di-GMP dimer was found to bind to rottlerin with a remarkable specificity, establishing stabilizing hydrogen bonds and distinctive &#x3c0;-cation interactions with Arg107 and Arg111, securing MrkH in an activation-ready configuration. Conversely, Rottlerin binds to the same pocket mainly via dual &#x3c0;-cation interactions with Arg107 and supplementary localized contacts; however, it is deficient in the extensive interaction network necessary for complete allosteric activation. Dynamic profiling by RMSF and PCA indicate that Rottlerin-bound MrkH exhibits an intermediate level of flexibility between the totally stable c-di-GMP-bound state and the highly dynamic apo form.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results substantiate the function of Rottlerin as a non-activating competitive binder, providing mechanistic insight into its potential as an anti-biofilm agent and building a foundation for the rational design of small-molecule inhibitors aimed at c-di-GMP regulatory pathways. Our findings demonstrate that Rottlerin is a potent and efficient sub-MIC inhibitor of K. pneumoniae's ability to form biofilms and capsules.}, }
@article {pmid41455544, year = {2026}, author = {Carvalho, CG and Câmara, JVF and Méndez, DAC and Schestakow, A and Cruvinel, T and Santos, PSDS}, title = {In vitro antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of polyhexamethylene biguanide under a microcosm biofilm model.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {165}, number = {}, pages = {106318}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106318}, pmid = {41455544}, issn = {1879-176X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Biguanides/pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Saliva/microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Xanthenes ; *Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; *Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology ; Oxazines ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Lactobacillus/drug effects ; *Cariostatic Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Load/drug effects ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) solution compared to chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on the viability and vitality of microcosm biofilm.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biofilm was produced from the saliva of 3 volunteers, under 0.2 % sucrose exposure for 5 days. 180 enamel specimens were treated for 2 min with distilled water, 0.1 % PHMB, 0.2 % PHMB, 0.06 % CHX and 0.12 % CHX, once a day, for 5 days. The metabolic activity, viability of microorganisms and the vitality of biofilms were determined by resazurin, colony forming unit counts (CFU) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), respectively (immediate and mediate analysis). Statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests (&#x3b1; = 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Only CHX significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity, with 0.06 % CHX showing an immediate effect and both CHX concentrations being effective in the mediate analysis. CFU analysis revealed that 0.06 % CHX had the strongest immediate antimicrobial effect against Lactobacillus sp. (p = 0.0043) and Streptococcus mutans (p = 0.0159), while PHMB showed no significant reductions in viable counts. Confocal microscopy demonstrated no immediate effects on whole-biofilm vitality; however, 0.2 % PHMB reduced vitality in the outer biofilm layer (p = 0.0349). PHMB further showed selective effects on biofilm structure, including an immediate reduction of &#x3b2;-polysaccharides (p = 0.0442) and live-cell volume (p = 0.0259), whereas CHX exerted more pronounced effects in the mediate analysis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: PHMB demonstrated antibiofilm activity characterized by modulation of biofilm viability and extracellular matrix components, particularly in the immediate phase.}, }
@article {pmid41455423, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, Z and Ren, G and Guo, Y and Shen, X and Hu, Q and Zhou, S}, title = {Microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic system for degradating organic pollutants.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {125256}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125256}, pmid = {41455423}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Azo Compounds ; }, abstract = {Electron donors are the central drivers of microbial biodegradation, yet conventional sources-derived from light (photoelectrons), electrodes (bias-injected electrons), or chemical substrates (valence electrons)-are scarce in oligotrophic or lightless environments, limiting their environmental applicability. Here, we report the first microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic system (mBio-HS) that harnesses the hydrovoltaic effect of water evaporation to provide a sustainable electron source for pollutant degradation. The mBio-HS, constructed simply with electroactive microorganisms, continuously generates a stable electron flow (∼20 μA, ∼0.3 V) solely through the hydrovoltaic effect, without any external energy input. These water-evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic electrons (WEH-e) perform dual functions: sustaining microbial metabolism to form a self-sufficient community and directly reducing organic pollutants. Using methyl orange (MO) as a model azo dye, the system achieved efficient azo-bond cleavage and 90% decolorization within 72 h. This work not only presents the first prototype of a simple biofilm-based hydrovoltaic pollutant-degradation system, but also establishes a mechanistic foundation for harnessing the ubiquitous hydrovoltaic effect in microbial biofilms to power redox reactions-offering a practical route toward zero-energy, environmentally adaptive bioremediation.}, }
@article {pmid41455422, year = {2026}, author = {Hou, G and Zhang, R and Zhao, T and Fang, M and Niu, L and Lei, Q and Li, Q and Chen, N and Tang, Z and Zhao, X and Wu, F}, title = {In situ biofilm development on microplastics and its impact on PFAS adsorption in aquatic environment.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {125240}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125240}, pmid = {41455422}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Adsorption ; *Microplastics ; *Fluorocarbons ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Rivers ; Alkanesulfonic Acids ; Polypropylenes ; Caprylates ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are rapidly colonized by microorganisms, leading to biofilm formation that alters their physicochemical properties and pollutant interactions. This process strongly affects the transport, transformation, and fate of coexisting contaminants, raising ecological concerns given the widespread abundance of MPs in natural waters. In this study, in situ exposure experiments were conducted in the Chishui River (Southwest China) to examine biofilm development on polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) over 60 days. Biofilm colonization significantly modified MP surface hydrophobicity, charge distribution, and functional groups, with biomass increasing by 4.40-5.70-fold. PS exhibited stronger microbial attachment and colonization, likely due to its rougher morphology and aromatic structure. Biofilm growth also enhanced the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), increasing uptake by 1.12-1.45 and 1.16-1.39 times, with maximum capacities of 1.48-3.35 µg/g and 2.00-5.36 µg/g, respectively. Mechanistic analyses indicated hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions as dominant drivers, complemented by hydrogen bonding and surface complexation. Overall, these findings provide field-based evidence that biofilm development markedly strengthens MP-pollutant interactions, underscoring the ecological risks of biofilm-mediated contaminant transport in natural waters.}, }
@article {pmid41455041, year = {2026}, author = {Sarkar, P and Das, S and Bandyopadhyay, S and Gopi, P and Biswas, S and Tribedi, P and Pandya, P and Mandal, S and Bhadra, K}, title = {Beta Carboline Alkaloid Harmine as Biofilm Inhibitor: In vitro, in Silico and in Vivo Studies Suppressing Growth and Virulence-Related Factors Against Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.}, journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology}, volume = {198}, number = {2}, pages = {1060-1097}, pmid = {41455041}, issn = {1559-0291}, support = {2025-2026//PRG University of Kalyani/ ; 2025-2026//DST PURSE/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Harmine/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Animals ; *Virulence Factors/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mice ; }, abstract = {Screening plant-based alkaloids is one of the alternate therapeutic approaches to control antibiotic-resistant micro-pathogens. Our research highlighted beta carboline alkaloids as one of the most promising small molecules to established anti-virulent and anti-biofilm efficacy to regulate resistant bacterial infection. In vitro, in vivo assay and molecular docking were employed. Result Among six different bacterial strains, harmine showed 160 ± 2.07 µg/ml as the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), followed by harmalol (190 ± 2.46) and harmaline (270 ± 3.04) against Staphylococcus aureus 96 (SA 96). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA strain also showed inhibition of growth (MIC) by harmine, harmalol and harmaline at 250 ± 3.10, 320 ± 3.39 and 390 ± 4.90 µg/ml, respectively. MRSA is a prominent source of nosocomial infections, forming biofilms. The growth of biofilm got decreased with exposure to the sub-MIC concentrations (60, 80 and 100 µg/mL) of harmine, suppressing protein, targeting EPS and inhibiting extracellular protease. Harmine promote biofilm cell detachment by targeting cell surface hydrophobicity. Harmine causes depolarization of bacteria's cell membrane. Bacterial cell viability was further studied by propidium iodide (PI), DNA leakage and Acridine Orange (A/O)-Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) assay. Harmine treatment leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in biofilm cells. The binding affinities by molecular docking and dynamics indicated highest affinity with AgrC (-6.17 kcal/mol). Harmine treatment (32.0 mg/ kg bw, IP for five days) further recovered MRSA infected lungs in BALB/c mice. The findings revealed that among the three beta carboline alkaloids, harmine might be employed as a potential antibiofilm and antimicrobial agent for successful control of clinical S. aureus infection.}, }
@article {pmid41454499, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, D and Tao, Y and Sun, L and Liu, X and Gao, Y and Jiang, P and Gao, H and Wang, B and Wang, L}, title = {Betulinic Acid Eradicates Implant-Associated Infections by Disrupting the S. aureus Biofilm Matrix and Potentiating Host Immune Clearance.}, journal = {Microbial biotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {e70293}, pmid = {41454499}, issn = {1751-7915}, support = {YDZJ202401113ZYTS//Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Plan/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes ; Betulinic Acid ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mice ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Triterpenes/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are major contributors to chronic and recurrent infections due to their intrinsic tolerance to antibiotics and host immune clearance, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective antibiofilm strategies. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects and underlying mechanisms of betulinic acid (BA), the principal active constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Liquidambaris fructus, against S. aureus biofilms. In vitro assays demonstrated that the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of BA was 32 μg/mL, which was markedly lower than its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 512 μg/mL), indicating preferential activity against biofilm formation. Serial passage experiments revealed no detectable induction of drug resistance. Mechanistic studies revealed that BA suppressed early biofilm adhesion and aggregation, downregulated the expression of adhesion-related genes (clfA, clfB, fnbpA and fnbpB), and reduced the production of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). BA further disrupted mature biofilm architecture, promoted macrophage infiltration, enhanced bacterial clearance and attenuated the expression of immune evasion factors (scin, chip, lukE and nuc). In vivo, BA significantly alleviated implant-associated infections, mitigated local inflammatory responses and facilitated tissue repair. Collectively, these findings reveal that BA inhibits S. aureus biofilms through multiple coordinated mechanisms, with a low propensity for resistance development and favourable biosafety, supporting its potential as a promising lead compound for the development of novel antibiofilm therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid41453907, year = {2025}, author = {Ragab, AE and Al-Madboly, LA and Al-Ashmawy, GM and Abo-Saif, MA}, title = {SIRT1 mediated autophagy enhancement by Lactobacillus fermentum derived oligosaccharides accelerates wound healing in biofilm associated infection.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {44667}, pmid = {41453907}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Oligosaccharides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Autophagy/drug effects ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Limosilactobacillus fermentum/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Rats ; *Sirtuin 1/metabolism/genetics ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; }, abstract = {The present study explores the structural elucidation, antimicrobial properties, and wound-healing potential of a novel oligosaccharide, OligoF, derived from Lactobacillus fermentum. Structural analysis using paper chromatography, and 1D &amp; 2D NMR spectroscopy indicated that OligoF is a linear tetrasaccharide comprising β-D-glucose, α-L-rhamnose, and D-glucuronic acid in a defined sequence. This structural elucidation was further confirmed by key chemical shifts, coupling constants, and glycosidic linkage assignments. OligoF exhibited potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, demonstrating inhibition zones of 60-63 mm, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 32 µg/mL. Biofilm eradication assays revealed a significant reduction in biofilm viability by ~ four-fold at sub-MIC concentrations, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. OligoF-treated biofilms displayed notable disruption of extracellular matrix and severe bacterial cell distortion compared to untreated controls. In vivo wound-healing assays in rats showed that OligoF significantly reduced wound area and enhanced skin repair compared to untreated controls. Treatment with OligoF notably increased the concentration and gene expression of SIRT1 as well as upregulated the gene expression of beclin1 and ATG5 which are critical regulators of autophagy and cellular repair processes. Histopathological analysis corroborated these findings, revealing enhanced re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularized connective tissue deposition in OligoF-treated wounds. These findings underscore the potential of OligoF as a multifunctional agent with antibacterial and wound-healing properties, paving the way for its application in managing multidrug-resistant infections and promoting tissue repair.}, }
@article {pmid41453479, year = {2026}, author = {Patil, TV and Randhawa, A and Park, H and Acharya, R and Dutta, SD and Lim, KT}, title = {Spatiotemporally activated gelatin/unzipped carbon nanotubes/chitosan-based conductive hydrogel via dual stimuli for robust methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm eradication.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {339}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {149845}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149845}, pmid = {41453479}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Chitosan/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Gelatin/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Electric Conductivity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), pose a significant global health risk because they can form biofilms that are highly resistant to standard treatments. Even with considerable progress in antibacterial materials, reliance on passive antimicrobial agents may still lead to the emergence of resistance over time. We introduce a dual-action approach by developing a gelatin/glycerol/conductive chitosan (GGCC) hydrogel that demonstrates bactericidal properties both naturally and by external stimulation. We chemically modified chitosan with unzipped CNTs to impart conductivity (∼4.2 S/m) and NIR responsiveness, then blended it with gelatin to enhance its biocompatibility and skin regeneration capabilities. The antibacterial activity was enhanced via NIR (∼92.23 %) and electrical stimulation (∼99.85 %). Moreover, robust biofilm was also ∼100 % eliminated upon electrical stimulation. To clarify the fundamental mechanisms, we performed RNA sequencing on MRSA treated with hydrogel, with and without electrical stimulation. Pathways in oxidative stress, replication, biofilm formation, and peptidoglycan synthesis were triggered, resulting in strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties. Electrical exposure restricts bacterial adaptability, reducing the likelihood of resistance development. Our findings indicate that integrating of conductive chitosan with electrical stimulation offers a potential, resistance-resistant approach for addressing chronic bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41453258, year = {2026}, author = {Li, C and Liu, K and Wu, X and Shui, W and Luo, J and Cao, J and Xu, M and Liu, W}, title = {Mechanisms of enhanced synergistic pollution reduction and carbon fixation induced by microalgal-bacterial interactions within different biofilm structures.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {398}, number = {}, pages = {128412}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128412}, pmid = {41453258}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Microalgae ; *Biofilms ; *Carbon Cycle ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {Microalgae can achieve simultaneous pollutant removal and carbon fixation in wastewater treatment. However, unimicrobial algal systems face challenges of limited performance and poor biofilm adhesion. This study introduced bacteria as mediators and examined the mechanisms involved in different spatial structures of microalgal-bacterial biofilms. Results showed that, compared to the unimicrobial microalgal biofilm (UMB), the hybrid microalgal-bacterial biofilm (HMBB) and stratified microalgal-bacterial biofilm (SMBB) enhanced CO2 fixation from 20.04 % to 31.50 % and 35.30 %, respectively, with biomass increasing from 62.1 mg/g to 77.6 mg/g and 93.0 mg/g. The SMBB system exhibited the strongest enhancement, particularly in microalgal photosynthetic activity and total EPS. Protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS) concentrations reached 57.28 mg/L and 26.45 mg/L, which were 43.27 % and 17.45 % higher than those in HMBB, respectively. The increased PN improved hydrophobicity, thereby enhancing biofilm formation and biomass accumulation in the microalgal-bacterial systems, with a bacterial-to-microalgal biomass ratio of 1:1.19, compared to 1:1.01 in HMBB. The microalgal-bacterial interaction comprised: (i) microalgae facilitating the enrichment of pollutant-degrading bacteria (e.g., Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas); and bacterial modulation of algal metabolism through (ii) upregulation of key genes associated with photosynthetic carbon fixation (e.g., GOT1, 12.57-fold), (iii) stimulation of hydrophobic amino acid synthesis (e.g., ilvE, 12.56-fold), and (iv) activation of pathways related to nitrogen-phosphorus metabolism and the TCA cycle. In general, bacterial inoculation contributes three main advantages for microalgal: enhanced biofilm adhesion, increased carbon sequestration, and improved pollutant removal efficiency, and the stratified microalgal-bacterial biofilm (SMBB) provides the most pronounced improvement.}, }
@article {pmid41450940, year = {2025}, author = {Song, J and Liu, M and Yasen, Y and Zhao, Y and Wu, Z and Zhao, J}, title = {Naringin as a non-antibiotic agent for multi-species oral biofilm control: in vitro antimicrobial mechanisms and in vivo safety in a rat caries model.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1722083}, pmid = {41450940}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of oral biofilms. Conventional antibiotics easily disrupt oral commensal balance, creating an urgent need for natural, non-antibiotic agents that can target cariogenic biofilms without causing ecological collapse.<br><br>METHODS: The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of Naringin was evaluated in vitro against planktonic and biofilm states of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis (mono-species), and their multi-species consortium. Minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory/reduction concentrations (MBIC/MBRC) were determined. Effects on acid production, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite (HAP) were mechanistically investigated. In vivo, a rat caries model induced by the multi-species consortium was topically treated with Naringin (2 &#xd7; MIC, MIC, 1/2 &#xd7; MIC) for 4 weeks. Caries lesions were evaluated using Keyes scoring and micro-computed tomography. Oral microbiota, serum biochemistry, and histopathology were analyzed for safety assessment.<br><br>RESULTS: Naringin exhibited potent, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. MICs were 1.00 mg/mL for S. mutans and S. sanguinis, 0.50 mg/mL for S. sobrinus, and 0.50 mg/mL for the multi-species consortium. Naringin at MBIC (2 mg/mL for multi-species) significantly disrupted biofilm architecture, reduced viable bacteria, and inhibited EPS synthesis. It maintained biofilm pH above 5.5 (the critical threshold for enamel demineralization), inhibited lactate production, and reduced multi-species bacterial adhesion to HAP by 68.3% at MIC. In vivo, Naringin (MIC) significantly reduced Keyes scores on smooth and sulcal surfaces by over 60%, preserved enamel integrity, and rebalanced the oral microbiota without inducing mucosal irritation or systemic toxicity.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Naringin, a natural non-antibiotic agent, effectively inhibits the "adhesion-biofilm-acid-EPS" cascade of multi-species cariogenic biofilms. Its selective efficacy against pathogens and favorable in vivo safety profile position it as a promising ecological agent for caries prevention by addressing oral dysbiosis at its root.}, }
@article {pmid41450893, year = {2025}, author = {Gade, N and Scholz, KJ and Kopp, L and Rosendahl, A and Buchalla, W and Wiegand, A and Lennon, &#xc1;M}, title = {Cerium chloride pretreatment reduces initial biofilm attachment on hydroxyapatite: a scanning electron microscopy study.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1734138}, pmid = {41450893}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {The incorporation of cerium instead of calcium into the crystal lattice of hydroxyapatite appears to increase the resistance of dental hard tissues to caries lesion initiation and progression. The effect on initial biofilm formation is yet unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cerium(III)chloride (50%CeCl3) pretreatment of hydroxyapatite (HA) discs on subsequent growth of an initial 3 species caries-biofilm. Twelve 9.5 mm diameter hydroxyapatite discs were divided into three groups (n = 4) and treated for 1 min with either 50% CeCl3, ultrapure water (Control), or 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and washed twice in ultrapure water for 1 min. Samples were incubated in artificial saliva (21 °C, 120 min) for pellicle formation and then placed in an active attachment caries biofilm model comprising Actinomyces naeslundii, Schaalia odontolytica, and Streptococcus mutans, cultured anaerobically at 37 °C for 4 h before being fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) in high-vacuum mode. SEM-micrographs at up to 50,000× showed net-like or spherical precipitates on the surface of all CeCl3-samples but not on the Control or CHX-samples. CeCl3-samples also showed signs of acid attack possibly due to the low pH (2.6) of the CeCl3 solution. Rods and cocci were found on all Control, but only on 2 of 4 CHX samples. On CeCl3 samples, only one harbored isolated cocci but no rods were observed. EDX-analyses confirmed the presence of Cerium in all CeCl3 samples with atomic percent (At%) ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 for areas without visible precipitates and up to 4.1 for areas with precipitates. CeCl3-treatment before pellicle formation results in the development of precipitates on the surface of HA and appears to have potential to inhibit initial biofilm growth on HA compared to CHX treated or untreated controls.}, }
@article {pmid41450570, year = {2025}, author = {Bai, Y and Shang, Z and Hu, R and Gao, X and Zhang, Z and Li, B and Zhu, Z and Zhang, J}, title = {Study on the antibacterial effect of the new anti-biofilm inhibitor ICAC on Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1710407}, pmid = {41450570}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The rise of bacteria antibiotics resistance has bacome increasingly severe, and the development of natural compounds with antibacterial activity represents a promising approach to combat this issue. The efficacy and mechanisms of the plant-derived phenolic compound isochlorogenic acid C (ICAC) as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against E. coli were investigated. The study utilized a comprehensive approach encompassing crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), the ruthenium red method, semi-solid agar motility assays, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to elucidate the inhibitory effects and their underlying mechanisms. Results revealed that ICAC exhibited significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against E. coli. The results demonstrated that ICAC could inhibit the biofilm formation of E. coli, reduce the biomass of preformed biofilms, and decrease the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular proteins, as well as bacterial motility. Moreover, qRT-PCR results showed that ICAC downregulated genes associated with c-di-GMP synthesis while upregulating those involves in c-di-GMP degradation, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation and bacterial motility. In summary, ICAC shows potential as an effective anti-c-di-GMP agent and a novel antibacterial candidate for the treatment of E. coli infections.}, }
@article {pmid41450474, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, C and Fu, L and Wang, J and Chu, Y and Gao, L and Qiu, H and Chen, J}, title = {Aggregation-Induced Emission Ionic Liquids for Bacterial Imaging, Biofilm Inhibition, and Mixed Bacterial Infection Wound Healing.}, journal = {Chemical &amp; biomedical imaging}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, pages = {837-848}, pmid = {41450474}, issn = {2832-3637}, abstract = {The excessive utilization of antibiotics escalates the susceptibility to bacterial infections in the general populace. The misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of bacterial resistance can be effectively regulated through the implementation of bacterial detection technology. Therefore, the construction of a multifunctional platform for bacterial detection and removal holds immense significance. In this research, we have effectively developed an imidazolium ionic liquid (TPE-IL) based on the tetraphenylethylene (TPE) structure with aggregation-induced emission (AIE), enabling effective bacterial imaging, biofilm inhibition, and mixed bacterial infection wound healing. TPE-IL effectively targets and penetrates bacterial surfaces via the electrostatic interactions of its imidazole groups and the hydrophobic interactions of its alkyl chains. This dual-action mechanism not only enhances fluorescence emission from the bacterial surface, enabling precise bacterial imaging, but also exhibits significant bactericidal activity. TPE-IL revealed superior antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The in vitro anti-biofilm experiments demonstrated that TPE-IL exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on biofilms formed by S. aureus and E. coli. The in vivo antibacterial experiments confirmed the potent in vivo bactericidal activity of TPE-IL, which significantly reduced inflammatory responses, enhanced collagen deposition, and promoted wound healing without inducing organ damage in mice. Moreover, TPE-IL displayed low cytotoxicity and hemolysis rate. This work has successfully developed a safe and effective platform for bacterial identification and antimicrobial treatment, thereby offering significant implications in addressing the challenges associated with antibiotic resistance and misuse.}, }
@article {pmid41450433, year = {2025}, author = {Qi, P and Liu, H and Li, Y and Tang, D and Shao, L and Wang, J and Zhu, Q and Jiang, T and Li, L and Jiang, S and Wu, F and Guo, Y and Liu, Y and Shi, L and Wang, Y and Sun, J}, title = {Discovering a green pesticide candidate for controlling bacterial plant disease: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline as a potential biofilm inhibitor.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {15}, number = {59}, pages = {51110-51119}, pmid = {41450433}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, result in rice bacterial blight, is the most severe bacterial disease affecting rice, and in certain regions, it is considered the most critical disease overall, with the potential to reduce yields by as much as 50%. It is difficult to control rice bacterial blight and lacking of pesticides. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline (THC) and their analogues show a diverse range of activities; however, research specifically focusing on THC remains limited, particularly concerning its antibacterial properties. Given its promising characteristics, THC holds potential for development as an environmentally friendly green pesticide. These outcomes reveal that THC signally inhibits both the cell growth and biofilm formation, thereby reducing its pathogenicity. Consequently, THC holds promise as a novel green pesticide aimed at targeting bacterial biofilms to effectively manage rice bacterial leaf blight.}, }
@article {pmid41449099, year = {2026}, author = {Nagai de Lima, PM and Abbasi, A and LaMastro, V and Campos Junqueira, J and Shukla, A}, title = {Methylene Blue-Loaded Liposomal Nanocarriers Enhance the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against Candida auris Biofilm.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {425-437}, pmid = {41449099}, issn = {2373-8227}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methylene Blue/pharmacology/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Candida auris/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Animals ; Candidiasis/drug therapy ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Candida auris poses a significant healthcare challenge, particularly within immunosuppressed patients. This pathogen can colonize the skin and develop biofilms associated with increased antifungal drug resistance that are difficult to treat with a limited antifungal repertoire. Some adjuvant treatments have been investigated, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which employs a photosensitizer (PS) irradiated by light. However, most PSs available suffer from poor biofilm penetration. In this in vitro study, a nanocarrier system was proposed as a possible strategy to facilitate the methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer penetration into biofilm and improve PDT action against C. auris. For this, positively (MB-P) and negatively (MB-N) charged liposomes encapsulating MB were successfully fabricated. In the PDT results, both liposome formulations eradicated planktonic cells of C. auris at minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) equivalent to those of free MB. MB-loaded liposomes showed enhanced penetration within biofilms and reduced C. auris biofilm burden ∼2× more compared to free MB. Additionally, biofilm biomass was reduced up to 37% with MB-loaded liposomes, while free MB only achieved ∼3% reduction. Furthermore, PDT mediated by MB-P or MB-N led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 2× higher than free MB, leading to greater oxidative damage toward C. auris biofilms. Finally, the biocompatibility of MB-loaded liposomes was examined against mammalian fibroblasts; MB-loaded liposomes maintained ∼80% cell viability compared to ∼58% viability for free MB. Promisingly, MB-P and MB-N liposomes were able to enhance the in vitro activity of PDT on C. auris biofilms, inciting the development of in vivo studies to validate their efficacy and safety.}, }
@article {pmid41448787, year = {2026}, author = {Qi, X and Huo, P and Gu, Y and Liu, P and Jiang, Y and Huang, X and Liang, P}, title = {Role of Extracellular Electrical Signal Transfer on Sensitivity in Electrochemically Active Biofilm Sensors for Signaling Water Acute-Toxicity Exposure.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {117-125}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c06392}, pmid = {41448787}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Electrochemical Techniques ; Electron Transport ; }, abstract = {Electrochemically active biofilm (EAB) sensors have been widely used for real-time monitoring of water biotoxicity. Although extracellular electron transfer (EET) drives the electrical signal output of EAB sensors, its relationship with sensitivity is poorly understood. This raises two critical questions: (1) Do toxicants affect EET performance? (2) What is the relationship between EET performance and sensitivity. Herein, we employed a double-electrode-controlled electrochemical gating method (EGM) to evaluate the effects of different toxicants on EET performance across multiple biological scales, ranging from mixed- and purified-species biofilms to isolated OmcA proteins. Results indicated that five representative toxicants (0.02% formaldehyde, 5 mg/L NO2[-], 5 mg/L tobramycin, 5 mg/L Cu[2+], and 5 mg/L SDS) rarely impacted EET performance directly. On this basis, we probed the link between EET performance and sensitivity using riboflavin (RF) and anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate (AQDS). After a 30 min toxicity exposure, the inhibition ratios were ranked as follows: AQDS-EABs > Control > RF-EABs. Although RF observably reduced the resistance, the high capacitance weakened the sensitivity. It is suggested that reducing resistance alone could not result in a higher sensitivity, and capacitance effects cannot be overlooked through modeling and electrochemical analysis. This study, therefore, proposes the time constant as a suitable metric for evaluating the relationship between the EET performance and sensitivity.}, }
@article {pmid41448015, year = {2026}, author = {Amirfard, KD and Amarasiri, M and Sano, D}, title = {Energy allocation trade-offs among conjugative transfer, biofilm formation, and heavy metal resistance: a dynamic energy budget theory perspective.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {125216}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125216}, pmid = {41448015}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Metals, Heavy/toxicity ; Zinc Oxide/pharmacology/toxicity ; *Conjugation, Genetic/drug effects ; *Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Plasmid-mediated bacterial conjugation is a significant driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination in the environment, particularly within surface-attached biofilms, where spatial proximity facilitates gene exchange. Environmental stressors, such as heavy metals, can influence both the structural development of biofilms and the frequency of conjugation, imposing metabolic burdens that force bacteria to reprioritize their energy use. In this study, we used a simplified Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB)-based modeling framework to evaluate energy allocation in a single-strain bacterial population exposed to varying concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO; 0-0.1 g/L). The model incorporates substrate assimilation, reserve dynamics, and energy partitioning toward growth, maintenance, metal resistance, biofilm formation, and conjugation. Experimental data were collected every 12 h for 48 h, including total organic carbon (TOC, mg/L), biomass (CFU/mL), intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP, mol/mL), conjugation frequency (transconjugants/donor), and biofilm density (OD550). Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)-based simulations over 60 h showed that at 0.1 g/L ZnO, reserve energy and substrate declined approximately 3.1- and 1.9-fold, respectively (vs around 5- and 2.9-fold in control), indicating reduced depletion. Discrete-time-point flux models revealed conjugation demanded 17% of total energy at 36 h under 0.01 g/L ZnO, and 10% under 0.1 g/L at 60 h, while energy allocated to biofilm formation remained ≤ 3% under the highest ZnO concentration. Overall, the model reveals key trade-offs in bacterial energy allocation and provides mechanistic insight into how metal stress may shape biofilm formation and conjugation dynamics. Its modular and data-driven structure offers a basis for understanding microbial adaptation and AMR propagation in metal-contaminated environments.}, }
@article {pmid41447550, year = {2025}, author = {Sarwar, W and Iqbal, I and Ali, Q and Ahmed, B and Ahmed, S}, title = {Prospecting the Antibiofilm Potential of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Fungal Endophyte Cephalotheca foveolata (N11) Against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria.}, journal = {Microscopy research and technique}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jemt.70113}, pmid = {41447550}, issn = {1097-0029}, abstract = {Biofilms are found in diverse environmental settings and are considered to be responsible for various recalcitrant infections. One characteristic feature of biofilms is resistance to antibiotics, which is the leading cause of recurrent infections and treatment failure. Eradicating the biofilms necessitates the need for agents with promising anti-biofilm potentials. In the present study, the secondary metabolites of the fungal endophyte Cephalotheca foveolata (N11) isolated from the woody tissues of the medicinal plant Teucrium stocksianum were investigated for their antibiofilm potential against the test organisms. For evaluating the antibiofilm activities, in vitro assays including biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were employed. The bioactive metabolites of the N11 strain exhibited the highest biofilm inhibition and eradication potential of 87.62% and 79.22% respectively against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results were further validated by light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope which revealed considerable distortion of the biofilm architecture by test agents. Besides, the effect of secondary metabolites on biofilms of test strain was also observed using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of treated biofilms exhibited a significant reduction in the intensities of the peaks indicating the denaturation and conformational changes in biomolecules. Furthermore, the partial purification of antibiofilm metabolites of N11 was carried out using solvent extraction following TLC and silica column with further characterization done using FTIR. These findings highlight the remarkable potential of bioactive secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi associated with T. stocksianum in disrupting the biofilms thus suggesting that these metabolites can be exploited for manufacturing effective agents against biofilm-associated complications.}, }
@article {pmid41446096, year = {2025}, author = {Pauer, H and Nasiri, S and Magalhães, NS and Nguyen, VT and Ferreira, NV and Silva Ferreira, LD and Bradshaw, AB and Kirby, KE and Sabapathy, T and Udensi, CG and Feofanova, V and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Wilde, J and Pride, DT and Allen-Vercoe, E and Antunes, LCM}, title = {Enterocloster citroniae and related gut microbiome species modulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation through the production of bioactive small molecules.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41446096}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {P20 GM113117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Cholera is a diarrheal disease that affects millions of people globally. Although the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae, has been extensively studied in isolation, investigation of its interactions with the gut microbiota started relatively recently. We and others previously showed that microbiota-derived metabolites significantly influence V. cholerae behavior. By investigating how an organic extract of human feces affects V. cholerae gene expression, we showed that gut metabolites strongly suppress swimming motility, a trait important for host colonization. Interestingly, extracts of pure cultures of a gut commensal, Enterocloster citroniae, recapitulated this inhibition. Here, we present a comprehensive examination of the effect of small molecules produced by E. citroniae and related species on V. cholerae behavior. We show that E. citroniae small molecules inhibit motility by various V. cholerae strains, and that several phylogenetically related species produce this activity, although the magnitude of the effect varies between strains. Using biofilm formation assays in static and flow conditions, we show that V. cholerae strongly induces biofilm formation in response to E. citroniae metabolites. Transcriptome and reporter analyses showed that several genes involved in synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide are induced by E. citroniae metabolites. Lastly, we show that V. cholerae interactions with host cells are also modulated by this commensal. These findings advance our understanding of microbiome-pathogen interactions and how commensal bacteria influence V. cholerae virulence through the production of small molecules. In the future, this knowledge may be used to design novel microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to combat cholera and other infections.}, }
@article {pmid41446090, year = {2025}, author = {Lane, JR and Mauser, H and Santana-Krímskaya, SE and Konda, VS and DePass, A and Ercoli, G and Prokopczuk, FI and Mohasin, M and D'Mello, A and Tettelin, H and Brown, JS and Reyes, LF and Orihuela, CJ}, title = {Biofilm formation during pneumococcal carriage imprints naturally acquired humoral immunity.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41446090}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {T32 AI007051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; F31 AI186511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI156898/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI114800/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) colonization of the nasopharynx is a prerequisite for transmission and invasive disease. To investigate how repeated asymptomatic colonization shapes immunity and influences bacterial traits, we developed the Repeated Asymptomatic Murine Pneumococcal Colonization (RAMPC3) model using strains belonging to serotypes: 2 (D39), 3 (WU2), and 4 (TIGR4). Sequential colonization revealed strain- and exposure-order-dependent effects on bacterial burden, with initial colonization yielding robust carriage and subsequent exposures resulting in diminished burden and rapid clearance. Humoral profiling demonstrated antigenic imprinting: the first colonizing strain largely determined IgG and IgA specificity, with minimal diversification after repeated exposures. Reactivity was strongest for biofilm-associated antigens correlating with each strain's biofilm-forming capacity. Using TIGR4 mutants deficient in biofilm formation, we confirmed that in vivo aggregate formation drives humoral responses. Human sera from naturally colonized adults mirrored these findings, favoring biofilm antigens independent from capsule. Protection was demonstrated as triple-colonized mice exhibited reduced mortality and bacteremia following pneumococcal pneumonia challenge. Moreover, the initial colonizing strain influenced protection against heterologous infection, underscoring the lasting imprint of the biofilm phenotype on immunity. Finally, IgA responses in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue paralleled serum IgA patterns, validating systemic measurements as a proxy for mucosal immunity. Collectively, these results reveal that biofilm formation during colonization is a key determinant of humoral immunity and protection, providing insight into pneumococcal biology and informing strategies to design next-generation interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41445955, year = {2025}, author = {Palma, F and Díaz-Navarro, M and Visedo, A and Sanz-Ruíz, P and Brandi, G and Schiavano, GF and Guembe, M}, title = {Correction: Assessment of the anti-biofilm effect of UV-C irradiation (254 nm) against healthcare associated infections related microorganisms.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1741013}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1741013}, pmid = {41445955}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1570334.].}, }
@article {pmid41444235, year = {2025}, author = {Valdivia, C and Domingo-Calap, P}, title = {Directed evolution of a staphylophage under biofilm and planktonic conditions.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {27}, pmid = {41444235}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {CIACIF/2023/126//GVA predoctoral fellowship/ ; RYC2019-028015-I//Ram&#xf3;n y Cajal contract (Spanish Ministry of Research and Innovation)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/virology/physiology ; *Plankton/virology ; *Staphylococcus Phages/genetics/physiology ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Phage Therapy ; Genome, Viral ; Mutation ; *Bacteriophages/genetics ; }, abstract = {The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly biofilm-forming pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, highlights the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy, which uses phages to selectively infect and lyse bacterial cells, offers a promising solution. In this study, we evolved the lytic phage vB_Sep_Steph1 under both biofilm and planktonic conditions, using varying initial phage inoculum titers. Whole-genome sequencing of evolved populations revealed recurrent condition-dependent mutations in holins and structural genes with putative depolymerase activity-critical for host recognition and biofilm degradation. Phenotypic improvements in traits such as antibacterial efficacy and replicative fitness were observed to be highly dependent on both the presence of biofilm and the initial phage titer during evolution. Furthermore, some evolved phage lineages could delay bacterial resistance better than the ancestral strain. These findings support the utility of directed phage evolution to improve therapeutic efficacy and robustness, particularly against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41443562, year = {2026}, author = {Leng, J and Yang, W and Yao, Q and Zhu, D and Zhou, C and Xu, T and Niu, H and Yang, P and Liu, D and Chen, Y and Ying, H}, title = {Escherichia coli immobilized fermentation for continuous 3-fucosyllactose production via manipulating biofilm formation.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {133857}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133857}, pmid = {41443562}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/metabolism/physiology/genetics ; *Fermentation ; *Trisaccharides/biosynthesis ; Glycerol/metabolism ; Cells, Immobilized/metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics ; Bioreactors ; Oligosaccharides ; }, abstract = {3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), a representative human milk oligosaccharide, is witnessing rapidly increasing demand. Establishing an immobilized fermentation system using microbial cell factories presents a promising strategy for continuous 3-FL production. In this study, the effects of nine biofilm-related genes on biofilm-forming capacity and 3-FL synthesis in Escherichia coli were systematically evaluated. Among them, pslA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa driven by a constitutive promoter demonstrated the best performance. Subsequently, the strategy of "prioritizing biofilm formation, following product synthesis" was implemented to develop an E. coli biofilm-based immobilized fermentation based on cotton fiber. In repeated-batch fermentation, BZJP05-JpslA exhibited higher cell density, improved cellular viability, and a 38.4% increase in average 3-FL yield. Furthermore, transcriptional level analysis revealed that pslA overexpression promoted glycerol metabolism, TCA cycle, fluxes toward 3-FL biosynthesis pathway, and expression of key genes involved in stress response. These findings provide an effective strategy and mechanism insights for optimizing E. coli cell-factory platforms.}, }
@article {pmid41443424, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Chen, Z and Xia, T and Ding, Y and Xie, Y and Miao, L and Xu, Z and Deng, X and Ma, LZ and Yan, A}, title = {Temperature downshifts induce biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the SiaABCD signal and functional module.}, journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry}, volume = {302}, number = {2}, pages = {111086}, pmid = {41443424}, issn = {1083-351X}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable Gram-negative pathogen known for its remarkable ability of forming biofilms. Understanding the environmental cues and regulatory mechanisms that drive biofilm formation is essential for developing effective control strategies. In this study, we screened 57 clinical and environmental P. aeruginosa isolates and discovered that a universal environmental cue, temperature downshift from host-associated 37 °C to room temperature (21 °C), significantly promotes biofilm formation in 63% of the strains. Using the ATCC 27853 strain as a model, we demonstrate that this enhancement results from increased production of the Psl exopolysaccharides at lower temperature. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed elevated levels of the secondary messenger c-di-GMP, a key regulator of the motile-to-sessile transition, at room temperature. Through screening a mutant library targeting 18 c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes, we identified the diguanylate cyclase SiaD within the SiaABCD signaling and functional module as a principal driver of c-di-GMP elevation and biofilm promotion. Further investigation showed that the entire SiaABCD module, especially the signal-sensing domain of SiaA, mediates the temperature-dependent response. Integrating lipidomics with genetics and physiological assays, we show that a temperature downshift triggers rapid membrane perturbations that activate the SiaABCD signaling module, thereby increasing Psl production to strengthen surface adhesion and drive robust biofilm formation. These findings establish temperature downshift as a previously unrecognized physiological cue that promotes biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa and define an adaptive regulatory pathway linking specific environmental stresses of membrane perturbation to dedicated c-di-GMP signaling module, paving the way for new strategies to disrupt biofilm-associated infections and transmission.}, }
@article {pmid41443282, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Ye, S and Deng, Y and Huang, Y and Zhu, X}, title = {Zinc deficiency reverses biofilm azole resistance in Candida albicans.}, journal = {International journal of antimicrobial agents}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, pages = {107695}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107695}, pmid = {41443282}, issn = {1872-7913}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Zinc/deficiency ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Animals ; *Azoles/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Ethylenediamines/pharmacology ; Fluconazole/pharmacology ; Moths/microbiology ; Candidiasis/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Biofilm formation is one of the causes of azole resistance in Candida albicans. Although zinc is an essential trace element involved in biofilm regulation, its specific mechanistic role remains unclear. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects and mechanisms of zinc deficiency on biofilm formation and drug resistance.<br><br>METHODS: Intracellular zinc deficiency was induced using the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) and a CSR1 knockout strain, as confirmed using zinquin fluorescence. Biofilm formation and susceptibility were assessed using standardized microdilution techniques, including sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (sMIC) determinations via the XTT reduction assay, while drug interactions were assessed using a checkerboard assay. Efflux pump activity was measured using a Rhodamine 6 G assay and transcriptomic analysis was performed to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Pathogenicity was validated using a Galleria mellonella infection model.<br><br>RESULTS: Zinc deficiency inhibited biofilm development at all stages. Low-concentration TPEN (5 &#xb5;M) reduced the sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (sMIC) of fluconazole by more than 16-fold and ultimately reversed its azole resistance. This effect was mechanistically associated with the downregulation of key biofilm-related transcription factors and multidrug efflux pumps, as revealed by transcriptomic analysis, which also indicated that zinc deficiency triggered ribosomal remodelling and activated glucose metabolism. Survival analysis in the G. mellonella infection model confirmed that zinc deficiency reduced the overall pathogenicity of C. albicans biofilms.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results validate zinc homeostasis as a novel therapeutic strategy against drug-resistant and recurrent fungal infections, especially those involving biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41443046, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, JR and Lee, JK and Meirambek, S and Lee, M and Jang, MK and Park, SC}, title = {Structure-driven enhancement of anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities of chimeric antimicrobial peptides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {797}, number = {}, pages = {153180}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.153180}, pmid = {41443046}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Animals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Mice ; }, abstract = {The emergence of antibiotic resistance, biofilm-associated persistence, and dysregulated inflammatory responses presents a major challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections. Here, we investigated a chimeric antimicrobial peptide, HnMc, and its structurally modified analogues (HnMc-W, HnMc-WP1, and HnMc-WP2) to evaluate their antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-inflammatory activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While all peptides effectively inhibited planktonic bacterial growth, HnMc-WP1 and HnMc-WP2 showed pronounced suppression of biofilm formation and significant reduction of established biofilms. Notably, these peptides exhibited minimal cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells and strongly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses through enhanced LPS-binding capacity. These findings demonstrate that structure-driven modification of chimeric antimicrobial peptides enables simultaneous regulation of bacterial persistence and host inflammatory responses, providing a rational strategy for multifunctional peptide design.}, }
@article {pmid41440315, year = {2025}, author = {Karched, M and Alkandari, S}, title = {Differential Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Granulicatella adiacens in Biofilm vs. Planktonic Lifestyle.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41440315}, issn = {2304-6767}, support = {DB01/19//Kuwait University/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Gram-positive bacteria, once considered incapable of producing extracellular vesicles (EVs) due to their thick peptidoglycan layer, are now known to secrete EVs that transport virulence factors and modulate host immunity. These EVs contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by facilitating biofilm formation, immune evasion, and inflammation. Granulicatella adiacens, an oral commensal associated with infective endocarditis, represents a clinically relevant model to study EV-mediated virulence. Objectives: This study's aim was to investigate whether the proteomic composition and immunomodulatory activity of G. adiacens EVs differ between biofilm and planktonic lifestyles, thereby contributing to distinct pathogenic behaviours. Methods: EVs isolated from G. adiacens CCUG 27809 cultures were characterized using nano LC-ESI-MS/MS, followed by comprehensive bioinformatic and cytokine assays. Results: Quantitative proteomic profiling identified 1017 proteins, revealing distinct signatures between biofilm- and planktonic-derived EVs. Principal component analysis showed clear segregation between the two states, with biofilm EVs enriched in proteins linked to stress adaptation, adhesion, and structural integrity, while planktonic EVs exhibited growth- and metabolism-related proteins. A total of 114 virulence-associated proteins were identified, including several novel candidates. Functionally, EVs from both conditions significantly induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), whereas IL-17 remained unchanged. Conclusions:G. adiacens EVs exhibit lifestyle-dependent proteomic and immunomodulatory differences, underscoring their role in host-pathogen interactions and endocardial infection. These findings provide a foundation for future mechanistic and in vivo studies exploring EV-mediated virulence and potential therapeutic modulation.}, }
@article {pmid41439425, year = {2026}, author = {Meliefste, HM and Mudde, SE and Ammerman, NC and Bexkens, ML and de Vogel, CP and van Wamel, WJB and de Steenwinkel, JEM and Bax, HI}, title = {Towards enhanced translational value: preclinical drug activity testing against actively multiplying, nutrient-starved and pellicle biofilm-embedded Mycobacterium abscessus.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41439425}, issn = {1460-2091}, support = {//Erasmus MC2/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Mycobacterium abscessus/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mycobacterium abscessus can cause severe infections in at-risk patients. Treatment efficacy for M. abscessus infections remains low, and better treatment options are needed. Factors hampering antibiotic potency may include the ability of M. abscessus to form biofilms and to endure in nutrient-deprived environments. These factors are underrepresented in current preclinical drug activity assays. Diversifying preclinical models by incorporating characteristics of these harsh environments may be important to better predict drug efficacy in patients. We aimed to develop a novel tool for studying drug activity against biofilm-embedded M. abscessus. In addition, drug activity was assessed against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved M. abscessus.<br><br>METHODS: An in-house 3D-printed platform-disc-based biofilm model was developed to study M. abscessus pellicle biofilms. In vitro activity of 16&#xd7; the MICs of amikacin, bedaquiline, clofazimine, imipenem, rifabutin and tigecycline was assessed using time-kill kinetics assays.<br><br>RESULTS: The platform-disc-based model established reliable and reproducible quantification of M. abscessus biofilms. Drug activity against biofilm-embedded and nutrient-starved M. abscessus seemed less pronounced than against actively multiplying mycobacteria. For biofilm-embedded M. abscessus, drug activity was dependent on the developmental stage of the biofilm.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The varying levels of drug activity observed across the different M. abscessus populations highlight their distinct physiological relevance. As such, the platform-disc-based biofilm model could serve as a valuable asset in preclinical drug activity assays for M. abscessus.}, }
@article {pmid41438437, year = {2025}, author = {Kini, S and Shetty, KH and Ballal, NV and Bhat, KG and Ingalagi, P}, title = {Evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of different antimicrobial peptides on multispecies biofilm of endodontic pathogens.}, journal = {Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {1215-1221}, pmid = {41438437}, issn = {2950-4708}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Assessing and evaluating the function and activity of different types of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in suppressing multispecies endodontic pathogens is necessary.<br><br>AIM: The study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficiency of gramicidin S, D-cateslytin (D-Ctl), GH-12, and DJK-5 AMPs on multispecies biofilm formed by endodontic pathogens.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: Multispecies biofilm comprising Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Streptococcus mutans were formed on 80 hydroxyapatite disk samples. Sixteen samples were allocated for each peptide in the experimental group (n = 16) and eight samples each for the control group, 2% sodium hypochlorite (positive control) and normal saline (negative control). The total number of colony forming units (CFUs) and biofilm intensity to fluorochrome in each study group were measured using the culture method and dual stain fluorescence microscopy method. The differences across groups were compared using Tukey's multiple comparisons test and one-way analysis of variance (&#x3b1; =0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: DJK-5 (CFU = 110/ml), gramicidin (CFU = 110/ml), and D-Ctl (CFU = 60/ml) peptides showed statistically significant correlation with respect to CFUs and similar antibiofilm activity (P < 0.01), whereas GH-12 (CFU = 90/ml) peptide revealed differences that were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: DJK-5, gramicidin S, and D-Ctl peptides demonstrated remarkable efficacy against multispecies oral biofilms of S. mutans, L. salivarius, A. naeslundii, and E. faecalis. Saline showed least antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) showed strongest difference when compared to peptides or saline, validating it as a potent control. Hence, these peptides can be employed as potential antibiofilm agents in endodontic treatment procedures for better outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41437712, year = {2025}, author = {Reyes-Pavón, D and Jiménez, M and Rodríguez-Campos, A and Cervantes-García, D and Córdova-Dávalos, LE and Deschamps, J and Briandet, R and Bermúdez-Humarán, LG and Salinas, E}, title = {Impact of glycomacropeptide on growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2596359}, pmid = {41437712}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-derived bioactive peptide with demonstrated prebiotic properties. It is composed of a 64-amino acid framework and different carbohydrate molecules, which may serve as carbon sources for beneficial bacteria. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a widely used probiotic strain that promotes intestinal barrier function, prevents pathogen colonisation and exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we explored the effect of GMP supplementation to LGG cultures on growth, adhesion and biofilm-forming properties of the bacterium. Prebiotic GMP promoted LGG growth and acidifying activities, mainly under anaerobiosis, without modifying the binding-mucus ability. GMP supplementation also increased LGG-biofilm biomass 3.8- and 3.4-fold under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Besides, GMP treatment increased LGG-biofilm volume 4.7-fold, thickness by 39% and roughness by 110%. Thus, incorporating GMP into food or nutraceutical formulations might represent a viable strategy to enhance the probiotic efficacy of LGG strain, potentially improving its performance in functional products.}, }
@article {pmid41437482, year = {2026}, author = {Karim, MA and KianvashRad, N and Cabo, M and Adegoke, SC and Tuffour, K and Duah, R and Yawlui, ISY and Lajeunesse, D}, title = {Cell Adhesion and Biofilm Development via Force-Sensitive Mechanisms: A Perspective.}, journal = {ACS biomaterials science &amp; engineering}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {3-12}, pmid = {41437482}, issn = {2373-9878}, support = {R15 EB024921/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Mechanotransduction, Cellular ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Cell Adhesion ; Fungi/physiology ; Humans ; Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms live in environments where mechanical forces, such as fluid shear, surface tension, or pressure, shape their adhesion, biofilm formation, and maturation strategies. Microbes employ force-sensitive molecular switches embedded in surface appendages like flagella, pili, and adhesins like ALS1p or FLO11p to interpret mechanical cues. These mechanical cues trigger chemosensation or generate conformational changes in mechanosensors, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades and modulating gene expression. Ultimately, these mechanical stimuli affect microbial adhesion to surfaces, biofilm resilience, and architecture, often enhancing pathogenicity and virulence. Yet, the mechanobiological basis of these events remains underexplored. In this perspective, we discuss how bacterial and fungal systems use mechanosensation to navigate complex surfaces, underscore the challenges in monitoring real-time molecular responses to force, and explore emerging tools to reveal force-driven molecular dynamics. We highlight insights for synthetic microbiologists, materials scientists, and biomedical engineers into microbial mechanosensation and its translational potential, guiding the development of next-generation antimicrobial strategies to prevent and disrupt persistent biofilms in clinical and industrial settings.}, }
@article {pmid41436949, year = {2025}, author = {Gholami Aghamahali, R and Pahlavanian, M and Goli, HR}, title = {Prevalence of quorum-sensing genes (lasI, lasR, RhlI and rhlR) in biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Northern Iran.}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {165}, pmid = {41436949}, issn = {1471-2334}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The quorum sensing (QS) systems are involved in biofilm formation ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as key factors in the development of infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of significant QS encoding genes, including lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR, in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on 100 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa that were identified by biochemical, microbiological, and PCR tests. The biofilm formation assay was done by microtiter plate method. Alkaline Lysis was used to extract the genomic DNAs. Then, the PCR method was used to identify the 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene and the frequency of the lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI genes.<br><br>RESULTS: Among 89 biofilm-producer isolates, 48 (53.93%), 17 (19.1%), and 24 (26.96%) showed a strong, moderate, and weak biofilm formation ability, respectively. The lasI gene was identified in 94% of the isolates and the rhlR gene was presented in 99% of the isolates, while 100% of the isolates carried the lasR and rhlI genes. Among the 6 isolates lacking the lasI gene, 3, 1, 1, and 1 isolates were collected from the ICU, emergency, burn, and surgical departments, respectively. In addition, 3, 1, 1, and 1 isolates lacking the lasI gene were collected from sputum, urine, wound, and catheter samples, respectively. One strain lacking the rhlR gene was also isolated from a wound sample in burn department. In this study, 94% of the isolates had all 4 genes tested, while 100% of the isolates carried at least 3 QS genes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Considering that all biofilm-producing isolates were collected from hospitalized patients with active infections, it can be concluded that the presence of QS genes in the development of acute infections caused by this organism has been proven in this study.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-12406-z.}, }
@article {pmid41435919, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Z and Hu, W and Xu, T and Zhao, B and Song, J and Wang, L}, title = {Performance of combined membrane-aerated biofilm reactor denitrifying phosphorus removal-anammox process for nutrient removal from low carbon/nitrogen ratio wastewater.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {133858}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133858}, pmid = {41435919}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Phosphorus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Carbon/analysis ; *Denitrification ; *Water Purification/methods/instrumentation ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Sewage/microbiology ; Nitrification ; }, abstract = {This study developed a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor denitrifying phosphorus removal-anammox (MABRDPR-anammox) process to address carbon limitations in low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio wastewater treatment. At a C/N ratio of 2, the system achieved high removal efficiencies: 95.6 ± 2.3 % for ammonia nitrogen (NH4[+]-N), 91.7 ± 3.9 % for total nitrogen (TN), and 75.0 ± 6.9 % for total phosphorus (TP). Compared to the conventional anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, energy consumption decreased by 41.5 %, while NH4[+]-N, TN, and TP removal increased by 20 %, 30 %, and 13 %, respectively. Microbial analysis revealed that biofilm primarily drove nitrification, whereas activated sludge dominated denitrification (denitrifying bacteria abundance: 6.83 %) and phosphorus removal (denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms' abundance: 12.87 %). Functional gene profiling confirmed distinct distributions of nitrification (amoA/B/C) and denitrification (narG/H) genes between biofilm and sludge. Thus, the MABRDPR-anammox system offers an efficient, energy-saving, and practical solution for low C/N wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41435581, year = {2026}, author = {Krantz, RT and Nguyen, JB and Renyer, KM and Chiarelli, MP and Hoellein, TJ and Kelly, JJ}, title = {Adsorption of the antimicrobial triclosan to microplastics impacts biofilm and planktonic microbial communities in freshwater.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1012}, number = {}, pages = {181179}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181179}, pmid = {41435581}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Triclosan/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Microplastics/chemistry ; Adsorption ; Plankton/drug effects ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in freshwater ecosystems that could be hotspots for the interaction of antimicrobial compounds and surface-attached microbial biofilm communities. MPs and antimicrobials are both common in wastewater and urban freshwaters and MPs can adsorb contaminants like antimicrobials to their surface. Within aquatic habitats, MPs also support colonization by microbial biofilms. Therefore, we hypothesized that the adsorption of antimicrobials to MP surfaces would affect microbial communities colonizing MPs, altering their diversity, composition, and antimicrobial resistance. Using a microcosm approach, we assessed the potential for MP fibers to adsorb the common antimicrobial compound triclosan and alter bacterial and algal communities in MP-associated biofilms and in the surrounding water. We exposed acrylic, nylon, and polyester MP fibers to triclosan and measured its adsorption to each, finding that polyester adsorbed the most triclosan (3674 μg g[-1]) and nylon the least (217 μg g[-1]). Microcosms containing triclosan-exposed or control fibers of each polymer type were incubated in the lab with water from the Chicago River for 30 days. Analysis of MP-attached and planktonic bacterial and algal communities via high-throughput amplicon sequencing determined that exposure to triclosan significantly changed the taxonomic composition of these communities. These results suggest that widespread MP and triclosan contamination could potentially alter bacterial and algal communities in freshwater habitats. We also used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to measure the abundance of the class 1 integrase gene intI1 as a proxy for the impact of triclosan on resistance, finding no significant difference in intI1 abundance according to triclosan exposure.}, }
@article {pmid41432965, year = {2025}, author = {Strompfová, V and Štempelová, L and Bujňáková, D and Karahutová, L and Gondoľová, D and Nagyová, M and Siegfried, L}, title = {Characterization of Staphylococci colonizing healthy equine skin: antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {83}, pmid = {41432965}, issn = {1573-7446}, mesh = {Animals ; Horses/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Skin/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {In order to develop non-antibiotic therapies to treat dermatological diseases it is urgent to spread knowledge on composition and properties of skin bacteria in healthy animals. Since horses are popular companions of humans, it is necessary to know what risk skin bacteria pose to humans. Therefore the aim of this work was to analyse species composition of staphylococci isolated from skin swabs of 50 healthy horses using MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight) spectrometry and to characterize their virulence properties. Swabs were collected from five body areas (neck, dorsal back, abdomen, pastern and muzzle). Among 19 different staphylococcal species identified, the most common species were Staphylococcus succinus, S. xylosus, S. vitulinus and S. warneri. The most frequent antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal isolates was observed for penicillin G (48%). The blaZ gene was detected in 90% of penicillin resistant isolates while mecA and mecC genes were not observed. Only low level resistance was noted for erythromycin (12%), tetracycline (6%), linezolid (4%) and oxacillin (4%). No multidrug-resistant strain was found, the MAR (multiple antibiotic resistant) index in average was 0.048 ± 0.039. Biofilm production was observed in 90.1% of isolates whereas 62% of them showed strong production. Gelatinase, DNase, protease and lipase activity was found in 50.4%, 41.3%, 22.3% and 46.3% of isolates, respectively. The results of enzyme activities testing using API ZYM kits (BioMérieux) revealed common production of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase lipase and napthtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase. The caution when interacting with horses is important especially in the case of injury since their staphylococci showed many virulent characteristics however they were not multi-resistant.}, }
@article {pmid41432158, year = {2026}, author = {Mohamed, MF and Abdelmegeed, SM and Abdelsattar, AS and Abouelkhair, AA and Abutaleb, NS and Seleem, MN}, title = {Dronedarone synergizes with colistin against planktonic and biofilm forms of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {e0300625}, pmid = {41432158}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {*Colistin/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Animals ; Drug Synergism ; *Dronedarone/pharmacology ; *Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Caenorhabditis elegans/microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects ; Humans ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens (MDR-GNP) are associated with high mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. The treatment of these infections is complicated by the scarcity of new antibiotics and rising resistance to existing drugs. Colistin is often considered a last-resort therapy for MDR-GNP, but its clinical use is limited by significant nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. These challenges highlight the need for alternative strategies to enhance the effectiveness of current antibiotics. One promising approach is the use of combination therapy, which can potentiate antimicrobial activity while mitigating toxicity. We screened ~3,400 FDA-approved compounds and identified dronedarone, an antiarrhythmic with a well-established safety profile, as a potent enhancer of colistin activity against several MDR-GNP, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The colistin/dronedarone (COL/DRO) combination restored colistin efficacy in vitro and significantly reduced bacterial burden in a Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo model. Mechanistic studies revealed that colistin disrupts the outer membrane, facilitating dronedarone entry, which then permeabilizes and depolarizes the inner membrane, leading to cell death. This synergistic mechanism likely explains the potent activity observed. Additionally, the COL/DRO combination completely eradicated preformed biofilms of all tested pathogens. These findings suggest that dronedarone may be effectively repurposed to enhance colistin therapy, offering a promising strategy to combat life-threatening infections caused by MDR-GNP.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic resistance in dangerous Gram-negative bacteria is a growing global health crisis, leaving doctors with very few treatment options. Colistin is often the last available antibiotic for these infections, but its effectiveness is limited by serious side effects including nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Our study shows that dronedarone, a heart medication already approved for human use, can make colistin much more effective against highly resistant bacteria. By working together, these two drugs kill bacteria that neither drug can eliminate alone, including those that form hard-to-treat biofilms. The combination also proved effective in an in vivo infection model, showing promise beyond the laboratory. Because dronedarone has a known safety record in people, this approach could be developed more quickly than entirely new antibiotics. These findings highlight a practical strategy to repurpose existing medicines to strengthen current antibiotics and fight life-threatening, drug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid41431463, year = {2025}, author = {Noorian, P and Hamann, K and Hoque, MM and Espinoza-Vergara, G and To, J and Leo, D and Chari, P and Weber, G and Marial, O and Pryor, J and Duggin, IG and Lee, BB and Rice, SA and McDougald, D}, title = {A model, mixed-species urinary catheter biofilm derived from spinal cord injury patients.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100332}, pmid = {41431463}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Complex multispecies biofilms consistently colonise urinary catheters, causing persistent asymptomatic bacteriuria and frequent symptomatic episodes in long-term catheterized individuals. Simple single-species models often fail to capture the complexities of mixed-species interactions and lab-based organisms may not reflect the genomic diversity found in real-world infections. Additionally, growth under flow conditions promotes robust, complex-biofilm structures. Therefore, to reflect the dynamics of in vivo infections, biofilm samples from clinical indwelling catheters of spinal cord injury (SCI) participants colonised by 5-10 species were used to establish polymicrobial macro-fluidic models, in catheters. This resulted in final models of 2-4 species biofilms. Metagenomic techniques using short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing was used to assess the taxonomic composition, in vivo to in vitro biofilms diversity shifts, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). In silico analysis revealed a high number of varied antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors and biofilm associated factors present in these biofilms. Antibiotic resistance testing using our models highlighted the drastic differences between planktonic bacteria, single-species and multispecies biofilms. While single-species biofilms show considerably increased tolerance to antibiotics compared to their planktonic counterparts, this resistance is even greater in multispecies biofilms. Under flow conditions, all species in the multispecies biofilm showed increased resistance, unlike static conditions where only most did. Models developed and characterised in this study are expected to facilitate testing of effective strategies to prevent and treat catheter-associated infections by enabling more accurate analysis of biofilm inhibition, disruption and microbial interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41430859, year = {2025}, author = {Santos-Díaz, G and Rodríguez-Rivas, &#xc1; and Cuetos, A}, title = {Relevance of the computational models of bacterial interactions in the simulation of biofilm growth.}, journal = {Physical review. E}, volume = {112}, number = {5-1}, pages = {054411}, doi = {10.1103/l46r-ndl8}, pmid = {41430859}, issn = {2470-0053}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Models, Biological ; *Computer Simulation ; *Bacteria/growth &amp; development ; *Microbial Interactions ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {This study explores the application of elongated particle interaction models, traditionally used in liquid crystal phase research, in the context of early bacterial biofilm development. Through computer simulations using an agent-based model, we have investigated the possibilities and limitations of modeling biofilm formation and growth using different models for interaction between bacteria, such as the Hertz model, soft repulsive spherocylindrical model, and attractive Kihara model. Our approach focuses on understanding how mechanical forces due to the interaction between cells, in addition to growth and diffusive parameters, influence the formation of complex bacterial communities. By comparing such force models, we evaluate their impact on the structural properties of bacterial microcolonies. The results indicate that, although the specific force model has some effect on biofilm properties, the intensity of the interaction between bacteria is the most important determinant. This study highlights the importance of properly selecting interaction strength in simulations to obtain realistic representations of biofilm growth and suggests which adapted models of rod-shaped bacterial systems may offer a valid approach to study the dynamics of complex biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41429800, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Dong, Z and Zhang, S and Ma, J and Liu, S}, title = {Microplastic biofilm as hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes and potential pathogens.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {24}, pmid = {41429800}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {ZR2024QB116//the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; ZR2024QB344//the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; 22406113//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22422610//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022042//the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 202407//the Joint Innovation Team for Clinical &amp; Basic Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Microplastics ; *Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; Humans ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Microplastic biofilms, known as the "plastisphere", harbor diverse microbial communities and serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This review discussed the mechanisms driving bacterial community alteration on microplastics and delineated the pathways through which ARGs transfer within microplastic biofilms. We expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ecological and human health impacts associated with microplastic biofilms and ARGs, thereby informing strategies to mitigate plastic pollution and its risks.}, }
@article {pmid41428150, year = {2025}, author = {Mohanasundaram, M and Kandaswamy, K and P B, H and Subramani, R and Pushparaj, C}, title = {Anti-biofilm potential of Matricaria chamomilla against tetra species representative gut commensals.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41428150}, issn = {1874-9356}, }
@article {pmid41427724, year = {2026}, author = {Mahoudeau, L and Crétin, P and Joublin-Delavat, A and Rodrigues, S and Guillouche, C and Louvet, I and Bienvenu, N and Geslin, C and Dulaquais, G and Maguer, J-F and Delavat, F}, title = {The interplay between the marine diazotroph Vibrio diazotrophicus and its prophage shapes both biofilm structure and nitrogen release.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {e0156425}, pmid = {41427724}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {//Institut national des sciences de l'Univers/ ; //Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ ; //Conseil R&#xe9;gional de Bretagne/ ; }, mesh = {*Prophages/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Vibrio/virology/physiology/metabolism ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Myoviridae/physiology/genetics ; Nitrogen Fixation ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Marine environments are frequently oligotrophic, characterized by low amount of bioassimilable nitrogen sources. At the global scale, the microbial fixation of N2, or diazotrophy, represents the primary source of fixed nitrogen in pelagic marine ecosystems, playing a key role in supporting primary production and driving the export of organic matter to the deep ocean. However, given the high energetic cost of N2 fixation, the active release of fixed nitrogen by diazotrophs appears counterintuitive, suggesting the existence of alternative passive release pathways that remain understudied to date. Here, we show that the marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph Vibrio diazotrophicus is endowed with a prophage belonging to the Myoviridae family, whose expression is induced under anoxic and biofilm-forming conditions. We demonstrate that this prophage can spontaneously excise from the genome of its host and that it forms intact and infective phage particles. Moreover, phage-mediated host cell lysis leads to increased biofilm production compared with a prophage-free derivative mutant and to increased release of dissolved organic carbon and ammonium. Altogether, the results suggest that viruses may play a previously unrecognized role in oceanic ecosystem dynamics by structuring microhabitats suitable for diazotrophy and by contributing to the recycling of (in)organic matter.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Diazotrophs are key players in ocean functioning by providing fixed nitrogen to ecosystems and fueling primary production. However, from a physiological point of view, the active release of nitrogenous compounds by diazotrophs is paradoxical, since they would invest in an energy-intensive process and supply nutrient to non-sibling cells, with the risk of being outcompeted. Therefore, alternative ways leading to the release of fixed nitrogen must exist. Here, we show that the marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph Vibrio diazotrophicus possesses one prophage, whose activation leads to cell death, increased biofilm production, and the release of dissolved organic compounds and ammonium. Taken together, our results provide evidence that marine phage-diazotroph interplay leads to the creation of microhabitats suitable for diazotrophy, such as biofilm, and to nutrient cycling, and contributes to better understanding of the role of viruses in marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41425934, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, M and Wang, S and Qu, Q and Yang, H and Liu, X and Peng, W and Zhou, Y}, title = {ClpB affects biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1723924}, pmid = {41425934}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study aims to explore the effects of the molecular chaperone ClpB on the biofilm formation and pathogenicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).<br><br>METHODS: The biological membrane formation was evaluated by constructing a clpB knockout strain (&#x394;clpB) and a complemented strain (C&#x394;clpB) of USA300 MRSA, followed by crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and quantitative analysis of extracellular matrix components. A mouse skin infection model was subsequently employed to assess wound healing, histopathological changes, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that compared with the wild strain (WT), the biomass of &#x394;clpB biofilm was significantly reduced (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.0001), the structure was damaged and the production of extracellular matrix (eDNA, polysaccharides, proteins) decreased. C&#x394;clpB then returned to the WT level. In the in vivo experiments, the &#x394;clpB infection group had faster wound healing, reduced tissue damage, and decreased expressions of TNF-&#x3b1; and IL-6 at both protein and mRNA levels.<br><br>CONCLUSION: ClpB promotes the formation of MRSA biofilms by regulating extracellular matrix synthesis and host inflammatory responses and is a potential target for anti-biofilm therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41425923, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, J and Zhang, J and Yu, H and Yang, W and Zhao, J and Lei, S and Yang, J}, title = {Short-cut nitrogen removal from high-strength ammonia wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor: roles of NO and its production mechanism.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1653308}, pmid = {41425923}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is a key intermediate in the biological nitrogen removal process. However, its role and production mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was used to study the short-cut nitrogen removal from high-strength ammonia wastewater and NO production mechanism. The ammonia concentration in SBBR was 1,000 mg-N/L, with a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 5, the simultaneous partial nitrification and denitrification efficiency reached 66.42%, while the average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was 83.37 ± 6.93%. Microbial community analysis showed the vital role of functional bacteria such as Thauera, Stappia, and Nitrosomonas in the short-cut nitrogen removal process. The accumulation of NO occurred mainly under aerobic conditions, with the highest NO concentration of 0.19 mg-N/L. NO accumulation was mainly attributed to the incomplete oxidation of hydroxylamine, nitrifier denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification. Synergistic inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria by NO with free ammonia and free nitrous acid contributed to rapid establishment of partial nitrification and long-term stability of the process. The present study provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms mediating the inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41425551, year = {2025}, author = {Zavala-Hernández, AN and Salto-Reyes, C and Bravo-Patiño, A and Baizabal-Aguirre, VM and Valdez-Alarcón, JJ}, title = {IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 reduce cell viability and differentially alter biofilm structure and gene expression levels in Staphylococcus aureus USA 300.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1665397}, pmid = {41425551}, issn = {1664-3224}, }
@article {pmid41424905, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, M and Soni, R and Maniyar, RS and Saran, P and Chaudhary, DR}, title = {Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Biofilm-Forming Marine Bacteria from the Arabian Sea, India.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {1906-1918}, pmid = {41424905}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are complex, hydrated matrices produced by biofilm-forming bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces and resist antibiotic treatment. EPS plays a critical role in the formation, maintenance and virulence of biofilms, leading to persistent infections and posing significant challenges in healthcare. Characterizing bacterial EPS is essential to understand their biochemical composition and functional properties, which is critical for optimizing their applications in biotechnology, medicine, and environmental management. Therefore, the present study aimed to isolate and screen the bacteria from Arabian Sea for their ability to produce EPS from biofilm surfaces. Additionally, the detailed characterization of the EPS was also carried out. These bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and revealed that all the EPS-producing bacterial isolates belong to different bacterial genera (Oceanimonas, Psychrobacter and Vibrio). The bacteria were cultured on Zobell marine broth media and EPS were isolated using the propanol precipitation method. The EPS weight varied among the bacterial isolates and ranged from 0.81 g L[-1] to 2.21 g L[-1]. The EPS produced by the bacterial strains have shown antimicrobial as well as free radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity. The antimicrobial and free radical scavenging properties of EPS have promising biotechnological applications in developing new antibiotics, enhancing food preservation, creating protective coatings, and improving wound healing therapies. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of aliphatic methyl, halide groups, saccharides and primary amines. Gas chromatography equipped with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) confirmed the presence of monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose. The EPS were further characterized using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The study highlights the importance of EPS in biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and persistent infections, emphasizing the importance of isolating and characterizing of EPS for its potential biotechnological applications, including antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01351-1.}, }
@article {pmid41424245, year = {2025}, author = {Wojnowska, M and Wajima, T and Yelland, T and Ludewig, H and Hagan, RM and McCurry, OF and Watt, G and Hamaia, SW and Bihan, D and Malcor, JD and Bonna, A and Bergsten, H and Palma Medina, LM and Svensson, M and Oppegaard, O and Skrede, S and Arnell, P and Hyldegaard, O and Farndale, RW and Norrby-Teglund, A and Schwarz-Linek, U}, title = {Structural basis for collagen recognition by the Streptococcus pyogenes M3 protein and its involvement in biofilm.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41424245}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {MR/N009681/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; FP6 ASSIST (032390)//European Commission/ ; FP7 INFECT (305340)//European Commission/ ; 2022-01-202//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; FoUI-975603//Center for Innovative Medicine/ ; RG/09/003/27122/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; SP/15/7/31561/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; RG/15/4/31268/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Streptococcus pyogenes/physiology/metabolism ; *Collagen/metabolism/chemistry ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Protein Binding ; *Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism/chemistry ; *Carrier Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Models, Molecular ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The M protein is an essential virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus (GAS), one of the most common and dangerous human pathogens. Molecular and functional characterization of M protein variants and their interactions with host components is crucial for understanding streptococcal pathogenesis and vaccine development. The M3 protein is produced by the prevalent emm3 GAS serotype, which is frequently associated with severe invasive diseases. Here, we structurally and biochemically characterize the interaction of M3 with human collagens. High-resolution structures of the N-terminal M3 domain in the free state as well as bound to a collagen peptide derived from the Collagen Ligands Collection reveal a novel T-shaped protein fold that presents binding sites complementing the characteristic topology of collagen triple helices. The structure of the M3/collagen peptide complex explains how emm3 GAS and related streptococci, such as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, can target collagens to enable colonization of various tissues. In line with this, we demonstrate that the M3/collagen interaction promotes enhanced biofilm formation of emm3 GAS in an emm type-specific manner, which can be inhibited with the recombinant N-terminal M3 domain. Further, emm3 GAS are shown to colocalize with collagen in tissue biopsies from patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections, where GAS biofilms are common. This observation is reproduced in infected organotypic skin models. Together, these data provide detailed molecular insights into an important streptococcal virulence mechanism with implications for the understanding of invasive infections, strategies for treating biofilm and M-protein-based vaccine design.}, }
@article {pmid41423588, year = {2025}, author = {Geiken, A and Gutman, AS and Röder, N and Holtmann, L and Graetz, C and Schwarz, K and Dörfer, CE}, title = {A new method for continuous in vivo pH measurement in saliva and oral biofilm - a comparative pilot study.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {23}, pmid = {41423588}, issn = {1436-3771}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measuring intraoral pH is a factor in determining the pathogenicity of processes. Until now, been continuous pH measurement over a period of 96 h in parallel (saliva [S]) and established biofilm [B]) has not been feasible. This exploratory study aimed to develop a method for continuous, wireless pH monitoring of both S and B.<br><br>METHODS: A wireless device with integrated pH probes was used to measure SpH and BpH in 12 participants (average age 24.28&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.77 years) over a period of 96&#xa0;h. Participants drank a glucose solution at three specified measurement points (G0: Baseline, G1: Glucose decline, G2: 30&#xa0;min after drinking) and the 24-hour periods within the 96-hour measurement period were evaluated. The device was removed during meals and while brushing teeth.<br><br>RESULTS: Glucose intake significantly reduced pH in both (S&#x2009;+&#x2009;B) (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). SpH was significantly higher (G0/ G1/ G2: 6.29&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.29/ 5.55&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.33/ 5.79&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.32) than in BpH (G0/ G1/ G2: 6.03&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.33/ 5.34&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.41/ G2: 5.56&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.32) at all three selected measurement points (p-value at G0/ G1/ G2: p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.003/ p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.005/ p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002). Regardless of glucose intake, no statistical difference was found between SpH (0&#x2013;24&#xa0;h/ 24&#x2013;48&#xa0;h/ 48&#x2013;72&#xa0;h/ 72&#x2013;96&#xa0;h: 5.86&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.41/ 5.75&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.37/ 5.92&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.38/ 5.90&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.31), BpH (5.60&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.52/ 5.59&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.29/ 5.77&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.39/ 5.70&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.46) in the time periods (p-value 0&#x2013;24&#xa0;h/ 24&#x2013;48&#xa0;h/ 48&#x2013;72&#xa0;h/ 72&#x2013;96&#xa0;h: p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.09/ p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.27/ p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.40/ p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.27).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study design offers the possibility to continuously measure the pH value in S and B in the oral cavity over a period of 96&#xa0;h.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This wireless method developed for measuring pH in S and B can collect data under everyday conditions and has the potential to become a patient-friendly approach for pH monitoring in the future.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-025-06703-9.}, }
@article {pmid41422896, year = {2026}, author = {Du, M and Wang, Z and Yin, D and Fan, C and Yan, X and Wang, K}, title = {Nano Ag-AlOOH modified cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) composites for controlling sewer biofilm:performance and mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances reduction and antimicrobial activity.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {123592}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.123592}, pmid = {41422896}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Silver/chemistry ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Aluminum Oxide/chemistry ; *Sewage/microbiology ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Ultraviolet Rays ; }, abstract = {The sewer biofilms are recognized as a major reason for odor, pipe corrosion and flow restriction. Ultraviolet-cured-in-place pipe (UV-CIPP) has been a widely used trenchless repair technique in recent years because of their cost-effective and small jobsite footprint. This study compared the physicochemical properties, microbial community structures, and related functional genes of biofilms formed on CIPP, reinforced concrete (RCP) and ductile iron pipes (DIP). The total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) contents of CIPP, RCP and DIP were 186.5, 286.3 and 214.9 mg/g VSS. Biofilms on RCP exhibited weaker motility and stress responses, whereas those on DIP displayed enhanced adhesion and EPS production. The formation of high ORP microenvironments on CIPP surfaces was not favorable for biofilm growth. The smooth surface of CIPP hindered microbial colonization and caused stressed microorganisms to allocate energy to growth and reproduction rather than EPS synthesis. Furthermore, a new strategy was proposed for effective biofilm inhibition by adding boehmite loaded with Ag nanoparticles (Ag-AlOOH) to the UV-CIPP resin layer. Ag-AlOOH/CIPP reduced biofilm thickness, EPS, protein, and polysaccharide contents of CIPP by 72.1 %, 69.4 %, 68.7 %, and 73.5 %, respectively. The polyhydroxy structure of AlOOH enhanced the hydrophilicity of the CIPP surface and reduced microbial colonization. Ag[0]/Ag[+] decreased the nitrogen and energy metabolism, limited Gram-positive bacterial abundance, and viable cell counts. This study showed that effects of CIPP materials on biofilm characteristics and microbial functions, and developed an efficient biofilm control strategy by incorporating Ag-AlOOH into UV-CIPP.}, }
@article {pmid41422558, year = {2026}, author = {Pulido-Sánchez, M and Montero-Beltrán, E and López-Sánchez, A and Govantes, F}, title = {HsbA represses stationary phase biofilm formation in Pseudomonas putida.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {305}, number = {}, pages = {128428}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128428}, pmid = {41422558}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas putida/genetics/growth &amp; development/physiology/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Phosphorylation ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Sigma Factor/metabolism/genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas putida biofilm growth is associated to nutrient-sufficient conditions and biofilm dispersal is induced by nutrient starvation, signaled by the stringent response-associated nucleotide alarmone (p)ppGpp. We have used transcriptomic analysis to show that (p)ppGpp regulates the hsbAR-hptB gene cluster, encoding components of a phosphorelay pathway and an anti-σ factor antagonist, and cfcR, encoding a response regulator with diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity. Transcription of hsbAR-hptB and cfcR is RpoS-dependent and induced by stationary phase and the stringent response. A ∆hsbA mutant resumed biofilm formation after dispersal in late stationary phase and displayed increased pellicle formation at the medium-air interphase and Congo Red adsorption. All these phenotypes were traced down to increased c-di-GMP levels in stationary phase, dependent on the activity of CfcR and its cognate sensor kinase, CfcA. HsbA was reversibly phosphorylated by the combined action of HptB and HsbR. HsbA phosphorylation conditioned its interaction with CfcR and CfcA and the subcellular distribution of the three proteins. In spite of this, HsbA retained its ability to prevent biofilm formation regardless of its phosphorylation state. Our results support a model in which HsbA forms a complex with CfcR to inhibit its DGC activity regardless of its phosphorylation state. Upon HsbA dephosphorylation, this complex is recruited to the cell membrane by CfcA to strengthen the inhibitory effect. While this pathway contributes to biofilm dispersal by denying de novo c-di-GMP synthesis during nutrient starvation, it may also enable quick restoration of the biofilm phenotype to colonize new sites or during biofilm maturation.}, }
@article {pmid41421670, year = {2026}, author = {Fan, X and Li, B and Xu, X and Long, B and Jia, Z and Wang, R and Gao, J and Chen, Y and Peng, M and Zhou, M}, title = {Deciphering the regulatory role of the pfs gene on biofilm formation in Lactobacillus plantarum R: Insights from transcriptome and metabolome.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {133833}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133833}, pmid = {41421670}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Lactiplantibacillus plantarum/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Transcriptome/genetics ; *Metabolome/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; }, abstract = {Lactobacillus plantarum is a widely recognized probiotic that forms biofilms to enhance environmental tolerance and probiotic properties, but the mechanisms regulating its biofilm formation remain unclear. This study successfully used CRISPR-Cas9 to delete the pfs gene in the high biofilm-producing strain L. plantarum R, and first investigated its role by integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The pfs gene participates in the activated methyl cycle and AI-2 synthesis, which is involved in quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Deletion of pfs increased biofilm biomass by 91% and markedly enhanced matrix accumulation, including exopolysaccharides, extracellular proteins and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant perturbation of cysteine and methionine metabolism and altered expression of key genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis. Metabolomic profiling identified 223 differentially expressed metabolites, primarily associated with carbon flux and EPS precursor pathways. In summary, pfs deletion enhances biofilm formation via metabolic reprogramming rather than classical AI-2 dependent QS pathways. This study provides new insights into the pfs gene-mediated regulation of biofilm formation in L. plantarum and establishes a foundation for future strategies to manipulate biofilm formation in industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid41420841, year = {2025}, author = {Wen, Y and Li, Y and Liu, T and Sun, C and Zhao, H and Yuan, Y and Yang, S and Zhao, T and Liu, J}, title = {Nucleoside-Based Hydrogel Platform Synergizes with Photothermal Effects for Enhanced Biofilm Eradication Against Periodontitis.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e22853}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202522853}, pmid = {41420841}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {82271035//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 82571099//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 82571160//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 52503203//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 2022YFB3203800//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 22zx7129//Doctoral Research Foundation of Southwest University of Science and Technology/ ; 2021YJ0564//Sichuan Science and Technology Bureau/ ; }, abstract = {Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily driven by pathogenic biofilms, and affects more than 90% of the global population. The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance, coupled with the protective nature of resilient biofilms, makes it challenging to achieve satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. In this study, an organic small molecule-based photothermal reagent (FNP) with excellent photothermal property is designed by rational tailor of donor-acceptor combinations, and a supramolecular nucleoside hydrogel (ZBAg) is developed via silver ion-stabilized base pairing and dynamic boronate ester bonds. The ZBAg hydrogel exhibits a unique coordination mechanism distinct from the traditional intermolecular i-motif coordination mode. The ZBAg@FNP hydrogel is prepared by encapsulating FNP within ZBAg hydrogel, which demonstrates excellent biocompatibility and achieves controlled Ag[+] release triggered by localized hyperthermia. The ZBAg@FNP hydrogel can damage biofilm structure through photothermal therapy and then improves the penetration of Ag[+] into the biofilms, resulting in synergistic eradication of the biofilms of oral pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans). ZBAg@FNP hydrogel treatment significantly reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, increases the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces alveolar resorption in periodontitis of rats. This study provides a new strategy for treating periodontitis, and offers insights into the design of antibiofilm materials.}, }
@article {pmid41420149, year = {2025}, author = {Arazi, P and Skurnik, M and Mohsenipour, Z and Abtahi, HR and Jahanbin, B and Kianian, F and Feizabadi, MM}, title = {Genomic and functional characterization of a novel lytic phage vB-AbaM-fThrA with anti-biofilm activity against CR-MDR Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {71}, pmid = {41420149}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/virology/physiology/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Genome, Viral ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/classification ; Host Specificity ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Myoviridae/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification/physiology ; Phage Therapy ; Wastewater/virology ; Humans ; Genomics ; Acinetobacter Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causes increasingly fat5al infections in humans. Phage therapy is considered as a promising approach to treat the infections.<br><br>METHODS: Here we present the isolation and characterization of a new lytic A. baumannii specific phage vB-AbaM-fThrA (fThrA for short) originating from hospital wastewater.<br><br>RESULTS: Phage fThrA has a myovirus morphology with a relatively broad host range. The phage forms large and transparent plaques with a halo and showed high lysis power in in-vitro laboratory studies. Based on the genome sequence analysis phage fThrA is a new member of the Obolenskvirus genus with about 75.6% genomic similarity to its closest relative. The phage, tolerated well pH range from 4 to 10, and heating at 50&#xa0;&#xb0;C, but not 80&#xa0;&#xb0;C. At pH 2 ca. 50% of the phage survived for 1&#xa0;h, an indication that the phage would be suitable for oral administration and phage therapy of the digestive tract. Phage fThrA was highly active against formation of biofilm and in destruction of the formed biofilm, an asset when used as a supplement to antibiotics in severe infections. Also, in genomic studies, no genes related to pathogenicity and lysogenicity were observed in the whole phage sequence.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These features make phage fThrA as a promising candidate for phage therapy in-vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41419208, year = {2026}, author = {Fadely, EC and Gehin, G and Bone, SE and Webb, SM and Morales, VL and Peña, J}, title = {Enhanced Manganese Oxidation at the Biofilm-Fluid Interface Drives Pore-Scale Patterns in Mineral Precipitation.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {654-663}, pmid = {41419208}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Manganese ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pseudomonas putida/metabolism ; Porosity ; Minerals ; }, abstract = {Microbial oxidation of manganese (Mn) from aqueous Mn(II) to solid-phase Mn(III, IV) minerals catalyzes Mn(II) removal in natural and engineered porous systems. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal evolution of Mn biomineralization in confined spaces that experience simultaneous Mn(II) delivery and Mn oxide precipitation. Here, we combine time-lapse microscopy, image analysis, and mass spectrometry to quantify the extent and rate of Mn biomineralization by Pseudomonas putida GB-1 in an optically transparent two-dimensional porous medium. We found that Mn(II) oxidation initially occurred within biofilms but shifted over time toward the edges of biofilms in contact with pore fluid. Minerals precipitated outside of the initial biofilm footprint likely due to surface-mediated oxidation of Mn(II) by nascent biogenic Mn oxides, reinforcing a gradient in mineral accumulation from the Mn(II) source near the reactor inlet to the outlet. The rate of mineral precipitation outside the biofilm footprint surpassed the rate of mineral accumulation inside biofilms within 6 h and accounted for two-thirds of the total Mn oxide mass in the pore space at the end of the experiment. This work advances a mechanistic understanding of coupled biotic and abiotic Mn oxidation in porous environments while providing a novel platform to quantify microbe-mineral-fluid interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41418955, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, A and Wang, W and Huang, W and Tao, Z and Min, H and Liu, Q and Zhang, W and Tian, J}, title = {A dual cross-linked pillar[5]arene/porphyrin-based supramolecular polysaccharide hydrogel for promoted wound healing by combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm eradication.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {338}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {149761}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149761}, pmid = {41418955}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Porphyrins/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Calixarenes/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Mice ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Inappropriate use of antibiotics has emerged a large number of "multidrug-resistant bacteria" during the past decades, leading to a formidable challenge to global health. Photodynamic therapy exhibits effective antibacterial effects by the generation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the planar conjugated structure of most photosensitizers results in their close π-π stacking and the low ROS yield. Herein, we reported a dual cross-linked Pillar[5]arene/porphyrin-based supramolecular hydrogel for combating multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilm eradication. The supramolecular hydrogel consists of hyaluronic acid, naphthalene-functionalized positive charged porphyrin, and aldehyde-functionalized Pillar[5] arene via dual cross-linking by Schiff base bonding and host-guest interaction. Notably, the steric hindrance of Pillar[5]arene/porphyrin host-guest complexes effectively inhibits the π-π stacking of porphyrins and thereby enhances ROS generation. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial and biofilm disruption studies confirmed the outstanding antibacterial, biofilm eradication, and multidrug-resistant bacteria infected wound healing of the supramolecular hydrogel. The dynamic chemical bonding and host-guest interaction dual cross-linked hydrogel provides a promising strategy for addressing drug-resistant bacterial infections and promoting wound healing.}, }
@article {pmid41416965, year = {2026}, author = {Bose, S and Poddar, N and Sharma, SN and Deb, S and Mondal, T and Banerjee, A}, title = {A cystine-containing cationic lipopeptide-based injectable hydrogel with antimicrobial activities against multi-drug resistant strains and anti-biofilm efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {749-760}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01110h}, pmid = {41416965}, issn = {2050-7518}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *Lipopeptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Humans ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {A ubiquitous global threat of emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains causing outbreaks of biofilm-mediated hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) has resulted in severe nosocomial contagious diseases, chronic wound inflammation, and lethal sepsis. Surface contamination of medical devices, implants and community transmission have further worsened the persistently high rate of morbidity and mortality spawned by epidemic resistant strains of opportunistic pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, a disulphide bridge containing an amphiphilic cationic peptide (AP1) has been designed, synthesised, characterised and studied for antibacterial activity against several multi-drug resistant strains. Notably, the lipopeptide AP1 spontaneously self-assembled to form an injectable hydrogel in Tris-HCl buffer (within a pH range of 7.2-8.0). Field emission gun transmission electron microscopic data showed an intertwined nanofibrillar morphology. Several spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and circular dichroism, have been utilised to characterize the self-assembly of the synthesized AP1. Interestingly, this self-assembled peptide is found to exhibit potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive (MRSA and Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. Detailed mechanistic studies have illustrated the antibacterial efficacy against MRSA and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa via membrane disruption along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The biofilm inhibition and mature biofilm destruction capabilities of self-assembled AP1 were observed against MRSA due to the combined effect of the reduction competency of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and planktonic cytolysis. This subsequently corroborated the hydrogel's application as an anti-infective surface-coating biomaterial. The MTT assay with eukaryotic mammalian cells (HEK-293, NKE, HaCaT) and haemolytic assay convincingly substantiated the biocompatibility of the self-assembled amphiphilic peptide, emphasizing its therapeutic potential as an antibacterial agent in biomedicine.}, }
@article {pmid41416169, year = {2025}, author = {Ke, D and Tan, X and Chen, K and Xue, X and An, N and Ye, K and Zhang, X and Li, Y and Zeng, J}, title = {[Advances in Novel Disinfection Technologies for Biofilm-Associated Nosocomial Infections].}, journal = {Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {1243-1250}, pmid = {41416169}, issn = {1672-173X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Cross Infection/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Humans ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The elimination of biofilms is a crucial step in controlling hospital-acquired infections. Once biofilms colonize luminal instruments, it is difficult to remove them using traditional disinfection methods. Conventional disinfection approaches now face a series of challenges, including microbial resistance, corrosiveness, cytotoxicity, residual disinfection byproducts, and environmental pollution. Therefore, developing novel disinfection technologies specifically targeting biofilm removal is vitally important. New disinfection technologies, such as slightly acidic electrolyzed water, plasma technology, surface modification techniques, nanomaterial-based disinfection, bacteriophage disinfection, and enzymatic disinfection, are constantly emerging. These technologies exhibit excellent performance against biofilms by leveraging the synergistic effects of multiple mechanisms, including the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, photocatalytic oxidation, physical disruption, and biological targeting. This review summarizes the characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and potential application scenarios of these novel disinfection technologies, with a particular focus on their effects against biofilms formed by common pathogenic bacteria on surfaces in hospital settings. It aims to provide a reference basis for the practical application and translation of these disinfection technologies and the development of new disinfection strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41415198, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, JR and Duan, SS and Wu, CF}, title = {Effects of different carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on denitrification performance and structure of microbial community in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR).}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {15}, number = {59}, pages = {50784-50794}, pmid = {41415198}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {This study elucidated the synergistic regulatory mechanism of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the nitrogen removal performance in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). It was innovatively discovered that the matching relationship between C/N and DO is a key factor determining system performance: when a low C/N (=5) was matched with low DO (0.6 mg L[-1]), or a high C/N (=12) was matched with high DO (3 mg L[-1]), excellent nitrogen removal was achieved, with COD and nitrate removal efficiencies as high as 97.1%/99.0% and 96.3%/100%, respectively. The nitrogen balance and enzyme activity experiments demonstrated that the removal of nitrate partially relies on the assimilation of microorganisms, converting it into biomass nitrogen required for microbial growth, while the other part is converted into N2 through denitrification. The study confirmed the recognition that the microbial community's demand for C/N is positively correlated with DO concentration. High-throughput sequencing revealed that when the C/N-DO matching was imbalanced (e.g., C/N = 5, DO = 3 mg L[-1]), significant shifts in the dominant phyla occurred: the relative abundance of Proteobacteria dropped sharply from over 72% to 47.35%, while that of Bacteroidetes increased to 50.95%, directly leading to a decrease in nitrate removal efficiency to 68.6%. This study confirms that precise regulation of C/N-DO combinations can directionally shape the microbial community structure, providing an innovative theoretical basis for achieving precise regulation of MBBR process.}, }
@article {pmid41413428, year = {2025}, author = {Blaznik, M and Volk, M and Kraigher, B and Calonge-Sanz, A and Barco-García, G and Stopar, D and Dogsa, I}, title = {Biofilm structure as a key factor in antibiotic tolerance: insights from Bacillus subtilis model systems.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {232}, pmid = {41413428}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; P4-0116//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Daptomycin/pharmacology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Tolerance to antimicrobial agents in mature and structured biofilms presents a significant challenge in clinical and industrial applications. The contribution of biofilm physical structure to antimicrobial tolerance remains particularly poorly understood, primarily due to the lack of biofilm structure quantification and manipulation studies. To fill the gap in our knowledge, we have investigated how mechanical and biochemical disruptions of biofilm integrity affect Bacillus subtilis tolerance to antimicrobial agents. Our findings reveal that biofilm structural integrity is a major determinant of tolerance to membrane disrupting antibiotic daptomycin. Biofilm viscoelastic properties as well as antimicrobial tolerance to daptomycin were directly related to the presence of exopolysaccharide EpsA-O. In the absence of EpsA-O bacteria produced weak biofilms with markedly reduced elastic and viscous moduli that correlated with a 3-log reduction in bacterial survival rate when challenged with daptomycin. These findings underscore the protective role of biofilm structure against antibiotics and suggest that targeting biofilm structural integrity could substantially enhance antimicrobial treatment strategies for biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41413337, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, Y and Cheng, Y and Shi, Y and Wang, X and Khodi Aghmiuni, S and Serwat, A and Zhang, Z and Shu, X and Sun, B}, title = {The role of nitric oxide synthase in biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1}, pmid = {41413337}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {32070132//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32370184//Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; YD9100002063//the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative/ ; WK9100000080//the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology/physiology/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; *Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Acetylglucosamine/metabolism/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Acetyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; beta-Glucans ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is capable of colonizing diverse environments and forming biofilms. In this study, we found that the knockout of NO synthase (NOS) impaired biofilm integrity, resulting in weakened biofilms. We found the deletion of the nos reduced intracellular NO levels, which subsequently altered the S-nitrosylation modification levels of the proteome. This alteration was particularly pronounced in the S-nitrosylation modification of the cysteine residue at position 12 of the MgrA. This modification reduced the binding affinity of MgrA to the promoter of the acetyltransferase gene (icaA), resulting in reduced levels of poly-N-acetyl-β-(1-6)-glucosamine (PIA), a key component of biofilms formed by S. aureus, thereby further weakening biofilm formation. Consequently, we conclude that NOS in S. aureus S-nitrosylates the MgrA through the synthesis of endogenous NO. This process strengthens the interaction between MgrA and the icaA promoter (PicaA), thereby enhancing the synthesis of major polysaccharides in biofilms and promoting biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41413134, year = {2025}, author = {Hairgrove, M and Banerjee, S and Sapkota, M and Kramer, G and Sadaphal, V and Prasad, B and Chopra, R and Greenberg, DE}, title = {Alternating magnetic fields enhance anti-biofilm activity across pathogen and antibiotic space.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {1837}, pmid = {41413134}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Magnetic Fields ; Humans ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Linezolid/pharmacology ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication of total joint arthroplasty, contributing to significant patient morbidity and increased healthcare costs. The formation of biofilm on the implant hinders effective therapy, and removal of the prosthesis is frequently required. High frequency alternating magnetic fields (AMF) have emerged as a promising noninvasive approach to disrupt biofilm and have the potential to augment antibiotic activity. This study evaluated the impact of AMF on antibiotic activity in biofilms of clinically relevant PJI pathogens. Across multiple bacterial strains, AMF significantly improved biofilm eradication when administered with antibiotics, achieving greater reductions in bacterial burden compared to antibiotic monotherapy. There was an average reduction of 5.72-log across Gram-positive pathogens when treated with AMF and linezolid, and an average 5.11-log reduction of Gram-negative biofilm when treated with AMF and ciprofloxacin. The bactericidal response was independent of metal composition, suggesting broad applicability to different conductive prosthetic materials. Additionally, biofilm reduction was time and temperature-dependent, with peak efficacy observed at 80 °C. These findings support AMF as a potential adjunctive therapy for PJI, warranting further investigation in clinical settings to optimize treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41412650, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, T and Liu, X and Wang, Y and Guan, P and Ding, Y and Wang, X}, title = {Characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage SPuP2 against Shewanella putrefaciens and its efficacy in biofilm disruption: A promising antimicrobial strategy.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {224}, number = {}, pages = {117956}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117956}, pmid = {41412650}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Shewanella putrefaciens/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Food Microbiology ; Animals ; Seafood/microbiology ; Bivalvia/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) is a major spoilage bacterium in aquatic products, capable of forming persistent biofilms that accelerate spoilage and pose potential food safety risks. However, conventional preservation strategies are often ineffective in preventing or removing biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly, and safe control strategy. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel lytic phage with potent antibiofilm activity against S. putrefaciens and to evaluate its potential as a biocontrol agent in aquatic products. The phage, designated SPuP2, was isolated from commercial clam water and exhibited a short latent period (10 min) and a high burst size (49.95 ± 11.53 PFU/CFU). Genomic analysis revealed that SPuP2 displayed low sequence similarity with previously characterized Shewanella phages, confirming that it represents a novel species. Anti-biofilm efficacy assays demonstrated that SPuP2 significantly inhibited biofilm formation: within 12 h, it reduced the OD595 nm value by 1.15 ± 0.05 (87.06 ± 0.41% inhibition rate) compared to the control. Moreover, it effectively disrupted mature biofilms by reducing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and altering cellular structure, achieving a removal rate of 75 ± 0.50%. Furthermore, SPuP2 effectively suppressed the growth of S. putrefaciens in grass carp fillets, resulting in reduced accumulation of spoilage-related substances (e.g., TVB-N, TBARS) and mitigated changes in texture, color, and microstructure, thereby delaying fillet quality deterioration. Overall, this study demonstrates that phage SPuP2 possesses strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, offering a promising strategy for controlling Shewanella-mediated spoilage and biofilm contamination in aquatic product biopreservation.}, }
@article {pmid41412644, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Bai, M and Li, J and Yu, X and Li, P and Ding, X and Duan, J}, title = {The role of the yycF gene in regulating biofilm formation and probiotic properties in Lactobacillus reuteri.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {224}, number = {}, pages = {117950}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117950}, pmid = {41412644}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Limosilactobacillus reuteri/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Probiotics ; Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Mice ; }, abstract = {The YycF/G two-component system (TCS) is crucial for the environmental adaptation of probiotics. However, its molecular role in maintaining probiotic functions and physiological homeostasis in Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) remains incompletely understood. Accordingly, this study generated a yycF knockout mutant (ΔyycF) in L. reuteri using homologous recombination technology. Systematic analysis revealed that the mutant exhibits critical defects in cell wall integrity, growth retardation, and morphology, accompanied by significant downregulation of biofilm-associated genes and cell division genes. Phenotypic analysis revealed multifaceted impairments in probiotic properties, including compromised stress tolerance (increased sensitivity to simulated gastrointestinal fluids, bile salts, and osmotic stress), altered surface characteristics (reduced hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation capacity), diminished antagonistic activity (weakened pathogen inhibition), and significantly impaired epithelial adhesion capacity and antioxidant activity. Notably, transcriptomic analysis and animal experiments confirmed that yycF deletion not only reduced intestinal colonization efficiency but also impaired microbial homeostasis regulation, particularly by reducing the abundance of the beneficial bacterium Akkermansia. This study reveals that yycF modulates cellular morphogenesis and probiotic attributes in L. reuteri by coordinating a regulatory cascade network that links cell division, biofilm formation, and stress response. These findings not only provide mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of environmental adaptation in probiotics but also establish a theoretical framework for molecular-guided probiotic breeding and the development of next-generation engineered probiotics.}, }
@article {pmid41412215, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Z and Zhang, D and Zhang, G and Wei, J and Meng, J and Li, X}, title = {Self-driven Janus nanomotors empowering gastric mucus and biofilm penetration to potentiate antibiotic eradication of Helicobacter pylori.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {390}, number = {}, pages = {114550}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114550}, pmid = {41412215}, issn = {1873-4995}, mesh = {*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects ; Animals ; Biofilms/drug effects ; *Clarithromycin/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Gastric Mucosa/metabolism ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; Polymers/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Indoles/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; Mice ; Mucus/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major etiological factor in diverse gastric pathologies, accounting for approximately 75 % of gastric cancer cases. Current clinical antibiotic therapy faces significant challenges due to drug resistance, gastric acid degradation, and the formidable barriers of gastric mucus and biofilm matrix. To tackle these challenges, antibiotic-loaded nanomotors were developed for self-propelled penetration through gastric mucus and biofilm matrix to achieve H. pylori eradication. Specifically, Janus-structured J-Ca/Si@PDA-CLR nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by sequentially depositing mesoporous silica layers onto CaO2 NPs and asymmetrically coating them with clarithromycin (CLR)-loaded polydopamine (PDA). CaO2 reacted with gastric acid and produced O2, combined with the intrinsic Janus coating, generates an asymmetrical protrusion force, enabling effective mucus penetration and preventing premature gastric emptying. The protection of mesoporous silica layers ensures long-term motion, more rapid and complete penetration across mucus layers, and deep infiltration into biofilms, enhancing drug retention in the stomach and targeted accumulation within biofilms. Following intragastrical administration in H. pylori-infected mice, the nanomotors exhibited efficient infiltration into submucosal tissues and deep distribution throughout the stomach wall, in stark contrast to their static counterparts confined to the gastric surface. Treatment with the nanomotors resulted in an 8000-fold reduction in gastric bacterial burden compared to static carriers. Remarkably, nanomotors given at half the CLR dose produced a 75-fold higher bactericidal effect compared to free CLR at twice the dose. Thus, this work establishes a feasible therapeutic strategy utilizing self-propelled NPs to overcome mucus barriers and achieve deep biofilm clearance, demonstrating significant potential for applications in treating biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41411030, year = {2025}, author = {Utami, AN and Tasya, AN and Nora, RD and Wibawa, T}, title = {Impact of biofilm formation in fungal corneal ulcers on treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41411030}, issn = {1473-5644}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Corneal Ulcer/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy/microbiology ; Treatment Outcome ; *Fungi/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; }, abstract = {Introduction. Fungal keratitis, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, poses significant therapeutic challenges due to biofilm formation by fungal pathogens. These biofilms confer increased resistance to antifungal treatments and are associated with poorer clinical outcomes.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Despite growing recognition of their impact, there remains a lack of comprehensive synthesis on the role of fungal biofilms in corneal ulcers.Aim. This study aims to determine the impact of and how biofilm formation influences the chronicity and treatment outcomes in fungal corneal ulcers.Methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and the Cochrane Library in April 2025. Only English articles were included, and animal studies were excluded. Eligible studies included clinical and in vitro investigations that assessed biofilm formation in fungal corneal ulcers and its impact on antifungal susceptibility and treatment outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines and registered under PROSPERO (an international systematic review registry, ID:CRD420251017502). Independent data extraction was done by two reviewers. Data on MICs were synthesized using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed with I[2] statistics and Cochran's Q test. Clinical outcomes were analysed narratively due to reporting variability.Results. Seven studies were included, spanning Brazil, India, China and Mexico, and covering both in vitro and clinical designs. Meta-analysis showed significantly increased MIC values for biofilm-forming fungal isolates: amphotericin B [pooled log2 fold change=5.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.92-7.70], voriconazole (6.06; 95% CI: 2.25-9.87) and natamycin (1.25; 95% CI: 0.48-2.02). High heterogeneity was noted for amphotericin B and voriconazole, while results for natamycin were consistent. Narrative synthesis of clinical data indicated that biofilm formation is associated with prolonged healing times, increased recurrence rates, reduced visual acuity and higher complication risks.Conclusion. Biofilm formation by fungal pathogens significantly reduces antifungal susceptibility and worsens clinical outcomes in fungal keratitis. Elevated MIC, delayed healing and increased rates of complications emphasize the need for targeted biofilm-disrupting therapies and standardized diagnostic protocols. Future research should focus on developing clinical strategies that integrate biofilm assessment to improve patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41410426, year = {2026}, author = {Cole, AL and Woolard, KJ and Sorge, A and Melander, C and Gunn, JS}, title = {A mouse model for studying chronic Salmonella Typhi infection and anti-biofilm interventions.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {e0347625}, pmid = {41410426}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {R01 AI116917/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI116917/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI193287/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI193287/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; T32AI165391/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI165391/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Salmonella typhi/drug effects/physiology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *Typhoid Fever/microbiology/drug therapy/pathology ; Mice ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Female ; *Persistent Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Liver/microbiology ; Gallbladder/microbiology ; Spleen/microbiology ; Carrier State/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), continues to cause significant human disease, especially in endemic regions. Chronic carriers of typhoid fever are a significant contributor to the perpetuation of disease in these communities, and treatments for elimination of the carrier state remain a challenge to clinicians and researchers. S. Typhi is host-restricted to humans and has been shown to be rapidly cleared by immunocompetent mice, which led to the use of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of susceptible mice as a model for S. Typhi and typhoid fever. Thus, the lack of a direct murine model of S. Typhi infection has long been a challenge in the study of the mechanisms of typhoid fever and identification of therapeutics to treat the chronic carrier state. Here, we demonstrate the establishment of a murine model of chronic S. Typhi infection utilizing the immunocompetent Collaborative Cross mouse lines CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc, in which S. Typhi can be recovered in the gallbladder, liver, and spleen up to 21 days post-infection. Cholesterol gallstones foster enhanced S. Typhi gallbladder carriage. While there is no sex difference with regard to CFU recovered in the gallbladder at 21 days post-infection, male mice lost significantly more weight at early time points after infection and showed increased lethality. Bacterial aggregates (biofilms) were identified associated with the gallstone surface, consistent with observations in the S. Typhimurium gallstone mouse model of carriage and in human S. Typhi carriers. Additionally, we show that novel anti-biofilm compounds, in combination with ciprofloxacin, are able to reduce S. Typhi burden within the CC003/Unc gallbladder. Together, these findings support the role of gallstone biofilms in chronic typhoid fever and establish a new murine model that can be used to further interrogate the mechanisms of chronic typhoid fever utilizing the primary etiologic agent, S. Typhi.IMPORTANCEChronic typhoid fever, caused by persistent Salmonella Typhi infection, remains a significant public health concern in multiple regions throughout the world. There is currently no direct animal model utilizing S. Typhi that has been demonstrated to recapitulate the carrier state of typhoid fever. This lack of an animal model has precluded in vivo studies on the mechanisms of infection unique to this serovar. This study establishes and characterizes a new murine model of chronic S. Typhi carriage and demonstrates its utility with the identification of novel anti-biofilm compounds that disperse S. Typhi biofilms from gallbladder gallstones. This new model will provide a means for further studies into S. Typhi chronic infection.}, }
@article {pmid41409497, year = {2025}, author = {Goedhart, R and Kruisdijk, E and van Halem, D}, title = {Biofilm Accelerates As(III) Oxidation on Reactive MnOx Coated Filter Sand in Groundwater Filters.}, journal = {ACS ES&amp;T water}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {7536-7547}, pmid = {41409497}, issn = {2690-0637}, abstract = {Removal of carcinogenic arsenic (As) from groundwater is essential for providing safe drinking water. Arsenate (As-(V)) is more effectively removed in groundwater filters than arsenite (As-(III)), making the oxidation of As-(III) to As-(V) a key step in the treatment process. This study distinguishes between surface-catalytic and biological As-(III) oxidation on natural manganese oxide (MnO x) coated filter sand, since it is unknown which pathway dominates in filters. The MnO x coated sand was collected from a full-scale groundwater filter and consisted of a mixture of different abiotically and biologically formed Mn oxides, such as Birnessite and Todorokite. A lab-scale filter setup was operated with As-(III)-containing water. Within 3 weeks, a shift from surface-catalytic to biological As-(III) oxidation was observed. Initially, surface-catalytic As-(III) oxidation (k CHEM = 0.318 min[-1]) was coupled to Mn-(II) release at a ratio of 0.96, approximating the stoichiometric ratio of 1. This coupling disappeared over time, indicating the biological nature of the reaction, as confirmed by microbial inhibition. An increase in relative abundance of the known As-oxidizing families Comamonadaceae, with Polaromonas as the dominant genus, and Microscillaceae were found post experiments. Except for these changes, the microbial community on the sand grains stayed relatively similar prior to and post experiments. No significant changes in the physical-chemical properties of the MnO x coating were found post experiments. A first-order biological As-(III) oxidation rate constant k BIO of 4.64 min[-1] was found, yielding a half-life of 9 s. This represents a 14-fold acceleration compared with surface-catalytic oxidation, revealing that kinetic limitations rather than surface passivation can be attributed to the loss of surface-catalytic oxidation. Our study demonstrates that biological oxidation of As-(III) can outpace the acknowledged oxidizing power of MnO x , offering a potential new pathway for the development of effective As removal systems.}, }
@article {pmid41409256, year = {2025}, author = {Falconer, R and Rothberg, D and Kay, W and Hunt, C and Epperson, RT and Kawaguchi, B and Ashton, N and Williams, D}, title = {Assessing the efficacy of systemic antibiotics for biofilm-associated infection in an ovine model of simulated fracture-related infection.}, journal = {Journal of bone and joint infection}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {511-524}, pmid = {41409256}, issn = {2206-3552}, abstract = {Introduction: Infection remains a major complication of open fractures, with rates reaching up to 70 % after severe injury. Systemic antibiotics often fail to achieve the therapeutic levels needed to disrupt biofilm at the wound site due to compromised blood flow and systemic dilution. This study investigates the efficacy of systemic antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monomicrobial biofilms in an ovine model of simulated fracture-related infection (FRI). Methods: An established model of long-bone FRI in the right hind limb of mature Rambouillet sheep was adapted. Local soft tissue trauma was induced, the periosteum was stripped from the tibial surface, and a simulated fracture was created on the bone surface. The site was inoculated with mature biofilm grown on fracture fixation plates. Sheep were assigned to a treatment group receiving 10 d of systemic antibiotic therapy or a positive control group that received no treatment. All animals were sacrificed at 21 d, and microbiological and histological analysis was performed. Results: Systemic antibiotics failed to produce a statistically significant reduction in S. aureus biofilm compared to the positive control. Systemic therapy significantly reduced P. aeruginosa bioburden compared to the positive control, but levels remained above the clinical threshold for infection. The histological analysis revealed moderate improvement from systemic treatment. Conclusions: This investigation established the limitations of systemic antibiotic therapy in this model of long-bone FRI against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Microbiological and histological analyses revealed hallmark features of recalcitrance to systemic treatment, validating the utility of this model to study anti-infective therapies. These findings highlight the need for new antibiotic delivery strategies to manage biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41409123, year = {2025}, author = {Hemamalini, D and Sundari, SS and Faizee, KMSH and Jeyachandran, S}, title = {Amphiroa fragilissima as a bioactive resource: exploring its antioxidant, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential for dental applications.}, journal = {Biomaterial investigations in dentistry}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {45099}, pmid = {41409123}, issn = {2641-5275}, abstract = {AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Amphiroa fragilissima and assess its potential for dental and orthodontic use.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanolic extracts of A. fragilissima, collected from Rameshwaram, India, were tested against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnei using the Kirby-Bauer method. Antibiofilm activity was analyzed via Crystal Violet staining. Antioxidant potential was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activity was measured via a bovine serum albumin assay.<br><br>RESULTS: The extract showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with maximum inhibition observed at 100 &#xb5;g/mL. Biofilm inhibition also increased with concentration. Antioxidant assays revealed significant radical scavenging activity, with results comparable to controls at higher concentrations. Anti-inflammatory testing showed reduced protein denaturation in treated samples, with effects similar to the positive control and significantly better than the blank.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Amphiroa fragilissima demonstrates strong antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, along with remineralization potential due to its calcium-rich composition. These properties support its potential as a natural, multifunctional agent for dental and orthodontic applications. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical use.}, }
@article {pmid41407557, year = {2025}, author = {Tyagi, E and Sachan, A and Bhuyan, R and Kumari, P and Prakash, A}, title = {Next-Gen Biofilm Control: Gene Editing and Computational Approaches.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {12}, pages = {e70122}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70122}, pmid = {41407557}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Editing/methods ; Humans ; *Computational Biology/methods ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; *Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Phage Therapy ; Bacteriophages ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are microbial communities enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), significantly contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in medical, industrial, and environmental settings. Their matrix enhances microbial survival, inhibits antibiotic penetration, and facilitates horizontal gene transfer, worsening the AMR crisis. Conventional antimicrobial treatments often fail against biofilms, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Emerging biofilm-targeted interventions, such as nanotechnology-based antimicrobials, bacteriophage therapy, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, offer promising solutions. Nanoparticles improve drug delivery, bacteriophages selectively lyse resistant bacterial populations, and CRISPR-Cas9 disrupts AMR-related genes and biofilm virulence factors. Additionally, AI and ML are advancing biofilm prediction models and antimicrobial optimization, paving the way for precision-targeted interventions. This review explores biofilm biology and next-generation biofilm control strategies, with a focus on AI-driven bioinformatics. Future research should focus on clinical translation, regulatory standardization, and scalable implementation in healthcare and industrial settings to combat biofilm-associated AMR.}, }
@article {pmid41407163, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, S and Luan, Y and Wang, L and Sun, L and Jiang, P and Guo, D and Wang, B and Zhao, Y and Jiang, Y and Liu, D}, title = {Saikosaponin D from Bupleurum targets SaeR to disrupt biofilm formation and pathogenic programs for the treatment of MRSA pneumonia.}, journal = {Biochemical pharmacology}, volume = {245}, number = {}, pages = {117640}, doi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117640}, pmid = {41407163}, issn = {1873-2968}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Saponins/pharmacology/therapeutic use/isolation &amp; purification ; *Oleanolic Acid/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use/isolation &amp; purification ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Bupleurum/chemistry ; Mice ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/therapeutic use ; *Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/drug therapy/microbiology/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), remains a major clinical challenge due to biofilm formation, complex regulatory programs, and rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The SaeRS two-component system is a central regulatory node controlling multiple infection-related pathways, making its response regulator SaeR an attractive therapeutic target. Targeting such upstream regulators provides an alternative strategy to conventional bactericidal approaches. Through a network pharmacology-guided screen, we identified saikosaponin D (SSD), an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin from Bupleurum, as a candidate compound. Biophysical and biochemical assays, including cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), demonstrated that SSD directly binds SaeR and impairs its DNA-binding capacity. This interference repressed SaeR-dependent transcription, resulting in reduced α-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) production, diminished hemolytic activity, decreased bacterial adhesion and invasion, and disruption of biofilm integrity through suppression of extracellular matrix components. In vivo, SSD conferred significant protection in both invertebrate and mammalian infection models. In Galleria mellonella, SSD improved survival, and in a murine model of MRSA pneumonia, SSD reduced pulmonary bacterial burden, alleviated inflammation and edema, and enhanced overall survival. Collectively, these findings establish SaeR as a druggable upstream regulator and highlight SSD as a natural product scaffold with translational potential for therapeutic development against MRSA infections.}, }
@article {pmid41405671, year = {2025}, author = {Thongjuy, O and Boonmasawai, S and Sungpradit, S and Charoonrut, P and Homyog, K and Sresuwadjarey, P and Jooypan, T and Photcharatinnakorn, P and Nutakom, S and Leesombun, A}, title = {Innovative essential oil formulations for in vitro inhibition of Biofilm-Forming Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli isolated from canine infectious diarrhea.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {76}, pmid = {41405671}, issn = {1573-7446}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dog Diseases/microbiology/drug therapy ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; *Diarrhea/veterinary/microbiology ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy ; Female ; Male ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has presented a substantial challenge to veterinary and human medicine. ESBL-producing Escherichia coli exhibits biofilm-forming capabilities that enhance its persistence in domestic animals, contribute to chronic infectious diarrhea, and increase the risk of treatment failure. This study investigated ESBL-producing E. coli in dogs and evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of NHK-EO, an innovative essential oil formulation derived from Coleus amboinicus (N), Ocimum basilicum (H), and Ocimum tenuiflorum (K).<br><br>METHODS: The chemical composition of NHK-EO was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty-six rectal swab samples were randomly collected from dogs aged 3 months to 10 years, including 30 clinically healthy and 26 diarrheic animals of both sexes. Bacterial isolation and identification were conducted using conventional biochemical tests and the VITEK automated system. ESBL production was confirmed through genotypic detection of blaCTX-M using polymerase chain reaction, and antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated to determine multidrug resistance profiles. Twenty isolates (10 from healthy and 10 from diarrheic dogs) were selected for further analyses. The antimicrobial activity of NHK-EO was assessed using the broth microdilution method, and biofilm formation and inhibition were evaluated using crystal violet staining. Data are presented as mean&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;standard deviation from three independent experiments.<br><br>RESULTS: GC-MS analysis of NHK-EO revealed three major constituents: carvacrol (16.37%), eugenol (15.04%), and linalool (13.97%). In total, 78 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified, with E. coli being the predominant species (56 isolates, 71.79%). Among these, four blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates (three from healthy dogs and one from a diarrheic dog) exhibited strong biofilm-forming ability. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NHK-EO against the isolates was 1024-2048&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL. The MIC of NHK-EO against the four blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates was 1024&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL. NHK-EO at 1/4&#xd7; MIC (256&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL) exerted significant inhibitory effects on both prebiofilm and postbiofilm formation, as confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Treated samples exhibited notably reduced biofilm mass and decreased bacterial density compared with untreated controls.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: NHK-EO possesses significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against E. coli, including ESBL-producing strains, indicating its potential as an alternative therapeutic agent to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. Further research is warranted to explore its clinical applications in veterinary and human medicine.}, }
@article {pmid41403641, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, F and Ding, ZW and Wang, YJ and Xu, KZ and Dar, OI and Wang, M and Sethupathy, S and Liu, YY and Tang, S}, title = {Aquilaria sinensis essential oil inhibits biofilm formation and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1697407}, pmid = {41403641}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen characterized by strong virulence and biofilm-forming ability, posing a persistent threat to food safety. Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, a medicinal and edible plant found in tropical regions such as Hainan, has rarely been investigated for its quorum-sensing inhibitory (QSI) potential. In this study, four types of A. sinensis essential oils were systematically evaluated for their ability to inhibit quorum sensing and related virulence in S. aureus. Among them, the Tong-Ti-Xiang type supercritical essential oil (TTC) exhibited the strongest activity. At a sub-inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/mL (1/4 MIC), TTC reduced biofilm formation by up to 78% without affecting bacterial growth. Confocal laser scanning Microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses further confirmed that TTC compromised the density and structural integrity of the biofilms. Moreover, TTC suppressed α-hemolysin activity and significantly downregulated quorum-sensing-regulated genes involved in biofilm formation and adhesion, including icaA, icaD, clfA, clfB, and agrA. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed that TTC is rich in chromone derivatives, among which 2-phenethyl-4H-chromen-4-one showed strong binding affinity toward the adhesion-associated IcaA protein and the QS-associated AgrA protein in molecular docking analysis, suggesting it as a key active compound responsible for the observed QSI effect. Overall, these findings highlight TTC as a promising natural anti-biofilm and anti-virulence agent for controlling foodborne pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41400929, year = {2026}, author = {Li, JG and Zhong, WC and Zhong, LG and Niu, CY and Lu, TY and Zhang, CJ and Sun, J and Liao, XP and Zhou, YF}, title = {Auranofin potentiates linezolid activity against MRSA by disrupting redox homeostasis and inhibiting SarA-mediated virulence and biofilm.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2605759}, pmid = {41400929}, issn = {2150-5608}, mesh = {*Linezolid/pharmacology ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/pathogenicity/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Auranofin/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Mice ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Virulence/drug effects ; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; Homeostasis/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence Factors ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Moths/microbiology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major therapeutic challenge and poses a significant global health threat. Developing adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics represents a promising strategy to address this issue. In this study, we evaluated auranofin as an adjuvant to potentiate the activity of linezolid against MRSA. Auranofin significantly increased MRSA susceptibility to linezolid, promoted intracellular linezolid accumulation, and suppressed the emergence of MRSA resistance to linezolid. Mechanistically, auranofin inhibited the Trx/TrxR system, inducing redox imbalance and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which triggers DNA damage and transcriptional dysregulation. Auranofin synergized with linezolid to achieve dual inhibition of MRSA protein synthesis. Furthermore, auranofin downregulated the global regulator sarA, impaired SarA DNA-binding activity, and enhanced SarA phosphorylation, thereby attenuating SarA-mediated virulence factors (eg, adhesins and toxins) and biofilm formation. Importantly, auranofin fully restored anti-MRSA activity of linezolid in both Galleria mellonella and murine bacteremia models. Collectively, these findings identify auranofin as a promising adjuvant to linezolid and highlight its potential to improve therapeutic outcomes against invasive MRSA infections.}, }
@article {pmid41400453, year = {2026}, author = {An, SH and Kim, JS and Lee, CS and Jeong, HH}, title = {Microfluidic flow-based spatial control of dual-species bacterial adhesion for population-dependent biofilm formation.}, journal = {Lab on a chip}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {391-402}, doi = {10.1039/d5lc00752f}, pmid = {41400453}, issn = {1473-0189}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes/chemistry ; *Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation ; *Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Surface Properties ; Glass/chemistry ; }, abstract = {In nature, bacteria usually exist as multispecies communities embedded in biofilms, a survival strategy that provides numerous ecological advantages. Biofilm formation is often affected by the physicochemical properties of surfaces, bacterial cell motility, and hydrodynamic conditions. For instance, dual-species cell-to-cell interactions strongly influence biofilm development. Here, we introduce a microfluidic strategy that enables the real-time monitoring of dual-species biofilms at controlled population-density ratios. To construct the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microenvironment for flow-based biofilm formation, we investigate the effects of PDMS stiffness (different crosslinking densities) and a multi-material (PDMS and glass) culture channel (cul-channel) on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Results show that biofilms in the PDMS and glass multi-material cul-channel form on the soft PDMS surface rather than on the hydrophilic glass surface. On this basis, we demonstrate the generation of a population-density gradient by spatially controlling sequential bacterial adhesion. Microfluidic laminar flow affects bacterial attachment onto the surface based on the hydrodynamic flow profile, which is changed by the flow rate. We highlight the versatility of this approach by constructing a reversed population-density gradient of two different bacteria with high linearity. We also observe smooth and bumpy morphologies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm depending on varying population ratios between P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli MG1655. Thus, our method presents a new method for population-density control that will further expand biological research on cell-cell interactions for biofilm development.}, }
@article {pmid41399704, year = {2025}, author = {Liao, C and Yao, D and Sun, Z and Ericksen, B and Jiang, B and Zhou, Y and Zhao, M and Hu, X and Xu, D and Wu, Y and Lu, W}, title = {Human neutrophil α-defensin HNP1 interacts with bacterial cell wall components to promote biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100338}, pmid = {41399704}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen whose ability to form biofilms significantly enhances its persistence and antibiotic resistance. We previously found that human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1), a member of the α-defensin family, promotes biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Here, we demonstrate that HNP1 enhances biofilm formation across a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with particularly strong effects in S. aureus, which increases its tolerance to multiple antibiotics. Mechanistically, HNP1 promotes bacterial adhesion and self-aggregation, facilitating the early stages of biofilm development. Transcriptomic analysis revealed minimal activation of canonical biofilm-associated genes, suggesting that HNP1 acts through a non-transcriptional mechanism. Notably, HNP1 was found to interact with S. aureus cell wall components, peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acid, which mainly triggers biofilm formation. These findings expand the role of HNP1 in promoting biofilm formation, which may have implications for understanding infection persistence and antibiotic tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41399344, year = {2025}, author = {Hillman, EBM and Carson, D and Walters, JRF and Fritzsche, M and Mate, R and Chappell, KE and Chekmeneva, E and Romero, MG and Lewis, SJ and Rijpkema, S and Wellington, EMH and Arasaradnam, R and Amos, GCA}, title = {Ruminococcus gnavus and Biofilm Markers in Feces From Primary Bile Acid Diarrhea Patients Indicate New Disease Mechanisms and Potential for Diagnostic Testing.}, journal = {Gastro hep advances}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {100712}, pmid = {41399344}, issn = {2772-5723}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a common cause of frequent loose stools, urgency, and incontinence, which is under-recognized due to limited diagnostic test availability and unclear pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate fecal changes in well-defined subjects.<br><br>METHODS: Fecal samples were compared in BAD patients (n = 26), diagnosed by SeHCAT testing, and healthy controls (n = 21). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to identify microbiome species and functional genes. An extended set of 38 bile acids was quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, including various epimers and intermediates, such as iso- (3-beta-OH), oxo (keto), allo (5-alpha), and 3-sulfated forms.<br><br>RESULTS: Alpha diversity, reflecting microbial richness, was reduced in BAD patients with severe forms of the disease, while beta diversity demonstrated distinct microbial profiles between groups. Ruminococcus gnavus (R. gnavus) was prevalent in BAD patients but rare in controls (odds ratio = 73), while Firmicutes bacterium CAG110, Eubacterium siraeum and 2 Oscillibacter species were less common in BAD (odds ratios = 25-30). Overall, 99 taxa differed significantly between groups. Bile acidtransforming genes (baiA, baiB, hdhA) were more abundant in BAD samples (P &#x2264; .0012). Most fecal bile acids, including iso-bile acids and intermediates, were higher in BAD. Elevated ursodeoxycholic acid-3-sulfate and relatively lower lithocholic acid and allo-bile acids, including isoallolithocholic acid, reflect changes in bacterial metabolism. Biofilm-associated genes (bssS, pgaA, pgaB) were markedly elevated in BAD patients (P &#x2264; .00008). SeHCAT values negatively correlated with R. gnavus (rho -0.53, P = .008) and positively with E ubacterium siraeum (rho 0.41, P = .041).<br><br>CONCLUSION: BAD may result from an overgrowth of R. gnavus, associated with intestinal biofilms and an altered bile acid metabolism.}, }
@article {pmid41399209, year = {2025}, author = {Megha, SK and Subramaniyan, Y and Baby, BM and Lobo, S and Mujeeburahiman, M and Rekha, PD}, title = {Influence of Nutritional Conditions on Coexistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in the Dual-Species Biofilm.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {12}, pages = {e70123}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70123}, pmid = {41399209}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Microbial Interactions ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prominent uropathogen associated with biofilm-related urinary tract infections. It can coexist in a biofilm environment with other pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, and the availability of metabolites in urine may influence interspecies interactions that can be cooperative or competitive. Here, a dual-species biofilm model consisting of uropathogenic and reference strains of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was used to understand their coexistence under different nutritional conditions using synthetic urine supplemented with creatinine, glucose, albumin, and haem. A dual-species biofilm was developed using equal initial cell densities of pathogens. Biofilm intensity was quantified by crystal violet staining. Biofilm biomass, growth, ureolysis were estimated and compared with mono-species cultures. P. aeruginosa formed higher biofilm than S. aureus (p < 0.01) under mono-species culture. Overall, dual-species biofilm intensity was significantly higher than mono-species biofilm (p < 0.01), except in albumin, where S. aureus mono-species biofilm was higher. Biofilm biomass enumeration indicates near-equilibrium coexistence of species within the biofilm matrix. The ureolytic activity correlated with growth and biofilm observations. Our study highlights the complex interactions in dual-species biofilms and emphasizes the need for further studies involving diverse uropathogenic strains to assess metabolite influences on biofilm structural dynamics and its effect on antibiotic responses for targeted therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid41398284, year = {2025}, author = {Li, D and Yang, L and He, L and Liu, B and Yuan, Y and Wang, Z and Shi, J and Zhang, Y}, title = {H2O2-propelled Janus nanomotor for synergistic treatment of drug-resistant biofilm infections.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {59}, pmid = {41398284}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82102588//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 232300421050, 242301420068//Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province/ ; S20240059//Clinical Medical Scientist of Henan Province/ ; 2023QNRC001//Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry/pharmacology ; Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Animals ; Mice ; *Vancomycin/pharmacology/chemistry ; Poloxamer/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Tannins/chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Drug Synergism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {In contemporary antibacterial treatment, the inability to effectively penetrate biofilm structures, coupled with the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, significantly compromise the clinical efficacy of antibiotic-based therapies. Herein, we propose a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-propelled Janus nanomotor designed to co-deliver vancomycin (Van) and silver ions (Ag[+]), thereby enabling synergistic therapy against refractory biofilm infections. The nanomotor is fabricated by self-assembling Van with FDA-approved biocompatible poloxamer 188 (F68) and tannic acid (TA) to create a Van-loaded nanocarrier, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) subsequently deposited on one side to generate the final structure (F68@TA/Van@Ag). Within the acidic biofilm microenvironment, oxygen generated through the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 by asymmetrical AgNPs facilitates autonomous movement, allowing efficient biofilm penetration and achieving a 3.9-fold increase in the effective concentration of Van. Concurrently, Ag[+] released during decomposition induces oxidative stress within bacterial cells, disrupts membrane integrity, and interferes with DNA replication; these actions collectively enhance biofilm eradication in conjunction with Van treatment. Notably, F68@TA/Van@Ag reprograms macrophages toward pro-inflammatory polarization, thus activating robust antibacterial innate immune responses. Overall, our H2O2-propelled Janus nanomotor F68@TA/Van@Ag demonstrates remarkable antibiofilm properties and immunomodulatory effects while maintaining biocompatibility, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing refractory biofilm infections - particularly those drug-resistant biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid41398219, year = {2025}, author = {Grace, A and Forte, O and Sipowe, A and Tadjuidje, V and Sahu, R and Owen, DR and Dennis, VA}, title = {Novel cationic peptide OB1111 is a dual anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm agent against P. aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {49}, pmid = {41398219}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/pathogenicity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology ; Virulence/drug effects ; *Plankton/drug effects ; Humans ; Oligopeptides ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogen frequently responsible for nosocomial infections and a significant problem in intensive care units. P. aeruginosa, as an opportunistic pathogen, increases mortality risks for severely wounded and immunocompromised individuals. The inherent drug-resistance of P. aeruginosa now requires novel therapeutics with multiple mechanisms that will offer lasting potency in the post-antibiotic era. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ideal, as their multiple modes of action slow resistance development. In this study, we investigated the potential of novel proprietary AMP OB1111 to effectively treat P. aeruginosa under standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and host-mimicking conditions, in planktonic and biofilm states, and at sublethal and lethal concentrations.<br><br>RESULTS: The highly virulent PA14 and moderately virulent PAO1 reference strains were used in these studies. OB1111 effectively displayed inhibitory and bactericidal activity against both strains under AST conditions in planktonic and biofilm states. OB1111 demonstrated anti-virulence activity under host-mimicking conditions by reducing pyoverdine production and early biofilm attachment at sublethal concentrations. Under AST conditions, sublethal doses of OB1111 gradually reduced planktonic PA14 and PAO1 growth but showed less efficacy against biofilms. Additionally, PAO1 biofilms showed reduced susceptibility to OB1111 in comparison to PA14 biofilms at sublethal concentrations. Of significance, scanning electron microscopy revealed that OB1111 effectively deformed and disintegrated PA14 and PAO1 membranes in both the planktonic and biofilm states.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: OB1111 successfully demonstrated the capacity to combat P. aeruginosa as an anti-planktonic, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence agent. Future studies should further examine specific mechanisms of action against PA14 and PAO1, along with testing against clinical isolates in AST and host-mimicking conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41398049, year = {2025}, author = {Barceló, IM and Jordana-Lluch, E and Escobar-Salom, M and Sansó-Sastre, J and Coll-Matas, M&#xc0; and Estévez, M&#xc1; and González-Alsina, &#xc0; and Tomàs, A and Tortosa, M and Torrens, G and Albertí, S and Oliver, A and Juan, C}, title = {Analyzing the effects of benzodiazepines on the virulence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2923}, pmid = {41398049}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FI19/00004//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; CB21/13/00099//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PI25/00805//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; IJC2019-038836-I//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; FPI/2206/2019//Govern de les Illes Balears/ ; SJ-QSP-UIB-EL005/24//Govern de les Illes Balears/ ; PDR2020/02//Govern de les Illes Balears/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/pathogenicity/physiology ; Humans ; Virulence/drug effects ; A549 Cells ; Animals ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Benzodiazepines/pharmacology ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/microbiology ; Mice ; }, abstract = {Sedation with benzodiazepines (BZs) has eventual side-effects increasing the risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (e.g. immunity alterations and nervous/mechanical responses), but there are some knowledge gaps on the topic. For instance, whether BZs could cause a modulation of bacterial virulence, and/or influence the host-pathogen interaction in neglected contexts to facilitate VAP. Consequently, we analyzed relevant in vitro and in vivo infection-related parameters to decipher whether they could be affected by BZs to increase the success for infection of the top VAP-causing pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While most variables were unaltered, an attenuated pathogenic impact on lung A549 cells (invasion, cytotoxicity and inflammation reduced up to ≈ 50%) appeared upon BZs exposure at high therapeutic concentrations, potentially because of effects mostly on the cultured cells. These facts could entail a BZs-associated stealth pathogen-like behavior of P. aeruginosa consisting of a weak immune activation proportional to the mild damage caused, perhaps favoring VAP onset. BZs also triggered a significantly increased biofilm formation (up to ≈ 2-fold > controls) on plastic plates and endotracheal tubes (supported by the upregulation of biofilm-related genes/KEGG pathways and increased c-di-GMP accumulation), suggesting the BZ-dependent boosted formation of these sessile reservoirs which could potentially increase bacterial release to low airways and thus VAP progression.}, }
@article {pmid41397384, year = {2025}, author = {Jain, A and Paul, K}, title = {Multifaceted antibacterial action of dihydrofurocoumarins against drug-resistant Escherichia coli: biofilm inhibition, membrane disruption, metabolic dysfunction, and oxidative stress damage.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01511a}, pmid = {41397384}, issn = {2050-7518}, abstract = {The alarming rise in antibiotic resistance necessitates the urgent development of novel therapeutic agents. Herein, we report a bifunctional approach to synthesize two series of dihydrofurocoumarins (DHFCs), one incorporating naphthalimide and the other featuring coumarin analogues, designed to explore their antibacterial potential and ability to combat antibiotic resistance through structural diversification. Preliminary assessments reveal that some synthesized analogues exhibit significant antibacterial potency. Notably, analogues with electron-withdrawing substituents, particularly 16b and 21e (MIC = 1.56 µg mL[-1]), display outstanding activity against E. coli, demonstrating a higher potency than the marketed antibiotic amoxicillin. The low-frequency resistance observed for analogues 16b and 21e, as evidenced by stable MIC values even after extended passages, may be attributed to their rapid bactericidal action. Additionally, both analogues strongly inhibit biofilm formation, disrupting a critical pathway involved in the development of drug resistance. Mechanistic investigations revealed that both analogues effectively disrupt bacterial membranes, triggering cytoplasmic leakage and a significant loss of metabolic activity. They also induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, catalyzing the oxidation of GSH to GSSG, thereby diminishing cellular GSH activity and weakening the bacterial antioxidant defense system, ultimately leading to oxidative damage and cell death. Active analogues were evaluated for their binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA), demonstrating a balanced binding profile with optimal binding constants, indicative of their potential to facilitate targeted delivery without compromising drug release at the intended site. Site marker drug displacement studies further identified their binding sites, showing that 16b exhibited a preference for Sudlow site I, while 21e selectively associated with the heme site on HSA. Molecular docking studies further corroborated these findings, revealing perfect alignment with experimental results. Further investigations indicated that both active analogues intercalated into DNA, forming DNA-16b/21e complexes that disrupted essential biological functions, leading to bacterial death. Quantum chemical insights revealed a narrower HOMO-LUMO energy gap, facilitating electronic transitions and enhancing molecular reactivity, which may be pivotal for their antibacterial effectiveness. Amidst the limitations of conventional antibiotics, these findings underscore the potential of dihydrofurocoumarins as potent multitarget, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Their ability to impair bacterial defense mechanisms and combat persistent pathogens presents a promising avenue for advancing antibacterial therapeutics, paving the way for further clinical exploration and the development of novel antibacterial analogues.}, }
@article {pmid41397225, year = {2025}, author = {Wen, X and Long, X and Huang, W and Kuramochi, M and Okamoto, A}, title = {Cell-Surface Inter-Cytochrome Electron Transfer Limits Biofilm Electron Conduction Kinetics in Shewanella oneidensis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society}, volume = {147}, number = {51}, pages = {46932-46940}, pmid = {41397225}, issn = {1520-5126}, mesh = {*Shewanella/metabolism/physiology/chemistry ; Electron Transport ; *Biofilms ; Kinetics ; *Cytochrome c Group/metabolism/chemistry ; *Cytochromes/metabolism/chemistry ; Electrodes ; Electric Conductivity ; }, abstract = {The electrical conductivity of biofilms plays a critical role in advancing bioelectronics for energy and environmental applications, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous studies proposed interheme electron transfer between hemes 5 and 10 in the outer-membrane deca-heme cytochrome (OMC) MtrC as the rate-limiting step in the biofilm electron conduction of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. However, the strong interheme electron coupling in MtrC suggests that interprotein interactions may represent the primary barrier to biofilm electron conduction. Here, we investigated the biofilm electron conduction mechanism with a focus on interprotein electron transfer in S. oneidensis MR-1. Conductive currents and their temperature dependence were measured for estimating the thermal activation energy (Ea) by using indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) interdigitated electrodes in wild-type and mutant biofilms. While deletion of periplasmic cytochromes had a negligible impact on Ea, the deletion of OmcA or MtrC increased Ea 3-fold, revealing that interprotein interactions, particularly between OmcA and MtrC, dominate biofilm electron transfer over clonal OMC interactions. Furthermore, suppressing outer-membrane fluidity dramatically increased Ea, while interheme exciton coupling negligibly changed in the OMCs, confirming the critical role of protein diffusion and collision on the outer membrane. Flavin binding to OmcA or MtrC reduced conduction currents attributable to heme centers but enhanced those assignable to noncovalently bound flavins, suggesting that flavin occupancy blocks hemes 2 and 7, which serve as key interprotein electron transfer sites. These findings provide a mechanistic foundation for engineering highly conductive biofilms through targeted protein interface optimization, offering new avenues for the development of bioelectronic technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41396039, year = {2025}, author = {Mohammed, MT and Zgair, AK}, title = {Polymer matrix of biofilm in Klebsiella pneumoniae reduced by sub-MIC hydrogen peroxide enhances cefotaxime efficacy.}, journal = {Polimery w medycynie}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {113-122}, doi = {10.17219/pim/207885}, pmid = {41396039}, issn = {0370-0747}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; *Cefotaxime/pharmacology ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The polymer matrix of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm contributes to its resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics and poses a significant public health threat.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) to improve cefotaxime efficiency against cefotaxime-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) by disrupting the biofilm polymer matrix. Objectives. The present study aims to determine whether sub-MICs of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can enhance the efficacy of cefotaxime against CRKP by disrupting the biofilm polymer matrix.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from 140 burn wound samples. The effect of cefotaxime and sub-MICs of H2O2 on biofilm formation by pretreated K. pneumoniae was evaluated. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the effect of H2O2 sub-MICs on the biofilm matrix. The synergistic effect of H2O2 sub-MICs on the susceptibility of CRKP to cefotaxime and on the structure of the biofilm polymer matrix was also assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: A moderately high incidence of wound infections caused by CRKP was observed. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between biofilm formation and bacterial susceptibility to cefotaxime (r = -0.501, p = 0.024). Treatment with various sub-MICs of H2O2 and cefotaxime reduced biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces by the K. pneumoniae Kp10 isolate. Specifically, exposure to H2O2 at 1/8 MIC induced the formation of pores and channels within the biofilm matrix, resulting in a looser biofilm structure. A synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index &#x2264; 0.5) was observed, where sub-MICs of H2O2 decreased the MIC of cefotaxime against Kp10 from 1,000 &#x3bc;g/mL to 250 &#x3bc;g/mL at &#xbd; and &#xbc; MIC of H2O2, and produced a strong additive effect with a reduction to 500 &#x3bc;g/mL at other sub-MICs. The combination of H2O2 sub-MICs and cefotaxime was more effective in reducing biofilm formation than either agent used alone.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of H2O2 exhibited synergistic to strongly additive effects in enhancing the antibacterial activity of cefotaxime against CRKP and in reducing biofilm formation by the K. pneumoniae Kp10 isolate. This effect appears to be mediated by disruption of the biofilm polymer matrix, which may contribute to improved infection control.}, }
@article {pmid41395962, year = {2025}, author = {Valeriani, L and Giovannini, A and Sforza, NM and Landi, L and Tomasi, C and Montevecchi, M}, title = {Impact of Biofilm Decontamination Methods on Implant-Abutment Surface Integrity: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies.}, journal = {Clinical oral implants research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/clr.70077}, pmid = {41395962}, issn = {1600-0501}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: To systematically analyze the impact of biofilm disruption and decontamination methods on the surface of dental implants and abutments.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted in September 2024. Only quantitative studies analyzing surface alterations caused by physical, mechanical, and chemical decontamination procedures were included. The risk of bias was assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies, all in&#xa0;vitro, were selected. Surface alterations were assessed using profilometer and microscope and were reported through Ra, Rz, and Sa roughness parameters. Differences in surface roughness between control and test groups were evaluated. For titanium machined surfaces, the surface roughness increases or decreases in 96% of cases for Ra and 100% for Sa and Rz, with no consistent pattern. Titanium modified surfaces generally show a reduction trend in roughness parameters following decontamination, though the extent and consistency of this reduction vary across studies. Few studies on zirconia reported minimal surface alteration, with Ra changes between -0.05 and 0.06 and Sa between 0.2 and 0.8&#x2009;&#x3bc;m. Overall, due to methodological variability, no universally safe tool for maintaining surface integrity could be clearly identified.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The inconclusive and heterogeneous nature of the findings suggests that surface alterations should be considered alongside other factors, rather than as a stand-alone determinant, when selecting implant surface decontamination methods. Clinical trials are suggested to assess the impact of these alterations on clinical outcomes, such as bacterial growth and biological complications.}, }
@article {pmid41395476, year = {2025}, author = {Campos, DL and Liao, YT and Harden, LA and Zhang, Y and Wu, VCH}, title = {Penetrating the biofilm barrier: characterization of Escherichia phage vB_EcoS-TPF103dw and harnessing depolymerase to combat Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103 biofilm.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1715907}, pmid = {41395476}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Besides Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7, non-O157 STEC strains, such as O103, have been linked to outbreaks in meat, dairy, and produce. This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the newly isolated Tequintavirus phage, vB_EcoS-TPF103dw, as an intervention against STEC O103 biofilm.<br><br>METHODS: Phage vB_EcoS-TPF103dw isolated from chicken feces, was sequenced and biologically characterized. Antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro and against O103 biofilm on stainless steel. Biofilm disruption was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).<br><br>RESULTS: TPF103dw, belonging to the Tequintavirus genus, has a latent period of approximately 50&#x202f;min, with an estimated burst size of 232 PFU/cell, and is stable over a wide range of pH (pH 5 to pH 10) and temperature (4 to 60&#x202f;&#xb0;C). Phage TPF103dw encoded four high-probability (>90%) depolymerase candidates. The results showed filtrate containing soluble phage-derived enzymes alone were sufficient to dismantle the extracellular polysaccharide layer, as confirmed by SEM. Phage application against STEC O103 biofilm on stainless-steel coupons for 30&#x202f;min resulted in a significant STEC O103 reduction of 0.83 log CFU/coupon.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The findings of this study provide insights into a novel Tequintavirus phage, vB_EcoS-TPF103dw, and demonstrate its genomic diversity, predicted depolymerase-encoding potential, stability under variable conditions, and antimicrobial efficacy against STEC O103 biofilms in vitro.}, }
@article {pmid41395461, year = {2025}, author = {Wilbanks, KQ and Flesher, J and Goodman, SD and Bakaletz, LO}, title = {Human PMNs exhibit greater engulfment, NETosis, and enhanced migration when incubated with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae newly released from a biofilm.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1728903}, pmid = {41395461}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Biofilm-resident bacteria exhibit diverse mechanisms to evade eradication, including the highly protective self-produced matrix in which they are embedded. Thus, releasing bacteria from biofilm residence affords antibiotics and immune effectors greater access. We developed a monoclonal antibody directed against an essential biofilm matrix protein that induces rapid collapse of the biofilm matrix with release of bacteria that are in a transient but highly vulnerable phenotype. Bacteria that are newly released ("NRel") due to this monoclonal are significantly more sensitive to antibiotic-, antimicrobial peptide- or human PMN-mediated killing in vitro and are rapidly eradicated in four animal models without adjunct antibiotic treatment, the speed of which highlights the role of innate immune effectors. Here, we characterized the reactivity of human PMNs to three distinct bacterial populations derived from three clinical isolates of the predominant respiratory tract pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). Via timelapse microscopy and flow cytometry, PMN engulfment, NETosis (e.g., programmed neutrophil cell death accompanied by release of web-like condensed DNA with associated antimicrobial proteins), and migratory activity were assessed when PMNs were incubated with NTHI that were dual-fluorescently labeled with green-fluorescent FM 1-43 and pH-sensitive red-fluorescent pHrodo™ Red, SE, which fluoresces in acidic environments such as within a phagolysosome. Relative concentrations of endotoxin and DNA, as well as cytokines/chemokines potentially responsible for observed PMN activities were also assessed. PMN-mediated engulfment, NETosis, and migratory activity were all greatest when incubated with NTHI NRel compared to both NTHI that had been grown planktonically in rich medium or to NTHI that were present in the culture medium that overlayed the biofilm. Whereas neither NTHI endotoxin nor DNA played a role in the observed relative activities, PMNs incubated with NTHI NRel released significantly more IL-8 which likely served to enhance the migration of additional PMNs. These data contribute to our understanding of mechanisms anticipated to be operational in the DNABII protein-targeted monoclonal antibody-based treatment regimen we developed to facilitate host-mediated contribution to biofilm eradication after induced release of formerly biofilm-resident bacteria into the highly vulnerable NRel state.}, }
@article {pmid41395102, year = {2025}, author = {}, title = {Expression of concern: "Multidrug resistance, biofilm formation and detection of bla CTX-M and bla VIM genes in E. coli and Salmonella isolates from chutney served at the street-food stalls of Bharatpur, Nepal" [Heliyon 9 (2023) e15739].}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {11}, number = {15}, pages = {e44036}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e44036}, pmid = {41395102}, issn = {2405-8440}, }
@article {pmid41394951, year = {2026}, author = {Akhtar, MT and Saadia, M and Irfan, MI}, title = {Silybum marianum extract as a next-generation multifunctional therapeutic: potent antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-biofilm activities validated by phytochemical profiling and molecular docking.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, pmid = {41394951}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {The rising burden of diabetes, oxidative stress, and antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for safe, multifunctional therapeutics. This study explores the antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-biofilm properties of Silybum marianum (S. marianum) L. Gaertn. acetic acid extract, complemented by phytochemical profiling and molecular docking. The extract of S. marianum exhibited strong multifunctional bioactivity supported by in vitro and in silico analyses. Antioxidant evaluation (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) revealed dose-dependent radical scavenging, achieving up to 92.5% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL and a high ferric-reducing capacity (105.6 µM Fe[2+] equivalents). The extract significantly inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, confirming its antidiabetic potential. In antimicrobial assays, notable activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis (15.2 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (14.6 mm), with moderate effects on Gram-negative and fungal strains. The extract also showed over 85% inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation, suggesting interference with quorum sensing and EPS matrix synthesis. Anti-inflammatory assays demonstrated up to 91.2% inhibition of protein denaturation and 86.7% red blood cell membrane stabilization, comparable to indomethacin. Macrophage-based cellular studies confirmed suppression of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) with > 85% cell viability. GC-MS analysis identified major bioactives including D-arabinitol, chalcone derivatives, and isoquinoline compounds, which were strongly bound to key targets in docking studies-α-amylase, DNA gyrase, COX-2, and NADPH oxidase (binding energies - 9.0 to - 9.9 kcal/mol). These results collectively highlight S. marianum as a biocompatible source of multifunctional phytochemicals with antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-biofilm properties, supporting its potential for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.}, }
@article {pmid41394228, year = {2025}, author = {Ruscio, M and Guard, G and O'Dwyer, D and Darville, R and Klopf, H and Abbott, R and Spiridigliozzi, S}, title = {Biofilm Disruption Enhances Antimicrobial Therapy for Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Intestinal Methanogen Overgrowth.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {e99116}, pmid = {41394228}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Background Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO) are forms of microbial dysbiosis linked to gastrointestinal as well as systemic symptoms and sequelae. Some patients prefer non-antibiotic treatment options, and thus, herbal antimicrobials are emerging as alternatives to rifaximin. Treatment with pharmaceuticals or herbals can be hindered via biofilm-related resistance. This retrospective chart review evaluated whether adding a biofilm disruptor to herbal antimicrobials enhanced SIBO/IMO eradication, as defined by standardized breath test criteria. Methods Thirteen patients with SIBO, IMO, or both, as determined by lactulose breath testing, had previously been randomized in a clinical protocol to receive either herbal antimicrobials alone (n = 5, control group) or herbal antimicrobials combined with biofilm disruptors (n = 8, treatment group) over an 8-week period. Results Hydrogen levels declined more in the treatment group compared with controls (-30.75 vs -11.40 ppm, within-group P = 0.007). Methane levels also decreased more in the treatment group than in controls (-26.38 vs -2.00 ppm, within-group P = 0.042). The SIBO eradication rate ranged from 60-100%, but did not differ significantly across groups. Neither group achieved eradication of IMO. Conclusions Adding a biofilm disruptor to herbal antimicrobials was associated with significantly greater reductions in hydrogen and methane gas levels. While SIBO eradication rates with herbal protocols - both with and without biofilm agents - were comparable to those seen with rifaximin, the differences were not statistically significant; importantly, this was likely due to the small sample size. Larger prospective, controlled studies are needed to validate these findings and clarify the potential role of biofilm disruptors in the management of SIBO/IMO.}, }
@article {pmid41394105, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, Z and Fu, H and Zhou, Y and Luo, X and Wu, Y and Kuang, Z and Cai, D and Wu, X and Hong, X}, title = {Molecular, biofilm and motility characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from a neonatal intensive care unit at a children's hospital in South China.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1705282}, pmid = {41394105}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/classification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; China/epidemiology ; *Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Infant, Newborn ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Cross Infection/microbiology/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Levofloxacin/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) poses a critical threat in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), however few studies have reported the molecular characterization of A. baumannii isolates from the NICU in China. This study aims to describe the molecular, biofilm and motility characteristics related to carbapenem resistance genes in A. baumannii isolates from the NICU.<br><br>METHODS: Following an outbreak in March-April 2024, 21&#xa0;A. baumannii isolates from neonatal and environmental sources were collected. These isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for resistance gene profiling and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Biofilm formation and twitching motility were measured in representative strains exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of gentamicin, levofloxacin, and meropenem.<br><br>RESULTS: All 21&#xa0;A. baumannii isolates were carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), showing resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. WGS identified 25 resistance genes, including the universal bla OXA-23, bla OXA-66, blaADC-25 and bla TEM-1D, aminoglycoside resistance genes (armA, aph genes), macrolide resistance genes (mphE, msrE), and tetracycline (tetB) resistance genes. Efflux pumps (adeABC, adeFGH, adeIJK) were ubiquitous. Two sequence types emerged: ST195 (20 isolates) and ST1959 (1 isolate), with high genetic similarity suggesting nosocomial transmission. ST1959 exhibited stronger biofilm formation than ST195. Biofilm formation of ST1959 was significantly enhanced by gentamicin but inhibited by levofloxacin. Meropenem suppressed only the ST195 biofilms. Twitching motility was markedly reduced in ST1959 and also decreased after levofloxacin exposure.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This NICU outbreak was driven by CRAB ST195 harboring a conserved resistome. Strain-specific differences in biofilm formation and motility under antibiotic stress highlight the interplay between genetic lineage and phenotypic adaptability. Levofloxacin demonstrates dual anti-biofilm and anti-motility effects, which could guide targeted infection control strategies against high-risk A. baumannii clones.}, }
@article {pmid41393916, year = {2025}, author = {Dela Luna, LAL and Yabes, AM and Maramba-Lazarte, CNC and Makalinao, IR and Panganiban, LCR and Tiongco, RHP}, title = {Antibacterial and Biofilm-inhibiting Activity of the Crude Psidium guajava Ethanolic Leaf Extracts against Biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228).}, journal = {Acta medica Philippina}, volume = {59}, number = {17}, pages = {86-97}, pmid = {41393916}, issn = {2094-9278}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, with developing countries such as the Philippines facing particularly severe impacts due to resource limitations. The most affected by AMR is Healthcare Acquired Infections (HAIs), including Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSIs). These are commonly associated with biofilm-forming bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis, which complicates treatment due to antibiotic resistance. The Philippine variety of Psidium guajava, a folklorically used medicinal plant, has shown potential antimicrobial properties that could offer a new avenue for combating resistant pathogens.<br><br>METHODS: This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of crude Psidium guajava ethanolic leaf extracts (PGELE) against biofilm-forming S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228). PGELE was tested at five concentrations (ranging from 312.5 &#xb5;g/mL to 10,000 &#xb5;g/mL) using two-fold serial dilution to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using agar dilution count method. For the Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) and Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC), crude PGELE was tested at 0.25 x MIC, 0.5 x MIC, MIC, 2 x MIC and 4 x MIC.<br><br>RESULTS: The MIC for PGELE against S. epidermidis was determined to be 2500 &#xb5;g/mL, and the MBC was 5000 &#xb5;g/mL, indicating that PGELE exhibits bactericidal activity. In biofilm assays, PGELE demonstrated strong antibiofilm activity at concentrations as low as 625 &#xb5;g/mL, inhibiting biofilm formation by more than 50%. However, PGELE did not eradicate preformed biofilms, as indicated by the MBEC results at concentrations ranging from 625 &#xb5;g/mL to 10,000 &#xb5;g/mL.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Psidium guajava ethanolic leaf extracts exhibit antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. epidermidis, particularly in preventing biofilm formation. These findings suggest that PGELE could be developed as an effective natural antimicrobial agent for use in healthcare settings to prevent CRBSIs and other infections caused by biofilm-forming pathogens. Further research and development are warranted to explore the potential of PGELE for antimicrobial drug development.}, }
@article {pmid41393217, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, Z and Premarathna, M and Li, Y and Yin, X and Soteyome, T and Liu, J and Seneviratne, G}, title = {Current knowledge on the polymicrobial interaction and biofilm between Saccharomyces and Lactobacillaceae: regulatory mechanisms and applications.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100336}, pmid = {41393217}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {The family Lactobacillaceae plays a crucial role in food fermentation and probiotic applications, and exhibiting metabolic versatility and adaptability to diverse nutrient-rich environments. They are abundant in nutrient-rich environments like fermented food, vegetables, and the vaginal and gastrointestinal tracts of animals, where they metabolize carbohydrates to produce lactic acids. They also produce bioactive compounds and exhibit anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Saccharomyces yeasts are also widely applied in food, medicine, and biofuel industries. Some species, such as S. boulardii, are recognized for their probiotic benefits, particularly in promoting gut health and alleviating intestinal disorders. This review focuses on the polymicrobial interactions between Lactobacillaceae and Saccharomyces species, highlighting their synergistic roles in improving fermentation efficiency, product quality, and microbial stability through mechanisms such as biofilm formation, metabolic exchange, and nutrient sharing. We also discuss competitive interactions observed in certain systems, such as sugarcane fermentation, which demonstrate the complexity of microbial ecology and the need for precise microbial management strategies. By synthesizing current research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how microbial interactions influence fermentation outcomes, and to identify existing knowledge gaps and future directions for optimizing industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid41392639, year = {2026}, author = {Roma, FRVO and Silva, MG and Oliveira, TJL and Bauer, J and Firoozmand, LM}, title = {Impact of biofilm model of Streptococcus mutans on the pH, ions release, and sorption/solubility of glass ionomer cements enriched with 45S5 bioglass.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {42-54}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2601045}, pmid = {41392639}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/physiology/drug effects ; *Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ceramics/chemistry ; Solubility ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Calcium ; Adsorption ; Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; Glass/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Resin materials enriched with bioglass (45S5) could potentially improve the physicochemical properties of dental materials. Specimens were categorized into five groups: (GIC)- conventional glass ionomer cement; (RMGIC.1)- resin-modified GIC with non-lyophilised polyacrylic acid, (RMGIC.1_45S5)- RMGIC.1 with 45S5 (10 w/w%); (RMGIC.2)- resin-modified GIC with freeze-dried polyacrylic acid; and (RMGIC.2_45S5)- RMGIC.2 with 45S5 (10 w/w%). The specimens were tested at acid/neutral pH, and the antibacterial activity colony-forming units (CFU/mg), sorption, solubility, calcium ion release, and bioactivity were measured in a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model. Analysis of variance and Scheffe/Tukey statistical tests were used. The 45S5 in the RMGICs resulted in higher alkalinization and the formation of calcium/phosphorus precipitates. RMGIC.1_45S5 improved pH stability and increased the sorption and solubility. In the S.mutans biofilm, none of the materials significantly increased the pH. The enrichment of RMGIC.1 (45S5) increased the sorption, solubility, calcium release, and showed bioactivity, but had no antimicrobial effect on the S.mutans biofilm model.}, }
@article {pmid41392121, year = {2025}, author = {D'Amico, R and Vassallo, V and Paris, I and Trecca, M and Casillo, A and Schiraldi, C and Papa, R and Corsaro, MM}, title = {Biofilm and planktonic lifestyles modulate lipid A structure and inflammatory response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from people with cystic fibrosis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2272}, pmid = {41392121}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; *Lipid A/chemistry/metabolism ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Plankton ; Inflammation/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Lipopolysaccharides ; }, abstract = {The National Institutes of Health of the United States stated that over 80% of microbial infections in the body are due to biofilms, many of which are resilient to traditional antimicrobial treatments and need surgery to resolve the chronic infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogen responsible for biofilm-related infection in immunocompromised patients, including those suffering from cystic fibrosis. Here, we attempted to understand the potential relationship between the structure of bacterial surface glycans and the resistance to antibiotics. We focused the attention on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from two people with CF at different disease stages: a wild-type (WT) strain sensitive to all tested antibiotics, isolated from a patient with recent infection (< 12 months), and a pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strain from a patient with chronic colonization (4-15 years). These strains were grown in planktonic conditions and as structured biofilm communities and compared with the reference strain PA14. Structural variations in Lipid A across these two strains were evaluated concerning the degree of antibiotic resistance and chronic infection. Finally, we assessed the effects of LPSs and Lipids A on inflammatory pathway activation, through Collagen 1A1, IL-6, and TLR-4 gene expression evaluation.}, }
@article {pmid41390783, year = {2025}, author = {Sachdeva, C and Acharya, SP and Sairam, A and Murali, TS}, title = {Candida tropicalis culture supernatants modulate Pseudomonas aeruginosa antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2094}, pmid = {41390783}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Candida tropicalis/metabolism/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Diabetic Foot/microbiology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Polymicrobial infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Candida tropicalis (CT) majorly contribute to persistent infections resulting in challenges to effectively treat chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). We investigated the interactions between PA and CT, especially on the role of microbial metabolites in modulating biofilm formation, growth dynamics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and gene expression in co-habitants. Using clinical isolates from DFUs, we examined the effects of microbial supernatants on biofilm formation, microbial growth, and resistance to antibiotics and antifungals. Additionally, we assessed the expression of resistance genes (aph(3')-IIb and gyrA) in PA in response to treatment with cell-free CT supernatant. Our findings revealed strain-specific interactions between PA and CT. Supernatants from high biofilm forming CT significantly affected biofilm formation and growth in PA, while PA supernatants universally suppressed CT growth. Notably, low biofilm forming strain of PA exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and growth when treated with supernatant from low biofilm forming CT, suggesting a cooperative interaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays demonstrated that CT supernatants modulated resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones in PA, with aph(3')-IIb and gyrA gene expression being significantly upregulated. Conversely, PA supernatants sensitized CT to antifungals, particularly amphotericin B and fluconazole. The results underscore the importance of understanding interspecific interactions in polymicrobial infections. Our results highlight the complex interplay between PA and CT, driven by microbial metabolites that influence biofilm formation, growth, and antimicrobial resistance and provides fresh insights into the mechanisms underlying PA-CT interactions and their implications for chronic wound management.}, }
@article {pmid41390371, year = {2025}, author = {Nosair, AM and Abdelaziz, AA and Abo-Kamar, AM and Al-Madboly, LA and Farghali, MH}, title = {Deciphering the efficacy of staphyloxanthin-encapsulated niosomal nanovesicles to attenuate biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and meropenem persistence in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {791}, pmid = {41390371}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Mice ; Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Liposomes/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Meropenem/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii is the primary cause of persistent opportunistic infections in healthcare settings, recognized as a global priority due to its resistance to antibiotic therapy. Quorum sensing and biofilm formation are the key factors driving the pathogenesis and drug resistance of A. baumannii. Nanostructures demonstrated encouraging promise in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and overcoming treatment failure. Therefore, the efficacy of staphyloxanthin (STX)-encapsulated niosomes was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.<br><br>RESULTS: The formulated niosomal nanovesicles displayed a spherical shape at the nanoscale (177.8&#xa0;nm), featuring a slow-release rate (39.6%) and appropriate entrapment efficiency (92.7%). Our results demonstrated that STX exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values up to 16&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL against multidrug-resistant isolates (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;24). The in vitro findings revealed that the encapsulation of STX within niosomal nanovesicles demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared to the free solution. This improvement was reflected by a significant reduction in biofilm formation (68-88%), motility (66.66-94.45%), and siderophore production (48.75-79.5%), as well as marked disruption of the mature biofilm by 82%. The anti-quorum sensing activity of STX was further confirmed the attenuation of biofilm and virulence, as evidenced by downregulation of abaI expression (1.42-fold reduction) and molecular docking simulations. It is noteworthy that the biological findings revealed a significant eradication of meropenem-induced persister cells after the addition of niosomal dispersion. The preclinical investigations prove the efficacy of STX in improving survival rates through reducing the bacterial burden (2-fold reduction) and lethal inflammatory consequences in a mouse model of pneumonia.<br><br>CONCLUSION: our results suggested that STX may serve as a promising alternative for combating A. baumannii biofilms and persister cells.}, }
@article {pmid41388659, year = {2025}, author = {Wallbank, JA and Kingsbury, JM and Pantos, O and Weaver, L and Smith, DA and Barbier, M and Theobald, B and Gambarini, V and Lear, G}, title = {Plastic Type and Condition Have Minimal Impact on Associated Marine Biofilm Communities.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {e70214}, pmid = {41388659}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {C03X1802//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Seawater/microbiology ; *Plastics ; Fungi/genetics/classification/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The ecological impacts of plastics and their additives on marine microbiota remain unclear. We applied prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS2 region amplicon sequencing, alongside shotgun metagenomic sequencing, to identify compositional and functional changes in microbial communities on marine plastic. Five common plastics, both non-aged and artificially aged, were submerged in Auckland Harbour, Aotearoa-New Zealand. Biofilms on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), nylon-6 (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA), oxo-biodegradable LLDPE (OXO) and glass were sampled over 12 months. The taxonomy and functional potential of biofilm communities differed from surrounding seawater communities and varied with biofilm age. Younger biofilms were more diverse, with Proteobacteria, unknown fungi and unclassified Metazoa dominating prokaryotic, fungal and eukaryotic communities, respectively. Taxa related to previously reported plastic-degraders were found in very low abundance across all substrates. Plastic type and UV-ageing did not significantly shape biofilm communities over a year. Although some genes differed in relative abundance due to UV-ageing, overall functional profiles remained consistent across plastics. Genes conferring reported plastic-degrading traits were present regardless of plastic type, UV-ageing and biofilm age. Nevertheless, nylon hydrolases were notably associated with PA, suggesting marine plastic impacts may be restricted to taxa or functions involved in its degradation.}, }
@article {pmid41387572, year = {2025}, author = {Del Rey, YC and Albuquerque-Junior, RF and Ramos, AP and Dos Reis, BA and Fernandes, L and Vaz, LG and do Nascimento, C}, title = {Microporous zirconium-coated titanium surfaces for dental implant application: Surface characterization, bioactivity and effect on the oral biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {9}, pmid = {41387572}, issn = {1573-4838}, mesh = {*Titanium/chemistry ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Zirconium/chemistry ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Surface Properties ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Porosity ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Wettability ; }, abstract = {Implantable materials based on titanium have been widely used in medical and dental care due to favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, when compared to ceramics, titanium surfaces are more susceptible to bacterial adhesion and colonization by periodontopathogenic species. Peri-implant infections are the major cause of implant failure and development of implantable materials with surface properties effective in minimizing bacterial colonization is still a challenge. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) provides porous ceramic coatings of high durability and stability on titanium. Incorporating metals with antimicrobial effects may contribute to minimizing microorganism adhesion on titanium. This study developed a novel zirconium-coated titanium surface using PEO and compared the composition of oral biofilm with machined or double acid etched surfaces in situ. SEM analysis showed pores and micro-pores, respectively for PEO and zirconium coatings, with surface roughness lower than acid etching while maintaining moderate levels (Ra/Sa: 1.0-2.0 µm). Chemical composition analysis showed predomination of TiO2 on the most superficial layer of all groups with phosphorous and calcium incorporated into PEO coatings; calcium was replaced by a relevant amount of zirconium after anodization. Both PEO and zirconium coatings presented reduced values of surface free energy and less wettability than control and etched surfaces. DNA Checkerboard hybridization analysis showed that zirconium coatings significantly reduced the total microbial counts on the formed biofilms with lower counts of opportunistic and pathogenic species. In conclusion, PEO and zirconium coatings have substantially modified the microbial colonization pattern of biofilms, with preferential colonization by commensal Streptococci on zirconium surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid41387508, year = {2025}, author = {Fouad, EM and Tawfiq, H and Elhady, SA and Saafan, AM}, title = {Synergistic antibiofilm activity of methylene blue and silver nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {43740}, pmid = {41387508}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; *Methylene Blue/pharmacology ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; *Silver/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Humans ; *Photothermal Therapy/methods ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in root canals is a significant challenge in endodontic therapy, often leading to persistent infections and treatment failures. This research paper investigates the antibiofilm efficacy of methylene blue mediated photothermal treatment (MB-PTT), as compared to the sole effect of diode laser, PTT, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on E. faecalis biofilms. 45 maxillary central incisors were decoronated, prepared and infected by E faecalis for seven days. Forty samples were randomly allocated as follows; GI; irrigated with 2.6% NaOCl, GII; irradiated with 660 nm diode laser (250 mW) for 180 s. GIII; Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with diode laser application at same parameters (AgNPs-PTT), GIV: accompanied MB and AgNPs-PTT, while 5 samples were kept as control for biofilm formation. The antibiofilm effect was demonstrated both by bacterial colonies counting (CFU/ml) and scanning electron microscope images. The results highlight the potential of all experimental treatment modalities (P < 0.01), However complete absence of detactable bacterial colonies was only evident when MB was coupled with AgNPs-PTT. Accompanied MB with PTT is a promising approach with effective antibiofilm activity against E. faecalis biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41387400, year = {2025}, author = {Mugunthan, S and Dong, Z and Chotirmall, SH and Kjelleberg, S and Seviour, T}, title = {Stress-induced toxic genomic R-loops support biofilm extracellular matrix formation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {11451}, pmid = {41387400}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {Challenge Program 2022//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Extracellular Matrix/metabolism/genetics ; *DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry/metabolism ; *R-Loop Structures/genetics ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Rec A Recombinases/metabolism/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genomic Instability ; Viscosity ; }, abstract = {Self-aggregation into biofilms is a bacterial stress response that promotes antimicrobial resistance because biofilms comprise viscous extracellular polymeric matrices that impede antimicrobial diffusion. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is typically a principal component of the biofilm matrix. Here we show that persistent R-loops, which are three-stranded nucleic acid structures consisting of single DNA and a DNA:RNA hybrid, contribute to the viscoelastic behaviour of eDNA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. The RNA strands are inserted throughout the genome by the strand exchange protein RecA, at locations in the genome distant from the site of their own transcription i.e. in trans. R-loop formation creates genomic instability in bacterial cells that subsequently die and release R-loops. These events appear to occur as part of a programmed cell death pathway, which is activated by the stringent stress response. The released R-loops become building blocks of the viscoelastic extracellular matrix, for the benefit of the remaining population. Our results indicate that R-loops facilitate the formation of the viscoelastic eDNA matrix in the context of bacterial stress responses, and that interfering with the R-loops may provide a broadly effective strategy for biofilm control.}, }
@article {pmid41387371, year = {2026}, author = {Shit, B and Paria, S and Kundu, S and Barman, S and Nasrin, A and Manna, T and Ghosh, C and Hossain, M}, title = {Investigation of the Interaction Between HSA and Dioscorea pentaphylla Leaf Extract-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Using Multi-Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Techniques and Evaluation of Their Anti-Biofilm Activity.}, journal = {Journal of molecular recognition : JMR}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {e70020}, doi = {10.1002/jmr.70020}, pmid = {41387371}, issn = {1099-1352}, mesh = {*Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Humans ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dioscorea/chemistry ; *Serum Albumin, Human/chemistry/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Calorimetry ; Protein Binding ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to develop a simple, rapid and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) employing the aqueous leaf extract of the medicinal plant Dioscorea pentaphylla as a natural and cost-effective reducing and stabilising agent. The synthesised Dp-SNPs were comprehensively characterised using UV-visible, FTIR, HR-TEM, AFM, DLS and XPS techniques. Their in vitro anti-biofilm activity was evaluated against both gram-negative V. cholerae and gram-positive S. aureus, demonstrating potent inhibitory effects against both bacterial strains. To elucidate the interaction between Dp-SNPs and human serum albumin (HSA), multi-spectroscopic techniques were employed. UV-visible and fluorescence analysis revealed a strong binding affinity of Dp-SNPs towards HSA. ITC experiment confirmed that the complexation process was spontaneous and primarily driven by hydrophobic forces. Fluorescence lifetime measurements indicated a static quenching mechanism, and CD spectroscopy suggested minimal alteration in the secondary structure of HSA upon conjugation with Dp-SNPs. Furthermore, an increase in the Zeta potential of Dp-SNPs after binding with HSA suggested improved colloidal stability of the protein-nanoparticle complex. These findings highlight the potential of Dp-SNPs as eco-friendly anti-biofilm agents and provide important insights into their interactions with serum proteins for biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41386825, year = {2025}, author = {Nesru, Y and Ahmed, M and Mengistu, A and Naimuddin, M}, title = {Phytochemical screening and inhibitory effects of Catha edulis Forsk extracts on oxidation, growth, biofilm and quorum sensing of selected pathogens.}, journal = {Journal, genetic engineering &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {100560}, pmid = {41386825}, issn = {2090-5920}, abstract = {The treatment of infectious diseases is increasingly challenging due to the emergence and re-emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plant-derived natural products are being explored as potential solutions to this global threat. This study investigated the phytochemical composition of Catha edulis and biological properties of its extracts, focusing on their potential as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the methanol extract (MeOHE) fractions revealed 11 compounds in dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) and 30 compounds in ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), many of which possess bioactive functions as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Phytol was detected at 60.32 %, not reported before in C. edulis. The antioxidation potential of extracts was assayed by radical scavenging activity (RSA), and the IC50 values ranged from 68.2 to 89.3 µg/mL, respectively indicating good antioxidant potency. In the disc diffusion assay against representative pathogenic bacteria, the extracts exhibited an inhibition order of EAF > DCMF > MeOHE in the 31-75 % range. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for MeOHE and DCMF were in the 0.5 - >1 mg/mL range, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were from 2 to > 2 mg/mL. EAF showed a MIC and MBC in the 0.5---1 mg/mL and 1---2 mg/mL range, suggesting better inhibition potential. The tolerance test values showed bactericidal activity against all the tested bacteria. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of DCMF were 250 to > 500 µg/mL, while EAF ranged from 125 to 500 µg/mL, indicating effective inhibition of biofilm formation. The anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) activity of DCMF and EAF on P. aeruginosa showed 55.8 % and 51.4 % inhibition of pyocyanin production at 500 µg/mL. These results suggest that DCMF and EAF of C. edulis are potent antioxidants and antimicrobials, potentially reducing the load of pathogens. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of antibiofilm and anti-QS activities of C. edulis extracts on pathogenic bacteria included in the Pathogen Priority List.}, }
@article {pmid41386131, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, T and Zhang, Z and Yu, B and Cai, Y and Ouyang, D and Gustave, W and Zhang, H}, title = {Microplastics inhibit oxytetracycline degradation in soils: Insights into biofilm-enhanced adsorption and microbial community shifts.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {501}, number = {}, pages = {140734}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140734}, pmid = {41386131}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Oxytetracycline/metabolism/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Adsorption ; *Microplastics/toxicity/chemistry ; *Soil Pollutants/metabolism/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Soil/chemistry ; Microbiota/drug effects ; Bacteria/metabolism/drug effects ; Polyethylene/chemistry ; Polyesters ; }, abstract = {Microplastic (MP) pollution and antibiotic contamination are increasingly recognized as global environmental challenges. However, the mechanisms by which microplastics (MPs) influence oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation in soil remain poorly understood. This study examined the effects of MPs on OTC degradation in organic fertilizer-amended paddy soil using microcosm incubations, MP biofilm cultivation, and adsorption experiments. Results showed that polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) MPs significantly inhibited OTC degradation, lowering degradation rates by 11.1 %-20.2 %. Adsorption isotherms followed the Freundlich model, with biofilm-associated MPs exhibiting Kf values 7.52-8.23 times higher than those of pristine MPs. In adsorption kinetics, biofilm formation increased the equilibrium adsorption capacity of MPs for OTC by 5.52-6.53 times. Polylactic acid addition (1.50 %) selectively enriched Kitasatospora and Actinoallomurus, increased the abundance of aerobic and Gram-positive bacteria, and reduced bacteria with Gram-negative traits or potential pathogenicity. These microbial shifts further suppressed OTC degradation in soil. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that MPs hinder OTC degradation in paddy soils and may intensify environmental risks by enhancing antibiotic adsorption and reshaping soil microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid41383789, year = {2025}, author = {Rezaei Ghamsari, R and Shayestehpour, M and Sobhani Nasab, A and Nazari-Alam, A}, title = {Zinc oxide nanoparticles as a new approach to eradicate the biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples.}, journal = {Caspian journal of internal medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {725-730}, pmid = {41383789}, issn = {2008-6164}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are particularly notable in the biomedical field, especially for antimicrobial applications, due to their beneficial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolated from clinical samples.<br><br>METHODS: A microdilution test was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the synthesized against P. aeruginosa. Additionally, the impact of the zinc oxide nanocomposite on the expression of biofilm-related genes, including algD, lecA, and lecB, was measured using the Real-Time PCR method.<br><br>RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ZnO nanocomposite against P. aeruginosa was found to be 625 &#xb5;g/ml. At half the MIC concentration, ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated a 54% inhibition of biofilm formation. The expression levels of the algD, lecA, and lecB genes were reduced by 3.3 (p < 0.001), 1.8 (p < 0.05), and 3.1 folds (p < 0.05), respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overall, ZnO nanoparticles, by reducing the expression levels of the algD, LecA, and LecB genes in P. aeruginosa, can be utilized as a novel therapeutic approach to improve and treat infection-related biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41380897, year = {2026}, author = {Gaur, M and Maurya, S and Tripathi, R and Pasupuleti, M and Akhtar, MS and Swaroop, S and Yadav, AB}, title = {Lung SPLUNC1-derived anti-biofilm peptide in polymeric nanoparticles: A novel strategy against S. aureus biofilms and antimicrobial resistance.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {339}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {149552}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149552}, pmid = {41380897}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/chemistry ; *Glycoproteins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Chitosan/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; A549 Cells ; Phosphoproteins ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global challenge, necessitating innovative strategies for combating bacterial infections. This study focuses on developing and evaluating a novel therapeutic peptide that targets biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, which are known to contribute to chronic infections. Leveraging antimicrobial properties of peptide derived from SPLUNC1 (Short Palate, Lung, and Nasal epithelium Clone 1) protein, an anti-biofilm peptide was rationally designed. The peptide was encapsulated into Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and PLGA-chitosan nanocomposite to improve stability, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy while minimizing cytotoxic and haemolytic effects. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency, release profile, aerodynamic properties and peptide stability. Results showed composite nanoparticles of uniform size (150-350 nm) with positive zeta-potential and sustained release up to 72 h. The NGI analysis showed mass median aerodynamic diameter ≤ 5 μM, indicating potential deep lung delivery via inhalation. Surface morphology analysis through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the composite nature with a spherical and smooth surface. Among different peptides, KQ peptide and its formulations showed potent anti-biofilm properties with significant reduction (60.99 ± 3.95 %) of biofilm formation while maintaining >92 % cell viability in A549 human lung epithelial cells and <1 % hemolysis. The integration of anti-biofilm peptide derived from lung SPLUNC1 and its delivery through PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles demonstrate a synergistic approach and may significantly aid in the development of innovative and durable strategies to combat S. aureus infections.}, }
@article {pmid41380439, year = {2026}, author = {Bretti, G and Mandal, P and Mottram, N and Pontrelli, G and McGinty, S}, title = {Modelling antibiotic delivery from functionally graded materials to target biofilm-associated infections.}, journal = {Computers in biology and medicine}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {111306}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111306}, pmid = {41380439}, issn = {1879-0534}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics ; *Models, Biological ; Humans ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Medical implant-related infections remain notoriously difficult to treat due to the formation of bacterial biofilms. Systemic antibiotic delivery is often ineffective and antibiotic-eluting technologies remain immature in this field, at least in part due to limitations in adequately controlling the antibiotic release rate. A confounding factor is the lack of understanding of the most efficacious antibiotic release profile. In this paper, we introduce a novel theoretical framework that leverages functionally graded materials to achieve tunable, spatially controlled antibiotic delivery - addressing both of these key challenges. Specifically, we develop a new coupled nonlinear partial differential equation model that simultaneously captures antibiotic release from a functionally graded material coating and its transport dynamics within an evolving biofilm. Our results reveal that functionally graded material coatings can outperform homogeneous coatings in sustaining local antibiotic concentrations and suppressing biofilm growth. This study thus establishes functionally graded materials as a promising, previously underexplored design paradigm for infection-resistant medical implants and provides a quantitative basis for optimizing antibiotic release profiles in biofilm-prone environments.}, }
@article {pmid41379337, year = {2025}, author = {Vinitha, G and Kannan, S}, title = {Acinetobacter baumannii-rare virulence factors and pathogenesis: the impact of biofilm associated protein (Bap), outer membrane vesicles, and iron acquisition system.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {1}, pages = {61}, pmid = {41379337}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/pathogenicity/metabolism/genetics/physiology ; *Virulence Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Virulence ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global healthcare system. It is a member of Extensively Drug-Resistant pathogens and one of the critical priority pathogens listed by the World Health Organisation. Bacteria develop resistance to various types of antibiotics through genetic adaptation. While numerous studies have concentrated on common virulence factors, we here focus on uncommon and underexplored virulence factors, such as biofilm-associated proteins, outer membrane vesicles, and the iron acquisition system of A. baumannii. Biofilm-associated proteins, including the chaperone-usher system, play a crucial role in the formation and stability of biofilms, providing a protective niche that enhances resistance to antibiotics and environmental stresses. Outer membrane vesicles bound to AbOmpA play a predominant role in delivering virulence factors into host cells, facilitating inter-bacterial communication through quorum sensing and modulating host-pathogen interactions. Iron acquisition systems, involving siderophores, TonB, and AbHemO, are used to acquire iron from the host cell or from the environment for bacterial growth and metabolism in an iron-limited environment. By integrating insights into the structural, regulatory, and functional aspects of these uncommon virulence factors, this review outlines their synergistic contribution to A. baumannii pathogenicity. Additionally, it examines emerging anti-virulence and resistance-modifying strategies that target these factors. Such understanding provides a foundation for developing targeted therapeutic interventions against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections.}, }
@article {pmid41378962, year = {2026}, author = {Sanchez-Rosario, Y and Cornejo, NR and Gonzalez, IS and Brizuela, V and Ochoa, K and Scott, C and Johnson, MDL}, title = {N-benzyl-N-methyldithiocarbamate (BMDC) combines with metals to produce antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0069125}, pmid = {41378962}, issn = {2379-5042}, support = {2R35128653/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; Gilliam Fellows Program/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Copper/pharmacology ; *Zinc/pharmacology ; *Thiocarbamates/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a high-priority microorganism that necessitates the development of new treatments, as it causes a substantial disease burden and economic impact globally. MRSA colonizes the skin and anterior nares and can potentially become invasive, leading to pneumonia and soft tissue infection. Additionally, MRSA can establish chronic infections in wounds and medical implants, partly due to its ability to form biofilms. Likewise, the skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis also causes similar infections, particularly through its ability to form a plastic-binding biofilm. In this study, we used N-benzyl-N-methyldithiocarbamate (BMDC) in combination with copper or zinc to decrease the viability of MRSA in both planktonic and biofilm settings in vitro, as well as to inhibit biofilm formation by S. epidermidis. We used Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), biomass assessment, colony counts, and metabolism assays to interrogate the state of the bacterium after exposure to metal-BMDC. Furthermore, we compared these metal complexes to the antibiotic vancomycin, one of the current therapeutics used to treat MRSA infections. BMDC enhances copper uptake in bacteria, increasing intracellular copper levels by 70-fold compared to copper alone. Copper intoxication leads to a decrease in metabolic activity that ultimately results in bacterial death. Zinc also combines with BMDC, though likely through a different mechanism, and similarly exerts bactericidal effects. Significantly, both metal-BMDC combinations effectively reduce biofilm formation and eradicate bacteria within established biofilms in vitro, highlighting their potential as promising antimicrobial strategies against MRSA and S. epidermidis biofilms.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial-resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations, contributing to an escalating health and economic burden. Biofilms are an important reservoir that protects bacteria from immune clearance and antimicrobial agents. However, current strategies to effectively target MRSA biofilms are limited. This research describes a therapeutic approach that can disrupt biofilms in both MRSA and S. epidermidis, thereby enhancing bacterial clearance.}, }
@article {pmid41378908, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, P and Kaufman, CB and Whitworth, L and Stubbendieck, RM and Morgenstein, R and Wozniak, KL and Mitra, A}, title = {PPE64 is a mycomembrane channel protein that functions in heme iron uptake and moonlights in biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e0328125}, pmid = {41378908}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {P20 GM134973/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM134973/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/metabolism/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Iron/metabolism ; Humans ; *Heme/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Macrophages/microbiology ; *Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Biological Transport ; }, abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of human deaths by an infectious agent. To survive in the human host, Mtb must acquire essential iron nutrients from the host and evade the immune response. In diderm bacteria like Mtb, outer membrane channel transporter proteins are fundamental for nutrient acquisition and immune evasion. Recently, we demonstrated that the Mtb outer mycomembrane PPE64 is a channel protein, providing the first direct evidence of channel-forming capability by a protein of the PPE (proline-proline-glutamate motif) family, which are found exclusively in mycobacteria. Here, we demonstrate that the PPE64 channel protein is specifically required for the uptake of heme, which is the largest source of iron in the human host. Furthermore, PPE64 plays a crucial role in biofilm formation, and this function is not dependent on the iron source in the medium. The moonlighting function of PPE64 is reflected in its two distinct oligomeric states, where the higher-order oligomer specifically forms water-filled channels in membranes and binds heme. The discrete roles of PPE64 are also important in an ex vivo setting, as its absence significantly impairs Mtb growth within human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Thus, our study reveals that the PPE64 channel protein plays multiple roles in Mtb physiology and establishes it as an important factor in Mtb virulence.IMPORTANCEThe success of any invading bacteria to survive within the host is dictated by their ability to acquire nutrients and overcome the host immune response. Bacterial cell surface proteins play critical roles in these processes at the host-pathogen interface. Here, we show that the PPE64 mycomembrane channel protein is required for heme iron acquisition and biofilm formation, which are fundamental processes that are of great significance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survival within the host. These discrete functions of PPE64 are dictated by the culturing environment and are important for Mtb growth within human macrophages. These observations support an emerging theme in the Mtb field that the PPE protein family functions in trafficking molecules across the outer mycomembrane and has far-reaching implications for understanding of Mtb physiology.}, }
@article {pmid41378099, year = {2025}, author = {Fadishehei, R and Fekrirad, Z and Hajnorouzi, A and Darabpour, E and Mosavi Gargari, SL}, title = {Enhanced photodynamic disruption of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm using silver and zinc oxide nanostructures.}, journal = {Biochemistry and biophysics reports}, volume = {44}, number = {}, pages = {102324}, pmid = {41378099}, issn = {2405-5808}, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant bacterium that frequently causes severe infections in hospital intensive care units. Considering the growing resistance of this pathogen, developing innovative strategies to combat it is essential. This study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) using Erythrosin B (EB) dye against this bacterium. The role of nanostructures in enhancing the effectiveness of this method was also investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of silver and zinc oxide nanostructures was determined against A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and A. baumannii 58ST strains. Then, APDI using EB and nanostructures was performed in the planktonic form. The effect of APDI on biofilm formation and eradication was investigated by crystal violet and colony counting methods. The impact of nanostructures on the uptake of EB by bacterial cells and their toxicity on L-929 cells was also evaluated. The results showed that EB uptake increased by 2.5-3 times in both strains in the presence of both nanostructures. APDI with EB alone did not affect the number of bacteria; however, a significant reduction in the number of bacteria was observed when EB was combined with nanostructures. This combination also showed significant inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and eradication. Nanostructures alone had a lower efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation, but their addition to EB increased the lethal effect on biofilm. The possible mechanism of this effectiveness is the increase in the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane due to the presence of nanostructures, leading to more photosensitizer uptake and reactive oxygen species production.}, }
@article {pmid41377107, year = {2025}, author = {Janka, E and Alagappan, RP and Das, D and Kjeldsberg, LA and Wang, S and Haugen, T and Wentzel, A}, title = {Diverse microbial communities colonize biofilm carriers in moving bed and intermittent cleaning reactors for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100337}, pmid = {41377107}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Conventional biofilm reactors are widely used for the removal of organic constituents and nutrients (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and continuously flow intermittent cleaning reactor (CFIC) have been developed as more compact, small footprint, and highly efficient biofilm-based systems for wastewater treatment. However, despite the advancements in reactor technology, there is limited scientific information on the microbial composition of the biofilms in these systems. This study aimed to characterize and provide early insights into the microbial diversity of biofilms grown on biofilm carriers and liquid suspensions of the biofilm-based wastewater treatment systems. Microbial samples were collected from biofilm carriers and liquid suspension in four full-scale MBBR plants and two CFIC plants in Norway, all treating municipal and industrial wastewater. DNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to meta-barcode sequencing for taxonomic classification of microbial communities in each treatment plant. The results revealed significant variation in microbial compositions across treatment plants, influenced by wastewater characteristics, biofilm carrier types, and reactor operational characteristics. On the biofilm carriers, the dominant bacterial taxa included TM7-1 (Saccharibacteria), Burkholderiales, Clostridiales, Actinomycetales, Pseudomonadales, Rickettsiales, and Rhodobacteriales. In liquid suspensions, the dominant groups were Clostridiales, Methanosarcinales, Pseudomonadales, Flavobacteriales, and Rhodobacteriales. In conclusion, this study highlights the diverse microbial populations on biofilm carriers and liquid suspensions, which collectively contribute to the enhanced treatment efficiency of both MBBR and CFIC systems.}, }
@article {pmid41376819, year = {2025}, author = {Dou, J and Peng, H and Li, S and Shang, W and Yang, Y and Hu, X and Tan, L and Hu, Z and Wang, Y and Lin, F and Hu, Q and Xiao, C and Jiang, X and Li, M and Rao, X}, title = {Homotypic Membrane Vesicle-Formulated VAN@[Δagr]MVs for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Clearance.}, journal = {Biomaterials research}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {0288}, pmid = {41376819}, issn = {1226-4601}, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a substantial challenge to global public health, particularly because of chronic and persistent infections associated with bacterial biofilms, which call for safe and innovative therapeutic strategies. Here, we present a novel antibiofilm system inspired by the preferential uptake properties of isogenous bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs). This system employs vancomycin (VAN) for bacterial killing, while MVs act as delivery vehicles to increase VAN penetration into biofilms. VAN@[Δagr]MVs demonstrated sustained drug release and improved VAN accessibility within biofilms. Treatment with VAN@[Δagr]MVs considerably reduced the number of planktonic MRSA strain USA300 cells and effectively eradicated MRSA biofilms in vitro. RNA sequencing revealed substantial alterations in genes associated with bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, global regulators, virulence factors, and biofilm formation. Treatment with VAN@[Δagr]MVs substantially reduced the MRSA burden within biofilms in vivo. Safety evaluation demonstrated the avirulent properties of the VAN@[Δagr]MVs, highlighting its potential for clinical application. Overall, this study offers a promising alternative for MRSA biofilm eradication, providing a viable strategy to combat chronic infections caused by MDR biofilm-forming pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41376100, year = {2025}, author = {Rotta, IS and Perini, HF and Rezende, SDDC and Sabino, YNV and da Silva, MV and de Almeida, FA and Naves, EAA and Pinto, UM and Ferreira Machado, AB and Paiva, AD}, title = {Bactericidal, Anti-Biofilm, and Stress-Response Modulatory Effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 Cell-Free Supernatant Against Listeria monocytogenes.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {41376100}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {APQ-01597-22//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the antagonistic activity of the cell-free supernatant of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 (Lcr-CFS) against Listeria monocytogenes, a major foodborne pathogen, that represents a challenge to food safety, due to its remarkable tolerance to environmental stresses and strong biofilm-forming ability. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Lcr-CFS against L. monocytogenes were defined as 31.25 and 62.5 mg/mL, respectively. Time-kill assays revealed dose- and time-dependent bactericidal effects. At sub-MICs, Lcr-CFS significantly reduced L. monocytogenes biofilm formation, disrupted preformed biofilms and decreased cell viability (80.3-96.7%), effects that were confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and fluorescence microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed L. monocytogenes cell wall damage, cytoplasmic leakage, and morphological alterations consistent with bactericidal effects. Additionally, exposure to 1x and 2x MIC of Lcr-CFS induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, indicating oxidative stress as part of the mechanism by which Lcr-CFS exerts its antimicrobial activity. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of stress and virulence-associated genes (sigB, prfA, degU, flaA, motA, hlyA, pclA, and actA) upon exposure to 0.5x MIC suggesting a complex cross-talk network between adaptive mechanisms and environmental stresses. Although L. monocytogenes initiates a stress response, it appears unable to counteract the damage induced by Lcr-CFS, resulting in cell death. These findings highlight the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of Lcr-CFS against L. monocytogenes. Given its in vitro efficacy, Lcr-CFS emerges as a promising biocontrol agent to improve food safety by mitigating the persistence of L. monocytogenes in food processing settings.}, }
@article {pmid41373806, year = {2025}, author = {Di Fermo, P and Diban, F and Di Campli, E and Cellini, L and Pinti, M and Di Giulio, M and Petrini, M and D'Ercole, S and Di Lodovico, S}, title = {Interkingdom Biofilms Are Affected by Non-Antibiotic Strategies: In Vitro Study in Lubbock Chronic Wound Biofilm Model.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {41373806}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {0000//European Union-Next Generation EU, program MUR-Fondo Pro-mozione e Sviluppo-DM737/2021, SCIAMI/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development/radiation effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Pyruvaldehyde/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Chronic wound infections associated with resistant polymicrobial biofilms are often refractory to conventional therapies with sustained healing time. This study evaluated the efficacy of non-antibiotic treatments including Methylglyoxal-MGO-Light-Emitting Diode-LED-and Complex Magnetic Fields-CMFs-alone/combined against the biofilms of two polymicrobial mixes (MIX 1, MIX 2) containing S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans using the Lubbock chronic wound biofilm model. At 24 h after treatment, the effects were evaluated by (i) CFU/mg reduction, (ii) Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy-CLSM-and (iii) Scanning Electron Microscopy-SEM. All treatments significantly reduced biofilms in terms of CFU/mg in both mixes versus the controls, 24 h after treatment. MGO showed remarkable activity, especially against P. aeruginosa. In MIX 1, LED/MGO + LED was highly effective against C. albicans. The combinations MGO + LED/MGO + CMFs enhanced the antibiofilm activity compared to each single treatment against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, in both MIX1/MIX2. CLSM and SEM analysis showed biofilm disaggregation and reduction in cell viability with combined treatments, and Candida hyphal inhibition after CMFs application. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that MGO, alone or combined with LED or CMFs, shows high efficacy against resistant biofilms in the LCWB model 24 h after treatment, and encourage further studies on potential non-antibiotic and eco-friendly strategies as future alternative therapeutic approaches for chronic wound infections.}, }
@article {pmid41373476, year = {2025}, author = {Bravo, E and Chamorro, C and Herrera, D and Sanz, M}, title = {Differential Gene Expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the Presence or Absence of Xanthohumol and Curcumin in a Dynamic In Vitro Biofilm Model.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {}, pmid = {41373476}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Curcumin/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Flavonoids/pharmacology ; *Propiophenones/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to characterize the transcriptional response of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms to treatment with xanthohumol and curcumin. A validated dynamic in vitro biofilm model, based on microbial growth under flow and shear conditions resembling the oral cavity, was used to develop mature biofilms of P. gingivalis on sterile ceramic calcium hydroxyapatite discs. Transcriptional profiles of biofilms, treated and untreated with both extracts, were obtained through RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). The biofilm development and the lack of phenotypic effects from sublethal concentrations of xanthohumol and curcumin were confirmed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed to verify differentially expressed genes identified by RNA-Seq. Xanthohumol and curcumin caused extensive reprogramming of P. gingivalis biofilm gene expression. Out of 1,973 genes, xanthohumol activated 173 and repressed 286, whereas curcumin activated 170 and repressed 163. These changes affected genes involved in membrane integrity, oxidative stress, transmembrane transport, and virulence, suggesting a mechanism of action that involves membrane disruption.}, }
@article {pmid41373104, year = {2025}, author = {Jazaeri, MS and Siddiqui, DA and Tsai, YC and Gabel, K and Lorenzana, Z and Kotsakis, GA}, title = {Biofilm removal capacity and titanium surface integrity in non-abrasive versus abrasive peri-implantitis cleaning interventions.}, journal = {Journal of periodontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jper.11371}, pmid = {41373104}, issn = {1943-3670}, support = {R01 DE031746/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DE031746/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Current peri-implantitis treatment methods are modeled after dental cleaning modalities like abrasive surface cleaning. However, mechanical abrasive cleaning not only inadequately removes implant biofilms but also compromises implant surface integrity with adverse biological effects. The goal of this study was to evaluate a non-abrasive waterjet implant cleaning method to remove biofilm while preserving titanium surface and maintaining its cytocompatibility.<br><br>METHODS: Dental plaque-derived multispecies biofilms were cultured on acid-etched titanium disks. Biofilm was removed using either mechanical contact abrasive implant cleaning (titanium brush or curette) or a non-contact waterjet irrigator in continuous or pulsed flow setting. Uncontaminated and untreated disks served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Bacterial viability post-treatment was assessed by agar plating and live-dead imaging. Titanium surface integrity was studied by scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. Host tissue compatibility was evaluated by human gingival fibroblast proliferation on titanium surface post-cleaning.<br><br>RESULTS: Non-contact waterjet irrigation significantly reduced viable bacterial counts by &#x2265;90.9% (&#x223c;100-fold) on titanium surface versus abrasively cleaned and untreated biofilm groups (all p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). Waterjet treatment maintained titanium surface integrity and roughness similar to pristine titanium. In contrast, abrasive cleaning damaged the microrough titanium surface and left viable bacterial residues. Fibroblast viability was restored (&#x223c;76.8%) on waterjet-treated titanium to levels comparable to sterile control (p&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05), whereas titanium brush- or curette-treated surfaces had significantly lower levels post-cleaning (all p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Non-abrasive waterjet cleaning is a superior method for the clinical treatment of peri-implantitis biofilms versus mechanical abrasive cleaning while maintaining titanium implant surface properties necessary for reintegration with peri-implant tissue.<br><br>PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Dental implant infections are usually cleaned by scrubbing the implant surface to remove attached bacteria. However, this mode of cleaning can scratch the implant surface and produce tiny pieces of wear or particles which can be toxic and cause the implant to fail. In this study, a new cleaning method using a fast-flowing stream of water, called waterjet cleaning, was tested. The waterjet cleaning was able to remove most bacteria from the implant material, while cleaning by scrubbing left small spots of bacteria on the surface. Additionally, waterjet-cleaned surfaces looked like the original implant material surface, while scrubbing-cleaned surfaces had pieces missing from the surface, which affected human gum tissue cells attachment. Waterjet cleaning is a favorable method to clean dental implant infections without damaging the implant and allow for human tissue to recover and reconnect with the dental implant.}, }
@article {pmid41372895, year = {2025}, author = {Wadier, N and Bohlandt, A and Ehret, L and Moyaux, V and Kuchler-Bopp, S and Ball, V and Jung, S and Meyer, F}, title = {Oil-based saliva substitutes promote Candida albicans biofilm formation in vitro.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {90}, pmid = {41372895}, issn = {1472-6831}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Xerostomia is frequently associated with an increased risk of oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. Despite its high prevalence, current therapeutic options remain limited, with management largely dependent on saliva substitutes for symptomatic relief. Objective This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of various saliva substitutes on Candida albicans biofilm growth. Material and methods Six commercially available saliva substitutes were evaluated using a standardized Candida albicans biofilm growth assay in a 96-well plate format. Experimental conditions were adapted to simulate the oral environment, including the formation of a salivary pellicle. Salivary pellicle formation was characterized by measuring mass deposition and viscoelastic properties, before and after rinsing with saliva substitutes, using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for biofilm data, and unpaired Student’s t-test for salivary protein content. Results Two oil-based substitutes (Aequasyal[®] and Vea Oris[®]) significantly enhanced Candida albicans biofilm formation compared to control (PBS) (p < 0.05). QCM-D characterization of the salivary pellicle after rinsing revealed that this effect was associated with stable interactions between substitute components and the salivary pellicle, leading to structural modifications of the protein layer. Conclusion While oil-based saliva substitutes effectively alleviate xerostomia symptoms, they may unintentionally promote Candida albicans biofilm formation. Clinicians should exercise caution when recommending these products to patients with a history of oral candidiasis, favoring water-based alternatives especially in high-risk individuals.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-07446-5.}, }
@article {pmid41372343, year = {2025}, author = {Balkrishna, A and Jonwal, H and Ngpoore, NK and Varshney, Y and Tomer, M and Joshi, M and Singh, K and Nain, P and Lochab, S and Varshney, A}, title = {Essential oils enriched Dant-Kanti-Gandush (oil-pulling) inhibits inter-kingdom biofilm formation on orthodontic fixtures and ameliorates cariogenic virulence factors of oral pathogens.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {1995}, pmid = {41372343}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Humans ; *Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Orthodontic Appliances/microbiology ; *Dental Caries/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Orthodontic fixtures provide conducive niche for microbial colonization and inter-kingdom biofilm formation, exacerbating oral hygiene challenges. Conventional mouthwashes, though effective, are associated with adverse effects and potential antimicrobial resistance. Oil-pulling is an Indian traditional method of oral detoxification. This study evaluates blend of six essential oils in Dant-Kanti-Gandush (referred as DKG) from Syzygium aromaticum, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus globulus, Zanthoxylum armatum and Ocimum sanctum, mixed with coconut and sesame carrier oils, as a potential oil-pulling formulation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed phytochemical composition of DKG. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated MIC50 of DKG ranging from 0.10%(v/v) to 0.45%(v/v) against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. DKG delayed the exponential phase and perturbed the growth of these pathogens. At ≥ 1.0×MIC50, DKG impaired cariogenic traits of S. mutans with reduced biofilm formation, acid production and lower survival under acidic stress. DKG inhibited biofilm formation, hyphal transition and depleted total ergosterol levels in C. albicans, thereby disrupting cell wall integrity. Scanning electron microscopy on orthodontic fixtures revealed that DKG reduced microbial density, disrupted bacterial aggregation and fragmented hyphae in cross-kingdom biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans. These findings highlight plant-based DKG as an anticariogenic alternative for maintaining oral health in individuals with orthodontic fixtures.}, }
@article {pmid41371612, year = {2025}, author = {Gruber, D and Walter, JC and Bolotnikov, G and Miegel, B and Bierla, E and Bellmann, A and Einsiedler, CS and Eiblmayr, AT and Maser, M and Obert, D and Sun, ELMQ and Schnaubelt, J and Söylemezgiller, S and Widy, BA and Spellerberg, B and Stenger, S and Rodríguez-Alfonso, A and Preising, N and Ständker, L and Firacative, C and Kissmann, AK and Rosenau, F}, title = {Amyloid fibrils of the Als5p-derived peptide NH2-SNGIVIVATTRTV-COOH influence the biofilm formation of Candida albicans by shape-edging microcolony morphology.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2597576}, pmid = {41371612}, issn = {2150-5608}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Candida albicans/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Amyloid/metabolism/chemistry ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; *Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Candida species are major contributors to nosocomial infections, with biofilm formation being a critical virulence factor that enables persistence in clinical settings and resistance to antifungal therapies. Central to biofilm development is the adhesion of fungal cells, a process mediated by surface proteins such as Als5p in Candida albicans. The amyloid-forming peptide sequence within Als5p ([322]SNGIVIVATTRTV[334]) has been implicated in mediating adhesion and biofilm formation; however, its role in shaping the biofilm architecture has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the addition of Als5pFP promoted biomass accumulation in C. albicans biofilms under laboratory conditions, including complex media and at temperatures compatible with clinical biofilm assays. Using advanced image analysis of microscopy images, we show that the Als5p peptide induces a distinct morphological effect on biofilms: a shape-edging of microcolony structures, characterized by the concentration of fungal cells into denser aggregates and the reduction of cells in intermediate spaces. These observations suggest a potential role of amyloid-like fibrils formed by the Als5p peptide in influencing the spatial organization of C. albicans biofilms. This discovery presents a novel aspect on how these fibrils affect the biofilm architecture extending beyond previous studies, which primarily focused on biomass accumulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the architectural development of C. albicans biofilms and provide a foundation for future research aimed at targeting the amyloid structures within fungal biofilms. Furthermore, the results may support the design of biofilm-targeting antifungal agents and development of biosensors for monitoring amyloid formation during infection.}, }
@article {pmid41371071, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, T and Ye, X and Deng, X and Mu, J and Liu, M and Lin, J and Qu, Y and Zeng, Y}, title = {Insights into co-occurrence characteristics and interplay of microbial communities and environmental pollutants on biofilm-colonized microplastics in mangrove ecosystems.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {290}, number = {}, pages = {125074}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125074}, pmid = {41371071}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Microplastics ; *Wetlands ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Ecosystem ; Microbiota ; Seasons ; Bacteria ; Metals, Heavy ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) function as critical vectors for pollutant transport and microbial colonization in mangrove ecosystems, yet their co-occurrence patterns, interactions and ecological risks remain insufficiently characterized. This in-situ study systematically investigated the co-occurrence characteristics of MP-associated microbial communities, heavy metals (HMs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across mangroves (QMG and TLG), seasons (dry and wet), exposure durations (15, 30, and 60 days), and polymer types (PP, PE, and PET; mean diameter: 3.5 mm) (sample size = 375). Results demonstrated progressive biofilm development on MPs over exposure duration, characterized by increased matrix complexity and microbial richness/diversity during wet season relative to dry season, and at QMG compared to TLG. Core biofilm communities were dominated by Proteobacteria (40.60%-47.68 %), Planctomycetota (11.33%-19.43 %), Actinobacteriota (6.83%-11.81 %), Bacteroidota (6.07%-12.67 %), and Cyanobacteria (0.53%-5.40 %), with geographic location exerting a stronger influence than seasonality over bacterial community composition. Distinct spatio-seasonal biomarkers were identified across taxonomic hierarchies, reflecting habitat-specific adaptations. Pollutant analyses revealed significant time-dependent enrichment of HMs (Mn, 83.70 %; Cr, 11.85 %) and POPs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 80.05 %; organochlorine pesticides, 19.58 %) on MPs (p < 0.01), with accumulation intensified during wet season and exhibited marked spatial variation (higher HM levels at QMG, p < 0.01). These spatio-seasonal patterns corresponded with dynamics in microbial diversity and biofilm development, suggesting biofilm may facilitate pollutant adsorption onto MPs. Mantel tests identified seawater temperature (p < 0.01) and pH (p < 0.05) as primary environmental drivers modulating both microbial community composition and pollutant accumulation. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed more frequent associations between bacterial families and HMs than with POPs, indicating pollutant-specific microbial interactions. These findings underscore MP biofilms as dynamic interfaces mediating environmental behaviors of pollutants and potentially exacerbate ecological risks in mangrove ecosystems. Future work should focus on in-situ studies across diverse ecosystems to elucidate MP-biofilm-pollutant interactions for reliable ecological risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid41369844, year = {2025}, author = {Baniamerian, Z and Elikaei, A and Khazani Asforooshani, M and Gharedaghi, M and Shafiei, M and Solgi, H}, title = {Biological characterization and genome analysis of Pseudomonas phage ZAM-Pa99 as a promising anti-biofilm agent.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {175}, pmid = {41369844}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas Phages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Host Specificity ; Pseudomonas Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Bacteriophages/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of highly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a bacteriophage with potential applications against P. aeruginosa wound infection.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: The lytic phage ZAM-Pa99 was isolated from hospital sewage and subjected to comprehensive analysis, including morphological characterization, physicochemical properties, growth dynamics, biofilm degradation, genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. ZAM-Pa99 was classified as a newly characterized isolate within the Pbunavirus genus, demonstrating a broad lytic host range (80% efficacy) against the tested clinical strains. This result aligns with in silico host-range predictions, which reflect the high sequence similarity of its receptor-binding proteins with those of relatedPbunavirus phages. Genomic analysis (65,139 bp) was crucial for identifying its therapeutic safety profile, confirming the absence of virulence factors or antimicrobial resistance genes. Importantly, multi-tool proteomic analysis resolved a canonical lysis cassette including a confirmed endolysin, a holin candidate and an identified tailspike-like receptor-binding protein with strong putative depolymerase activity. This mechanism correlated with functional results: ZAM-Pa99 achieved up to 95% degradation of 1-day-old P. aeruginosa biofilms, maintaining high efficacy against 3- and 5-day-old mature structures, results that were quantified and visually confirmed.<br><br>CONCLUSION: ZAM-Pa99's promising characteristics, including its broad host range, biofilm-degrading ability, and lack of harmful genes, make it a promising candidate for phage-based therapy against P. aeruginosa infections. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting the potential of bacteriophages as valuable nature's weapons for combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41369706, year = {2025}, author = {Subramani, RM and Jayaseelan, SP and Nagarajan, S and Sridharan, S and Sivasubramanian, A}, title = {Isoorientin 2''-O-rhamnoside from Crotalaria verrucosa: Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Extraction, Silver-Nanoconjugates Functionalization and in Vivo anti-biofilm Effects against MRSA.}, journal = {Cell biochemistry and biophysics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41369706}, issn = {1559-0283}, support = {CRG/2020/001063//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41369020, year = {2025}, author = {Vvedenskii, AV and Ivkina, AS and Konanov, DN and Savinova, TA and Fedorova, LS and Ilina, EN}, title = {Genetic Determinants Associated With the Biofilm Formation Impairment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e70168}, pmid = {41369020}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//The work was supported by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (State Assignment No. 122030900064-9)./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Humans ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Operon ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a model organism for biofilm formation research, as it forms biofilms under diverse environmental conditions. At the same time, numerous studies have reported impaired-biofilm formation in clinical isolates; however, the genetic basis of these impairments remains unexplored. In this study, we assessed the ability of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from a laboratory collection to form biofilms. Among these isolates, three demonstrated biofilm formation impairment. A comparative genomic analysis revealed genetic determinants associated with biofilm formation impairment, including mutations in the pelA and fleQ genes, and psl operon deletion. Interestingly, the identified loss-of-function mutations in regulatory genes involved in biofilm formation did not appear to affect the ability to form biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41368433, year = {2025}, author = {Juliet, R and Nachimuthu, R}, title = {Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from clinical infections: a multifactorial analysis of resistance, virulence, and biofilm potential.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1712034}, pmid = {41368433}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Humans ; *Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virulence/genetics ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; *Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; Tigecycline/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen, with hypermucoviscous and hypervirulent variants contributing to severe clinical outcomes. Understanding the interplay between antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants, and biofilm formation is essential for effective management.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 145 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes, and biofilm-forming capacity. Disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were performed to determine resistance patterns. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect carbapenemase and virulence genes, while hypermucoviscosity was assessed through the string test. Biofilm formation was quantified phenotypically.<br><br>RESULTS: Disk diffusion revealed that 73% of isolates were multidrug-resistant. MIC testing showed high resistance to meropenem (71%), colistin (61%), and tigecycline (43%). PCR analysis detected bla NDM and bla OXA-48 in 14% of isolates, including two that co-harbored both genes. Virulence determinants such as iucA (aerobactin) and rmpA were present in 7% of isolates. Hypermucoviscosity was observed in 10% of isolates by the string test; however, only two of these exhibited strong biofilm formation. Overall, 86% of isolates demonstrated biofilm-forming ability.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings highlight the convergence of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and biofilm-forming capacity in K. pneumoniae. The coexistence of these traits promotes persistence, increases pathogenic potential, and complicates therapeutic interventions, emphasizing the urgent need for strengthened infection control and alternative treatment strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41366917, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, X and Li, S and Li, Y and Yu, H and Qi, W and Wang, J}, title = {The effect of nHAP dentifrice on bacteria in the plaque biofilm model.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {104}, number = {49}, pages = {e46297}, pmid = {41366917}, issn = {1536-5964}, support = {(CXZX202227)//Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Durapatite/pharmacology ; *Dentifrices/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Toothpastes/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The purpose of the study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of toothpaste containing Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) against oral bacteria within an in vitro plaque biofilm model. A plaque biofilm model was constructed by culturing a dual-species biofilm composed of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans on human enamel-dentin discs coated with saliva. The biofilm was exposed to toothpaste solution twice a day, and the culture medium was replaced. The pH of the culture medium was measured to evaluate the acidogenicity of the biofilm. After 96 hours, the biofilm was collected for bacterial counting, and the biofilm was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. nHAP toothpaste exhibited the smallest decrease in pH. Bacterial counting, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy all showed that the nHAP group owned the best antibacterial effects. The toothpaste containing nHAP effectively inhibits bacterial growth within an in vitro dental plaque biofilm model, indicating its promising potential for preventing and managing periodontal disease.}, }
@article {pmid41366406, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, W and Zhao, H and Hao, S and Li, G and Xue, X and Li, J and Cui, W and Jiang, Y and Ma, Y and Qiao, X}, title = {Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus drug resistance genes, biofilm formation and cell wall characteristics in dairy cattle from dairy farms in Northeast China.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {21}, pmid = {41366406}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {GA21B004//Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; China/epidemiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Dairying ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; Cell Wall ; Female ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; *Cattle Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Milk/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; }, abstract = {The spread of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) in cattle herds not only threatens livestock production but also becomes an important route for the transmission of drug-resistant bacteria to humans, posing significant public health risks and epidemiological significance. In this study, a total of 282 clinical samples were collected form cattle farms in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Inner Mongolia, and isolation of S. aureus from 62 samples. Through spa typing and disk diffusion assays of 62 isolates, the predominant spa type was identified as t034. Notably, 54 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with a penicillin resistance rate as high as 87.1%, and 34 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Among the 11 resistance genes tested, the detection rate of tetM gene was 100%. The Congo red plates and crystal violet staining assay showed that the isolated strains all produced biofilms, with no significant changes in the cell wall. In addition, icaA, SarA, and CidA genes identified as critical regulators of biofilm formation. Results from this study suggest that the feces and milk of dairy cows in Northeast China were contaminated with S. aureus including MRSA strains, and these strains carry a variety of resistance genes and have the ability to form biofilms, showing a resistance phenotype to a variety of antimicrobial agents.}, }
@article {pmid41364770, year = {2025}, author = {Potapova, A and Oguchi, R and Jimmy, S and Evans, CR and Yarrington, KD and Winans, JB and Piepoli, S and Older, EA and Schakel, OF and Wetherington, MT and Garvey, W and Floyd, KA and Vinogradov, E and Yunker, PJ and Sanchez, LM and Nadell, CD and Limoli, DH and Dietrich, LEP and Sondermann, H and Yildiz, FH}, title = {Vibrio cholerae biofilm matrix assembly and growth are shaped by a glutamate-specific TAXI/TRAP protein.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {50}, pages = {e2504869122}, pmid = {41364770}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {1R35GM138354-01//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; R35 GM142760/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; RGY0077/2020//Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)/ ; S10 751 OD023528//National Institute of Health/ ; R01AI103369//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; K12 GM139185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM138354/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 826672//Simons Foundation (SF)/ ; 1R35GM151158-01//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; N/A//Stephenson Distinguished Visitor Programme, DESY in Hamburg, Germany/ ; R01 AI103369/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD023528/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K12GM139185//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; R35 GM151158/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI114261/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; IOS-2017879//NSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS)/ ; R01AI114261//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R35GM142760//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio cholerae/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are critical for the environmental persistence, survival, and infectivity of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. Here, we find that GluP, a glutamate-specific TRAP-TAXI protein, is an uncharacterized matrix component that plays a critical role in biofilm architecture. Loss of GluP reduces biofilm corrugation, expands colony size, and disperses cells from microcolonies, arguing that this factor maintains biofilm structure and organization. While GluP does not affect the abundance or localization of known matrix proteins, its absence reduces Vibrio exopolysaccharide (VPS) production. We determined the crystal structure of GluP, which revealed that GluP binds glutamate, and its biofilm-related phenotypes depend on this binding capability. We further examined the role of GluP in V. cholerae growth under defined conditions where L-glutamate serves as a carbon source, nitrogen source, or both. GluP-deficient strains specifically showed reduced growth when glucose was the carbon source and glutamate the nitrogen source. This defect is dependent on glutamate binding by GluP and highlights its role in coordinating nutrient acquisition and biofilm formation. Importantly, both biofilm assembly and growth defects occurred independently of the predicted membrane component of the Glu TRAP-TAXI system, GluQM. These findings indicate that GluP plays a dual role in biofilm assembly and growth, providing insight into its functional importance in V. cholerae physiology.}, }
@article {pmid41362616, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Li, Y and Yan, K and Han, J and Wu, Z and Li, Y}, title = {Exploring reductive stress as a regulation approach for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa biofilm.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {113973}, pmid = {41362616}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilms pose substantial challenges in clinical settings due to their resistance to conventional antibiotic treatments. This study investigated the influence of reductive stress on the formation and eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilms. A series of redox-active compounds were employed to assess their impact on both biofilm development and disruption. Among them, hydrazine (HZ) showed potent activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that these compounds suppressed pyocyanin production and impaired bacterial metabolic activity. A structure-activity relationship analysis highlighted hydroxylamine (HA) as a promising candidate, owing to its favorable balance between efficacy and cytotoxicity. Notably, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of HA-treated P. aeruginosa suggested inhibition of matrix biosynthesis, quorum sensing, and oxidative stress defenses. This study provides insights into biofilm management by targeting the redox environment, offering potential strategies for the development of redox-based therapies to combat biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41362405, year = {2025}, author = {Jena, S and Lawore, D and Green, LN and Brubaker, DK}, title = {Characterizing species-specific metabolic signatures in vaginal microbiota across planktonic and biofilm states.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100330}, pmid = {41362405}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Bacterial vaginosis (BV) affects about 29 % of U.S. women, with higher rates in some groups and up to 50-69 % recurrence within a year. It increases the risk of STIs, pregnancy complications, and can cause significant discomfort and reduced quality of life. Prior studies mapped vaginal metabolomes, but individual microbial metabolite signatures remain poorly understood. Given that biofilms exhibit distinct metabolic requirements compared to planktonic cultures, analyzing biofilm vs. planktonic culture metabolites with their unique metabolic needs may uncover novel treatment targets. This study provides a comprehensive metabolomic comparison of key vaginal microbes-Lactobacillus crispatus, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Lactobacillus iners under both planktonic and biofilm conditions. Our analysis showed that metabolite production and consumption vary by microbe and growth mode. G. vaginalis formed biofilms in multiple media, with limited shared metabolic pathways between its biofilm types, indicating unique metabolic processes. Despite L. crispatus suspension and biofilm cultures sharing 142 consumed and 104 produced metabolites, the biofilm culture demonstrated a remarkable metabolic shift. Comparing all three species, we observed convergence in nutrient utilization, but divergence in metabolic outputs reflecting growth-specific adaptations, highlighting the importance of considering microbial state in vaginal microbiome studies.}, }
@article {pmid41360532, year = {2026}, author = {Wan, Z and Wu, P and Wang, N and Chen, XD}, title = {Single-species and multi-species biofilm formation by thermophilic bacteria in flowing skimmed milk.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {117829}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117829}, pmid = {41360532}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Milk/microbiology ; Animals ; *Food Microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Anoxybacillus/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Geobacillus stearothermophilus/physiology ; *Bacillus licheniformis/physiology ; Food Handling ; Food Contamination ; }, abstract = {Biofilms formed by thermophilic bacteria posed a significant contamination to milk powder production. Previous experiments in static medium are not able to simulate the environment during dairy processing for biofilms. Therefore, this study investigated the characteristics of biofilms and interspecific interactions among Bacillus licheniformis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Anoxybacillus flavithermus via a flowing skimmed milk device. The results revealed that under single-specie contamination conditions, B. licheniformis and A. flavithermus exhibited strong initial adhesion capabilities, reaching 2.08 Log CFU/cm[2] and 2.30 Log CFU/cm[2] at 8 h, respectively, whereas G. stearothermophilus showed weak adhesion. In the multi-species contamination conditions, the biofilm cell density reached 3.95 Log CFU/cm[2] at 12 h, significantly higher than that of any single-species biofilm. Meanwhile, A. flavithermus became the overwhelmingly dominant species with a relative abundance of 97.1 %. The results showed that A. flavithermus became the dominant species after the single-species biofilms were transferred to a mixed-culture environment. In particular, it reached a relative abundance of 84.8 % in samples that had initially been colonized by G. stearothermophilus. Although G. stearothermophilus can form biofilms in static culture, it has weak adhesion and poor competitive ability under dynamic conditions. This study demonstrates that A. flavithermus possesses strong competitive advantage and niche occupancy capabilities in flowing skimmed milk. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the formation mechanisms of multi-species biofilms and developing targeted control strategies in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41359684, year = {2025}, author = {Lynn, BK and De Leenheer, P and Dalziel, BD}, title = {Cooperative environmental engineering via biofilm formation can stabilize consumer-resource systems.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {e0337943}, pmid = {41359684}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Environment ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Cooperation can stabilize consumer-resource dynamics, preventing over-exploitation driven by individual self-interest. The maintenance of cooperation in such systems is often attributed to individual-level behaviors, such as punishment of defectors, however, an alternate and under-explored path to stability involves environmental engineering by cooperative consumers, who may modify the environment to favor cooperators. Microbial biofilms are an important instance of cooperative resource use involving environmental modification. Here, we demonstrate that biofilms can stabilize cooperative populations against cheating by giving preferential access of resources to cooperators, ensuring positive growth rates for cooperators when rare. We show that collective environmental modification offers pathways to stability across a broad parameter space, encompassing a range of rates for physiological processes, social behaviors, and environmental interactions. Including cooperative environmental modification in models of consumer-resource dynamics opens novel directions for understanding and managing ecological and evolutionary dynamics in social systems.}, }
@article {pmid41358822, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, W and Jiang, K and Zhou, Y and Zhou, R and Huang, W and Huang, Y}, title = {Strain-specific modulation of biofilm and motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Danshen-derived compounds and their impact on antibiotic susceptibility.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf300}, pmid = {41358822}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {xzy012022129//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2023B01//Doctoral Scientific Research Grant of Xi'an Children's Hospital/ ; 2025JC-YBQN-1203//Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Abietanes/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes/pharmacology ; Furans ; Quinones ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses major therapeutic challenges due to biofilm-associated tolerance and limited antibiotic efficacy. Lipophilic diterpenoids from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) have reported antimicrobial potential, but their effects on P. aeruginosa biofilm phenotypes, motility, and antibiotic susceptibility remain poorly defined.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Five Danshen-derived compounds were tested for antibacterial activity, biofilm modulation, and motility inhibition in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and two MDR clinical isolates (designated XCH-MDR-01 and XCH-MDR-02). Antibacterial activity was negligible (MIC&#x202f;>&#x202f;256&#x202f;&#xb5;mol L-1). Dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone I enhanced PAO1 biofilm formation (20%-30%) but inhibited biofilm formation in MDR isolates (40%-50%) and disrupted established biofilms (50%-60% at 50&#x202f;&#xb5;mol L-1). Confocal microscopy confirmed reduced biofilm density and altered architecture in MDR isolates, contrasting with enhanced biofilms in PAO1. Motility was suppressed in MDR isolates but unaffected in PAO1. qPCR showed strain-specific regulation of wspR and pslA, with upregulation in PAO1 (2-3-fold) and downregulation (&#x223c;50%) in XCH-MDR-01. Co-treatment with dihydrotanshinone&#x202f;I or tanshinone&#x202f;I reduced ceftazidime MICs by 4-8-fold in MDR isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Danshen-derived diterpenoids exert strain-specific effects on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and motility, and selectively potentiate ceftazidime activity against MDR isolates.}, }
@article {pmid41358747, year = {2026}, author = {O'Banion, BS and Carter, MD and Sanchez-Gallego, JA and Li, H and Wagner, N and Chu, LT and Bui, L and Tran, TM and Allen, C}, title = {RprR is a plant-responsive regulator of exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and virulence in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {e0291225}, pmid = {41358747}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {DGE-1747503//NSF | National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)/ ; //University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences/ ; WIS04091//USDA-Hatch/ ; }, mesh = {*Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology ; Virulence ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Ralstonia/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps), which causes bacterial wilt disease of many crops, must integrate environmental signals to successfully transition from soil to its pathogenic niche in host plant xylem tissue. Mutating a gene encoding a putative sensing/signaling protein had little transcriptomic effect on Rps strain GMI1000 in culture. However, when the mutant grew in tomato, over 180 genes were differentially expressed relative to the wild type. The gene was therefore named rprR for Ralstonia plant-responsive regulator. In planta, the ∆rprR mutant dysregulated genes for diverse traits, including stress response, degradation of phenolic compounds, motility, attachment, and production of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), which is a key bacterial wilt virulence factor. Quantifying Rps EPS by ELISA found increased levels in stems of plants infected with ∆rprR as compared to the wild type. Functional assays showed that ∆rprR is defective in attachment to tomato roots, colonization of tomato stems, and bacterial wilt virulence. In a rich medium, ∆rprR formed biofilm normally, but the mutant formed less biofilm in tomato stem homogenate and in tomato xylem sap under flow. This phenotype correlates with the mutant's altered expression of EPS biosynthetic genes and aberrant extracellular matrix. When grown in tomato stem homogenate, ∆rprR produced 57% more of the bacterial signal cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) than the wild type. This is consistent with the presence, in RprR, of predicted c-di-GMP-modulating domains. Together, these findings reveal that RprR, which is highly conserved across plant pathogenic Ralstonia, modulates several bacterial wilt virulence traits in response to the plant host.IMPORTANCEMembers of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) cause bacterial wilt, a globally destructive disease of market and subsistence crops. Like other plant-associated microbes, bacteria in the RSSC must integrate a complex array of biotic and abiotic signals to successfully infect plant hosts. All RSSC genomes encode an unusual protein, termed RprR, that contains multiple sensing and signaling domains, including two putative modulators of the secondary messenger c-di-GMP. Deleting RprR in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum affected many virulence properties, including production of biofilm and exopolysaccharide, and increased intracellular c-di-GMP levels, all in a strictly plant-dependent fashion. While c-di-GMP has been investigated in other plant pathogenic bacteria, this is the first report of its role in the RSSC. Most importantly, rprR was required for Ralstonia to effectively colonize plants and cause wilt disease. Thus, RprR is a plant-responsive sensor-regulator that controls pathogen adaptation to the host environment and virulence.}, }
@article {pmid41355667, year = {2026}, author = {Alanazi, MA and Samivel, R and Almubrad, T and Khan, AA and Masmali, A and Alanazi, SA and Akhtar, S}, title = {Synergistic Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin-Gold Nanoclusters Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Sustainability and Biofilm Fabrication.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {e00865}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202500865}, pmid = {41355667}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Gold/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Animals ; Cattle ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Particle Size ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; HaCaT Cells ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of bovine serum albumin-gold nanoclusters (BSA-GNCs) against planktonic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. BSA-GNCs were synthesized and characterized using UV spectrofluorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta sizing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were assessed against four bacterial strains: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. A characteristic UV absorption peak at 500 nm, along with a visible color change, confirmed successful GNC formation. FTIR spectra showed prominent functional groups at 598.33, 1102.79, 1261.21, 1637.84, 2923.54, and 3430.76 cm[-1], and the mean hydrodynamic diameter measured 22.72 nm. BSA-GNC exposure induced moderate cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at concentrations above 40 µg/µL. Treatment with 40 µg/µL BSA-GNCs significantly enhanced bacterial growth inhibition zones (KP: 28 ± 2.44 mm; SA: 27.5 ± 2.45 mm; PA: 31.5 ± 1.91 mm; EF: 29.75 ± 2.5 mm) after 24 h. TEM imaging of BSA-GNC-treated bacteria revealed shrunken, disrupted cells with degenerated cytoplasm. Additionally, BSA-GNC treatment markedly reduced biofilm formation at both 24 and 48 h compared with untreated controls. These findings indicate that BSA-GNCs enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to impaired bacterial growth and biofilm formations.}, }
@article {pmid41353689, year = {2025}, author = {Guchhait, KC and Dey, S and Majumder, S and Raul, P and Ballav, S and Jana, D and Panda, AK and Ghosh, C}, title = {Modern therapeutic strategies to mitigate biofilm-associated infection in livestock organisms.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {41353689}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {MAY2018-350312//University Grants Commission/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Livestock/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy ; Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilm consists of populations of microorganisms encased in an extracellular matrix that the microbes produce themselves and adhere to either a living or non-living surface. When compared to planktonic cells, the intrinsic properties of cells within a film are distinct. There has been a lot of concern about biofilm resistance to antimicrobial drugs recently. It is already established that biofilm linked with soft tissues of livestock organisms can cause multitude of chronic and severe infections and that remains the leading underlying reason why antibiotics get ineffective in combating infections. Eliminating biofilms is an arduous task. Investigations on establishing novel and promising strategies in controlling infections associated with biofilms and fighting the challenge are continuing. To assess the efficacy of these techniques, however, there is necessity of further preclinical research and well-designed multi-center clinical trials. Here, an attempt has been made to explore the detailed mechanisms responsible for the development of biofilm-related drug- resistance as well as the recent advancements in therapeutics and effective strategies against microbial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41353150, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, Y and Sun, J and Raka, RN and Liu, Z and Zhang, Z and Xiao, J and Wu, H}, title = {Multitarget inhibitory effects of lemongrass essential oil on Porphyromonas gingivalis: synergistic regulation of heme utilization, biofilm formation, and the metabolic pathway of ferroptosis.}, journal = {BMC complementary medicine and therapies}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {449}, pmid = {41353150}, issn = {2662-7671}, support = {21QNPY114//Health Bureau of the Logistics Support Department of the Central Military Commission/ ; KM202010011010//Beijing Municipal Education Commission/ ; }, mesh = {*Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; Animals ; Mice ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; *Ferroptosis/drug effects ; *Heme/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Severe periodontitis has impacted upwards of 1 billion people worldwide, posing a public health challenge. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a keystone pathogen implicated in periodontal dysbiosis and disease progression. Lemongrass essential oil (LEO), extracted from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, has shown clinical benefits in periodontitis management, yet its mechanisms remain poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: Antibacterial and bactericidal activities of LEO against P. gingivalis were evaluated, along with its effects on heme uptake and storage, early biofilm-related phenotypes, mature biofilm development, and transcriptional regulation of virulence-associated genes. Docking simulations were performed to predict interactions between metabolites identified via GC-MS and virulence-related proteins. LEO's effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and ferroptosis-related gene expression were also evaluated in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.<br><br>RESULTS: The antibacterial efficacy of LEO against P. gingivalis was evidenced by a 51.10&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.17&#xa0;mm inhibition zone, along with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 34.06 and 68.13&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL, respectively. Growth curve analysis showed sustained suppression over 30&#xa0;h. At 1/4&#x2009;-&#x2009;1/2 MIC, LEO inhibited P. gingivalis hemagglutination, hemolysis (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), and heme accumulation. Moreover, biofilm formation was significantly reduced by over 85% at 1/2 MIC though suppression of autoaggregation and hydrophobicity (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Molecular docking analysis predicted that &#x3b1;-citral (46.41%) and neral (31.58%), the major metabolites of LEO, may act as potential bioactive metabolites. In addition, LEO significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&#x3b1;, IL-1&#x3b2;, and IL-6), notably decreasing TNF-&#x3b1; secretion to 0.82&#xd7; and 0.66&#xd7; (MIC and MBC, respectively) relative to the LPS group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). It also alleviated oxidative stress through slc7a11 upregulation and subsequent glutathione synthesis, leading to restoration of the GSH/GSSG ratio and a reduction in ROS and MDA levels (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Moreover, LEO downregulated Tfrc expression and decreased Fe&#xb2;&#x207a; accumulation (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), suggesting its potential role in restoring iron homeostasis and suppressing ferroptosis-associated markers, such as Ptgs2. These effects highlight the multifunctional regulatory capacity of LEO during P. gingivalis-LPS-induced inflammatory stress.<br><br>CONCLUSION: LEO demonstrated multitarget inhibitory effects by attenuating P. gingivalis virulence and regulating macrophage oxidative and iron homeostasis. These findings support its potential as a natural adjunctive or preventive agent in periodontitis therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41352797, year = {2026}, author = {Coelho, F and Fonseca, LR and Pastrana, L and Sillankorva, S and Zucolotto, V}, title = {Phage-loaded alginate films and coatings for biofilm inhibition and control in food packaging.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {223}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {117859}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117859}, pmid = {41352797}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Alginates/chemistry ; *Food Packaging/methods ; *Food Microbiology ; *Bacteriophages ; Escherichia coli/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/virology ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/virology ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Cheese/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Food packaging plays a crucial role in ensuring food safety; however, microbial contamination, particularly from biofilm-forming bacteria, remains a challenge. This study explores the use of sodium alginate-based films and coatings loaded with a bacteriophage cocktail targeting Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens to mitigate biofilm formation in food packaging, with a focus on cheese products. The coatings were applied to parchment paper, polystyrene, and films prepared with sodium alginate loaded with bacteriophages, and assessed for their antimicrobial efficacy. Biofilm inhibition and control experiments were performed by applying phage-containing films/coatings either immediately after bacterial inoculation or after 24 h of biofilm formation. Samples were then incubated and analyzed for viable cells, biomass, metabolic activity, and live/dead bacterial ratio. Phage-infused films and coatings demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, effectively reducing biofilm biomass. Biofilm inhibition experiments were more pronounced in phage-loaded films, achieving up to a 1.7-log reduction in viable cells and a 70.8 % decrease in biomass for E. coli, as well as a 2.7-log reduction in viable cells and a 66.62 % decrease in biomass for P. fluorescens. In biofilm control experiments, the phage-loaded materials also exhibited inhibitory effects, with a maximum CFU reduction of 1.39 logs compared to the untreated control for P. fluorescens and 0.72 logs compared to the untreated control for E. coli in films. Biomass reduction reached 42 % for E. coli films and 19 % for P. fluorescens films. Confocal microscopy and COMSTAT analysis confirmed a reduction in biofilm thickness and a significant decrease in live bacterial cells in treated samples. When applied to cheese, phage-loaded materials maintained strong antimicrobial activity over 24 h, with parchment paper achieving log reductions of 2.5 and 2.3 compared to the untreated control for P. fluorescens and E. coli, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of phage-infused alginate coatings as promising strategies for active food packaging.}, }
@article {pmid41352614, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, X and Feng, X and Zhang, J and Zhang, H and Yan, W}, title = {Selective anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm action of D-phenylalanine chiral nanofilms against Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {240}, number = {}, pages = {107353}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107353}, pmid = {41352614}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Phenylalanine/pharmacology/chemistry ; Gold/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formed by foodborne pathogens on contact surface are notoriously resistant to conventional disinfection, leading to equipment failure and persistent contamination. Therefore, modulating initial bacterial adhesion offers a promising strategy to prevent biofilm formation. Herein, we developed phenylalanine-functionalized gold nanoparticles (D/L-Phe Au NPs) by conjugating D- or L-phenylalanine onto gold nanoparticle surfaces. Using liquid-liquid interfacial self-assembly, we fabricated chiral nanofilms (D/L-Phe Au NP films). Short-term anti-adhesion experiments showed that D-Phe and L-Phe Au NP films reduced initial adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by 68.7 % and 57.5 %, respectively. In long-term antibiofilm assays, dense biofilms developed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and unmodified Au NP film, whereas D/L-Phe Au NP films demonstrated minimal bacterial adhesion with OD600 values consistently below 0.5. Live/dead staining indicated that the average fluorescence intensity of green (red) on D/L-Phe Au NP films was reduced to 4.47 % (7.89 %) and 3.18 % (5.92 %) compared to PDMS, respectively. Furthermore, bacterial metabolic activity decreased significantly, accompanied by structural damage and reduced secretion of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins. These results demonstrate that D/L-Phe Au NP films, particularly the D-enantiomer, are a potent surface treatment strategy to combat biofilm formation in food-processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid41352573, year = {2025}, author = {Bhalerao, MR and Davkhar, AS and Sawant, AR and Ghosh, AS and Harris, TN and Bobik, TA and Saha, A and Agawane, SB and Chowdhury, C}, title = {Deletion of major shell proteins of ethanolamine utilization microcompartment reduces intrinsic antibiotic resistance, biofilm, and intracellular survival of Salmonella Typhimurium.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104356}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2025.104356}, pmid = {41352573}, issn = {1769-7123}, abstract = {With the high rise in Salmonella infections and emergence of antibiotic resistance, developing a novel strategy to control the pathogen is imperative. Earlier studies have revealed that ethanolamine (EA) metabolism plays a crucial role in Salmonella intestinal colonization; however, the potential of this metabolism as a therapeutic target remains unexplored. The EA metabolic enzymes are localized within a proteinaceous microcompartment (MCP) shell composed of thousands of copies of shell proteins encoded by five genes from the eut operon. Our study reveals that supplementation of EA and vitamin B12 in both rich and minimal media enhances biofilm formation, motility, and tolerance to antibiotics. Conversely, mutants deficient in EA metabolism due to defective MCP shell exhibited no physiological fitness. Fascinatingly, these mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to various antibiotics and lower expression of biofilm and curli. Also, a mutation in one of the major shell proteins reduced intramacrophage viability of Salmonella. Notably, phenotypes were restored upon ectopic expression of corresponding genes. Mutations in the MCP shell proteins downregulated the expression of genes related to pathogenicity. Overall, this study sheds new light on understanding the relationship between EA metabolism and bacterial physiology that would pave the way for developing novel therapeutic interventions against Salmonella.}, }
@article {pmid41352467, year = {2026}, author = {Nalladiyil, A and Khuntia, HK and Chanakya, HN and Babu, GLS}, title = {Treatment of ultra-high-strength compost leachate using an anaerobic biomass biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {442}, number = {}, pages = {133774}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133774}, pmid = {41352467}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Biomass ; Anaerobiosis ; *Composting/methods ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Methane ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {Leachate produced during the composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is highly concentrated and acidic (chemical oxygen demand (COD) -125 g/L, pH 3-5). Its recalcitrant nature necessitates long hydraulic retention times for effective digestion, which, in turn, leads to high organic loads and, consequently, large reactor footprints. This study evaluated the treatment performance, bioenergy potential, and microbial ecology of the Anaerobic Biomass Biofilm Reactor (ABBR) for ultra-high strength leachate treatment. The reactor employed lignocellulosic wastes such as coir, ridge gourd, and dried acacia leaves as natural biofilm supports. Operated over 180 days with a gradually increasing organic loading rate from 1.1 to 11.2 kg COD/m[3]/d, the reactor achieved 92.9% COD removal and a methane yield of 0.357 NL/g COD removed at the maximum loading rate. Moreover, the reactor also exhibited exceptionally high space utilization efficiency (3.5-4 L CH4/L/d), highlighting its enhanced volumetric productivity and effectiveness in treating high-strength leachate. Metagenomic analysis revealed a diverse microbial community, with Methanospirillum (3%) and Methanosaeta (2.6%) identified as dominant archaea contributing to methanogenesis. The high moisture content of OFMSW, coupled with tropical climatic conditions, leads to rapid fermentation and the generation of large volumes of leachate. Therefore, the ABBR represents a sustainable and high-rate alternative to conventional anaerobic systems, enabling efficient leachate treatment and enhanced bioenergy recovery in windrow composting facilities.}, }
@article {pmid41352103, year = {2026}, author = {Su, X and Xu, B and Peng, N and Meng, J and Xu, Z and Zhang, N}, title = {Ultrasonically disrupted sludge combined with activated sludge as novel inoculum to improve biofilm quality in MBBR.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {397}, number = {}, pages = {128230}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128230}, pmid = {41352103}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Sewage ; *Biofilms ; *Bioreactors ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; }, abstract = {To improve the biofilm formation efficiency and quality in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), a biofilm formation method was proposed, which employs ultrasonically disrupted sludge combined with activated sludge as inoculum. This method utilizes extracellular ATP (eATP) and DNA material released from the disrupted sludge to promote biofilm formation. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of COD, NH4[+]-N, and TN in terms of effluent quality were approximately 76.04 %, 74.70 %, and 75.04 %, respectively. From day 6 onwards, the biofilm biomass of the new method was significantly higher than that of the reactor inoculated solely with activated sludge (A2). On the 16th day of operation, the biofilm biomass of the new method reached 0.016 g/cm[3], showing a 36.82 % increase compared to A2. Additionally, the protein and polysaccharide contents of the biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were increased by 20.93 % and 15.11 %, respectively, compared to A2. Excitation-Emission-Matrix (EEM) spectra analysis of EPS revealed that biofilms formed by the new method contained more soluble microbial by-products and humic acid-like substances as they matured. Finally, the nitrification performance was tested, and the results showed that the new method achieved higher NH4[+]-N removal (76.5 %) and lower nitrate accumulation (10.76 mg/L), indicating superior biofilm nitrification and denitrification capacities. This study demonstrated that using ultrasonically disrupted sludge combined with activated sludge as inoculum is a feasible method to improve the biofilm-forming of MBBR.}, }
@article {pmid41351515, year = {2025}, author = {Vincy, A and Anand, V and Kannan, DK and Pandith, A and Gurnani, B and Ranjan, P and Pathak, A and Jain, N and Chahal, S and Kumar, P and Vankayala, R}, title = {NIR-Responsive Free Standing Borophene Mediates Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy to Reduce Bacterial Biofilm Burden.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {17}, number = {50}, pages = {67690-67704}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c19368}, pmid = {41351515}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Photochemotherapy ; Zebrafish ; Animals ; *Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Infrared Rays ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanostructures/chemistry ; *Boron Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; Singlet Oxygen/metabolism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms in open clinical wounds drive persistent infections, antibiotic resistance, and chronic inflammation, posing significant treatment challenges. Traditional therapies, including surgical debridement and antibiotics, are increasingly ineffective due to resistant strains. Light-activatable photosensitizers offer promise but are limited by poor tissue penetration and rapid photobleaching, especially in the UV/visible spectrum. Here, we introduce free-standing borophene nanosheets (B NSs) as a photoactivatable nanomaterial operating within the NIR-I and NIR-II biological windows. The B NSs demonstrate high photothermal conversion efficiencies (∼32% in NIR-I, 26.3% in NIR-II) and efficiently generate singlet oxygen under NIR irradiation. Functionally, B NSs effectively inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms ex vivo, while exhibiting minimal toxicity in vivo in a zebrafish model. These findings highlight B NSs as a promising, noninvasive approach for combating antibiotic-resistant biofilms with potential for clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid41350281, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Ren, A and Miao, Z and Zhou, T and Zhang, C and Chang, Y and Zhao, S and Hu, X and Zhang, X and Jia, T and Cai, Z and Li, Z and Lin, J and Yang, L and Chen, W}, title = {Identification of ferredoxin PA1551 as an antibacterial synergistic target for biofilm inhibitors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {41350281}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {82473788//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82173651//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Animals ; Mice ; *Ferredoxins/pharmacology/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Tobramycin/pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {Addressing antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilm infections without promoting drug resistance is a pressing challenge. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is well known for causing biofilm-associated drug-resistant infections that often lead to treatment failure. In this study, we identified a previously uncharacterized membrane protein ferredoxin encoded by PA1551 using photoaffinity-based biomimetic probes based on our previous dual-acting antibiofilm compound 2-(heptanamido)methyl 3-hydroxy-1,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one (10d). The precision-targeted ferredoxin PA1551 exhibited excellent effectiveness in various model systems, suppressing bacterial biofilm and virulence, and enhancing the antibacterial effects of tobramycin (Tob, by about 200-fold) and ciprofloxacin (CIP, by 1000-fold) compared to single-dose antibiotic treatments in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection. These results indicate that ferredoxin PA1551 can be used as target to design new antibiofilm drugs for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, particularly challenging bacterial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41350077, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Chen, Q and Xiong, Q and Liang, Y and Zhang, J}, title = {Vacuum fractional distillation enhances the antibacterial activity of Mentha haplocalyx essential oil against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri by disrupting cell membrane and inhibiting biofilm.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {106823}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106823}, pmid = {41350077}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Xanthomonas/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Mentha/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Distillation ; *Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Vacuum ; }, abstract = {Citrus canker, a significant bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is currently managed primarily with copper-based treatments. However, the long-term use of these agents can result in pesticide residue and increased bacterial resistance. This study employed the vacuum fractional distillation (VFD) technique to fractionate the essential oil of Mentha haplocalyx (MHEO) to produce MHF3, which exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Xcc. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MHF3 was 0.20 μL/mL, superior to that of the positive control, copper sulfate (156 μg/mL). Meanwhile, MHF3 also inhibited the growth of a diverse array of other pathogens with MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 100 μL/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the primary antimicrobial components in MHF3 as isopulegol, menthol, pulegone, carvone, and piperitone, with respective MICs of 0.20, 0.78, 0.78, 0.20, and 0.39 μL/mL. The results of the antibacterial mechanism study revealed that MHF3 disrupts the bacterial cell membrane structure of Xcc, causing the leakage of intracellular proteins, nucleic acids, and AKP enzymes. MHF3 also induces ROS accumulation, inhibits biofilm formation, and significantly disrupts nucleotide, lysine, and glutathione metabolism, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway in Xcc. In vivo leaf assay results confirmed that MHF3 effectively controls citrus canker. This study reveals the potential application of the VFD technique for enriching the bioactive components of essential oils. It also provides scientific data for developing MHF3 as a green, efficient, and natural agent for managing citrus canker.}, }
@article {pmid41348578, year = {2026}, author = {Rai, VK and Yadav, S and Saifi, G and Tiwari, H and Singh, RS}, title = {A comprehensive study of biodegradation and detoxification of triazine-based azo dye (Reactive Red 120) using biofilm-mediated continuous packed-bed bioreactor.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {596-611}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2025.2592739}, pmid = {41348578}, issn = {1479-487X}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Triazines/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biofilms ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Coloring Agents/metabolism ; Wastewater ; Bacillus/metabolism ; *Azo Compounds/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Nowadays, the presence of triazine-based azo dyes like Reactive Red 120 (RR 120) in textile wastewater poses a significant hazardous environmental impact, deteriorating the aquatic biota and requiring an effective treatment method. Compared to conventional energy-intensive and secondary waste-generating physicochemical methods, biological methods, especially microbial biodegradation, offer a sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternative for the treatment of effluents containing dye-laden wastewater. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bacillus tequilensis MCC2908 for biodegradation and detoxification of RR 120 using a continuously Packed Bed Bioreactor (PBBR). The experimental findings revealed an optimum range of ILR within 75-85 mg/L.day, achieving 94.2 ± 2.71% RE and 24.1 ± 1.205 mg/L.day EC, avoiding limitations imposed by mass transfer and bioreaction, and maintaining a robust and efficient bioreactor system. Crystal Violet staining test confirmed the quantitative assessment of biofilm growth, while SEM images made it observable on the polyurethane bio-carrier. The FTIR spectra confirmed the biodegradation of RR 120, showing significant changes in the functional groups. The detoxification was demonstrated using bacterial and phytotoxicity, validating the toxicity reduction, further duly supported by photosynthetic pigment analysis. The Monod model and the Andrew-Haldane kinetics significantly described microbial growth under non-inhibitory and inhibitory conditions, respectively. Nevertheless, the present findings not only highlighted the potential of biofilm-based PBBR but also delivered an eco-friendly, sustainable solution for the remediation of textile wastewater. Future studies may explore the scaling up of this biotechnological solution for the mitigation of industrial challenges and establish hybrid approaches to further enhance biodegradation efficiency.HighlightsPBBR significantly achieved efficient biodegradation and detoxification of RR 120.An optimum ILR of 75-85 mg/L.day exhibited the best operating conditions for PBBR.Microbial biomass and biofilm formation were quantified using the Crystal Violet Staining method.Phytotoxicity, photosynthetic pigment analysis, and bacterial toxicity unveiled the RR 120 detoxification.Moderate Ki and low Ks values depicted the resilience and high microbial activity for RR 120.}, }
@article {pmid41347517, year = {2026}, author = {Van Helden, SR and Bleick, CR and Holger, DJ and El Ghali, A and Alexander, J and Kaye, KS and Marshall, SH and Rojas, LJ and Bonomo, RA and Lehman, SM and Rybak, MJ}, title = {Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm exopolysaccharide composition on bacteriophage and bacteriophage-antibiotic combination activity.}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {e0092525}, pmid = {41347517}, issn = {1098-6596}, support = {P30 CA022453/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R50 CA251068/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/virology/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Phage Therapy ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; *Pseudomonas Phages/physiology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, including medical device infections, partially due to the organism's ability to produce biofilm on prosthetic material. Increased antibiotic tolerance of bacteria within biofilm, along with the increasing prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, including extensively drug-resistant phenotypes, results in scenarios where conventional antibiotics may fail to effectively treat these infections. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobial therapy that can provide potent antibiofilm activity, particularly when combined with antibiotics. The impact of P. aeruginosa biofilm phenotype on the efficacy of phage-antibiotic combinations remains unclear. We characterized the biofilms of a panel of 10 clinical and two laboratory P. aeruginosa isolates by determining the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations, biofilm production capabilities, and phage activity. Furthermore, we quantified the exopolysaccharide content of P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14 and confirmed they produced Class II and Class I biofilm, respectively. We then selected a triple-phage cocktail with broad activity across all P. aeruginosa strains for evaluation of antibiofilm activity against PAO1 and PA14 in vitro. Through spectrophotometric growth suppression and time-kill analyses, we found the triple-phage cocktail + ciprofloxacin to be more efficacious in biofilm eradication than either modality alone. Phage 109 displayed potent antibiofilm activity against both strains irrespective of planktonic activity, whereas phages E2005-C and EM-T3762627-2_AH displayed distinct antibiofilm activity based on biofilm phenotype. These data warrant further investigation into the impact of P. aeruginosa biofilm phenotype on phage antibiofilm activity.}, }
@article {pmid41346417, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, JY and Kim, JS}, title = {Combined Effect of DNase I and Proteinase K on Dual-Species Biofilm of Campylobacter jejuni and Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {International journal of food science}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {6948459}, pmid = {41346417}, issn = {2314-5765}, abstract = {In food-associated environments, foodborne bacteria can form biofilms that are likely to exist as multiple species and are potentially a food safety concern. In this study, we focused on the effects of DNase I and proteinase K on dual-species biofilms containing Campylobacter jejuni and bacterial isolates from food-associated environments. The viable cell counts of C. jejuni differed significantly depending on the counterpart strain in the biofilms. In mature monospecies biofilms, both C. jejuni and Acinetobacter baumannii were susceptible to both enzymes. Acinetobacter baylyi was susceptible only to DNase I, while Staphylococcus epidermidis was susceptible only to proteinase K. Analysis of confocal laser scanning microscopy images of A. baumannii biofilm showed that the protein distribution was consistent with that of the biofilm-embedded cells, whereas it was distinct from the polysaccharide distribution. Among the dual-species biofilms, that of C. jejuni and A. baumannii was the only biofilm susceptible to both enzymes. Combined treatment using DNase I followed by proteinase K was far more effective than DNase I monotherapy against both A. baumannii mono- and dual-species biofilms. Our study suggests that proteins could be a primary target for inactivating biofilm-embedded cells in A. baumannii, and the use of multiple enzymes could be an efficient strategy for biofilm removal.}, }
@article {pmid41345574, year = {2025}, author = {Sedrak, PA and Abdel Hakim, AA and Dominguez, JA and Rady, NAE}, title = {Effect of different wavelengths and powers of laser on surface topography and biofilm removal from titanium implants: an in vitro study.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1871}, pmid = {41345574}, issn = {1472-6831}, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects ; *Titanium ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Surface Properties/radiation effects ; *Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; In Vitro Techniques ; Humans ; Lasers, Semiconductor/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of using different wavelengths and powers of laser on the surface topography of titanium implants, and to investigate their efficacy in removal of the biofilm complex from the implant surface.<br><br>METHODS: Ten titanium implants, consisting of five new and five failed implants, were randomized and divided into five separate test groups; (Group 1) Erbium Chromium: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) 2780&#xa0;nm, (Group 2) Erbium-doped: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er: YAG) 2940&#xa0;nm, (Group 3) Neodymium-doped: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: YAG) 1064&#xa0;nm, (Group 4) Diode 940&#xa0;nm, and (Group 5) Diode 445&#xa0;nm. Each test group consisted of two implants; one new and one failed implant. A total of 160 implant sites were irradiated. Each area was scanned using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) prior to and following laser irradiations. A descriptive analysis was conducted by summarizing the data in terms of frequencies and percentages. Pearson Chi Square test and Fisher's Exact test were used for comparison between different laser type and laser power intensities. The significance level was set at P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05.<br><br>RESULTS: Within the parameters under investigation, both Er, Cr: YSGG and Er: YAG lasers displayed no to minimal alterations in surface topography across the different power intensities. Nd: YAG and Diode lasers showed more evident alterations at high power intensities; with Nd: YAG resulting the most prominent damage to the implant surface. Regarding efficacy in removal of biofilm, Er, Cr: YSGG and Er: YAG lasers consistently exhibited positive results across all different power intensities under investigation. In comparison, Nd: YAG and Diode lasers showed inferior efficacy in biofilm removal at low power intensities with significant power-dependent improvements.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Er, Cr: YSGG and Er: YAG lasers present superior implant decontamination potential without causing notable implant surface alterations. Diode (940&#xa0;nm) laser can be used at low power intensities without causing detrimental effects. Nd: YAG and Diode (445&#xa0;nm) lasers are able to disrupt the biofilm complex but can induce more evident implant surface damage.<br><br>TRIAL REGISTRATION: This is not a human subject research.}, }
@article {pmid41345500, year = {2025}, author = {Chowdhury, MSR and Hosen, MM and Hossain, H and Islam, MR and Uddin, MB and Rahman, MM and Hossain, MM and Rahman, MM}, title = {Correction: Biofilm production and virulence traits among extensively drug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from buffalo subclinical mastitis in Bangladesh.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {43182}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-28806-9}, pmid = {41345500}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41345396, year = {2025}, author = {Perry, EK and Udayasuryan, B and Zegeye, EK and Rose, CM and Reichelt, M and Tan, MW}, title = {A microbiota-derived bile acid modulates biofilm formation by the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {225}, pmid = {41345396}, issn = {2055-5008}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Probiotics ; Humans ; *Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; *Lithocholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Flagella/metabolism ; Colon/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Bacteria that colonize the human gut must withstand a variety of stressors, including detergent-like compounds known as bile acids. Here, we investigated how bile acids found in the human cecum and colon impact the behavior of the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). We found that lithocholic acid (LCA), which is a microbiota-derived secondary bile acid, promotes the formation of a distinctive surface-coating biofilm by EcN, including on an organoid-derived model of the human colonic epithelium. Mechanistic investigations revealed that LCA upregulates the production of several components of flagella, which are essential for LCA-induced biofilm formation and form part of the biofilm matrix. Furthermore, LCA-induced biofilm formation helps EcN compete against certain pathogenic strains. Taken together, our findings shed light on how an abundant colonic metabolite influences the behavior of a clinically proven probiotic strain, triggering the formation of biofilms that may contribute to pathogen suppression.}, }
@article {pmid41344959, year = {2026}, author = {Mafi, A and Cabral, M and Chonko, D and Pigott, M and Sullivan, A and Gupta, N and McComb, D and Stoodley, P}, title = {Bacterial attachment and initial biofilm formation on the metal tibial tray and plastic spacer interfacing surfaces of total knee components: An in vitro scanning electron microscopy study.}, journal = {The Knee}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {104260}, doi = {10.1016/j.knee.2025.10.014}, pmid = {41344959}, issn = {1873-5800}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Knee Prosthesis/microbiology ; *Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects/instrumentation ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/physiology ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Plastics ; Tibia/microbiology ; Surface Properties ; Prosthesis Design ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a challenging complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Bacterial biofilm formation is strongly implicated in PJIs, and renders the bacteria tolerant of antibiotic therapy and innate immunity. However, there is little information on where biofilms may reside in the reconstructed joint. In previous mapping projects using an agar overlay 'implant surface culture' (ISC) method we found evidence that biofilm was forming in the gap between the polyethylene spacer and the tibial tray components explanted from TKA patients undergoing revision for PJI. We hypothesized that bacteria could enter this gap and attach to form biofilms on both plastic and metal interfacing surfaces.<br><br>METHODS: We inoculated spacers and tibial tray components recovered from PJI patients that had been cleaned and reassembled with Staphylococcus epidermidis. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to image the surfaces after an incubation of 3&#xa0;days with daily media changes and analyzed the surface concentration of bacteria on flat surfaces and associated with surface features (slots, screw holes, ridges).<br><br>RESULTS: Examination and quantification at multiple magnifications revealed a range from a sparse covering of bacteria on the flat areas to more extensive biofilms in monolayers and small aggregates around and within features in the tray. The polythene surfaces had three times more bacteria than the metal (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). In the four features measured there were six times more bacteria that were associated with adjacent flat surfaces, but this was not statistically significant (P&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria can attach and initiate biofilm formation in the metal-polyethylene gap on both surfaces and are most concentrated in association with surface features. The gap may provide a niche where biofilm could reside with protection from antibiotics as well as phagocytic cells and other components of host immunity, and even irrigation and debridement procedures in a partial exchange.}, }
@article {pmid41344444, year = {2025}, author = {Calvo-Henriquez, C and Solano Marmolejo, M and Saura Vilela, I and Botana, I and Maniaci, A and Magan, C and Alvo, A}, title = {Assessing the role of adenoid biofilm on children in different ENT diseases. A state-of-the-art systematic review.}, journal = {Acta otorrinolaringologica espanola}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {512306}, doi = {10.1016/j.otoeng.2025.512306}, pmid = {41344444}, issn = {2173-5735}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and recurrent or persistent adenoiditis are common pediatric conditions linked to complications such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), otitis media (OM), and sinusitis. Adenoidectomy is a standard treatment, potentially effective through mechanical removal of biofilms, which acts as infection reservoirs. This state of the art review systematically assesses the role of adenoidal biofilms in pediatric upper airway diseases.<br><br>METHODS: Databases searched included PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and SciELO. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies on adenoidal biofilms in children (<18 years). Data were summarized in 8 research questions.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 18 studies (706 patients, 392 controls), evidence suggests a potential role of biofilms in recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) and chronic otitis media (COM), with some studies indicating associations with otitis media with effusion (OME) and sinusitis. No correlation was found between biofilm presence and adenoid size. Evidence on diagnostic methods (swabs) and non-surgical treatments for biofilm remains inconclusive.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Biofilms likely contribute to RAOM and COM, albeit with weak evidence due to cross-sectional study designs. Associations with OME and sinusitis are suggested but unproven, and biofilm relevance to adenoid size is unsupported. Future research should focus on biofilm-targeted diagnostics and therapies to refine clinical management.}, }
@article {pmid41340625, year = {2025}, author = {Fuglsang-Madsen, A and Kvich, LA and Henriksen, NL and Kristensen, R and Henriksen, JR and Hansen, AE and Bjarnsholt, T and Jakobsen, TH}, title = {A semi-solid in vitro biofilm model for evaluating antimicrobial potency and biofilm-specific activity.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100328}, pmid = {41340625}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Biofilms play a critical role in chronic bacterial infections, and new potent antimicrobials are urgently needed to address the escalating problem of antimicrobial resistance to existing therapies. To support the development of such therapeutics, there is a pressing need for biofilm models that better recapitulate the microenvironment of in vivo conditions. Existing in vitro assays, such as the widely used minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assay, rely on liquid cultures that poorly reflect the structural and physiological characteristics of tissue-associated biofilms. To address these limitations, we developed the Modified Crone's Model (MCM), a reproducible, semi-solid biofilm model that embeds bacteria in soft-tissue-like agar-based matrices. We established the MCM as a platform for evaluating the antimicrobial and specific anti-biofilm activity of novel and existing compounds. Biofilms grown in the MCM displayed consistent growth, in vivo-like morphology, and reduced variability compared to liquid-culture systems. Notably, antimicrobial susceptibility rankings in the MCM differed substantially from traditional assays, emphasizing that model-specific conditions can markedly affect the evaluation of antimicrobial potency and should be considered when selecting biofilm test systems. Using the MCM, we screened a panel of therapeutic agents and identified two unsaturated fatty acids - cis-2-decenoic acid and cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid - as potent antibiotic potentiators with intrinsic anti-biofilm activity, undetectable in microbroth dilution assays. We further demonstrated the MCM's adaptability by replicating susceptibility profiles in biofilms grown on porcine bone tissue and implant surfaces, with no significant differences from agar-based biofilms. The MCM offers a simple and reproducible platform for preclinical antimicrobial screening under semi-solid growth conditions that better reflect the spatial and diffusional constraints of biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41339278, year = {2025}, author = {Theodorakopoulos, G and Armstrong, DG}, title = {Biofilm in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Narrative Review.}, journal = {International wound journal}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {e70795}, pmid = {41339278}, issn = {1742-481X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetic Foot/therapy/microbiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Wound Healing/physiology ; Debridement/methods ; Male ; Female ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are a key driver of chronicity and treatment failure in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), yet clinical evidence quantifying their impact and management remains fragmented. This systematic narrative review synthesised recent evidence (2015-2025) on the prevalence, diagnostics, and management of biofilm in DFUs. A Systematic Review of the Literature (SRL) was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect. Eligible studies included adults with DFUs reporting biofilm/bioburden metrics or interventions aimed at biofilm disruption. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for randomised trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies. Data were narratively synthesised by evidence tier (Tier 1 = clinical; Tier 2 = preclinical/mechanistic). Of 600 records screened, 25 studies met inclusion criteria (Tier 1 n = 9; Tier 2 n = 5; reviews n = 11). Over half of bacterial isolates in DFUs were biofilm producers, with multidrug resistance exceeding 90% in several cohorts. Fungi were detected in 31% of ulcers by qPCR but only 9% by culture. Tier 1 clinical evidence supports standard care components-debridement, antiseptics, and negative-pressure wound therapy-for improved healing, though direct antibiofilm outcomes remain limited. Emerging strategies (enzymatic agents, peptides, cold plasma, smart dressings) show promise in vitro but lack clinical translation. Evidence for direct antibiofilm efficacy in DFUs remains scarce. Current data justify maintaining guideline-based care while prioritising trials that integrate validated biofilm endpoints, standardised microbiological methods, and antifungal components. Distinguishing established from experimental approaches is essential to advancing safe, evidence-based biofilm management in DFUs.}, }
@article {pmid41339216, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, J and Wang, C and Fu, L and Yu, J and Qiang, Z and Chen, J}, title = {Corrigendum to "Enhanced formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts from biofilm extracellular polymeric substances under catalysis of copper corrosion products" [Sci. Total Environ. 723 (2020), 138160].}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1008}, number = {}, pages = {181117}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181117}, pmid = {41339216}, issn = {1879-1026}, }
@article {pmid41338342, year = {2026}, author = {Lautner, G and Sheet, PS and Tabasi, M and Ganijan, H and Naldrett, HJ and Stringer, B and Schwartz, J and Doverspike, J and Hadjiliadis, D and Wu, J and Xi, CC and Meyerhoff, ME and Sajjan, U and Schwendeman, SP}, title = {Development of a light-induced gas phase nitric oxide generator and its use in killing biofilm bacteria in vitro and ex vivo.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {390}, number = {}, pages = {114483}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114483}, pmid = {41338342}, issn = {1873-4995}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Nitric Oxide/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; *Nitric Oxide Donors/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; Humans ; Light ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Gases ; Administration, Inhalation ; }, abstract = {In order to overcome the high costs and logistical issues associated with nitric oxide (NO) storage tanks, a portable tankless prototype device has been developed for precise controlled release of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) gas from a solid NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) stored within "coffee pod" style replaceable cartridges. The device utilizes LED light to trigger the release of NO from SNAP, and the concentration of the delivered NO gas is continuously monitored with amperometric sensors and regulated by a feedback control system via modulating the light intensity. The system enables facile adjustment of NO concentrations, allowing for the reliable delivery of low-dose NO (up to 10 ppm, as demonstrated here) across clinically relevant air flow rates, with the prototype specifically designed for air flow up to 4 L/min. Importantly, NO generation is achieved without the need for nitrogen (N2) as a carrier gas, enabling safe and simple operation using ambient air even in home settings. To ensure the safety of this device, the key factors affecting the formation of the major undesired impurity, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), during NO generation were carefully considered and minimized to levels suitable for NO inhalation therapy (<1 ppm). The gas phase NO generated by this device significantly reduced the biofilm density as measured by crystal violet staining and the viable bacterial counts in the mucoid P. aeruginosa biofilm established on a plastic surface in vitro and in sputum isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients ex vivo. With the capacity to maintain 10 ppm NO at up to 4 L/min air flow for over five hours, this portable system demonstrates promise for safe, low-cost, in-home iNO delivery as an adjunctive therapy to reduce biofilm-associated bacterial burden in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.}, }
@article {pmid41338082, year = {2025}, author = {Saeid Parizi, S and Bahrami, R and Pourhajibagher, M and Bahador, A}, title = {Ex vivo evaluation of the antimicrobial properties, physical and mechanical characteristics, and cytotoxicity of orthodontic cement containing silibinin against Streptococcus mutans biofilm.}, journal = {International orthodontics}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {101108}, doi = {10.1016/j.ortho.2025.101108}, pmid = {41338082}, issn = {1879-680X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: White spot lesions are common complications around orthodontic brackets, caused by Streptococcus mutans. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of orthodontic light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) containing silibinin against S. mutans biofilm. Secondary objectives included assessing the physicomechanical properties (such as shear bond strength and fluoride release) and the cytotoxicity of the modified RMGIC.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: The liquid component of the RMGIC was combined with varying concentrations of silibinin (0%, 1%, 2%, and 5%). The antimicrobial effect was assessed using the biofilm inhibition test, measuring colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined using a universal testing machine, while adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Fluoride release was measured at 1, 7, 15, and 30&#xa0;days using the pH/ion meter. Cytotoxicity was assessed using an indirect MTT assay on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells.<br><br>RESULTS: The lowest bacterial colony count was observed in the chlorhexidine group (2.50&#xb1;1.60&#xd7;10[5]&#xa0;CFU/mL; CI:95%), followed by the RMGIC containing 5% silibinin (2.87&#xb1;5.11&#xd7;10[6]&#xa0;CFU/mL; CI:95%). Although the addition of silibinin at different concentrations reduced the SBS in a dose-dependent manner, there were no significant differences between the SBS of composite resin -&#xa0;the gold standard adhesive for bracket bonding&#xa0;- and that of RMGIC containing silibinin at any concentration (P=0.70). The most common ARI scores in all groups were 1 and 2, and cohesive failure was the predominant mode of failure. The incorporation of silibinin into RMGIC did not alter the fluoride release pattern, and none of the silibinin concentrations exhibited cytotoxic effects on HGF cells.<br><br>CONCLUSION: RMGIC containing 5% silibinin effectively reduced S.&#xa0;mutans biofilm around orthodontic brackets without adversely affecting its physical-mechanical properties and showed no toxicity to HGF cells.}, }
@article {pmid41337919, year = {2026}, author = {He, Y and Yang, X and Jin, Y and Liu, Y and Wang, Y and Zhu, T and Ni, BJ and Liu, Y}, title = {Biofilm increases N2O production in a sidestream partial nitritation system under low dissolved oxygen conditions.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {290}, number = {}, pages = {125077}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125077}, pmid = {41337919}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; *Oxygen ; Sewage ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Nitrification ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Wastewater ; Denitrification ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-based process such as integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) appears to be a promising alternative to upgrade and retrofit the conventional activated sludge (CAS) technology for sustainable wastewater treatment. However, limited studies have attempted to evaluate the effects of biofilm carriers on the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which contributes ∼50 % of total greenhouse gas emissions at wastewater treatment plants. In this study, comparisons were conducted between a CAS reactor versus a IFAS reactor, both performing partial nitritation (PN). It was experimentally demonstrated that the biofilm carriers significantly increased N2O production by 3.04 times in the sidestream PN system under low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions (e.g., ˂0.5 mg O2/L) via stimulating the hydroxylamine oxidation and heterotrophic denitrification pathways, which was primarily attributed to the introduced anoxic microenvironments and altered microbial community distributions. When the biofilm carriers were removed from the IFAS reactor, the N2O emission factor decreased from (1.64±0.04)% to (0.63±0.06)%, and the sludge microbial community evolved towards that of the CAS reactor. In addition, enhancing aeration for higher DO levels would narrow the gaps between two reactors and N2O production in the IFAS reactor was even 16 % lower at higher DO levels (e.g., 1-1.5 mg O2/L). This work reveals that biofilm presence stimulates N2O emissions from the sidestream nitritation process under low DO concentrations, thus informing the development of IFAS technology for efficient pollutant removal with a minimized carbon footprint.}, }
@article {pmid41334377, year = {2026}, author = {Song, S and Zhang, W and Zhuang, H and Wei, W and Cheng, S and Qiao, D and Xiao, Y and Zhang, Y and Yan, F}, title = {Dual functional properties of a probiotic biofilm-decorated bone substitute to combat infection and promote osteoimmunomodulation.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {57}, number = {}, pages = {457-473}, pmid = {41334377}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Oral and maxillofacial bone defects are prevalent and challenging to treat, often leading to significant complications such as infection and impaired healing. Enhancing the antibacterial and osteoimmunomodulatory properties of bone graft materials represents a promising approach to improve regenerative outcomes. In this study, we developed a hydroxyapatite scaffold coated with a biofilm of the probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk-HA), engineered to simultaneously combat infection and modulate the immune environment. Akk-HA exhibited vigorous anti-adhesive activity against pathogenic bacteria and attenuated inflammatory responses by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine secretion while promoting the release of proregenerative mediators from macrophages. Mechanistic studies revealed that Akk-HA activated the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, leading to the upregulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), in turn enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). In a murine model of infected periodontal bone defects, Akk-HA demonstrated significant antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects, resulting in markedly improved bone regeneration. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of probiotic-functionalized bone grafts as a dual-action strategy for managing infected bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial regions.}, }
@article {pmid41334357, year = {2025}, author = {Mori, T and Domae, E and Hanaoka, M and Into, T}, title = {Dental plaque biofilm transforms host-derived β2-microglobulin into polymorphic fibrils for integration into the biofilm matrix.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100331}, pmid = {41334357}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Dental plaque is a polymicrobial biofilm formed on tooth surfaces despite continuous exposure to variable host-derived antimicrobial factors. To date, the underlying mechanisms remain nebulous. This study aimed to determine whether dental plaque biofilms affect the major salivary antimicrobial protein β2-microglobulin (B2M). Immunostaining of human dental plaque specimens with an anti-B2M antibody revealed that B2M exists as elongated fibers, punctate structures, and amorphous aggregates. Fractionation of dental plaque suspensions revealed that B2M was present in both the soluble and insoluble fractions. B2M, which forms insoluble fibrils associated with dialysis-related amyloidosis, exhibited comparable fibril-forming properties in dental plaque. Immunostaining with a developed anti-B2M amyloid fibril antibody showed that fibrillar B2Ms (fB2Ms) were distributed throughout the dental plaque specimens. In vitro experiments using purified B2M demonstrated that environmental factors characteristic of dental plaque, specifically phosphate ions, bacterial short-chain fatty acids (acetic, butyric, lactic, and propionic acids), and divalent calcium and magnesium ions, significantly promoted fB2M formation. In a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model, native B2M transformed into fibrils only in the presence of these environmental factors, resulting in the loss of its antimicrobial activity and its incorporation into the biofilm matrix. The preformed fB2Ms increased S. mutans biofilm growth, decreased biofilm adhesion, and transformed the biofilm matrix architecture from a membranous to a reticulated organization, potentially facilitating biofilm dissemination. Dental plaque biofilms employed a specialized "molecular hijacking" strategy to counteract host defense mechanisms and ensure persistence through fibrillation. Our findings provide novel insights into biofilm pathogenesis, host-microbe interactions, and potential plaque control approaches.}, }
@article {pmid41332551, year = {2025}, author = {Puerner, CTS and Wilkins, OM and Cramer, RA}, title = {A ceramide synthase is important for filamentous fungal biofilm morphology and antifungal drug resistance.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.11.16.688756}, pmid = {41332551}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The complex structure of fungal biofilms generates microenvironments that impact the fitness of cells within the biofilm community. Contributions to fitness include the development of emergent properties resulting in the tolerance or resistance to external stressors such as rapid environmental changes and in the context of an infection, antifungal drug exposure. The biofilm developed by the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus develops zones of low oxygen which contribute to a reduction in antifungal drug susceptibility, however the genes and mechanisms involved in driving this emergent property of the biofilm are ill-defined. In this study, we utilized a transcriptomic approach to probe the biofilm structure in comparison to drug susceptible planktonic cultures to identify transcriptional patterns and genes unique to the A. fumigatus biofilm. Importantly we utilized two phenotypically diverse strains that allowed us to identify biofilm specific gene co-expression networks. One of these networks was highlighted by a gene encoding a ceramide synthase, designated barA , with a striking increase in barA transcript abundance specifically in the biofilm. Null mutants for barA in two strain backgrounds display altered biofilm morphology with some strain specific differences. Importantly, barA has a role in regulating susceptibility to ergosterol targeting antifungal drugs. These data identify biofilm specific genes in A. fumigatus for further study and highlight the importance of fungal ceramide synthases in mediating antifungal drug susceptibility in infection relevant biofilms.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Biofilms are problematic structures in the context of microbial infections due to the ability to resist both host and drug mediated attempts at tissue sterilization. Consequently, it is imperative to identify mechanisms underlying the development of these structures and the emergent properties they develop. The filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus forms robust structured biofilms that are resistant to contemporary antifungal drug treatments though the mechanisms are ill-defined. In this study we compared the transcriptional landscape of two A. fumigatus reference strains grown as biofilms and in planktonic culture conditions to identify biofilm specifc genes and pathways. These analyses and subsequent genetic and phenotype studies revealed that a ceramide synthase is important for the development of antifungal drug resistant biofilms. Consequently, these data support the rationale for targeting fungal lipid homeostasis for antifungal therapeutic development, particularly in the context of biofilm mediated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41332223, year = {2025}, author = {Saha, J and Chaudhuri, A and Dutta, S and Bhattacharyya, S and Chaudhuri, P}, title = {Application of a Nano-Silica Coating on Fly Ash Concrete Controlling Fungal Biofilm Based Biodeterioration.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {12}, pages = {e70101}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70101}, pmid = {41332223}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {CRS/2022-23/02/838//University Grants Commission-Department of Atomic Energy Consortium for Scientific Research Kolkata Centre/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Silicon Dioxide/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Construction Materials/microbiology ; *Coal Ash/chemistry ; *Aspergillus/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Aspergillus niger/physiology ; }, abstract = {Fly ash concrete (FAC) biodeterioration caused by fungal biofilm is a major problem for the building sector. Both biodeterioration of FACs and the effectiveness of nanosilica coating for its prevention were assessed in laboratory conditions. According to preliminary tests, Aspergillus tamarii caused higher biodeterioration on FAC than Aspergillus niger. In subsequent tests, FAC cubes (10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) were utilised to create three setups: control (Set-C), biodeterioration infected with A. tamarii (Set-B), and preventive set (Set-P), which contained the growth of both A. tamarii on nanocoated cubes. After 6 months, the Set-B cubes had obvious fungal colonisation and surface damage, while the Set-P cubes exhibited less degradation. The Set-P cubes showed less calcium ion leaching and improved compressive strength than the Set-B. The concrete in Set-B lost 17.42% of its compressive strength, compared to 7.34% in Set-P. The biodeterioration caused by A. tamarii is successfully prevented by the silicon oxide nanocoating. The calcium leaching from the FAC as a result of carboxylic acids generated by the studied fungus was confirmed by the FTIR and EDXRF observation. This work reveals the mechanisms and potentiality of nano-silica coatings on concrete to control fungal biofilm growth.}, }
@article {pmid41330282, year = {2026}, author = {Tian, L and Liu, B and Li, M and Cai, Y and Yang, Y and Wang, M and Yan, X and Li, N and Wang, X and Zhang, Q}, title = {Anchoring-decomplexation-mineralization: A biofilm-mediated pathway for EDTA-Cu transformation and recovery.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {501}, number = {}, pages = {140643}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140643}, pmid = {41330282}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Edetic Acid/chemistry/metabolism ; *Copper/chemistry/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/chemistry ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; Wastewater ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {Complexed heavy metals are emerging wastewater contaminants. Conventional coagulation-precipitation efficiently removes free metal ions but not chelated species such as EDTA-Cu, which persist through biological treatments and impair performance, while their impacts on microbial function and fate remain poorly understood. Here, using electroactive biofilms exposed to an EDTA-Cu gradient (5-80 mg/L) in bioelectrochemical systems, we identified an anchoring-decomplexation-mineralization pathway governing EDTA-Cu transformation. EDTA-Cu was primarily retained within loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS, ∼53 %), but excessive accumulation (>20 mg/L) formed a coverage layer that induced intracellular retention and functional collapse. Microbial decomplexation by EDTA-Cu-responsive genera (Sphaerochaeta, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Achromobacter) released Cu[2 +] , which nucleated with phosphate to form Cu3(PO4)2 nanoflowers accounting for 32-50 % of biofilm-associated copper. Transcriptomic profiling revealed a stress-dependent shift, with two-component regulatory networks sustaining electron transfer, efflux, and EPS synthesis under moderate stress (5 mg/L) but collapsing when EDTA-Cu exceeded 20 mg/L. Overall, this study elucidates the mechanistic basis of complexed heavy metal-microbe interactions, offering a foundation for the sustainable optimization of next-generation biological treatment technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41329940, year = {2026}, author = {Aguilar-Fuentes, A and Montes-García, J and Salcedo-Álvarez, M and Sánchez-Alonso, P and Vázquez-Cruz, C and Rojas, L and Meneses-Romero, E and Negrete-Abascal, E}, title = {Epinephrine and norepinephrine affect the cellular morphology, composition, and structure of Gallibacterium anatis biofilm.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2025-0135}, pmid = {41329940}, issn = {1480-3275}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; *Epinephrine/pharmacology ; *Pasteurellaceae/drug effects/physiology/cytology ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Chickens ; }, abstract = {Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is a pathogen and part of the microbiome of both domestic and wild birds. It is also the cause of reproductive infections, primarily when birds are stressed. Its pathogenicity has been associated with the expression of virulence factors. The effect of epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NEpi) hormones on the composition and structure of G. anatis biofilms is evaluated here. Catecholamines induced compaction and fragmentation of biofilms at 24 h. Biofilm amount diminishes (50%) by NEpi. At 48 h, biofilm fragments are immersed in exopolymer material, and the control biofilm shows a high quantity of filamentous cells, not observed with hormones. Enzymatic digestion of biofilm polymers showed increased protein levels in the presence of Epi at 24 or 48 h and NEpi at 24 or 72 h. Epi increased carbohydrate quantity, but NEpi diminished, and DNA quantities diminished at 48 h by Epi. Epi diminishes the expression of proteins in the 70-200 kDa range but increases the expression of secreted proteins. NEpi induces proteolytic activity in the range of 20-110 kDa. A 55 kDa protease was induced at 72 h by both hormones. Gallibacterium anatis biofilm changes could be significant in its dispersion and pathogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41329732, year = {2025}, author = {Esteves, NC and Tao, R and Pu, Q and Banerjee, A and Mathijssen, AJTM and Zhu, J}, title = {Nitric oxide promotes rapid development of motility to accelerate biofilm dispersal in Vibrio cholerae.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {49}, pages = {e2526864122}, pmid = {41329732}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 AI157106/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI178908/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI178908//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R01AI157106//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; }, mesh = {*Vibrio cholerae/physiology/drug effects/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cyclic GMP/metabolism/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Flagella/metabolism/genetics ; Flagellin/metabolism ; Cholera/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are resilient multicellular communities that underlie persistent infections and environmental survival. Dispersal from biofilms is a pivotal event for transmission and pathogenesis, yet the host signals and bacterial mechanisms orchestrating this transition remain poorly understood. Here, we show that nitric oxide (NO), a ubiquitous host-derived signaling molecule, acts as a rapid trigger for biofilm dispersal in Vibrio cholerae, a highly motile gram-negative bacterium and the etiologic agent of cholera, by promoting the development of motility. NO exposure induces broad upregulation of flagellar biosynthesis genes, increases flagellin production, and reduces intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels, thereby priming aflagellated biofilm-associated cells for active swimming and dispersion. Using single-cell imaging in custom microfluidic devices, we directly visualize NO-stimulated biofilm detachment and development of robust swimming motility within minutes. In vivo, biofilm-derived V. cholerae colonize more efficiently in NO-rich environments, and NO produced by epithelial cells enhances bacterial detachment from epithelial surfaces. Our findings reveal a host-pathogen interface in which NO serves as a morphogenetic cue, orchestrating the rapid transition from sessility to motility.}, }
@article {pmid41329400, year = {2025}, author = {Aoki, M and Hayashi, K and Wakui, N and Hirakata, Y and Watari, T and Yamaguchi, T and Syutsubo, K}, title = {A biofilm reactor packed with aspen wood and polyurethane sponge for biological manganese(II) oxidation and minor metal recovery.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, pages = {491}, pmid = {41329400}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {23K26605//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {*Polyurethanes/chemistry ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Manganese/metabolism ; *Wood/microbiology/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics/metabolism/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Manganese Compounds/metabolism ; Oxides/metabolism ; *Populus ; Phylogeny ; *Metals/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biogenic manganese oxides (MnOx) are promising agents for the removal and recovery of minor metals from water. However, cultivating heterotrophic Mn(II)-oxidizing microorganisms in non-sterile bioreactors remains difficult, and few continuous-flow reactor designs have been evaluated for their ability to recover minor metals under such conditions. In this study, we operated a laboratory-scale biofilm reactor packed with aspen wood and a polyurethane sponge for 469 d to evaluate its feasibility for biogenic MnOx production. Aspen wood served as a solid-phase organic substrate, the biodegradation of which provided a continuous release of soluble organic substrates to sustain the growth of heterotrophic Mn(II)-oxidizing microorganisms. The maximum mean dissolved Mn(II) removal rate by the reactor fed with artificial freshwater reached 3.0 mg L[-1] d[-1], likely through oxidation to MnOx. The removal of dissolved nickel(II) and cobalt(II) by the reactor with in situ-produced biogenic MnOx was also confirmed. Amplicon sequencing of near-full-length bacterial 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes revealed dominant bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in aspen wood biofilms (such as Acidibacter, Pseudorhodoplanes, and Terrimonas OTUs) and sponge media biofilms (such as Nitrospira, Reyranella soli, and Sediminibacterium goheungense OTUs). The dominance of a fungal 18S rRNA gene OTU related to Coniochaeta in both biofilm types was confirmed through amplicon sequencing of near-full-length eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes. These findings revealed the potential of the reactor for biogenic MnOx production and minor metal recovery, while providing insights into the associated microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid41328652, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmed, MM and Khadum, HE and Khalaf, SN and Abdulkareem, AH}, title = {Integrated Evaluation of IL-8 Levels and the In Silico and In Vitro Effects of Ellagic Acid against Extended-spectrum β-lactamase in Biofilm-forming Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections.}, journal = {Reviews on recent clinical trials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0115748871349421251105115035}, pmid = {41328652}, issn = {1876-1038}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant, biofilmforming Klebsiella pneumoniae represent a serious global health concern. Conventional antibiotics often fail due to resistance and biofilm-associated tolerance, necessitating novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study investigated interleukin-8 (IL-8) as a diagnostic marker and evaluated the anti-virulence potential of ellagic acid against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae.<br><br>METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional, experimental, and analytical investigation conducted from August 2023 to March 2024. Serum IL-8 levels were quantified in patients and healthy controls using ELISA. The antibiotic susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates was assessed according to CLSI guidelines, and ESBL activity was determined by the nitrocefin hydrolysis test. Biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet assay, with and without ellagic acid treatment. In silico docking studies were conducted using AutoDock Vina to predict interactions between ellagic acid and the CTX-M-15 &#x3b2;-lactamase, Wza, FabH, and SdiA proteins.<br><br>RESULTS: IL-8 levels were significantly higher in patients (223.8 &#xb1; 43.5 pg/mL) compared with controls (47.9 &#xb1; 17.3 pg/mL; p < 0.0001). All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and showed broad resistance to other antibiotics. Ellagic acid significantly reduced biofilm biomass (p = 0.0002) but concurrently increased ESBL activity (p = 0.0001). Docking demonstrated that ellagic acid was strongly bound to CTX-M-15 (-8.3 kcal/mol), had moderate interactions with Wza and SdiA, whereas the interaction with FabH was relatively low.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The high concentration of IL-8 supports its use as a biomarker to detect K. pneumoniae infections. The elevated resistance profile of K. pneumoniae to antibiotics highlights the urgent need for alternative treatment approaches. Though ellagic acid increased ESBL activity, it showed distinct antibiofilm activity and responses with virulence-related proteins, indicating a modulatory action that may reduce bacterial pathogenicity. Limitations include the lack of in vivo validation and the need to mechanistically elucidate the modulation of ESBL.<br><br>CONCLUSION: IL-8 is a valuable biomarker for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae infection. Ellagic acid reduces biofilm formation and targets bacterial resistance and virulence proteins, supporting its potential as a natural anti-virulence agent against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.}, }
@article {pmid41326585, year = {2025}, author = {Ohadian Moghadam, S and Lotfollahi Hagghi, L and Taghavi, R and Nowroozi, MR and Karimi, Z and Hasanzadeh, A and Rostamnia, S}, title = {Layer by layer preparation of Fe3O4@Cg-DTC/AgNPs as colloidal antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {519}, pmid = {41326585}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Mice ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Colloids/chemistry ; Nanocomposites/chemistry ; }, abstract = {To solve antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, metal nanoparticles (NPs) have gained tremendous attention due to their effectiveness and ease of use. Here, we prepared a core-shell dithiocarbonate carbon functionalized magnetic composite and employed it to support and stabilize the silver nanoparticle (Ag NPs). A chemical reduction method was employed to decorate the Ag NPs over the surface of the magnetic composite. The prepared materials were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, VSM, EDX, SEM, TEM, particle size distribution analysis, and elemental mapping. The results demonstrated that the designed support effectively prevented aggregation of the Ag NPs, ensuring their uniform dispersion throughout the structure. The Ag NPs decorated core-shell material was used as an antimicrobial agent against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of nanocomposite against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.58 ± 0.38, 1 ± 0, and 4.67 ± 3.06 µg mL[-1], respectively. The results demonstrated that Fe3O4@Cg-DTC/AgNPs nanocomposite has a stronger antibacterial effect than the control antibiotic, ciprofloxacin. Regarding biofilm inhibition, the lowest concentration of Fe3O4@Cg-DTC/Ag composite required to inhibit biofilm formation in E. coli was 0.0625 µg mL[-1], while the concentrations required for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were 0.5 and 1 µg mL[-1], respectively. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that the nanocomposite did not induce toxicity in NIH-3T3 cells. Overall, these results demonstrate the potent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of the Fe3O4@Cg-DTC/AgNPs nanocomposite while maintaining cytocompatibility.}, }
@article {pmid41326241, year = {2025}, author = {Rakshith, BL and Gautam, S and Asirvatham, LG and Kshetrimayum, N and Keisham, S and Patrik, G and Akash, A}, title = {Biofilm-associated microplastic contamination in rural soil and water: emerging hazards to ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1004}, number = {}, pages = {180806}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180806}, pmid = {41326241}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Microplastics/analysis ; *Biofilms ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Soil Pollutants/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Lack of regulation on disposal of plastic materials in rural areas has led to constant infiltration of microplastics (MPs) into soil and water cycle, threatening ecological stability. This paper examines micro plastics contamination within rural dumpsites and surrounding water bodies through an amalgamation of FTIR spectroscopy, microbial examination, as well as antibiotic resistance testing. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the dominant polymers detected, with PET and PS comprising 56.43 % and 29.46 % of soil MPs, while PS alone contributed 51.36 % in water samples. FTIR spectra showed oxidized functional group, hence, accorded high degradation of the polymer when subjected to environmental exposure. In microbial examination, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacillus were found to be colonizing the MP surfaces and the observation highlighted high resistance toward streptomycin in disk diffusion analysis. Conversely, imipenem and sulfisomidine had good bacterial inhibitory effect whereby the zones of inhibition were greater than 1200 μm. This indicated that they retained their activities. These discoveries indicate the twofold threat of pollution with chemicals and the rise of antimicrobial resistance caused by the collection of microplastic in the rural ecosystems with low regulatory capacities. The results imply that the enhanced strategy on waste management and environmental monitoring in the given setting is vital. The work is effectively linked to the Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), and SDG 15 (life on land); this effort will enhance the One Health approach and its comprehensive form.}, }
@article {pmid41326083, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Chen, J and Liu, Q and Luo, X and Xu, Q and Su, H and He, Y and Xiong, F and Lin, S and Huang, T and Guan, X}, title = {L-amino acids modulate biofilm formation, UV resistance, and insecticidal activity in Bacillus thuringiensis formulations: Mechanisms and optimization.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {106713}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106713}, pmid = {41326083}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus thuringiensis/physiology/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; Animals ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Moths/drug effects ; Larva/drug effects ; Pest Control, Biological ; }, abstract = {Enhancing the field persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biopesticides is crucial for efficient pest management. This study presents the first systematic investigation into the mechanisms by which all 20 L-amino acids influence Bt biofilm formation, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and insecticidal activity. The results demonstrate that amino acids functioned as interfacial modulators: non-polar hydrophobic types (e.g., L-leucine) significantly increased biofilm biomass in wettable powder through hydrophobic adhesion, whereas basic types (e.g., L-arginine, l-lysine) enhanced the stability of aqueous suspension concentrate via electrostatic stabilization. Through statistical optimization (Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology), a synergistic formulation composed of L-arginine, l-lysine, and L-leucine was identified. This formulation increased the biofilm yield of the commercial Kernel 32,000 IU/mg wettable powder by 3.8-fold and improved survival rate by approximately 50 % after 4 h of UV irradiation. At the physio-toxicological level, this amino acid combination reduced the LC50 against second-instar Plutella xylostella larvae by 8.12-fold. Transmission electron microscopy revealed complete microvilli shedding and mitochondrial cristae breakage in the treated midgut, indicating that the synergistic mechanism stems from the disruption of the midgut epithelial barrier. This study provides the first direct link between amino-acid-mediated interfacial interactions and midgut pathological damage, offering molecular-physiological evidence for next-generation, low-dose, highly stable Bt formulation with manageable resistance risks.}, }
@article {pmid41325687, year = {2026}, author = {Liang, JJ and Pang, FY and Li, YZ and Ma, HY and Peng, N and Ran, L and Liu, AY and Zou, LL and Deng, ZS}, title = {Design and synthesis of dehydrocurvularin analogues as antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {109289}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109289}, pmid = {41325687}, issn = {1090-2120}, mesh = {*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Design ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Developing highly effective antibacterial agents for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, especially those linked to biofilms, remains a tough problem. Here, we rationally designed and synthesized 30 novel derivatives derived from 10, 11-dehydrocurvularin through biomimetic structural modulation. Compound A25 was chosen as a candidate based on structure-activity relationship analyses against S. aureus and four clinical MRSA isolates (MIC = 2-4 μg/mL), exhibiting minimal resistance development, quickly killed bacteria, and low hemolytic activity (HC50 > 200 μg/mL). Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that A25 selectively targets bacterial membranes by binding phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), thereby disrupting membrane polarization, elevating intracellular ROS levels, and ultimately killing bacteria. Furthermore, compound A25 showed significant anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus, highlighting its potential as a highly promising novel therapeutic candidate for combating MRSA infections.}, }
@article {pmid41325418, year = {2025}, author = {Beckman I V, RL and Martinez, B and Santiago, FZ and Echeverria, GN and Pinheiro, BV and D T Torres, M and Suits, L and Garcia, S and Wantuch, PL and de la Fuente-Nunez, C and Eswara, P and Rosen, DA and Fleeman, RM}, title = {Molecular response to the non-lytic peptide bac7 (1-35) triggers disruption of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {e1013437}, pmid = {41325418}, issn = {1553-7374}, support = {R00 AI163295/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM138201/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Mice ; Cattle ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology ; Humans ; Cathelicidins/pharmacology ; *Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is becoming increasingly difficult to treat as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains become more prevalent. The formation of biofilm heightens this threat by embedding bacterial cells in a polysaccharide-rich matrix that limits antibiotic penetration. Here we dissect the anti-biofilm bovine host-defense cathelicidin peptide fragment bac7 (1-35), exploring its anti-biofilm mechanism, evaluating its ability to curb colonization of the vital organs by hypervirulent K. pneumoniae, and testing its breadth of activity against diverse clinical isolates. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that bac7 (1-35) simultaneously compromises the bacterial membrane and inhibits ribosomal function, a dual assault that precipitates rapid biofilm collapse and blocks bacterial spread. Further, bac7 (1-35) eradicated the strongest biofilms produced by MDR clinical isolates in the Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN) diversity panel. Although bac7 (1-35) kills bacterial cells via a cytosolic mechanism, membrane interaction profiles varied among MRSN isolates, correlating with differential peptide translocation. In a delayed-treatment murine skin-abscess model, bac7 (1-35) halted in vivo colonization of the vital organs by the hypervirulent strain NTUH-K2044. Collectively, these results delineate a multifaceted mode of action for bac7 (1-35) and underscore its therapeutic promise against biofilm-associated MDR K. pneumoniae infections.}, }
@article {pmid41324029, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Zhou, X and Xue, H and Hong, J and Gu, N and Li, Q and Yu, G and Yin, X and Yuan, L and Premarathna, M and Lin, X and Mao, Y and Liu, J and Xu, Z}, title = {A comprehensive study on the dual species biofilm formation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains from the same origins.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100324}, pmid = {41324029}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Biofilms, complex microbial communities that enhance pathogen survival in hostile environments, are integral to chronic infections and often exhibit polymicrobial interactions that influence disease outcomes. Among these, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans co-infections are of particular clinical significance due to their synergistic mechanisms, resulting in invasive and treatment-resistant infections. This study investigated the interaction dynamics of S. aureus and C. albicans in both planktonic and biofilm states, focusing on growth dominance, biofilm formation, and structural adaptations under different conditions. Results revealed that C. albicans dominated in planktonic co-culture, suppressing S. aureus growth, whereas biofilm conditions favored mutual adaptation, with hyphae-competent C. albicans forming dual-species biofilms with S. aureus that accumulated substantial biomass, thereby enhancing biofilm cohesion and resistance. Compared to yeast cells in YPD, hyphal growth induced by RPMI substrates significantly augmented biofilm formation across the early, proliferating, and mature stages. Colonization order influenced biofilm architecture and interspecies interactions, with highly mature biofilms exhibiting dense network structures and increased C. albicans hyphal formation. Mechanical measurements revealed an elastic modulus of up to 10 Pa, indicating enhanced biofilm rigidity and structural integrity. Notably, the hyphal contribution of C. albicans was stage-dependent-facilitating S. aureus proliferation during proliferating phase. These findings underscore the complexity of S. aureus-C. albicans interactions and highlight potential targets for disrupting biofilm-associated chronic infections.}, }
@article {pmid41320849, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, GV and Bajaber, MA and Mani, AK and Jeyanthi, V and Velusamy, P and Gopinath, SCB}, title = {Gentamicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanocoating on Polyurethane Prostatic Stents to Combat Biofilm Formation and Urogenital Device-Associated Infections.}, journal = {Biotechnology and applied biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bab.70104}, pmid = {41320849}, issn = {1470-8744}, abstract = {Prostatic obstruction is a blockage of the urethra caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia, a common condition in aging men that often results in significant urinary complications. Polyurethane prostatic stents are widely used to alleviate this obstruction. However, their susceptibility to biofilm formation and subsequent bacterial infections by pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis remains a major clinical challenge. This study investigates the polyurethane prostatic stents (PS) that are surface-immobilized with gentamicin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GMCSNPs) to combat these issues. GMCSNPs were synthesized via the ionic gelation method, achieving high drug encapsulation efficiency (92.32%) and exhibiting a spherical morphology, as confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM); particle size was determined using a Zetasizer. The nanoparticles had a size range of 200-350 nm. The surface of polyurethane prostatic stents was activated and covalently immobilized with GMCSNPs, as confirmed through attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and FESEM analyses. The antimicrobial efficacy of GMCSNPs and GMCSNPs-immobilized polyurethane prostatic stents (GMCSNPs-PS) was evaluated against E. coli and P. mirabilis. Bacterial viability assays, flow cytometry, and biofilm inhibition studies revealed significant antibacterial activity and a marked reduction in biofilm formation. The sustained release of gentamicin, combined with the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of chitosan, demonstrated a synergistic effect, successfully inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm development.}, }
@article {pmid41320689, year = {2025}, author = {Costa, VASM and Zancan, RF and Tartari, T and Albino, CR and Weckwerth, PH and Bachmann, L and Coelho, LAS and Alcalde, MP and da Silva, GF and Duarte, MAH and Vivan, RR}, title = {ATR-FTIR and confocal microscopy evaluation of irrigation protocols: correlating dentin alteration and biofilm reduction.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {594}, pmid = {41320689}, issn = {1436-3771}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dentin/microbiology/drug effects/chemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; *Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Animals ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; *Therapeutic Irrigation/methods ; In Vitro Techniques ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different irrigation protocols on the removal of mono- and multispecies biofilms, as well as on chemical alterations induced in superficial dentin.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens were divided into two groups according to the irrigating solution used: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl 2.5%) or saline solution (SS 0.9%), and were subjected to agitation using either passive ultrasonic irrigation or EasyClean. The chemical composition of dentin discs was assessed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), based on the Amide III/Phosphate and Carbonate/Phosphate ratios at three time points: baseline, after conventional irrigation, and after agitation. In parallel, E. faecalis, E. faecalis&#x2009;+&#x2009;S. oralis, and E. faecalis&#x2009;+&#x2009;C. albicans biofilms were grown on bovine dentin blocks and subjected to the same irrigation protocols. Cell viability was quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy following Live/Dead staining. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and Wilcoxon tests (&#x3b1;&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: The Amide III/Phosphate ratio was significantly reduced in the NaOCl groups after agitation (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), while changes in the Carbonate/Phosphate ratio were observed only in the SS groups when compared to NaOCl (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). From a microbiological perspective, both activation methods with NaOCl significantly reduced cell viability, particularly ultrasonic activation in monospecies biofilms and EasyClean in multispecies biofilms (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Based on the results and the methodology applied, it can be concluded that NaOCl activation with either ultrasonic irrigation or EasyClean is effective for disinfection, although it promotes chemical changes in dentin.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study analyzes the impact of irrigation protocols on biofilm removal and dentin composition. NaOCl activation was effective in reducing microbial viability but promoted chemical changes in dentin, highlighting the need to balance disinfection and structural preservation in endodontic practice.}, }
@article {pmid41320472, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Wu, J and Cui, J and Wang, J and Wang, X}, title = {Phenotypic Switches Induce Fractal Morphology of Bacillus subtilis Biofilm.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {e70208}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70208}, pmid = {41320472}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {12372321//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 11972074//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus subtilis/physiology/growth &amp; development/cytology ; Phenotype ; Fractals ; Spores, Bacterial/growth &amp; development ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {The height profile of Bacillus subtilis biofilms exhibits complex fractal morphology shaped by cellular behaviour and environmental factors. While phenotypic differentiation relates to biofilm spatial patterns, the mechanisms regulating upper surface morphology remain unclear. This study combines experiments with an agent-based model to explore how nutrient-driven phenotypic switches affect the morphological complexity (fractal dimension D) and heterogeneity (roughness Ra) of the biofilm upper surface. We analyse biofilm images at different nutrient concentrations to quantify morphology. The model incorporates Monod kinetics, with phenotypic transition probabilities and mechanical interactions depending on substrate availability. The results show that nutrient conditions regulate phenotypic ratios, and matrix-producing cells promote anisotropic biofilm growth, enhancing surface heterogeneity and morphological complexity. Spores fill vacancies created by heterogeneous cell growth, and this behaviour, in coordination with isotropic growth of motile cells, reduces the morphological complexity and heterogeneity of biofilm morphology. When the populations of matrix-producing cells and the other two phenotypes balance, the biofilm's morphological complexity and heterogeneity peak. The model accurately predicts experimental trends, revealing that phenotypic transitions mediated by metabolic dependence and nutrient diffusion drive biofilm morphogenesis. This work links cell differentiation to biofilm upper surface morphology, advancing our understanding of biofilm adaptation in dynamic environments.}, }
@article {pmid41319380, year = {2026}, author = {Wan, J and Wu, J and Wang, Y and Rene, ER and Zhu, M and Zhu, N}, title = {Trophic amplification of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in snails: Unveiling definitive role of photic biofilm response in driving bottom-up effects.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {290}, number = {}, pages = {125033}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125033}, pmid = {41319380}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms ; *Snails/metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Natural biofilms served as significant sinks for Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as they secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and altered their community composition to enhance resistance. Nevertheless, there was little information regarding the trophic transfer of PFAS through the biofilm-based food chain, particularly in relation to the biofilm's response. This study explored the varied responses of photic biofilm to PFAS with different carbon chain lengths and their trophic amplification in grazers (snails). The differentiated physiological and ecological responses of photic biofilm supported a mechanistic interpretation of the kinetic trophic transfer of PFAS in snails. Short-chain PFAS predominantly localized within biofilm matrix, which facilitated the growth of algae and contributed to greater accumulation of these compounds in snails. In contrast, long-chain PFAS were primarily located on the exterior of the biofilm matrix, which decreased in the EPS productivity and biomass to prevent its accumulation in snails through ingestion. The biomagnification of short-chain PFAS from biofilm to snails was observed while the long-chain PFAS were less efficiently transferred to the snails. These findings suggested that the response of photic biofilm to PFAS with different carbon-chain-length exposure exhibited diet-dependent effects on trophic transfer of PFAS in snails.}, }
@article {pmid41318681, year = {2025}, author = {Dudek, J and Faidt, T and Fecher-Trost, C and Thangamurugan, S and Bayenat, P and Trautmann, S and Neurohr, J and Holtsch, A and Müller, F and Meyer, MR and Helms, V and Jacobs, K and Hannig, M}, title = {Synthetic hydroxyapatite: a perfect substitute for dental enamel in biofilm formation studies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {43379}, pmid = {41318681}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Durapatite/chemistry/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; *Dental Enamel/chemistry/microbiology ; Humans ; Saliva/microbiology ; }, abstract = {In contact with saliva, tooth enamel is covered by biomolecules forming an initial biofilm. Microorganisms attach to the initial biofilm and form the bacterial biofilm, which can provoke diseases. Therefore, dental biofilms are the focus of preventive research. Enamel consists mainly of hydroxyapatite (HAP). Yet, the composition of dental apatite differs between individuals and influences enamel properties. Standardized surfaces might therefore be useful for biofilm research. Synthetic enamel-like HAP pellets perfectly meet the criteria for such well-defined samples. However, systematic investigations of synthetic HAP on oral biofilm formation have never been performed, especially not in comparison to enamel. Therefore, we systematically compared the in situ biofilm formation on synthetic HAP and enamel to investigate the suitability of HAP as a substitute for natural enamel in biofilm formation studies. We observed no differences in formation kinetics, microstructure and subject-specificity of the initial biofilm on both materials. Furthermore, at the proteome level the development of the biofilm on HAP follows the formation patterns observed for enamel. Formation kinetics and morphology of the bacterial biofilm were also subject-dependent and not distinguishable between the two materials. However, the bacterial viability on HAP was higher than on enamel. For bacterial biofilm viability studies, synthetic HAP may therefore even be the preferred substrate as it is more beneficial for identifying antimicrobial agents. In summary, the results prove synthetic HAP as perfect substrate for dental biofilm studies.}, }
@article {pmid41318301, year = {2025}, author = {Rosencrantz, S and Tang, JSJ and Koenig, K and Chea, S and Rosencrantz, RR}, title = {Glyco-Nanogels for Modulating Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm.}, journal = {Macromolecular rapid communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e00807}, doi = {10.1002/marc.202500807}, pmid = {41318301}, issn = {1521-3927}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms biofilms that complicate treatment of infections, with lectins LecA and LecB playing crucial roles in this process. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of glycosylated nanogels on lectin binding and biofilm formation. Nanogels presenting melibiose (α-galactose) and fucose (β-fucose) effectively reduce LecA and LecB binding, respectively, in competitive inhibition assays against immobilized glycoproteins. Melibiose nanogels are more potent inhibitors than fucose nanogels, as α-galactose is more strongly bound by LecA than β-fucose by LecB. Both types of glycogels have a high impact on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Notably, the timing of glycogel application significantly influences biofilm dynamics; pre-treatment leads to a 75% reduction in biofilm formation, whereas treatment after biofilm initiation results in a 60% increase in biofilm growth, suggesting that these glycogels can act as both inhibitors and enhancers of biofilm development. The findings highlight the complexity of carbohydrate-based interactions in biofilm modulation and underscore the necessity for precise dosing and structural optimization in developing effective strategies against infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41317388, year = {2026}, author = {El-Saeid, AF and Helal, IE and El-Baz, R and Sallam, A and Badria, FA}, title = {In Vitro and In Silico Assessment of Datura stramonium Flower Alkaloids as Multi-Target Inhibitors of Biofilm Formation, Xanthine Oxidase, and Tyrosinase Enzymes.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {e02314}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202502314}, pmid = {41317388}, issn = {1612-1880}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Xanthine Oxidase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; *Monophenol Monooxygenase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; *Flowers/chemistry/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Alkaloids/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Datura stramonium/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Drug repurposing and multi-target drug design are gaining importance as promising strategies for developing treatments for various diseases. In this study, three alkaloids, pyrrolezanthine 1, hyoscine 2, and atropine 3, were isolated from Datura stramonium flowers and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against bacterial biofilm formation, xanthine oxidase (XO), and tyrosinase enzymes using both in vitro and in silico studies. Compounds 1-3 displayed potent antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Compounds 2 and 3 demonstrated significant XO inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 11.76 ± 0.15 and 10.00 ± 0.12 µM, respectively, compared to the standard L-mimosine (IC50 = 6.82 ± 0.06 µM). Additionally, these compounds showed enhanced tyrosinase inhibition (IC50 = 21.79 ± 0.28 and 19.89 ± 0.24 µM, respectively) relative to kojic acid (IC50 = 92.39 ± 0.55 µM). A molecular modeling simulation study supported the in vitro findings. Network pharmacology studies of compounds 2 and 3 identified the inflammatory targets and the potential mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. These results suggest that tropane alkaloids isolated from D. stramonium hold promising activities as multi-target drug candidates for treating gout, hyperpigmentation, and resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41316991, year = {2025}, author = {Ramezani, U and Amini, K and Jafari, P and Tafvizi, F}, title = {Inhibitory effects of cell-free supernatant of Bifidobacterium bifidum on biofilm formation and virulence gene expression in Group B Streptococcus clinical isolates.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/lambio/ovaf133}, pmid = {41316991}, issn = {1472-765X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Streptococcus agalactiae/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; *Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Female ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bifidobacterium bifidum/metabolism/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Virulence Factors/genetics ; Milk, Human/microbiology ; Virulence/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Vagina/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of maternal and neonatal infections, complicated by increasing antimicrobial resistance and high virulence. In this study, from 235 vaginal swabs, 45 GBS isolates were identified and screened; 12 representative isolates (strong biofilm producers with the complete virulence gene profile) were selected for downstream analyses. Molecular analysis showed high prevalence of virulence genes (fbsA 95.5%, lmb 91.1%, pavA 88.8%, fbsB 86.6%) and biofilm-related genes (pil-1 88.8%, pil-2a 91.1%, pil-2b 84.4%). Subsequently, a Bifidobacterium bifidum (designated B. bifidum BB-6; GenBank accession number PX474696) isolated from human breast milk was used to prepare a cell-free supernatant (CFS). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MC) of the CFS of B. bifidum identified several bioactive compounds, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and lactic acid. Checkerboard assays indicated synergism between CFS and penicillin/vancomycin, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of ≤ 0.5 in most cases. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of CFS significantly inhibited biofilm formation (P < 0.01), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed downregulation of virulence (fbsB down -4.40-fold) and biofilm genes (pil-2b down -5.49-fold). These results highlight the therapeutic potential of B. bifidum CFS against GBS, warranting further studies to isolate active compounds and evaluate safety and efficacy in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41316423, year = {2025}, author = {Hamze, L and Saras, E and Azaiez, S and Mansour, W and Madec, JY and Destanque, T and Haenni, M and Lupo, A}, title = {Susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from different sources to biocides: a matter of biofilm.}, journal = {Antimicrobial resistance and infection control}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {147}, pmid = {41316423}, issn = {2047-2994}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology ; Animals ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Benzalkonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infections in patients residing in intensive care units. The ability of A. baumannii to acquire carbapenem-resistance makes these infections difficult to treat and poses a serious risk for global health. In fact, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates belonging to eleven international clones (IC1-11), especially IC2, have disseminated globally, generating outbreaks and epidemics. Persistence of A. baumannii in nosocomial settings is favored by its ability to produce biofilm and resist to biocides. However, investigations analyzing the efficacy of biocides by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) on field A. baumannii isolates are rare. We determined the MBC of five commonly used biocides (hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine digluconate, and benzalkonium chloride) adapting the EN1040 and EN1276 standard methods on 64 A. baumannii isolates collected from human hospital settings and diseased animals (multidrug resistant) and from food (multidrug susceptible). The 64 isolates belonged to diverse sequence types, some of them being part of ICs (IC2, IC7, IC9 and IC11). Efficacy of biocides was evaluated in presence of an interfering substance (bovine serum albumin, BSA) to simulate dirtiness, but also on in vitro formed biofilms. MBC50 and MBC90 values of the five biocides on bacteria in planktonic phase were lower than concentrations used in commercial formulations. Presence of BSA increased the MBC values of sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride. Isolates presenting the highest MBC values, mostly belonged to IC2 (multidrug resistant) and other expanding clonal complexes (multidrug susceptible). On biofilm matrix, none of the tested biocides could eradicate bacteria neither demonstrated bactericidal activity at the concentrations and exposure time tested. Based on a standardized methodology, our investigation provides data that could contribute to define epidemiological cut offs to interpret bacterial response to biocides. Investigations determining the efficacy of biocides on field isolates both in planktonic phase and in biofilms matrix are necessary to understand if hygienic measure to counteract environmental contamination are adapted and unveil bacterial adaptive strategies to these substances.}, }
@article {pmid41315098, year = {2025}, author = {da Rocha Costa Coelho, T and Machion Shaddox, L and Nunes de Carvalho, G and Damião Costa, D and Nunes Vaz, S and Brites, C and Nunes Dos Santos, J and Araki Ribeiro, DA and Ramos Cury, P}, title = {The association between gingivitis and SARS-CoV-2 colonization of subgingival biofilm in COVID-19 individuals: a cross-sectional preliminary study.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {590}, pmid = {41315098}, issn = {1436-3771}, support = {404088/2023-6, 403344/2022-0 and 306780/2022-40//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Gingivitis/virology ; *Biofilms ; *COVID-19/virology/complications ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Male ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; *Gingiva/microbiology/virology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the subgingival biofilm of COVID-19 individuals and its association with generalized gingivitis.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pool of subgingival biofilm samples was collected from 80 individuals, 59 with and 21 without COVID-19, after periodontal diagnosis (classified as periodontally healthy or generalized gingivitis). Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by qRT-PCR. Binary logistic regression and Mann-Whitney test were applied to evaluate associations between the presence and amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the biofilm and the presence of gingivitis (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the subgingival biofilm of 35.6% (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;21) of individuals with COVID-19 but not in individuals without COVID-19. In the COVID-19 group, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in periodontally healthy individuals (47.6%) and those with gingivitis (52.4%). After adjusting for covariates, SARS-CoV-2 in dental biofilm was associated with 7.25-fold higher odds of generalized gingivitis (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;7.25; 95% CI: 1.41-37.33; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02).<br><br>CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 was detected in subgingival biofilms of COVID-19-positive individuals and was associated with an increased chance of gingivitis, providing preliminary evidence of a potential role of the virus in gingival inflammation. However, a bidirectional relationship may be present, as gingival inflammation could also create a more favorable environment for viral colonization of the subgingival biofilm.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Maintaining periodontal health during and after COVID-19 infection may be important not only for oral well-being but also for mitigating viral persistence and its inflammatory effects.}, }
@article {pmid41314177, year = {2025}, author = {Puerner, C and Morelli, KA and Kerkaert, JD and Jones, JT and Quinn, KG and DeMichaelis, N and Vellanki, S and Liao, C and Cramer, RA}, title = {Transcriptional and metabolic modeling analyses of developing Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms reveal metabolic shifts required for biofilm maturation.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {e0075225}, pmid = {41314177}, issn = {2379-5042}, support = {R01 AI130128/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI146121//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; P20 GM113132/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R00 AI175599/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI007519/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM113132/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI146121/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DK117469/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P30DK117469/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI130128//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; T32HL134598/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R00AI175599//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; T32AI007519//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; STANTO19R0//Cystic Fibrosis Foundation/ ; T32 HL134598/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Aspergillus fumigatus/genetics/metabolism/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Hyphae/growth &amp; development/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Ethanol/metabolism ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus found in compost and soil that can cause invasive and/or chronic disease in humans. Diagnosis and treatment of aspergillosis often occur when A. fumigatus has formed dense networks of hyphae within the lung. These hyphal networks are multicellular, encased in an extracellular matrix, and have reduced susceptibility to contemporary antifungal drugs, similar to bacterial biofilms. A model of these dense hyphal networks observed in vivo can be recapitulated in vitro using a static, submerged biofilm culture. The mechanisms underlying filamentous fungal cell physiology at different stages of biofilm development remain to be defined. Here, we utilized RNA sequencing, in silico metabolic modeling, and molecular genetics approaches to identify A. fumigatus genes and metabolic pathways critical for biofilm development. These analyses revealed that ethanol and butanediol fermentation pathways are important for the development of a mature A. fumigatus biofilm. Correspondingly, a predicted transcription factor (silG) was observed to be required for mature biofilm development. Taken together, these data define key genes and metabolic pathways critical for A. fumigatus biofilm development.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common etiological agent of a collection of diseases termed aspergillosis. Chronic and invasive manifestations of aspergillosis are highlighted by the development of biofilm-like structures on and in tissue. These biofilm structures are resistant to contemporary antifungal drugs, even for strains that are susceptible by standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms by which A. fumigatus induces, develops, and maintains biofilms to evade antifungal therapies is expected to illuminate biofilm-specific therapeutic targets. Here, we identify genes involved in fungal fermentation and regulation of transcription as important mediators of A. fumigatus biofilm development.}, }
@article {pmid41313857, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, X and Xing, M and Huang, M and Zhang, Y and Jin, X and Fang, Y and Xu, H and Liang, J and Yu, Y and Xu, X and Liu, S and Luo, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {Divergent biofilm colonization on plastics in wastewater: Accelerated maturation on polyamide versus growth inhibition on biodegradable polymers.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {500}, number = {}, pages = {140591}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140591}, pmid = {41313857}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Wastewater/microbiology ; *Nylons/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; *Biodegradable Plastics ; Bacteria/growth &amp; development ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Polyesters ; *Plastics ; }, abstract = {Microplastic (MP)-associated biofilms in wastewater treatment plants affect ecosystem integrity and treatment stability, yet their stage-specific developmental dynamics remain unresolved. This study characterized 30 d biofilm assembly dynamics on polyethylene (PE), polyamide (PA), and biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/polylactic acid (BP) in simulated wastewater treatment systems. Integrated multi-parametric analyses revealed cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) as a key biomarker of biofilm maturity, peaking at 15-22 d alongside maximal biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Subsequent detachment was mediated by β-glucosidase and lysozyme, inducing autolysis. Stage-specific transitions included: Initial attachment (0-10 d); Microbial colonization (10-22 d); Maturation/Detachment (post-22 d). EPS-secreting and plastic-degrading taxa (Pseudomonas and Rhodotorula) facilitated initial attachment, followed by functional taxa mediating nitrogen transformation (Ochrobactrum, Aminobacter, and Cupriavidus) and potential biofilm-stabilizing fungi (Rozellomycota-gen-incertae-sedis). PA enhanced colonization via amide-driven nitrogen enrichment and elevated c-di-GMP levels, leading to robust biofilms with functional consortia (Zavarzinia, Sphingopyxis, and Rozellomycota-gen-incertae-sedis). Conversely, BP promoted initial bacterial recruitment (Pseudomonas and Enterobacter) but later inhibited sustained growth because of cytotoxic leachates and nutrient competition, causing biomass decline and fungal inhibition at 20 d. These findings elucidated plastisphere succession pathways, enabling more accurate assessment of their ecological impact and improved MP pollution management strategies in wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41313628, year = {2025}, author = {Rissanen, AJ and Hestnes, AG and Khanongnuch, R and Didriksen, A and Urich, T and Tveit, AT and Svenning, MM}, title = {Methylobacter arcticus sp. nov. isolated from a coal mine biofilm in the high Arctic Svalbard.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41313628}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Base Composition ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Svalbard ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Methane/metabolism ; *Coal Mining ; }, abstract = {An aerobic methanotroph was isolated from a biofilm of coal mine Gruve 7 (Svalbard) and designated strain G7[T]. Cells of strain G7[T] were Gram-stain-negative, pink-pigmented and motile rods. Strain G7[T] could grow at pH 6.8 and at temperatures ranging from 4 to 21 °C. The genome size was 4.00 Mb with a (digital) DNA G+C content of 47.7 mol%. Strain G7[T] represents a member of the family Methylomonadaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria. It displayed 94.6-99.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of the genus Methylobacter. Whole-genome comparisons based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) confirmed that strain G7[T] represents a novel species. It showed 16S rRNA gene identity of 99.7%, 91.8% ANI and 46% dDDH to the closest type strain, Methylobacter svalbardensis LS7-T4A[T], with ANI and dDDH being much lower than the typically used 95 and 70% cutoffs, respectively, to delineate different species. For methane activation, strain G7[T] carries genes encoding particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoCAB). Also, genes of the methane utilization pathways, i.e. oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide and assimilation of methane-carbon to biomass, were encoded in the genome. Strikingly, compared to all other Methylobacter spp. strains, strain G7[T] did not have nitrogenase genes for nitrogen fixation. Strain G7[T] also possessed genes for ectoine production, which was not observed in the genomes of its closest relatives. Based on phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic data, strain G7[T] represents a novel species within the genus Methylobacter for which the name Methylobacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed, with strain G7[T] (DSM: 117899; LMG: 33632) as the type strain.}, }
@article {pmid41313359, year = {2025}, author = {Rungruengkitkun, A and Nguyen, PK and Tunyong, W and Kong-Ngoen, T and Ampawong, S and Sricharunrat, T and Indrawattana, N and Chantratita, N and Pumirat, P}, title = {Transcriptomic profile of BpsR4 and its roles in stress response, antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis in Burkholderia pseudomallei.}, journal = {Science progress}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, pages = {368504251394544}, pmid = {41313359}, issn = {2047-7163}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Virulence/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Melioidosis/microbiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {ObjectiveThe study investigated the role of the quorum sensing (QS) regulator BpsR4 in the physiology and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain K96243.MethodsA B. pseudomallei bpsR4 knockout mutant (ΔbpsR4) was constructed, and its gene expression profile was compared with that of the wild-type (WT) K96243 strain using RNA sequencing. In vitro assays were conducted to assess growth rates, stress responses, antibiotic sensitivity, motility, and biofilm formation. Ex vivo pathogenicity was evaluated using a human skin fibroblast infection model, and in vivo virulence was assessed in the Galleria mellonella model.ResultsbpsR4 deletion led to significant transcriptional reprogramming, including the downregulation of genes involved in iron acquisition, sulfur metabolism, oxidative stress response, and redox homeostasis and upregulation of genes linked to motility, chemotaxis, and membrane transport. ΔbpsR4 exhibited reduced tolerance to oxidative and heat stress and impaired biofilm formation but no significant change in motility. Additionally, ΔbpsR4 displayed decreased susceptibility to meropenem. In both in vitro and invertebrate infection models, the mutant demonstrated lower virulence than the WT strain.ConclusionThis study highlighted the involvement of BpsR4 in stress response, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence in B. pseudomallei. Targeting QS pathways, particularly BpsR4 signaling, might represent a promising strategy to develop anti-virulence therapies that enhance antibiotic efficacy and improve clinical outcomes in melioidosis.}, }
@article {pmid41312984, year = {2025}, author = {Badawy, MH and Cooke, MG and Peldszus, S and Slawson, RM and Huck, PM}, title = {Monochloramine effects on biofilm growth with/without orthophosphate in high-residence time drinking water model distribution systems.}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {1381-1396}, pmid = {41312984}, issn = {1477-8920}, support = {NSERC IRC PJ#147477-17//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Chloramines/pharmacology ; *Drinking Water/microbiology/chemistry ; *Phosphates/pharmacology ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Water Supply ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Orthophosphate is a common corrosion inhibitor used to control lead release in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). It may enhance monochloramine decay and promote biofilm growth. This study assessed the impact of two monochloramine dosages on biofilm growth and monochloramine decay in model distribution systems (MDSs), with/without orthophosphate, at a 10-day residence time. Four bench-scale MDSs were run for 15 weeks: two tested a low monochloramine dose (2 mg Cl2/L), with or without orthophosphate, and two a higher dose (3 mg Cl2/L), with and without orthophosphate. The feedwater was phosphorus-limited, which may have amplified microbial response to orthophosphate addition. At both monochloramine dosages tested, orthophosphate addition increased viable cell count, biofilm reformation potential, and metabolic activity, while biofilm genetic diversity was influenced by both orthophosphate and monochloramine dose. Communities subjected to high monochloramine without orthophosphate were the least diverse, whereas those exposed to low monochloramine with orthophosphate showed the greatest diversity. These findings suggest that high monochloramine exerts selective pressure, reducing diversity, while orthophosphate enhances it. First-order total chlorine decay coefficients were higher in MDSs with lower monochloramine doses, and at the same dose, MDSs with orthophosphate showed slightly higher monochloramine decay than those without orthophosphate.}, }
@article {pmid41312149, year = {2025}, author = {Batchelor, DVB and Lad, A and Burr, KL and Hollie, K and McLaughlan, JR and Turnbull, WB and Sandoe, JAT and Evans, SD}, title = {S. aureus biofilm disruption using ultrasound and microbubbles: Influence of radiation force, bubble dynamics and biofilm growth conditions.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100327}, pmid = {41312149}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen and a major cause of bloodstream infections, which can readily form biofilms on implanted medical devices. Here, we utilise a combination of lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs) and ultrasound (US) to physically disperse the biofilm from the growth surface. The effects of two peak negative pressures (PNPs) and the direction of the acoustic radiation force (ARF) were evaluated. At 1.1 MHz, a clinically relevant frequency, and low PNP of 360 kPa, no significant biofilm dispersal occurred regardless of ultrasound (US) orientation. In contrast, at a high PNP of 2500 kPa, directing the ultrasound beam upward (US↑) pushed microbubbles (MBs) toward the biofilm, resulting in near-complete dispersal of the biofilm (94 ± 2 %) within the focal zone. Reversing direction to US↓, which pushes MBs away from the biofilm, reduced biofilm dispersal to 81 ± 3 %. Pre-treatment of the biofilm growth surface with fibrinogen or human plasma significantly altered the biofilm morphology and thickness, but did not affect the efficiency of ultrasound and microbubbles (US + MB)-mediated dispersal. Furthermore, multiple consecutive US + MB treatments could be applied to treat larger areas of biofilm without requiring MB replenishment between treatments. High-speed imaging was used to observe MB behaviour (e.g. translation and destruction) during US exposure. We revealed that the near instantaneous destruction of smaller MBs (∼1 μm) at high pressure did not induce significant biofilm dispersal and hypothesise that the translational motion of larger MBs (>10 μm) across the surface of the biofilm was the dominant mechanism behind biofilm dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid41312148, year = {2025}, author = {Destruel, L and Dahyot, S and Coquet, L and Barreau, M and Legris, S and Leoz, M and Grand, M and Argemi, X and Prevost, G and Nalpas, N and Dé, E and Chevalier, S and Pestel-Caron, M}, title = {Characterization of Staphylococcus lugdunensis biofilm reveals key differences according to clonal lineage and iron availability.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100329}, pmid = {41312148}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {To understand the mechanisms involved in the evolutionary success of Staphyloccocus lugdunensis clones, we compared the biofilm-forming ability of representative strains of the seven clonal complexes (CCs) in rich and iron-restricted conditions, and characterized the extracellular matrix (ECM) of two highly biofilm-forming strains under each condition. Over 90 % of the 49 S. lugdunensis strains produced biofilm in both conditions, with a level of production depending on the iron availability and clonal lineage. Two behaviors were observed: a significantly higher production in rich medium than in iron-restricted medium for CC1, CC2, and some CC3 strains, and the opposite phenomenon for CC6 ones. Analysis of the ECM of two representative strains using confocal microscopy showed that biofilm of the CC3 strain in rich medium contained similar amounts of proteins, eDNA and polysaccharides while that of CC6 strain was predominantly proteinaceous. Under iron-restricted conditions, biofilm structure and composition of both strains completely differed from those obtained in rich conditions. The proteomic analysis of their biofilm ECM by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry identified 321 proteins common to both strains, mainly intracellular and in particular ribosomal. Of note, 202 proteins differed between the strains in terms of abundance, with a higher proportion of membrane proteins in the CC3 strain. This study performed on a large cohort of strains shows that S. lugdunensis biofilm-forming capacity is strongly associated with CC and iron availability. This analysis of biofilm-associated proteins in S. lugdunensis opens the way to propose new molecular targets for anti-biofilm strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41312062, year = {2025}, author = {Deng, YH and Lee, JH and Kim, MJ and Kong, H}, title = {Biofilm comes back: Controlling regrowth by mitigating the cell-matrix interaction.}, journal = {Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)}, volume = {508}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41312062}, issn = {1385-8947}, support = {R01 AI160671/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Biofilms wield a notorious impact on biological infections and environmental sanitation in daily life. Tremendous efforts have been made to develop antimicrobial agents that effectively kill bacterial cells, but preventing biofilm reformation remains unsolved. For instance, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peracetic acid (PAA) mixture can inactivate almost 100 % of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a biofilm within 10 min, but why do cells regrow and recover the biofilm within a day? We hypothesize that interaction between bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) remaining during biofilm treatment is responsible for biofilm regrowth. This hypothesis is examined by quantifying the number of cells associated with a unit volume of EPS (Manders coefficient) and the mass of EPS associated with a cell in the P. aeruginosa biofilm by processing immunostained biofilm images with the BiofilmQ software. Interestingly, the H2O2 + PAA mixture increases the EPS mass associated with a single cell compared with untreated conditions while minimally affecting the Manders coefficient. To resolve this challenge, we devise a sequential strategy in which self-locomotive MnO2-doped diatoms are initially added to reduce the EPS volume, making bacterial cells more susceptible to the subsequently added H2O2 + PAA mixture. This strategy significantly reduces the mass of EPS associated with cells, thereby inhibiting biofilm regrowth over 2 months. Overall, the results of these studies provide valuable insights for developing advanced antibacterial strategies that can significantly improve an ability to control infection and biofouling across a diverse spectrum of household, healthcare, and industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid41310389, year = {2025}, author = {Admase, AT and Gesese, TN and Fanta, SW and Eshetie, BG}, title = {Correction: Synthesis and characterization of bio-based eco-friendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshell powder.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {42527}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-30032-2}, pmid = {41310389}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41309948, year = {2025}, author = {Marchan, D and Rubio, A and Pedraz, L and Hernández, JM and Admella, J and Blanco-Cabra, N and Torrents, E}, title = {FleQ-Dependent regulation of the ribonucleotide reductase repressor NrdR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm growth and infection.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {45545}, pmid = {41309948}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2020-FI-B-00175//Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; 2021-FI-B-00118//Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; PID2021-125801OB-100, PLEC2022-009356 and PDC2022-133577-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; 2021SGR01545//Ag&#xe8;ncia de Gesti&#xf3; d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Ribonucleotide Reductases/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Repressor Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), a critical step in DNA synthesis and repair. While all organisms encode for at least one RNR class, Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors three, providing a competitive advantage that allows it to adapt and colonize various environments. Despite their importance, the mechanisms coordinating the expression of different RNRs in microorganisms with multiple RNR classes remain poorly understood. The transcriptional regulator NrdR controls the expression of all three RNR classes by binding to conserved motifs (NrdR boxes) in their promoters. However, the regulation of nrdR itself remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of nrdR using a combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches we identified potential transcription factors (TF) involved in nrdR regulation. Our analysis identified four potential TF that could regulate nrdR, and we experimentally confirmed that specifically, FleQ is responsible for regulating nrdR expression under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, we explored nrdR regulation under biofilm-forming conditions and in the Galleria mellonella infection model to gain insights into how nrdR might be regulated in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41309887, year = {2025}, author = {Tao, W and Ma, W and Zhao, G and Zhang, Z and Xu, C and Wang, P and Jia, W}, title = {Characterization of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates from Ningxia, China.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {45439}, pmid = {41309887}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; China/epidemiology ; *Helicobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Male ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Adult ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Aged ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Clarithromycin/pharmacology ; Levofloxacin/pharmacology ; Metronidazole/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The global issue of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) resistance has become increasingly severe, with biofilm formation identified as a significant contributor to drug resistance and subsequent treatment failures. This study investigated 78 strains of H. pylori in the Ningxia province of China over a two-year period, focusing on infection rates, drug resistance, biofilm formation, and genetic characteristics. The results indicated that 56 strains (71.8%) exhibited resistance, and 48 patients (61.5%) were diagnosed with atrophic gastritis. Notably, metronidazole resistance was the most prevalent, accounting for 65.3%, and multidrug-resistant strains were also identified. Further investigation revealed that high biofilm-forming H. pylori demonstrated a higher proportion of resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin compared to low biofilm-forming H. pylori. Next-generation sequencing data demonstrated low homology among the strains, suggesting that this genetic diversity may drive the strains to evolve along distinct pathways, ultimately resulting in the emergence of more complex drug-resistant isolates within the studied population, despite the limited data size.}, }
@article {pmid41309395, year = {2025}, author = {Moussa, HH and Sonibare, MA and Park, JS}, title = {Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Antioxidant Activities of Endophytic Serratia marcescens AI-N-1 from Azadirachta indica.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2508044}, pmid = {41309395}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {*Serratia marcescens/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Endophytes/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Azadirachta/microbiology ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Salmonella typhi/drug effects ; Nigeria ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The rising need for new antibiotics and antioxidants highlights endophytic bacteria as promising sources of bioactive compounds. Medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica harbour diverse endophytes, yet their potential in southwest Nigeria remains largely underexplored. This study investigated the antimicrobial, biofilm inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds produced by the bacterial endophyte Serratia marcescens AI-N-1, isolated from A. indica. Crude extracts of S. marcescens showed strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (79.79% inhibition) and Salmonella typhi (77.04% inhibition) at 5 mg/ml. In addition, most extracts also displayed potent biofilm inhibition (>80%) against both pathogens, comparable to the positive control baicalein (P < 0.05). Antioxidant assays revealed high radical scavenging activity, with the supernatant extract obtained after 2 days of culture exhibiting the strongest effect (DPPH: 86.61% at 0.1 mg/ml; ABTS: 99.64% at 0.1 mg/ml). Online HPLC-ABTS[+] analysis identified serranticin as a major contributor to these antioxidant effects. HR-MS/MS profiling further revealed prodigiosin, serratamolides, and serranticin, along with putative novel lipopeptides and other metabolites, as key bioactive compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Serratia endophyte from A. indica in southwest Nigeria with combined antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities, as well as the discovery of putative new lipopeptides. These findings highlight endophytic bacteria from Nigerian medicinal plants as promising sources of novel antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for pharmaceutical development.}, }
@article {pmid41308930, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Dai, B and Wang, Z and Yang, S and Xia, S and Rittmann, BE}, title = {S[0] powder as biofilm carrier and electron donor enhances autotrophic nitrogen removal in sulfur-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {442}, number = {}, pages = {133707}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133707}, pmid = {41308930}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Sulfur/metabolism ; *Denitrification ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Autotrophic Processes ; Powders ; *Biofilms ; Wastewater/chemistry ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Electrons ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Sulfur-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox (SPD/A) has been proposed as an innovative strategy for nitrogen removal from wastewater. This study proposes a novel strategy that integrates 20-μm S[0] powders with anammox granules to establish S[0]-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox (i.e., S[0]PD/A) for the simultaneous removal of NH4[+] and NO3[-] from wastewater. When the influent concentrations of NH4[+] and NO3[-] were maintained at 31 and 52 mg-N/L, respectively, the efficiency of total-nitrogen removal reached 92 %, with anammox, S[0]-driven denitrification, and sulfammox accounting for 71 %, 27.4 %, and 1.6 %, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed that anammox bacteria and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were dominant functional genera involved in the S[0]PD/A. Anammox bacteria were enriched in anammox granules, and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were enriched in microgranules of S[0] powders and Candidatus Brocadia. These findings highlight distinct microbial niche differentiation, elucidate nitrogen-sulfur metabolic interactions, and offer insights into an autotrophic process for total-nitrogen removal.}, }
@article {pmid41308591, year = {2025}, author = {Jakhwal, P and Daneshvar, E and Bhatnagar, A}, title = {Nutrient removal, biomass accumulation, lipid production, and biostimulant activity of floating photosynthetic biofilm in synthetic wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {396}, number = {}, pages = {128073}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128073}, pmid = {41308591}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wastewater/chemistry ; Biomass ; *Biofilms ; Photosynthesis ; Nutrients ; Lipids/biosynthesis ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Nitrogen ; }, abstract = {This study applied an easily harvestable floating photosynthetic biofilm (FPB) for nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater (SW) supplied with organic carbon (SWO), inorganic carbon (SWI), and atmospheric carbon dioxide (SWC). The FPB dry biomass concentration was measured on day 22 and the highest biomass concentration was obtained as 0.97 g L[-1] in SWI, followed by 0.43 g L[-1] in SWO, and the lowest as 0.33 g L[-1] in SWC (day 22). The FPB exhibited maximum NH3-N, NO3[-]-N, and PO4[3-]-P removal of ca. 100% (day 22), 76% (day 14), and 73% (day 22) in SWI, SWO, and SWI, respectively. The lipid percentages of FPB biomass harvested from SWI, SWO, and SWC were 2.50%, 5.87%, and 5.00%, respectively. Furthermore, the cellular extract of defatted biomass from SWI and SWC improved the germination percentage of tomato seeds by 13% compared to the control (water). The highest germination improvement index (GII) and biomass improvement index (BII) values were obtained for defatted biomass from SWI. The GII and BII values for SWI were 1.32-fold on day 4 and 1.27-fold on day 8, compared to the control (water). The results indicated that FPB is effective for nutrient removal, facilitates biomass harvesting, and serves as a valuable feedstock for biomass biorefinery.}, }
@article {pmid41305442, year = {2025}, author = {Liang, Y and Li, N and Wan, S and Li, Y and Li, Y and Qu, Y}, title = {Genomic and Biological Characterization of a Novel Proteus mirabilis Phage with Anti-Biofilm Activity.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41305442}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {2024DA007//the Natural Science Support Program Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; CGZH202309//Shihezi University Technology Transfer and Promotion Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification/physiology ; *Genome, Viral ; Phylogeny ; Host Specificity ; Animals ; Sewage/virology ; Swine ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Genomics ; Feces/virology ; Base Composition ; Proteus Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Proteus mirabilis poses a significant threat in porcine farming and public health, highlighting the need for alternative biocontrol agents. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a lytic bacteriophage with therapeutic potential against MDR P. mirabilis. Using the clinical MDR P. mirabilis strain Pm 07 as host, a bacteriophage, vB_Pmc_P-07 (P-07), was successfully isolated from fecal and sewage samples via an enrichment protocol. Phage P-07 forms plaques surrounded by a distinct translucent "halo," suggesting the production of depolymerase. It achieved high titers of up to 1.40 × 10[8] PFU/mL and exhibited a narrow host range, high stability across a broad range of temperatures (40-60 °C) and pH (4-12), as well as considerable anti-biofilm activity. An optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 was determined. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 58,582 bp with a GC content of 46.91%, encoding 63 open reading frames. Crucially, no virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected, supporting its safety profile. Phylogenetic analysis classified P-07 within the Casjensviridae family, closely related to phages PM87 and pPM01. These findings indicate that phage P-07 is a novel, safe, and effective lytic phage with strong potential as a biocontrol agent against biofilm-forming MDR P. mirabilis in swine.}, }
@article {pmid41304977, year = {2025}, author = {Gonzalez, M and Tareau, AS and de Crozals, D and Layec, C and Broudic, N and Barreau, M and Forge, A and Lesouhaitier, O and Fruit, C and Chevalier, S and Besson, T and Tahrioui, A}, title = {Quinazoline-Derivatives of Imino-1,2,3-Dithiazoles Promote Biofilm Dispersion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304977}, issn = {1424-8247}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Biofilm-associated infections pose a major clinical challenge since bacteria within biofilms exhibit highly antibiotic tolerance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms persistent biofilms that cause chronic infections in vulnerable patients, including those with cystic fibrosis, burns, or medical implants. Such biofilm-associated chronic infections require prolonged treatments that promote antimicrobial resistance. To address this, recent strategies focus on enhancing biofilm dispersion. Methods: Thirty-six N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazoles were screened for their biofilm dispersal activity using a crystal violet assay. Their cytotoxicity was assessed on A549 and HaCat eukaryotic cells. Moreover, their influence on bacterial growth and virulence was investigated. Lastly, fluorescence anisotropy was used to measure membrane fluidity to obtain the first insights on the mechanism of action of these chemicals. Results: Our results showed that quinazoline-derivatives of imino-1,2,3-dithiazoles display biofilm dispersion activity. These compounds do not increase virulence through pyocyanin production, do not modify the growth kinetics of P. aeruginosa, and do not show cytotoxicity towards eucaryotic cells. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential use of N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazole-derived compounds as safe and effective dispersal agents of P. aeruginosa biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41304775, year = {2025}, author = {Warakomska, A and Kępa, M and Fiegler-Rudol, J and Latusek-Kotyczka, K and Skaba, D and Wiench, R}, title = {In Vitro Antifungal Efficacy of Blue-Light Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin and Riboflavin Formulation Activated by 450 nm Diode Laser Against Candida albicans Biofilm on Titanium Implants.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304775}, issn = {1999-4923}, abstract = {Background: Candida albicans is increasingly recognized in peri-implantitis due to its capacity to form resilient biofilms on implant surfaces, limiting treatment success. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may offer a non-invasive adjunct by leveraging photosensitizer activation to produce reactive oxygen species that disrupt microbial cells. This in vitro study assessed the antifungal efficacy of QroxB2, a dual-photosensitizer containing riboflavin and curcumin, activated by 450 nm blue light against C. albicans biofilms on titanium implants. Methods: C. albicans biofilms were formed on 63 titanium implants and randomly assigned to nine groups (n = 7): untreated control (GC), chlorhexidine (CHX), riboflavin (RIB), curcumin (CUR), QroxB2 (QBX), laser only (L), and three photodynamic therapy groups combining laser irradiation with each photosensitizer (L + RIB, L + CUR, L + QBX). Treatments were followed by colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration. Results: The L + QBX group showed the strongest antifungal effect, achieving a 94% reduction in fungal load, with median CFU counts decreasing from 49,000 in the untreated control to 2800 CFU/mL. CHX eradicated all viable cells (0 CFU/mL). Among photosensitizer-only groups, QBX produced a moderate reduction (median 21,800 CFU/mL), whereas laser irradiation alone (L) exhibited no meaningful antifungal activity, with median counts comparable to the untreated control (49,000 CFU/mL). Conclusions: QroxB2-mediated aPDT achieved a significant reduction in Candida albicans colony-forming units on implant surfaces. While not as potent as chlorhexidine, this light-activated, biocompatible approach may serve as a complementary tool in managing peri-implant fungal infections. Clinical validation is warranted.}, }
@article {pmid41304276, year = {2025}, author = {Mejia-Ventura, S and Soria-Bustos, J and Chimal-Cázares, F and Hernández-Martínez, G and Rosales-Reyes, R and De la Cruz, MA and Yañez-Santos, JA and Cedillo, ML and Castillo-Rojas, G and Georgellis, D and Ares, MA}, title = {The Nucleoid-Associated Protein Fis Represses Type 3 Fimbriae to Modulate Biofilm and Adherence Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304276}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {The nucleoid-associated protein Fis functions as a global regulator that influences various cellular processes in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we examined the role of Fis in the transcriptional regulation of type 3 fimbriae in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a notable opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital-acquired infections. Our transcriptional analyses revealed that deleting the fis gene caused a significant upregulation of mrkA and mrkH, the genes responsible for the structure and regulation of type 3 fimbriae, respectively. Additionally, phenotypic assays demonstrated that the Δfis mutant exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and greater adherence to A549 lung epithelial cells compared to the wild-type strain. These effects were restored to wild-type levels in the cis-complemented strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that Fis directly binds to the regulatory regions upstream of both mrkA and mrkH, indicating that repression occurs through direct interaction with the promoter. In summary, our findings show that Fis acts as a transcriptional repressor of mrkA and mrkH, thereby negatively regulating the expression of type 3 fimbriae, biofilm formation, and adherence. This study highlights Fis as a direct regulator of fimbrial expression and biofilm development in K. pneumoniae, deepening our understanding of its virulence regulatory network.}, }
@article {pmid41304253, year = {2025}, author = {Sanchez, P and Vargas, E and Green, S and Greer, M and Yates-Alston, S and Esposito, M and Tan, L and Levi, N}, title = {Semiconducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposite for Photothermal Elimination of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304253}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {n/a//Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Advocate Health Wake Forest University/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilm growth on silicone (Si) medical devices is routinely treated with antibiotics or device removal; however, new approaches are needed. The current work evaluates photothermal therapy (PTT) to augment antibiotic efficacy or directly ablate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. The semiconducting polymer, Poly [4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4 b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt22,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-4,7-diyl] (PCPDTBSe), with a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 53.2%, was formulated into nanoparticles (BSe NPs) and incorporated into Si. Nanocomposites were stimulated with 800 nm light to generate mild hyperthermic conditions of 42 °C, or ablative temperatures above 50 °C. PTT, with or without antibiotics, was deployed against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, Xen 29 and Xen 40, followed by an evaluation of bacterial survival, biofilm regrowth, and differential disruption of specific biofilm components. Mild hyperthermia was also used in an in vivo model of silicone implant infection. The results demonstrate a 55-59% reduction in S. aureus when PTT plus antibiotic was used in vitro, and a 51% reduction in vivo. Higher temperatures effectively eradicate both Xen 29 and Xen 40 strains, with a longer exposure time using lower laser power being optimal. Hyperthermia inhibited biofilm regrowth in both strains, resulting in a > 3 log reduction, plus increased dead cells, polysaccharides, and eDNA in treated Xen 40 biofilms. These experiments demonstrate that nanocomposite-based PTT can both reduce viable bacteria and alter individual biofilm components.}, }
@article {pmid41304235, year = {2025}, author = {Smartnick, BK and Carlson, EA and Morse, CN and Dodson, TA and Wamer, NC and Horne, AM and Prestwich, EG}, title = {Identification of Three New Rugose Small Colony Variants from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304235}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {1R21AG091047-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01AI148570-05/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; deArce-Koch Memorial Endowment Fund in Support of Medical Research and Development//University of Toledo/ ; University of Toledo Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences//University of Toledo/ ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, pathogenic, bacterium that produces biofilms comprising phenotypically distinct cell subpopulations. When separating and characterizing a single P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilm, three novel rugose small colony variants (RSCVs) (denoted RSCV_1, RSCV_2, and RSCV_3) were discovered. Characteristics of these stationary phase RSCVs differed between stationary phase wild-type (WT) PA14, between the PA14 biofilm subpopulations, and between the RSCVs themselves. The observed phenotypic changes in the RSCVs included differences in cellular morphology, exopolysaccharide production, biosynthesis of virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antibiotic tolerance. Stationary phase cell surface-associated molecules on the RSCVs were differently ionized as compared to WT PA14 using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Many RNA transcripts were differentially expressed between the RSCVs and WT PA14 as well as between RSCV_1 and RSCV_3. DNA sequencing revealed single-nucleotide deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the RSCVs and between the RSCVs and WT PA14. The levels of the intracellular signaling molecule bis-(3',5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic-di-GMP) were higher in the RSCVs compared to WT PA14 and significantly lower in RSCV_3 as compared to both RSCV_1 and RSCV_2. The detected differences in the RSCVs have significant implications for biofilm production, antibiotic tolerance, and virulence.}, }
@article {pmid41304208, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, G and Li, Y and Qiao, Y and Pengsakul, T and Chen, G and Huang, L}, title = {Heavy Metal and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants Promote Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio Species from Shellfish.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304208}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2023YFD2402600//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People&#xb4;s Republic of China/ ; 32173016//National Natural Science Foundation of the China/ ; }, abstract = {Shellfish are an essential component of the human diet, yet their safety is increasingly compromised by contamination with heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pathogenic microorganisms, such as Vibrio, which pose significant health risks. This study examined shellfish samples from seafood markets, assessing the levels of heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, copper) and petroleum hydrocarbons, while isolating and identifying Vibrio species carried by the shellfish. The antimicrobial resistance profiles, resistance genes, and biofilm-forming capacities of these strains were further characterized. Results revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in heavy metal concentrations, with some samples exceeding regulatory limits, indicating potential health risks for long-term consumers. Likewise, Vibrio abundance and resistance varied seasonally, with a notable prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains, likely influenced by antibiotic misuse and environmental pressures in coastal regions. Correlation analyses suggested potential links between heavy metal contamination and Vibrio resistance, as well as biofilm formation, supporting the hypothesis that metal-induced stress may facilitate resistance gene transfer and enhance biofilm-mediated resistance. This study reveals the seasonal dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in shellfish-derived Vibrio species and elucidates the dose-response effects of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as their synergistic selection mechanisms. These findings provide a scientific foundation for assessing shellfish safety, deciphering AMR transmission, and developing ecosystem-based strategies for aquaculture monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid41304162, year = {2025}, author = {Adib Lesaux, A and Cunha, E and Ballet, N and Oliveira, M}, title = {Evaluation of Biofilm Inhibitory Activity of Probiotics and Postbiotics Using In Vitro Biofilm Model of Canine Periodontal Disease.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304162}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {Phileo by Lesaffre, Marc en Baroeul, 59700, France//Phileo by Lesaffre, Lesaffre International/ ; }, abstract = {Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most widespread oral inflammatory diseases in dogs, with the potential to cause systemic consequences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potential of yeast-derived postbiotics and probiotic bacterial strains by using a previously developed in vitro biofilm model mimicking canine PD-associated biofilm including five bacterial species: Neisseria zoodegmatis, Corynebacterium canis, Porphyromonas cangingivalis, Peptostreptococcus canis, and Enterococcus faecalis. After we confirmed the presence of these five bacterial species by employing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, the biofilm inhibitory and eradication activity of 11 yeast-derived postbiotics and probiotic bacterial strains, as well as selected dual biotic combinations, against the polymicrobial biofilm were determined using a modified version of the Calgary Biofilm Pin Lid Device and the crystal violet method; additionally, hemolytic activity was evaluated using canine red blood cells. The results show that the inhibitory activity against the polymicrobial PD biofilm ranged from 0% to 22.55%, and eradication ability varied between 0% and 17.28%; however, when combined, the biotics achieved a maximum inhibition rate of 71%. Probiotic strain BC-05 exhibited the lowest in vitro hemolytic activity. Overall, based on the results, four yeast-derived postbiotics and one probiotic bacterial strain were selected as promising candidates for further evaluation, aiming at in vivo application.}, }
@article {pmid41304158, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, J and Ebosa, O and Diarra, M and Nadon, C and McAllister, T and Sparling, R and Narvaez-Bravo, C}, title = {Genomic Drivers of Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Kentucky from Poultry Production.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304158}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {IT29351//Mitacs/ ; }, abstract = {Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) remains a leading cause of human illness worldwide, and its persistence in poultry environments might be partially attributed to their ability to form biofilm. This study compared the biofilm capacity of 15 SE and 24 Salmonella Kentucky (SK) isolates from poultry products and processing facilities to uncover genetic factors driving biofilm heterogeneity. Biofilm formation and curli/cellulose production were evaluated at 20-22 °C. Genomic analyses included phylogenetic reconstruction, comparative system profiling, SNP variation, and BLASTp v2.17.0 comparisons. Phenotypic assays showed that most SE isolates (73%) were strong biofilm formers, while the majority of SK isolates (62%) failed to form biofilms, despite many carrying the complete curli-cellulose gene set and other biofilm-associated genes. Genomic analysis identified 124 biofilm-related genes, 108 of which were conserved across all isolates, and revealed 24 variants with potential functional impact. Mutations in cellulose biosynthesis (bcs) genes were linked to weaker biofilms, whereas nonsynonymous variants in tol family genes may impair flagellar biosynthesis and matrix stability. These findings demonstrate that genetic variation, not just gene presence, shapes biofilm phenotypes and highlight key molecular targets that may explain why SE persists in poultry production while SK is less successful.}, }
@article {pmid41304145, year = {2025}, author = {Schiopu, P and Toc, DA and Colosi, IA and Costache, C and Panaitescu, P&#x218; and Neculicioiu, VS and Gorcea, CM and Zăgărin, TI and Murarasu, AR and Todea, DA}, title = {Comparative Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Heated Tobacco Product Aerosols on Biofilm Production by Respiratory Pathogens.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304145}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {PCD nr. 776/56/13 January 2025//Iuliu Ha&#x21b;ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are involved in both acute and chronic respiratory infections. While cigarette smoke extract (CSE) has been shown to increase biofilm formation by certain respiratory pathogens, the impact of emerging heated tobacco products (HTPs) remains unclear. We compared the effects of CSE with two HTP aerosol extracts on biofilm biomass and metabolic activity of common respiratory pathogens. Reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), known respiratory pathogens, were grown as 24 h biofilms in 96-well plates (48 h for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa). These were exposed to CSE and HTP extracts from iQOS™ (Terea™ Turquoise, ILUMA™ device) and glo™ (neo™ Azure, HyperPro™ device), prepared in liquid culture media. Biofilm density was quantified by the crystal violet assay. Metabolic activity (planktonic and biofilm) was assessed by MTT reduction to formazan. At 24 h, CSE markedly reduced H. influenzae biomass versus iQOS™, glo™, and control, while K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa showed no significant biomass differences. At 48 h, CSE significantly increased biomass in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus versus other exposures. Biofilm MTT assay measured metabolic activity increased in CSE exposure for K. pneumoniae versus iQOS™ and control, and for S. aureus versus control. Overall, HTP extracts showed limited, inconsistent effects compared with CSE, indicating combustion-derived constituents more strongly promote biofilm maturation in this model.}, }
@article {pmid41304135, year = {2025}, author = {Dančová, N and Király, J and Hajdučková, V and Hudecová, P and Hisirová, S and Nagyová, M and Fedáková, Z and Pilipčinec, E and Gregová, G}, title = {Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Biofilm Forming Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Skin Lesions.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304135}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {APVV-23-0488//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; KEGA 018UVLF-4/2025//Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; KEGA 009UVLF-4/2025//Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; VEGA 1/0446/22//the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen known for its versatility and ability to cause a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify S. aureus from skin lesions from human patients, to determine antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation potential at phenotypic and genotypic levels, as well as to verify the activity of efflux pump production. Out of 51 samples collected from skin lesions of various etiologies, 13 isolates were identified as S. aureus. All isolates showed the ability to form biofilms, which correlated with the presence of the icaABCD, agrA, srtA, clfAB, and fnbAB genes, while the bap gene was absent. The highest rates of resistance were observed for ampicillin (69.2%) and gentamicin (46.2%), as well as for erythromycin and clindamycin (38.5%). The mecA gene was present in two isolates, but phenotypic resistance to methicillin was confirmed in only one of them, suggesting possible heterogeneous expression or regulated activity of resistance mechanisms. The mecC gene was not present in any isolate. Efflux pump production was observed in only three isolates, showing weak to intermediate levels. These findings indicate the high biofilm potential and variable antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus clinical isolates, which pose a challenge for the treatment of emerging skin infections.}, }
@article {pmid41304118, year = {2025}, author = {Prieto, KR and Valério, HP and Chaves-Filho, AB and Yoshinaga, MY and Miyamoto, S and Prado, FM and Zaizar-Castañeda, I and Montaño-Silva, P and Martinez-Rodriguez, A and Curiel, M and Medeiros, MHG and Winck, FV and Di Mascio, P and Beltran-Garcia, MJ}, title = {Outer Membrane Vesicles, Lipidome, and Biofilm Formation in the Endophyte Enterobacter Cloacae SEA01 from Agave Tequilana.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41304118}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {10602-2023//COECYT-JAL/ ; 2025/05512-7//FAPESP/ ; 2023/00995-4//FAPESP/ ; }, abstract = {Bacterial outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) mediate stress tolerance, biofilm formation, and interkingdom communication, but their role in beneficial endophytes remains underexplored. We isolated 11 non-redundant isolates associated with Bacillus, Enterococcus, Kosakonia and Kocuria from Agave tequilana seeds, identified by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We focused on the catalase-negative Enterobacter cloacae SEA01, which exhibits plant-promoting traits and support agave growth under nutrient-poor microcosms. In addition, this endophyte produces OMVs. Time-resolved SEM documented OMV release and cell aggregation within 9 h, followed by mature biofilms at 24 h with continued vesiculation. Purified OMVs (≈80-300 nm) contained extracellular DNA and were characterized by dynamic light scattering and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS lipidomics. The OMV lipidome was dominated by phosphatidylethanolamine (~80%) and was enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (16:1, 18:1), while the stress-associated cyclopropane fatty acids (17:1, 19:1) were comparatively retained in the whole-cell membranes; OMVs also exhibited reduced ubiquinone-8. SEA01 is catalase-negative, uncommon among plant-associated Enterobacter, suggesting a testable model in which oxidative factors modulate OMV output and biofilm assembly. These may have implications for recognition and redox signaling at the root interface. Future works should combine targeted proteomics/genomics with genetic or chemical disruption of catalase/OMV pathways.}, }
@article {pmid41303920, year = {2025}, author = {Kazimierczak, P and Balaha, M and Palka, K and Wessely-Szponder, J and Wojcik, M and di Giacomo, V and De Filippis, B and Przekora, A}, title = {Macroporous Hydroxyapatite-Based Bone Scaffolds Loaded with CAPE Derivatives: A Strategy to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {41303920}, issn = {1996-1944}, support = {DS 630/2025//Ministry of Education and Science in Poland/ ; }, abstract = {Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a polyphenol from propolis, is well recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and osteogenic properties. This study aimed to develop macroporous bone scaffolds composed of a chitosan/agarose matrix reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite and enriched with stable CAPE derivatives to enhance their biomedical potential for applications in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A comprehensive evaluation of microstructural and biological properties of the produced scaffolds was conducted. The fabricated scaffolds exhibited high porosity (49-60%) with interconnected pores and compressive strength (1.2-1.8 MPa), closely resembling cancellous bone and indicating suitability for bone regeneration. They were biocompatible, promoted osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and supported apatite deposition on their surfaces, demonstrating strong bioactivity and potential for implant osseointegration. Importantly, the scaffolds did not trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, suggesting a low risk of inflammatory responses. Additionally, CAPE-enriched scaffolds inhibited biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, reducing the risk of implant-associated infections. In summary, these CAPE-modified scaffolds integrate optimal microstructural and biological features, such as reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting biofilm formation, and thus offer a promising strategy for enhancing bone repair and regeneration in clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41303410, year = {2025}, author = {Ștefănescu, R and Laczkó-Zöld, E and Ciurea, C and Tero-Vescan, A and Ősz, B and Vancea, S and Sita, D and Mare, A}, title = {GC-MS Profiling and Antimicrobial Activity of Eight Essential Oils Against Opportunistic Pathogens with Biofilm-Forming Potential.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {41303410}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {163 /7/ 10.01.2023//George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania/ ; }, mesh = {*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Bacteria/drug effects ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Essential oils (EOs) are complex plant-derived products known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of eight essential oils-EOs (Caryophylli aetheroleum, Menthae aetheroleum, Origani aetheroleum, Rosmarini aetheroleum, Salviae aetheroleum, Melaleucae aetheroleum, Limonis aetheroleum, and Curcumae aetheroleum) and to evaluate their antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against five opportunistic pathogens with biofilm-forming potential (methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of the EOs, and antibacterial activity was evaluated using broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Biofilm inhibition was assessed by a crystal violet assay. Oxygenated monoterpenes and phenolic compounds were dominant in Origani, Menthae, Rosmarinus, Melaleucae, and Caryophylli aetheroleum. Potent inhibitory effects against the tested bacterial strains were observed for clove, tea tree, oregano, and rosemary EOs. The antimicrobial efficacy of EOs is closely linked to their chemical composition. Tea tree and oregano EOs exhibited the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity, while peppermint and curcuma oils were the least potent. Cytotoxicity thresholds from the literature suggest that some effective EO concentrations exceed safe mucosal limits, particularly in continuous high-dose applications, but short-contact delivery systems or adjunctive use with different agents may mitigate safety concerns. These findings support further investigation into their therapeutic applications in oral health products.}, }
@article {pmid41302114, year = {2025}, author = {Oh, Y and Kim, TJ}, title = {Virulence Plasmid Modulates Glucose-Mediated Biofilm Regulation in Yersinia enterocolitica.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41302114}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {2021R1F1A1061888//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen capable of biofilm formation and virulence modulation in response to environmental signals. Among these, glucose-present at physiologically relevant concentrations in the human body-may serve as a regulatory cue affecting infection-associated pathways, including those governed by the pYV virulence plasmid. Although the role of glucose has been investigated under host-mimicking conditions, its impact in non-host environments remains poorly understood. This study was designed to evaluate the glucose-dependent physiological responses of two isogenic Y. enterocolitica strains, KT0001 (pYV-negative) and KT0003 (pYV-positive), under non-host conditions (26 °C). Both strains were cultured in TYE medium containing 0-3% glucose. Comparative analyses were conducted under identical in vitro conditions to elucidate plasmid-associated phenotypic differences. Glucose elicited markedly divergent responses. In KT0001, growth remained unaffected; however, biofilm formation declined by 77.7%, accompanied by a 90% reduction in surface hydrophobicity, a 40% decrease in motility, and a 59% drop in intracellular cyclic AMP-suggesting classical carbon catabolite repression. Conversely, KT0003 exhibited 86% growth inhibition but maintained biofilm levels. This was associated with substantial extracellular polymeric substance induction (~20-fold increase in polysaccharides and ~4.7-fold in extracellular DNA) and nearly fivefold elevation in cyclic AMP levels, despite concurrent decreases in motility (64%) and hydrophobicity (40%). These findings indicate that glucose functions as a strain-specific modulator in Y. enterocolitica. In particular, KT0003's response suggests that the pYV plasmid enables the bacterium to interpret glucose as a host-associated cue, even under non-host conditions, potentially initiating virulence-related adaptations prior to host contact.}, }
@article {pmid41302110, year = {2025}, author = {D'Oria, F and Petruzzella, G and Narvaez, D and Guerrero, M and Passidomo, F and D'Ambrosio, E and Pignatelli, F and Addabbo, G and Alessio, G}, title = {Inhibitory Effect of a Novel Ophthalmic Solution on Acanthamoeba castellanii Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Human Corneal Epithelium.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41302110}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {Background/Objectives:Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but sight-threatening corneal infection, often associated with contact lens wear and resistant to conventional therapies. Preventive strategies capable of reducing Acanthamoeba adhesion to corneal epithelium may represent an important tool for infection control. This study aimed to evaluate the amebicidal and preventive activity of CORNEIAL MED eye drops against Acanthamoeba castellanii adhesion and early adhesion layer on human corneal epithelium (HCE). Methods: Reconstructed HCE models were exposed to A. castellanii under four experimental conditions: negative control (HCE only), positive control (HCE + A. castellanii), co-incubation with CORNEIAL MED and A. castellanii (Study 1), and treatment with CORNEIAL MED after initial A. castellanii adhesion (Study 2). Adherent amoebae were quantified using EDTA detachment and Neubauer chamber counting. The early adhesion layer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis considered p < 0.05 as significant. Results: In Study 1, simultaneous application of CORNEIAL MED with A. castellanii reduced amoeba adhesion by 33.0 ± 11% compared with controls (p = 0.0529). In Study 2, when the product was applied 3 h after amoeba inoculation, adhesion was significantly reduced by 51.9 ± 6.5% (p < 0.05). SEM confirmed a decrease in amoebic colonization and biofilm density in treated samples. Conclusions: CORNEIAL MED demonstrated a measurable inhibitory effect on A. castellanii adhesion to HCE, particularly when applied after initial pathogen contact. These findings suggest a potential preventive role of CORNEIAL MED in reducing AK risk, although further in vivo studies are warranted.}, }
@article {pmid41300132, year = {2025}, author = {Nazzaro, F and Coppola, F and Fratianni, F and Abdalrazeq, M and Ombra, MN and De Giulio, B and Coppola, R and Zengin, G}, title = {Polyphenols Bioactive Metabolites, and Their Anti-Biofilm and Neuroprotective Potential.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {22}, pages = {}, pmid = {41300132}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {code n. IR0000005//European Commission-Next Generation EU, Project SUS-MIRRI.IT "Strengthening the MIRRI Italian Research In-frastructure for Sustainable Bioscience and Bioeconomy"/ ; }, abstract = {Polyphenols are widely studied phytochemicals with well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are commonly present in fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods. Beyond these classical roles, growing evidence shows that polyphenol-derived bioactive metabolites-produced or modified by the gut microbiota-can promote host health. These metabolites are increasingly recognized for shaping host-microbe interactions and influencing neurophysiological functions via the gut-brain axis. This review provides an overview of polyphenol transformation rates by the gut microbiome, highlighting their microbial transformation, anti-biofilm effects, and neuroprotective potential. In our opinion, a deeper understanding of the properties of these metabolites can significantly impact food science and biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid41298409, year = {2025}, author = {Thorpe, AC and Busi, SB and Warren, J and Hunt, LH and Walsh, K and Read, DS}, title = {National-scale biogeography and function of river and stream bacterial biofilm communities.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {10571}, pmid = {41298409}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; NE/X015947/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015947/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015777/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015777/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015947/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; BB/X011089/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Rivers/microbiology ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; England ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Metagenomics ; Metagenome ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-dwelling microorganisms coat the surfaces of stones in rivers and streams, forming diverse communities that are fundamental to biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning. Flowing water (lotic) ecosystems face mounting pressures from changes in land use, chemical pollution, and climate change. Despite their ecological importance, the taxonomic and functional diversity of river biofilms and their responses to environmental change are poorly understood at large spatial scales. We conducted a national-scale assessment of bacterial diversity and function using metagenomic sequencing from rivers and streams across England. We recovered 1,014 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from 450 biofilms collected across England's extensive river network. Substantial taxonomic novelty was identified, with ~20% of the MAGs representing novel genera. Here we show that biofilm communities, dominated by generalist bacteria, exhibit remarkable functional diversity and metabolic versatility, and likely play a significant role in nutrient cycling with the potential for contaminant transformation. Measured environmental drivers collectively explained an average of 71% of variation in the relative abundance of bacterial MAGs, with geology and land cover contributing most strongly. These findings highlight the importance of river biofilms and establish a foundation for future research on the roles of biofilms in ecosystem health and resilience to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid41297806, year = {2026}, author = {Navarro-Pérez, ML and Casares-López, JM and Fernández-Calderón, MC and Hierro-Oliva, M and González-Martín, ML and Gallardo-Moreno, AM and Luque-Agudo, V}, title = {Preventing the harmful biofilm increase on the polylactic-acid/Mg surface by the addition of quercetin.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {335}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {149241}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149241}, pmid = {41297806}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quercetin/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Polyesters/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Magnesium/chemistry/pharmacology ; Surface Properties ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Biodegradable composites with antimicrobials properties designed to reduce biofilm formation can sometimes produce the opposite effect to that expected. This is what happened with the antibacterial response of the biomaterial polylactic acid (PLA) doped with Mg: previous studies have shown that Mg is excellent for reducing early biofilm but enhances biofilm after 24 h. For this reason, a natural dopant, quercetin (Qr) is proposed in this work to prepare PLA/Mg/Qr matrices which not only prevent the increase in biofilm formation but also reduce it effectively. PLA crystallinity affects both the mechanical properties and the distribution of dopants inside the matrix and influences the degradation and release rate of the embedded compounds: a semicrystalline state places the dopants closer to the surface, it hardens less with time than the amorphous one, and it results in a higher release of the active compounds and a greater reduction of biofilm. The antibacterial character of Qr comes from its degradation products since, due to its high chemical instability, these derivatives are the ones that appear in the physiological-like environment after releasement. Exposure of the PLA/Mg/Qr matrix to physiological environments also alters its surface physicochemical properties, thus disfavouring bacterial colonization on the material. Therefore, the new sustainable antimicrobial biocomposite PLA/Mg/Qr is able to combine mechanical enhancement with antimicrobial performance.}, }
@article {pmid41297430, year = {2025}, author = {Sindhu, S and Saini, T and Kumar, D and Ahmad, S and Mohan, H}, title = {Phytotherapeutic insights into Ageratum conyzoides for bovine mastitis: Antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and computational approaches.}, journal = {Computers in biology and medicine}, volume = {199}, number = {}, pages = {111317}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111317}, pmid = {41297430}, issn = {1879-0534}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; *Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy/microbiology ; Cattle ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Female ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Bovine mastitis adversely affects dairy production by lowering milk yield, increasing culling rates, and raising treatment costs, while antibiotic overuse exacerbates antimicrobial resistance. Ageratum conyzoides, a medicinal plant with antimicrobial properties, offers a potential plant-based alternative for mastitis management. This study evaluates the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of A. conyzoides aqueous, ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts against S. aureus and E. coli from mastitic milk through in vitro assays, phytochemical profiling, and computational approaches. Antibacterial efficacy was determined using agar well diffusion, MIC, MBC assays, while antibiofilm potential was assessed via crystal violet assay. GC-MS identified bioactive compounds, and molecular docking examined interactions with S. aureus (type IIA topoisomerase, PBP4, enterotoxin B, SarA, BAP, DNA gyrase, TSST-1, and DHFR) and E. coli (DHPS, DNA gyrase, UPPS, AIDA-I, topoisomerase IV, and outer membrane protein A). The ethanolic extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones at 10-30 mg/mL, MIC values of 0.625 mg/mL for S. aureus and 1.25 mg/mL for E. coli, and biofilm inhibition of 90.13 % and 87.36 %, respectively, at 20 mg/mL. GC-MS detected 90 bioactive compounds, and docking identified five lead compounds with strong binding affinities and favorable ADME properties. Molecular dynamics simulations validated stable interactions with S. aureus PBP4 and DHFR and E. coli UPPS and AIDA-I. These findings suggest A. conyzoides as a promising natural alternative for mastitis treatment and AMR control. Further research should focus on bioactive compound isolation, in vivo validation, and large-scale extraction optimization for clinical application in dairy health.}, }
@article {pmid41297316, year = {2025}, author = {de Souza, JA and Gomes, RF and Reginatto, P and Machado, GDRM and Fuentefria, AM}, title = {Nitroxoline and its combination with antifungals: An alternative for the treatment of fungal biofilm.}, journal = {Journal de mycologie medicale}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {101595}, doi = {10.1016/j.mycmed.2025.101595}, pmid = {41297316}, issn = {1773-0449}, abstract = {Fungal infections represent a significant public health challenge due to their high mortality rates, which can be exacerbated by the ability of fungi, especially Candida species, to form biofilms on medical devices. These opportunistic pathogens are causing candidemia in debilitated patients, contributing to increased hospitalization costs and prolonged recovery times. The existing antifungal therapy has some limitations, including high costs, significant toxicity and the emergence of fungal resistance. In this context, drug repositioning and combined therapy may be an alternative. The 8-hydroxiquinoline's derivatives, like nitroxoline (NTX), have shown biological activities, such as antibacterial and antifungal. This study evaluated the antibiofilm potential of NTX, both in its isolated form and in combination, as a new alternative against yeasts and biofilms of clinical interest. The combinations were tested using the checkerboard technique and the drugs were tested against Candida spp. and Trichosporon spp. biofilms at MIC, MICx2, MICx10 and MICx20. The triple combination of NTX, amphotericin B (AMB) and caspofungin (CSP) showed greater effectiveness, with synergic action, against most of the strains. NTX and its combination with AMB and CSP showed excellent action against Candida spp. and Trichosporon spp, being the most effective in reducing the metabolic activities of the biofilm cells. Hence, NTX and its combination showed a promising antifungal and antibiofilm potential, and its repositioning could represent an immediate and safe alternative in the routine of preventing and treating infections in patients using medical devices.}, }
@article {pmid41296667, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, L and Wang, L and Nong, H and Liu, B and Li, Y}, title = {Pharmacological Intervention for Refractory Biofilm Infection After Hemipelvic Replacement Surgery: Multidisciplinary Management of a Case of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone.}, journal = {The American journal of case reports}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e949210}, pmid = {41296667}, issn = {1941-5923}, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Adult ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; *Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/surgery ; Vancomycin/therapeutic use ; Debridement ; *Bone Neoplasms/surgery ; *Pelvic Bones/surgery ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Rifampin/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a potentially catastrophic complication after orthopedic surgery. Biofilm formation and infection with multidrug-resistant pathogens significantly increase the difficulty of achieving successful treatment. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of left hip pain. Three months prior to presentation, she had been definitively diagnosed with a pelvic giant cell tumor and undergone hemipelvic resection with custom prosthesis replacement. Chronic PJI developed postoperatively. Etiological examination revealed mixed infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient underwent 8 debridement procedures with targeted antibacterial treatment. Antibacterial dosing was guided by the ratio of the area under the curve to the minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin plus rifampicin for biofilm penetration, together with ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa. The treatment strategy emphasized antibiotic rotation based on dynamic microbiome monitoring, surgical debridement with negative pressure drainage, and optimization of vancomycin trough concentration to 15-20 μg/mL via therapeutic drug monitoring. Infection did not recur during nearly 4 years of follow-up. The infection was ultimately controlled, and the prosthesis was preserved. CONCLUSIONS Patients with giant cell tumors of the pelvis who undergo prosthesis replacement should be closely monitored for PJI. Combination therapy with vancomycin and rifampicin can eradicate biofilm infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, offering a potentially feasible non-revision treatment strategy for complex PJI in patients with financial constraints.}, }
@article {pmid41295079, year = {2025}, author = {Alexa, VT and Obistioiu, D and Dumitrescu, R and Cretescu, I and Hulea, A and Bolchis, V and Balean, O and Jumanca, D and Galuscan, A}, title = {In Vitro Evaluation of Biofilm Formation by Oral Microorganisms on Clear Aligner Materials: Influence of Mouthwash Exposure.}, journal = {Journal of functional biomaterials}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41295079}, issn = {2079-4983}, abstract = {Clear aligners have gained popularity in orthodontics due to their aesthetics, comfort, and removability; however, their prolonged intraoral wear and frequent removal-reinsertion cycles create favorable conditions for microbial colonization. This in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of seven commercially available mouthwash formulations in inhibiting biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans formed on four different clear aligner materials. Standardized aligner fragments were incubated for 24 h with microbial suspensions to allow biofilm formation, treated for 1 min with one of the mouthwashes, and then assessed for residual viability through spectrophotometric optical density measurements after a further 24 h incubation. Biofilm inhibition varied according to both mouthwash composition and aligner material. The chlorhexidine-based rinse (MW-D) consistently showed the highest inhibition across microorganisms, while the fluoride-cetylpyridinium chloride rinse (MW-B) performed strongly for S. oralis and C. albicans. An essential oil-based formulation with xylitol (MW-G) showed notable antifungal activity against C. albicans. Monolayer polyurethane aligners generally achieved higher inhibition rates than multilayer or copolyester-based materials. These findings indicate that antimicrobial efficacy on aligners depends on both mouthwash type and material, supporting a tailored approach to biofilm management in clear aligner therapy to reduce the risk of caries, periodontal disease, and candidiasis.}, }
@article {pmid41294469, year = {2025}, author = {Dragos, B and Bratu, DC and Popa, G and Luca, MM and Bratu, RC and Neagu, C and Sinescu, C}, title = {Retrospective Assessment of Palatal Biofilm and Mucosal Inflammation Under Orthodontic Appliances in Young Adults (2022-2025): A Single-Center Cohort with Microbiologic Sub-Sampling.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41294469}, issn = {2304-6767}, abstract = {Background and Objectives: Orthodontic auxiliaries create plaque-retentive niches that may amplify biofilm accumulation and inflame adjacent soft tissues. While cross-sectional comparisons suggest higher palatal burden beneath acrylic elements, less is known about real-world patterns accumulated across years of routine care. We retrospectively evaluated periodontal and palatal outcomes, and, in a microbiology sub-sample, site-specific colonization, across three device types: molar bands, Nance buttons, and removable acrylic plates. Methods: We reviewed 2022-2025 records from a university orthodontic service, including consecutive patients aged 18-30 years with documented pre-placement and 6-month follow-up indices. Groups were bands (n = 92), Nance (n = 78), acrylic (n = 76). Standardized charted measures were abstracted: Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP%), probing depth (PD), and palatal erythema grade (0-3). A laboratory sub-sample (n = 174 visits) had archived swabs cultured for total aerobic counts (log10 CFU/cm[2]) at the device, adjacent enamel, and palatal mucosa; Streptococcus mutans burden was available from qPCR (log10 copies/mL). Results: Baseline characteristics were similar, except for longer wear at follow-up in Nance (10.1 ± 4.0 months) vs. bands (8.7 ± 3.2) and acrylic (6.9 ± 3.0; p < 0.001). At 6 months, device type was associated with greater worsening of PI and GI (both p < 0.001) and with higher palatal erythema (bands 0.7 ± 0.5; Nance 1.6 ± 0.8; acrylic 1.9 ± 0.7; p < 0.001). Microbiologically, palatal mucosal colonization was lowest with bands (3.3 ± 0.5), higher with Nance (4.9 ± 0.6), and highest with acrylic (5.0 ± 0.7; p < 0.001); S. mutans mirrored this gradient (p < 0.001). Palatal CFU correlated with erythema (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001) and ΔGI (ρ = 0.5, p < 0.001). In adjusted models, acrylic (OR 6.7, 95% CI 3.5-12.8) and Nance (OR 4.9, 2.5-9.3) independently predicted erythema ≥2; recent prophylaxis reduced odds (OR 0.6, 0.3-0.9). Conclusions: In this single-center cohort, palate-contacting designs were associated with higher palatal biomass and erythema than bands. These associations support device-tailored hygiene considerations and proactive palatal surveillance, particularly for acrylic components.}, }
@article {pmid41293055, year = {2025}, author = {Gharat, YP and Abdelhamid, AG and Yousef, AE}, title = {Enhancing the destruction of Burkholderia cepacia biofilm on stainless steel coupons by combining matrix-degrading enzymes with antimicrobials.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1662291}, pmid = {41293055}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Burkholderia cepacia/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Stainless Steel ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Burkholderia cepacia is an underexplored opportunistic pathogen and a food spoilage species. The bacterium may serve as an ideal model for biofilm formation and resilience. Herein, we explored the possibility of enhancing the destruction of preformed B. cepacia biofilm by combining enzymes (amylase, DNase, and protease) that potentially degrade biofilm matrices with diverse antimicrobials. Initially, the biofilm-forming ability of B. cepacia ATCC 25416 was assessed in two microbiological media. A nutrient-rich broth favored planktonic cell proliferation, whereas a nutrient-limited medium supported robust biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested antimicrobials against planktonic cells (MIC-Plank) was determined. Ciprofloxacin and meropenem gave the smallest MIC-Plank of 4.0 and 8.0 μg/mL, respectively. The MIC of the two antimicrobials, when applied against preformed biofilm (MIC-Bio), increased to 16 μg/mL. Enzyme-antimicrobial combinations decreased the MIC-Bio of the antimicrobials to 4.0-8.0 μg/mL in a synergistic or additive manner, as measured by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Among the tested combinations, α-amylase-ciprofloxacin exhibited a synergistic effect (FICI = 0.50), proteinase K-ciprofloxacin (FICI = 0.625), and α-amylase-meropenem (FICI = 0.750) showed an additive effect against B. cepacia biofilms. These combinations, at their MIC-Bio, were applied to preformed biofilms on stainless-steel coupons. Application of α-amylase, ciprofloxacin, and their combination significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) the biofilm populations from 8.4 ± 0.2 (untreated coupons) to 6.03 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.3, and 4.5 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/coupon, respectively. Similarly, α-amylase, meropenem, and their combination significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) the biofilm populations from 7.5 ± 0.5 (untreated coupons) to 5.8 ± 0.1, 5.6 ± 0.1, and 3.8 ± 1.0 log10 CFU/coupon, respectively. These findings were confirmed when biofilms formed on stainless-steel coupons were examined through scanning electron microscopy. It is predicted that antimicrobial concentrations higher than MIC-Bio in the treatment combinations would eliminate residual biofilm on the coupons, but this needs to be studied. To conclude, enzyme-antimicrobial combinations offer a promising biofilm control strategy by mitigating B. cepacia preformed biofilm and minimizing risks associated with this potentially hazardous and spoilage bacterium. Such a strategy could be implemented in processing environments when food-grade antimicrobial additives are used instead of the currently tested antimicrobials.}, }
@article {pmid41291714, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, X and Huang, Z and Hu, C and Zhao, Y and Pan, H and Wu, Y and Fang, X and Chen, J and Liu, Y and Wang, G and Huang, P}, title = {Ultrasound-activated and P-selectin-targeted liposomes overcome biofilm barriers for surgical site infections therapy.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {741}, pmid = {41291714}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82371967//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82030048//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *P-Selectin/metabolism ; Mice ; *Surgical Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Porphyrins/pharmacology/chemistry ; Chlorophyllides ; Fluorocarbons/chemistry/pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced biofilm-associated surgical site infections (BSSIs) pose a dual therapeutic challenge: the dense extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) barriers hinder drug enrichment and penetration, whereas the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the biofilm impedes infection clearance, leading to persistent bacterial colonization and recurrence. This study developed an ultrasound-activated P-selectin-targeted liposome (SPCMPL) integrating natural sulfatide ligands (targeting P-selectin overexpressed in inflamed BSSI vasculature), sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), meropenem prodrug, and perfluoropentane (PFP) to achieve efficient antibiotic delivery and BSSI treatment via breaking through the biofilm barriers and activating immunomodulation. SPCMPL employed ligand/receptor-mediated transcytosis for enrichment in BSSI lesions, where the PFP phase transition triggered by ultrasound disrupted the biofilm EPS structure. This process can both trigger the in-situ generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Ce6 and loosen the EPS matrix. This degradation then facilitated meropenem release, allowing it to penetrate the biofilm more effectively and achieve antimicrobial concentrations throughout. Furthermore, the mass-produced ROS polarized macrophages to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thereby enhancing phagocytosis, remodeling the microenvironment, and inhibiting biofilm persistence. Ultrasound-triggered spatial control localized antibiotic release and immunomodulation to the infection site, optimizing local delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity and reducing the risk of systemic cytokine storms. The results demonstrated that the SPCMPL with ultrasound manipulation integrated biofilm disruption, targeted drug release, and immunomodulation to completely eradicate both planktonic and biofilm-embedded bacteria and effectively treat BSSI.}, }
@article {pmid41288838, year = {2025}, author = {Zecharia, E and Shalev, L and Sendersky, E and Benichou, JIC and Golden, SS and Schwarz, R}, title = {A homolog of methionine γ-lyase is required for biofilm development in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, pages = {475}, pmid = {41288838}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Synechococcus/enzymology/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Operon ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {Bacterial type IV pilus assembly systems are involved in diverse functions including motility, adhesion and DNA uptake. Studies of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC7942 revealed that this machinery is also involved in suppression of biofilm formation: inactivation of components of this complex results in robust biofilm development. EbsA, a unique component of cyanobacterial type IV pilus assembly complexes, immunoprecipitates with a homolog of methionine γ-lyase (MGL). Here we demonstrate that MGL is required for biofilm development. Based on immunoprecipitation experiments using MGL as a bait, we suggest that this enzyme associates with a large enzymatic hub and with the translation machinery. Inactivation of mgl in the biofilm-forming mutant pilBΩ abrogates biofilm formation. However, assessment of expression of the ebfG-operon, which encodes proteins that comprise the biofilm matrix, using yellow fluorescent protein reporter strains, indicated high induction in the double mutant pilB/mgl similar to the biofilm-forming pilB-mutant. Thus, induction of the ebfG-operon is insufficient to promote biofilm development when a downstream step in which MGL participates is blocked. Overall, data suggest that MGL activity or an enzymatic activity of its interactor(s) is required to promote biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41285354, year = {2026}, author = {Ghosh, M and Ghosh, D and Paul, S and Datta, D and Mukhopadhyay, SK and Pradhan, SK}, title = {Development of a biocompatible CuO-ZnO nanocomposite for targeting of Chloramphenicol with enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {104080}, doi = {10.1016/j.xphs.2025.104080}, pmid = {41285354}, issn = {1520-6017}, mesh = {*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Zinc Oxide/chemistry ; *Copper/chemistry ; *Chloramphenicol/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The extensive use and adverse side effects of standard antibiotics have imposed challenges for therapeutic treatment. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens need much higher concentrations of antimicrobial drugs, which kill the beneficial microflora of the human body. In these contexts, the development of novel drugs is urgently needed. Here, a biocompatible, soluble starch (Levoglucosan)-coated CuO-ZnO nanocomposite was successfully developed using a chemical synthesis route, followed by loading a standard antibiotic (Chloramphenicol) onto the surface of the nanocarrier. The nanocarrier (NP) and drug-loaded nanocarrier (NP-DC) were structurally and microstructurally characterised using various experimental techniques, including Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern, FESEM, TEM images, and EDX spectrum analysis. The bioactivities of both NP and NP-DC were explored in detail. Drug conjugation increased the antibacterial activity of the NP sample by lowering the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the NP-DC sample prominently than the drug itself. Biocompatibility of NP was also increased significantly as NP-DC treatment allowed 94.41 % viability of normal human fibroblast cells at 1×MIC. Spectrophotometric estimation indicated the bacterial plasma membrane rupturing capability of the NP-DC sample. Quantitative and microscopic studies confirmed significant anti-biofilm activity of NP-DC (p ≤ 0.01) against B. cepacia. The NP-DC sample also reduced biofilm formation (p ≤ 0.01) within an external medical device successfully up to 72 h. As evident from the EDX spectrum, only ∼23 % drug is present in the NP-DC sample, which confirms enhanced antimicrobial efficacy than the pure drug after its conjugation with the NP sample. Thus, the NP-DC sample can be used as a novel, biocompatible drug candidate. This shows a new perspective in the field of biomedical research for the development of new nanomedicine with higher efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41285207, year = {2026}, author = {Dornelles, HS and Silva, EL and Varesche, MBA}, title = {A novel carrier media for enhancing cell immobilization and methane metabolism in biofilm reactors.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {442}, number = {}, pages = {133689}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133689}, pmid = {41285207}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Methane/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Cells, Immobilized/metabolism ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Water Purification/methods ; Wastewater/microbiology ; }, abstract = {This study evaluates the feasibility of a novel patented carrier media for cell immobilization, developed within the scope of this research and named Henrique Dornelles 1 (HD1). The carrier was tested in an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) applied to municipal wastewater treatment and compared to a control AFBR filled with a conventional sand bed. Each HD1 carrier (11 mm internal diameter and 15 mm external diameter) consists of a synthetic polyaniline membrane cold-welded to two rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) rings, forming an open-ended structure that allows fluid to pass through the membrane and enables cell adhesion in the form of a biofilm. In terms of reactor performance, no significant difference was observed in the average COD removal efficiency between the two systems. However, the use of HD1 seems more viable due to its significantly lower material requirement (190.2 g) compared to sand (800 g), suggesting the potential for downsizing treatment facilities without compromising efficiency. The lower density of HD1 also may suggests a reduced recirculation flow rate and, consequently, lower pumping costs. Furthermore, HD1 promoted enhanced methanogenic activity and favored the selection of methanogenic archaea, particularly Methanothrix, which reached a relative abundance of 17.8 % in the HD1 system, compared to only 0.3 % in the sand bed. The geometric features and high specific surface area of HD1 provide optimized conditions for biomass development and improved substrate diffusion into the inner layers of the biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid41284194, year = {2025}, author = {Mehboodi, M and Saffari, F and Hosseini-Nave, H and Ahmadi, B and Ahmadrajabi, R}, title = {Comparison of antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants, and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from intestinal carriers and clinical samples.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41284194}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {402001020//Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunist pathogen responsible for community-acquired and nosocomial infections. The intestinal carriage of P. aeruginosa is likely due to its opportunistic nature. The aim of this study was to compare phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of P. aeruginosa recovered from stool of intestinal carriers with those isolated from various clinical specimens. Twenty- four fecal P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from 148 stool samples (74 healthy individuals and 74 patients with colonic disease) and 26 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from various clinical specimens other than stool, were investigated. Antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm-forming ability using phenotypic methods and presence the exoY, algD, toxA, exoS, exoU, lasB, exoT genes were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of fecal carriage of P. aeruginosa was determined 16.2%. All fecal isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime and colistin, whereas all clinical isolates were susceptible only to colistin. There were no significant differences in multidrug- resistant (MDR) phenotypes between the clinical and fecal isolates. No significant differences in biofilm production were observed among isolates from healthy individuals compared with those from patients with colonic disease. However, differences were observed between clinical and fecal isolates regarding the presence of the algD and exoU genes (P ≤ 0.05). A significant difference was also found in the present of the exoU gene between MDR fecal and MDR clinical isolates (P = 0.007). The high prevalence of virulence factors in both fecal and clinical isolates emphasizes the importance of fecal P. aeruginosa as same as clinical isolates.}, }
@article {pmid41282970, year = {2025}, author = {Poursafar, A and Asadpour, L and Mokhtary, M}, title = {Investigating the effect of rosmarinic acid loaded magnetic nanoparticles against growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry meat.}, journal = {Iranian journal of veterinary research}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {161-169}, pmid = {41282970}, issn = {1728-1997}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus, one of the causes of food poisoning, plays an important role in causing gastrointestinal inflammation.<br><br>AIMS: Given the spread of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) loaded magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs@RA) on inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus isolated from meat samples.<br><br>METHODS: Fe3O4NPs@RA have been synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were investigated against S. aureus isolated from poultry meat by broth micro-dilution. The anti-biofilm effect of these nanoparticles and their effect on the expression level of biofilm-associated genes were investigated using microplate and real-time PCR methods. The killing properties of Fe3O4NPs@RA against test bacteria investigated by time-kill assay.<br><br>RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Fe3O4NPs@RA against S. aureus isolates ranged from 31.2-125 &#xb5;g/ml. Also, the treatment with a sub-MIC concentration of Fe3O4NPs@RA prevented the formation of biofilm by 50-82%, in different isolates and downregulated the expression level of icaA and icaD. Also, the treatment with the MIC concentration of Fe3O4NPs@RA caused a 2.4-fold decrease in the population of living bacteria after 4 h and the number of living bacteria decreased more than 99% after 8 h. In the cytotoxicity assay, during 48 h, Fe3O4NPs@RA had no cytotoxic effect on HEK-293 cells at concentrations lower than of 300 &#xb5;g/ml.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that Fe3O4NPs@RA were effective in inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates and could be further investigated as an option for controlling S. aureus in food samples.}, }
@article {pmid41282407, year = {2026}, author = {Ni, Y and Huang, Y and Chen, Y and Li, Y and Liu, F and Ji, J and Jin, Q}, title = {An inhalable gallium-polyphenol nanoparticle blocks bacterial electron transport chain and signal transduction for anti-biofilm therapy.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {57}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, pmid = {41282407}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms have become an escalating global health threat due to their persistent infections and antimicrobial resistance. Conventional antibacterial approaches often fail to eliminate biofilms due to biofilm complexity involving both metabolic activity and intercellular communications. Herein, gallium-quercetin nanoparticles (GEQ NPs) are designed as a multimodal nanoplatform to combat recalcitrant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections through concurrent electron transport chain (ETC) blockage and signal transduction disruption. GEQ NPs are prepared through coordination-driven self-assembly of Ga[3+], quercetin, and ε-poly-L-lysine, which specifically dissociate in acidic infection microenvironments. The released Ga[3+] acts as an iron analog to disrupt bacterial ETC by competitively inhibiting Fe-dependent enzymes, causing ATP depletion and protein synthesis arrest. Simultaneously, quercetin suppresses multiple biofilm-associated signal transduction systems including quorum sensing, chemotaxis system, and two-component system. This dual-targeting strategy synergistically disrupts biofilm-embedded bacterial energy metabolism and signal transduction. In a murine invasive lung infection model, nebulization-inhalable GEQ NPs demonstrates superior anti-biofilm efficiency in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41281427, year = {2025}, author = {Barrameda, MAB and Karganilla, MRM and Tan-Zafra, JU}, title = {The Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against Streptococcus mutans Biofilm on Orthodontic Brackets: An In-vitro Study.}, journal = {Acta medica Philippina}, volume = {59}, number = {15}, pages = {77-87}, pmid = {41281427}, issn = {2094-9278}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Orthodontic brackets predispose dental biofilm accumulation causing caries and gingivitis. Chlorhexidine is an adjunct to mechanical plaque removal, but has side-effects (tooth staining, bacterial resistance) due to long term use. This study tested the efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy, which produces reactive oxygen species, to reduce Streptococcus mutans in dental biofilm on orthodontic brackets.<br><br>METHODS: A 5-day S. mutans biofilm was grown on forty enamel-bracket specimens. Thirty-nine specimens were randomized to three treatment groups: A. Distilled Water; B. 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX); C. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using Toluidine Blue O (TBO) as a photosensitizer, activated by red LED (630nm). After treatment, one random specimen from each group was viewed under Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM); the other 12 specimens, biofilms were collected, weighed, and cultured onto BHI agar plates to determine the number of CFU/mg. For baseline evaluation, one clean and one untreated specimens were preserved for ESEM.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on Tukey HSD test, group A had the most S. mutans (37.0573 CFU/mg) and was significantly different (p <0.05) from groups B (0.1712 CFU/mg) and C (1.1193 CFU/mg), where both showed less bacteria than group A. The statistical difference between groups B and C was insignificant. ESEM images showed specimen A covered with more abundant and denser S. mutans biofilm than specimens B and C, with almost similar morphology showing sparse, less dense, and disintegrated biofilm with unclear cellular walls and presence of amorphous masses.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Both Photodynamic Therapy and 0.12% Chlorhexidine showed a significant reduction of S. mutans in dental biofilm on orthodontic brackets. However, there is no significant difference between them in reducing S. mutans CFU/mg. Photodynamic therapy could be an alternative adjunctive tool to mechanical removal of plaque adhered to orthodontic brackets.}, }
@article {pmid41280504, year = {2025}, author = {Ganguly, D and Roy, R and Mondal, P and Chakraborty, P and Paul, P and Das, S and Mallik, M and Maity, A and Trivedi, S and Tribedi, P and Sarkar, S}, title = {Nisin, a promising antimicrobial peptide, forestalls the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm network via reactive oxygen species generation.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {428}, pmid = {41280504}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Staphylococcal infections have been reported to be a significant global threat to the effective management of public healthcare due to their drug resistance property. This attribute has further been complicated by their robust biofilm-forming potential. This escalating threat of biofilm-associated infections necessitates innovative and promising therapeutic strategies. Hence, in the present study, the biofilm threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been challenged by Nisin, a natural lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis. This compound showed a promising antibacterial effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 150 µg/ml against MRSA. Furthermore, a series of experiments has been conducted to confirm the antibiofilm potential of Nisin against MRSA. Towards this direction, the sub-MIC dose of Nisin (40 µg/mL) was found to inhibit biofilm formation by ~ 51% for MRSA. To support this finding, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was measured under the Nisin-treated and untreated conditions of MRSA. It was observed that Nisin could destabilise the MRSA biofilm by reducing the EPS production to an extent of ~ 55%. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that Nisin was found to increase the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could lead to the alteration of cell membrane permeability. Additionally, Nisin attenuated staphyloxanthin production (~ 54%), hemolytic ability (~ 26%), and fibrinogen clumping ability (~ 27%) of MRSA, suggesting its interference in the virulence profile of MRSA. Collectively, these findings suggest Nisin's dual role as a promising Staphylococcal biofilm inhibitor and virulence factor suppressor, making it a viable option for the treatment of MRSA-linked infections.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04597-8.}, }
@article {pmid41279714, year = {2025}, author = {Petersen, HA and Chan, CH and Carpenter, GO and Tabari, MZ and Fields, JL and Zia, A and Rich-New, ST and Hochbaum, AI and Bond, DR and Wang, F}, title = {A Bundled Antiparallel Cytochrome Nanowire Structure Suggests Roles in Cell-Cell Electron Transfer and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.10.22.684050}, pmid = {41279714}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Long-range extracellular electron transfer enables respiring microbes to use minerals, other organisms, or electrodes as electron acceptors by transporting electrons microns away from the cell surface. This process is primarily studied in Geobacter sulfurreducens , which produces at least three different micrometer-long, multi-heme cytochrome nanowires capable of electron transfer. However, the distribution and higher-order structure of these types of cytochrome nanowires remains largely unknown. Here, we employed cryo-electron microscopy to determine the atomic structure of a unique cytochrome nanowire from Desulfuromonas soudanensis WTL, a halophilic, iron- and electrode-reducing bacterium found in deep subsurface brine. These filaments are based on a homolog of the OmcE tetraheme cytochrome, which then assemble into highly ordered bundles of antiparallel filaments. This arrangement likely arises from the association of nanowires extending from adjacent cells. Furthermore, a similar cytochrome bundle structure was observed in Geobacter metallireducens , suggesting that this quaternary structure may be a common feature among nanowires secreted by electroactive microbes. Our findings demonstrate that cytochrome nanowires in diverse taxa can form specialized bundle interfaces, potentially facilitating conductive biofilm formation and representing a novel strategy for microbial electron exchange. More broadly, this work expands understanding of electron transfer mechanisms and demonstrates the production of multi-heme filaments across distinct lineages. These insights could guide future research into cytochrome nanowire secretion and conductive biofilm engineering, with potential applications in electrochemical technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41279305, year = {2025}, author = {Holt, JD and Miller, KA and Hunter, OF and Zhang, E and Hinbest, AJ and Gerace, E and Olson, R and Kadouri, DE and Nadell, CD}, title = {Vibrio cholerae interaction with predatory bacteria on chitin suggests an alternative mode of biofilm formation in marine snow conditions.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41279305}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R35 GM151158/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous marine microbe that solubilizes and consumes chitin in the marine water column. In both the marine environment and the intestinal track, V. cholerae forms biofilms; a key question regarding the lifestyle of V. cholerae is how do the diverse substrates that it encounters influence its biofilm formation and, in turn, shape its ecological interactions. Here, we use the predator-prey interaction between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and V. cholerae as a model to explore how the environmental chitin substrate alters V. cholerae biofilm formation and predator-prey interactions. We find that glass-bound biofilms provide strong protection for V. cholerae against predation while also allowing a population of predatory B. bacteriovorus to remain in place. In contrast, chitin-bound biofilms offer less protection against B. bacteriovorus predation and do not maintain a stable population of B. bacteriovorus. Using percolation and population dynamics models, we predict that these changes in predator-prey dynamics can be mostly explained by alterations in biofilm architecture between the two conditions, which changes the fraction of prey available to B. bacteriovorus. Performing targeted biofilm matrix deletions, we confirm this prediction by recapitulating key features of the chitin predator-prey interactions on glass surfaces. Following on this observation, we show that V. cholerae biofilms grown on chitin produce much less of the canonical biofilm matrix components and instead rely on other extracellular structures. Overall, our experiments detail how growth substrate can alter biofilm matrix composition and how these changes in biofilm architecture and cellular arrangement can impact higher-order ecological interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41277962, year = {2025}, author = {Afsharnia, A and Nauta, A and Groeneveld, A and Fernandez-Ciruelos, B and Asadpoor, M and Folkerts, G and Braber, S and Wösten, M}, title = {Identification of metabolic pathways modulated by GAM and NGAM in the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1689343}, pmid = {41277962}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant threat to global health. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms reduces the efficacy of antibiotics. Therefore, the need for innovative anti-biofilm strategies to improve the efficacy of antibiotic therapy is crucial, particularly when biofilms cause treatment failure. In this study, we investigated the effects of glucosamine (GAM) and its acetylated derivative, N-acetylglucosamine (NGAM), on the biofilm formation of the multidrug-resistant S. aureus strain Wood 46. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) assay was used to evaluate the inhibition of biofilm formation. The results indicated that 2-8% of GAM significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation. However, only a high concentration of NGAM (8%) showed partial inhibition of biofilm formation. The RNA sequencing analysis of the treated biofilms indicated that, compared to NGAM, GAM leads to a more pronounced downregulation of S. aureus adhesion genes (eno, ebps, and sraP) and genes involved in arginine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathways, which are essential for biofilm proteinaceous structure. The decreased pH in the biofilm environment treated with higher GAM concentrations supports its observed anti-biofilm activity and is likely linked to impaired pH homeostasis resulting from the downregulation of ureABC genes and disruption of urea metabolism, a process interconnected with arginine biosynthesis. In conclusion, unlike its acetylated form (NGAM), GAM is a potent anti-biofilm agent that effectively inhibits the biofilm formation of S. aureus Wood 46 and significantly alters the gene expression profile associated with biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41277763, year = {2025}, author = {Joosstens, M and Valkenburg, C and Van der Weijden, F}, title = {Chemical agents to control biofilm formation in step 1 of care-Toothpastes and mouthwashes/concepts and challenges.}, journal = {Periodontology 2000}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/prd.70022}, pmid = {41277763}, issn = {1600-0757}, abstract = {Maintaining optimal oral hygiene is important for overall oral care, ensuring the well-being of teeth and their surrounding tissues. In addition, it promotes fresh breath and a pleasing smile. A key element of oral self-care is the daily use of toothpaste during regular brushing. This plays an important role in preventing tooth decay and addressing broader oral health concerns like periodontal diseases. Toothpaste ingredients offer significant benefits to oral health, particularly stannous fluoride, which contributes to the efficacy of toothpaste formulations by demonstrating notable anticariogenic and antibacterial properties. However, toothpaste has potential side effects, such as those caused by flavoring, and sodium lauryl sulfate, a foaming agent known for its potential to irritate mucous membranes. Beyond toothpaste, the integration of mouthwash into daily oral care routines offers the potential to further improve overall oral hygiene. Chlorhexidine in mouthwash formulations stands out as an active ingredient that is highly effective. This paper investigates the effects of chemical plaque inhibitors where possible through comprehensive systematic evaluations of existing literature. It aimed to provide an understanding of how chemical agents used in oral self-care contribute to promoting and maintaining optimal oral hygiene.}, }
@article {pmid41276198, year = {2025}, author = {Sharifi, ME and Saffar Shahroudi, A and Mirhashemi, A and Pourhajibagher, M}, title = {Photoactivated nano-graphene oxide enhanced polymethyl methacrylate: Mechanical and anti-biofilm properties for orthodontic applications.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {105291}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105291}, pmid = {41276198}, issn = {1873-1597}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Graphite/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Polymethyl Methacrylate/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Materials Testing ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Hardness ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigated the concentration-dependent effects of photoactivated nano-graphene oxide (nGO) on the mechanical properties and anti-biofilm efficacy of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for orthodontic applications, aiming to mitigate white spot lesions.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty PMMA specimens were fabricated with nGO loadings of 0 % (control), 1 %, 2 %, 5 %, and 10 % by weight (n = 12/group). Rod-shaped samples (n = 30) were evaluated for three-point flexural strength, while disc-shaped samples (n = 30) underwent vickers microhardness testing and anti-biofilm assessment against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. All samples were photoactivated (380-515 nm, 1500 mW/cm&#xb2;, 5 min) prior to biofilm testing. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test (P < 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: The 1 % nGO composite demonstrated optimal flexural strength (72.04 &#xb1; 18.85 MPa), comparable to control (70.90 &#xb1; 22.88 MPa), while the 10 % nGO group showed catastrophic mechanical failure (18.81 &#xb1; 15.43 MPa; P < 0.001). Peak microhardness was observed at 2 % nGO (20.08 &#xb1; 1.06 VHN vs 17.03 &#xb1; 2.50 VHN control). Anti-biofilm activity revealed a dose-dependent response, with bacterial reduction increasing from 42.9 % (1 % nGO) to 90.1 % (10 % nGO).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Photoactivated nGO-PMMA composites exhibit a critical trade-off between mechanical and anti-biofilm properties. The 1-2 % nGO provide the optimal balance, maintaining ISO-compliant mechanical performance while delivering clinically significant biofilm reduction. Concentrations exceeding 5 %, despite superior anti-biofilm efficacy, compromise mechanical integrity below clinically acceptable thresholds for orthodontic devices.}, }
@article {pmid41276197, year = {2025}, author = {Nkune, NW and Abrahamse, H}, title = {Novel nanoplatforms for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of bacterial biofilm infections.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {105297}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105297}, pmid = {41276197}, issn = {1873-1597}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections continue to pose a significant concern worldwide due to their inherent resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents and host immune defences. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising alternative to antibiotics, using photoactive molecules, photosensitisers (PSs), to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroy microbial cells. However, traditional PSs face challenges such as low solubility, limited biofilm penetration, and undesirable off-target toxicity, which limit their use in clinical settings. The utilisation of nanotechnology has revolutionised aPDI by overcoming these challenges, thereby enhancing PS solubility, stability, and intra-biofilm accumulation, while simultaneously enabling stimuli-responsive and actively targeted PS delivery. Various nanocarriers, such as polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, or hybrid types, have demonstrated significant potential to enhance ROS generation within the biofilm microenvironment and can be engineered to co-deliver antibiotics, chelators, DNase, or quorum-sensing inhibitors for synergistic antibacterial effects. The multifunctional systems also provide opportunities for photo-immunotherapeutic designs that combine ROS generation with immune stimulation. Although these developments have been successful, optimizing light dosimetry, PS quantum yields, biocompatibility, and large-scale translation remain significant challenges. Further progress in the development of mechanism-driven nanoplatforms and their standardization in clinical applications will be instrumental in establishing nano-aPDI as an effective treatment for resistant biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid41275965, year = {2026}, author = {Rivero, C and Martínez, MMB and Picinin, NG and Martins, EG and Paolazzi, C and Capozzo, A and Oliveira, DDS and Becerra, J and Dos Santos, BM and de Freitas-Junior, LHG and Balan, A and Lincopan, N and Ferreira, RCC and Ferreira, LCS and Bentancor, LV}, title = {Antibacterial activity of recombinant endolysin LysNOVA-I against growing/non-growing and planktonic/biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus aureus strains.}, journal = {Journal of global antimicrobial resistance}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {117-125}, doi = {10.1016/j.jgar.2025.11.014}, pmid = {41275965}, issn = {2213-7173}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Endopeptidases/pharmacology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology/genetics ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacteriophages/genetics/enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Staphylococcus Phages/genetics/enzymology ; Plankton/drug effects ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins have emerged as novel antibacterial strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We identified a bacteriophage-derived conserved sequence encoding an endolysin specific to Staphylococcus aureus. A recombinant endolysin (LysNOVA-I) was then produced, characterised and evaluated against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).<br><br>METHODS: The endolysin gene from phage &#x424;vB_SauS-phiIPLA88 was cloned, expressed, and successfully purified using affinity chromatography. The activity of pure recombinant endolysin (rLysNOVA-I) was subsequently evaluated against growing and non-growing planktonic cells and biofilm cultures of international MRSA clones. A computational analysis was conducted to elucidate protein folding and obtain insight into the molecular mechanisms.<br><br>RESULTS: rLysNOVA-I exhibited bactericidal activity against both exponential and stationary growth phase S. aureus cells. rLysNOVA-I also prevented biofilm formation and degradation of established S. aureus biofilms. Notably, rLysNOVA-I was active against the MRSA clone ST398, which is of veterinary and clinical relevance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the clinical potential of rLysNOVA-I as a therapeutic or complementary alternative to antibiotics against multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections in human and veterinary medicine.}, }
@article {pmid41275682, year = {2026}, author = {Park, Y and Jo, H and Cho, SK and Park, I}, title = {Investigations into the effects of biofilm formation on the transport behavior of microplastics in open channel flows.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {289}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124982}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124982}, pmid = {41275682}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Microplastics/chemistry ; Polyethylene/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Polyesters/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {The presence of biofilm on microplastics (MPs) influences their mobility in aquatic environments by modifying critical physical attributes such as size and density. This study examines how biofilm-induced alterations affect the transport characteristics of polyethylene (PE) and polyester in open-channel flow. A laboratory incubation experiment lasting 7 weeks was performed under a regulated light-dark cycle to observe biofilm growth on low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Findings revealed that biofilm thickness increased rapidly within the first 7 days and stabilized by day 21. Subsequently, an empirical growth equation was established from these observations and consistently applied to both PE and polyester particles. Employing this calibrated model, particle tracking simulations were implemented for MPs (25 to 200 μm) within fully developed open-channel flows. The simulation results demonstrate that biofilm accumulation markedly enhances the settling propensity of both polymers. Biofouled PE particles with an initial diameter of 100 μm showed increased vertical movement compared to smaller polyester particles, and PE particles below 50 μm also exhibited more pronounced settling than uncoated polyester despite having lower density. These findings reveal that biofilm development can intensify the sinking of inherently buoyant MPs, thereby altering their transport processes. The results underscore the importance of accounting for biofilm-mediated modifications in both particle size and density to enhance the accuracy of MP fate predictions in riverine systems.}, }
@article {pmid41272707, year = {2025}, author = {Zarin, R and Shayegh, J and Hosseinzadeh, S}, title = {Comparative analysis of virulence genes, biofilm production, and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from dogs and humans using rep-PCR.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {678}, pmid = {41272707}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/microbiology ; Virulence/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Feces/microbiology ; Iran ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major pathogen responsible for urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections in both humans and dogs and is of serious public health concern due to its potential for severe infections. The aim of this study was to compare the pathogenicity of E. coli strains isolated from dogs and humans using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR).<br><br>METHODS: A total of 30 fecal samples from visiting dogs and 30 samples from veterinarians and other animal-related personnel in Tehran and Qom, Iran was collected. The presence of E. coli was confirmed by phenotypic and biochemical methods (Gram staining, culture on MacConkey and EMB agar, TSI agar, and IMViC tests) followed by identification of virulence genes (bfpB, elt, stx1, hlyA, fimC) by PCR. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method and the ability to produce biofilm was assessed. Finally, all isolates were subjected to genomic fingerprinting using rep-PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 60 fecal samples, only one E. coli isolate per sample was selected for analysis. All 60 isolates were confirmed and the fimC gene was present in all samples, while the bfpB gene was found in 90% of human samples and 46.4% of animal samples. All isolates had the ability to produce biofilm, with 20% of human samples and 56.6% of animal samples produced strong biofilms. Antimicrobial testing showed high resistance to amikacin (96.6-100%) and fluoroquinolones, but susceptible to nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Over 90% of isolates were multidrug-resistant, indicating treatment challenges. Based on rep-PCR, the isolates are assigned to 12 different clusters. Of the 12 clusters identified, five contained isolates from both humans and dogs, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that E. coli from humans and dogs share the same pathogenic characteristics, with notable differences in biofilm production and antibiotic resistance. The genetic relatedness between some isolates highlights the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and a One Health approach to control infections.}, }
@article {pmid41272294, year = {2025}, author = {Almatroudi, A}, title = {Identification of potential anti-biofilm agents targeting LasR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through machine learning-driven screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {44968}, pmid = {41272294}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Trans-Activators/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Bacterial Proteins/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; *Machine Learning ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major worldwide health concern, with biofilm-forming bacteria playing an important role in the persistence of chronic infections and the evasion of host immune responses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common biofilm-forming bacteria, is notorious for causing a wide range of infections, particularly in immunocompromised people, and is highly resistant to standard treatment drugs. This work aims to find new anti-biofilm compounds that target the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR quorum-sensing system, which is an important regulator of biofilm development and pathogenicity. In this study machine learning-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations were combined. Initially, a selection of 324 decoys and 116 known LasR inhibitors were selected and used to train a number of machine learning models. Random Forest (RF) outperformed other models with an accuracy of 0.98. Leveraging the predictive power of the RF model, a library of 9000 phytochemicals was screened using RF model, predicting 367 active compounds as potential LasR inhibitors. After that compounds were evaluated for drug-likeness using Lipinski's Rule of Five and 155 potential candidates were identified. Following molecular docking experiments, PubChem 3,795,981, PubChem 42,607,867, and PubChem 6,971,066 emerged as the top candidates, with binding energy scores of -12.0, -12.0, and - 11.8 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds established persistent interactions with critical residues in the LasR binding site, mostly by hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. Further molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA analysis indicate compounds PubChem 3,795,981 (-36.95 kcal/mol) and PubChem 42,607,867 (-38.58 kcal/mol) as the most favorable LasR inhibitor with minimal structural deviations, emphasizing their potential as anti-biofilm agent against resistant P. aeruginosa strains. This integrated pipeline helped to identify potential inhibitors providing theoretical basis for the development of anti-bacterial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further research is needed to determine the therapeutic usefulness of these findings.}, }
@article {pmid41272116, year = {2025}, author = {Ducret, J and Manceau, A and Lacroix, C and Ménard, D and Dejoie, C and Barbeau, B}, title = {Role of biofilm during groundwater biofiltration of manganese.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {41330}, pmid = {41272116}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RGPIN2020-0649//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Manganese/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Groundwater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Filtration/methods ; *Water Purification/methods ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxides/chemistry ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Adsorption ; }, abstract = {Manganese (Mn) contamination in groundwater poses significant challenges for drinking water treatment. This study explores the mechanisms of Mn removal in a long-term oxygenated groundwater biofilter. The filter media coating primarily consists of abiotic disordered birnessite (δ-MnO2) with a microglobular structure and an average oxidation state of approximately 3.45. This material plays a key role in the effective adsorption and oxidation of Mn(II) dissolved in groundwater. The results indicate that Mn removal is predominantly abiotic, with biofilm activity contributing to less than 10% of Mn(II) oxidation. Biological colonization is minimal, as evidenced by the low microbial activity and protein-to-polysaccharide ratio. However, Mn-oxidizing and Mn-reducing bacteria were identified under aerobic conditions, suggesting that they play facultative or complementary roles in Mn cycling. The unexpected coexistence of the two types of bacteria highlights the need for further investigation into their role in δ-MnO2 transformation and regeneration. The study provides foundational insights into the dynamics of Mn(II) removal in biofilters and proposes an initial framework for understanding the Mn(II) biogeochemical cycle within such common engineered systems.}, }
@article {pmid41271585, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, H and Xu, Y and Xiong, Z and Wang, H and Wang, X and Kang, Y and Wang, Z and Zeng, X and Liu, Y and Zheng, Y and Chen, W and Li, M and Hu, Z and Xu, C and Wu, Y and Wang, Y and Yuan, Z and Yuan, S and Liu, H and Matthews, S and Qiao, N and Li, Y and Liu, B}, title = {Cinnamic-Hydroxamic-Acid Derivatives Exhibit Antibiotic, Anti-Biofilm, and Supercoiling Relaxation Properties by Targeting Bacterial Nucleoid-Associated Protein HU.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e09876}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202509876}, pmid = {41271585}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {2021YFA1301201//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 32270151//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82172299//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82272377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022CFA068//Hubei Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; }, abstract = {Finding novel compounds and drug targets is crucial for antibiotic development. The nucleoid-associated protein HU plays a significant role in bacterial DNA metabolism, supercoiling, and biofilm formation, making it a promising new target. In this work, structure-based screening and identified cinnamic-hydroxamic-acid derivatives (CHADs) are conducted as HU inhibitors, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of as low as 12 µg mL[-1] against a range of pathogenic bacteria. CHADs induce nucleoid deformation, preventing bacterial division and inhibiting growth. They exhibit low toxicity in mice and effectively treat infections in mouse models. Additionally, CHADs possess anti-biofilm activity and supercoiling relaxation properties, countering bacterial stress responses to antibiotics. They suppress changes in gene expression required for optimal stress responses, resulting in synergistic effects with other antibiotics. Thus, CHADs represent a new class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial stress responses by co-targeting biofilm formation and DNA supercoiling.}, }
@article {pmid41271362, year = {2025}, author = {Rahman, MA and Akter, S and Ashrafudoulla, M and Jung, SJ and Rapak, MT and Ha, SD}, title = {CRISPR-Cas systems as emerging tools for precision biofilm control for food safety: Mechanisms and applications.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {117803}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117803}, pmid = {41271362}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; *Food Safety/methods ; Gene Editing/methods ; *Food Microbiology/methods ; }, abstract = {Biofilms on food-contact surfaces pose persistent challenges to sanitation, safety, and product quality within food processing. Traditional cleaning methods and broad-spectrum antimicrobials often fail to disrupt the resilient matrix and multispecies communities characteristic of these biofilms. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems offer a transformative approach to enhancing food safety, enabling precise modulation of microbial gene networks with applications in diagnostics, programmable sanitation, and targeted microbial control. This review synthesizes recent advances in CRISPR-Cas technology, encompassing Cas9/Cas12-based gene editing, Cas13-mediated RNA targeting, and dead Cas9 (dCas9)-based transcriptional regulation (CRISPR interference/activation, CRISPRi/a), and evaluates their relevance to biofilm prevention and eradication in food environments. We critically assess delivery platforms, including plasmids, nanocarriers, phagemids, and conjugative systems, for their efficiency in complex biofilm settings. The review highlights innovations such as multiplexed repression of redundant pathways, activation of latent antibiofilm functions. These genetic strategies are increasingly being integrated with omics-based analytics (e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) to reveal systems-level cellular responses and regulatory shifts triggered by biofilm-targeted interventions. We also address the practical limitations, such as delivery barriers, off-target effects, regulatory hurdles, and ethical considerations specific to food applications. Ultimately, we propose a framework for translating CRISPR-Cas technology into scalable, safety-compliant tools for precision control of biofilms in food processing environments. This review aims to guide future research and inform stakeholders on leveraging CRISPR-Cas technology for safe, sustainable, and targeted management of food-associated biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41271354, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, H and Zhang, M and Wang, J and Xiong, S and Li, X and Luo, X and Yang, C and Lu, R and Zhang, Y}, title = {BfrR-mediated biofilm regulation in the seafood-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {117792}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117792}, pmid = {41271354}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major seafood-associated pathogen whose biofilm formation enhances environmental persistence, antibiotic resistance, and food safety risks. In this study, we identified a LysR-type regulator, BfrR (VPA1687), as a critical mediator of biofilm development in V. parahaemolyticus. Deletion of bfrR severely impaired biofilm formation, switching colony morphology from wrinkled to smooth and reducing extracellular matrix components (exopolysaccharides (EPS), proteins, and extracellular DNA). BfrR also modulated metabolic activity in biofilm-embedded cells and exhibited dual control over motility: it inhibited swimming while promoting swarming. Mechanistically, BfrR elevated intracellular c-di-GMP levels by regulating genes encoding GGDEF/EAL domain proteins. RNA-seq revealed BfrR influences 500 genes, including biofilm-related pathways (e.g., cps operon for EPS), virulence factors, and flagellar genes. Critically, BfrR was essential for biofilm formation on diverse food-contact surfaces (shrimp, crab, stainless steel, plastic, and glass). These findings establish BfrR as a global regulator that coordinates biofilm formation, motility, and c-di-GMP signaling, highlighting its potential as a target for mitigating V. parahaemolyticus biofilm-associated risks in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41270988, year = {2025}, author = {Tabatabaei, F and McMahon, R and Estlack, L and Sanchez, TF and Medina, S and Bionda, N}, title = {The In Vitro Performance of Surgical Irrigation Solutions in Preventing Biofilm Formation on Implants.}, journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2025.11.026}, pmid = {41270988}, issn = {1532-8406}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Total joint arthroplasties are widely performed in the United States. Although various intraoperative irrigation solutions have been studied, comprehensive in vitro comparisons of their efficacy in preventing biofilm formation across multiple implant materials remain limited. This study evaluated the effectiveness of nine commercially available irrigation solutions in preventing biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on four orthopaedic implant materials under clinically relevant conditions. Cytotoxicity was also assessed by evaluating human dermal fibroblast recovery following exposure.<br><br>METHODS: The solutions tested included a polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)-synergy solution, a benzalkonium chloride (BZK) solution, a PHMB-betaine solution, a chlorhexidine gluconate solution, a povidone-iodine solution, a hypochlorous acid solution, a citric acid solution, a triple antibiotic solution (bacitracin, cefazolin, gentamicin), and normal saline. The testing laboratory was blinded to solution identities. Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene coupons (n = four per group) were pretreated with each solution for two minutes. After aspiration, bacteria in simulated synovial fluid were added. Following 24-hour incubation at 37&#xb0; C, adherent bacteria were recovered and quantified. For cytocompatibility, fibroblasts were exposed to selected solutions for two minutes, and then incubated in fresh medium. Cell viability was assessed on days one and five using a colorimetric metabolic activity assay.<br><br>RESULTS: The PHMB-synergy and BZK solutions were the most effective in preventing biofilm formation, with microbial levels over 6.0-log lower than controls for both pathogens across all materials. Other solutions showed variable efficacy depending on the material and bacterial strain. A 1:10 dilution of the PHMB-synergy solution supported fibroblast recovery at day five, while the BZK solution remained cytotoxic at the same dilution.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with certain irrigation solutions for two minutes, reflecting clinical use, significantly reduces biofilm formation on orthopaedic implant materials and may help prevent periprosthetic joint infections in total joint arthroplasty.}, }
@article {pmid41270969, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, C and Chen, M and Wang, R and Liu, X and Tian, D and Xiao, M and Liu, H and Tian, T and Sun, Y and Tan, M and Xu, JY}, title = {Multi-omic analysis reveals lysine acylation and biofilm formation induced by central metabolites in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {108198}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108198}, pmid = {41270969}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism/physiology/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Lysine/metabolism ; Acylation ; Glucose/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Citric Acid Cycle ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Acetylation ; Glycolysis ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Computational Biology ; Multiomics ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major multidrug-resistant pathogen responsible for severe infections, such as pneumonia and bloodstream infections. These infections are often associated with high mortality rates and pose a significant burden on public health. Studies have shown that biofilm formation is a key factor contributing to its enhanced drug resistance. Recent evidence also implicates core metabolites in biofilm regulation. However, their specific regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we initially assessed how key metabolites from glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle influenced MRSA physiology. Notably, glucose markedly enhanced bacterial proliferation and stimulated biofilm development. To further explore the molecular basis of glucose-induced changes in MRSA, we subsequently applied a multidimensional omics approach, including proteomics, acetylomics, succinylomics, and lactylomics. A total of 1666 proteins, 3761 lysine acetylated sites, 1809 succinylated sites, and 128 lactylated sites were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis revealed that these modifications were significantly enriched in ribosome-associated functions and metabolic pathways. To further explore their functional relevance, in vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that glucose-induced lysine succinylation modulates the activity of arsenate reductase. Building upon this, functional validation at both the bacterial and host cell levels confirmed the physiological significance of glucose-induced lysine acylation. In conclusion, these findings reveal that the core metabolite glucose promotes MRSA biofilm formation and induces extensive lysine acylation, which in turn regulates metabolic functions and virulence. Therefore, this study provides new insights into MRSA pathogenesis and suggests potential targets for anti-infective therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41270087, year = {2025}, author = {Shedleur-Bourguignon, F and Thériault, WP and Berthiaume, F and Doghri, I and Longpré, J and Thibodeau, A and Fravalo, P}, title = {Veillonella dispar and V. atypica increased the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in liquid culture and biofilm conditions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e0332852}, pmid = {41270087}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Listeria monocytogenes/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Swine ; Animals ; Food Microbiology ; Abattoirs ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a foodborne pathogen that causes severe illness in high-risk groups who face a mortality rate of 15% to 20% with exposure to this deadly bacterium. L. monocytogenes poses a significant food safety concern due to its ability to withstand the adverse conditions encountered in food production environments. Prevention of its entry into the ready-to-eat (RTE) processing environment is crucial, and consequently, preventing its establishment within the environmental microbiota of slaughterhouses-the preceding stage in the production chain-is essential. This can be a challenge because L. monocytogenes has the ability to create and persist in biofilms in association with microorganisms. The role of the accompanying microbiota in the survival and density of L. monocytogenes has been shown to range from having antagonistic to synergetic effects. The aim of the present study was to validate a positive association previously identified using bioinformatic tools between the presence of Veillonella spp. on conveyor belt surfaces of the cutting room of a swine slaughterhouse and the relative abundance of L. monocytogenes. Veillonella dispar (V. dispar) and Veillonella atypica (V. atypica) showed statistically significant positive effects on the growth and survival of the pathogen in both planktonic cultures and in biofilms tested under static and dynamic conditions. These effects of Veillonella appear to be mediated through compounds secreted or made available by the bacterium since contact with the supernatants of Veillonella cultures was sufficient to induce L. monocytogenes growth enhancement. This increase is primarily due to the live cell mass, suggesting that Veillonella acts at the L. monocytogenes cell population level rather than on the biofilm matrix. We believe that our results represent a step toward a better L. monocytogenes food safety risk assessment and could contribute to the development of better strategies against this pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid41269277, year = {2025}, author = {Rathod, NV and Mishra, S}, title = {Strategies for biofilm inhibition: the role of synthetic drug- and nanotechnology-based agents.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {41269277}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Nanotechnology/methods ; Humans ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects/metabolism ; Nanoparticles ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are organized microbial communities that are surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which raises significant challenges to environmental, and medical applications. Their intricate architecture and adaptive behavior enable them to resist conventional antimicrobial therapies, primarily due to restricted drug diffusion, altered metabolic activity, and the emergence of resistance mechanisms. To address these challenges, synthetic drug-based strategies have emerged, focusing on the disruption of key stages in biofilm development, such as bacterial adhesion, quorum sensing (QS), EPS production, and biofilm maturation. Quorum sensing inhibitors, including synthetic furanones, peptide-based inhibitors, and nanoparticles, have shown promising results in interfering with biofilm signaling pathways and preventing biofilm maturation. EPS matrix, such as chelating agents and enzymatic treatments, weaken the biofilm matrix, rendering the microbial cells more susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Nanotechnology-driven approaches, utilizing metal nanoparticles, functionalized nanoparticles, and nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, enhance. These strategies enhance antimicrobial penetration and efficacy while reducing off-target effects; however, clinical translation is limited by cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetic constraints, and microbial adaptation. Future work should prioritize multi-targeted therapies, personalized biofilm disruption, and advanced drug delivery systems to combat biofilm-related infections and industrial biofouling.}, }
@article {pmid41269261, year = {2025}, author = {Hyderi, Z and Nagarajan, H and Saravanan, K and Ganesan, S and Jeyaraman, J and Ranganathan, S and Ravi, AV}, title = {Inhibition of MMP-2/MMP-9 and biofilm formation by 4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (THF): a promising therapeutic approach against Enterococcus gallinarum endocarditis.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {41269261}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {EBSB-RUSA 2.0, PhD fellowship//Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Zebrafish ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Enterococcus/drug effects/physiology ; *Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism/genetics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism/genetics ; *Flavanones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are critical global health concerns, necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutic compounds. Enterococcus gallinarum, an opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, is responsible for severe infections, often leading to endocarditis, bloodstream dissemination, immune dysregulation, and tissue damage. The limited efficacy of existing treatments underscores the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Recently, we reported the efficacy of 4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (THF) as an exhibited potential antimicrobial agent. In this study, the antibiofilm activity of THF against E. gallinarum was examined. In addition, the role of THF in preventing infection and mortality in zebrafish was also analysed using histopathological studies. The host-drug interaction was investigated through a network pharmacology approach for bacterial endocarditis. The top hub genes found in this analysis were docked with THF using the Glide XP protocol, and simulations were performed by GROMACS version 2020. The results suggest the potential of THF in inhibiting bacterial adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) and the disruption of mature biofilms. The histopathological results showed significantly recovered tissues after THF treatment. Furthermore, the network pharmacology studies of bacterial endocarditis disease revealed the identification of top hub genes MMP-2 and MMP-9, which have the function of binding to ECM and causing inflammation. The molecular docking and dynamics simulations performed between MMP-2 &amp; MMP-9 showed a strong binding score of -4.652 kcal/mol &amp; -7.597 kcal/mol between THF and MMP-2 &amp; MMP-9, suggesting the anti-inflammatory potential of THF as well. This significant influence on host-pathogen interactions, particularly in modulating immune responses and inflammation, makes it a promising drug candidate for bacterial infections and necessitates its consideration for future research and studies.}, }
@article {pmid41267528, year = {2026}, author = {Ye, J and Wen, T and Liu, Q and Ma, B and Yang, Y and Wang, Y and Yu, S and Yan, J and Zhang, J and Liu, Y}, title = {Combination effects of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I on dual-species biofilm removal in a simulated lateral canal model: An in vitro study.}, journal = {European journal of oral sciences}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, pages = {e70051}, doi = {10.1111/eos.70051}, pmid = {41267528}, issn = {1600-0722}, support = {TJWJ2022QN054//the Tianjin Health Research Project/ ; 2021KJ245//the Science &amp; Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Deoxyribonuclease I/pharmacology ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/radiation effects ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/drug effects/radiation effects ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; *Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a novel combination of the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser and deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in eliminating dual-species biofilms from dentinal surfaces using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed lateral canal model. A computational fluid dynamics model was used to assess the impact of needle insertion depth on irrigant flow within the lateral canal model. Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilms were cultured on dentin discs. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to investigate the influence of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I on the antimicrobial activity of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The CLSM results demonstrated a significant reduction in the formation of dual-species biofilms among viable bacteria treated with the combination of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I, compared to other treatment groups. As the needle insertion depth decreased, the irrigant velocity in the lateral canal decreased, resulting in the attachment of a greater number of viable bacteria. The combination of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I effectively addresses the limitations of single supplementary treatment by enhancing irrigant penetration and biofilm disruption within the lateral canal model, presenting a promising strategy for in vitro disinfection of lateral canal structures.}, }
@article {pmid41266360, year = {2025}, author = {Wilksch, JJ and Tan, JWH and Nero, TL and Hocking, DM and Bennett-Wood, V and Wang, N and Zavras, SA and Schiesser, CH and Tauschek, M and Schembri, MA and Lithgow, T and Hartland, EL and Robins-Browne, RM and Parker, MW and Yang, J and Strugnell, RA}, title = {Chemical inhibition of MrkH-dependent activation of type 3 fimbriae synthesis and biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {212}, pmid = {41266360}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; APP1194263//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; APP1194263//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; DP130100957//Australian Research Council/ ; DP130100957//Australian Research Council/ ; Ruth Bishop Fellow//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/drug effects/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Benzamides/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Fimbriae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae is mediated by the type 3 fimbriae Mrk, and regulated by MrkH and 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). We sought to identify specific chemical inhibitors of K. pneumoniae biofilm formation that reduced the activity of MrkH. A compound N-(3-cyano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thien-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide, JT71, reduced K. pneumoniae mrkA promoter activity and biofilm formation by 50% without affecting cell viability. Western blot analysis, hemagglutination assays, electron microscopy and qPCR showed that JT71 reduced type 3 fimbriae production, and transcription of mrkA and mrkH. JT71 demonstrated activity against other clinical and multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, and a type 3 fimbriate-positive Citrobacter koseri strain. In silico molecule docking was used to illustrate that JT71 could bind directly to the MrkH protein and block its activity. JT71 possesses promising drug-likeness properties and is non-toxic to mammalian cells. Chemical inhibition of transcriptional regulators that control fimbriae expression can inhibit bacterial biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41265798, year = {2026}, author = {Anderson, GG and James, S and Kovvali, S and Dang, FW and Vishwakarma, A and Gagnon, MC and Goulet, N and Racine, F and Labrie, P and Eppihimer, M and Weeks, JW and Haas, B and Pandey, R}, title = {Comparison of two models of biofilm formation on reusable stainless steel medical device material.}, journal = {The Journal of hospital infection}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {23-30}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.034}, pmid = {41265798}, issn = {1532-2939}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Stainless Steel ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Equipment and Supplies/microbiology ; Humans ; *Equipment Reuse ; Colony Count, Microbial ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reusable medical devices require reprocessing before subsequent patient use. Inadequate reprocessing can create suitable conditions for contaminating microbes to form biofilm. Despite this threat, there is a lack of guidance for medical device manufacturers to make biofilm assessment on their device labelling and instructions for use. Currently, there are no US Food and Drug Administration-recognized standardized models for biofilm formation on medical devices or device materials.<br><br>AIM: To assess established standard methods for their suitability to be used as validation tools for medical device manufacturers and regulatory agencies.<br><br>METHODS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were grown using a drip flow reactor and a CDC biofilm reactor (CDC-BR) biofilm reactor on stainless steel coupons as a medical device material surrogate surface. Growth duration, extraction procedure, and extraction medium were optimized within the parameters of the experiments. Suitability of the models was determined by the comparison of colony-forming units (cfu), protein concentration, and total organic carbon.<br><br>FINDINGS: Data revealed that both the models developed similar levels of biofilm as quantified by cfu, despite different shear stress conditions. The results showed that protein and total organic carbon are potential analytes to quantify the biofilm biomass under the conditions tested. Additionally, results of each assay display low variability across multiple biofilm replicates.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Both models develop reproducible biofilm with a similar level of cfu but different levels of total organic carbon and protein. Our findings indicate that the CDC biofilm reactor and drip flow reactor provide reliable platforms for studying biofilm growth on medical device materials.}, }
@article {pmid41265715, year = {2026}, author = {Khan, F}, title = {Editorial: Special issue: Bioinspired nanomaterials: Controlling biofilm and virulence of microbial pathogens.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {108197}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108197}, pmid = {41265715}, issn = {1096-1208}, }
@article {pmid41263815, year = {2025}, author = {Hatamoto, M}, title = {Puribacter membranae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a biofilm of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating sewage.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41263815}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {*Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Sewage/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Base Composition ; Fatty Acids/chemistry/analysis ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Japan ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Burkholderiaceae/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Novel Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile rods, designated HTMS2 and HTMS3[T], were isolated from a biofilm on the membrane of a municipal sewage treatment membrane bioreactor in Nagaoka, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes placed them in the family Burkholderiaceae, most closely related to Hydromonas duriensis A2P5 [T] (94.14% similarity). Genome sequencing (2.52 Mb, 48.2% G+C) and phylogenomic analysis affiliated them with the uncultured genus lineage CTSOIL-112 in the Genome Taxonomy Database. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values to related taxa were below species thresholds (ANI ≤77.0%, dDDH ≤54.9%). In addition, average amino acid identity values to related taxa were ≤68.6%. Both strains are catalase- and oxidase-positive, reduced nitrate and utilized various carbohydrates but not N-acetyl-glucosamine; they differed in sorbitol assimilation. The major respiratory quinone is Q-8, and the predominant fatty acids are summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/ω6c), summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c) and C_16:0. Genomic data supported a non-motile, Gram-stain-negative phenotype. Polyphasic analysis indicates that these strains represent a novel genus and species, Puribacter membranae gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain HTMS3[T]=NBRC 117344[T]=LMG 34133[T]).}, }
@article {pmid41263522, year = {2025}, author = {Krzyżewska-Dudek, E and Dudek, B and Kapczyńska, K and Pasikowski, P and Brożyna, M and Paleczny, J and Mikołajczyk-Martinez, A and Junka, A and Rybka, J}, title = {The Influence of Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Chain Length on Biofilm Formation Capacity and Outer Membrane Proteome Shape of Salmonella Enteritidis.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {e70211}, pmid = {41263522}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {2017/25/N/NZ6/02295//National Science Centre Poland/ ; }, mesh = {*Salmonella enteritidis/genetics/physiology/chemistry/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *O Antigens/chemistry/metabolism ; *Proteome/analysis/metabolism ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a phenomenon of great medical importance, also affecting food production. In the present work, we investigated the effect of the O-antigen length of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella Enteritidis on biofilm production and the physicochemical properties of Salmonella cells, using bacterial deletion mutants. We also analysed the influence of LPS O-antigen shortening on the composition of the outer membrane (OM) proteome of S. Enteritidis. We have shown that the shortening of the LPS O-antigen part is associated with decreased biofilm biomass formation in some mutants and that it also depends on the composition of the culture medium. Physicochemical properties of bacterial cells changed with the shortening of the O-antigen, promoting bacterial aggregation and influencing their hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, or hydrophobicity. We have also shown that shorter O-antigen alters the bacterial proteome in comparison to regular size O-antigen: flagellar FliC protein was down-regulated in most mutants, while the HptG as well as 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 protein were up-regulated, suggesting increased protein synthesis activity. In some mutants, proteins involved in LPS biosynthesis were also upregulated: lipopolysaccharide core heptose(II)-phosphate phosphatase, acyl carrier protein, and undecaprenyl-phosphate alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase, implying that the increased LPS biosynthesis is aimed at the replacement of the lacking LPS modal fractions in the S. Enteritidis mutants.}, }
@article {pmid41262745, year = {2025}, author = {Discepoli, N and De Rubertis, I and David, D and Ferrari, A and Mirra, R}, title = {Influence of Emergence Angle and Mucosal Tunnel Depth on Artificial Biofilm Removal Around Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {International journal of dentistry}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {7500003}, pmid = {41262745}, issn = {1687-8728}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Implant-prosthetic characteristics jeopardize accurate diagnosis, professional and domiciliary plaque control around dental implants. Accurate prosthetic design planning and prosthetic features modifications are fundamental in peri-implant diseases' primordial prevention and active treatment.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of prosthetic emergence angles (EAs) and mucosal tunnel depths (MTDs) on the efficacy of ultrasonic debridement in removing ink stain simulating artificial biofilm in an in vitro model.<br><br>METHODS: An in vitro model simulating biofilm around implant abutment, incorporating a 4&#x2009;mm implant analog replicating a missing single tooth was designed. Titanium abutments with three MTDs (2, 4, and 6&#x2009;mm) were associated with individualized crowns with different EAs (15&#xb0;, 30&#xb0;, and 45&#xb0;), resulting in nine experimental groups. Abutments were stained with artificial biofilm and subsequently instrumented through ultrasonic debridement. The proportion of residual biofilm (ResB) was quantified and evaluated for the four surfaces.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 360 images of 90 instrumented abutments was evaluated. The overall means described a consistent increase of ResB in relation to the progressive increment of both MTD and EA. Mesial and distal surfaces presented more biofilm across all EA-MTD combinations (p&#x2009; < 0.05). Logistic regression models pinpointed MTD and EA as significant predictors. The 6&#x2009;mm MTD and 45&#xb0; EA combination demonstrated as the strongest predictor (odds ratio [OR]&#x2009;=&#x2009;134,33).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a progressively wider prosthetic EA and a deeper mucosal tunnel significantly reduced the efficacy of submucosal instrumentation. Narrower EA (<30&#xb0;) and shallower MTD (<4&#x2009;mm) yielded significantly better results in terms of ResB.}, }
@article {pmid41262282, year = {2025}, author = {Pandhi, D and Gaurav, V and Anand, GRP and Das, S and Khan, AM}, title = {A Cross-sectional Study Comparing the in vitro Biofilm Optical Density of Dermatophytic Isolates with Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Antifungal Susceptibility.}, journal = {Indian journal of dermatology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, pages = {320-329}, pmid = {41262282}, issn = {1998-3611}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In India, Trichophyton mentagrophytes has emerged as the dominant cause of dermatophytosis, surpassing Trichophyton rubrum, contributing to an epidemic-like surge in cases. The Indian genotype "T. mentagrophytes ITS genotype VII" exhibits widespread resistance to terbinafine due to mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. Rising instances of recurrent and chronic dermatophytosis highlight the urgent need to explore factors like host profiles, environmental influences, and antifungal resistance, including the role of biofilms.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate biofilm formation in dermatophyte isolates and explore its correlation with demographic factors, disease duration, steroid misuse, and antifungal resistance to facilitate future management strategies.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 65 patients with clinically diagnosed dermatophytosis were included in this tertiary care center-based study. Detailed clinical histories were documented, and biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI M38-A2 guidelines. Clinical improvement was assessed using the Clinical Assessment Severity Score, and statistical analysis was performed to explore associations between biofilm formation, clinical response, and antifungal resistance.<br><br>RESULTS: T. mentagrophytes/Trichophyton interdigitale complex was identified in 98.46% of cases, with significant antifungal resistance to fluconazole and griseofulvin. The mean biofilm optical density was significantly higher in isolates from patients using oral antifungal treatments, especially those with poor clinical responses. Biofilm density was also significantly associated with antifungal resistance, particularly against fluconazole and griseofulvin (P < 0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the role of biofilm formation in contributing to chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis, particularly in patients with a history of oral antifungal use. Biofilm density correlates significantly with antifungal resistance, which may hinder clinical outcomes. These results highlight the need for tailored treatment strategies targeting biofilm-associated resistance to improve the management of chronic dermatophytosis.}, }
@article {pmid41262223, year = {2025}, author = {Alharbi, OS and Alhazmi, KA and Gazzaz, M and Almuhayya, S and Aldehalan, FA and Sharif, AT and Redwan, B and Alzain, MA and Alhazmi, W and Altarawneh, H and Hasan Alfreahat, HA and Bani Abdel-Rahman, S and Halabi, WS and Altalhi, R and Saleh, BH and Alhussainy, NH and Alsaedi, A and Niyazi, HA and Niyazi, HA and Juma, NA and Zubair, MA and Alqarni, M and Helmi, N and Ibrahem, K}, title = {A Review Vancomycin Role in Gram Positive Biofilm-Associated Infections: Challenges and Emerging Solutions.}, journal = {Therapeutics and clinical risk management}, volume = {21}, number = {}, pages = {1569-1578}, pmid = {41262223}, issn = {1176-6336}, abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections pose a significant challenge in clinical settings due to their increased resistance to antibiotics and evasion of host immune responses. These infections are responsible for a large proportion of chronic and recurrent infections, leading to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and elevated morbidity and mortality rates. Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, has long been a cornerstone in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) represents an important group of biofilm-forming pathogens, further complicating treatment strategies. However, its efficacy against biofilms remains a subject of ongoing research and debate. The ability of vancomycin to target biofilm-embedded bacteria is often hindered by multiple resistance mechanisms, including poor antibiotic penetration, metabolic adaptation of biofilm-associated cells, and the presence of persister cells. The aim of this review is to evaluate vancomycin's antibiofilm activity by examining its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effectiveness, limitations, and potential strategies to enhance its therapeutic outcomes. Several novel approaches have been explored to augment vancomycin's antibiofilm activity, including combination therapies, adjuvant strategies, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies and overcoming the persistent challenge of biofilm-related infections. This review synthesizes current evidence and highlights areas requiring further research to enhance vancomycin's efficacy against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41259952, year = {2026}, author = {Pourmahdi-Torghabeh, N and Mohammadzadeh, R and Izadi, N and Farsiani, H}, title = {Biofilm formation, biofilm-associated genes, and antibiotic resistance in clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates in Northeastern Iran.}, journal = {Journal of infection and public health}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {103060}, doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.103060}, pmid = {41259952}, issn = {1876-035X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Iran/epidemiology ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Genotype ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Genes, Bacterial ; Young Adult ; Aged ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is recognized as an opportunistic pathogen due to its ability to form biofilms and its antibiotic resistance, posing significant clinical challenges. This study assessed the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm formation in S. maltophilia isolates from various clinical samples and their antibiotic resistance profiles.<br><br>METHODS: For this cross-sectional analysis, 93 S. maltophilia suspected isolates were collected from patients at three hospitals in Northeastern Iran. Bacterial isolates were identified through conventional microbiological and biochemical assays. The confirmation of S. maltophilia species was further verified by evaluating its intrinsic carbapenem resistance and performing 23S rRNA-targeted PCR. To assess biofilm formation, we utilized the microtiter plate method, and biofilm-associated genes (spgM, rmlA, rpfF, and smf-1) were evaluated by PCR. The disk diffusion method was employed to assess antibiotic susceptibility.<br><br>RESULTS: All 93 isolates were verified to be S. maltophilia. Phenotypically, 75.3&#x202f;% exhibited strong biofilm formation, 22.6&#x202f;% moderate, 1.1&#x202f;% weak, and 1.1&#x202f;% could not form biofilms. Genotypically, the frequencies of biofilm-associated genes were: smf-1 (100&#x202f;%), spgM (94.6&#x202f;%), rpfF (83.9&#x202f;%), and rmlA (35.5&#x202f;%). Genotype 1 (spgM+/rmlA+/rpfF+/smf-1+) demonstrated significantly higher OD570, indicating stronger biofilm formation than genotype 3 (spgM+/rmlA-/rpfF+/smf-1+), with a positive correlation between rmlA and biofilm production (P&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.03). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed 17.2&#x202f;% resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 2.15&#x202f;% intermediate susceptibility to minocycline, and no resistance to levofloxacin.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the prevalence of biofilm production and associated genes in S. maltophilia, but further validation is needed to confirm their clinical significance. Ongoing monitoring remains essential for guiding effective treatment strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41258899, year = {2025}, author = {Ilias, F and El Haci, IA and El Ghali, F and Mrabet, R and Aifa, S and Mnif, S}, title = {The effect of some Algerian plant essential oils on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and quorum sensing: in vitro and in silico studies.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2588794}, pmid = {41258899}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it is more likely to cause illness in individuals with weakened immune systems or other compromised defences. An increase in the prevalence of multiple-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa in hospitals is thus a worldwide problem. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of four Algerian essential oils (EOs). The GC-MS analyses showed high contents of perillaldehyde (83.28%) in Ammodaucus leucotrichus (Coss. &amp; Dur.) EO. While, Daucus carota (L.) contained geranyl acetate (40.75%) and α-pinene (25.13%) as major constituents. The main components of Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) were α-thujone (25.40%), chrysanthenone (15.68%), camphe (14.31%), and β-thujone (12.58%). Whereas Juniperus phoenicea (L.) was mainly characterised by α-pinene (47.76%). A. leucotrichus EO showed the strongest antibacterial activity. This EO presented interesting activities for anti-biofilm and anti-virulence factors production. The docking results confirmed the experimental finding. These results suggest that A. leucotrichus EO warrants further exploration for its potential applications.}, }
@article {pmid41258760, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, R and Sun, D and Liu, J and Yang, J and Zhu, J and Liu, C and Liu, W}, title = {Ampicillin promotes the biofilm formation of Shewanella putrefaciens through the c-di-GMP-regulated BpfAGD system.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0290625}, pmid = {41258760}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Shewanella putrefaciens/drug effects/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Shewanella/drug effects/genetics ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Ampicillin/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Although many Shewanella strains are naturally resistant to some β-lactam antibiotics, research into the effect of these antibiotics on Shewanella biofilm formation is scarce. Shewanella putrefaciens is not only known as an important seafood spoilage bacterium but can also cause infection in several aquatic animals. In addition, it is a rare opportunistic human pathogen. The present study found that although some antibiotics from cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams repress the biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens CN32, multiple penicillin antibiotics increase its biofilm formation. Further experiments showed that ampicillin can increase intracellular c-di-GMP levels by regulating 16 DGCs/PDEs. This increases biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens CN32 by controlling the BpfAGD system. These penicillin antibiotics were also found to increase biofilm formation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In addition, the biofilm formation by S. oneidensis MR-1 was increased by carbapenem antibiotics but repressed by cephalosporins and monobactam antibiotics. This study provides a theoretical foundation for future research into the impact of β-lactam antibiotics on the biofilm formation of Shewanella, as well as the mechanisms that regulate this process.IMPORTANCEThe resistance of bacteria in biofilms to antibacterial agents is much higher than that of planktonic bacteria. Bacterial antibiotic resistance in biofilms and bacterial biofilm formation induced by certain antibiotics are now key concerns. Many Shewanella strains are naturally resistant to some β-lactam antibiotics. However, research into whether β-lactam antibiotics induce Shewanella biofilm formation is scarce. This study examined the impact of various β-lactam antibiotics on the biofilm formation of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, as well as the mechanism by which ampicillin promotes biofilm formation. This provides guidance on the correct use of antibiotics and improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial resistance and antibiotic-induced biofilm formation. This could lay theoretical groundwork for controlling biofilms in the future.}, }
@article {pmid41258757, year = {2025}, author = {Saini, TC and Randhawa, S and Bathla, M and Nisha, A and Teji, N and Acharya, A}, title = {Nanoengineered Polyphenol-Quantum Dot Conjugates Inhibit Biofilm Protein-Aβ42 Heterotypic Fibrillogenesis, Restore Synaptic Transmission, and Suppress Apoptosis in Alzheimer's Disease.}, journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience}, volume = {16}, number = {23}, pages = {4458-4478}, doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00467}, pmid = {41258757}, issn = {1948-7193}, mesh = {*Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/drug therapy ; *Apoptosis/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Polyphenols/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Animals ; *Quantum Dots/chemistry ; Escherichia coli ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiota influences neurodegenerative disease progression, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), through microbial metabolites like amyloids in bacterial biofilms, such as the curli protein in Eshcherichia coli biofilm. In this context, the study focuses on two key aspects, namely, (i) how cross-kingdom bacterial biofilm proteins accelerate Aβ42 aggregation and induce neurotoxicity and (ii) whether a nanochaperone with hydrophobic sheets and hydrophilic polyphenolic moieties could inhibit cross-seeded aggregation. Considering this, we chemically synthesized and further characterized gallic acid-conjugated molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (GA@MoS2 QDs, ∼9.6 ± 4.2 nm) using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, which showed ∼1.84-fold reduction in E. coli biofilm thickness, indicating interaction with biofilm components. The presence of the curli protein in E. coli was confirmed by dot blot and MALDI-TOF studies. Subsequent biophysical studies showed that isolated E. coli biofilm protein accelerated Aβ42 aggregation (heterotypic) by ∼6.76-fold, while GA@MoS2 QDs reduced this heterotypic aggregation by ∼9.49-fold reduction in Aβ42+ECBFP fluorescence relative to Aβ42 aggregates. In vitro studies with SH-SY5Y cells showed that heterotypic protein aggregation led to increased ROS production, intracellular calcium influx, and apoptosis induction, which were mitigated by GA@MoS2 QDs. The neuroprotective effect of GA@MoS2 QDs was also studied on Caenorhabditis elegans. Overall, the present studies suggested that the bacterial amyloid proteins may play a crucial role in Aβ42 aggregation, suggesting that targeting coaggregation could provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of early onset AD.}, }
@article {pmid41258593, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmad, A and Senaidi, AS and Almohamadi, H and Alnasser, AS}, title = {Correction: Electroactive biofilm enhanced microbial electrolysis for sewage sludge-to-energy conversion.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, pages = {461}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-025-04682-3}, pmid = {41258593}, issn = {1573-0972}, }
@article {pmid41258437, year = {2025}, author = {Romaní, AM and Perujo, N and Pujol, M and Gionchetta, G}, title = {Drought Drives Extracellular Polymeric Substances Accumulation and Functional Shifts in Streambed Biofilm Communities.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {133}, pmid = {41258437}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; *Rivers/microbiology/chemistry ; *Droughts ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Bacteria/metabolism/classification/genetics ; Biomass ; Microbiota ; Chlorophyll A ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the adaptive response of streambed microbial biofilms to water scarcity, focusing on the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production across a gradient of hydrological conditions. Sediment samples from 37 streams in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula, encompassing both permanent and intermittent flow regimes, were analysed for EPS-polysaccharide content, microbial biomass, chlorophyll-a, and biofilm function (carbon substrate utilization profiles). Drought conditions were characterized based on the number of dry days over the eight months preceding sampling. Results revealed that EPS production increased significantly in intermittent streams, particularly under long-term drought, reaffirming that EPS synthesis is a key microbial strategy to mitigate desiccation stress. Notably, when normalized to prokaryotic density, EPS content exhibited a significant positive correlation with drought duration, emphasizing the dominant role of heterotrophic bacteria over algae in EPS secretion. However, EPS content alone was not a universal indicator of water scarcity, which showed a large variability in permanently flowing streams. Functional profiling showed clear shifts in carbon substrate utilization associated with stream hydrology. Intermittent streams exhibited a broader metabolic range, and particularly a capacity to use phenolic compounds, suggesting an adaptation to terrestrial organic matter inputs. Contrary to expectations, functional diversity increased in drier conditions, challenging assumptions derived from controlled experiments and underscoring the resilience of Mediterranean microbial biofilm communities to drought. These findings provide empirical support for EPS-mediated drought adaptation in natural biofilms and highlight functional diversity as a potential mechanism maintaining ecosystem processes under increasing aridity due to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41255249, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, H and Lu, M and Shi, C and Li, C and Yao, Z and Shang, H and Li, X and Yu, H and Bie, S}, title = {Plumbagin disrupts the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {1132-1144}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2589802}, pmid = {41255249}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Naphthoquinones/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plumbagin, also known as 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (PLB), is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone molecule that has demonstrated strong antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). However, the potential of PLB to eradicate mature biofilms and the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study explored the effects of PLB on disrupting mature S. aureus biofilms, focusing on its impact on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and potential mechanisms of action. Crystal violet (CV) and XTT assays demonstrated that PLB significantly reduced both the biomass and metabolic activity of mature S. aureus biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. High-content screening (HCS) imaging demonstrated that PLB treatment induced significant alterations in the biofilm EPS architecture, leading to a substantial reduction in overall biomass and average thickness, with disruption severity correlating positively with PLB concentration. Using molecular fluorescence probing techniques, this study found that treatment with PLB resulted in a marked reduction in EPS components, including extracellular polysaccharides (PIA), proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA), compared to untreated controls. Molecular docking analysis revealed that PLB strongly interacts with several key S. aureus proteins involved in EPS production, such as IcaA, IcaD, IcaB, IcaC, Bap, ClfB, and CidA, particularly binding strongly to the active sites of IcaA and Bap. Furthermore, gene expression analysis indicated that PLB downregulated genes associated with biofilm EPS production. Overall, these findings suggest that PLB effectively disrupts S. aureus biofilms by targeting the EPS. These results highlight PLB as a promising candidate for targeting mature S. aureus biofilms in chronic infections.}, }
@article {pmid41253625, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, J and Huo, X and Liu, J and Bu, F and Zhang, P}, title = {Corrigendum to "Multifunctional NIR-II nanoplatform for disrupting biofilm and promoting infected wound healing" [Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 245 (2025), 114330].}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {258}, number = {}, pages = {115255}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115255}, pmid = {41253625}, issn = {1873-4367}, }
@article {pmid41250896, year = {2026}, author = {He, Y and Cao, X and Wu, J and Wang, X}, title = {Characterization of Biofilm Wrinkles Based on the Composite Bilayer Model.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {e70128}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70128}, pmid = {41250896}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {//This study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award 12372321 and 11972074./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Finite Element Analysis ; Elastic Modulus ; *Models, Biological ; Computer Simulation ; Agar ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The study of the biofilm mechanical stability is important in the fields of biomedical and environmental engineering. In this paper, we present an innovative simplified bilayer model, which is obtained based on a simplification of the complex four-layer model. We simplify the model and reduce the computational complexity by ignoring the top layer of the biofilm and treating the middle layer and the substrate layer as a spring system connected in series. In finite element analysis, we used a simplified two-layer model to simulate the bending behavior of biofilm wrinkles and found the influence of elastic modulus ratio (Ef/Es) and biofilm thickness (h) on biofilm wrinkles and critical stress (ε $\varepsilon $). We simulated the wrinkle morphology changes of biofilm in regions II and III on three low, medium, and high agar substrates, and compared the simulated wrinkle wavelengths with experimental data for verification, providing a new perspective for understanding the mechanical behavior of biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41249920, year = {2025}, author = {Khaddam, W and Durgham, B}, title = {Comparative analysis of biofilm detection methods and antibiotic resistance in catheter-associated uropathogens: a cross-sectional study from Syria.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {760}, pmid = {41249920}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/growth &amp; development ; *Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology ; Syria ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a major healthcare challenge due to bacterial biofilm formation, which protects pathogens from antibiotics and host immune responses. Three phenotypic biofilm detection methods-Microplate assay, Tube Method, and Modified Congo Red Agar (MCRA)- were compared using bacterial isolates from catheter tips and urine samples. The Microplate assay, considered the reference standard, detected biofilm in 88.6% of catheter isolates and 78.6% of urine isolates. Notably, 44% of urine samples showed no microbial growth, likely due to prior antibiotic use. In catheter-derived samples, CRA showed higher sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (61.5%) than the Tube method (72.7% and 46.2%, respectively). PPV and NPV were 87.0% and 46.2% for CRA, and 82.2% and 22.7% for Tube. Both methods performed less reliably in urine isolates. Strong biofilm formation was more prevalent in catheter isolates (62.5%) than in urine isolates (44.6%) and was associated with higher antimicrobial resistance. Gentamicin was most effective against urine isolates (85.7%), whereas Imipenem showed highest efficacy in catheter isolates (47.7%). These findings provide practical guidance for microbiology laboratories, especially in low-resource settings, by identifying reliable phenotypic methods for biofilm screening. Overall, sensitive biofilm detection combined with targeted antibiotic susceptibility testing is crucial for effective CAUTI management and antimicrobial stewardship.}, }
@article {pmid41248935, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Xu, K and He, X and Kang, X and Tang, C and Niu, C and Li, Z and Weng, J and Li, J and Chen, X}, title = {Stage-Responsive Multifunctional Microneedle Patches for Enhanced Biofilm Penetration and Accelerated Healing of Bacterial Infected Skin Wounds.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {17}, number = {47}, pages = {65177-65191}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c20107}, pmid = {41248935}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Mice ; Needles ; Curcumin/chemistry/pharmacology ; Skin/drug effects/microbiology/injuries ; Hydrogels/chemistry ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Glutathione/chemistry/pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Photochemotherapy ; Antioxidants/chemistry/pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; }, abstract = {Biofilms, formed by microorganisms and surrounding substances, hinder traditional drug delivery and delay wound healing. Microneedles, with their excellent mechanical properties, minimally invasive nature, and ability to penetrate biofilms for rapid drug delivery, offer a promising solution for biofilm eradication. In this study, we developed an intelligent, responsive bilayer microneedle system (CurMN@RRH) based on photodynamic therapy to accelerate wound healing caused by bacterial infections. Cur@ZIF-8 nanoparticles are synthesized in a one-pot process and embedded in gelatin and hyaluronic acid to form the microneedle tips. The microneedle substrate consists of ROS-responsive boronate-ester-based hydrogels (TSPBA-PVA), loaded with the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In the early stages of wound healing, the acidic environment triggered by bacterial infection prompts the release of curcumin from Cur@ZIF-8 nanoparticles, which generates hydroxyl radicals under blue light to promote bacterial death. In later stages, the CurMN@RRH microneedles release GSH, clearing excessive reactive oxygen species and reducing inflammation, thus accelerating healing. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the intelligent CurMN@RRH microneedles exhibited strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, promoted cell proliferation, and accelerated tissue wound healing. This approach offers a novel strategy for treating bacterial infection-induced wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41247508, year = {2025}, author = {Wenten, IG}, title = {Rethinking Biofilm Engineering and Fouling Resistance in Membrane Bioreactors.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {41}, number = {47}, pages = {31709-31719}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c03864}, pmid = {41247508}, issn = {1520-5827}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are increasingly recognized as a key technology in sustainable wastewater treatment, offering a high effluent quality through the integration of biological degradation and membrane filtration. Among the critical factors influencing their performance are biofilm dynamics and membrane fouling. This article critically examines recent advances in biofilm engineering and antifouling strategies for MBRs, with an emphasis on microbial community modulation, quorum quenching, and hydrodynamic control to improve biofilm stability. In parallel, the review examines material-based and biological methods to mitigate membrane fouling, emphasizing multifunctional surfaces and emerging biocontrol strategies. Key operational challenges, such as energy consumption, cleaning frequency, and membrane aging, are evaluated alongside future research directions in materials design, microbial ecology, and real-time system optimization. The integration of these innovations is essential for advancing MBR technologies that are robust, resource-efficient, and aligned with circular economy principles.}, }
@article {pmid41244698, year = {2025}, author = {Ferretti, J and Zegers, MAJ and Zeppilli, M and Jourdin, L}, title = {A two-stage strategy for methanogenesis suppression and rapid acetogenic biofilm formation in microbial electrosynthesis.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1655259}, pmid = {41244698}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The practical implementation of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is currently limited by the slow microbial colonisation of the electrode and the need to suppress methanogenic activity. This study investigates a two-stage strategy to suppress methanogenesis and promote the rapid formation of an acetogenic biofilm in a directed-flow-through bioelectrochemical reactor. Four start-up regimes were compared: mixotrophic without heat pre-treatment (M), mixotrophic with heat pre-treatment (MT), heterotrophic without heat pre-treatment (H), and heterotrophic with heat pre-treatment (HT), each followed by a common autotrophic phase. Mixotrophy outperformed heterotrophy by accelerating and increasing acetate accumulation. However, adding heat pre-treatment (MT) introduced a short lag phase and resulted in less sustained chain elongation than mixotrophy alone (M). Under the mixotrophic regime, microbial analysis showed an enrichment of genera with acetogenic representatives such as Clostridium sensu stricto 12 and Sporomusa, alongside a reduction in facultative anaerobic and fermentative bacteria. Full biofilm colonisation of the electrode was achieved within 55 to 65 days, while acetate, butyrate, and caproate production was initiated within the first week, reaching concentrations typically observed only after approximately 70 days under autotrophic conditions. Methane remained undetectable for about 40 days and, when detected later, exhibited low coulombic efficiencies (< 1%). Taken together, these results indicate that mixotrophic start-up provides a promising route to accelerate electrode colonisation and enhance early-stage productivity in MES, while highlighting the need for further optimisation and a deeper understanding of microbial interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41244668, year = {2025}, author = {Cheng, Y and Hu, H and Huang, T and Luo, X and Chen, F and Shi, P and Ma, W and Lu, Y and Lan, S and Cui, G and Qi, X and Liu, YJ and Hong, W}, title = {Pig-L mediates virulence, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress tolerance in Clostridioides difficile.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1691769}, pmid = {41244668}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) represents a significant global public health concern. The Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Class L (pig-L) gene in C. difficile encodes an enzyme critical for the biosynthesis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, which play a vital role in bacterial surface protein localization and function.<br><br>METHODS: To investigate the role of pig-L in C. difficile pathogenesis, we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to generate a pig-L knockout strain and a complementation strain in the wild-type (WT) background. Phenotypic characterization of these strains was performed through a suite of assays, including virulence assays, biofilm formation assays, oxidative stress sensitivity testing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Proteomics analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins in the knockout strain.<br><br>RESULTS: Deletion of the pig-L gene resulted in a significant reduction in C. difficile virulence, decreased biofilm formation, and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in protein expression, with 170 proteins exhibiting upregulation and 101 proteins demonstrating downregulation in the knockout strain. Complementation of the pig-L gene partially restored the phenotypes observed in the deletion strain.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the pig-L gene functions as a crucial regulator of C. difficile virulence, biofilm formation, and peroxide resistance. Targeting the pig-L gene or its downstream effectors represents a promising avenue for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to effectively control C. difficile infection.}, }
@article {pmid41243857, year = {2025}, author = {Rajalakshmi, E and Chandrasekhar, B and Saranya, E and Madhavan, T and Ramya, M}, title = {Exploring Eugenol as a Growth and Biofilm Inhibitor in Leptospira interrogans by a Combined Experimental and Computational Approach.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {11}, pages = {e70088}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70088}, pmid = {41243857}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Eugenol/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Leptospira interrogans/drug effects/growth &amp; development/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; Lipoproteins ; }, abstract = {Leptospira interrogans, known for its association with environmental biofilms, poses significant challenges in managing leptospirosis due to its persistent virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents. Addressing the biofilms in infection and resistance necessitates novel anti-leptospiral agents and strategies, with bioactive compounds offering better biomolecules to combat leptospiral biofilms. This study investigates the role of eugenol against L. interrogans, which has been unexplored. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of eugenol on the growth and biofilm formation of L. interrogans. Eugenol inhibited 70% of biofilm formation at its MBIC70 (10 mM). These findings were further validated through fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to assess cell viability and morphological changes. Furthermore, the expression levels of key genes, csrA and lipL32, associated with bacterial growth and biofilm formation, were analyzed using qRT-PCR. To complement these findings, molecular docking, c-DFT, and ADME profiles were performed to investigate the interaction of eugenol with the transpeptidase/penicillin-binding protein. The results strongly correlate with the biological outcomes observed in the experimental studies, supporting the efficacy of eugenol against L. interrogans.}, }
@article {pmid41242988, year = {2025}, author = {Tondu, F and Moeller, K and Sdiri, K and Oberhansli, F and Metian, M and Alonso Hernandez, C}, title = {Biofilm Formation on Polyethylene Microplastics Affects Brevetoxin Adsorption and Desorption.}, journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {71}, pmid = {41242988}, issn = {1432-0800}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Marine Toxins/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Adsorption ; *Oxocins/analysis/metabolism/chemistry ; *Microplastics/chemistry ; *Polyethylene/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Dinoflagellida ; Polyether Toxins ; }, abstract = {Microplastics can serve as sites for microbial attachment, however their role in facilitating biotoxin entry into marine food webs remains poorly understood. This study quantified the adsorption and desorption kinetics of brevetoxin 3 (PbTx-3), a neurotoxin produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, on polyethylene (PE) surfaces in relation to the presence of biofilms using radiolabeled [3]H-PbTx-3. It was hypothesized that the presence of biofilms would enhance toxin retention on PE. Contrary to this hypothesis, results revealed significantly reduced adsorption of brevetoxin on biofilm-coated PE (0.035 ± 0.007 nmol mg[-1], p < 0.001) compared to virgin PE (0.59 ± 0.076 nmol mg[-1]). Furthermore, toxin desorption from biofilm-coated PE occurred rapidly, with less than 20% activity remaining after 24 h, whereas virgin PE retained over 80% activity over the same period. Complete toxin depuration was not observed within one week under either condition. These findings demonstrate that biofilms not only reduce brevetoxin adsorption on PE but also accelerate desorption. Further research is needed to elucidate the broader ecological and health implications of microplastic-mediated biotoxin transport, albeit the results of this study suggest that biofilm-coated PE likely plays a minor role as vector for biotoxins in marine food webs, at least compared to its virgin counterpart.}, }
@article {pmid41242559, year = {2026}, author = {Parde, D and Singh, A and Behera, M and Dash, RR}, title = {Anammox-Moving Bed biofilm reactor Data-Driven optimization: Insights into anammox process stability and performance.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {133655}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133655}, pmid = {41242559}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Wastewater/chemistry ; *Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Water Purification/methods ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Anaerobiosis ; Denitrification ; }, abstract = {Anammox-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) was evaluated for energy-efficient organic and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater under varying Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): 250-450 mg/L, Ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N): 30-80 mg/L, and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 8-16 h. The results reveal that lower COD concentrations favour anammox activity, achieving the highest Total Nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency (92.2 %) at 250 mg/L COD, 80 mg/L NH4[+]-N, and 16 h HRT, while excessive COD (450 mg/L) led to a shift toward denitrification, reducing anammox contribution below 5 %. Microbial analysis confirmed a higher relative abundance of Candidatus Brocadia (14.1 %). This study identifies a stable operational window (COD 350 mg/L, NH4[+]-N 55 mg/L, HRT 12 h) with consistent COD and TN removal (around 90 %). These findings provide a novel framework for optimizing anammox-MBBR in wastewater treatment, ensuring high nitrogen removal efficiency while addressing the limitations of previous studies in handling variable organic loads.}, }
@article {pmid41241300, year = {2026}, author = {Santos, VRD and Caiaffa, KS and Souza, ACA and Pereira, JA and Abuna, GF and Ribeiro, TC and Bottino, MC and Chorili, M and Duque, C}, title = {Phenolic acids-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel for intracanal biofilm management.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {165}, number = {}, pages = {106231}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106231}, pmid = {41241300}, issn = {1879-176X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Calcium Hydroxide/pharmacology ; Cinnamates/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; Chitosan/chemistry ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; *Hydroxybenzoates/pharmacology/chemistry ; Caffeic Acids/pharmacology ; Dentin/microbiology ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; *Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Temperature ; Bacterial Load/drug effects ; Rheology ; Animals ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Mice ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In search of an inter-appointment intracanal medication capable of promoting root canal disinfection while preserving the viability of periapical cells, this study synthesized and characterized chitosan-poloxamer hydrogels (CPH) containing phenolic acids and evaluated their effects on multispecies biofilms and cell viability for potential endodontic use.<br><br>METHODS: Cinnamic acid (CI), caffeic acid (CA) and controls (calcium hydroxide [CH] and chlorhexidine [CHX]) were incorporated into the CPH matrix. The hydrogels were characterized by flow and oscillatory rheometry, sol-gel transition temperature, compounds release profile and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The effect of hydrogels on multispecies biofilms formed in radicular dentin specimens was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, while cytotoxicity of CPH containing or not the compounds was assessed using resazurin assays on fibroblasts and macrophages cultures. Statistical analysis was performed with significance determined at p < 0.05.<br><br>RESULTS: CPHs demonstrated pseudoplastic flow behavior and established a strong gel network at 37&#xb0; C. Furthermore, hydrogels exhibited thermoresponsive behavior and sustained released of incorporated compounds. All formulations reduced bacterial loads in dentinal multispecies biofilms in dentin tubules, notably, CPH+CA (77.8 %) and CPH+CI (73.2 %) outperformed CPH+CH (53.6 %) and CPH+CHX (39.9 %). Overall, all CP hydrogels were cytocompatible when diluted at ratios over 1:4. CPH + CI showed lower cytotoxicity compared to CPH + CA, for both cell lines analyzed.<br><br>CONCLUSION: CPH demonstrated suitable thermoreversible and physicochemical characteristics to be applied as an injectable temporary medication. When particularly combined with cinnamic acid, it markedly reduced intra-radicular multispecies biofilms and exhibited better cytocompatibility.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cinnamic-acid loaded chitosan-poloxamer hydrogel could be an effective intracanal medication for the management of infected root canals in endodontics.}, }
@article {pmid41238133, year = {2026}, author = {Cao, YS and Cheng, YQ and Liu, Y and Zhou, XR and Tang, CC and He, ZW and Wang, WQ and Tian, Y and Wang, XC}, title = {Roles of vertical light-conducting carriers applied in microalgal-bacterial biofilm for enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {133633}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133633}, pmid = {41238133}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Phosphorus/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Microalgae/metabolism/physiology ; *Light ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; *Water Purification/methods ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The microalgal-bacterial biofilm (MABB) system holds promise for wastewater treatment, yet uneven light distribution limits its efficiency. This study introduced vertical light-guiding plates (LGP) as bio-carriers to expand the light reception range of microalgae. Compared with the control group (Rc), the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the experimental group (Re) increased by 9.9%, 20.9%, and 11.1% respectively. The content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), volatile suspended solids (VSS), Chl-a/VSS ratio, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Re were 4.2 times, 3 times, 1.9 times, and 2.6 times higher than those of Rc, respectively. The abundance of Flavobacterium with nitrogen and phosphorus removal functions and Chlorella with strong light adaptability in Re reached 2.1% and 39.2% respectively, which was higher than that in Rc. In summary, LGP provides an effective path for expanding the application of MABB and achieving low-carbon sewage treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41235977, year = {2026}, author = {Kolodkin-Gal, I and Murugan, PA and Mahapatra, S and Zanditenas, E and Ankri, S}, title = {Differential coping strategies exerted by biofilm and planktonic cells of Bacillus subtilis in response to a protozoan predator.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0159725}, pmid = {41235977}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {1142/24//Israel Science Foundation/ ; 1984/24//Israel Science Foundation/ ; 2024836//United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus subtilis/physiology/genetics ; *Entamoeba histolytica/physiology ; Humans ; Probiotics ; Stress, Physiological ; *Plankton/physiology ; Cysteine Proteases/metabolism ; Coping Skills ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebiasis and interacts with both beneficial and harmful members of the microbiome. In previous studies, it was shown that E. histolytica can break down pre-established biofilms of Bacillus subtilis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibiting parasitic cysteine proteases impairs biofilm degradation. However, it is still unknown whether bacteria can sense this process and respond to the degradation of the biofilms. Here, our research demonstrates a multilayered response of probiotic bacteria to the parasite, which differs between planktonic bacteria and pre-established biofilms. Sensing the activity of cysteine proteases from E. histolytica, the bacteria activate the general stress response and, to a lesser extent, the cell wall stress response. This activation helps the surviving members of the biofilm become more resistant to mild stressors such as ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and sub-mic concentrations of ampicillin. On the other hand, planktonic cells exposed to the predators' lysate deactivate the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation while inducing their motility to avoid predation. Overall, our results indicate that bacteria have evolved to recognize amoeba predators capable of degrading biofilms. Furthermore, the partially digested biofilm cells may have unexpected disadvantages over bacteria that did not encounter a predator. These findings may be useful in developing more efficient probiotic strains that are resilient to amebiasis.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica feeds on intestinal microbiota to survive. To enhance the effectiveness of probiotics, we characterized how they respond to amoeba predators. We found that probiotics decrease the expression of biofilm-related genes to avoid predation while simultaneously inducing their stress response and increasing their motility. Our results can provide novel directions for engineering probiotic bacteria to overcome gastrointestinal-associated parasitic diseases. Additionally, it highlights a fundamental mechanism through which bacterial prey can evade predation in the gastrointestinal tract.}, }
@article {pmid41235794, year = {2025}, author = {Marchesani, A and Taylor, CC and Li, Z and Hudson, W and Jiang, Y and Gilbert, ES}, title = {4-Ethoxybenzoic acid interferes with the spatiotemporal dynamics of Saphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf282}, pmid = {41235794}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {//Georgia State University/ ; }, mesh = {*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hydroxybenzoate Ethers/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Anti-virulence compounds can control pathogens with reduced selection for antimicrobial resistance. There is little understanding of how these compounds impact biofilm structure and development through time. We hypothesised that 4-ethoxybenzoic acid (4EB), an anti-virulence compound, disrupts normal growth for the four phases of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 biofilm development (attachment, multiplication, exodus, and maturation).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Flow-cell grown biofilms were fed Luria Bertani (LB) broth (control) or LB broth with 0.8&#xa0;mg/mL 4EB (treatment). Treatment inhibited the progress of multiplication phase and caused a 6-hour delay in the onset of exodus phase. Transcriptional analysis showed patterns of nuc, saeS, and saeR expression consistent with the delayed exodus phenotype. Imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy followed by digital image analysis determined that 4EB interfered with biofilm structure formation, including reductions in height (57%/44%) and biovolume (73%/63%) during the multiplication and maturation phases, respectively, with statistically insignificant effects during exodus phase (1.9%/15%). These measurements indicated that the occurrence of exodus phase was not impacted by 4EB. Gene expression analysis using flow cell effluent found significant downregulation of genes including atl (-3.1 fold change) during multiplication phase and agrA and saeR (-5.8 and -5.2 fold change, respectively) during maturation. Principal component analysis with 24 measured parameters confirmed that 4EB treatment primarily affected multiplication and maturation phases.}, }
@article {pmid41234539, year = {2025}, author = {Pandi, S and Kathiresan, N and Kumar Subbaraj, G and Desai, D and Nagarajan, C and Kulanthaivel, L}, title = {Decoding the anticancer and biofilm-inhibiting efficacy of Adansonia digitata using experimental, AI-powered, and molecular modeling approaches.}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1666360}, pmid = {41234539}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Adansonia digitata, commonly known as the Baobab tree, is a highly multifunctional species with significant cultural and economic value across various regions of Africa. This study aims to investigate the anticancer and cytotoxic properties of ethanol extract derived from A. digitata (ADEE) on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, as well as its potential to inhibit biofilm formation.<br><br>METHODS: The study employs GNINA, a deep learning-based docking tool, to evaluate molecular interactions. This work integrates machine learning and molecular modeling methodologies, highlighting the potential of informatics-driven strategies to expedite the discovery of novel plant-based therapies.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that ADEE effectively inhibited biofilm formation and reduced cell viability at a concentration of 1.56 &#x3bc;g/mL. These findings suggest that ADEE disrupts quorum-sensing signaling pathways and compromises the structural integrity of the biofilm matrix. Further assessments of cytotoxicity revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cancer cell viability, highlighting the potent anticancer properties of ADEE. The study also confirmed the pro-apoptotic effects of ADEE through Hoechst and AO/EB staining techniques. Validation utilizing GNINA-based deep learning techniques demonstrated an enhanced binding affinity and pose stability of compounds derived from ADEE. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the interactions of ADEE with pqsA and CK2, showing more favorable binding characteristics compared to the reference inhibitor. PCA/FEL analyses indicated stable conformations with significant interactions at critical residues. In summary, the phytocompounds identified in ADEE demonstrated enhanced binding affinity and structural stability, indicating promising therapeutic potential for targeting QS-regulated biofilm development and serving as potential anticancer agents.}, }
@article {pmid41233755, year = {2025}, author = {Oschmann, AM and Konrat, K and Schaudinn, C and Sohl, G and Wagner, D and Lewin, A and Arvand, M}, title = {Biofilm formation by the global outbreak strain of Mycobacterium chimaera results in significantly reduced efficacy of standard disinfectants.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {738}, pmid = {41233755}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Mycobacterium/drug effects/physiology ; Peracetic Acid/pharmacology ; Glutaral/pharmacology ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Humans ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection/methods ; Equipment Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2013, a global outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infections due to contaminated heater-cooler units emerged. This ongoing problem has highlighted the question of whether disinfection recommendations for medical devices containing water circuits are adequate for preventing contamination and possible recontamination by nontuberculous mycobacteria. The formation of biofilms in such devices exacerbates the problem. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of disinfectants on biofilms and suspensions of the M. chimaera strain ZUERICH-1, and to compare it with two unrelated M. chimaera strains obtained from different sources.<br><br>METHODS: Disinfection efficacy testing for biofilm was performed using a Bead Assay for Biofilms and for bacteria in suspension according to the European Standard EN 14348. Three different disinfectants, glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, were assessed. M. chimaera ZUERICH-1, two genetically unrelated M. chimaera isolates and M. avium subsp. avium ATCC 15769, which is included in European standards for disinfectant testing on mycobacteria, were analyzed. The biofilms' structure and composition were analyzed by chemical and molecular techniques and advanced imaging methods.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that peracetic acid and glutaraldehyde in standard concentrations were able to effectively inactivate (&#x2265;&#x2009;4 log10 reduction) suspended bacteria of all three strains, but chlorine failed in all cases. Formation of biofilm generally enhanced the tolerance of M. chimaera to disinfectants. Peracetic acid in standard concentration could not effectively inactivate biofilms of M. chimaera ZUERICH-1, but was effective against biofilms of the other M. chimaera strains tested. Similarly, glutaraldehyde in standard concentration could not inactivate biofilm of ZUERICH-1. Biomass analysis showed higher amounts of extracellular matrix of ZUERICH-1 when compared to the other two strains.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that current standard disinfection recommendations do not ensure sustained inhibition of M. chimaera when embedded in biofilm. Additional measures are needed to prevent nosocomial transmission of M. chimaera through contaminated heater-cooler units.}, }
@article {pmid41233473, year = {2025}, author = {Valencia-Toxqui, G and Sugumar, S and Ramsey, J}, title = {Isolation and characterization of biofilm-disrupting proteus phage Premi.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {39780}, pmid = {41233473}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R35 GM155289/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM155289//National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; Genome, Viral ; Phylogeny ; Proteus Infections/microbiology/therapy ; Humans ; Phage Therapy ; }, abstract = {Proteus mirabilis is a biofilm-forming, multidrug-resistant bacterium and one of the most common causes of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Phage therapy is an alternative method that can be used to address the problem of multidrug-resistance. In this study, we report isolation and characterization of virulent phage Premi. The phage exhibits lytic activity against 4 out of 30 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis tested and is stable when exposed to pH values between 3 and 11. Phage Premi demonstrated significant anti-biofilm activity against P. mirabilis, reducing 24-hour established biofilms by 59-68%. In the 42-kb Premi genome, functions were assigned for the 50 predicted protein-coding genes including those involved in DNA replication, DNA modification, and lysis. Structural proteins were verified using mass spectrometry of purified virions. A comparison of its genomic features and phylogenetic analysis revealed that phage Premi is a podophage member of the order Caudoviricetes sharing 96% nucleotide similarity with Proteus phage PM 85 and has a T7-like phage genomic organization. Our study shows that Premi effectively inhibits P. mirabilis biofilms and could be a promising antimicrobial agent for treating drug-resistant P. mirabilis infection.}, }
@article {pmid41232710, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, ZC and Zhai, JL and Yu, JY and Wang, Z and Liu, HY and Yang, X and Wang, XW}, title = {Biofilm formation by Gallibacterium anatis depends on TolC-mediated initial attachment of cells.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {314}, number = {}, pages = {106488}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106488}, pmid = {41232710}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pasteurellaceae/physiology/genetics ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Animals ; Chickens ; *Bacterial Adhesion/physiology ; *Pasteurellaceae Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) is an important pathogen for poultry, mainly causing a decrease of egg production rate in laying hens and an increase in the mortality rate in broilers. TolC, an outer membrane channel protein, has been implicated in the formation of biofilms by various pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to assess the role of TolC in mediating G. anatis biofilm formation by utilizing a ΔtolC mutant strain. Key findings revealed that TolC deletion reduced surface hydrophobicity and decreased biofilm biomass. Additionally, the mutant strain showed impaired secretion of extracellular polysaccharides and diminished autoaggregation capacity. Using both enzymatic treatments and confocal microscopy, biofilm composition and architecture were characterized. Compared against the wild-type (WT) strain，the ΔtolC mutant biofilm showed an increased relative content of DNA and protein, a significantly reduced polysaccharide content, and a higher proportion of dead bacteria during the early stages of biofilm development. The effect of tolC deletion on biofilm-associated gene expression were quantitatively analyzed using RT-qPCR, revealing altered expression of these genes at different stages of ΔtolC biofilm formation. Collectively, these findings preliminarily demonstrate that TolC is essential for G. anatis biofilm formation, particularly in early cell attachment. TolC positively regulates biofilm formation through multiple mechanisms, including the secretion of polysaccharides, quorum sensing, and two-component signaling systems. These insights provide a foundation for further exploration of TolC's role in G. anatis biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41228630, year = {2025}, author = {Polat Sagsoz, N and Orhan, F and Baris, O and Sagsoz, O}, title = {In Vitro Evaluation of Plant Antimicrobials Against Candida albicans Biofilm on Denture Base Materials: A Comparison with Chemical Denture Cleansers.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {17}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41228630}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {TAB-2021-9807//Atat&#xfc;rk University/ ; }, abstract = {Denture hygiene is crucial for preventing oral infections, with Candida albicans being a common fungal pathogen that can colonize denture surfaces. This in vitro study evaluated the adherence of C. albicans on two denture base materials-polyamide and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-and assessed the antifungal efficacy of various chemical and natural cleansers. A total of 100 polished specimens were inoculated with C. albicans and treated with chemical agents (Listerine at 2%, 20%, 50%; Corega[®], Block Drug Company, Jersey City, NJ, USA); Protefix[®], Queisser Pharma, Flensburg, Germany and natural products (15% apple vinegar, 2% tea tree oil, 2% peppermint oil) for different durations (5, 15, 30, 480 min). Chlorhexidine (2%) and untreated samples served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Corega[®] and 15% vinegar eliminated C. albicans within 5 min on both materials. 50% Listerine was effective after 5 min on PMMA but required 480 min on polyamide. Protefix[®] showed full efficacy in 5 min on PMMA and 30 min on polyamide. Tea tree oil required 30-480 min for activity, while peppermint oil showed minimal effect throughout. Under the tested conditions, Corega[®] appeared most effective. Natural cleansers, particularly vinegar and tea tree oil, also showed considerable anticandidal potential, suggesting they may serve as alternative agents for denture hygiene applications.}, }
@article {pmid41227976, year = {2025}, author = {Corrêa, PGL and Cruz-Araújo, SR and Freiria de Oliveira, CA and Silva, RRD and Oliveira, VC and Pagnano, VO and Silva-Lovato, CH and Galo, R and Stirke, A and Melo, WCMA and Macedo, AP}, title = {Evaluation of Colonization by Candida albicans and Biofilm Formation on 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins.}, journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41227976}, issn = {1996-1944}, support = {2024/19251-8//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2024/07622-1//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2024/06375-0//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2022/07162-5//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 405285/2021-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (CNPq)/ ; }, abstract = {Beyond mechanical performance and aesthetics, the susceptibility of 3D-printed resins to microbial colonization and biofilm formation represent an important factor influencing dentures' longevity. Therefore, this study evaluated Candida albicans colonization and mature biofilm formation on three different 3D-printed denture base resins (Bio Denture-BD; Denture Base Cosmos-CD; Smart Print Bio Denture-SP) and compared them to heat-curing resin (HC). Before the microbiological evaluation, the surface roughness (Sa) was assessed. Biofilm viability was determined through colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and biofilm morphology was qualitatively examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composition of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was investigated by measuring the amounts of carbohydrates (µg/mL), proteins (ng/mL), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) (fluorescence unit). One-way ANOVA was performed for eDNA and Sa and Kruskal-Wallis for the other properties (α = 0.05). Higher surface roughness mean values (standard deviation) (p < 0.05) were observed in CD [0.111 (0.013)] compared to HC [0.084 (0.018) and BD [0.078 (0.015)]. For wettability, BD [63.2 (5.2)] and SP [65.2 (3.1)] resins showed a greater wettability (p < 0.05) than HC resin [73.0 (3.5)], while SP showed lower (p < 0.01) protein levels (425 ng/mL) compared to HC (568.6 ng/mL) and BD (554.8 ng/mL) in the EPS. Despite these differences, the 3D-printed denture base resins exhibited microbial load (CFU/mL), EPS composition (carbohydrates and eDNA), and morphological features of C. albicans biofilm comparable to those of conventional heat-cured PMMA. These findings suggest that, despite resin-specific variations, 3D-printed denture base materials exhibit a similar susceptibility to C. albicans colonization and biofilm formation as conventional denture bases, thereby directing future research towards developing new 3D-printed resins with enhanced antimicrobial properties to improve clinical outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41227743, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, YM and Zhang, QY and Zhang, L and Bao, YL and Guo, YT and Huang, LR and He, RH and Ma, HL and Sun, DW}, title = {Inhibition of Quorum Sensing-Mediated Biofilm Formation and Spoilage Factors in Pseudomonas fluorescens by Plasma-Activated Water.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41227743}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {32202227//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023M731380//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 21JDG044//Senior Talent Program of Jiangsu University/ ; }, abstract = {Plasma-activated water (PAW) is an emerging disinfectant; however, its potential as a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) for biofilm control remains underexplored, and its action mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study investigated the effects of PAW on biofilm formation and spoilage factors secretion in Pseudomonas fluorescens under sub-inhibitory conditions. PAW generated by treating water for 60 s (PAW-60) reduced biofilm biomass by up to 1.29 log CFU/mL after 12 h incubation. It also completely inhibited protease production (100%) and decreased siderophore production by 31.87%. N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) was identified as the dominant signaling molecule, with its production decreasing by 34.34-84.07% following PAW treatments. Meanwhile, C4-HSL activity was significantly suppressed by 42.58-65.38%. An FTIR analysis revealed the formation of a new C=O group, indicating oxidative degradation of acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). Exogenous C4-HSL progressively restored the biofilm biomass, spoilage factors production, and QS-related gene expression levels, with no significant difference observed compared with the control at 0.05 µg/mL (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the inhibitory effects of PAW are primarily due to the disruption of AHLs transduction in the QS pathway. Molecular docking showed that the long-lived reactive species in PAW could bind to AHLs' synthetic protein (FadD1) and receptor protein (LuxR) via hydrogen bonding. PAW-60 reduced the spoilage activity of P. fluorescens inoculated into fish muscle juice and extended its shelf life from 8 to 10 days during storage at 4 °C. A strong positive correlation was observed between AHLs accumulation and the spoilage process. These findings demonstrate that PAW mitigates biofilm formation and food spoilage by blocking signaling transduction, which involves suppression of AHLs production, oxidative degradation of AHLs molecules, and disruption of AHLs recognition.}, }
@article {pmid41227568, year = {2025}, author = {Nan, A and Mituletu, M and Dumitrescu, G and Caraba, IV and Pet, I and Sinitean, A and Matica, MA and Liliana, PC and Pet, E and Popescu, R and Caraba, MN}, title = {Antimicrobial and Biofilm Inhibiting Potential of Two Romanian Linden Honeys.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41227568}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {C161000000118537000015/07.09.2021//Increasing the economic yield of honey by implementing an analysis and quality system/ ; }, abstract = {Honey is a traditional remedy, with its biologically active compounds being responsible for its properties. The aim of this study was to characterize linden honey from a physico-chemical point of view as well as its antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. Two samples of linden honey with different origins were subjected to physico-chemical analyses, including the determination of water content, impurities, dry matter, acidity, pH, reducing sugar content, total phenol content, flavonoids, antioxidant potency by DPPH, and mineral content. The microbiological analysis involved determining the inhibition rates of microbial growth and the antibiotic capacity of linden honey against ten standardized bacterial strains and five bacterial strains isolated from patients. The analyzed linden honey can be characterized based on physico-chemical parameters as having a slightly increased water content, moderate acidity, rich in antioxidants, and a balanced pH. The average concentrations of macroelements and microelements in the honey samples showed that potassium was the dominant mineral element, followed by calcium and magnesium. The heavy metal content was consistent with European and international standards. The chemical content of linden honey influenced its antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. In Gram-positive bacteria, inhibition rates were between 70.83 and 91.28% (sample A) and 71.14-90.16% (sample B) when applying concentration c1. For Gram-negative bacteria, values ranged between 63.91 and 78.30% (sample A) and 46.56-90.92% (sample B) at concentration c1. In bacterial strains isolated from patients, the inhibition rate values were between 75.42 and 85.69% (sample A) and 78.31-86.22% (sample B) when applying concentration c1. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential was highlighted in all bacterial strains studied, with differences occurring depending on the concentration of honey tested and the type of bacterial strain studied.}, }
@article {pmid41227566, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, D and Lee, JE and Rhee, MS and Shim, SM and Om, AS and Yu, H and Kook, M}, title = {Isolation of Biofilm-Forming Bacteria from Food Processing Equipment Surfaces and the Biofilm-Degrading Activity of Bacillus licheniformis YJE5.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41227566}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {RS-2022-RD010281//Rural Development Administration/ ; }, abstract = {Food processing environments are prone to microbial contamination, where biofilm formation by persistent bacteria reduces hygiene and food safety. In this study, 27 biofilm-forming bacterial strains were isolated from processing equipment surfaces, with the dominant strains identified as B. cereus LE3, B. cereus YJBR3, and P. cibi F25. An environmental isolate, B. licheniformis YJE5, exhibited no hemolytic activity and demonstrated strong enzymatic potential. Intracellular substances (ICS) extracted from B. licheniformis YJE5, isolated from a food processing environment, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by B. cereus LE3, B. cereus YJBR3, and P. cibi F25 by 47-53% and degraded pre-formed biofilms by 37-44%. Light and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed pronounced structural degradation of biofilms following ICS treatment. API ZYM analysis further revealed multiple hydrolytic enzymes, indicating that enzymatic hydrolysis is central to biofilm degradation. Whole-genome sequencing showed a 4.3 Mbp chromosome with diverse metabolic pathways but no antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, confirming the strain's safety. These findings suggest that B. licheniformis YJE5 represents a safe and eco-friendly candidate for controlling biofilm-associated contamination in food processing facilities.}, }
@article {pmid41225722, year = {2025}, author = {Zheng, Y and Li, S and Xue, J and Zhang, L and Wang, L and Zhao, Y and Zhang, W and Ma, W and Liu, J and Sun, Y and Sun, Y}, title = {ROS-induced allosteric modulation of NikR promotes Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation by attenuating FlgR-dependent inhibition of the molybdate transport system.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2589562}, pmid = {41225722}, issn = {2150-5608}, mesh = {*Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Helicobacter pylori/genetics/physiology ; Biofilms ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; *Molybdenum/metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Stomach Ulcer/microbiology ; Humans ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Nickel/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Mutation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation is crucial for its persistence and transmission, constituting a notable public health concern. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms driving biofilm initiation is vital for developing effective control strategies. This study reveals a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism where reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote H. pylori biofilm formation by modulating the key flagellar regulator FlgR and the molybdate transport system ModABD. We demonstrate that FlgR acts as a repressor of biofilm development. Mechanistically, FlgR inhibits the transcription of the modABD operon, essential for biofilm formation, by suppressing the activity of sigma factor σ[28]. Crucially, we identify the nickel-responsive regulator NikR as a repressor of flgR expression. ROS induces a conformational change in NikR, converting it to its DNA-binding holo-form, which directly binds the flgR promoter and represses its expression. This repression alleviates FlgR-mediated inhibition of σ[28], thereby de-repressing the modABD operon and facilitating the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth. Our findings uncover a previously unknown ROS-NikR-FlgR-σ[28]-ModABD signaling axis governing H. pylori biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41224325, year = {2026}, author = {Kono, A and Hobo, S}, title = {Inhibitory effect of fluoroquinolones against biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {30-36}, pmid = {41224325}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Cattle ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; *Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology ; *Milk/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy ; Cefazolin/pharmacology ; Enrofloxacin ; }, abstract = {Bovine mastitis may cause intractable, chronic infection in cases where the causative pathogen forms a biofilm; however, data are lacking on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilm in Japanese dairy herds, and the relative efficacy of antimicrobial agents to treat it. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the biofilm-forming potential of S. aureus isolates obtained from the milk of Holstein dairy cows with clinical mastitis, and to elucidate the effects of five clinically used antibiotic drugs against S. aureus biofilms. We found that 14/24 S. aureus isolates formed biofilm. All five antibiotic drugs demonstrated an inhibitory effect on S. aureus at the planktonic stage (based on minimum inhibitory concentrations); however, only the three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (orbifloxacin, enrofloxacin, and marbofloxacin) and cefazolin inhibited biofilm formation (based on minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations). However, none of the five antibiotics proved effective against formed biofilms (based on minimum biofilm-eradicating concentrations). Accordingly, we suggest that systemic fluoroquinolone antibiotic or intra-mammary cefazolin may prevent biofilm formation in mastitic cows infected with S. aureus, if administered at a sufficiently high concentration and a sufficiently early stage of the disease (before biofilms are actually formed), but that antibiotics may have little efficacy once the biofilm is established.}, }
@article {pmid41223465, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Fang, Y and Gong, W and Zhang, K and Wang, G and Xia, Y and Yu, M and Yang, X and Tian, J and Li, H and Xie, W and Xie, J and Li, Z}, title = {Genetically engineered microbes: A novel bidirectional regulator for biofilm in combatting aquatic nitrogen pollution.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {500}, number = {}, pages = {140446}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140446}, pmid = {41223465}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; *Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified/genetics ; Acyl-Butyrolactones/metabolism ; Bioreactors ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {Exogenously adding N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) can enhance the performance of wastewater biofilm, but their cost limits their use. In this study, four genetically engineered microbes (GEMs), including two quorum sensing (QS) GEMs (luxL and luxM) and two quorum quenching (QQ) GEMs (aiiA and aiiO), were constructed through genetic recombination technology. Sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBR) were employed to evaluate their bidirectional regulatory effects on biofilm formation. QS-GEMs could secrete various AHLs, increasing the biofilm formation index (BFI) amount by 42.4-171.5 %. Conversely, QQ-GEMs could degrade AHLs, reducing biofilm formation index amount by 45.8-65.6 %, thus limiting and balancing biofilm and QS mechanisms. QS-GEMs enhanced gene expression key to biofilm formation (algI and bapA), denitrification (NosZ, NirS and NapA), and AHLs synthesis (lasI, rpfF and rpfB), improving biofilm thickness and nitrogen pollutant removal, reducing start-up time by 42.85 %. In comparison with AHLs, QS - engineered bacteria not only exhibited a more persistent and stable biofilm - strengthening effect but also were able to delay biofilm aging. Preliminary environmental risk assessment of GEMs suggested manageable risks, but further investigation under real aquatic ecosystem conditions is necessary to substantiate their safety. This study presented a novel solution for replacing traditional exogenous AHLs methods and enhancing biofilm denitrification.}, }
@article {pmid41222309, year = {2025}, author = {Hussein, M and Crawford, S and Baker, M and Floyd, H and Allobawi, R and Blaskovich, MAT and Rao, GG and Zuegg, J and Li, J and Velkov, T}, title = {Hyperforin potentiates polymyxin B against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens via membrane disruption, biofilm eradication, and oxidative stress.}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, pages = {e0100725}, pmid = {41222309}, issn = {1098-6596}, mesh = {*Polymyxin B/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Phloroglucinol/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Bacterial Outer Membrane/drug effects ; Humans ; Terpenes ; }, abstract = {The escalating spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii, has severely undermined the efficacy of polymyxin B, one of the few remaining last-line antibiotics. Here, we identify hyperforin, a natural product derived from Hypericum perforatum, as a potent polymyxin B adjuvant capable of restoring its antibacterial activity against clinical Gram-negative isolates with high-level polymyxin resistance. Using a suite of in vitro assays, including fractional inhibitory concentration index, time-kill kinetics, biofilm eradication, membrane integrity assays, and ultrastructural imaging of the bacterial outer membrane, we show that hyperforin significantly enhances polymyxin B-mediated bacterial killing. Microscopy and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine uptake are consistent with membrane perturbation, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species is consistent with oxidative stress under combination treatment. Taken together, these orthogonal readouts support a working model of complementary membrane perturbation and oxidative stress. Remarkably, the observed synergistic effects occur at concentrations potentially achievable in the epithelial lining fluid of the lungs, providing a testable rationale for localized lung delivery (e.g., via a dry-powder inhaler). These findings unveil a promising therapeutic strategy that repurposes a bioactive phytochemical to potentiate polymyxins against otherwise untreatable polymyxin-resistant MDR Gram-negative infections.}, }
@article {pmid41221705, year = {2025}, author = {Vijay, D and Bedi, JS and Dhaka, P and Singh, R and Arora, AK and Gill, JPS}, title = {Mapping Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Biofilm Production of Dairy Farm Associated Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus aureus From Punjab, India.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {11}, pages = {e70089}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70089}, pmid = {41221705}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {ICAR/Edn.10(8)/2016-EP&amp;HS//Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ ; }, mesh = {India/epidemiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Milk/microbiology ; Prevalence ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/epidemiology/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/genetics/enzymology ; *Coagulase/metabolism ; Farms ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects/genetics ; Dairying ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is an increasing concern in dairy production. Using a One Health approach, this cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus from pooled bovine milk, animal handler hand swabs, and herd slurry collected from 405 farms across Punjab, India. The prevalence of coagulase-positive S. aureus was highest in hand swabs (43.7%), followed by milk (30.1%) and slurry (17.5%). Phenotypic resistance varied by source: milk isolates showed the greatest resistance to cefoxitin (37.7%) and penicillin (36.9%); hand swab isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (42.9%) and tetracycline (36.7%); and slurry isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (66.2%) and cefoxitin (59.2%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 45.9% of milk, 60.5% of hand swabs, and 92.9% of slurry isolates. MRSA was detected in 6.6% of milk, 2.8% of hand swab, and 1.4% of slurry isolates, with SCCmec type V as the most common type. Genotypic screening identified blaZ, mecA, tetK, ermC, and aacA-aphD, with the highest genotype-phenotype concordance for tetracycline resistance. Biofilm assays showed 94.9% of isolates formed biofilms; 28.4% were strong producers. MDR milk isolates showed the highest strong biofilm capacity (39.3%). This study underscores the need for integrated AMR surveillance and improved dairy biosecurity.}, }
@article {pmid41221326, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, Y and Lou, J and Fang, Y and Ying, S}, title = {Potential roles and mechanisms of bacterial peptidylarginine deiminase in dental biofilm mediated by Porphyromonas gingivalis.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2578893}, pmid = {41221326}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone oral pathogen, secretes the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), which catalyzes protein citrullination and is implicated in both dental biofilm formation and the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory diseases.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on PPAD, with a specific focus on its mechanistic roles in oral biofilm dynamics and its potential contribution to the development of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<br><br>DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed database up to August 2025, employing keywords including 'PPAD', 'Porphyromonas gingivalis', 'citrullination', 'dental biofilm', 'periodontitis', and 'rheumatoid arthritis'.<br><br>RESULTS: PPAD contributes critically to biofilm pathogenicity by modulating microbial pH, citrullinating virulence factors, and facilitating polymicrobial interactions. It promotes bacterial adhesion, disrupts host immunity, and sustains local inflammation. Systemically, PPAD-generated citrullinated antigens may trigger autoimmune responses, potentially linking periodontitis to RA.<br><br>CONCLUSION: PPAD represents a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for mitigating oral-systemic disease progression. Future research should prioritize elucidating its spatiotemporal regulation within biofilms and its immune-dysregulating effects to guide precision interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41220096, year = {2025}, author = {Shadique, SA and Ferdous, FB and Ashraf, MN and Rimi, SS and Kabir, M and Rahman, MT and Islam, MS}, title = {Food Safety Threats: Molecular Surveillance, Antibiogram and Virulence Profiling of Biofilm Forming Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladeshi Restaurants.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e70157}, pmid = {41220096}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//The authors extend their appreciation to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh for the National Science and Technology (NST) fellowship and Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES-2024)./ ; }, mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Restaurants ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bangladesh ; Virulence/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; *Food Safety ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a notable public health bacterium since it can thrive on high-touch surfaces in restaurants. This study aimed to isolate E. faecalis, conduct antibiogram to determine resistance patterns, explore the virulence profile and observe biofilm-forming properties. A total of 90 samples were collected from BAU restaurants, including high-touch surfaces and popular food items. Initial isolation employed culture-based method followed by Gram's staining technique and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation was achieved via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ddlE. faecalis gene specific for E. faecalis. Antibiogram was performed using the Disc Diffusion Test for commonly used antibiotics. Genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence profile were also explored by PCR. Lastly, the Congo Red (CR) test was done to examine the biofilm-forming isolates. Results indicated a prevalence (30%) of E. faecalis in both food and surface samples, with higher contamination rates in crowded areas. Antibiogram revealed high resistance to Penicillin (100%) and moderate to low resistance towards Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol. Shockingly, blaTEM gene was found in 81.48% of isolates, and 18.51% were detected as multidrug-resistant. We found a very high prevalence of the virulence genes fsrA, fsrB, fsrC, gelE, pil, agg, and ace. Finally, the CR test revealed 33.33% and 44.44% isolates as strong and intermediate biofilm formers respectively. This study reinforces the significance of routine surveillance in combating the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain and the prospective use of E. faecalis as a contamination marker.}, }
@article {pmid41219348, year = {2025}, author = {Rahimbakhsh, A and Seyfahmadi, M and Souldozi, A and Hakimelahi, R and Alikhani, MY and Kafilzadeh, F}, title = {Effect of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles on expression of biofilm-associated bap gene in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {39543}, pmid = {41219348}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, particularly Acinetobacter baumannii, poses a significant threat to global health due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics, biofilm-forming capacity, and associated poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of 1,3,4-oxadiazole against A. baumannii, focusing on biofilm-related challenges and gene expression. A one-step, high-yield method was used to synthesize the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Thirteen A. baumannii isolates were collected from clinical samples and assessed for biofilm formation using microtiter plate assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1,3,4-oxadiazole were evaluated following CLSI guidelines. PCR was used to detect the presence of biofilm-associated (bap) gene. The inhibitory effect of 1,3,4-oxadiazole on biofilm formation and bap gene expression (using RT-qPCR) was assessed, alongside cytotoxicity testing on the A549 lung cancer cell line. Among eight selected clinical isolates, 100% were MDR, exhibiting high resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Biofilm assays classified the isolates as strong, moderate, or weak producers, with the presence of the bap gene significantly associated with biofilm formation (p < 0.05). MIC and MBC values of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ranged from 7.81–31.25 µg/ml and 7.81–62.5 µg/ml, respectively. Sub-MIC concentrations significantly inhibited biofilm formation (43–79% reduction) and downregulated bap expression (log2-fold change: 0.24–4.13). Cytotoxicity analysis confirmed no significant effects on A549 cells at 15.62 and 7.81 µg (p = 0.085). 1,3,4-Oxadiazole exhibits significant antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against MDR A. baumannii, effectively targeting biofilm-associated genes and demonstrating a favorable safety profile. These findings highlight the potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole as a promising candidate for combating MDR infections and biofilm-related complications.}, }
@article {pmid41218696, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, T and Zhang, F and Liu, H and Ma, F and Yu, Y and Sun, D and Ren, J and Wang, W and Elsabahy, M and Gao, H}, title = {Fusobacterium nucleatum-targeted polymeric micelles disrupting biofilm-immune crosstalk for precision colorectal cancer immunotherapy.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {388}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {114400}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114400}, pmid = {41218696}, issn = {1873-4995}, mesh = {*Fusobacterium nucleatum/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy/immunology/drug therapy ; Micelles ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; *Catechin/analogs &amp; derivatives/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry/pharmacology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Rifampin/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects ; Mice ; Polymers/chemistry ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Female ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; Mice, Nude ; }, abstract = {Targeted eradication of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)-dominated biofilms within the colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment emerges as a promising strategy to overcome bacterial resistance and reverse immunosuppression. Herein, pH-responsive biofilm-targeting polymeric micelles (ERPNPs) are developed to disrupt biofilm-immune crosstalk for CRC immunotherapy. The ERPNPs are constructed by co-loading rifampicin (RIF) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, a biofilm-dispersing agent) into self-assembled polymeric micelles incorporating a FadA-targeting peptide (Pep) for specific biofilm recognition. At physiological pH, the polyethylene glycol shell facilitates efficient tumor accumulation of ERPNPs, while in the acidic tumor microenvironment, protonation of poly(β-amino ester) (PAE) segments trigger conformational switching, exposing the Pep for specific recognition of Fn biofilms through FadA-Pep ligand-receptor interactions, accompanied by pH-responsive release of RIF and EGCG. In vitro experiments demonstrate that ERPNPs can efficiently scavenge Fn biofilms via pH-dependent and FadA-Pep-mediated targeted adhesion. In vivo studies further reveal their excellent biocompatibility, robust biofilm-scavenging, and anti-tumor activities. Mechanistically, ERPNPs eradicate Fn biofilms and reduce immunosuppressive polyamine metabolites, thereby eliciting systemic immune responses characterized by M1 macrophage polarization, suppressed recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and enhanced T-cell infiltration, ultimately potentiating anti-tumor efficacy. Overall, this study provides an innovative strategy for targeted elimination of intra-tumoral pathogens and reversal of CRC-related immunosuppression.}, }
@article {pmid41218072, year = {2025}, author = {Iwuchukwu, NC and Costa, ACBPD and Law, C and Kim, MJ and Mitchell, AP and Whiteway, M}, title = {Characterization of ORF19.7608 (PPP1), a biofilm-induced gene of Candida albicans.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e0335473}, pmid = {41218072}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; }, abstract = {The opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans is an important cause of nosocomial infections, in large part because of its propensity to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices such as catheters. The formation of these biofilms is controlled by a complex transcriptional network and involves over a thousand genes, many of which are uncharacterized. We have investigated three genes (ORF19.4654, ORF19.7608, and PBR1), found only in C. albicans and closely related species, that are highly induced under biofilm conditions and encode small proteins with N-terminal signal sequences. Through the construction of fluorescent protein fusions, we have examined the location of the encoded proteins in both planktonic and biofilm cells. Orf19.4654-Scarlet and Pbr1-Scarlet were localized to the vacuole under both conditions. In contrast, the Orf19.7608-GFP fusion generated a punctate pattern only under biofilm conditions and was designated Ppp1 (Punctate Pattern Protein 1). The Ppp1-GFP puncta were similar in location, stability, and size to those formed by the eisosome subunit Sur7, but co-localization studies suggest that Ppp1 and Sur7 define separate elements. The PPP1 mutation does not cause a distinct phenotype under various stress conditions or in the presence of antifungals and does not impact biofilm formation and biomass. These data suggest that while the expression and cellular localization of Ppp1 appear controlled by conditions generating biofilms, and define a unique subcellular localization pattern, Ppp1 protein function is not essential for biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41217015, year = {2025}, author = {Câmpelo Lago, E and Vasconcelos, AG and Rodrigues de Araújo-Nobre, A and Salmen Espindola, L and Quelemes, PV and Arcanjo, DDR and Lucarini, M and Durazzo, A and Leite, JRSA}, title = {Natural pigments as eco-friendly staining agents: evaluation of β-carotene-rich carrot and betanin-rich beetroot extracts for bacterial biofilm visualisation.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2584437}, pmid = {41217015}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {This study aimed to obtain a β-carotene-rich extract from carrot (CEC) and a betanin-rich extract from beetroot (BEB) and to assess their staining capacity on bacterial biofilms. The extracts were analysed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC. Strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were cultured to form biofilms, which were subsequently stained with the extracts. Photographs were taken after biofilm staining via optical microscopy. The UV-Vis spectrum of CEC revealed bands at 477 nm and 450 nm, whereas BEB exhibited at 534 nm and 482 nm. The HPLC chromatogram of CEC showed peaks at retention times (RT) of 14.13 and 15.07 min. In contrast, BEB displayed a relatively simple profile at an RT of 21.09 min. Images indicated that CEC had a more effective staining capacity than BEB, particularly in Gram-negative strains. These findings suggest that CEC could be further explored in microbial identification protocols.}, }
@article {pmid41215967, year = {2025}, author = {Sureendar, B and Gunasekaran, V and Ganapathy, D and Sathishkumar, P}, title = {Possible applicability of flavonoid hesperetin for the treatment of dental biofilm-forming Candida glabrata.}, journal = {Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {1799-1805}, pmid = {41215967}, issn = {2212-4268}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor for Candida glabrata because it forms an extracellular matrix that prevents antifungal passage, which resists antifungal agents and causes treatment failure. To overcome this, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of phytocompounds as an alternative choice in eliminating dental biofilm-forming C. glabrata.<br><br>METHOD: The antifungal potential of various phytocompounds against C. glabrata was evaluated through zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies. The antibiofilm potential of phytocompounds was evaluated against C. glabrata and confirmed through CV staining, MTT assay and CLSM analysis. The biocompatibility of hesperetin was checked by hemocompatibility test on human RBCs.<br><br>RESULTS: Quercetin, morin, rutin, naringin, and hesperetin exhibits antifungal activity towards C. glabrata. Hesperetin shows slightly higher antifungal activity (ZOI: 14.6&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.57&#xa0;mm and MIC: 0.3&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.01&#xa0;mM) for C. glabrata, compared to other tested phytocompounds. The 100&#xa0;% deadness of C. glabrata cells in biofilm was observed at 2MIC (0.6&#xa0;mM) of hesperetin. Interestingly, hesperetin demonstrates acceptable level hemolysis (5&#xa0;%) on RBCs up to 10&#xa0;mM.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that hesperetin is a novel natural antifungal agent capable of effectively inhibiting the biofilm-forming C. glabrata, with the potential for development into safe, phyto-based therapeutics for managing dental infections.}, }
@article {pmid41215761, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Liu, Y and Jiang, L and Liu, T and Zhang, Z and Gong, P and Yi, H}, title = {Polydopamine-chitosan coated biofilm-state Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SB27 as a living band-aid for targeted colitis therapy.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {102460}, pmid = {41215761}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic intestinal inflammation and epithelial barrier disruption. While probiotics offer therapeutic potential, planktonic (PLA) forms suffer from poor viability, limited adhesion, and suboptimal efficacy. Biofilm-state (BIO) probiotics can exert probiotic functions effectively, yet inflammation impairs the conditions necessary for probiotics to form biofilm in the intestine. Direct delivery of biofilm-state probiotics offers a more effective strategy. Here, an innovative probiotic targeted delivery system is developed by integrating biofilm-state Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SB27 with a rationally designed dual-coating composed of polydopamine (PDA) and chitosan (CS) (BIO@PCS). This system enables pH-responsive release of probiotics and selective adhesion to ulcerated colonic sites, mimicking a biological "band-aid". In DSS-induced colitis model, BIO@PCS achieves superior mucosal targeting and prolonged retention compared to planktonic or uncoated forms. Upon reaching inflamed tissue, the biofilm-state L. paracasei SB27 rapidly forms a bacterial barrier that reinforces all four intestinal barriers and mitigates local inflammation. This approach effectively shields damaged mucosa from further injury and stabilizes the microenvironment. By enhancing both delivery efficiency and therapeutic performance, this strategy represents a dual-optimized, biofilm-based platform for IBD treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41214946, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, YM and Zhang, L and Bao, Y and Guo, Y and Ma, H and He, R and Bourke, P and Sun, DW}, title = {The inhibitory mechanisms of plasma-activated water on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens by disrupting quorum sensing.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {117436}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117436}, pmid = {41214946}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas fluorescens/drug effects/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Water/pharmacology ; *Plasma Gases/pharmacology ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The use of plasma-activated water (PAW) to inactivate microorganisms in the food industry has attracted wide attention, while the research of PAW as a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) to mitigate biofilm is quite limited, and the molecular mechanisms have not been reported. In this study, PAW treatments under sub-inhibitory conditions of Pseudomonas fluorescens were selected, and no inhibitory effects on bacterial viable counts or growth curves were observed. Whereas biofilm biomass was significantly reduced by 28.38 % to 43.53 % during the 12 to 72 h incubation after PAW-60 treatment (P < 0.05). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was decreased, with a maximal reduction of 57.38 % in extracellular proteins, 53.43 % in polysaccharides, and 86.71 % in extracellular DNA compared to the control. Microscopic analyses evidenced that the biofilm became looser and thinner after PAW treatment. The surface properties of P. fluorescens, including hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and surface potential, were significantly declined by 31.15 %, 25.67 %, and 47.3 % respectively, after PAW-60 treatment at 12 h. Both swarming and swimming abilities of P. fluorescens were completely repressed by PAW-60 at 12 h. Moreover, PAW-60 significantly reduced QS signaling molecules production of AHLs and AI-2 by 46.98 % and 35.72 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR demonstrated that PAW-60 suppressed chemotaxis and flagella assembly gene expression levels and downregulated genes related to the QS pathway, including the synthesis (FadD1) and receptor (LuxR) of AHLs, and transporter protein genes of AI-2 (RbsA, RbsC). This study revealed the molecular mechanisms of PAW inhibition on biofilm formation of P. fluorescens by interfering with the QS pathway.}, }
@article {pmid41214944, year = {2025}, author = {Katarina, MG and Mirjana, G&#x17d; and Olgica, SD and Katarina, &#x106; and Ivana, R and Vojislav, D and Djilas, MD and Stefan, M}, title = {Microbial profiling of artisanal goat milk and cheese: Insights into virulence traits, metabolic activity, and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {117434}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117434}, pmid = {41214944}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Goats ; Animals ; *Cheese/microbiology ; *Milk/microbiology ; *Food Microbiology ; Virulence ; Fermentation ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; *Bacteria/metabolism/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; }, abstract = {This study provides a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bacterial isolates from traditionally produced goat cheese and raw goat milk, with a focus on attributes relevant to food safety and public health. The isolates exhibited substantial physiological and metabolic diversity, notably in carbohydrate fermentation patterns and proteolytic activity. While Escherichia coli strains typically demonstrated complete sugar fermentation, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas spp. were characterized by proteolytic metabolism and, in some cases, hydrogen sulfide production. Molecular analysis identified virulence genes (stx1, stx2, hlyA) in several E. coli isolates, although the eaeA gene was absent. Hemolytic activity (α- and β-hemolysis) was detected in opportunistic species including P. mirabilis, Pseudomonas spp., and Raoultella aquatilis, reinforcing their pathogenic potential of this. Importantly, no isolates produced histamine from histidine, suggesting a lower risk of biogenic amine formation and associated food safety concerns. Biofilm formation, a critical factor in microbial persistence and resistance to sanitation, was influenced by temperature and time, with notably stronger biofilms at 37 °C. Strains such as Enterobacter cloacae GC-2 and E. coli GC-40 consistently demonstrated high biofilm-forming capacity, indicating their potential to survive in dairy processing environments. These results highlight significant microbiological risks in minimally processed artisanal dairy products and underscore the need for targeted preventive controls. Implementing integrated microbial monitoring, combining phenotypic assessment with molecular diagnostics, can improve the detection of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Such strategies are essential for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of traditional dairy products, ultimately supporting public health protection.}, }
@article {pmid41214926, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Z and Wang, J and Gao, Y and Zhang, H and Liu, Y and Xia, X and Li, W and Yan, L and Dong, Q}, title = {Impact of temperature fluctuation on biofilm formation and removal of different Listeria monocytogenes strains in ice cream processing environments.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {117416}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117416}, pmid = {41214926}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Listeria monocytogenes/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Ice Cream/microbiology ; *Food Handling/methods ; Stainless Steel ; *Temperature ; *Food Microbiology ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive foodborne pathogen, can form biofilms on abiotic surfaces in food processing environments, thereby enhancing its persistence and contamination potential. In recent years, frequent outbreaks of L. monocytogenes contamination in ice cream have imposed significant burdens on public health and the economy. This study aimed to characterize biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes ST8 and ATCC 19112 on stainless steel (SS) surfaces at incubation temperatures of 5 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C within an ice cream matrix, and to investigate the stress resistance of mature biofilms against thermal and chemical disinfectant treatments. Results showed that biofilm formation rates and viable cell counts in mature biofilms of L. monocytogenes at 5 °C were significantly lower than those at 15 °C and 25 °C. Bacterial motility increased with rising incubation temperature. Temperature and strain had no significant effect on extracellular DNA (eDNA) secretion, but induced differences in extracellular protein and exopolysaccharide production. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images revealed that mature biofilms formed at 5 °C exhibited more compact and uniform structures than those at 15 °C and 25 °C. Additionally, biofilm volume, roughness and porosity increased with increasing incubation temperature, while thickness decreased. In terms of stress resistance, low-temperature-formed mature biofilms showed enhanced tolerance to heat and chemical disinfectants. Clean-in-Place (CIP) procedures can effectively eliminate the majority of viable cells in mature biofilms. Additionally, strain-specific variations influenced biofilm characteristics, with ST8 generally demonstrating higher biofilm-forming capacity, motility, and stress resistance than ATCC 19112. Collectively, temperature and strain are primary determinants of L. monocytogenes biofilm properties and stress resistance. This study provides insights into safety issues related to L. monocytogenes biofilms in ice cream processing environments, facilitating the development of targeted control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41214053, year = {2025}, author = {Manna, T and Dey, S and Karmakar, M and Jana, D and Guchhait, KC and Hazra, S and Ballav, S and Paria, S and Zanchi, FB and Hossain, M and Panda, AK and Ghosh, C}, title = {Flavonoids interfere with biofilm formation by targeting diguanylate cyclases in multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {39312}, pmid = {41214053}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio cholerae/drug effects/enzymology/physiology ; *Flavonoids/pharmacology/chemistry ; Flavanones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Flavonols ; *Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/chemistry ; Humans ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Rise of antibiotic resistance has led to increased treatment failures in severe cholera cases across the globe. The etiological agent Vibrio cholerae is known for its ability to persist in human gut and environmental settings through biofilm formation. Consequently, the targeting of biofilms is suggested as a viable alternative approach to address the pathogen alongside the rising challenge of drug resistance. Anti-biofilm efficacies of two flavonoids baicalein and fisetin were explored. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) were 40 and 30 µg/mL and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) were 70 and 50 µg/mL for baicalein and fisetin respectively against studied multidrug resistant high biofilm-forming V. cholerae strains. Additionally, both the flavonoids were able to reduce accessory adhesion factors like auto-aggregation abilities, cell surface hydrophobicity of V. cholerae. Disintegration of biofilm moieties post treatment with flavonoids were visualized by scanning electron and atomic force microscope. Fisetin displayed greater efficacy than baicalein in both the studied strains. Both the flavonoids could reduce gene expressions levels of biofilm regulatory DGCs viz., cdgA, cdgH, cdgK, cdgL, cdgM and vpvC and three important biofilm regulators vpsR, vpsT and aphA that correspond to intercellular cyclic-di-GMP levels in V. cholerae. Besides, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies also demonstrated superiority of fisetin over baicalein in targeting the DGC active site, potentially explaining its enhanced biofilm suppression. Presence of hydroxyl groups at C3, C4, C7, and C3' positions for fisetin could be the underlying reason as the therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids is significantly contributed by the arrangement of hydroxyl groups. The present study gains its prominence by documenting, maiden insights on the capacity of studied flavonoids to target DGCs and interfere c-di-GMP signalling pathways, to exert their anti-biofilm properties.}, }
@article {pmid41213994, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, J and Liu, Z and Xie, J and Yan, J}, title = {The dual-species biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens exhibited enhanced resistance to disinfectants.}, journal = {NPJ science of food}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {220}, pmid = {41213994}, issn = {2396-8370}, support = {No. SKLDB2023-007//the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology/ ; }, abstract = {Multi-species biofilms present a greater threat to the dairy industry than single-species biofilms due to their complex characteristics. This study examined the formation of biofilms by dairy contaminants Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens (single/co-culture) on stainless steel, and their resistance to chlorine dioxide and quaternary ammonium compounds. The findings indicated that the dual-species biofilm exhibited significantly higher biomass, cell activity, and extracellular polymeric substances production than single-species biofilms, along with a denser biofilm structure in dual-species biofilm and increased resistance to both disinfectants. Remarkably, relative quantification analysis using RT-qPCR revealed an interaction: the presence of P. fluorescens markedly upregulated the icaA and icaD genes in S. aureus. This genetic modulation was directly correlated with increased production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion and EPS, which are crucial for biofilm maturation and structural integrity. This study offers a theoretical foundation for the hazard control of multi-species biofilms in the dairy industry.}, }
@article {pmid41213229, year = {2025}, author = {Su, J and Chen, S and Huang, Z and He, H and Zou, H and Huang, X and Xie, Y and Zhao, H and Xu, Z and Lei, T and Li, J and Zeng, H}, title = {Phage-conjugated chlorin e6: A strategy overcoming phage resistance in biofilm eradication and wound infection therapy of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology}, volume = {273}, number = {}, pages = {113302}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113302}, pmid = {41213229}, issn = {1873-2682}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology/virology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Porphyrins/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Chlorophyllides ; Mice ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; *Wound Infection/therapy/drug therapy/microbiology ; Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy/therapy ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Phage Therapy ; *Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) frequently causes biofilm-related infections that can exhibit extreme resistance to antibiotic therapy. Phage therapy shows promise as an alternative treatment, yet bacteria may develop resistance to it with prolonged use. Phage-photosensitizer combination therapy represents a novel antimicrobial strategy. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of chlorin e6-functionalized phage in eradicating biofilms and treating CRAB infections, and to assess its sustained after effect following the emergence of phage resistance. The A. baumannii phage (ABP)-chlorin e6 conjugate (ABP-Ce6) was successfully synthesized and characterized. It preserved the phage's absorptive capacity and lytic activity while enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, ABP-Ce6 demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity comparable to ABP while exceeding that of Ce6, and showed superior performance in both inhibiting biofilm formation and disrupting existing biofilms in CRAB Ab1513. Significantly, although ABP exhibited no efficacy against the phage-resistant CRAB Ab1513-BIM12 due to its inability to achieve irreversible adsorption, the ABP-Ce6 maintained potent antibacterial and biofilm ablation effects against this strain, outperforming free Ce6. This sustained efficacy arises from ABP's reversible adsorption, which still enables proximity-driven Ce6 delivery to the target bacteria. In vivo, the ABP-Ce6 significantly enhanced mice wound healing for infections caused by CRAB Ab1513 and Ab1513-BIM12. In conclusion, ABP-Ce6 exhibits significant efficacy as a therapeutic agent against CRAB infections even after the bacteria develop resistance to phage therapy. This novel strategy may serve as a hopeful complementary strategy to phage therapy, thereby reducing delays in screening for new therapeutic phages.}, }
@article {pmid41212320, year = {2025}, author = {Rabani, HM and Isazadeh, K and Ghasemi, MF and Habibi, A}, title = {Novel dual-targeting of biofilm formation and pyocyanin production in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates using glutamine-modified thiosemicarbazone-conjugated ZnO nanoparticles.}, journal = {Discover nano}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {202}, pmid = {41212320}, issn = {2731-9229}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with chronic and hard-to-treat infections, particularly in burn units and immunocompromised patients. Its intrinsic and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics poses a major therapeutic challenge. While ZnO nanoparticles conjugated with thiosemicarbazone (TSC) have shown promise in general antimicrobial applications, their potential for simultaneously inhibiting biofilm formation and pyocyanin production-key virulence factors-in clinical P. aeruginosa strains remains unexplored. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal route and conjugated with a glutamine-modified TSC ligand (ZnO@Glu-TSC) to enhance their antimicrobial efficacy. The nanoconjugate was comprehensively characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Functional evaluations were conducted against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, biofilm inhibition, and pyocyanin suppression assays. ZnO@Glu-TSC nanoparticles exhibited a sharp UV-Vis absorption peak at 380 nm with a band gap of 3.26 eV, and XRD confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of ~ 19.8 nm. The nanoconjugate demonstrated significantly enhanced antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL and synergistic effects in 70% of clinical isolates (FIC ≤ 0.5, p < 0.01). Biofilm inhibition assays revealed an 80% reduction in biomass (OD values approaching those of the negative control), while pyocyanin production decreased by more than 75% at 512 µg/mL (p < 0.001). These results represent the first demonstration of ZnO@Glu-TSC's dual antivirulence action against clinical P. aeruginosa strains, underscoring its therapeutic promise as a potent, multi-targeted nanoantimicrobial candidate and warranting further development for translational nanomedicine applications in combating persistent infections.}, }
@article {pmid41212219, year = {2025}, author = {Datta, D and Bhattacharjee, S}, title = {Biosurfactants as novel antibiofilm agents: mechanisms, biomedical applications, and applications in biofilm-associated infections.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {1}, pages = {6}, pmid = {41212219}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Animals ; Bacteria/drug effects ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Biosurfactants ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-related infections represent a long-standing problem in clinical and industrial environments because of their innate resistance to standard antimicrobials. Biosurfactants, which are amphiphilic and biodegradable compounds made by microorganisms, are showing great promise as anti-biofilm agents due to their wide-ranging antimicrobial effects and minimal toxicity. They function by reducing bacterial adhesion, destabilizing the structural integrity of the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, and enhancing membrane permeability, which may ultimately lead to cell lysis. The multifunctional characteristics of biosurfactants facilitate a wide range of biomedical applications such as medical device coatings, drug delivery systems, synergistic antimicrobial formulations, and vaccine adjuvants. Their compatibility with the environment makes them promising alternatives to synthetic surfactants. However, limitations such as low production yields, expensive purification, and regulatory uncertainties are deterring large-scale commercial usage at present. Future studies need to be directed towards metabolic and genetic engineering approaches to increase the yield of biosurfactants, utilize omics tools to define their specific mechanisms, and use nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for enhanced biofilm disruption. Biosurfactants thus represent a sustainable and innovative solution against biofilm-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41211371, year = {2025}, author = {Fang, L and Herrera-Herrera, A and Harris-Ricardo, J and Olier-Castillo, D and Fortich-Mesa, N and Hoyos-Hoyos, V}, title = {Exploring the Oral Microbiome in the Dental Biofilm of Children with Caries from Vulnerable Communities in Cartagena, Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study.}, journal = {International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {1211-1216}, pmid = {41211371}, issn = {0974-7052}, abstract = {AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To explore the oral microbiome in the cariogenic dental biofilm in children from vulnerable communities in Cartagena, Colombia.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prevalence study that included 75 children aged 5-8 from three vulnerable communities in Cartagena, Colombia. Taking into account the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), calibrated examiners diagnosed all participants with dental caries. Samples of dental biofilm were obtained from carious tooth surfaces; extraction of bacterial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was performed, and sequenced V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene. Statistical analyses were conducted at the genus and species levels. Microbial diversity was analyzed using the Shannon diversity index.<br><br>RESULTS: The most prevalent bacterial genera identified were Streptococcus (probe 4), Lactobacillus (probe 5), Streptococcus (probe 1), and Fusobacterium (probe 4). The most abundant species identified were Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Leptotrichia sp. HOT 417. A comparison of relative species abundance showed a more significant presence of Parascardovia denticolens, S. mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus in extensive cavitated carious lesions (p < 0.001). The oral biofilm exhibited richness in bacterial species, as the &#x3b1;-Shannon index of 3.02 (SD 0.36) indicated.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The oral microbiome in the cariogenic dental biofilm in children from vulnerable communities in Cartagena shows high bacterial diversity, with specific species significantly associated with extensive cavitated lesions.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the microbial diversity and specific bacterial associations in carious lesions provides valuable insights for developing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.<br><br>HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Fang L, Herrera-Herrera A, Harris-Ricardo J, et al. Exploring the Oral Microbiome in the Dental Biofilm of Children with Caries from Vulnerable Communities in Cartagena, Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1211-1216.}, }
@article {pmid41210938, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmad, AAM and El-Naenaeey, EY and Aloufi, AS and Khalifa, EK and Khamis, T and Elmowalid, GA and El-Hamid, MIA}, title = {Thymoquinone/β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, a novel plant-derived combination, inhibited quorum sensing signaling pathways and disrupted biofilm in Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1686764}, pmid = {41210938}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Benzoquinones/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Acetylglucosaminidase/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nigella sativa/chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disrupting Staphylococcus aureus S. aureusbiofilms is of utmost importance in the medical field. Identifying herbal compounds, especially those comprising enzymes, with antibacterial and biofilm-degrading properties offers a promising alternative to conventional biofilm inhibitors. The present study explored the novel effects of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), an enzyme derived from jack beans, in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting established biofilms. Furthermore, it investigated the potential effects of combining NAGase with thymoquinone (TQ) extracted from Nigella sativa seeds.<br><br>METHODS: S. aureus isolates with robust biofilm formation were selected using a quantitative microtiter plate method. The effect of TQ and/or NAGase on the growth and dispersion of existing biofilms was evaluated using a crystal violet staining assay in a microtiter plate. The study also investigated their impact on quorum sensing (QS) molecules (agrA, agrC, and sarA) and icaA, agr, and atl gene regulation using computational modeling and real-time PCR analysis, respectively.<br><br>RESULTS: Treatment with NAGase (2.5 U/mL) and TQ [1&#xd7; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)] significantly reduced existing biofilms in multidrug-resistant and strong biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates by 40.9%-65.6% and 30.9%-69.3%, respectively. Notably, combining TQ and NAGase led to a greater reduction of established biofilm (61.8%-73.8%) compared to the untreated controls. Computer simulations revealed that the TQ ligand was a potent inhibitor of QS molecules, binding tightly to agrA and sarA. Notably, NAGase, whether used alone or in conjunction with TQ, led to a decrease in the expression of the atl, icaA, and agr genes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The combination of TQ and NAGase is a promising antibiofilm agent in S. aureus, offering several advantages over traditional options. It effectively targets both QS pathways and breaks down polysaccharide intercellular adhesins, in addition to exhibiting antibacterial properties to combat bacteria within existing biofilms. The presence of NAGase, a naturally occurring enzyme in cellular lysosomes, combined with the optimal pharmacokinetic properties of TQ, makes it a potential treatment for systemic and localized S. aureus infections.}, }
@article {pmid41210552, year = {2025}, author = {Thurler, BA and Santos, TPDF and Motta, PC and Pereira, GLD and Chianca, GC and Povoa, HCC and Fontes, KBFDC and Iorio, NLPP}, title = {Activity of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against a cariogenic biofilm composed of a microbial consortium.}, journal = {Journal of biomedical optics}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {118001}, pmid = {41210552}, issn = {1560-2281}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; *Dental Caries/microbiology/drug therapy ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Methylene Blue/pharmacology ; *Microbial Consortia/drug effects ; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {SIGNIFICANCE: Dental caries is a polymicrobial condition derived from microbial biofilm. There is a lack of studies addressing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) activity against a cariogenic multispecies biofilm.<br><br>AIM: We aim to evaluate the activity of aPDT against a cariogenic biofilm composed of a microbial consortium.<br><br>APPROACH: Equal parts of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Candida albicans were used to form a microbial inoculum containing &#x223c; 10 7 colony-forming units/mL, which was placed on cellulose acetate membranes to form biofilm. After biofilm formation, the seven groups, each containing four membranes, were treated as follows: laser 1&#xa0;J (G1); laser 4&#xa0;J (G2); photosensitizer methylene blue (G3); photosensitizer + laser 1&#xa0;J (G4); photosensitizer + laser 4&#xa0;J (G5); chlorhexidine as positive control (G6); and distilled water (G7).<br><br>RESULTS: The number of viable microbial cells per biofilm varied between 1.40 &#xd7; 10 8 (G5) and 7.28 &#xd7; 10 8 (G1), whereas the negative control group (G7) reached 1.38 &#xd7; 10 9 . Compared with G7, all groups presented a reduction, with the percentage varying from 47.05% (G1) to 89.85% (G5). However, G5 (photosensitizer + laser 4&#xa0;J) was the only group to present a statistical reduction (p < 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: aPDT represents an important antibiofilm adjunct therapy, resulting in a significant reduction in microbial cells within a cariogenic biofilm model.}, }
@article {pmid41209717, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, W and Xi, Y and Zhang, H and Li, X and Wang, W and Zhao, Z and Gao, M and Li, S and Han, P and Liu, Y}, title = {Simulated microgravity induces time-dependent enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100493}, pmid = {41209717}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a significant opportunistic pathogen, causes severe infections. However, its pathogenic mechanisms under simulated microgravity (SMG) remain poorly understood. Biofilm formation, a critical virulence factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is tightly regulated by its quorum sensing (QS) system. To investigate the temporal dynamics of biofilm development under SMG, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was cultured under SMG conditions for defined time intervals (15, 30, 45, and 60 days). Phenotypic analysis revealed a distinct time-dependent pattern of biofilm formation. A critical transition point occurred at 30 days (SMG30d), characterized by significantly enhanced bacterial proliferation and robust biofilm architecture, as confirmed by electron microscopy. Transcriptomic analysis identified 219 genes specifically upregulated at SMG30d, enriched in virulence pathways, including key biofilm regulators (pel, pqs, rhl). Metabolomic profiling detected 149 significantly upregulated metabolites (e.g., betaine, pantothenic acid), enriched in pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation. Crucially, transcriptomic comparison between SMG15d and SMG30d demonstrated upregulation of QS-associated biofilm regulatory genes, confirming the time-dependent biofilm formation under SMG. Notably, the key QS gene lasI was upregulated under SMG. Furthermore, deletion of lasIsubstantially impaired biofilm formation. These findings elucidate the time-dependent enhancement of biofilm virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under SMG, mediated through QS activation, and identify novel targets for space pathogen monitoring and infection prevention strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41208863, year = {2025}, author = {Muslim, MRF and Chabib, L and Suryaningsih, BE and Hayati, F and Annisa, V}, title = {Green-synthesized silver nanoparticle hydrogels for biofilm-infected wounds: Bridging sustainability and clinical translation.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1694144}, pmid = {41208863}, issn = {1663-9812}, }
@article {pmid41205471, year = {2025}, author = {Amengor, CD and Gyan, P and Biniyam, PD and Amaning-Danquah, C and Harley, BK and Ohene-Adu, V and Adu-Adjei, K and Abudey, BM and Osei, M and Quansah, P and Amengor, CM and Borquaye, LS}, title = {Substituted chalcones inhibit biofilm formation and efflux pumps of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Antimicrobial, molecular docking, ADME and QSAR studies.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {109077}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109077}, pmid = {41205471}, issn = {1090-2120}, mesh = {*Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Chalcones/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {In this study, a library of 19 acetophenone-derived chalcones were synthesized via Claisen Schmidt Aldol condensation. Analytical and spectral instrumentation (FT-IR, [1]H NMR, [13]C NMR and HPLC-MS) were utilized for the structural elucidation. From the antibacterial evaluation against MRSA (clinical strain planktonic cells: ST152), compounds 3b and 3k were significantly active, demonstrating exceptional activity against the MRSA planktonic cells at an equipotent concentration of 3.9063 μg/ml, exceeding the efficacy of the reference drug clindamycin with MIC of 7.8125 μg/ml. Compound 3b demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of efflux pump at a sub-inhibitory concentration of 1.953 μg/ml out-performing the reference drug Verapamil. Notably, the most potent anti-biofilm compounds 3k and 3r bearing the indole moiety exhibited a percentage biofilm inhibition of 99.45 % and 96.70 % respectively. The molecular docking results showed compounds 3b, 3k, and 3r exhibited favorable binding energies and strong interactions with the SauPBP2a active site. From the ADME prediction using ADMETLAB 3.0, the compounds had good oral bioavailability, excellent membrane permeability according to the Caco-2 and PAMPA values, exhibited favorable safety profile and met drug-like features, however, further optimisation to improve toxicity is needed. The biological and in silico data available indicated 3k [(E)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one] and 3r [(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one] as promising clinical candidates. The optimal QSAR model, generated via generic algorithm multiple linear regression (GA-MLR): -24.6553 + 2.9442GATs7m + 0.2937VE3_Dze+14.2926spMin2_Bhp demonstrated robust predictive performance with an R[2] of 0.8926 and an adjusted R[2] of 0.8604.}, }
@article {pmid41205349, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Hou, Y and Zhao, Y and Zhang, Z and Dong, Z and Qiu, Y}, title = {Exploring the influence of key extracellular polymeric substances components on nanoplastic mobility in seawater-saturated porous media during biofilm formation.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {258}, number = {}, pages = {115250}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115250}, pmid = {41205349}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Seawater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/chemistry/metabolism ; Porosity ; Humic Substances/analysis ; *Polymers/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {Although the influence of biofilm formation on marine porous media and the associated secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on nanoplastic (NP) transport has been well studied, the roles of specific EPS subcomponents, such as loosely bound (LB-EPS) and tightly bound (TB-EPS) fractions, produced by bacteria at different growth stages remain poorly understood. Also unclear are the functions and mechanisms of certain chemical constituents within EPS, including proteins, polysaccharides, and humic substances. This study examines how biofilms and their EPS affect the transport of NPs through seawater-saturated sand columns. Our results show that biofilm age significantly affects the effluent recovery rate of NPs (Meff-BF). The highest recovery rates were observed in biofilms aged 24 h (68.18 %) and 144 h (68.45 %), compared to only 53.96 % in the uncolonized sand control. Similarly, the presence of EPS coatings on sand grains also enhanced NP mobility, with recovery rates of 64.67 % at 24 h and 61.51 % at 144 h. Further analysis separating EPS into LB-EPS and TB-EPS revealed that LB-EPS influences NP recovery in a manner similar to that of intact biofilms, and its effect is more pronounced than that of TB-EPS. Component analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between protein content and Meff-BF (P < 0.05, r = -0.9842), and a significant positive correlation with humic substances (P < 0.05, r = 0.9823). The protein-to-polysaccharide ratio, an indicator of sand surface hydrophobicity, was negatively correlated with Meff-BF (P < 0.05, r = -0.9869). Finally, proteins and humic substances within LB-EPS were identified as key factors regulating NP transport, showing strong correlations at P < 0.001 (r = -0.9994) and P < 0.01 (r = 0.9920), respectively.}, }
@article {pmid41205154, year = {2025}, author = {Rader, A and Niezgoda, J and Kelso, MR and Gopalakrishnan, S}, title = {A comparative analysis of sharp debridement devices for biofilm management in hard-to-heal wounds: a clinical assessment.}, journal = {Journal of wound care}, volume = {34}, number = {Sup11}, pages = {S47-S56}, doi = {10.12968/jowc.2025.0074}, pmid = {41205154}, issn = {0969-0700}, mesh = {Humans ; *Debridement/instrumentation/methods ; *Biofilms ; Prospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; *Wound Healing ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Wound Infection/therapy/microbiology ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Hard-to-heal wound biofilms are increasingly recognised as a major barrier to healing, contributing to persistent inflammation, delayed re-epithelialisation, and reduced responsiveness to standard therapies. While traditional sharp debridement (TSD) is a standard treatment, its limitations include the need for specialised training, the potential for pain and bleeding, and degree-specific scope of practice restrictions. This study investigated a novel multifaceted, sharp debridement device as a potential addition to the current portfolio of debridement technologies.<br><br>METHOD: This prospective study enrolled patients with hard-to-heal wounds, randomised equally to either multifaceted, sharp debridement (EZ-Debride, MDM Wound Ventures, US (EZD)) or TSD (scalpels/curettes). Biofilm presence and extent were assessed pre- and post-debridement using a modified Alcian blue wound blotting technique, graded on a 0-3 scale. Biofluorescent imaging (BFI) and provider clinical assessments allowed additional evaluation of the biofilm removal efficacy.<br><br>RESULTS: The experimental cohort comprised 80 patients. Both EZD and TSD significantly reduced biofilm, as evidenced by decreased Alcian blue staining grades post-debridement (p<0.005 for both). However, EZD resulted in a significantly greater reduction in biofilm than TSD (85.0% versus 34.9%, respectively; p<0.0001). While BFI showed limited correlation with Alcian blue staining overall, in cases with positive pre-debridement BFI imaging results, EZD achieved a 100% reduction in bacterial fluorescence compared with 50% using traditional methods. Clinical assessment confirmed a higher rate of complete biofilm removal in the EZD group compared with the TSD group (60.0% versus 12.2%, respectively).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the novel multifaceted, sharp debridement device, EZD, is a safe and effective tool for biofilm removal in hard-to-heal wounds, potentially surpassing TSD methods. EZD offers a less invasive, more efficient, and potentially less painful approach, suggesting its value in improving clinical wound management and patient outcomes. Further research should examine its impact on long-term healing and broader clinical applicability.}, }
@article {pmid41203086, year = {2026}, author = {Boujnane, M and André, G and Jeannot, K and Boukerb, AM and Connil, N}, title = {A QseBC-like system is involved in motility and biofilm formation responses to catecholamines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {108162}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108162}, pmid = {41203086}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Catecholamines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Norepinephrine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Epinephrine/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Quorum Sensing ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Catecholamines hormones, including epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (Dopa), are known to enhance Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 growth, motility, and biofilm formation. However, the bacterial sensing mechanisms underlying these responses remain poorly understood. In this study, adrenergic and dopaminergic inhibitors (phentolamine, propranolol and chlorpromazine) were used to investigate how P. aeruginosa PAO1 recognizes host-derived catecholamines. We found that phentolamine and propranolol inhibited Epi/NE-induced bacterial growth, motility and biofilm formation. In contrast, chlorpromazine selectively abolished Dopa-induced biofilm formation. These results suggest the involvement of at least one putative adrenergic/dopaminergic-like sensor in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Bioinformatics analysis identified PmrB, a QseC-like histidine sensor kinase in PmrAB two-component system (TCS), as a plausible candidate. Molecular docking using an AlphaFold3 model of PmrB, showed that catecholamines can bind to a cavity at the dimer interface. A ΔpmrAB mutant failed to respond to catecholamine exposure in motility and biofilm experiments, supporting a direct role of the PmrAB TCS in mediating PAO1 responses to host-derived catecholamines.}, }
@article {pmid41202900, year = {2026}, author = {Choi, SR and Britigan, BE and Narayanasamy, P}, title = {Gallium Hematoporphyrin inhibits Mycobacteroides abscessus in vitro, including biofilm formation and stability.}, journal = {Bioorganic &amp; medicinal chemistry letters}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {130466}, doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2025.130466}, pmid = {41202900}, issn = {1464-3405}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Gallium/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Mycobacterium abscessus/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Hematoporphyrins/pharmacology/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Molecular Structure ; }, abstract = {The nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen, Mycobacteroides abscessus, can cause severe pulmonary infections. Emerging multidrug resistance to current antibiotics poses significant challenges for treatment of M. abscessus infections. Thus, new antibiotics are needed, preferably ones that target new microbial pathways. Earlier, we examined the in vitro inhibitory activities of several gallium compounds, Ga(NO3)3, GaCl3, gallium meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (GaTP) and gallium nanoparticles (GaNP), against intra- and extracellular M. abscessus. We have previously shown that these gallium compounds function by disrupting microbial iron/heme acquisition and utilization. Here, we explored an alternative therapeutic approach using gallium hematoporphyrin (GaHP), a toxic heme analogue. GaHP inhibited growth of clinical M. abscessus isolates, with MICs in range of 0.5 and 1 μg/ml. GaHP was more active than rifampin against M. abscessus, showed synergism with clarithromycin, and induced ROS formation in M. abscessus. GaHP also inhibited biofilm formation of both smooth and rough M. abscessus colony morphotypes. GaHP also disrupted preformed biofilms by both M. abscessus morphotypes. Hence, GaHP could be a potential lead compound for development of anti-NTM agents that targets heme-metabolism of M. abscessus.}, }
@article {pmid41202589, year = {2025}, author = {Nesa, SR and Mizan, MFR and Meghla, NS and Kang, I and Ha, SD}, title = {Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds and essential oils in poultry: A sustainable strategy to combat Salmonella biofilm infections.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {104}, number = {12}, pages = {106056}, pmid = {41202589}, issn = {1525-3171}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; *Poultry Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control/drug therapy ; *Chickens ; *Salmonella/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention &amp; control/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Phenols/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The rapid growth of the global chicken industry has raised concerns about food safety, particularly Salmonella, a significant zoonotic infection associated with poultry products. Salmonella's capacity to form biofilms in farm and processing environments (slaughter, chilling, cutting, and packaging areas) makes it more resistant to disinfectants, antibiotics, and environmental stresses, complicating control attempts. Natural antibacterial agents are attracting renewed interest due to the drawbacks of traditional control strategies, such as the potential for antibiotic resistance development and harmful residuals. Plant-based phenolic compounds and essential oils (EOs) have emerged as safe, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly alternatives for inhibiting Salmonella biofilm formation during the various stages of infection and contamination in poultry, such as biofilm maturation, gut colonization, and eggshell adhesion, while preserving beneficial microbiota. These compounds also promote poultry health, performance, and gut immunity. This review examines the prevalence and causes of Salmonella biofilm development in chicken, assesses the antibiofilm and antibacterial characteristics of phenolics and EOs, and highlights their potential stage-specific applications along the poultry production chain. Furthermore, it addresses current obstacles, such as stability and delivery issues, and it also outlines future research priorities, with a focus on enhanced delivery methods, in vivo validation, and integrative approaches to sustainable biofilm control. Moreover, by focusing on stage-specific applications and resolving practical problems, this review connects laboratory discoveries to real-world chicken production, highlighting phenolic compounds and EOs as unique, residue-free Salmonella biofilm management agents with possible advantages but also potential human health safety concerns.}, }
@article {pmid41202456, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, S and Wang, X and Huang, Y and Huang, J and Du, J and Huang, X}, title = {Stimuli-responsive piezoelectric orthodontic adhesives for smart biofilm control.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {258}, number = {}, pages = {115233}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115233}, pmid = {41202456}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; Titanium/chemistry/pharmacology ; Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Surface Properties ; *Dental Cements/pharmacology/chemistry ; Barium Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Adhesives/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Orthodontic Appliances/microbiology ; Particle Size ; }, abstract = {Biofilm accumulation on orthodontic appliances hinders oral hygiene, increasing risks of white spot lesions and other oral health issues. Here, we developed a piezoelectric adhesive containing silver-loaded barium titanate (BTO@Ag) nanoparticles that leveraged stimulus responsiveness to achieve controllable and sustained antimicrobial properties. The composite adhesive was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for safety. An oscillatory device simulating oral movements and an ultrasonic generator mimicking ultrasonic toothbrushes were used to activate the piezoelectric properties of the modified adhesive. Its antimicrobial effects were assessed by evaluating biofilm formation/removal, metabolic activity, and structural integrity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed that the incorporation of 5 wt% and 10 wt% of BTO@Ag had no significant effect on the adhesive properties and safety of the modified adhesive. It significantly inhibited biofilm formation and metabolic activity under motion-stimulation. Upon ultrasound activation, it further removed residual biofilm and reduced metabolic vitality, with the antimicrobial efficacy exhibiting a dose-dependent enhancement. The antimicrobial activity correlated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited sustained efficacy. The developed stimuli-responsive piezoelectric orthodontic adhesive exhibited dynamic antimicrobial activity, presenting a novel strategy for biofilm control during orthodontic treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41201733, year = {2026}, author = {Saleh, RM and Hassan, OM}, title = {The infectome framework: linking polymicrobial ecology and biofilm dynamics to precision diagnostic approaches.}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {111-126}, pmid = {41201733}, issn = {1439-0973}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Coinfection/microbiology/diagnosis ; *Microbiota ; *Precision Medicine/methods ; }, abstract = {Chronic infections are a persistent global health problem and are frequently sustained by polymicrobial communities rather than by a single pathogen. This review brings together current evidence for the infectome concept, defined as the dynamic set of pathogenic or pathobiont taxa in the host, their shared functional capacities, and the interactions that connect them. We analyze how community-level processes promote persistence, cause diagnostic failure, and drive therapeutic resistance, with emphasis on multispecies biofilms, quorum sensing, horizontal gene transfer, metabolic cooperation, and immune modulation. We also highlight advances in multi-omics and computational integration that now permit high-resolution infectome profiling and reveal taxa and interspecies networks that are not captured by routine culture. Clinical examples such as periodontitis, bacterial vaginosis, chronic rhinosinusitis, device-associated infections, and recurrent urinary tract infections show the translational value of this shift. On the therapeutic side, we discuss infectome-informed options including antivirulence agents, biofilm-disrupting enzymes, bacteriophages and lysins, community-wide susceptibility-guided regimens, and microbiome-restoration strategies. Finally, we identify the main requirements for the field: standardized sampling and analytic workflows, reproducible infectome signatures linked to clinical outcomes, and trial designs able to capture ecological dynamics and meet regulatory expectations for community-targeted interventions. Adopting an infectome perspective can enable precision infectiology and reshape the management of chronic and recurrent infections.}, }
@article {pmid41197556, year = {2026}, author = {Han, G and Zhao, L and Li, R and Liu, R and Wang, Y and Bartlam, M}, title = {Coordinated host resistance and distinct phage strategies shape biofilm-phage dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {303}, number = {}, pages = {128385}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128385}, pmid = {41197556}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology/physiology/genetics ; *Pseudomonas Phages/physiology/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; }, abstract = {Temperate and virulent phages coexist in natural environments and can collaboratively contribute to the lysis of bacterial biofilms. However, their therapeutic potential and the dynamics of phage-biofilm interactions, particularly in clinical contexts, remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated the strong biofilm-lysing capabilities of the temperate phage PaoP1 and virulent phage PaoP5 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, highlighting their potential for phage therapy. RNA-seq analysis revealed a shared host resistance mechanism involving the downregulation of flagellar biosynthesis and enhanced biofilm formation. Despite this common host response, the two phages exhibited distinct infection strategies: PaoP1 integrated quiescently into the host genome, while PaoP5 rapidly and abundantly expressed its genes, potentially hijacking the host transcriptional machinery through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. These findings deepen our understanding of phage-biofilm interactions and support the development of phage-based approaches to treat biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41197508, year = {2025}, author = {Wen, M and Deng, C and Lei, J and Yang, X and Li, J and Al-Dhabi, NA and Wen, S and Tang, W and Feng, B and Zhang, P}, title = {Amoxicillin effects on pollutant removal, cyanophycin synthesis, and the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the algal-bacterial biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {500}, number = {}, pages = {140363}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140363}, pmid = {41197508}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Cyanobacteria/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; *Amoxicillin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; *Peptides, Cyclic/biosynthesis ; }, abstract = {The algal-bacterial wastewater treatment process is characterized by its efficiency in water quality purification and bioresource recovery. This study investigated the effects of amoxicillin (AMX) on pollutant removal, cyanophycin synthesis, and the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the algal-bacterial biofilm. AMX significantly suppressed ammonia and phosphorus removal by inhibiting nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation in cyanobacteria. A total of 72 metagenomic assembled genomes carrying cyanophycin biosynthetic genes were identified, with Pantanalinema and Planktothrix being the primary cyanophycin-producing species. AMX concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/L suppressed both cyanobacterial growth and cyanophycin synthesis, with the inhibitory effect intensifying as AMX concentration increased. AMX also promoted the proliferation of sul1, OXA-101, VEB-3, and qacEdelta1, while decreased the abundance of OXA-36, erm(F), and tet types. Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota were the primary hosts for ARGs proliferation and dissemination, with bacA and tetX1 actively spreading within the algal-bacterial biofilm. Cyanobacteria played a negligible role in the propagation of ARGs. This study offers new insights into the spread of ARGs and bioresource recovery in algal-bacterial systems, focusing on both gene and strain levels.}, }
@article {pmid41196406, year = {2025}, author = {Altunova, H and Kılıç, &#x130;H}, title = {Evaluation of the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures of intensive care unit patients.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {118}, number = {12}, pages = {187}, pmid = {41196406}, issn = {1572-9699}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Intensive Care Units ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Coagulase/metabolism ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Blood Culture ; }, abstract = {Elucidating the relationship between biofilm formation and specific antibiotic resistance is important for understanding resistance mechanisms. In this study, the antibiotic resistance profiles of 64 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) strains isolated from intensive care patients were determined using the VITEK-2 compact system, and their biofilm production ability was assessed using the microtiter plate method to investigate the relationship between the two. Additionally, the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) of vancomycin, linezolid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin were determined against isolates with varying biofilm production capacities. All the strains were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, while resistant to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, and rifampicin. Resistance rates to other antibiotics ranged between 1.6% (quinupristin/dalfopristin) and 96.9% (oxacillin). Overall, 48.4% of the isolates produced biofilm. The biofilm production potential of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains (62.1%) was significantly higher than that of non-S. epidermidis CoNS strains (37.1%) (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between biofilm production and specific antibiotic resistance (p > 0.05). Contrary to the general literature, non-biofilm-producing strains were resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than biofilm-producing strains (p < 0.05). Crucially, MBEC values demonstrated a strong positive correlation with biofilm density, increasing up to > 1024 μg/mL in strong biofilm producers. The results indicate that biofilm production does not predict specific antibiotic resistance, and that non-biofilm-producing strains may have compensated for the lack of biofilm production by developing specific antibiotic resistance. However, biofilm formation confers significant phenotypic tolerance, necessitating much higher antibiotic concentrations for eradication than those indicated by conventional susceptibility testing. In addition to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and quinupristin/dalfopristin were also found to be effective options for multidrug-resistant planktonic infections, though their efficacy against biofilm-embedded cells may be substantially limited.}, }
@article {pmid41195452, year = {2026}, author = {Anderson, MAJ and Thorpe, AC and Busi, SB and Gweon, HS and Warren, J and Walsh, K and Read, DS}, title = {Unlocking River Biofilm Microbial Diversity: A Comparative Analysis of Sequencing Technologies.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {e70075}, pmid = {41195452}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {NE/S007261/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/X015947/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/X015777/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency/ ; }, mesh = {*Rivers/microbiology ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Archaea/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; *Biodiversity ; England ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are under increasing pressure from pollution, habitat degradation and climate change, highlighting the need for reliable biomonitoring approaches to assess ecosystem health and identify the causes of biodiversity and ecosystem service loss. Characterisation of freshwater microbiomes has the potential to be an important tool for understanding freshwater ecology, ecosystem health and ecosystem function. High-throughput sequencing technologies, such as Illumina short-read and Pacific Biosciences long-read sequencing, are widely used for microbial community analysis. However, the relative performance of these approaches for monitoring freshwater microbiomes has not been well explored. In this study, we compared the performance of long- and short-read sequencing approaches to assess archaeal and bacterial diversity in 42 river biofilm samples across seven distinct river sites in England by targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Our findings demonstrated that longer reads generated by PacBio sequencing provide a higher taxonomic resolution, enabling the classification of taxa that remained unassigned in the short-read Illumina datasets. This enhanced resolution is particularly beneficial for biodiversity assessments because it improves species-level identification, which is crucial for ecological monitoring. Despite this, both sequencing methods produced comparable bacterial community structures regarding taxon relative abundance, suggesting that the sequencing approach does not profoundly affect the comparative assessment of community composition. However, while Illumina offers higher throughput and cost efficiency, PacBio's ability to resolve complex microbial communities highlights its potential for studies requiring precise taxonomic identification.}, }
@article {pmid41193864, year = {2025}, author = {Yasbolaghi Sharahi, J and Fayyazi, A and Kodori, M and Hosseinpour, M and Hashemi, A and Mahmoudi, M and Rafiei, F}, title = {Dispersal Mechanisms in Biofilm Control: Characteristics, Induction, Impacts, and Therapeutic Potential.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {41193864}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Biofilms represent intricate microbial consortia adhering to surfaces, posing substantial challenges in medical and industrial contexts due to their formidable resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. These communities exhibit enhanced resilience over planktonic cells, necessitating innovative control and eradication strategies. Inducing biofilm dispersion has emerged as a promising strategy, garnering significant research interest. This review synthesizes recent advancements in biofilm dispersion, delineating the characteristics of dispersed cells, elucidating the molecular and environmental triggers of dispersion, and examining the ramifications of dispersal events. Furthermore, it underscores the therapeutic potential of leveraging dispersion to manage biofilm-associated infections and mitigate biofilm formation. By dissecting the mechanisms and implications of biofilm dispersion, this review enriches our understanding of biofilm dynamics and offers novel avenues for addressing biofilm-related challenges across diverse environments. Ultimately, harnessing dispersal mechanisms presents a paradigm shift in biofilm control, offering a powerful strategy to overcome treatment failures in chronic infections and to enhance efficacy in industrial biofouling mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid41193518, year = {2025}, author = {Sathiaseelan, A and Song, KP and Tan, HS and Choo, WS}, title = {Transcriptomic and in vitro analysis of red pitahaya betacyanin fraction as a natural anti-biofilm agent against oral Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {38754}, pmid = {41193518}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Transcriptome/drug effects ; *Betacyanins/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Dental Plaque/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Macrolides ; Cactaceae ; }, abstract = {Dental plaque biofilms, primarily formed by Streptococcus mutans, contribute significantly to oral diseases, necessitating effective anti-biofilm strategies. This study investigates the anti-biofilm potential of red pitahaya betacyanin fraction (BF) using transcriptomic analysis and an in vitro denture plaque model. Stringent differential gene expression analysis (p < 0.01, log2 fold change > ± 2) revealed that BF significantly downregulates genes involved in sucrose metabolism, energy production, and cell wall biosynthesis, impairing bacterial adhesion and biofilm integrity. Notably, the suppression of pfkB (phosphofructokinase) and fructose-specific PTS transporters revealed BF's ability to disrupt carbohydrate metabolism, while the downregulation of ciaR/ciaH two-component system impairs stress response and biofilm formation. Simultaneous upregulation of genes linked to glycolysis, arginine metabolism, and oxidative stress defence suggest an adaptive response to BF-induced stress. Gene ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses further confirmed that BF disrupts multiple bacterial pathways, including ATP synthesis, quorum sensing, and cell wall integrity. In an in vitro denture biofilm model, BF treatment resulted in a 79% reduction in plaque accumulation, demonstrating efficacy comparable to chlorhexidine while avoiding adverse effects such as staining. These findings underscore the potential of BF as a natural anti-biofilm agent with broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on S. mutans. Given its efficacy and safety profile, BF holds promise for incorporation into oral hygiene formulations as a novel therapeutic for biofilm-associated dental diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41189707, year = {2025}, author = {Han, S and Rajitha, K and Park, S and Lim, J and Jung, HY and Kim, J and Kim, D}, title = {Unveiling the impact of allulose on oral microbiota and biofilm formation via a cariogenic potential assessment platform.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1670139}, pmid = {41189707}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Saliva/microbiology ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; Humans ; *Dental Caries/microbiology ; Streptococcus oralis/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Mouth/microbiology ; Sucrose/metabolism ; *Fructose/pharmacology/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The increased consumption of refined carbohydrates, particularly sucrose, has contributed to metabolic disorders and oral diseases such as dental caries by promoting dysbiotic biofilm formation and reducing microbial diversity. Allulose, a rare sugar with physicochemical properties similar to sucrose, has been suggested to offer metabolic health benefits; however, its impact on oral biofilm ecology remains unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated the cariogenic potential of allulose using a multi-tiered in vitro platform consisting of single-species planktonic and biofilm models, a dual-species biofilm model involving Streptococcus mutans (pathogen) and Streptococcus oralis (commensal), and a saliva-derived microcosm biofilm model. Key virulence indicators, including bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm biomass, exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and microbial community composition, were quantitatively assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to sucrose, glucose, and fructose, allulose supported reduced bacterial growth and acid production, showing a profile similar to non-fermentable sugar alcohols such as xylitol and erythritol. Biofilms developed under allulose conditions lacked the dense EPS-enmeshed microcolonies and dome-shaped architecture characteristic of sucrose-induced S. mutans-dominant biofilms. In the saliva-derived microcosm model, allulose-treated biofilms maintained higher microbial diversity and preserved health-compatible genera such as Neisseria, Haemophilus, Veillonella, and Granulicatella.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings demonstrate that allulose supports lower bacterial virulence activity and minimal biofilm formation compared to common dietary sugars while preserving microbial diversity. This highlights its potential as a non-cariogenic sugar alternative with microbiome-conscious benefits and provides ecological insight into how allulose may modulate oral biofilm structure and function.}, }
@article {pmid41188864, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, H and Liang, Y and Yang, Z and Liu, L and Ran, L and Liu, J and Ma, C and Wei, W and Zhang, S and Zhu, M and Chen, H}, title = {Paeonol eradicates biofilm in porcine-source Escherichia coli by targeting the quorum sensing system.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {644}, pmid = {41188864}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0373//Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing, Chongqing Science and Technology Commission/ ; SWU-KQ22045//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities/ ; (KJQN20240021)//Science and Technology Research Program Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission/ ; (SWUS24193)//Southwest University Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project/ ; NCTIP-XDB19//National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs/ ; NCTIP-XDB19//National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs/ ; (202403AC100013)//Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department key research and development plan/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Natural active compounds hold significant potential to overcome biofilm-mediated resistance, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for combating bacterial biofilms resistance. The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of paeonol in eradicating biofilms formed by porcine-derived Escherichia coli (strain Ec032), and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of paeonol eradicating Ec032 biofilm.<br><br>RESULTS: The results indicated that treatment with paeonol at a concentration of 2,048&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL for 3&#xa0;h significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria in the mature biofilms of Ec032, resulting the highest biofilms eradication rate. RT-qPCR analysis suggested that paeonol might attenuate biofilms maturation by modulating the expression of quorum sensing (QS)-related and flagellum assembly-related genes. The Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) proteomic further revealed that paeonol treatment markedly inhibited flagellar motility and reduced the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) content, leading to structural loosening of structure of the mature biofilms. Additionally, paeonol acted as a QS inhibitor (QSI), suppressing violacein in Chromobacterium violaceum 026 (CV026). Molecular docking analysis indicated that the outer membrane proteins regulator (OmpR) serve as a potential key target of paeonol.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The research demonstrated that paeonol functions as an effective QSI, reducing biofilm biomass through downregulation of key QS and EPS matrix-associated genes and proteins, leading to effective eradication Ec032 biofilms. These findings provided a scientific foundation for the development of paeonol as a novel biofilm-disrupting agent and offer valuable insights for the treatment of E.coli biofilm-associated infections (BAI).}, }
@article {pmid41188718, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, P and Peng, Y and Liu, J and Li, T and Zhang, D and Gu, L and Wang, Q and Su, M and Wei, M and Wang, S}, title = {Clinical profiling, antifungal drug susceptibility, and biofilm formation ability in pulmonary mucormycosis.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {713}, pmid = {41188718}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {7234385//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality/ ; 82302551//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Ggyfz202425//Reform and Development Program of Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; *Mucormycosis/microbiology/drug therapy/mortality ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Mucorales/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/classification ; Retrospective Studies ; Phylogeny ; Adult ; *Lung Diseases, Fungal/microbiology/drug therapy ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Coinfection/microbiology ; Aged, 80 and over ; }, abstract = {Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM), a life-threatening infection caused by Mucorales, exhibits high mortality. Comprehensive data integrating clinical profiling, antifungal susceptibility, and biofilm formation ability are limited. This retrospective study characterized 26 adult PM patients at a Beijing tertiary-care hospital. Data on demographics, underlying diseases, co-infections, and outcomes were collected. Clinical Mucorales isolates underwent molecular identification via 18 S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In vitro susceptibility against nine antifungals (amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, 5-flucytosine) was determined using Sensititre YeastOne YO10 panels. Biofilm biomass was assessed (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) via the crystal violet staining assay. Patients were predominantly older males (median age 66 years, 65.4% male) with high comorbidity burden (92.3%). All-cause in-hospital mortality was 38.5%. Strikingly, 80.8% had co-infections. Temporal analysis revealed that viral (77.8%) and fungal (62.5%) co-infections often preceded the detection of Mucorales. Molecular identification confirmed Rhizopus spp. (54%) predominated, followed by Rhizomucor spp. (19%), Mucor spp. (19%), and Lichtheimia spp. (8%). Antifungal testing showed amphotericin B possessed the most consistent activity (MIC50/MIC90: 1/2 µg/mL). Posaconazole was the most potent azole (MIC50/MIC90: 0.25/1 µg/mL), but profound genus-level heterogeneity was observed. Biofilm assessment at the 48-h peak revealed biofilm formation in 84.6% (22/26) of isolates. This study highlights the high prevalence of antecedent viral/fungal co-infections preceding Mucorales detection and significant mortality, despite in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B/posaconazol. In addition, most of the strains demonstrated biofilm formation ability, with evident genus-level heterogeneity. These findings emphasize the imperative of species-level identification and consideration of genus-specific traits to guide effective management of this life-threatening infection.}, }
@article {pmid41188704, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, J and Chen, X and Mao, Y and Wang, S and Yang, H}, title = {Punicalagin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation: integrated omics reveals potential mechanisms.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {711}, pmid = {41188704}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {31902317//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Approved in 2022//the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province/ ; 24KJA230001//Major Basic Research Project of the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; NSF2024JB01//the Research Project of Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College/ ; Approved in 2022//the 333 High-level Talent Training Project of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Punicalagin (Pun), a major polyphenolic compound derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum), has demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. However, its precise mode of action at the molecular level remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we implemented a multi-omics strategy integrating differential proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, in conjunction with electron microscopy and in vitro anti-biofilm assays, to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying Pun’s antibacterial effects on S. aureus.<br><br>RESULTS: We determined Pun&#x2019;s minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. aureus to be 64&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL and revealed that Pun disrupted S. aureus cell membrane integrity. Notably, Pun significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation even at 1/8 MIC. Omics analysis identified 710 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs, 340 upregulated, 370 downregulated) and 601 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 234 upregulated, 367 downregulated) in response to Pun treatment. Further analysis of the integrated DEPs and DEGs revealed that Pun disrupted bacterial growth by impairing cell membrane integrity through inhibition of key fatty acid synthesis enzymes, including ACC, BCCP, and FabH, and by inhibiting biofilm formation through suppression of adhesion-related proteins, including ClfA, SdrCDE, Eap, and Ebps. Additionally, Pun treatment led to the downregulation of multiple TCS-related genes, suggesting a potential interference with TCS transduction pathways, which may contribute to reduced S. aureus resistance to antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, Pun upregulated iron acquisition-related proteins and ABC transporters, suggesting a broader impact on bacterial physiology.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide valuable insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying Pun&#x2019;s antibacterial activity against S. aureus, laying a foundation for its potential application as an antimicrobial agent.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-025-04429-y.}, }
@article {pmid41188680, year = {2025}, author = {Falk, NW and Smith, H and Papudeshi, B and Martin, B and Qian, G and Gerson, AR and Prasad, A and Harmer, SL and Dinsdale, EA}, title = {Metagenomics reveals water, biofilm, and sediment microbial communities exhibit distinct responses and functions in neutral and metalliferous drainage (NMD).}, journal = {Environmental geochemistry and health}, volume = {47}, number = {12}, pages = {547}, pmid = {41188680}, issn = {1573-2983}, support = {CRC TiME project 3.10 and Teck Resources Limited//CRCTiME/ ; }, mesh = {*Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; Mining ; *Microbiota ; Metagenomics ; *Water Microbiology ; Western Australia ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Zinc/analysis ; Metagenome ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; }, abstract = {Neutral and metalliferous drainage (NMD) poses an environmental risk for both operating and legacy mine sites. Near-neutral pH distinguishes NMD from more acidic conditions of acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD), however NMD contains elevated levels of metals that necessitate strict management. Microbial communities are key indicators of ecological conditions and play important roles in NMD biogeochemical cycling, often exhibiting distinct dynamics compared to AMD. Shotgun sequencing and metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were used to characterize microbial diversity and functional potential across water, biofilm, and sediment microbiomes along a flow path at a historical lead-zinc mine in Western Australia. Zn levels peaked upstream and declined downstream, corresponding to shifts in microbial diversity. In water microbiomes, a Polynucleobacter MAG became dominant where Zn concentrations dropped below known toxicity thresholds. The genomic traits of Polynucleobacter, including a streamlined genome, Zn- (LpxC) and heat-responsive membrane genes, and enriched lipid metabolism pathways, enabled survival under metal and nutrient stress. Photosynthetic biofilms, dominated by cyanobacteria such as Synechococcaceae and Leptolyngbyaceae, played a central role in ecosystem function. These biofilms contained genes for photosynthesis, metal transport, and motility, and likely contributed organic carbon and sulfur intermediates that supported heterotrophs like Polynucleobacter and Sediminibacterium. Coordinated microbial sulfur metabolism across habitats was evident, with sulfur oxidation occurring in water and biofilms and sulfate reduction localized to sediment, evidenced with ZnS mineral phases associated with increased DsrMKJOP gene abundance. These findings are vital for mine closure and land reclamation, offering knowledge on key microbial adaption and syntrophy in NMD systems.}, }
@article {pmid41188565, year = {2025}, author = {Nemchenko, UM and Belkova, NL and Klimenko, ES and Zugeeva, RE and Sukhoreva, MV and Savilov, ED}, title = {Effect of Tobramycin on the Biofilm-Forming Forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.}, journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine}, volume = {179}, number = {4}, pages = {438-441}, pmid = {41188565}, issn = {1573-8221}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Tobramycin/pharmacology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/genetics ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {The biological properties of nine clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from five patients with cystic fibrosis were assessed. Six different sequence types of P. aeruginosa with different biofilm-forming abilities were detected. It was found that at the initial stage of adhesion, four isolates were tobramycin-resistant, while in the formed biofilm, almost 100% survival was recorded. The properties of the isolates were associated with the sequence type: when it changed, the biofilm-forming ability decreased, but the number of viable cells resistant to tobramycin at a concentration of 2 μg/ml increased. The study shows that the existence of a biofilm is a key factor ensuring, despite constant antimicrobial therapy, the long-term persistence of P. aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.}, }
@article {pmid41187561, year = {2026}, author = {Bombelli, A and Crespo Tapia, N and Tempelaars, MH and Boeren, S and den Besten, HMW and Abee, T and Liu, Y}, title = {Evolution of Listeria monocytogenes to a strong biofilm producer via the overexpression of Lmo1799.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {303}, number = {}, pages = {128379}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128379}, pmid = {41187561}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Proteomics ; *Glucosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Phenotype ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is key in Listeria monocytogenes' transmission and persistence in food processing environments. To further understand the mechanisms contributing to biofilm formation, an experimental evolution system was used to isolate strong biofilm producing strains of L. monocytogenes EGDe (reference strain) and FBR16 (hypermutator food isolate). After cycles of plastic surface colonisation, biofilm formation, dispersal and attachment to new surfaces, evolved variants (EV) strains were isolated and found to produce up to seven-fold more biofilm than their respective ancestral (AN) strains. Phenotypic assays revealed an increase in cell surface hydrophobicity as a shared dominant feature of EGDe and FBR16 EV isolates. Proteomic analysis showed proteins Lmo1798, a predicted glucosyltransferase, and Lmo1799, a putative peptidoglycan binding protein with 226 Ala-Asp tandem repeats, to be the most upregulated proteins in both EV strains compared to the AN strains. Genomic analysis of the EGDe EV strain identified a single-nucleotide insertion in the upstream region of lmo1799 and an in-frame deletion of 42 nucleotides in lmo1799, conceivably resulting in high-level expression of a functional protein with 219 Ala-Asp repeats. To evaluate the impact of Lmo1799 on the EV phenotypes and the overall biofilm capacity of L. monocytogenes, EGDe EV mutants lacking lmo1799 and/or the upstream insertion were constructed. Notably, both constructed mutants showed reduced biofilm formation and lower surface hydrophobicity compared to the EV strain, indicating the importance of these mutations for the strong biofilm capacity. Overall, these observations indicate a critical role of Lmo1799 in L. monocytogenes cell surface characteristics and biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41187429, year = {2025}, author = {Dai, C and Lou, S and Fan, X and Li, P and Xu, X and Chen, X}, title = {Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of kushenol N against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {790}, number = {}, pages = {152885}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152885}, pmid = {41187429}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mice ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious clinical challenge due to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Here, we demonstrate that kushenol N (KN), a natural flavonoid, exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multiple MRSA isolates (MICs of 8-32 μg/mL), and anti-biofilm activity against MRSA USA300. KN disrupted bacterial membranes and inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, reducing biomass by ∼85 % at 1/2 MIC and lowering extracellular DNA to ∼18 % of control. Key biofilm-associated genes (sarA, atl, agrA, clfA) were downregulated by 0.39-0.69-fold in MRSA USA300. KN displayed low cytotoxicity and minimal hemolytic activity (<6 %). In vivo, KN improved survival in Galleria mellonella (up to 100 % at 12 h) and murine infection models (up to 83 % at 75 mg/kg), while reducing bacterial loads and tissue damage, approaching the efficacy of vancomycin. These results highlight KN as a promising dual-function antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent, while the antivirulence effects were specifically observed in MRSA USA300, supporting further preclinical development and evaluation across additional MRSA strains.}, }
@article {pmid41186216, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, J and Shen, L and Yang, J and Shi, J and Huang, Y and Shang, Y and Yu, F}, title = {Staphyloxanthin-enriched extracts promote biofilm formation and oxidative stress resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0099625}, pmid = {41186216}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of global health concern, presents a significant clinical challenge due to its escalating antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity. The biofilm matrix of S. aureus is enriched with carotenoids, primarily staphyloxanthin (STX), which function as virulence factors by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we examined the impact of the methanol extract of S. aureus (MES) on biofilm formation. Our findings revealed that MES enhanced biofilm formation in S. aureus strains with inherently weak biofilm-forming ability by upregulating key adhesion genes (fibronectin-binding protein A/fnbB, serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein D, clumping factors A/B, elastin-binding protein, and fib) and downregulating autolysis-associated genes (lytR and lrgA). Furthermore, MES augmented the resistance of these strains to whole blood-mediated killing and improved their antioxidant capacity. To elucidate the role of STX, methanolic extracts were prepared from crtM and crtN mutants of the USA300 LAC strain and applied to biofilm-impaired strains. These experiments provided indirect evidence that STX in the methanolic extract is a critical mediator of biofilm promotion in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest a potential mechanistic link between STX in S. aureus methanolic extract and biofilm formation, offering novel insights for therapeutic strategies against S. aureus infections.IMPORTANCEOur findings demonstrate that the methanolic extract of S. aureus, predominantly comprising STX, augments biofilm formation and antioxidant capacity in vitro. These results not only offer novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies for S. aureus infections but also underscore the potential role of microbial secondary metabolites in interstrain interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41186175, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, W and Ge, M and Liu, Q and Yang, C and Wang, Q and Lin, H and Zhang, X}, title = {Cysteine Metabolism Reprogramming-Motivated Catalytic Immunotherapy for Orthopedic Biofilm Infections.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {19}, number = {45}, pages = {38894-38909}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c04069}, pmid = {41186175}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Cysteine/metabolism ; *Immunotherapy ; Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Catalysis ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Metabolic Reprogramming ; }, abstract = {Immunotherapeutic strategies have proven to be very promising in the treatment of drug-resistant infections. However, breakthroughs against medical implant infections have been hampered by the presence of sophisticated bacterial biofilm defense barriers and suppressive immune cells at the biofilm-immune interface. Herein, we developed a nanointerfering catalyst (niCatalyst) for targeted modulation of cysteine metabolic processes in the biofilm-immune microenvironment (BIME). By releasing aurin tricarboxylic acid, the niCatalyst effectively blocked key enzymes involved in cysteine metabolism, thus limiting the production of hydrogen sulfide and glutathione in the biofilm defense barrier. Light-triggered burst catalysis of singlet oxygen further exacerbated the oxidative stress damage within the biofilm. Additionally, interference with cysteine metabolism inhibited cellular glutathione synthesis, leading to the enhancement of antimicrobial immune responses and antigen-presenting cell functions in macrophages. This, in turn, costimulated the immune functions of antibiofilm adaptive helper T cells and cytotoxic NK cells. In summary, our emerging niCatalysts enable reprogramming of cysteine metabolism in the BIME, as well as costimulation of innate and adaptive immunotherapy. This approach effectively eliminates drug-resistant biofilm infections with low metabolic activity, providing an alternative for metabolic immunotherapy in the postantibiotic era.}, }
@article {pmid41185925, year = {2025}, author = {Ivory, JD and Sezgin, D and Coutts, PM and Roshan, D and Hobbs, CM and Soriano, JV and O'Gara, JP and Gallagher, D and Gethin, G}, title = {Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Biofilm in Chronic Wounds. What Do Practitioners Think? Consensus Through an Electronic Delphi Survey.}, journal = {International wound journal}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, pages = {e70771}, pmid = {41185925}, issn = {1742-481X}, support = {GOIPG/2020/535//Irish Research Council/ ; CDA-2019-007/HRBI_/Health Research Board/Ireland ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; *Consensus ; Delphi Technique ; *Wound Infection/diagnosis/therapy ; *Wound Healing/physiology ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Wounds and Injuries/therapy ; Adult ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to gain clinician consensus on which signs/symptoms reported to be indicative of biofilm in chronic wounds are likely to be so. An international, two-round eDelphi process including wound care clinicians ran from December 2023 to February 2024. Participants rated 26 items on a 9-point Likert scale. Consensus to include: ≥ 70% of respondents rate an item 7-9, ≤ 15% rate it 1-3. Consensus to exclude: ≥ 70% of respondents rate an item 1-3, ≤ 15% rate it 7-9. Eleven items (visual indicators [a shiny, slimy, persistent layer, easily removed, returns quickly without frequent intervention]; failure to respond to antimicrobials; infection > 30 days duration; poor quality granulation tissue; stalled wound despite optimal management; persistent/prolonged inflammation; wound > 6 weeks duration; soft tissue deterioration despite antimicrobials/debridement; signs of local infection; tunnelling/undermining; presence of slough) achieved consensus to include status. To our knowledge, consensus work on this topic has not previously been performed on such a wide scale. When examined alongside similar work, clinical opinion on the matter lacks coherence. We hope that these findings will help direct us toward greater cohesiveness. The work supports a need for research to quantify the predictive abilities of signs and symptoms reported to be indicative of biofilm in chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41185360, year = {2025}, author = {Ye, J and Qiu, W and Xie, J}, title = {Quorum sensing systems in biofilm formation and the potential application of natural quorum sensing inhibitors in aquatic product preservation.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {117623}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117623}, pmid = {41185360}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Bacteria/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Food Preservation/methods ; Homoserine/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Food Microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Lactones ; }, abstract = {Aquatic products contain a variety of microorganisms, including spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The spoilage of aquatic products induced by bacteria is related to biofilm formation, relying on cell density, through a process known as quorum sensing (QS). This process involves cell communication by synthesizing, detecting, and responding to autoinducers (AIs), mainly including acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and autoinducer peptide (AIP). Disrupting QS systems can interfere with biofilm formation by bacteria in aquatic products. Natural quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been widely studied for their safety, environmental friendliness and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. In this comprehensive review, we examine the role of QS systems in biofilm formation by food-related bacteria in aquatic products and summarize the types of natural QSIs along with their mechanisms of action in inhibiting biofilm formation. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of natural QSIs in aquatic product preservation and provide perspectives for future research.}, }
@article {pmid41185353, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, GJ and Jin, YH and Mah, JH}, title = {Reduction of viability, heat resistance, and biofilm formation and persistence of Bacillus cereus spores in beef stew broth by herb and spice extracts.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {117606}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117606}, pmid = {41185353}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Bacillus cereus/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Spores, Bacterial/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Food Microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Spices ; *Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Hot Temperature ; *Red Meat/microbiology ; Thermotolerance ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts from 16 plants (8 herbs and 8 spices) on the viability, heat resistance, biofilm formation, and persistence of two different toxigenic Bacillus cereus spores in beef stew broth. Two B. cereus strains, namely, B. cereus CH3 (diarrheal type) and B. cereus JCM 17690 (emetic type), were tested. Based on the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) both in vitro and in situ, the most effective herbs and spices were selected: rosemary (0.3125 mg/mL; identical in both strains and tests) and sage (0.3125 mg/mL) among herbs; mace (0.625 mg/mL) and turmeric (0.625 mg/mL) among spices. In addition, all extracts prepared from powdered forms of herbs and spices consistently exhibited equal or lower MICs than those prepared from dried forms. Meanwhile, all four selected extracts prepared from powdered forms significantly reduced spore viability (reduction rate of herbs: 50.46-90.91 %; spices: 52.36-86.01 %) and heat resistance (reduction rate of herbs: 16.64-48.63 %; spices: 9.69-45.41 %). All the extracts also completely inhibited the biofilm formation of B. cereus spores and effectively disrupted the preformed biofilms (i.e., reduction of biofilm persistence; reduction rate of herbs: 12.16-77.83 %; spices: 14.13-70.99 %). In addition, they significantly reduced the heat resistance (reduction rate of herbs: 9.45-35.67 %; spices: 8.90-28.27 %) of spores in biofilm. Such inhibitory effects of the extracts were shown in a concentration-dependent manner, and the intensity of inhibition appeared to be strain specific. These findings indicate that the application of natural plant extracts, in combination with conventional heat treatment, may provide a promising strategy for controlling B. cereus contamination in beef stew and other ready-to-eat meat products.}, }
@article {pmid41185294, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Z and Liu, Y and He, J and Pei, X and Lin, Y and Magnani, M and Liu, D and Ding, T and Feng, J}, title = {Milkfat influences thermal tolerance and biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium during pasteurization.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {117538}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117538}, pmid = {41185294}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pasteurization/methods ; *Milk/microbiology/chemistry ; Animals ; *Salmonella typhimurium/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Food Microbiology ; *Thermotolerance ; Lipase ; }, abstract = {The bacterial contamination and failure of pasteurization are leading threats to the safety of dairy productions. Milk contains a large quantity of fat which supports bacterial growth but its influence on pasteurization efficacy and biofilm formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we first demonstrate that the inactivation of Salmonella during pasteurization is significantly less effective in whole milk compared to skim milk, with the D-value increasing from 0.60 min in skim milk to 0.67 min in whole milk (P = 0.0047). In whole milk, Salmonella biofilms form greater biomass and display a distinct architecture from biofilms in skim milk. Specifically, Salmonella in whole milk was embedded within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), while cells in skim milk biofilms were sparsely distributed. Raman spectroscopy showed that biofilms formed in whole milk possess a distinctly higher lipid content. Therefore, we hypothesized that the thermal tolerance of Salmonella in whole milk was directly linked to its physical interaction with milkfat. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed an increase from 26.1 % to 86.1 % of the fraction of Salmonella co-localizing with milkfat after 12 h of incubation in whole milk. Lipase treatment (200 units/mL) on whole milk reduced biofilm formation and improved the efficacy of thermal inactivation. Our findings demonstrate the milkfat acts as a physical scaffold, facilitating bacterial aggregation and the formation of a protective, lipid-rich biofilm matrix enhancing Salmonella survival during pasteurization. These insights should inform pasteurization strategies of high-fat dairy products to ensure food safety.}, }
@article {pmid41183698, year = {2025}, author = {Jafarieh, D and Jafarieh, R and Bahrami, R and Pourhajibagher, M and Bahador, A}, title = {Improvement of antibacterial potency of riboflavin mediated photodynamic therapy by potassium iodide against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm formed on orthodontic miniscrews: An in vitro study.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {105268}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105268}, pmid = {41183698}, issn = {1873-1597}, mesh = {*Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Riboflavin/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/drug effects ; *Potassium Iodide/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on the antibacterial efficacy of riboflavin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms formed on orthodontic miniscrews.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of riboflavin was 200 &#x3bc;g/mL. Biofilms were grown on orthodontic miniscrews and divided into ten groups (n = 6): PBS (negative control), 0.2 % chlorhexidine (CHX; positive control), LED, KI, PDT with riboflavin at &#xbd; MIC (100 &#x3bc;g/mL), &#xbc; MIC (50 &#x3bc;g/mL), and &#x215b; MIC (25 &#x3bc;g/mL), and the same PDT conditions combined with 100 mM KI. Biofilm viability was assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts.<br><br>RESULTS: All treatments significantly reduced CFU/mL compared with PBS (P < 0.001). The addition of KI enhanced the antibacterial effect of riboflavin-mediated PDT at sub-MIC concentrations, with the strongest effect at 25 &#x3bc;g/mL riboflavin + KI (P = 0.001 vs. riboflavin alone). CHX and PDT with 100 &#x3bc;g/mL riboflavin + KI showed the highest inhibition, with 97.56 % and 95.12 % reductions, respectively. Notably, PDT with 50 &#x3bc;g/mL riboflavin (&#xbc; MIC; LED 450 &#xb1; 5 nm, 1000-1400 mW/cm&#xb2;, 60-80 J/cm&#xb2;, 1 min) plus 100 mM KI achieved an antibacterial effect comparable to 0.2 % CHX.<br><br>CONCLUSION: PDT mediated with riboflavin at 50 &#x3bc;g/mL combined with KI effectively reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms formed on orthodontic miniscrews.}, }
@article {pmid41182363, year = {2026}, author = {Xie, H and Zhao, W and Li, J and Li, J}, title = {Microbial functional characteristics in a full-scale immobilized biochemical tank: focusing on the suspended sludge and carrier-attached biofilm.}, journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {337-350}, pmid = {41182363}, issn = {1615-7605}, support = {23JRRA888//Gansu Youth Science and Technology Fund/ ; 2024CXPT-14//Department of Education of Gansu Province: Major cultivation project of scientific research innovation platform in university/ ; }, abstract = {Although microbial immobilization has been widely applied in wastewater treatment, the functional differences between suspended sludge and carrier-attached biofilms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and potential metabolic differences between suspended sludge (MIS) and polyurethane foam (PUF)-attached biofilms (MIC) in an immobilized biochemical tank (MI) from a chemical fiber plant. Compared to the conventional activated sludge process (CAS), the MI demonstrated significantly enhanced removal efficiencies of 39.4% for COD and 83.3% for BOD. The richness, diversity and unique microorganisms of MIS were higher than those of MIC. The dominant genera in MIS were Aridibacter, Diaphorobacter, Nostocoida, Pirellulaceae, Mucilaginibacter, and Rhodanobacter, while the dominant genera in MIC were Mucilaginibacter, Aridibacter, Nostocoida, Gemmata, Meiothermus, and Mycobacterium. Although the major genera were consistent, their relative abundance varied. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that MIS showed stronger contributions to the transport of organic pollutants, while their role in nitrogen removal in the wastewater was greater than that of attached microorganisms. In contrast, carbon removal primarily occurred on the MIC. Moreover, the intensity of stochastic processes in shaping bacterial communities was observed as CAS (R[2] = 0.427) > MIS (R[2] = 0.261) > MIC (R[2] = 0.26), suggesting that the carriers enhanced the exposure of microbial communities to deterministic processes. These findings offer concrete theoretical support for the engineering application of microbial immobilization technology in treating industrial wastewater by elucidating key mechanistic insights.}, }
@article {pmid41180865, year = {2025}, author = {Bahuguna, N and Venugopal, D and Rai, N}, title = {Biotherapeutic Potential of Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii Against Candida albicans Biofilm.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, pages = {1534-1545}, pmid = {41180865}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {The potential of innovative and alternative probiotic-based antifungal drugs to treat severe biofilm-associated infections has increased demand in recent years. A potentially fatal systemic fungal disease, candidiasis mostly affects the skin and mucous membranes lining inside body cavities such as the nose, mouth, lips, eyes, ears, and genital area. Candida-induced biofilms are densely arranged communities with specific structures that adhere to the surfaces of embedded devices, are covered by an extracellular matrix, and act as an essential virulent factor. It is crucial to explore innovative approaches to aid in treating such fungal illnesses because conventional medications are no longer effective in treating candidiasis. Researchers have been driven to identify the triggers that cause biofilm to grow and mature due to the difficulties involved with biofilm-related disorders. There are still several challenges in Candidasis disease management in clinical settings. A potentially effective approach involves utilising probiotic microorganisms and/or their metabolites, including probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. It has a significant role in the prevention or treatment of intestinal disorders. The virulence factors, hyphae production, adhesion, and biofilm development of Candida albicans, a significant human fungal pathogen, are influenced by S. boulardii cells and their metabolite, including capric acid. This article is exploring the biotherapeutic potential of probiotic, particularly S. boulardii against Candidiasis and highlighting the health benefits of probiotics on human health.}, }
@article {pmid41179641, year = {2025}, author = {Sara, R and Mohadeseh, K and Mehdi, B and Hasan, E and Hediyeh, SS and Farhad, N}, title = {Assessment of the Last-Resort Antibiotics against Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase/Carbapenemase and Biofilm Producer Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), Iran.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, pages = {451-462}, pmid = {41179641}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics/enzymology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Iran ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *beta-Lactamases/metabolism/genetics ; *Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Intensive Care Units ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/microbiology ; COVID-19 ; Tigecycline/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Colistin/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is regarded as one of the most prevalent etiologies of nosocomial infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the activity of tigecycline, azithromycin, and colistin against K. pneumoniae isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of suspected cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The present study investigates the activity of tigecycline, azithromycin, and colistin against ESBL/carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. The investigation encompasses the phenotypic and genotypic screening of ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamases, and carbapenemase enzymes. Furthermore, an evaluation was conducted to ascertain the capacity of the biofilm to form. Consequently, the presence of virulence genes was identified through the implementation of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The utilization of phenotypic detection tests resulted in the categorization of 27 (29.6%) out of 91 K. pneumoniae isolates as ESBL/carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae strains. Furthermore, molecular methods revealed that all 27 K. pneumoniae isolates possessed at least one of the ESBL/carbapenemase-related genes. ESBL-associated genes were detected in 91 K. pneumoniae isolates, including 19.7% blaTEM, 29.6% blaSHV, and 19.7% blaCTX-M. Carbapenemase-related genes were identified in 17.5% of the isolates, including blaOXA-48-like (15.4%) and blaNDM1 (2.1%). The investigation revealed that all 27 of the isolates demonstrated the capacity to form biofilms. In this study, the prevalence of specific genes among ESBL/carbapenemase producer K. pneumoniae isolates was investigated. The genes analyzed included entB, mrkD, fimH, Irp2, wcaG, mrkA, rmpA, iutA, and magA. The results showed that 92.59%, 92.59%, 81.48%, 88.8%, 40.74%, 11.1%, 22.22%, 18.5%, 14.81%, and 33.33% of the isolates carried entB, mrkD, fimH, Irp2, wcaG, mrkA, rmpA, iutA, and magA genes, respectively. However, the iucA gene was not detected in any of the isolates examined. Tigecycline and colistin demonstrated higher efficacy against these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results for four colistin-resistant isolates revealed three distinct sequence types (ST): ST3500, ST273, and two cases of ST2558. The rapid emergence and subsequent dissemination of colistin-resistant and Beta-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae has led to a worrisome global situation. The effective antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against K. pneumoniae that produce these enzymes may be efficient in hospitalized patients in ICUs with suspected cases of VAP.}, }
@article {pmid41179148, year = {2025}, author = {Folquitto, LRDS and Siqueira, FDS and Nunes, TR and de Souza, TB and Carvalho, DT and Machado, RP and Doriguetto, AC and Campos, MMA and Diniz, LF and Soares, MG and Chagas de Paula, DA and Dias, DF}, title = {Synthesis and Biological Assessment of New Thiazoles for Mycobacterial Infections and Biofilm Disruption.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {42}, pages = {50007-50018}, pmid = {41179148}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Sixteen thiazoles, of which nine are unprecedented substances (11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, and 24), were obtained by a cyclocondensation reaction between a thioamide and an α-bromoketone, via Hantzsch synthesis. All thiazoles (11-26), along with four thiosemicarbazone derivatives (7-10) and their precursors (1-6), were evaluated for their activity against Mycobacterium species Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium massiliense, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium smegmatis, as well as for their antibiofilm properties. Among them, compounds 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 showed promising results in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, demonstrating bactericidal activity within 48 h. Moreover, all these compounds inhibited biofilm formation. Notably, the unprecedented thiazole 17, along with 18 (MIC = 36 μmol L[-1]) and 21 (MIC = 65 μmol L[-1]), exhibited the lowest MIC values against all tested species, outperforming the reference drugs. Furthermore, these compounds showed a high degree of selectivity toward mycobacterial cells, as confirmed by cytotoxicity assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Vero cells. These findings highlight the strong antimycobacterial potential of the new thiazole derivatives, warranting further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid41179081, year = {2025}, author = {Mistry, Y and Mullan, SA and Patel, M and Patel, P}, title = {Evaluation of In Vitro Biofilm Formation of Leptospira Isolates From Human Samples at Four Different Time Frames.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {e93534}, pmid = {41179081}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilm is a group of bacterial cells that are formed through a complex network of intracellular communication, which gives new properties to those organisms, like increased protection and resistance to antimicrobial agents, and decreases the effectiveness of host immune responses. Detection of biofilm and evaluation of biofilm production at different time frames are important parameters for antimicrobial resistance, with no or delayed improvement in patient outcomes even after prolonged antimicrobial therapy.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was an experimental research using 33 human Leptospira isolates. Biofilm formation was checked by a quantification method using 96-well polystyrene U-well plates. Biofilm formation was checked on days 5, 7, 14, and 21.<br><br>RESULT: The biofilm optical density (OD) remained relatively low and stable on Day 5 (0.0703) and Day 7 (0.0674), with overlapping 95% Cls, suggesting no significant difference between these two time points. However, a marked increase was observed by Day 14, where the OD rose to 0.1189 (95%CI: 0.0986-0.1391), indicating a significant accumulation of biofilm. This upward trend continued through Day 21, with the highest mean OD recorded at 0.1826 (95% CI: 0.1596-0.2055). The widening confidence intervals on Days 14 and 21 reflect increased variability at later stages.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Human Leptospira isolates show potential for biofilm production in a time-dependent manner. In the present study, OD of biofilm remains low and stable on days 5 and 7, with a marked increase in OD seen on Day 14 and much on Day 21.}, }
@article {pmid41178148, year = {2025}, author = {Jindal, S and Bisharat, M and Khamaisi, B and Ghosal, K and Nassar-Marjiya, E and Wu, Q and Daoud, S and Redenski, I and Srouji, S and Farah, S}, title = {Biofilm-Antagonist Ginger-Based 3D-Printable Photoresins for Complex Implant Designs Exhibiting Advanced Multifunctional Biomedical Applications.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e03351}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202503351}, pmid = {41178148}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {//Neubauer Family Foundation/ ; //Council for Higher Education, Israel/ ; //Aly Kaufman Fellowship Trust/ ; //Technion's Presidential Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Since the discovery of 3D-printing, it has revolutionized personalized drug delivery and implants by enabling intricate, customizable designs. However, key challenges remain, including complex design, host immune response, biofilm formation, and infection-induced inflammation at the implant site. This work offers, first-ever, unique ginger-based 3D-printable resins by chemically modifying Zingerol (Zing-OH, a ginger-based component) into photopolymerizable compositions that can print high-resolution complex designs via DLP 3D-printing. Briefly, the Zing-OH is amended via different functional group backbones, resulting in Zing-OH-based resins (ether, ester, and urethane) and their respective prints. Moreover, the Zing-OH prints' thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties can be fine-tuned by simply customizing the backbone. Furthermore, the shape memory efficacy and the human bone (nasal cartilage, vestibular, cortical, femur, etc.) mimicking mechanical properties (exhibiting 2-200 MPa compressive strength) makes them more enticing. In tandem, the prints are also hemocompatible as well as cyto-friendly against human skin (HaCaT) and lung (BEAS-2B) cells, and mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cells. Concurrently, an in vivo biocompatibility study in a rat model indicates that the printed materials are biocompatible, showing no signs of severe inflammatory response over a 28-day period. More importantly, the outstanding anti-biofilm and antioxidant efficacies of the Zing-OH prints make them more appealing due to their potential to prevent implant rejection, thus making them promising tools for bone-tissue engineering (BTE) applications.}, }
@article {pmid41177785, year = {2025}, author = {Chandramoorthy, HC}, title = {Ni-Fe Nanoparticles from Eugenia jambolana Extract Show Enhanced Anti-Biofilm, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects.}, journal = {Current pharmaceutical design}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113816128394608251005230040}, pmid = {41177785}, issn = {1873-4286}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Metallic nanoparticles are of interest for their potent bactericidal and anti-biofilm effects within a favorable therapeutic index. This study reports the green synthesis of bimetallic nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) nanoparticles using Eugenia jambolana extract and evaluates their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activities.<br><br>METHODS: Ni-Fe nanoparticles were synthesized using E. jambolana extract and characterized for crystalline structure, size, stability, zeta potential, and functional groups. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Grampositive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and Candida albicans. Anti-biofilm potential was assessed via inhibition and dispersion assays, EPS quantification, and in situ visualization. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured through protein denaturation and nitric oxide scavenging assays, while antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and H2O2 scavenging tests.<br><br>RESULTS: Crystalline, stable Ni-Fe nanoparticles with favorable functional groups were obtained. At 200 &#x3bc;g/mL, they showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Biofilm formation was reduced by 50% at 250 &#x3bc;g/mL, and dispersion occurred at 10-50 &#x3bc;g/mL, with S. aureus most susceptible. EPS inhibition at 50 &#x3bc;g/mL was 78% (E. coli), 70% (P. aeruginosa), 73% (B. subtilis), and 91% (S. aureus). Visualization confirmed strong adherence to biofilms. At 250 &#x3bc;g/mL, protein denaturation inhibition reached 45%, nitric oxide scavenging 42.6%, DPPH scavenging 44%, and H2O2 scavenging 49%.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Ni-Fe nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, notably against S. aureus. High EPS inhibition and biofilm dispersion suggest potential against biofilm- associated, drug-resistant infections.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Green-synthesized Ni-Fe nanoparticles from E. jambolana show multifunctional bioactivities, offering promise for therapeutic applications targeting resistant and biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41177647, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zou, K and Wang, X and Wang, Z and Song, W and Du, X and Lin, D}, title = {Water quality and biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems with the low-dose sodium hypochlorite disinfection after ultrafiltration pretreatment.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {647-655}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.04.083}, pmid = {41177647}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Sodium Hypochlorite ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; *Water Purification/methods ; *Water Quality ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Disinfectants ; Ultrafiltration ; Water Microbiology ; China ; }, abstract = {In this study, the effects of low-dose sodium hypochlorite disinfection on water quality and biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) after ultrafiltration pretreatment was investigated. The influence of pipeline hydraulic residence time (HRT) on disinfection efficiency, by-product formation, microbial activity, and biofilm growth were considered. The results show that both microbial activities and metabolite secretion were stimulated by increasing HRT, aggravating the potential risk of microbial pollution in DWDS. The enhanced microbial metabolism could further weaken disinfection efficiency by consuming extra residual Chlorine, after which the formation of disinfection by-products was facilitated. Residual Chlorine was found negatively correlated with HRT. With prolonging HRT from 5 to 40 h, the concentration of disinfection by-products (Chlorate, Chlorite, and Trichloromethane) was on a continuously increasing trend by 37 %, 140 %, and 75 %, respectively. But the water kept in pipeline still reliably satisfied the Standards for drinking water quality in China (GB5749-2022). Besides, more biofilm with denser morphologies developed on rubber pipeline gaskets rather than the iron/plastic ones. Rubber material was inappropriate for DWDS due to its potential risk of secondary biological pollution. Prolonging HRT also enhanced the accumulation of dominant bacteria (e.g. Bradyrhizobium and Obscuribacter) and decreased microbial diversity.}, }
@article {pmid41177267, year = {2026}, author = {Harsent, R and Cattoir, V and Pascoe, M and Pertusati, F and Westwell, AC and Maillard, JY}, title = {Enterococcus spp. ability to form a dry surface biofilm: a route to persistence on environmental surfaces.}, journal = {The Journal of hospital infection}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {23-33}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.09.008}, pmid = {41177267}, issn = {1532-2939}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Enterococcus/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/growth &amp; development ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microbial Viability ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Flow Cytometry ; Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci/physiology ; Surface Properties ; Colony Count, Microbial ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) present a significant global burden, with resistant pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) being of particular concern. Dry surface biofilms (DSBs) have recently emerged as critical reservoirs for multi-drug-resistant organisms in healthcare environments, yet little is known about enterococcal DSB formation and persistence.<br><br>AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of various Enterococcus species and clinical isolates to form DSBs on healthcare-relevant materials, assess their long-term survival, and explore factors influencing DSB culturability.<br><br>METHODS: Multiple enterococcus strains, including epidemic and vancomycin-resistant isolates, were cultured using a standardized DSB formation model on a range of surfaces and materials commonly found in healthcare settings. Culturability was assessed through serial dilutions and colony enumeration. Structural characterization was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.<br><br>FINDINGS: All enterococcus strains formed DSBs on stainless steel and other clinical materials. DSBs maintained high culturability (5-6 log10) for up to 84 weeks at 20 &#xb0;C and 55% relative humidity. VRE strains exhibited lower culturability compared with non-VRE. No correlation was found between DSB formation and surface roughness or hydrophobicity. SEM, confocal imaging and flow cytometry confirmed heterogeneity in DSB structure and viability across surfaces.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Enterococcus spp. can form persistent, viable DSBs on diverse healthcare surfaces, contributing to the environmental persistence of pathogens. The combination of mechanical removal with an effective disinfectant remains at present the best approach for DSB control on hard surfaces. As such, enhanced cleaning and disinfection might be, for the time being, the best approach to control DSBs on hard surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid41177265, year = {2026}, author = {Beaugelin, I and Bulot, S and Pineau, L}, title = {Comparison of three methods for claiming biofilm disinfection.}, journal = {The Journal of hospital infection}, volume = {168}, number = {}, pages = {80-87}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.023}, pmid = {41177265}, issn = {1532-2939}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Carbon/analysis ; Peracetic Acid/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilms are frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections. To reduce patient risks, disinfectant should be able to inactivate bacteria present within biofilms. Multiple methods are described in the literature, but no consensus has been reached for disinfection efficacy tests against biofilms.<br><br>METHODS: Three published Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growing methods were characterized by measuring protein, total organic carbon (TOC), and bacterial concentrations. The sensitivity of each biofilm to disinfectant was then evaluated according to a test method based on NF EN 14561 against a reference peracetic acid (PAA) solution.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilms formed according to ISO 15883-5 showed higher protein and bacteria contents than biofilms formed using ASTM E2562 or the Konrat et al. method. The results indicate that ISO 15883-5 biofilms were less sensitive to disinfectant than the two other biofilms, and that older biofilms had lower sensitivity to disinfectant.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study found direct correlation between the duration of growth and the maturity of biofilms. ISO 15883-5 biofilms grown for 96 h were found to have higher concentrations of protein, TOC and bacteria than ASTM E2652 and Konrat et al. biofilms grown for 48 h and 24 h, respectively. The importance of the biofilm maturation phase was confirmed by the disinfection efficacy tests. The results of these tests demonstrate that biofilms with the longest maturation phase are less sensitive to disinfectant. Type tests performed on disinfectants to demonstrate that they can be used on medical devices or in healthcare facilities should include tests against mature biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41176173, year = {2026}, author = {Li, R and Wan, Y and Zhang, X and Wang, G and Zhou, Q and Li, X and Li, T}, title = {Groundwater remediation powered by microbial electron transfer: From electrode-biofilm interactions to field deployment.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {133566}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133566}, pmid = {41176173}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Groundwater/chemistry ; *Biofilms ; Electrodes ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification ; Electron Transport ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Water Purification/methods ; Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; }, abstract = {Groundwater contamination is a pressing global issue driven by anthropogenic activities and intensified by climate change. Microbial electrochemical technology (MET) has emerged as a promising low-carbon approach that integrates microbial metabolism with electrochemical redox reactions for efficient remediation. However, its field-scale feasibility, long-term stability, and environmental impacts remain insufficiently understood. This review synthesizes recent advances in MET for subsurface pollutant removal and critically examines key barriers to practical deployment. Extracellular electron transfer and pollution conversion mechanisms are discussed, enabling METs to target diverse contaminants. Critical operational factors are analyzed alongside emerging strategies to enhance remediation outcomes. Sustainability, life cycle impacts, and technology readiness are also assessed to evaluate environmental viability. Overall, while challenges like long-term stability and scale-up persist, METs hold significant promise for site-specific pollutant control. This review bridges mechanistic insights with engineering strategies, providing an integrated framework for scalable and sustainable MET applications in groundwater remediation.}, }
@article {pmid41176112, year = {2025}, author = {Krsak, M and Khaled, SA and Reyes Copello, JF and Karaytug, K and Tillander, JAN and Abedi, AA and Adjel, A and Ascione, T and Behle, TF and Belden, K and Berbari, EF and Bondarenko, S and Bozkurt, M and Certain, L and Cortes-Penfield, N and Del Lujan Sanchez, M and Demirkiran, ND and Farah, SN and Glynn, A and Gómez-Junyent, J and Hoveidaei, AH and Jaramillo, R and Kallel, S and Munhoz Lima, AL and Manning, L and Marculescu, C and Metsemakers, WJ and Mitton, BC and Parizzia, W and Parvizi, J and Petrie, MJ and Rostagno, R and Schade, M and Scheper, H and Skyttä, E and Studers, P and Tunalı, O and Varnaserighandeali, M and Woc-Colburn, L and Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M}, title = {2025 ICM: Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) Versus Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).}, journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty}, volume = {41}, number = {1S1}, pages = {S177-S190}, doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2025.10.098}, pmid = {41176112}, issn = {1532-8406}, }
@article {pmid41175983, year = {2026}, author = {Mehmood, F and Magsi, N and Tariq, H and Afaq, M}, title = {Unseen reservoirs: Channel-associated biofilm in reusable endoscopes and a low-cost reprocessing framework for resource-limited hospitals.}, journal = {American journal of infection control}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {237-238}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2025.10.026}, pmid = {41175983}, issn = {1527-3296}, }
@article {pmid41175227, year = {2025}, author = {Vishwakarma, RK and Yadav, BS and Gautam, P and Sahu, M and Singh, A and Kumar, A and Nath, G}, title = {In-vitro analysis of biofilm formation and synergistic antibiotic-phage therapy for amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {12}, pages = {336}, pmid = {41175227}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/virology/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Amoxicillin/pharmacology ; *Phage Therapy/methods ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Coliphages/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Escherichia coli Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli (E. coli) significantly enhances bacterial resistance to antibiotics, complicating treatment, particularly in amoxicillin-resistant strains. Bacteriophage therapy demonstrates potential in treating biofilm-related infections, and the combination of phages and antibiotics (phage-antibiotic synergy, PAS) further enhances efficacy. This is the first study to evaluate PAS using penicillin-class antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli. E. coli-specific lytic bacteriophages were isolated and characterized. PAS was evaluated in both planktonic and biofilm forms using sub-inhibitory concentrations of AMC. The viability of biofilm and planktonic forms was assessed not only by colony counts but also by flow cytometry. Moreover, morphological alterations were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and genomic alterations by PAS were analyzed through whole genome fingerprinting using ERIC PCR. In biofilm and planktonic form, phage first achieved effective bacterial killing after 24 h, when 10[6] PFU/mL was supplemented with amoxicillin clavulanic acid (AMC) combination after 7 h for optimal PAS killing. PAS treatment significantly reduced biofilm viability compared to phage therapy only, while AMC was not effective at all. SEM revealed disrupted cell walls, detachment of flagella, and rupture of bacterial cells, as well as changes in morphology and biofilm matrix in combination therapy. Phage-first treatment with ɸA3 followed by AMC after 7 h effectively eradicates multidrug-resistant E. coli, causing genomic changes that restore antibiotic sensitivity at subinhibitory doses, potentially addressing antimicrobial resistance. In PAS, a cocktail of phages may be advised to avoid the emergence of phage mutant strains.}, }
@article {pmid41174763, year = {2025}, author = {Zhuang, ZM and Wang, Y and Xu, FW and Guo, K and Cao, LL and Feng, ZX and Zhong, XC and Chen, CY and Chen, J and Du, YZ and Zhang, HQ and Tan, MH and Zhang, T and Wang, Y and Lin, XY and Wu, ZR and Tan, WQ}, title = {Programmed nanozyme hydrogel enabling spatiotemporal modulation of wound healing achieves skin regeneration after biofilm infection.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {694}, pmid = {41174763}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {2023RC183//Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Healthy Science Foundation of China/ ; WKJ-ZJ-2530//Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Healthy Science Foundation of China/ ; 82172206//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Skin regeneration after wound healing is challenging, especially following infection. Wound repair is a staged yet continuous program, necessitating distinct therapeutic approaches at each stage. Regulation of infection-induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents a strategy. Thus, this study employs a therapeutic program involving ROS-responsive nanozyme release, ROS-generation, and ROS-scavenging to achieve dynamic modulation of wound microenvironment. Furthermore, by leveraging the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel to match healing requirements, both macroscopic and microscopic programmed treatment were achieved. In vitro studies confirmed that the treatment reprograms the infected microenvironment by attenuating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ ROS-driven inflammation, promoting M2 macrophage polarization, and suppressing myofibroblast over-activation, establishing coordinated control over “infection-inflammation-fibrosis”. In vivo results demonstrated that skin regeneration was achieved through advancing inflammation-to-proliferation phase transition temporally and by spatially guiding the healing direction. To further understand the spatial skin regeneration, a novel analysis named the ‘Patch Repair Division Method’ was reported to showcase the differences in the spatial structure between scar and regenerative area after the treatment. The altered healing orientation further resulted in more organized dermal architecture, enhanced hair follicle neogenesis, and improved vascularization. Collectively, these effects enabled the biofilm-infected wounds to achieve skin regeneration instead of scar formation.<br><br>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-025-03773-5.}, }
@article {pmid41174425, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, J and Wang, J and Kang, Z and Xu, H and Tang, C and Chen, J and Hu, H}, title = {Mixed-species biofilm with Salmonella in food industry: Persistence, interspecies interaction, and control.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {117348}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117348}, pmid = {41174425}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Salmonella/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Food Microbiology ; *Food Industry ; Humans ; Food Handling ; *Food-Processing Industry ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; Foodborne Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Microbial Interactions ; }, abstract = {Salmonella-induced foodborne diseases pose a considerable threat to human health. In the food industry, Salmonella commonly forms biofilms with other microorganisms. When Salmonella exists within mixed-species biofilms, its tolerance to disinfectants and persistence are enhanced, e.g., increased biomass, difficulties in washing and disinfection processes, survival under the stress of food processing, development of antibiotic resistance, and elevated cytotoxicity to humans. This review systematically evaluates the current knowledge of Salmonella-microbe interactions within mixed-species biofilm models in food-processing environments. Studies have shown that Salmonella persists in food facilities by forming mixed biofilms with resident microbiota. This analysis emphasizes the contributions of biofilm architecture, Salmonella cell-surface appendages, metabolic crosstalk, and molecular signaling pathways in mediating interspecies relationships. Moreover, this review explores novel control strategies for mixed-species biofilms, including enzymatic treatments and antimicrobial delivery systems, to disrupt extracellular polymeric substance barriers, as well as the use of antagonistic microbes and phage therapy to counteract synergistic interactions. By elucidating the mechanisms of Salmonella persistence, interspecies interactions, and mitigation strategies, this review provides critical insights into reducing contamination risks and improving food safety in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41174295, year = {2025}, author = {Afonso, AC and Simões, M and Saavedra, MJ and Simões, L and Lema, JM and Trueba-Santiso, A}, title = {Physicochemical, Structural, and Proteomic Insights into Drinking Water-Isolated Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Aggregation and Biofilm Dynamics.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {113}, pmid = {41174295}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Proteomics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Proteome ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium, exhibits remarkable adaptability across diverse environments, including drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), where its biofilm-forming and coaggregation capabilities pose significant public health challenges. This study integrates physicochemical, structural, and proteomic analyses to elucidate the mechanisms underlying A. calcoaceticus aggregation and biofilm dynamics. Surface characterization through contact angle measurements, zeta potential, and co-adhesion energy assessments revealed a predominantly hydrophilic surface with strong electron donor properties and a highly negative charge, promoting intercellular adhesion. Transmission electron microscopy unveiled dense cellular aggregates with extracellular filamentous structures, indicative of enhanced cell-to-cell interactions and potential extracellular polymeric substance involvement. Proteomic profiling identified 2593 differentially expressed proteins between aggregation stages, highlighting metabolic shifts, stress response activation, and upregulation of biofilm-associated proteins, including chaperones and quorum-sensing regulators. Our multidisciplinary approach emphasizes the importance of surface characterization in understanding bacterial community and underscores the critical role of physicochemical properties and proteomic flexibility in A. calcoaceticus biofilm and aggregation ability.}, }
@article {pmid41173993, year = {2025}, author = {Thakur, P and Singh, RN and Sani, RK}, title = {Long-read methylome analysis of Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis G20 biofilm under copper stress.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {38250}, pmid = {41173993}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Copper/toxicity ; *DNA Methylation/drug effects ; *Stress, Physiological ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Epigenome ; }, abstract = {This study represents the first investigation of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) DNA methylation patterns in sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) biofilms under copper (Cu) stress, utilizing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing. DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification that is dynamic and regulates the signals to modulate molecular mechanisms across biological systems. The regulatory roles of DNA methylation in prokaryotic systems remain comparatively understudied than in eukaryotes. Bacteria are highly sensitive to environmental changes and therefore may utilize additional mechanisms like DNA methylation to combat the stresses. Our previous studies, utilizing microscopy and growth analyses, revealed that Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis G20 (OA G20) biofilms responded to Cu stress. However, the DNA methylation patterns associated with this response remain unexplored, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating OA G20 biofilms under Cu stress. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by identifying 5mC DNA methylation in biofilms of OA G20 under Cu stress. To achieve our goal OA G20 biofilms cultivated under 30 µM-Cu ion stress along with control and sequenced through ONT sequencing. DNA methylation analysis was performed using the MicrobeMod pipeline identifying three methylated motifs: TCCG, CCCGCCCG, and CGGGAT in control (0 µM-Cu). TCCG was identified as the predominant methylated motif, with analysis revealing 78,022 genomic positions in the control condition. Of these, 61.7% exhibited 5mC modifications, 33.9% remained unmodified, and 4.4% showed uncharacterized modifications. In contrast, the 30 µM-Cu biofilm showed methylation in only two motifs, TCCG and GCANCTGCGS. Analysis of TCCG revealed 63,315 genomic positions, with 62.7% (39,706 sites) showing methylation and 33.2% (20,990 sites) remaining unmethylated. A total of 1418 common methylated positions were identified for both conditions and there were 341 and 424 genomic positions identified for motif TCCG above 75% methylation in the 0 µM and 30 µM-Cu biofilm samples, respectively. Differential methylation analysis revealed significant variations in methylation patterns across several key genes of crucial molecular pathways, important for biofilm formation, including ATP-Binding Cassettes (ABC) transporters, phosphohydrolase, flagellar biosynthesis, chemotaxis, cobalamin synthase, histidine kinase, and uncharacterized proteins.}, }
@article {pmid41172668, year = {2025}, author = {Verma, K and Thattaramppilly, RM and Mishra, A and H S, R and Ramesh, H and Sundar, S and Kumar, PG and Prasad, V and Rao, L}, title = {Assessing microbial biofilm growth on textile media and its efficiency for wastewater treatment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1004}, number = {}, pages = {180784}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180784}, pmid = {41172668}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Wastewater/microbiology ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Textiles ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; }, abstract = {The growing need for sustainable, cost-effective, and efficient wastewater treatment has spurred interest in the use of unconventional materials like synthetic textile media-based membranes in the Attached Growth Biological Reactor (AGBR). While conventional membranes are effective, their adoption is constrained by high costs, energy demands, and fouling issues. This study evaluates five different textile media: Braided Non-Braided (BNB), Broadly Braided (BB), Spiral Braided (SB), Non-Braided (NB), and Horizontal-Vertical Braided (HVB) for their capacity to support microbial biofilm formation and facilitate treatment of primary-treated municipal wastewater in AGBR systems. Among these, BNB and HVB demonstrated markedly superior biofilm development and were thus selected for further analysis in AGBRs. These systems achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 62-64 % and attained 85-87 % elimination of ammonia. Kinetic parameters such as maximum microbial growth rates, substrate utilization rates, and yield coefficients were quantified for both autotrophic and heterotrophic communities, providing insight into microbial functional behaviour under varied conditions. Furthermore, textile properties such as linear density and specific surface area were examined, revealing strong correlations with microbial attachment patterns, biofilm density, and reactor performance. These results confirm that textile architecture plays a pivotal role in guiding microbial colonization, mass transfer dynamics, and treatment efficiency. Given their affordability, scalability, and biological compatibility, textile-based media represent a promising alternative to conventional membranes in attached-growth wastewater treatment systems. The techno-economic analysis revealed that, compared to commonly adopted sequencing batch reactors (SBR), AGBR provides a more compact configuration (35 % reduction in footprint) and a cost-effective alternative (35 % lower costs), thereby offering a more sustainable solution for wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41172648, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, W and Zhao, S and Xie, T and Zhang, Z and Du, Z and Sun, P and Huang, F and Liu, J and Sun, Y}, title = {Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel coumarin derivatives as Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inhibitors.}, journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {302}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {118294}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.118294}, pmid = {41172648}, issn = {1768-3254}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Coumarins/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Drug Design ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Animals ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) poses a critical global health burden. A promising strategy to deal with resistant P. aeruginosa infections is to interfere with biofilm formation and the production of virulence. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel coumarin derivatives by incorporating long alkyl chains from native QS signal molecules into the coumarin scaffold. Compound XDS-23 emerged as the hit compound with an IC50 of 1.26 ± 0.16 μM to inhibit biofilm in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Furthermore, XDS-23 still exhibited significant efficacy in reducing biofilm and virulence in clinically isolated resistant P. aeruginosa. Mechanistic studies revealed that XDS-23 mainly inhibited the las and pqs systems, thereby suppressing biofilm and multiple virulence factors. Notably, XDS-23 demonstrated synergistic activity with polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and tobramycin against P. aeruginosa both in vitro and in vivo, significantly increasing the survival rate of Galleria mellonella when combined with these antibiotics. Collectively, these findings highlight biofilm inhibitor XDS-23 as a promising biofilm inhibitor to combat resistant P. aeruginosa infections.}, }
@article {pmid41171461, year = {2025}, author = {Nath, R and Sarkar, P and Bhattacharjee, A}, title = {Effect of Nitrosative Stress on Biofilm Formation and Upregulation of 2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {12}, pages = {588}, pmid = {41171461}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {2212/R-2021//University of North Bengal/ ; 2294/R-2022//University of North Bengal/ ; }, mesh = {*Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/enzymology/physiology/drug effects ; *Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Nitrosative Stress ; Butylene Glycols/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; }, abstract = {Nitrosative stress is a phenomenon where reactive nitrogen species (RNS), oxidizes different cellular macromolecules. In this study we investigated the effect of sub-toxic dose of different nitrosative stress agents on S. cerevisiae grown with 2% ethanol as sole carbon source. Our SEM analysis showed significant increase in biofilm production under stress with changes in cellular morphology. Genes responsible for biofilm formation like FLO11, BSC2 and MAC1 in S. cerevisiae upon treatment with ac. NaNO2 and SNP were also found to be upregulated. Redox enzymes like glutathione reductase (GR) showed an increase in specific activity in treated sets but catalase activity had no significant difference. Utilization of ethanol as sole carbon source was followed primarily by assessing the specific activity of Adh2p, which showed a significant 4-fold increase in both treated sets. This was also corroborated with gene expression analysis of ADH2. Together with this estimation of important enzymes of other associated metabolic pathways were also done to understand the changes in metabolic flux. Importantly both glyoxylate cycle and TCA cycle were found to be partially blocked under stress condition whereas, aldehyde reductase (Bdh2p) an important enzyme for 2,3-Butanediol production was found to have upregulated significantly. Altogether our study provides the first report on the effect of nitrosative stress on S. cerevisiae grown on ethanol as a carbon source with possibility to produce 2,3-Butanediol, an industrially important compound, that has a huge demand in the paint, drug and cosmetic industries.}, }
@article {pmid41171348, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, HW and Eom, YB}, title = {Biochanin A Suppresses Growth and Biofilm Formation of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {12}, pages = {591}, pmid = {41171348}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {SCH-20130328//Soonchunhyang University/ ; RS-2023-NR076438 (NRF-2023R1A2C1003486)//Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Fluconazole/pharmacology ; *Genistein/pharmacology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; *Candida auris/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology/genetics ; Humans ; Candidiasis/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Invasive fungal infections, especially from Candida auris (C. auris), are a serious threat to immunocompromised patients because of multidrug resistance. Therefore, research into novel antifungal agents or adjuvants for pre-existing treatments is necessary. This study examined the therapeutic potential of biochanin A as an antifungal and anti-biofilm agent against fluconazole-resistant C. auris (FRCA). Its efficacy was determined through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. The fungal metabolic activity in biofilms was measured using the XTT reduction assay and the results were visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We also evaluated the effect of biochanin A on C. auris adhesion and the expression of resistance and virulence-associated genes. Biochanin A inhibited the growth of several C. auris strains, with MIC90 values ranging from 16 to 64 µg/mL, as well as a dose-dependent reduction in MBIC and MBEC. The XTT assay and CLSM confirmed a significant inhibition of metabolic activity and viability. In addition, biochanin A reduced C. auris adherence to epithelial cells and downregulated the expression of the azole resistance gene ERG11 and the extracellular matrix gene KRE6. The results suggest that biochanin A is an effective alternative for managing fluconazole-resistant C. auris infections.}, }
@article {pmid41170592, year = {2025}, author = {Laurent, JM and Kan, A and Steinacher, M and Studart, AR}, title = {Self-organization of cellulose-producing microbial communities during biofilm spreading.}, journal = {Soft matter}, volume = {21}, number = {44}, pages = {8543-8554}, pmid = {41170592}, issn = {1744-6848}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cellulose/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Acetobacteraceae/metabolism/physiology ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Matrix-secreting microorganisms form self-organizing biofilms that provide protection and mechanical robustness to the embedded microbial communities. Biofilms made by cellulose-producing bacteria from Komagataeibacter species are widely used for food and bio-manufacturing, but their self-organization in mixed microbial communities has not yet been reported. Here, we investigate the self-organization and spreading of biofilm communities comprising distinct cellulose-producing variants of K. sucrofermentans. Using fluorescently labeled strains grown on solid culture medium, mixed pairs of variants produced striking spatial patterns, with distinct strains dominating the inner and outer regions of the biofilm. The experiments reveal that pattern formation and the enrichment of one strain in the microbial biofilms are affected by the growth rate, cellulose-production rate, and expansion rate of the constituent bacterial strains. Friction between the cellulose-producing bacteria and the underlying substrate was found to be an important phenotype governing cell segregation in the microbial communities, while cell dominance within the biofilm was linked to the cellulose-producing ability of each strain. Understanding the effect of these traits on the cell composition and structure of microbial communities provides new control parameters to tune the formation of biofilms made by mixed cellulose-producing variants.}, }
@article {pmid41170052, year = {2025}, author = {Sharma, P and Sharma, R and Nadkerny, V and Sohi, HK and V S, B and Rebello, AA and Mehta, M}, title = {Effect of toothbrush type on biofilm and periodontal health in orthodontic patients.}, journal = {Bioinformation}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {2171-2175}, pmid = {41170052}, issn = {0973-2063}, abstract = {The sonic brush lowered the growth of biofilm on orthodontic brackets more successfully than both powered and manual toothbrushes did. We show that the subjects in Group C (Sonic tooth brushes) achieved the most substantial progress in plaque index and gingival index scores as well as bleeding on probing results. The biofilm formation on orthodontic brackets was least prominent on metallic brackets as opposed to ceramic or composite resin brackets. People using sonic or powered toothbrushes followed their oral hygiene instructions correctly. Thus, Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment should use sonic toothbrushes for achieving their best periodontal health.}, }
@article {pmid41165309, year = {2025}, author = {Ortiz, J and Álvarez, S and Aguayo, S}, title = {Unraveling novel insights into dual-species cariogenic biofilm formation on aged teeth: a comparative analysis on natural vs artificial bioengineered dentin models.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {e0172125}, pmid = {41165309}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {1220804//ANID Fondecyt/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Dental Caries/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Dentin/microbiology ; Streptococcus mutans/growth &amp; development ; Candida albicans/growth &amp; development ; In Vitro Techniques ; Aging ; Bioengineering ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Fluorometry ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Dental caries is the most prevalent biofilm-associated disease affecting billions of people worldwide, including elderly individuals. Conventional biofilm study methods rely on human or animal-derived samples, posing challenges regarding accessibility, cost, and ethical considerations. While in vitro systems offer a promising alternative, they often fail to replicate the structural characteristics of dentin, which play a crucial role in bacterial adhesion. To bridge this gap, a bioengineered dentin construct has recently been developed as a reproducible and accessible model for studying biofilm formation specifically associated with dental aging. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans biofilm formation on bioengineered dentin substrates and compare it to biofilm formation on natural human aged dentin. For this, S. mutans UA159 and C. albicans (ATCC 90028) were co-cultured on bioengineered and natural dentin slabs, and polymicrobial biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharide matrix production were characterized via high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy. Following biofilm formation, image processing was conducted using COMSTAT software to determine biofilm growth parameters. Additionally, fluorescence intensity was quantified via microplate readings, and cell viability was assessed using a Live/Dead viability kit. Overall, results showed comparable biofilm formation patterns between the bioengineered and aged dentin, with no significant differences found in biofilm physical properties or viability. These findings suggest that this bioengineered dentin construct provides a reliable platform for studying biofilm formation in the context of dental aging, making it a valuable tool for investigating microbial adhesion and cariogenic biofilm development under controlled conditions, potentially facilitating future research in biofilm-related oral diseases.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is driven by complex microbial biofilms formed on the tooth's surface. However, existing models for studying these biofilms in the laboratory often rely on human or animal tissues, which are difficult to standardize and present ethical challenges. In this study, we validate a bioengineered dentin-like model that accurately mimics the microarchitecture of aged human dentin, a key site for root caries in the elderly. By comparing biofilms formed by the clinically significant Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on both artificial and natural substrates, we show that the engineered model supports biofilm development under comparable parameters and enables detection of changes in microbial virulence. Overall, this platform provides a reproducible and scalable alternative for studying oral biofilms with potential applications in understanding disease pathogenesis, novel treatment testing, and integration into next-generation organ-on-a-chip systems.}, }
@article {pmid41162816, year = {2025}, author = {Prabhakaran, M and Prabakaran, M and Kanagaraja, A and Gopinath, SCB and Raman, P}, title = {Disruption of quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by plant-based O-methylated flavonoids.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {3003-3013}, pmid = {41162816}, issn = {1618-1905}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Flavonoids/pharmacology/chemistry ; Virulence Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Anti-virulence strategies are gaining recognition as promising alternatives for bacterial infection control. They act by suppressing quorum sensing circuits, disrupting biofilm formation, and inhibiting toxin production. However, the emergence of resistant bacterial mutants highlights the need for anti-virulence agents that do not induce resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces autoinducers like N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), which enhance cell-population and coordinate gene expression. Plant-derived compounds, particularly O-methylated phenolic flavonoids, have shown promise in overcoming antibiotic resistance. Herein, compounds such as formononetin (isoflavone) and 4'-methoxyflavonol (flavonol) possess pharmacological properties beneficial for human health and have been found to inhibit AHL-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. These flavonoids effectively reduced the production of virulence factors like exopolysaccharides, elastase, protease, pyocyanin, and rhamnolipids assessed by biochemical assays. Motility assays demonstrated a reduction in bacterial movement, and biofilm formation was quantified and visualized using Zeiss Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR revealed that the flavonoids suppressed las and rhl circuits associated with virulence factor synthesis. Among the selected two compounds, 4'-methoxyflavonol exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa. Overall, this study underscores the dual role of dietary phenolic flavonoids in supporting biological functions and serving as natural anti-quorum sensing agents, offering promising strategies to mitigate bacterial virulence.}, }
@article {pmid41162170, year = {2025}, author = {Bhattarai, B and Christopher, GF}, title = {Using Exogenous Polymers to Engineer Biofilm Viscoelasticity.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {10171-10184}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c01502}, pmid = {41162170}, issn = {2576-6422}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Polymers/chemistry/pharmacology ; Viscosity ; Elasticity ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemistry/pharmacology ; Materials Testing ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are increasingly found in applications in which their viscoelasticity influences the outcomes. In this study, the use of exogenous charged polymers as a means of engineering biofilm viscoelasticity is explored. Commercially available, neutral, anionic, and cationic polymers are added to the growth medium at concentrations that do not impact the growth rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilms grown from these media in microfluidic channels are then mechanically tested via microrheology and compared to control systems grown without the presence of polymers. Both anionic and cationic polymers result in stiffening of biofilms, whereas neutral polymers have little to no discernible effect, indicating that charge plays an important role in allowing polymers to incorporate into the biofilm matrix. Increasing the molecular weight of the polymer appears to increase the disruption of the biofilm matrix, reducing biofilm stiffness. The mechanism of enhanced stiffness is attributable to the polymer backbone stiffness, providing increased mechanical rigidity to the biofilm matrix after it is incorporated.}, }
@article {pmid41161505, year = {2025}, author = {Grenho, A and Buterin, A and Pallitto, PM and Alizade, C and Arts, JJ and Bernaus, M and Birinci, M and Bondarenko, S and Cooper, J and Dantas, P and de Beaubien, BC and Giordano, G and Gonçalves, S and Iñiguez, M and Long, WJ and Alessio Mazzola, M and Parvizi, N and Piuzzi, NS and Romano, CL and Sadek, F and Schlatterer, DR and Shannon, MF and Urish, KL and Wong, VR and Yusuf, E}, title = {ICM 2025: New Technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Anti-Biofilm.}, journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty}, volume = {41}, number = {1S1}, pages = {S222-S228}, doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2025.08.041}, pmid = {41161505}, issn = {1532-8406}, }
@article {pmid41159917, year = {2025}, author = {Kumari, S and Das, S}, title = {Regulatory network of nucleotide second messenger in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFL-P1 and intercellular signaling molecules for functional amyloid fibrillation in biofilm and stress response.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104350}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2025.104350}, pmid = {41159917}, issn = {1769-7123}, abstract = {Biofilm formation is governed by quorum sensing (QS) and intracellular signaling, with cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) acting as a key regulator that modulates biofilm stability in response to environmental cues. The present study aims to explore the regulatory network between QS, c-di-GMP signaling, and amyloid production in the marine biofilm-forming bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFL-P1 under various physicochemical stressors. P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 demonstrated adaptability to diverse conditions typical of marine habitats, attributed to the activity of diguanylate cyclase (dgc86) and phosphodiesterase (pde94) genes regulating c-di-GMP turnover. Gene expression analysis revealed a coordinated regulatory network during biofilm development, with significant upregulation of dgc86, pde94, fapC (functional amyloid synthesis), lasI, rhlI (QS), and nahAc [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation] at 48 h, indicating a mature biofilm. Under acidic condition (pH 4), all genes except pde94 exhibited an adaptive response (p<0.0001). Salinity ≤1 % enhanced gene expression, whereas salinity ≥5 % suppressed it due to osmotic stress (p<0.0001). At 40 °C, dgc86 (p=0.0457) and fapC (p=0.0444) were upregulated, promoting biofilm stability. Pyrene exposure induced significant upregulation of dgc86, lasI, rhlI, and nahAc (p<0.05), enhancing biofilm formation and PAH degradation while downregulating pde94. Supplementation with C4-HSL and 3OC12-HSL upregulated these genes, reinforcing the role of QS in biofilm regulation. Terrein, a QS and c-di-GMP inhibitor downregulated fapC and nahAc, disrupting biofilm formation and PAH degradation. The strong correlation between c-di-GMP levels, amyloid production, and its high binding affinity to FapC (-11.8 kcal/mol) suggests a dual role for c-di-GMP as a signaling molecule and molecular chaperone in amyloid assembly.}, }
@article {pmid41158846, year = {2025}, author = {Dghoughi, Y and Varin-Simon, J and Gangloff, SC and Colin, M and Reffuveille, F}, title = {Toward an improved in vitro model of prosthetic joint infection for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm characterization.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100325}, pmid = {41158846}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Biofilm formation on orthopedic implants is often implicated in chronic prosthetic and joint infections (PJI) that are complex to manage. To date, no current bacterial in vitro model can fully simulate the PJI environment leading to a lack of knowledge to develop diagnosis tool and adapted treatment. Our project aims to set up an innovative in vitro model to characterize Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains biofilms in a PJI context, focusing on several parameters: culture media, incubation time, atmospheric conditions and support for biofilm growth. Biofilm formation was evaluated in various culture media, by counting both planktonic and adherent bacteria (CFU) and quantifying biofilm biomass using crystal violet staining. A mature biofilm was obtained after 72 h of incubation with a similar proportion of planktonic and adherent bacteria whereas a variable dispersion was observed at 96 h. Comparing two different oxygen concentrations (Hypoxia 2.5 % like in bone site vs Anoxia) revealed that a slight variation had a strong impact on biofilm formation, underlining the fact that the physiological conditions are highly necessary to set a mimetic model. A medium has therefore been developed, the modified Bone-Like Environment (BLE+) allowing a consistent biofilm growth. When studying bacterial adhesion, planktonic bacteria can gather and form aggregates that are distinct from mature biofilms. To avoid this phenomenon, a suspended pegs was used. By holding the pegs in the medium, we specifically drove active bacterial adhesion related to biofilm formation, eliminating interference from sedimented aggregates. Moreover, to limit the interaction between planktonic bacteria and biofilm over the 72 h, a medium renewal was applied at 8 h of incubation with a low impact on biofilm biomass. This method allowed the observation of differences between the USA300 (MRSA) and SH1000 (MSSA) strains: the MSSA showed more adherent bacteria and bigger aggregates than the MRSA strain. In conclusion, the parameters for an in vitro biofilm model simulating PJI context have been validated. These parameters include 2.5 % dioxygen, BLE + supplementation, and 72-h incubation on suspended titanium pegs with a renewal media after a primo bacteria adhesion of 8 h.}, }
@article {pmid41158054, year = {2025}, author = {Kendil, W and Dergal, F and Mediouni, RM and Ghannoum, M and Roberts, K and Chiali, A and Belhocine, M and Bassou, D and Benahmed, A and Amrouche, AI and Ziani-Cherif, C and Seddiki, SML}, title = {Effect of phosphonium-based ionic liquid against mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from hemodialysis catheter: assessment using confocal raman mapping and microscopic imaging.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {1097-1112}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2578762}, pmid = {41158054}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Ionic Liquids/pharmacology/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Renal Dialysis/instrumentation ; *Staphylococcus haemolyticus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Catheters/microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens linked to mixed biofilm infections is a significant concern due to limited therapeutic options. This health risk has renewed interest in developing new antibiofilm alternatives. In this study, the antibiofilm potential of a phosphonium-based ionic liquid against a mixed-species biofilm of Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH) was assessed preliminarily using the microbroth dilution assay. The ionic liquid inhibitory profiles were further explored by confocal Raman mapping, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy (FM). A substantial antibiofilm effect was demonstrated. Raman mapping showed a modified biofilm distribution following ionic liquid treatment, demonstrating the differential inhibitory effects between strains in mixed biofilm. Additionally, FM revealed that the morphological switching of Candida albicans was inhibited, while SEM revealed a disruption of biofilm integrity. On the other hand, the hemolysis test showed the safety profile of the ionic liquid by exhibiting low cytotoxicity at active concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid41157853, year = {2025}, author = {Seto-Tetsuo, F and Ashizawa, H and Sasaki, Y and Yukitake, H and Shoji, M and Iwanaga, N and Mukae, H and Naito, M}, title = {DNase Activity of Prevotella intermedia Impairs Biofilm Development and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e70102}, pmid = {41157853}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP23K15980 (F. S-T.) and JP23K09151 (M.N.)./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Traps/metabolism ; *Prevotella intermedia/enzymology/genetics/physiology ; *Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; *Neutrophils/immunology/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Chronic periodotitis is caused by the formation of biofilms. Prevotella intermedia, a gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterium residing in periodontal pockets is involved in the formation of biofilms and secrets a highly potent DNA-degrading activity. Biofilm contains extracellular DNA as a structural component, suggesting that DNase activity may influence P. intermedia's own biofilm development. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have mesh-like structures and composed of DNA, histone and antibacterial proteins. NETs play an important role in protecting against infection, but it is possible that DNase of P. intermedia disrupts NETs. The lack of established genetic manipulation has significantly delayed the analysis of DNase pathogenic factors. Recently, we have succeeded in establishing a genetic manipulation technique for P. intermedia. In this study, we created strains lacking two DNase candidate genes, nucA (PIOMA14_I_0621) and nucD (PIOMA14_II_0624), that were highly conserved among P. intermedia strains. We examined biochemical analysis of DNase activity, their effection on biofilm formation, and their evasion of NETs. Here, we showed both of them possessed DNase activities which appeared to account all of DNase activities of the bacterium. The mutant analysis further demonstrated that NucA and NucD destroyed biofilm and NETs formations. Neither one was perfectly responsible for DNase activity, but rather they take turns depending on the conditions. In conclusion, the nucA and nucD genes encode DNases that cooperatively function on biofilm formation and suppress NETs formation in P. intermedia.}, }
@article {pmid41157634, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, M and Song, Q and Liu, Z and Clokie, MRJ and Sicheritz-Pontén, T and Petersen, B and Wang, X and Zhang, Q and Xu, X and Luo, Y and Lv, P and Liu, Y and Li, L}, title = {Design of Lytic Phage Cocktails Targeting Salmonella: Synergistic Effects Based on In Vitro Lysis, In Vivo Protection, and Biofilm Intervention.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41157634}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {2023YFE0107600//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Salmonella Phages/physiology/genetics ; *Salmonella typhimurium/virology/physiology ; *Phage Therapy/methods ; *Salmonella enteritidis/virology/physiology ; *Salmonella Infections/therapy/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Moths/microbiology ; *Salmonella/virology/physiology ; Bacteriolysis ; Larva/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen and phage cocktails offer a novel strategy against its infections. This study aimed to characterize Salmonella phages and assess the efficacy of various phage combinations, both in vitro and in vivo. Three phages (PJN012, PJN042, PJN065) were isolated, showing stability across a broad range of temperatures and pH values, and lacking genes associated with lysogenicity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Combined with two known phages (PJN025, vB_SalS_JNS02), they formed cocktails tested for lytic activity against S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Phage cocktails (comprising 2-5 phages) that demonstrated efficacy in vitro were validated using Galleria mellonella models. For S. Enteritidis strain 015, prophylactic cocktail C18 increased larval survival to 90% at 48 h (vs. 3% control). For S. Typhimurium strain 024, phage cocktail 26 showed the best therapeutic effect when co-injected with the bacterium, with a survival rate of up to 85% at 96 h, compared to 30% in the positive control group. Biofilm assays showed cocktails inhibited formation more effectively (e.g., at 24 h, C14 and C17 reduced biofilm formation by 93.74% and 94.21%, respectively) than removed established ones. The cocktails depended on bacterial type, phage genera, combinations, and incubation time. Robust in vitro screening remains crucial for optimizing phage formulations despite potential in vivo discrepancies.}, }
@article {pmid41156870, year = {2025}, author = {Vidaković Knežević, S and Knežević, S and Milanov, D and Vranešević, J and Pajić, M and Kocić-Tanackov, S and Karabasil, N}, title = {Essential Oils as a Novel Anti-Biofilm Strategy Against Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from Chicken Meat.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156870}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {451-03-136/2025-03/200031//Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia/ ; }, abstract = {Salmonella Enteritidis is a serious foodborne threat, being the most reported Salmonella serovar in the past several years. Biofilm formation contributes significantly to its persistence and resistance in food processing environments, making it harder to eliminate using conventional disinfectants. Recently, essential oils have emerged as promising natural alternatives due to their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. In this study, the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella Enteritidis, isolated from chicken meat, was evaluated under various nutrient conditions and temperatures. Furthermore, the anti-biofilm activity of essential oils derived from oregano, cinnamon, rosemary, clove, and thyme was assessed against strong and moderate biofilms formed by Salmonella Enteritidis. The isolates demonstrated the capacity to form biofilms in tryptic soy broth, meat broth, and Luria-Bertani broth at 37 °C, 15 °C, and 5 °C. All selected essential oils, at their minimum bactericidal concentrations, effectively reduced preformed biofilms by between 36.98% to 74.83%. The destructive effect of essential oils on Salmonella Enteritidis bacterial cells was further confirmed through scanning electron microscopy analysis. In conclusion, the selected essential oils exhibited promising anti-biofilm potential and may serve as effective natural agents for controlling biofilm-associated contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis.}, }
@article {pmid41156842, year = {2025}, author = {Chi, H and Bai, J and Feng, M}, title = {Electricity Production and Population Dynamics of Microbial Community in a Co-Culture of Iron Mine Soil Biofilm and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with Anode as Electron Acceptor.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156842}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {173103//the State Key Laboratory of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology CAS/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial communities that develop within biofilms on electrodes are necessary for the proper functioning of the microbial electrochemical system. However, the mechanism through which an exogenous exoelectrogen influences the population dynamics and electrochemical performance of biofilms remains unclear. In this study, we explored the community structure dynamics and electrochemical characteristics of iron mine soil biofilm co-cultured with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, with the anode as the electron acceptor, and compared the results with those of iron mine soil biofilms alone on the anode. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 improved the electrochemical activity of microbial biofilms, resulting in a higher maximum power density of 195 ± 8 mW/m[2] compared with that of iron mine soil (175 ± 7 mW/m[2]) and Shewanella (88 ± 8 mW/m[2]) biofilms individually. The co-cultured biofilms could perform near the highest power density for a longer duration than the iron mine soil biofilms could. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the biofilms on the anode indicated that the relative abundance of Pelobacteraceae in the co-culture system was significantly (p = 0.02) increased, while that of Rhodocyclaceae was significantly (p = 0.008) decreased, compared with that in iron mine soil biofilms. After continuing the experiment for two months, the presence of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 changed the predominant bacteria of the microbial community in the biofilms, and the relative abundance of Shewanella was significantly (p = 0.02) decreased to a level similar to that in iron mine soil. These results demonstrate that Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 could improve the performance of iron mine soil biofilms in electrochemical systems by altering the composition of the functional microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid41156752, year = {2025}, author = {Madduri, A and Vanommeslaeghe, L and Coenye, T}, title = {Is Increased Biofilm Formation Associated with Decreased Antimicrobial Susceptibility? A Systematic Literature Review.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156752}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a key factor in microbial survival and persistence, often contributing to reduced antimicrobial susceptibility. This systematic literature review investigates whether increased biofilm formation correlates with decreased antibiotic susceptibility. The literature search was conducted in the Pubmed database and we identified and screened 328 studies, with 35 ultimately meeting the inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. Findings reveal that the relationship between biofilm size and antimicrobial susceptibility is highly variable and influenced by multiple factors, including microbial species, strain-specific traits, antibiotic type, and experimental methodologies. While some studies report a positive correlation between biofilm biomass and reduced susceptibility, others show weak or no such relationships, and statistical support for a correlation is often lacking (also due to small sample sizes). The lack of standardized biofilm quantification methods and susceptibility metrics further complicates cross-study comparisons. These findings underscore the need for standardized protocols and more comprehensive datasets to clarify the complex interplay between biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility. Regardless of these difficulties, the available data clearly indicate that 'bigger' biofilms are not by definition less susceptible. Future research should prioritize diverse and sufficiently large strain collections and consistent methodologies to better understand and address biofilm-associated antimicrobial tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41156738, year = {2025}, author = {Laaboudi, FZ and Amri, O and Rouabhia, M}, title = {In Vitro Exposure to Vaped Tetrahydrocannabinol Increases Candida albicans (SC5314) Growth, Metabolic Activity, Biofilm Formation, and the Expression of Virulence Genes.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156738}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Vaping tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a cannabis derivative, using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could deregulate oral health and lead to oral candidiasis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vaped THC on Candida albicans growth, metabolic activity, biofilm formation, and the expression of virulence genes. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol with or without nicotine and with or without 10% or 15% THC increased C. albicans growth and metabolic activity; the effects were more pronounced when THC was present in the e-cigarette aerosol. Biofilm analyses showed that e-cigarette aerosol with THC significantly promoted C. albicans biofilm formation, with the higher THC concentration (15%) having the greater effect. Consistently, e-cigarette aerosol with THC increased the expression of the virulence genes EAP1, SAP2, SAP4, and SAP9. These findings suggested that exposure to vaped THC could contribute to the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis, which may lead to oral health problems.}, }
@article {pmid41156735, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, L and Liu, C and Qian, R and Qi, Y and Yin, Z and Luo, R and Du, D and Liu, Z and Kang, L and Wang, J}, title = {The PTS EIIB Component Drives Strain-Specific Virulence in Listeria monocytogenes: Divergent Regulation of Biofilm Formation and Host Infection in High- and Low-Virulence Strains.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156735}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {32160833//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32160834//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024ZD002//The Corps Science and Technology Program/ ; NCG202408//the Major Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen capable of causing severe infections. The Listeria pathogenicity island 4 (LIPI-4) encodes a phosphotransferase system (PTS) with its EIIB component playing a critical role in carbohydrate phosphorylation and virulence. However, the precise function of EIIB in virulence regulation across diverse pathogenic strains remains unclear. Here, we generated an EIIB deletion mutant (LM873ΔEIIB) and its complemented strain (CLM873ΔEIIB) from the low-virulence strain LM873, and performed comparative analyses with the high-virulence strain LM928 and its corresponding mutants. Deletion of EIIB differentially modulated biofilm formation: suppressing it in LM928 while enhancing it in LM873, accompanied by corresponding transcriptional changes in biofilm-associated and virulence genes. Both mutants exhibited impaired hemolytic activity, whereas motility attenuation was specific to LM928ΔEIIB. At the cellular level, LM873ΔEIIB enhanced adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2 but impaired intracellular proliferation in JEG-3; In contrast, LM928ΔEIIB promoted Caco-2 invasion while attenuating JEG-3 adhesion, invasion, and intracellular replication, as well as reducing invasion and proliferation in RAW264.7 macrophage. Animal experiments demonstrated that EIIB deletion attenuated LM928 colonization in the liver and spleen, but had no significant impact on LM873. Collectively, our findings establish EIIB as a strain-dependent virulence regulator in L. monocytogenes, particularly modulating biofilm formation and host-pathogen interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41156670, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, Z and Du, X and Hu, N and Feng, MA and Xu, J and Jiang, H and Zhang, N and Huang, H and Li, J and Shi, H}, title = {A Novel Enterococcus Phage Endolysin Lys22 with a Wide Host Range Against Mixed Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156670}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/virology/physiology ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology/virology ; *Endopeptidases/pharmacology/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/virology ; Host Specificity ; Zebrafish ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/enzymology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The global surge in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens has created an urgent imperative for innovative antimicrobial strategies. Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii demonstrate remarkable antibiotic resistance and dominate hospital-acquired infections. These bacteria often form biofilms, a complex community structure that shields them from immune system phagocytosis, resists antibiotic penetration, and enhances their survival in hostile environments. In clinical cases, these bacteria often form mixed biofilms and lead to treatment failures. Phages and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria. Lys22, an endolysin derived from an enterococcus phage, has been cloned and demonstrated to possess a broad host range, effectively targeting E. faecalis, various Staphylococcus species, and A. baumannii. When applied to the biofilms formed by these bacteria, Lys22 was found to significantly inhibit both simple and complex biofilms in vitro. Virulent genes, including agrA, sarA, and icaA in S. aureus; asa1, cylA, and gelE in E. faecalis; and OmpA and lpsB in A. baumannii were also downregulated by Lys22. Notably, Lys22 also exhibited a robust protective effect against dual or triple infections involving E. faecalis, S. aureus, and A. baumannii in a zebrafish embryos model, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in combatting multi-bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41156593, year = {2025}, author = {Moreno-Florez, AI and Bedoya-Correa, CM and Garcia, C and Pelaez-Vargas, A}, title = {Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Propolis Extracts from Tame (Arauca) on Oral Biofilm Co-Cultures.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41156593}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {203, 80740- 476-2020//Colciencias/ ; }, mesh = {*Propolis/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Coculture Techniques ; *Streptococcus sanguis/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Animals ; Ethanol/chemistry ; Bees ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Oral diseases such as dental caries, stomatitis, and periodontitis are closely associated with biofilms that are resistant to conventional therapeutic approaches. Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mutans play a key role as primary and secondary colonizers of oral surfaces, respectively, and interact synergistically with other species, including Candida albicans, to promote the establishment and progression of infection.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis from Tame (Arauca) on biofilms formed in co-cultures from reference strains and co-cultures with clinical isolates of oral pathogens.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: Propolis was collected from Apis mellifera hives placed in rural Tame (Arauca), located in the foothills of the Eastern Andes (Colombia). Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared in a 0.07 g/mL concentration and biological characterization was performed on single and complex co-cultures of S. mutans (serotype c), S. sanguinis, and C. albicans using disc diffusion test, determination of MIC and BMC, growth curves and biofilm formation. The cell viability and metabolic activity of primary cell cultures derived from a dental pulp explant were evaluated using the MTT assay.<br><br>RESULTS: EEP exhibited higher inhibition zones than chlorhexidine against S. mutans and C. albicans and lower efficacy against S. sanguinis. Among the microorganisms evaluated, S. mutans showed the lowest MIC and BCM values, followed by C. albicans and S. sanguinis. Growth curves and biofilm formation assays revealed higher inhibition in co-cultures of reference strains (S. mutans + C. albicans), while multi-species cultures (S. mutans + S. sanguinis + C. albicans), or clinical strains (S. mutans clinical isolated + S. sanguinis + C. albicans), showed higher resistance. Cell viability assays revealed low cytotoxicity (<30%) in primary cell cultures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: EEPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against relevant oral pathogens, especially in simple co-cultures, supporting their potential as natural therapeutic alternatives. However, their efficacy decreases in the presence of clinical strains and complex co-cultures, highlighting the importance of considering these variables in the development of oral treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41155687, year = {2025}, author = {Hamid, SJ and Salih, TM and Aziz, TA}, title = {Rational Design, Computational Analysis and Antibacterial Activities of Synthesized Peptide-Based Molecules Targeting Quorum Sensing-Dependent Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41155687}, issn = {1424-8247}, abstract = {Background/Objective: The rise in bacterial resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides represent promising candidates but face challenges such as instability, enzymatic degradation, and host toxicity. To overcome these limitations, conjugation and structural modifications are being explored. This study focuses on designing peptide-based inhibitors of the quorum-sensing (QS) regulator LasR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a key mediator of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. Methods: Rationally designed tripeptides and dipeptides conjugated with coumarin-3-carboxylic acid and dihydro-3-amino-2-(3H)-furanone were evaluated using molecular docking. The most promising ligand-protein complexes were further analyzed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations conducted with the CHARMM-GUI and AMBER tools to assess the stability of the ligand-protein complex systems, and the binding affinities were evaluated using Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) calculations. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles were predicted using ADMETLab 3.0. Selected compounds were synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis, structurally confirmed by [1]H NMR and ESI-MS, and tested for antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Results: Computational analyses identified several promising inhibitors with stronger binding affinities than the native autoinducer OdDHL. Coumarin conjugates C004 and C006 showed superior docking scores, while MM-PBSA indicated P004 and C004 had the most favorable binding energies. MD simulations confirmed stable ligand-protein complexes. ADMET predictions highlighted C004 and C006 as having excellent pharmacokinetic properties. Experimental assays showed moderate antibacterial activity (MIC 512-1024 µg/mL) and strong antibiofilm inhibition, particularly for C004 (83% inhibition at ½ MIC). Conclusions: The study demonstrates that peptide-coumarin conjugates, especially C004, are promising tools for disrupting QS and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Further optimization and in vivo validation are needed to advance these compounds toward therapeutic application.}, }
@article {pmid41155151, year = {2025}, author = {Sakalauskienė, GV and Radzevičienė, A}, title = {Biofilm and Outer Membrane Vesicle Formation in ESKAPE Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {41155151}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Gram-Negative Bacteria/physiology/drug effects/pathogenicity/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; Animals ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat, exacerbated by the adaptive mechanisms of Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens, which include biofilm formation and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) production. Biofilms create robust protective barriers that shield bacterial communities from immune responses and antibiotic treatments, while OMVs contribute to both defense and offense by carrying antibiotic-degrading enzymes and delivering virulence factors to host cells. These mechanisms not only enhance bacterial survival but also increase the virulence and persistence of infections, making them a significant concern in clinical settings. This review explores the molecular processes that drive biofilm and OMV formation, emphasizing their critical roles in the development of AMR. By understanding these mechanisms, new therapeutic strategies can be developed to disrupt these defenses, potentially improving the efficacy of existing antibiotics and slowing the spread of resistance. Additionally, the use of OMVs in vaccine development and drug delivery offers promising avenues for future research. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach, combining advanced research with innovative therapies to combat the escalating threat of AMR and improve patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41153040, year = {2025}, author = {Chegini, Z and Shariati, A and Rajaeih, S and Alikhani, MY and Safaiee, M and Arabestani, M and Azizi, M}, title = {The effectiveness of hydrogel matrix containing nitric oxide, silver nanoparticles, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm isolated from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.}, journal = {European journal of medical research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {1036}, pmid = {41153040}, issn = {2047-783X}, support = {14020503305//The Vice Chancellor for research and Technology, Hamadan university of medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Silver/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Sinusitis/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Vancomycin/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Rhinitis/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Chronic Disease ; A549 Cells ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Rhinosinusitis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many scientists are studying chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) due to its high relapse incidence and drug resistance. We investigated the antibiofilm activity and sustained co-release of nitric oxide, silver nanoparticles, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin in thermosensitive hydrogel (HyNSVC) for bacterial CRS.<br><br>METHODS: To identify and isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), samples were taken from 10 patients with CRS who underwent Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS), and then they were diagnosed using culture and molecular methods. The HyNSVC was synthesized, and its physicochemical characteristics were evaluated using different methods. The broth microdilution assay and the MTP (microtiter plate) method assessed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm effects. The inhibitory impact of HyNSVC on the expression of biofilm-associated genes was evaluated using real-time PCR. The cytotoxic effect of HyNSVC on the human epithelial cell line A549 was assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of the SEM showed that the hydrogels have a porous structure and that the pores are interconnected. The molecular weights and polydispersity index (PDI) of the copolymer determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were 5759 Daltons, 6270 Daltons, and 1.089, respectively. The anticipated molecular weight determined by H-NMR spectroscopy was around 5947 Daltons. Also, the porosity of the hydrogels was in the range of 80-90%. The HyNSVC MIC was 250&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml for both bacteria. The 2&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;MIC of HyNSVC reduced mature biofilm by 62% in P. aeruginosa and 68.1% in MRSA. The presence of HyNSVC did not significantly reduce gene expression. Finally, the MTT experiment showed no toxicity against A549 cells at the MIC concentration.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings illustrated the efficacy of employing HyNSVC for drug release regulation and antibiofilm activity for bacterial infection, suggesting a promising treatment for CRS.}, }
@article {pmid41152540, year = {2025}, author = {Yan, C and Zhang, J and Yang, Y and Zeng, X and Xiao, G}, title = {Virulence factors, biofilm formation and antifungal resistance in Candida albicans from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis patients: a comparative study.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {37557}, pmid = {41152540}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification ; *Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Adult ; Fluconazole/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; }, abstract = {Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a common, refractory fungal infection affectingwomen, primarily caused by Candida albicans. The interplay among fungal virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antifungal resistance is crucial in the pathogenesis of RVVC. This study compared 50 Candida albicans isolates from RVVC patients and 50 from asymptomatic vaginal colonizers. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. Biofilm formation was assessed via crystal violet staining, and the expression levels of virulence factor hydrolases (SAP, PL, Lip) and cell wall protein genes (ALS1, ALS3, HWP1) were analyzed using phenotypic assays and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships among these parameters and antifungal resistance. RVVC isolates exhibited significantly higher MICs for fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole. Biofilm formation ability and the expression levels of SAP, PL, Lip, ALS1, ALS3, and HWP1 were also significantly higher in RVVC isolates. A moderate correlation was observed between antifungal drug MIC values and biofilm OD, while a weak correlation existed between MIC values and ALS/HWP1 gene expression. Notably, hydrolase expression showed no significant correlation with resistance. Candida albicans from RVVC patients demonstrated enhanced biofilm formation, virulence factor expression, and antifungal resistance. Biofilm-mediated drug tolerance may be a key mechanism underlying the refractoriness of RVVC. Targeting biofilm formation and virulence factor genes may offer novel strategies for managing RVVC.}, }
@article {pmid41152507, year = {2025}, author = {Ebrahimi, FA and Siasi, E and Yazdian, F and Ashrafi, F}, title = {Nanotechnology Meets superbugs: biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles combat MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae via gene suppression and biofilm Inhibition.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {37708}, pmid = {41152507}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects/genetics ; Imipenem/pharmacology/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Polyesters/chemistry ; Humans ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; Nanotechnology/methods ; Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Nanospheres/chemistry ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a critical threat in healthcare settings due to its limited treatment options and high resistance to conventional antibiotics. This study explores the potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanospheres as a delivery vehicle for imipenem to combat multidrug-resistant CRKP. Imipenem-loaded nanospheres, with an average size of 610 ± 125 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 84.5%, were synthesized using a double-emulsion method and characterized for morphology, size, drug loading, and release profile. The formulation demonstrated a substantial improvement in antibacterial activity, with an eightfold reduction in minimum inhibitory concentration compared to free imipenem. The nanoparticles also significantly inhibited biofilm formation and accelerated bacterial killing. Molecular analysis showed marked suppression of key resistance genes. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays confirmed high biocompatibility, with over 80% viability in fibroblast cells. These findings indicate that PCL-based nanocarriers enhance the efficacy and safety profile of imipenem, offering a promising strategy for addressing antibiotic resistance in CRKP.}, }
@article {pmid41152216, year = {2025}, author = {Savorana, G and Redaelli, T and Truzzolillo, D and Cipelletti, L and Secchi, E}, title = {Stress-hardening behaviour of biofilm streamers.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {9497}, pmid = {41152216}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {179834//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Stress, Mechanical ; Viscosity ; DNA, Bacterial/metabolism/chemistry ; Hydrodynamics ; RNA, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Elastic Modulus ; Rheology ; Bacteria/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bacteria's ability to withstand mechanical challenges is enhanced in their biofilm lifestyle, where they are encased in a viscoelastic polymer matrix. Under fluid flow, biofilms can form as streamers - slender filaments tethered to solid surfaces and suspended in the flowing fluid. Streamers thrive in environments subjected to intense hydrodynamic stresses, such as medical devices and water filters, often resulting in catastrophic clogging. Their colonisation success may depend on a highly adaptable mechanical response to varying stress conditions, though the evidence and underlying mechanisms of this adaptation remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that biofilm streamers exhibit a stress-hardening behaviour, with both differential elastic modulus and effective viscosity increasing linearly with external stress. This stress-hardening is consistent across biofilms with different matrix compositions, formed by various bacterial species, and under diverse growth conditions. We further demonstrate that this mechanical response originates from the properties of extracellular DNA (eDNA) molecules, which constitute the structural backbone of the streamers. In addition, our results identify extracellular RNA (eRNA) as a modulator of the matrix network, contributing to both the structure and rheological properties of the eDNA backbone. Our findings reveal an instantaneous, purely physical mechanism enabling streamers to adapt to hydrodynamic stresses. Given the ubiquity of extracellular nucleic acids (eNA) in biofilms, this discovery prompts a re-evaluation of their functional role in biofilm mechanics, with potential implications for biofilm structural integrity, ecological resilience, and colonisation dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid41151518, year = {2025}, author = {Ouyang, S and Zhao, HP and Lai, CY}, title = {Propane-driven efficient BPA degradation in groundwater: Transformation pathways, microbial ecology and enzymatic mechanisms in a membrane biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {140214}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140214}, pmid = {41151518}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Groundwater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Benzhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Biofilms ; *Phenols/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Propane/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Endocrine Disruptors/metabolism ; Bisphenol A Compounds ; }, abstract = {The widespread occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA) in groundwater has raised growing concern due to its endocrine-disrupting effects. This study demonstrates for the first time that a propane-fed membrane biofilm reactor (C3H8-MBfR) achieved efficient BPA degradation, with rates up to 1157.8 ± 42.7 μg·L[-1]·d[-1]. In-situ withdrawal experiments confirmed that propane is essential for maintaining degradation performance. Transformation products (TPs) analysis revealed hydroxylation, oxidative skeletal rearrangement, ipso substitution, and ring-cleavage steps consistent with stepwise detoxification. ECOSAR-based toxicity predictions indicated that BPA degradation potentially leads to a reduced overall ecological risk, although minor toxic TPs might still pose residual risks. Multi-omic profiling identified a metabolically diverse microbial consortium dominated by J033 sp., Methyloversatilis discipulorum (M. discipulorum), Macondimonas, and Gemmobacter sp., which expressed key oxidative enzymes including cytochrome P450 (CYP450), particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), and propane monooxygenase (PrMO). Enzymatic inhibition assays supported their crucial roles in BPA transformation. The generated intermediates were subsequently transformed by these upstream oxidizers together with downstream degraders, such as M. discipulorum. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized, enzyme-driven network for BPA degradation in the C3H8-fed biofilm, offering a sustainable strategy for mitigating endocrine disrupting compounds from groundwater.}, }
@article {pmid41148696, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, H and Dong, Y and Lin, Z and Habimana, O}, title = {Genomic Insights into an Environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus Biofilm Isolate: Deciphering Alternative Resistance Mechanisms and Mobilizable Genetic Elements.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {41148696}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {GCII-Seed-202409//GTIIT-Changzhou Innovation Institute/ ; Startup//Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Biofilms are key in spreading antibiotic resistance in various ecosystems. This study employed comparative genomics to examine the resistance and adaptability mechanisms of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain Vaw-5, isolated from a seafood market biofilm.<br><br>METHODS: A comparative examination of Vaw-5 and 32 publicly available V. parahaemolyticus genomes identified a distinct set of genetic resistance characteristics.<br><br>RESULTS: Unlike clinical strains, Vaw-5 lacks acquired antimicrobial resistance genes like the blaCARB and qnr variations. Instead, its resistance potential is based on chromosomal alterations, efflux pump systems (vmeAB, vcmD), and a unique repertoire of 16 strain-specific transposons, including Tn5501 and Tn5393, which are well-known vectors for antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) mobilization. Although not multidrug-resistant, Vaw-5 possesses unique genomic islands that share negligible homology with those of clinical strains, enriched with gene clusters for environmental adaptation, such as exopolysaccharide production and a fully functional Type VI Secretion System. Vaw-5 carries a distinctive plasmid with the resistance gene aac(2')-Ia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm adaptation promotes structural integrity, inherent processes, and resistance above standard ARG acquisition. This study focuses on how biofilm communities in the food chain can operate as covert incubators for mobilizable resistance determinants, emphasizing the significance of ecological monitoring within a One Health paradigm to reduce possible public health hazards.}, }
@article {pmid41148502, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmad, A and Senaidi, AS and Almohamadi, H and Alnasser, AS}, title = {Electroactive biofilm enhanced microbial electrolysis for sewage sludge-to-energy conversion.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, pages = {414}, pmid = {41148502}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {BFP/RGP/EBR/23/082//Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation/ ; }, mesh = {*Sewage/microbiology/chemistry ; *Electrolysis/methods ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bioelectric Energy Sources/microbiology ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Escherichia coli/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; Electrodes ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Biomass ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; }, abstract = {In this study, a two-chambered microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) was fabricated using a carbon cloth electrode, a Nafion-117 membrane, and Escherichia coli as the biocatalyst. The system treated sewage sludge with an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 14,843 ± 350 mg/L, reducing it to approximately 170 ± 12 mg/L over the operational period. This configuration facilitated a significant increase in cell volume utilization of 89.5%, and achieved a maximum current production of 18.03 mA, along with hydrogen generation of 24.34 ± 1.3 mL at a biomass concentration of 13.5 ± 1.1 g/L. Cell growth contributed substantially to the degradation of organic matter, with sludge consumption reaching 12 g/L. The system produced an output voltage of 1.88934 ± 0.0091 V within 72 h and achieved the highest power density of 261,037 ± 1,245 mA/m[2]. The improved performance is attributed to the unique configuration of intermembranous live cells, highlighting the potential of biological electrocatalysts in advancing MEC technology. Further experiments demonstrated that when the initial COD load was 2,443 ± 175 mg/L, the MEC achieved a maximum COD removal efficiency of 98.5%. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing sewage sludge substrate concentration to maximize power generation in MECs while simultaneously reducing the environmental burden of sludge biomass.}, }
@article {pmid41148435, year = {2025}, author = {Özbek, E and Karaca, AN and Has, EG and Avcı, FN and Akçelik, N and Akçelik, M}, title = {Deciphering the role of SsaE in biofilm regulation and T3SS-dependent virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, pages = {415}, pmid = {41148435}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Virulence/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; *Type III Secretion Systems/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Caco-2 Cells ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Genomic Islands ; }, abstract = {Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major causative agent of foodborne diseases around the world, possessing a versatile arsenal of virulence factors that ensure its survival under different environmental conditions and within various host cells. A central element of its intracellular pathogenicity is the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2), where ssa encodes a conserved chaperone-like protein involved in effector protein stabilization. This study aimed to elucidate broader roles of ssaE, particularly in biofilm formation, motility, and epithelial interactions. A deletion mutant (∆ssaE) of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 was constructed and complemented using the plasmid pBAD24::ssaE. Growth analysis revealed a delayed entry into the exponential phase, suggesting a role in stress adaptation. This mutant presented dramatically reduced biofilm biomass, cellulose production, and pellicle formation, and altered colony morphology, all of which were partially restored upon complementation. Motility assays at different temperatures indicated the impaired of swimming and swarming. The aggregation assays indicated lower auto-aggregation and co-aggregation with lactic acid bacteria. Adhesion to human epithelial Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells was drastically reduced in the mutant strain as supported by confocal microscopy. Gene expression analysis via qPCR indicated downregulation of virulence and biofilm-associated genes such as ssaB, invA, hilA, csgD, and yaiC. Protein network and docking analyses indicated that SsaE communicates with the regulatory systems controlling both SPI-2 and SPI-1, alongside environmental sensing signaling cascades. These findings reveal that SsaE is a multifunctional regulator bridging secretion system activity with adaptive and virulence-related phenotypes, thereby contributing to the environmental persistence and pathogenic potential of S. Typhimurium.}, }
@article {pmid41148371, year = {2025}, author = {Gouveia, AG and Taoufiq, A and Antunes, W and Romão, CV}, title = {Metal-induced biofilm formation by radiation resistant bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans and Deinococcus indicus.}, journal = {Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {38}, pmid = {41148371}, issn = {1433-4909}, support = {AG is recipient of FCT grants SFRH/BD/06723/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/BIA-BQM/31317/2017//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; 857203//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41146517, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, YHR and Ye, Y and Shahrour, H and Oglesby, IK and O Apos Neill, E and Greene, CM}, title = {Target-Based Biofilm Inhibition and Antibiotic Enhancement Strategy by MiR.101.3p Using DNA Tetrahedrons.}, journal = {Journal of innate immunity}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {591-606}, pmid = {41146517}, issn = {1662-8128}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *MicroRNAs/genetics ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/drug effects ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Cystic Fibrosis/genetics/immunology ; *Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics ; beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: <p>Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). It is characterized by progressive decline in lung function, often driven by chronic respiratory infections, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding regulatory RNAs that negatively regulate protein expression by binding to mRNA, are altered in people with CF and potentially contribute to the pulmonary manifestations of CF. The management of CF lung infections is further complicated by the formation of bacterial biofilms and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance which renders conventional treatments ineffective.<br><br>METHODS: In silico analysis identified hsa-miR.101.3p as a promising miRNA with potential targets including genes associated with beta-lactam resistance and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa, as well as genes involved in the overall growth of S. aureus. To facilitate delivery, miRNA mimic DNA oligonucleotides were conjugated to DNA tetrahedrons (DNAtds). The structural integrity of the DNAtd-miRNA complexes was confirmed via transmission electron microscopy, characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and successful bacterial uptake was verified using fluorescence microscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: DNAtd-miR.101.3p significantly reduced the viability of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, DNAtd-miR.101-3p enhanced the activity of the beta-lactam antibiotic cefotaxime against both non-mucoid and mucoid planktonic and biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa. The mechanisms involve DNAtd-miR.101.3p targeting of ampC, fleN, and pslK.<br><br>CONCLUSION: DNAtd-miR.101.3p displays unique inhibition properties against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in the exponential phase of bacterial growth in vitro and increases the rate of the bactericidal activity of cefotaxime against P. aeruginosa. </p>.}, }
@article {pmid41145098, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, W and Zhang, S and Guo, S and Chen, J and Zhang, X and Guo, H and Lei, J and Zhang, T}, title = {Distinct methane release patterns associated with two wetlands emergent plants: microbial community in root biofilm and rhizosphere.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {395}, number = {}, pages = {127791}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127791}, pmid = {41145098}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wetlands ; *Methane/metabolism ; *Rhizosphere ; *Biofilms ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Temperature ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Plant-mediated methane (CH4) transport is a significant emission pathway in wetlands, facilitated by the aerenchyma of emergent plants. This study demonstrates contrasting effects of Sagittaria Sagittifolia (SAG) and Ludwigia leptocarpa (LUD) on system CH4 fluxes under different ambient air temperature. Above 20 °C, SAG exhibited negligible influence on CH4 fluxes but LUD significantly enhanced CH4 fluxes compared to bare sediment, although LUD has a lower aerenchyma proportion than SAG. When temperature was below 20 °C, two plants did not promote CH4 fluxes. The CH4 concentrations peaked in sediment with the highest number of plant root tips in SAG and LUD treatments. Root biofilms exhibited more complex microbial interactions and higher deterministic processes than rhizosphere sediments. Microenvironments shaped by root influenced the distribution of methanogens and methanotrophs in the sediment system, and the methanogenic pathways were mainly hydrogenotrophic in root biofilms, while acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic pathways shared the equivalent existence in rhizosphere sediments. Temperature affected the adundances of the mcrA and pmoA genes, explained the differences in sediment CH4 concentrations and CH4 fluxes, while gene abundance and aerenchyma proportions had a lesser effect than temperature.}, }
@article {pmid41144015, year = {2025}, author = {Bashir, Z and Wani, PA and Majeed, S and Ganai, BA and Jan, T and Hamid, B and Mohiddin, FA}, title = {Biological Peptides, Metabolites and Nanoparticles from Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria: A Recent Horizon in Antimicrobial and Anti-biofilm Strategies.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {12}, pages = {579}, pmid = {41144015}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Potassium/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification/classification/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/metabolism ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/metabolism ; *Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/metabolism ; Solubility ; Fusarium/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {This study reports the isolation and comprehensive characterization of two potent potassium-solubilizing bacterial (KSB) strains, KSB-1 and KSB-5, from the rhizospheric soil of Iris kashmiriana locally named as Mazarmond which is cultivated near graveyard. Iris kashmiriana has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, being also used to treat stomach disorders and respiratory ailments. Both strains exhibited efficient potassium solubilization on mica-amended Aleksandrov medium, with KSB-1 showing the highest solubilization index (3.00 ± 0.12) and a significant pH drop in broth cultures. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular identification revealed KSB-1 as Priestia megaterium and KSB-5 as Bacillus paramycoides. Peptide profiling via sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) uncovered unique antimicrobial tetrapeptides rich in arginine, histidine, and proline. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy - Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (2D COSY-FTNMR) spectroscopy further identified diverse polar and semi-polar metabolites such as amines, ether, alcohol, aldehydes, alkanes, and carboxylic acid contributing to bioactivity. KSB-5 exhibited superior plant growth promoting (PGPR) traits, including phosphate, silicate, and zinc solubilization, siderophore and IAA production, and strong antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. Anti-biofilm assays showed a 57.03% inhibition by KSB-5 extracts. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses revealed hyphal deformation and deposition of biogenic putative nanoparticles-titanium, selenium, and aluminum-on fungal cells, absent in controls. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) further confirmed intracellular damage including cytoplasmic disintegration and membrane detachment. This is the first report linking KSB strains from Iris kashmiriana with putative nanoparticle-mediated antifungal and anti-biofilm activities, emphasizing their dual role as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. The findings highlight their potential application in sustainable agriculture and integrated disease management.}, }
@article {pmid41143414, year = {2025}, author = {Seike, S and Kobayashi, H and Takahashi, E and Okamoto, K and Yamanaka, H}, title = {Flagella of Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria promote biofilm formation by biofilm-derived outer membrane vesicles (bOMVs).}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0283824}, pmid = {41143414}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in various water sources. A. veronii sobria can form biofilms and has been implicated in sporadic infections associated with medical devices like catheters. Previous studies have noted that biofilm-derived outer membrane vesicles (bOMVs) can enhance biofilm formation, though the impact varies across different strains. It remains uncertain whether these variances are attributable to bacterial characteristics or bOMVs components. To investigate this, we analyzed the effects of bOMVs using three typical A. veronii sobria strains (102, 104, and 106) with varying biofilm-forming abilities, noting disparities in biofilm formation by bOMVs derived from each strain. Detailed focus on strain 106, the most responsive to bOMVs, led to the discovery of distinct characteristics, including the presence of flagella-like structures and their role in biofilm formation.IMPORTANCEThis study illuminates the role of A. veronii biotype sobria flagella in promoting biofilm formation by bOMVs through diverse mechanisms. The findings suggest a significant interaction between flagella, outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial cells, influencing the biofilm development process. Understanding these mechanisms could provide crucial insights into the pathogenic potential of A. veronii biotype sobria strains and potentially inform novel strategies for combating biofilm-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid41142592, year = {2025}, author = {Abdulqadir, HN and Mahmood, KI}, title = {Exploring the Relationship Between Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Clinically Isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {International journal of microbiology}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {3833882}, pmid = {41142592}, issn = {1687-918X}, abstract = {Persistent pathogens pose a significant global health burden, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This study investigates the relationship between clinically relevant biofilm-associated and antibiotic resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Biofilm-forming capabilities of the isolates were evaluated, and their biomass was quantitatively analyzed. The presence of biofilm-associated and resistance genes (mrkA, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaKPC) in the samples was identified using conventional PCR. Gene expression levels were quantified via RT-qPCR under acidic and neutral pH conditions, and the results were analyzed statistically to evaluate significance. All clinical isolates were found to be biofilm formers. PCR analysis revealed that a significant proportion of the isolates harbored the mrkA, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes, with prevalence rates of 78%, 89%, and 63%, respectively. In contrast, the blaKPC gene was absent. Statistical analysis revealed a significant (p = 0.0357) association between the presence of the mrkA gene and elevated expression of the blaSHV gene. Strains harboring the mrkA gene demonstrated higher resistance gene expression compared to mrkA-negative strains, particularly under neutral conditions (pH 7). In conclusion, these findings suggest that biofilm may contribute to antibiotic resistance not just by acting as a physical layer but also by modulating the expression of resistance genes. This observed relationship highlights the importance of designing novel therapies that can target both biofilm and resistance mechanisms to combat persistent infections.}, }
@article {pmid41142110, year = {2025}, author = {Franzino, T and Boubakri, H and Merlin, L and M'Sakni, A and Droux, M and Mermillod-Blondin, F and Moënne-Loccoz, Y and Bendahmane, M and Szécsi, J and Haichar, FEZ}, title = {Carbon source utilization regulates biofilm formation and plant-beneficial interactions of Pseudomonas ogarae F113.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {113639}, pmid = {41142110}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Root exudate determines the gene expression of root associated bacteria, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that carbon sources within root exudates regulate interactions of beneficial bacteria with the plant via carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Mutants in CCR genes were constructed in Pseudomonas ogarae F113, and rhizospheric traits were studied. P. ogarae F113 displays reverse CCR. The Δcrc mutant produced more biofilm than the wild-type strain, and its swimming was carbon source dependent. On roots, the bacterial expression of nirS, crcY, and crcZ was higher in the Δcrc mutant. Auxin expression (but not jasmonate signaling) in Arabidopsis thaliana was reduced upon inoculation by Δcrc or ΔcbrB mutants when compared with the wild-type strain. Our findings show that reverse CCR regulates the communication between P. ogarae F113 and A. thaliana, which sheds further light on the significance of root exudates for the functioning of plant-beneficial bacteria on roots.}, }
@article {pmid41141786, year = {2025}, author = {Peroutka, V and Stindlova, M and Jencova, V and Lacinova, V and Jiresova, J and Demnerova, K and Lencova, S}, title = {Assessing the Impact of Polyamide Nanofibrous Material Areal Weight on Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Biofilm Formation and Resistance to Storage Conditions and Contamination.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {41}, pages = {47867-47878}, pmid = {41141786}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Probiotic biofilms are considered the fourth most advanced generation of probiotics. To maximize the benefits of probiotic biofilms, suitable carriers ensuring bacterial viability during storage are being sought. The use of nanofibrous platforms is beginning to appear as one of the most promising approaches. We investigated the influence of three polyamide (PA) nanofibrous materials with different areal weights (5, 11, 27 g/m[2]) and the resulting morphological properties on the biofilm formation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 and its tolerance to various conditions. PA promoted biofilm formation more than the reference material, polystyrene. PA's areal weight influenced the biofilm biomass amount, phenotype, and structure; PAs with a high areal weight promoted biofilm formation. Further, we examined the tolerance of matured biofilms on the PAs to various external conditions: (i) storage temperature (-20, 4, 21 °C), environment (aqueous/dry), and time (0-35 days), (ii) pH (2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10), and (iii) bacterial contamination by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Generally, PAs increased biofilm resistance, and the areal weight of the PA played a crucial role in it. The PA with the highest areal weight (27 g/m[2]) provided the highest long-term stability and tolerance of the biofilm and thus was confirmed to be the most suitable tested nanomaterial. The overall results suggest that the presented PAs could be suitable carriers of probiotic biofilm, enabling large-scale production. We also highlight the need for further research on the influence of nanomaterials' morphology on microbial interactions, possibly enabling target modification for a particular use.}, }
@article {pmid41140582, year = {2025}, author = {Medadurai, K and Kennedy, SM and Balasubramani, J and Shanmugavelayutham, S}, title = {Microstructural and functional analysis of PLA-based biofilm reinforced with Sechium edule.}, journal = {Food chemistry: X}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {103130}, pmid = {41140582}, issn = {2590-1575}, abstract = {This paper details the development and characterization of biodegradable composite biofilms composed of polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with Sechium edule peel powder, a sustainable agricultural by-product. The biofilms were produced using solvent casting with different filler loadings (0-20 wt%) and assessed for mechanical, morphological, thermal, and environmental characteristics. The results demonstrated a notable increase in tensile strength (up to 38.5 MPa at 10 % SE) and modulus, as well as enhanced biodegradability and water absorption capacity at elevated reinforcement levels. FTIR validated the successful integration of lignocellulosic functional groups, whilst FESEM and AFM studies demonstrated uniform filler distribution up to 15 %. Biodegradability assessments demonstrated a weight reduction of up to 9.7 % within 7 days under regulated settings, signifying expedited degradation. The incorporation of Sechium edule enhances the functional efficacy of PLA while also advancing circular bioeconomy objectives. These results underscore the composite's promise for sustainable packaging, agricultural mulch films, and low-impact biomedical applications, with significant prospects for industrial scalability.}, }
@article {pmid41140051, year = {2025}, author = {Javed, MU and Ijaz, M and Ahmed, A and Rasheed, H and Sabir, MJ and Jabir, AA}, title = {Insights into epidemiology, molecular characterization and antibiogram profiling of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goat mastitis.}, journal = {The Journal of dairy research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-4}, doi = {10.1017/S0022029925101192}, pmid = {41140051}, issn = {1469-7629}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular detection of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from goat mastitis. An overall 384 milk samples were initially screened for subclinical mastitis (SCM) followed by molecular characterization of S. aureus isolates. The biofilm formation was assessed using Congo Red agar (CRA), a microtiter plate and the presence of the icaA gene. The results revealed a molecular prevalence of 53.24% (115/216) for pathogenic S. aureus in milk samples of goats. The phenotypic prevalence of biofilm production by CRA and microtitre methods was recorded to be 38.26% (44/115) and 26.96% (31/115) respectively, while the molecularly confirmed biofilm-forming S. aureus through polymerase chain reaction targeting icaA gene was 58.26% (67/115). The phylogenetic analysis of icaA gene revealed high identity between sequences of study isolates and the isolates of other neighbouring countries. The antibiogram profiling of pathogenic S. aureus showed increased resistance to cefoxitin and oxytetracycline followed by gentamicin. Out of 115, 45.22% (52/115) were declared as multiple drug resistant with multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. The study concluded that biofilm-producing S. aureus strains are considered to be a common cause of SCM in dairy goats of Pakistan and biofilm formation is associated with multidrug resistance of study isolates.}, }
@article {pmid41139486, year = {2025}, author = {Tran, T and Duong, DV and Le, TD and Bui, XT}, title = {Metagenomic Characterization of Biofilm and Suspended Microbial Communities in a Hybrid Algal Turf Scrubber-Based Wastewater Treatment System.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {10}, pages = {e70072}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70072}, pmid = {41139486}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Wastewater/microbiology ; Metagenomics ; *Water Purification/methods ; Aquaculture ; *Microbiota/genetics ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Animals ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Metagenome ; }, abstract = {This study investigates a hybrid wastewater treatment system combining a biofilm-based Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) with a membrane-coupled High Rate Algal Pond (ATS-MHRAP) for shrimp aquaculture effluents. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to compare microbial composition, functional pathways, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across attached biofilm (ATS1) and suspended biomass (ATS2, HRAP1) under three nutrient loading stages. Biofilm samples (ATS1) exhibited higher microbial richness and evenness, with Shannon index values up to 9.25, compared to 6.93 in suspended cultures. Functional pathways enriched in ATS1 included nitrogen cycling, amino acid metabolism, and terpenoid biosynthesis, with elevated expression of amoA, nirK, and nirS genes under moderate loading. These traits coincided with higher removal efficiency of COD (up to 88.6%), phosphate (82.1%), and total nitrogen (73.4%). ARGs were more diverse in ATS1, with up to 11 resistance classes detected, including β-lactam and sulfonamide genes co-occurring with intI1, indicating possible horizontal gene transfer. The ATS-MHRAP system offers a robust and biologically enriched platform for nature-based aquaculture wastewater treatment. Our findings reveal microbial and functional differentiation between attached and suspended communities, with implications for optimizing dissolved oxygen, nutrient ratios, and retention time.}, }
@article {pmid41139028, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, W and Yang, Y and Lu, Z and Li, X and Liu, D and Li, Y}, title = {Marine nitrifying biofilm pre-coating ultrafiltration membranes coupled with biofloc technology: Enhanced performance of ammonia assimilation and denitrification.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {133546}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133546}, pmid = {41139028}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Ammonia/metabolism ; Ultrafiltration/methods ; *Denitrification ; *Nitrification ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Nitrogen ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Aquaculture ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {The exponential growth of the global population has positioned intensive mariculture as a critical solution for food security and economic stability. Three widely adopted intensive mariculture systems, biofloc technology (BFT), flow-through systems (FTS), and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), continuously face challenges related to nitrogen/phosphorus accumulation and biosecurity risks. Although integrating BFT with ultrafiltration (UF) has been shown to enhance nitrogen removal in marine RAS, direct carbon source supplementation during the start-up stage significantly suppressed the efficiency of the marine nitrification system, thereby intensifying ammonia and nitrite toxicity. This study developed a BFT-marine nitrifying biofilm pre-coating UF combined process (BFT-NUF process) that maintained ammonia and nitrite concentrations below 0.21 mg/L throughout the start-up stage. The total nitrogen in the recirculating water was < 1 mg/L during the long-term operation (days 26-250), with 100 % and 99.1 % removal efficiencies for Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. The tryptophan-like and fulvic acid-like substances from polyhydroxyalkanoate catabolism promoted both ammonia assimilation and denitrification. The polysaccharide-dominated biofouling layers reduced irreversible membrane fouling. Stable microbial networks with Rhodobacteraceae as keystone species in NUF system enable fast start-up of BFT-NUF process and eliminated risks of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Partial least-squares path modeling confirmed that keystone taxa closely related to C/N ratio significantly enhanced nutrient removal through ammonia assimilation (λ = 0.65, p < 0.05) governed by glnA and gltB/D genes. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the application of the BFT-NUF process in sustainable marine RAS.}, }
@article {pmid41138183, year = {2025}, author = {Tan, T and Xu, Z and Tao, L and Sun, X and Xie, J and Miao, Y and Zhang, N and Xun, W and Beauregard, PB and Kovács, &#xc1;T and Yu, Y and Luo, Y and Ran, W and Zhang, R and Shen, Q}, title = {Siderophore-mediated iron enrichment in the biofilm matrix enhances plant iron nutrition.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, pages = {116481}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116481}, pmid = {41138183}, issn = {2211-1247}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Siderophores/metabolism ; *Iron/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; *Bacillus/metabolism/physiology ; Oligopeptides ; }, abstract = {Plant-beneficial microorganisms are frequently reported to enhance iron (Fe) nutrition in plants, yet the precise underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Although both bacterial siderophore production and biofilm formation are beneficial for microbial plant growth promotion, these two bacterial traits have been studied separately. Here, we reveal a strong coupling between these two bacterial traits in enhancing plant Fe uptake using the biofilm-forming rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis SQR9. We demonstrate that SQR9 biofilms accumulate Fe on plant roots and serve as an Fe reservoir. Crucially, the siderophore bacillibactin enables biofilm Fe accumulation from the environment, while simultaneously stimulating Fe acquisition mechanisms in plants. Field experiments confirmed the ability of SQR9 to boost crop yields in alkaline soils, highlighting its potential for improving iron-limiting plant performance. Our findings emphasize a key role of rhizobacterial siderophores and biofilms in Fe uptake and offer mechanistic insights for microbial biofortification strategies against Fe deficiency in crops.}, }
@article {pmid41136210, year = {2025}, author = {Nasrollahian, S and Halaji, M and Mostaghimi, T and Rajabnia, M and Sourkhi, H and Teimourian, M and Mohammadi, M and Pournajaf, A}, title = {Phylogenetic Diversity, Biofilm Production, and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux: Complicating Factors for Treatment and Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections.}, journal = {Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, pages = {413-421}, pmid = {41136210}, issn = {1931-8448}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/genetics/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Child ; Phylogeny ; Male ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; *Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Infant ; Recurrence ; }, abstract = {Introduction: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). This study investigated the genetic relatedness, biofilm-forming capacity, and antimicrobial resistance profiles in the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing UPEC collected from children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) suffering from UTI. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional investigation, a total of 80 nonduplicated UPEC isolates were collected from children afflicted with VUR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotypic production of ESBL were conducted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2023) recommendations. Furthermore, PCR tests were used to detect the presence of ESBL genes. Biofilm formation in 96-well microtiter plates was assessed. Finally, the clonal diversity of the isolates was examined using the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Results: Out of all collected isolates, 71.2% (n = 57/80) were ESBL producers and 31.2% (n = 25/80) were multidrug resistant (MDR). The frequency of the blaCTX-M gene was 65.0% and 77.5% of the isolates were biofilm producers. ESBL-producing UPEC isolates were clustered by the ERIC-PCR method into the nine groups labeled A-I. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a high and rising prevalence of MDR and ESBL-producing UPEC among children with VUR. This underscores the urgent need for appropriate empirical antibiotic selection, routine monitoring of resistance patterns, and long-term prophylactic strategies to reduce recurrence and improve clinical management in this vulnerable population.}, }
@article {pmid41136154, year = {2026}, author = {Jung, SJ and Ashrafudoulla, M and Bai, J and Ha, SD}, title = {Receptor-specific phage resistance induced phenotypic and gene expression shifts in Salmonella Typhimurium impacting biofilm formation on food contact surfaces.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {104937}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.104937}, pmid = {41136154}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/virology/physiology/drug effects ; Food Microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Phenotype ; *Salmonella Phages/physiology/genetics ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; O Antigens/genetics/metabolism ; Flagella/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Bacteriophages are gaining increasing attention as targeted biological control agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens. However, repeated exposure to bacteriophages can induce the emergence of bacteriophage-resistant mutant (BIM) strains, which may exhibit altered physiological characteristics that impair therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated the phenotypic and molecular adaptive mechanisms of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium BIMs that acquired resistance to receptor-specific bacteriophages (STP-1 and STP-2) targeting O-antigen and flagella. Two representative BIM strains-MO-4 (O-antigen mutant) and MF-6 (flagella mutant)-were analyzed using phenotypic microarray, motility and biofilm experiments, confocal microscopy, and qRT-PCR. MO-4 exhibited extensive metabolic changes, including 10 alterations in carbon source utilization and increased resistance to 11 antibiotics, while MF-6 showed changes in sensitivity to osmotic and pH stress and increased susceptibility to 5 antibiotics. Both BIM strains exhibited reduced motility but maintained similar or enhanced biofilm formation ability on food contact surfaces. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed structurally distinct biofilms with reduced thickness and increased density. qRT-PCR analysis showed receptor-specific transcriptional changes: MO-4 lost rfaL expression, supporting O-antigen deficiency, while MF-6 showed increased fljB expression and decreased fliK expression, indicating changes in flagellar regulation. Both BIMs showed differences in the expression of tolC, rpoS, and luxS, suggesting changes in efflux, stress response, and quorum sensing. These results highlight receptor-dependent adaptation of phage-resistant Salmonella variants and emphasise the need to evaluate both genetic and phenotypic outcomes when designing effective phage-based control strategies for food safety.}, }
@article {pmid41136137, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, A and Gu, Y and Cheng, Y and Zhang, M and Xia, X}, title = {Inhibitory effect of gentisic acid on biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and on food-related surfaces.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {104920}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.104920}, pmid = {41136137}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Caco-2 Cells ; Humans ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Gentisates/pharmacology ; Virulence/drug effects ; Food Microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {In this study, the inhibitory effects of gentisic acid on biofilm formation and virulence gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes were systematically evaluated. Based on growth curve analysis, sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) chosen for gentisic acid were 0.0625, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/mL. Gentisic acid at SICs significantly inhibited biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, gentisic acid significantly reduced bacterial adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2 cells, with adhesion rate decreased by 31.43 %-70.87 %, and invasion rate decreased by 18.58 %-50.72 %. Moreover, gentisic acid impaired bacterial motility and aggregation, reduced the swimming diameter by 52.41 %-92.89 % and the swarming diameter by 34.69 %-87.76 %. It also suppressed the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis showed that all six genes related to biofilm formation and virulence were regulated following treatment with gentisic acid. Meanwhile, gentisic acid also inhibited the formation of biofilm by 25.89 %-45.93 %. Moreover, gentisic acid significantly inhibited biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes on food and its contact surfaces. Collectively, these findings suggest that gentisic acid is a promising anti-biofilm agent that offers new strategies for the prevention and control of L. monocytogenes biofilm formation in food systems.}, }
@article {pmid41136133, year = {2026}, author = {Pant, K and Palmer, J and Flint, S}, title = {Conditional synergy: Impact of nutrient abundance on multispecies biofilm formation and sanitizer tolerance.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {104952}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.104952}, pmid = {41136133}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas fluorescens/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Nutrients/metabolism ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Bacteria exist in varying nutrient conditions and complex microbial consortia. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes are commonly occurring biofilm-formers, share a similar nutritional niche, and have been isolated from common surfaces in multispecies environments. Biofilm properties, including biomass (O.D590 nm), cell concentration (log CFU/cm[2]), exopolysaccharide content (μg/cm[2]), structure, and sanitizer tolerance (sodium hypochlorite), were observed under varying nutrient (full-strength TSB and 10 % TSB) conditions on polystyrene surfaces for single and multispecies biofilm. The synergistic interactions between the bacteria in multispecies biofilm were found to be nutrient-dependent, with significantly higher (p < 0.05) biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide content, and sanitizer tolerance in high nutrient conditions (TSB) compared with low nutrient conditions (10 % TSB). The cell concentrations in the biofilm (single and multispecies) were found to be comparable between TSB and 10 % TSB. All three bacteria involved showed increased tolerance against sanitizers in the multispecies arrangement compared to their single-species counterparts, with significantly higher survival for L. monocytogenes (5.3 log CFU/cm[2]) in a multispecies biofilm compared to its single-species counterpart (2.3 log CFU/cm[2]). A positive correlation was observed between exopolysaccharide concentration and sanitizer tolerance. This study highlights the importance of taking multiple bacteria and their growth environment into account when understanding sanitizer response, as it varies in multispecies biofilm setups and according to nutrient availability.}, }
@article {pmid41135754, year = {2025}, author = {Nugrahani, AW and Hertiani, T and Haniastuti, T and Zai, K}, title = {Anacardic acid as a promising natural antimicrobial agent: Mechanisms of action, biofilm inhibition, and advances in nano-encapsulation for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.}, journal = {Fitoterapia}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {106951}, doi = {10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106951}, pmid = {41135754}, issn = {1873-6971}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anacardic Acids/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Molecular Structure ; Humans ; *Anacardium/chemistry ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Anacardic acid (AA), a phenolic lipid primarily found in Anacardium occidentale and related plants, exhibits promising antimicrobial activity, notably against biofilm-associated infections. AA disrupts bacterial membranes, inhibits vital metabolic pathways, and interferes with quorum sensing, making it effective against both planktonic and biofilm-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Its distinctive chemical structure, particularly the length and degree of unsaturation of its alkyl side chains, plays a critical role in antimicrobial potency. Higher unsaturation enhances membrane disruption and antibacterial effects, while structural modifications, including branching and derivatisation, improve bioavailability and efficacy. Despite its potent action, AA has limited solubility and stability; thus, advances in nano-encapsulation techniques and complexation with carriers like hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin have improved its clinical potential. AA and its analogues not only disrupt biofilm architecture but also suppress bacterial metabolism and inhibit extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, key factors in biofilm resilience. AA-based coatings and formulations offer promising applications in biomedical devices to prevent biofilm formation and combat antimicrobial resistance. AA effectively inhibits biofilm development. Its ability to eradicate mature biofilms is weaker, emphasizing the need for combination therapies or enhanced delivery systems. AA represents a multifunctional, natural antimicrobial candidate with considerable scope for further development to address persistent biofilm-related infections and reduce the global threat of antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41135375, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, X and Yang, C and Li, X and Feng, W and Zhao, J and Wu, Y and Ye, S and Zhao, M and Li, H and Ju, J and Guo, G and Fan, L and Yang, N and Zheng, J}, title = {Targeting argH to attenuate Aeromonas dhakensis virulence: A metabolic checkpoint for biofilm formation and stress adaptation.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {311}, number = {}, pages = {110767}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110767}, pmid = {41135375}, issn = {1873-2542}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Virulence/genetics ; Animals ; *Aeromonas/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Stress, Physiological ; Oxidative Stress ; Mutation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Aeromonas dhakensis is an emerging pathogen linked to systemic infections in diverse animal hosts, with rising prevalence posing a growing threat to animal health. Although the argH gene is traditionally associated with arginine biosynthesis, its role in virulence remains unclear. In this study, a ΔargH mutant of A. dhakensis wild-type C4-1 was constructed to investigate its contribution to pathogenicity. The ΔargH mutant exhibited significantly reduced virulence, as evidenced by reduced biofilm formation, motility, extracellular protease activity, adhesion, and resistance to oxidative stress. Furthermore, the ΔargH mutant exhibited heightened susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides, suggesting a role for argH in stress adaptation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 518 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with significant enrichment in pathways associated with membrane structure, flagellar assembly, secretion systems, and biofilm development. These findings indicate that argH acts as a pleiotropic regulator influencing multiple aspects of A. dhakensis virulence.}, }
@article {pmid41135297, year = {2025}, author = {Lim, H and Abdelahad, B and Holmbäck, J}, title = {Fatty acid composition of lipids and polyhydroxyalkanoate determination in the air-air biofilm using a two-stage sample extraction and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1764}, number = {}, pages = {466465}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466465}, pmid = {41135297}, issn = {1873-3778}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Polyhydroxyalkanoates/analysis/chemistry ; *Fatty Acids/analysis ; Chromatography, Gas/methods ; Flame Ionization/methods ; *Lipids/chemistry/analysis ; Bacteria/chemistry ; Air ; }, abstract = {Modifications in the fatty acyl chain composition of cell lipids significantly influence bacterial biofilm development, and biofilm-forming bacteria synthesise polyhydroxyalkanoates as carbon and energy reserves under challenging environmental conditions. Despite the close relationship between fatty acid composition in lipids and polyhydroxyalkanoates, comprehensive research examining both constituents within biofilms remains limited, and no analytical methodologies support their concurrent analysis. In this study, a two-stage extraction procedure combined with GC-FID analysis was developed to determine both the lipid fatty acid profiles and the polyhydroxyalkanoate content in microbial biofilms. Air-air interfaced bubble biofilms obtained from a mine tunnel environment were analysed to investigate microbial adaptation to low-light and metal-enriched conditions. Nine bubble biofilm samples collected from Ytterby mine, Sweden, demonstrated a consistent fatty acid composition dominated by four main components: mono-unsaturated C16:1 (n-7) and C18:1 (n-7), along with saturated C14:0 and C16:0. Mono-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids accounted for over 90 % of total extracts, while bacterial fatty acids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyunsaturated fatty acids represented approximately 5 %, 2 %, and 1 %, respectively. Two polyhydroxyalkanoate monomers were found in the samples: 3OHC14:0 and 3OHC16:0. The observed fatty acid and polyhydroxyalkanoate profiles closely aligned with those of Nevskia ramosa strains, confirming its predominance within these biofilm communities. The developed analytical methodology enables efficient and cost-effective simultaneous determination of fatty acids of lipids and polyhydroxyalkanoates in microbial biofilms, offering a useful tool for future studies in this field.}, }
@article {pmid41135082, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmad Lone, R and Chandra Sahoo, U and Shakya, A and Ngpoore, NK and Bano, N and Pattanayak, R and Singh, BN and Mohanty, CS}, title = {Biochemical profiling, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. root-tuber.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2575129}, pmid = {41135082}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {The root-tuber of underutilised Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC., was evaluated for its biochemical, elemental, and antimicrobial properties. It revealed a high phenolic (456.58 µg GAE/mg) and flavonoid (586.27 µg QE/mg) content, with quercetin being the most abundant compound. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiling reported the presence of catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, and rutin. Elemental analysis confirmed the presence of beneficial minerals and absence of heavy metals in the root-tuber. Methanolic extracts demonstrated quorum sensing inhibition activity against Chromobacterium violaceum and significant antibiofilm inhibition activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Molecular docking analyses revealed a strong binding affinity of lectins and thaumatin-like proteins with peroxidase and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) enzymes, suggesting a mechanistic basis for their antimicrobial action. These findings support the therapeutic and nutraceutical potential of P. tetragonolobus root-tuber.}, }
@article {pmid41134923, year = {2025}, author = {Rafique, HA and Yu, H and Abudukadier, A and Suleiman, IM and Zhang, T and Le, TTT and Chen, H and Xie, J}, title = {Deciphering the Role of pafBC in Mycobacteriophage Resistance and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {3251-3262}, doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00627}, pmid = {41134923}, issn = {2373-8227}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Mycobacteriophages/physiology/genetics/drug effects ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; *Mycobacterium smegmatis/virology/genetics/drug effects ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/virology/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Tuberculosis (TB) remains the world's deadliest bacterial infection, with 8.2 million newly notified cases and an estimated 1.25 million deaths in 2023. Alarmingly, ∼19% of multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant (MDR/RR) strains already meet the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of pre-XDR-TB because they are resistant to at least one fluoroquinolone (FQ). Although gyrA/gyrB target-site mutations dominate clinical FQ resistance, Mycobacteria also rely on transcriptional networks that help them withstand the oxidative and DNA strand-breaking stress caused by these drugs. Central to this response is the heterodimeric transcription factor pafBC, whose WYL domain binds to single-stranded DNA and redirects RNA polymerase to a dedicated promoter set, thereby orchestrating a LexA-independent DNA-damage response (DDR). Up-regulation of pafBC has been linked to enhanced intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria after FQ exposure, yet the downstream phenotypes and their connection to drug or phage resistance have remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of pafBC in Mycobacterium smegmatis profoundly remodels the cell envelope, as evidenced by altered colony rugosity, reduced sliding motility, enhanced aggregation, and a three- to 5-fold decline in quantitative biofilm biomass. Untargeted lipid profiling revealed the selective depletion of long-chain trehalose polyphosphates and other apolar glycolipids that normally decorate the outer membrane─lipid classes that have recently been shown in other studies to serve as essential receptors for therapeutic mycobacteriophages such as BPs and Muddy. Consistent with this lipid deficit, the pafBC mutant exhibited markedly reduced phage adsorption and plaque formation; ectopic expression of RecA restored adsorption efficiency, implicating DDR envelope crosstalk in antiphage defense. Complementation with wild-type pafBC rescued lipid composition, biofilm mass, and phage resistance, whereas a WYL-domain mutant that cannot bind single-stranded DNA failed to do so, underscoring the necessity of canonical pafBC activation for envelope homeostasis. Immunoprofiling in THP-1 macrophages further showed that pafBC-proficient bacilli induce significantly higher secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared to their isogenic mutant. This effect correlated with the presence of intact surface glycolipids, molecules known to interact with scavenger and Toll-like receptors on phagocytes and to enhance opsonizing antibody deposition at the host-pathogen interface. Overall, our findings connect the molecular mechanisms of the pafBC DDR with observable phenotypes such as fluoroquinolone tolerance, biofilm structure, phage resistance, and host immune recognition, by highlighting cell-envelope remodeling as the central factor.}, }
@article {pmid41134382, year = {2025}, author = {Naz, SS and Zafar, S}, title = {The role of probiotics in controlling oral biofilm formation and mitigating oral squamous-cell carcinoma risk.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {12}, pages = {332}, pmid = {41134382}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Probiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Mouth Neoplasms/prevention &amp; control/microbiology/immunology ; *Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention &amp; control/microbiology/immunology ; *Mouth/microbiology ; }, abstract = {This review examines the role of specific probiotic strains in modulating oral biofilms and immune pathways implicated in the prevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Evidence indicates that Lactobacillus fermentum, L. salivarius, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Streptococcus salivarius effectively disrupt carcinogenic biofilms through multiple mechanisms. These include competitive exclusion, nutrient competition, and the production of antimicrobial peptides and biosurfactants. In addition, they contribute to cancer prevention by detoxifying mutagens such as acetaldehyde and nitrosamines. These probiotics also influence OSCC-relevant immunity by enhancing natural killer cell cytotoxicity, promoting CD8[+] T-cell activity, and inducing TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, while strengthening epithelial defenses via upregulation of tight junction proteins. Multi-strain formulations frequently demonstrate superior efficacy compared to single strains, reflecting potential synergistic mechanisms. Nonetheless, outcomes remain highly strain-dependent and context-specific. Overall, current evidence suggests a promising yet preliminary role for probiotics in OSCC prevention, underscoring the need for rigorously designed, strain-specific clinical trials and optimized delivery systems tailored to the oral environment.}, }
@article {pmid41132046, year = {2025}, author = {James, JJ and Yap, CH and Frimayanti, N and Rashid, NN and Tay, ST and Chee, CF}, title = {Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Pyrazolyl Indolenine Derivatives as Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Inhibitors.}, journal = {Archiv der Pharmazie}, volume = {358}, number = {10}, pages = {e70126}, doi = {10.1002/ardp.70126}, pmid = {41132046}, issn = {1521-4184}, support = {//This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, for niche area research under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program (JPT(BKPI)1000/016/018/28 Jld.3(2) &amp; NANOCAT-2024F), the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2022/STG03/UM/02/10), and Universiti Malaya (grant numbers ST027-2019, ST029-2020, and IIRG003A-19FNW)./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Structure ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Vero Cells ; Animals ; *Pyrazoles/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Drug Discovery ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; *Indoles/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus-associated infections pose a significant clinical challenge due to biofilm formation, which contributes to antibiotic resistance and persistent infections. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) further exacerbates this issue, underscoring the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we report a potent and selective second-generation MRSA biofilm inhibitor (4ad), which showed a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC50) of 0.78 µg/mL and demonstrated ≥ 128-fold selectivity for biofilm inhibition over planktonic growth. Through structural optimisation and fragmentation, we further identified a truncated analogue (5a) that effectively eradicated a preformed MRSA biofilm, with a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50) of 0.78 µg/mL-outperforming both the first-generation hit (4e) and the clinically used antibiotics oxacillin and vancomycin. Notably, both 4ad and 5a exhibited no significant impact on planktonic bacterial viability or Vero cell cytotoxicity. Given the broad-spectrum antibiofilm activity of 4e against S. aureus, we investigated its combinatorial effects with antibiotics. 4e demonstrated additive effects in combination with vancomycin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin. Importantly, both structure-activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses identified key structural features associated with antibiofilm activity. Collectively, these findings support further development of pyrazolyl indolenine derivatives and mechanistic studies aimed at combating antibiotic-resistant S. aureus biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid41131295, year = {2025}, author = {}, title = {Leading voices in oral health strengthen consensus on dental plaque biofilm management.}, journal = {British dental journal}, volume = {239}, number = {8}, pages = {525}, doi = {10.1038/s41415-025-9320-0}, pmid = {41131295}, issn = {1476-5373}, }
@article {pmid41131278, year = {2025}, author = {Slade, EA and Clayton, GE and Hodgkins, G and Reynolds, DM and Hancock, C and Thorn, RMS}, title = {Direct application of non-thermal plasma technology for the elimination of biofilm from endoscope channels.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {37139}, pmid = {41131278}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {02POC19131//National Biofilms Innovation Centre/ ; 02POC19131//National Biofilms Innovation Centre/ ; 02POC19131//National Biofilms Innovation Centre/ ; 02POC19131//National Biofilms Innovation Centre/ ; 02POC19131//National Biofilms Innovation Centre/ ; 02POC19131//National Biofilms Innovation Centre/ ; }, abstract = {Endoscopy procedures result in contamination of endoscope devices with potentially infectious organisms derived from the patient. Flexible endoscopes are complex, containing channels and ports that are difficult to clean and disinfect, further complicated by the presence of heat sensitive components, preventing use of high temperature sterilisation. Failure to effectively remove contamination from the internal channels and ports has the potential to result in microbial transmission between patients and subsequent outbreaks of infection. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is generated by supplying a neutral gas with a continuous source of energy, resulting in the generation of reactive species, charged particles, electrons and ultraviolet (UV) photons, that have been shown to exhibit an antimicrobial effect. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel low energy NTP treatment system coupled with a prototype endoscope plasma applicator for the removal of viable biofilm contamination from the internal lumen of surrogate endoscope channels in an in vitro endoscope biofilm model. The results demonstrated that NTP can completely eliminate biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from surrogate endoscope channels. Therefore, NTP treatment could provide an alternative decontamination technology for reprocessing endoscope devices, to eradicate biofilm and eliminate the risk of cross infection between patients.}, }
@article {pmid41130401, year = {2026}, author = {Pan, R and Ding, Y and Peng, J and Long, Y and Zhao, Y and Lin, Q and Wu, S and Guo, F and Wen, J and Zhou, X and Ma, Y}, title = {Identification and characterization of a novel bacteriocin PFB252 from Bacillus velezensis with anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and anti-biofilm activity for dairy food preservation.}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {110-126}, doi = {10.3168/jds.2025-27286}, pmid = {41130401}, issn = {1525-3198}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Bacillus ; *Bacteriocins/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Food Preservation/methods ; Milk/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its robust biofilm-forming capability pose severe threats to public health, livestock production, and food safety, and underscores the urgent need for novel antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel bacteriocin, PFB252, derived from Bacillus velezensis through a multistep purification process involving acid precipitation, TA-GF75 gel column chromatography, Tiderose Q HP anion-exchange chromatography (TRUKING, Changsha, China), and reversed-phase HPLC. PFB252 exhibited remarkable thermal stability, pH tolerance, and resistance to enzymatic degradation, and demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against MRSA. At subinhibitory concentrations (1/32× minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and 1/16× MIC), PFB252 significantly disrupted biofilm formation and impaired the metabolic viability of embedded bacteria, and it drastically reduced extracellular polysaccharide, the key component of the biofilm matrix. Transcriptional analysis further revealed that PFB252 at subinhibitory concentrations downregulated critical biofilm-associated genes. PFB252 exhibited strong antimicrobial efficacy in dairy applications and could reduce MRSA counts in milk from 10[3] to <10 cfu/mL within 4 d at MIC and maintain suppression in cheese below 10[2] cfu/g over 7 d. These properties highlight PFB252's potential as a natural biopreservative for combating MRSA in food systems and offer a promising solution for food safety applications.}, }
@article {pmid41129997, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, W and Sun, S and Wang, Q and Wang, Z and Lu, YZ and Guo, J and Zhao, HP and Lai, CY}, title = {Acesulfame degradation within a methane-fed biofilm: a novel and efficient biodegradation route.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {140152}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140152}, pmid = {41129997}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Biofilms ; *Methane/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism/genetics ; Oxygenases/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Acesulfame (ACE), a persistent organic pollutant, is frequently detected across diverse aquatic environments, yet its environmental remediation remains challenging due to the inherently slow biodegradation. Here, we unveil a highly efficient ACE removal strategy using a methane-fed biofilm, achieving a degradation rate of 59.6 mg ACE/g VSS/h. Comprehensive analyses of transformation products (TPs) and toxicity profiles revealed that the biofilm mediated important and effective biodegradation pathways, promoting deep ACE degradation. Microbial community analysis, methane interruption experiments and pure culture studies implicated aerobic methanotrophs Methylococcus sp. and Methylomonas sp. as key players in ACE degradation. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses demonstrated that these methanotrophs exhibited high expression levels of particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) genes within the biofilm community. Enzyme inhibition assays, combined with TP profiling, suggested that pMMO and CYP450 initiated the degradation of ACE. Scavenging experiments further suggested that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated through the catalytic activity of pMMO and CYP450 are crucial mediators in the ACE hydroxylation pathway. These findings provide the first evidence of ACE degradation in a methane-fed biofilm system, offering a promising and sustainable approach for the removal of recalcitrant organic contaminants from wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41127792, year = {2025}, author = {Silva, AR and Keevil, CW and Pereira, A}, title = {Legionella affects biofilm structural response to detachment upon shear stress increase.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100323}, pmid = {41127792}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Poor hydraulic management at water systems is associated with an increased risk of Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella. Stagnation periods, followed by sudden water flow, can promote biofilm detachment and the release of Legionella into the bulk water. Regardless of its importance, the simultaneous effects of shear stress on biofilm detachment and Legionella release into the bulk water remain poorly understood. This study investigates how shear stress affects biofilms containing Legionella pneumophila in terms of: a) biofilm detachment, b) release of L. pneumophila into the bulk phase, and c) shifting of L. pneumophila into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms were formed in a Center for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactor at 125 RPM and spiked with L. pneumophila. After 6 days, the system was set for 48 h to stagnation before flow was resumed at rotational velocities of 125, 225, and 400 RPM, corresponding to turbulent regimes with Reynolds numbers of 1552, 2794 and 4966, respectively. Biofilm properties, L. pneumophila viability, culturability, and spatial distribution were monitored. Results show that biofilms containing L. pneumophila maintained a similar basal thickness (12 μm) despite the detachment of the upper layers under different shear stresses. L. pneumophila, located at the bottom of the biofilm, remains surface-attached after biofilm detachment and seems to enhance the cohesiveness of these layers compared to P. fluorescens biofilms. On the contrary, when Legionella is not present, biofilm detachment increases with the increase of applied shear forces. All tested rotational velocities triggered L. pneumophila to enter the VBNC state in the bulk phase, while biofilm-associated VBNC cells were only observed at 400 RPM. Finally, the contribution of the present work to Legionella control practices in water systems is discussed, highlighting the important insights that biofilms can provide in this context.}, }
@article {pmid41124116, year = {2025}, author = {Matte, J and Fonseca, S and Robidoux, J and Charette, SJ and Cayer, MP and Brouard, D}, title = {Monitoring of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on platelet storage bag surfaces.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0333558}, pmid = {41124116}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Blood Platelets/microbiology ; Humans ; *Blood Preservation/instrumentation ; Polyvinyl Chloride/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Platelet concentrates (PCs) are stored at 20-24˚C in a biologically favorable environment that may support bacterial growth. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a typical contaminant, can form biofilms in PCs, complicating detection and increasing the risk of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections. The material composition and surface texture of PC storage bags may influence biofilm formation. The impact of different PC storage bag materials on S. epidermidis biofilm formation was evaluated using the ISO 4768:2023(E) crystal violet (CV) assay. Four surface conditions were tested: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticized with n-butyryl-tri(n-hexyl)-citrate (BTHC) - both smooth and rough sides, PVC plasticized with tri-(2-ethylhexyl)-trimellitate (TEHTM) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). Coupons and bags made from each material were used in the experiments. Biofilm-positive S. epidermidis was cultured in tryptic soy broth (TSB), PCs and plasma and added on plastic coupons under static conditions or directly in the bags with agitation. Bacterial enumeration and CV assay were performed on days 2, 5, and 7. In TSB, EVA coupons significantly formed more biofilm than the smooth side of PVC-BTHC or TEHTM over seven days. In PCs, more biofilm formed on the rough side of PVC-BTHC coupons than the smooth side, with no other differences between plastics, suggesting similar biofilm amount across PC bag materials in the presence of platelets. No biofilm was detected on coupons in plasma. Under continuous agitation and reduced oxygen levels, only the rough side of PVC-BTHC showed significant biofilm formation in TSB in PC storage bags over seven days. These findings highlight the need for standardized biofilm testing and suggest that some plastics are more conducive to biofilm formation under static conditions. However, during blood bank storage (i.e., continuous agitation and reduced oxygen levels), biofilm formation is limited, regardless of the platelet bag material, thereby reducing the risk of undetected bacterial contamination.}, }
@article {pmid41121667, year = {2025}, author = {Narimisa, N and Khoshbayan, A and Masjedian Jazi, F and Razavi, S}, title = {The Role of Carbenicillin as an Inhibitor of the Biofilm Regulator CsgD in Salmonella Typhimurium.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e70081}, pmid = {41121667}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//This paper was funded by Microbial Biotechnology Research Center (Iran University of Medical Sciences) by a research grant (No. 32437, and Ethics Approval ID: IR.IUMS.REC.1403.1183), for which we are very grateful./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Carbenicillin/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Bacterial Proteins/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Trans-Activators/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Salmonella Typhimurium, a major foodborne pathogen, forms biofilms that enhance its environmental persistence and resistance to antibiotics, presenting significant public health challenges. The CsgD protein, a key transcriptional regulator, orchestrates biofilm formation by regulating curli fimbriae and cellulose production. This study aimed to identify and evaluate potential CsgD inhibitors to disrupt S. Typhimurium biofilms using a combination of computational and experimental methodologies. Molecular docking was performed to screen 145 FDA-approved antibiotics from DrugBank against the CsgD protein. Carbenicillin, identified as a top candidate, was further analyzed through 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations to assess the stability of the carbenicillin-CsgD complex. Experimental evaluations determined the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of carbenicillin against S. Typhimurium isolates. Biofilm structure and curli production were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Congo red agar assays, respectively. Molecular docking revealed carbenicillin's high binding affinity to CsgD. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the structural stability of the carbenicillin-CsgD complex. Experimental assays established MBIC and MBEC at 1 and 4 μg/mL, respectively. SEM analysis showed morphological changes and disrupted biofilm architecture at 0.5-1 μg/mL carbenicillin, while Congo red agar assays demonstrated dose-dependent suppression of curli production. Carbenicillin exhibits significant potential as a CsgD-targeted anti-biofilm agent, providing a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies to combat S. Typhimurium infections and address their public health burden.}, }
@article {pmid41117535, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Z and Wang, R and Jiang, S and Zheng, Y and Jiang, Q and Wang, L and Tan, J and Zhao, X and Qi, G}, title = {SinI and SinR function differently in biofilm formation, rhizosphere colonization, and biocontrol efficacy between Bacillus velezensis and B. subtilis.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0218624}, pmid = {41117535}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Numerous Bacillus species, in particular B. subtilis and B. velezensis, are usually used as effective biocontrol agents against plant diseases, leveraging their ability to form biofilms for robust colonization of the rhizosphere. In B. subtilis, SinI positively influences biofilm formation, rhizosphere colonization, and biocontrol efficacy, whereas SinR has a negative impact. To boost the biocontrol efficacy of B. velezensis R9 against tobacco bacterial wilt, we engineered the deletion of sinI and sinR genes in this strain, respectively. Contrary to expectations, deleting sinR impaired biofilm formation, rhizosphere colonization, plant resistance induction, and bacterial wilt control. Conversely, the R9ΔsinI strain showed notably enhanced biofilm, colonization, and biocontrol efficacy relative to both R9 and R9ΔsinR strains. Complementing R9ΔsinI with sinI and R9ΔsinR with sinR confirmed that SinI negatively and SinR positively regulate biofilm formation in R9, regardless of originating from B. velezensis or B. subtilis. By contrast, sinI knockout in B. subtilis M6 caused a marked decline in biofilm formation but could be partially reversed by complementary expression of sinI whether it was from B. subtilis or B. velezensis. Conversely, sinR knockout in M6 sharply decreased biofilm formation. In summary, SinI negatively and SinR positively regulate biofilm formation in B. velezensis, contrasting with their roles in B. subtilis. Consequently, deleting sinI, not sinR, in B. velezensis enhances biofilm formation, promoting root colonization, plant resistance, and disease control.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Bacillus species, exemplified by B. subtilis as a model organism for Gram-positive bacteria, have been extensively studied, particularly regarding biofilm formation. Biofilms represent a form of quorum sensing in microbial communities, and the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus species in the rhizosphere, against plant pathogens, hinges on their biofilm-forming capabilities. In B. subtilis, the regulatory proteins SinI and SinR are known to have opposing functions in biofilm formation, with SinI facilitating and SinR inhibiting biofilm development. Drawing from this foundational knowledge, we endeavored to knock out the sinR gene in B. velezensis, a biocontrol bacterium, to enhance biofilm formation and, consequently, its colonization of the rhizosphere and biocontrol efficacy. Unexpectedly, the deletion of sinR reduced the bacterium's proficiency in biofilm formation and its ability to colonize the rhizosphere, resulting in a decrease in biocontrol effectiveness. On the contrary, the knockout of sinI promoted biofilm formation, bolstered the strain's colonization capacity in the rhizosphere, and thus fortified its biocontrol efficacy. These findings underscore that SinI and SinR exert divergent, even antithetical effects in Bacillus species. Insights gleaned from B. subtilis research cannot be extrapolated to encompass all Bacillus species, at least not B. velezensis, indicating the need for species-specific investigations.}, }
@article {pmid41117222, year = {2025}, author = {Silva, ML and Lopes, FES and Soares, PHP and Silva, L and Colares, PPR and da Silva, BN and Souza, PFN and Montenegro, RC and de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco, D and Lorenzón, EN and Cilli, EM and Carneiro, VA and de Aguiar Cordeiro, R}, title = {Aurein 1.2 analogues as promising agents against Candida parapsilosis: insights into mechanism and biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {15}, pages = {1017-1029}, pmid = {41117222}, issn = {1746-0921}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Candida parapsilosis/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Humans ; Ergosterol/metabolism ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Candida parapsilosis has emerged among invasive fungal infections, boming an alarming problem for human health. Recent studies have focused on antimicrobial peptides and their derivatives, such as the Aurein family, as a new approach to developing cutting-edge antifungal agents.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of Aurein 1.2 (Au) and two modified analogs, K-aurein (K-au) and D-aurein (D-au), containing an additional lysine or aspartic acid residue, respectively, at the N-terminal of the native peptide.<br><br>MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: To this, antifungal activity, time of action by time-kill curve, ergosterol-binding analysis in vitro and in silico, and antibiofilm assays were performed. Results: We found that K-au demonstrated the lowest cytotoxicity and the greatest antifungal activity compared to other tested peptides. K-au showed MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 125&#x2009;&#x3bc;g/mL and time of action fungicide between 60 and 180&#x2009;min. Molecular docking indicated strong interaction with ergosterol, particularly for K-au, supporting a membrane-targeting mechanism. Biofilm assays demonstrated that the peptides inhibited biofilm formation by up to 80% and were effective against mature biofilms, as confirmed by ultrastructural analysis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings highlight Au-derived peptides as promising molecules against C. parapsilosis.}, }
@article {pmid41116588, year = {2025}, author = {D'Amico, R and Casillo, A and Olimpo, D and Gallucci, N and D'Angelo, C and Tutino, ML and Paduano, L and Parrilli, E and Corsaro, MM}, title = {Capsular polysaccharide from Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020: An unusual amino sugar-enriched macromolecule with anti-biofilm and emulsification activities.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {370}, number = {}, pages = {124484}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124484}, pmid = {41116588}, issn = {1879-1344}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Psychrobacter/chemistry ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Emulsifying Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Emulsions ; *Bacterial Capsules/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Extracellular polysaccharides exhibit a broad range of biological activities, among which antibiofilm activity is of particular interest due to the growing clinical importance of biofilm-related infections. Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020, a marine Gram-negative bacterium, produces a molecular complex named CATASAN, endowed with antibiofilm properties. The aim of this study is the identification and structural characterisation of the polysaccharidic component of the CATASAN complex. Moreover, the interest was in finding the structural features possibly responsible for the anti-biofilm and emulsifying activities. Here, it has been demonstrated that the polysaccharide within the CATASAN complex corresponds to the capsular polysaccharide produced by Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020. The detailed primary structure of this CPS is here reported, which is composed of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit containing two residues of α-D-galactosamine, one residue of α-D-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-glucopyranose, and the unusual α-L-gulosamine. The physical properties of the CPS, such as its ability to adhere to hydrophobic surfaces and exhibit emulsifying activity, suggest that this polymer is a promising candidate for alternative anti-infective applications in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid41116495, year = {2025}, author = {Kashi, PA and Bachlechner, C and Huc-Mathis, D and Jäger, H and Shahbazi, M}, title = {A porous 3D biofilm-inspired alginate/gellan hydrogel fabricated via dual-wavelength UV-crosslinking printer: Structural and rheological properties.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {370}, number = {}, pages = {124246}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124246}, pmid = {41116495}, issn = {1879-1344}, mesh = {*Alginates/chemistry ; *Biofilms ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Rheology ; *Hydrogels/chemistry ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Porosity ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry ; Bioprinting ; }, abstract = {The advancement of additive manufacturing for biopolymers with spatially tailored properties remains challenging, particularly in multi-material structures. Traditional methods relying on automated sample swapping compromise production speed and interlayer adhesion. Critically, existing biofilm models predominantly use 2D formats that fail to replicate essential 3D microenvironments for structural development and antimicrobial resistance-limiting their physiological relevance. To address both manufacturing and modeling limitations, we introduce a novel dual-wavelength in-place UV crosslinking technique using chemo-selective irradiation (UV-A:390 nm and UV-C:260 nm) in combination with a Norrish Type I photoinitiator to fabricate multi-material macroporous biofilm-inspired architecture with enhanced mechanical and rheological properties, as well as effective 3D architectures for biofilm simulation. An alginate/gellan-inspired hydrogel mimicking biofilm materials enables stiffness modulation via photosensitization tuning. Results demonstrated UV-A yielded softer, flexible networks while UV-C produced stiffer, elastic structures. The application of Norrish type I photoinitiators in combination with in-place UV irradiation-coupled with bioprinter considerably broadened the achievable thermo-mechanical and cytocompatibility with improved build efficiency, overcoming traditional UV-curing limitations for functional multi-material components in advanced manufacturing and physiologically relevant biofilm modeling.}, }
@article {pmid41116025, year = {2025}, author = {Klerk, DH and Sodhi, CP}, title = {Biofilm probiotics for NEC: promise, pitfalls, and pathways to translation.}, journal = {Pediatric research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41116025}, issn = {1530-0447}, }
@article {pmid41115662, year = {2026}, author = {Qi, J and Li, M and Zhu, K and Xia, Z and Huang, L and Hao, H and Hao, R and Liu, J}, title = {Peroxymonosulfate-activated sludge conditioning coupled with membrane aerated biofilm reactor: mechanisms of extracellular polymeric substance reconfiguration, nitrogen metabolic shifts, and greenhouse gas mitigation.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {133527}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133527}, pmid = {41115662}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Sewage/microbiology/chemistry ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Greenhouse Gases ; Wastewater ; Denitrification ; Peroxides ; }, abstract = {The study establishes the synergistic integration of peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-activated sludge conditioning with Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) technology for co-treatment of sludge and wastewater. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and 3D- Excitation-Emission Matrix (3D-EEM) spectroscopy revealed that PMS conditioning (1 mmol/g-TS) induced sludge lysis (5.14 %) and generated SO4[-] and OH, triggering dynamic Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) subfraction reconstruction and enhancing dewaterability. While treating the PMS-conditioned supernatant in MABRs drove significant shifts in nitrogen metabolism, evidenced by nitrite accumulation (2.4 mg/L) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission (+0.198 ppm) with residual PMS 120 mg/L. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Acinetobacter-driven aerobic denitrification and Candidatus_Brocadia-mediated Anammox played substantial roles in the MABR system. Untargeted metabolomics identified the microbial carbon and nitrogen metabolism primarily via L-α-amino acids. These findings establish the theoretical foundation for the efficient co-treatment of sludge and wastewater using MABR coupled with Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs).}, }
@article {pmid41113654, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, R and Wang, P and Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Chu, J}, title = {Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and virulence by natural extract Stevioside.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1675322}, pmid = {41113654}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the natural extract of Stevioside on biofilm formation and cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), and to explore its mechanism of action preliminarily, with the goal of identifying a safer and more effective non-cariogenic sweetener.<br><br>METHODS: The inhibitory effect of Stevioside on the growth of S. mutans biofilm was detected by crystal violet staining. The acid production capacity of S. mutans biofilms was evaluated by measuring the pH values and lactic acid contents. The bacterial viability within the biofilms was determined using the plate counting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser confocal microscopy (CLSM) were used to observe the biofilm structure, and the fluorescence intensity of live and dead bacteria and biofilm thickness were further analyzed. The anthrone sulfuric acid method quantified the production of Soluble Extracellular Polysaccharide (SEPS) and Insoluble Extracellular Polysaccharide (IEPS) in biofilm. Furthermore, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of genes related to biofilm growth, acid production, acid tolerance, exopolysaccharide synthesis, two-component signal and quorum sensing.<br><br>RESULTS: Stevioside significantly inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilm, and reduced acid production, bacterial activity and EPS production. SEM and CLSM confirmed the reduction of the dense three-dimensional structure of biofilm. In addition, compared with sucrose, the expression of related genes was down-regulated in Stevioside.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Stevioside inhibits S. mutans virulence factors and biofilms and is a promising natural sucrose substitute for preventing dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid41113108, year = {2025}, author = {Sarkar, S and Tripathi, V and Sadhukhan, S and Bhadra, J and Bhattacharya, S}, title = {An innovative strategy to treat pathogenic biofilm-associated infections in vitro and in vivo using guanidinium-linked neomycin lipidation.}, journal = {RSC medicinal chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41113108}, issn = {2632-8682}, abstract = {To overcome neomycin's limited efficacy against complex Gram-positive and Gram-negative co-infections, we have developed a novel guanidinium-linked neomycin-lipid conjugate (guanidino Neo-lipid). This multifunctional construct integrates three synergistic components: a neomycin core for ribosomal targeting, a hydrophobic lipid chain to facilitate membrane interaction and cellular uptake, and a cationic guanidinium moiety that enhances electrostatic binding to negatively charged bacterial membranes. The resulting conjugate demonstrates significantly improved antibacterial activity in liquid cultures and effectively disrupts biofilm formation. This approach offers a promising therapeutic strategy for treating persistent infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including co-infective scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid41110783, year = {2025}, author = {Dabul, ANG and Samaniego, LVB and Cortez, AA and Scandelau, SL and Liberato, MV and Kubo, AM and Rodrigues, AB and Grotto, RM and Valente, G and Rall, VLM and Pratavieira, S and de Oliveira Neto, M and Fontana, CR and Polikarpov, I}, title = {Comparison of biofilm-degrading activities of two glycoside hydrolase family 20 enzymes against clinical and veterinary β-1,6-poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-dependent Staphylococcus aureus isolates.}, journal = {Acta biomaterialia}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {428-441}, doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2025.10.032}, pmid = {41110783}, issn = {1878-7568}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects/physiology ; *Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *beta-Glucans/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biofilms shield microbial communities from various environmental threats, including antimicrobial agents. Such protection renders bacterial cells within biofilms more resistant to antimicrobial agents than their planktonic counterparts. Degradation of the exopolysaccharides of the biofilm matrix using glycoside hydrolases (GH) strongly increases the efficacy of antimicrobials against biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infections in both humans and animals, with many of its strains producing biofilms rich in β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG), the primary component of the extracellular matrix of their biofilms. In this study, we recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized two glycoside hydrolases from GH20 family, ApGH20 and ChGH20, both of which specifically target PNAG. These enzymes effectively degraded and inhibited biofilm formation of S. aureus human clinical strain which produces a robust PNAG-based biofilm. Both enzymes also demonstrated high activity against several veterinary S. aureus isolates. All of these isolates have been sequenced and analyzed. Notably, ApGH20 exhibited nearly three orders of magnitude higher activity than ChGH20 in degrading S. aureus biofilm, yet both enzymes similarly enhanced the ability of gentamicin to kill human isolate of S. aureus, albeit at different dosages. These findings further demonstrate that application of glycoside hydrolases, when combined with antimicrobial agents, is a promising strategy for treating infections caused by pathogenic S. aureus strains. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Antimicrobial resistance is a very significant health problem, resulting in millions of deaths worldwide. Pathogenic bacteria become resistant to antibiotics using various mechanists, one of which is to protect themselves by biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infections in both humans and animals, with many of its strains relying on β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG) polysaccharide as an important part of their biofilms. Here we produced two glycoside hydrolase enzymes which specifically target PNAG. We showed that the enzymes effectively degraded and also prevented biofilm formation of S. aureus human clinical and several veterinary isolates. Both enzymes similarly enhanced efficiency of gentamicin against S. aureus, albeit at different dosages, which might hold promise to treat infections caused by these pathogenic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41110128, year = {2025}, author = {Randmäe, K and Lorenz, K and Putrinš, M and Tenson, T and Kogermann, K}, title = {Preparing a Dual-Species In Vitro Biofilm Model for Testing Antibiofilm Efficacy.}, journal = {Molecular pharmaceutics}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, pages = {6862-6873}, pmid = {41110128}, issn = {1543-8392}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gelatin/chemistry ; Humans ; Polyesters/chemistry ; Glucose/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {All wounds are contaminated, and there is a risk of developing an infection. Furthermore, most wounds contain biofilm and are contaminated by two bacteria, termed dual-species, or more bacteria, termed polybacterial biofilms. New antibacterial and antibiofilm wound care products are constantly being developed to combat this problem. There is a need to develop more biorelevant and reproducible models to test the efficacy of these wound care products. We used an electrospun (ES) gelatin-glucose matrix (Gel-Gluc) as an artificial skin substrate for dual-species biofilm formation using wound pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, combining them in pairs. When analyzing the biofilms, selective agars were used to differentiate various bacteria from one another while counting. The developed method supported the growth of dual-species biofilm that contained both bacteria up to 10[8] CFU/Gel-Gluc after 24 h. Over 48 h, there was a decrease in the number of S. aureus in the biofilms. Confocal microscopy imaging allowed monitoring of the location of bacteria in the Gel-Gluc and proved that different species were located closely together. ES polycaprolactone (PCL) fibrous wound dressings containing chloramphenicol (CAM) or ciprofloxacin (CIP), or their pristine analogs, were used to test the model. Both ES fibrous wound dressings were effective in preventing dual-species biofilm formation. PCL-CIP fibrous dressing was also effective in treating biofilms. The efficacy of treatment of E. coli varied in different dual-species combinations of E. coli. The developed dual-species biofilm model on artificial skin (Gel-Gluc) supported the successful growth of different bacterial combinations and proved to be suitable for testing the efficacy of ES fibrous wound dressings in preventing and treating biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41108948, year = {2026}, author = {Régnier, A and Chalivat, &#xc9; and Chesnais, V and Dumaire, C and Midelet, G and Gay, M and Brauge, T}, title = {Increased biomass and viable but nonculturable state following benzalkonium chloride exposure in Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm, independent of the disinfectant resistome.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {111490}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111490}, pmid = {41108948}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Benzalkonium Compounds/pharmacology ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Biomass ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic pathogen capable of persisting in industrial settings through biofilm formation, which enhances its resistance to disinfectants. This study characterized the resistome of 39 V. parahaemolyticus strains, focusing on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) linked to disinfectant tolerance, and assessed the influence of the gene qacEΔ1 in biofilm formation and entry into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under industrial benzalkonium chloride (BAC) concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 500 μg/mL. Whole-genome sequencing (long and short read) revealed 21 encoded ARGs localized on the chromosomes, including 19 from the resistance nodulation cell division (RND) efflux pump family and the vmrA gene (MATE family), all highly conserved. Notably, the qacEΔ1 gene, a small multidrug resistance (SMR) type efflux pumps conferring quaternary ammonium compound resistance, was detected chromosomally for the first time in V. parahaemolyticus, positioned near mobile genetic elements (20kbp), indicating dissemination potential. BAC minimal biofilm eradication assays showed increased biomass in qacEΔ1 negative strains. qPCR, PMA-qPCR, and enumeration demonstrated that biofilms were composed of dead cells (≈20 %), VBNC cells (≈80 %), and an extra cellular matrix rich in extra cellular DNA. Biomass increases were not significant in qacEΔ1 positive strains, suggesting that absence of qacEΔ1 promotes matrix overproduction to limit disinfectant penetration. On the other hand, qacEΔ1 presence favours active BAC efflux, reducing adaptive matrix response, but could increase energetic costs and thus affecting biomass. These findings indicate that BAC at industrial concentrations (375 μg/mL) fails to eradicate V. parahaemolyticus biofilms without mechanical action and induces VBNC states, emphasizing the need to reassess disinfection strategies by combining the use of BAC with mechanical action to ensure effective microbiological risk control.}, }
@article {pmid41108833, year = {2026}, author = {Li, C and Tan, L and Ma, Y and Li, Z and Xu, S and Zheng, X and Fang, H and Hong, J and Zhu, Q and Huo, X and Guo, H and Zhang, W}, title = {A bacteriophage with dual host specificity for canine and porcine Bordetella bronchiseptica: Characterization and biofilm disruption potential.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {613}, number = {}, pages = {110714}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110714}, pmid = {41108833}, issn = {1096-0341}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bordetella bronchiseptica/virology/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Swine ; *Bacteriophages/physiology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Dogs ; *Host Specificity ; *Bordetella Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Genome, Viral ; Swine Diseases/microbiology ; Dog Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Bordetella bronchiseptica is a pathogen responsible for canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) and porcine atrophic rhinitis, and it can cause respiratory infections in a variety of mammalian hosts. In recent years, the extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in increasingly severe antibiotic resistance, consequently driving significant interest in bacteriophages as a potential alternative to antibiotics. In this study, bacteriophage PBb001 isolated from swine farm wastewater in Yantai, Shandong, exhibited lytic activity against Bordetella bronchiseptica, including strains derived from canine and swine hosts. Bacteriophage PBb001 exhibited a latent period of 30 min and a burst size of approximately 323 plaque-forming units (PFU) per cell. The phage exhibited robust stability across a temperature range of 4-60 °C and pH conditions of 3-11, with an optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. Genomic analysis revealed that PBb001 possesses a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 44,808 bp, with no lysogeny genes, virulence factors, or antibiotic resistance genes detected. In vitro antibacterial assays showed that PBb001 significantly reduced optical density (OD600, reflecting bacterial growth inhibition) and viable bacterial counts in planktonic cultures. Additionally, PBb001 effectively suppressed biofilm formation and disrupted pre-existing biofilms, as evidenced by reduced OD595 values and decreased viable bacterial counts in biofilm-associated assays. These results collectively suggest that PBb001 holds significant potential for controlling B. bronchiseptica infections and represents a potential candidate for further development as an antibiotic alternative.}, }
@article {pmid41108538, year = {2025}, author = {Kasto, S and Higgs, PI}, title = {Characterization of a Regulatory Network Promoting Cell Fate Segregation in the Myxococcus xanthus Biofilm.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {124}, number = {6}, pages = {538-558}, doi = {10.1111/mmi.70028}, pmid = {41108538}, issn = {1365-2958}, support = {IOS-1651921//National Science Foundation/ ; //Michigan State University/ ; //Wayne State University/ ; }, mesh = {*Myxococcus xanthus/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Spores, Bacterial/genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Signal Transduction ; }, abstract = {Most bacterial populations exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity to increase fitness in rapidly changing environmental conditions. Myxococcus xanthus is an environmental bacterium that displays pronounced phenotypic heterogeneity in its complex lifecycle. Under nutrient limitation, M. xanthus produces a specialized biofilm in which cells segregate into two spatially distinct fates: fruiting bodies filled with spores and a persister-like peripheral rod population. Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms controlling peripheral rods. To begin to investigate this cell fate segregation mechanism, we focused on the EspAC signaling system, which controls the accumulation of MrpC, a central transcription factor necessary to induce fruiting body formation. Single-cell reporters and in situ confocal microscopy demonstrated that expression of the esp genes is enriched in the peripheral rods. We identified three transcription factors necessary for espAC transcriptional control: MrpC, FruA, a transcription factor that coordinates sporulation within fruiting bodies, and the xenobiotic response element, Xre0228. We demonstrate that MrpC directly activates espA and espC; FruA represses espC but not espA; and Xre0228 activates espA but represses espC. These genetic interactions fit common network motifs that promote or stabilize phenotypic heterogeneity. We propose a model by which cell fate segregation is directed, stabilized, and tuned to environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41106660, year = {2025}, author = {Li, T and Li, X and Su, J and Liu, S and Bai, Y and Li, X}, title = {Development of a biofilm reactor using nano Fe3O4-modified biochar and red mud: Enhanced synergistic removal of nitrate, cadmium, and acetaminophen.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {287}, number = {}, pages = {123142}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.123142}, pmid = {41106660}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Charcoal/chemistry ; *Nitrates/metabolism ; *Acetaminophen/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Cadmium/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Denitrification ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Wastewater ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Insufficient C/N ratio and a wide range of pollutants tend to limit the treatment of secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a biofilm reactor was established to achieve nitrate (NO3[-]) removal in WWTPs, based on ferrous-driven denitrification. The bioreactor was composed of nano-Fe3O4 modified biochar and red mud (nano-Fe3O4@BC-RM) with the introduction of Zoogloea sp. ZP7. NO3[-] removal efficiency (NRE) achieved 97.04 % when HRT = 6 h, C/N = 1.5, pH = 7, and still maintained more than 80 % in the presence of cadmium (Cd[2+]) and acetaminophen (ACT). Moreover, the removal of Cd[2+] and ACT was mainly through adsorption by the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bio-iron precipitation. The large enrichment of microorganisms with denitrification and iron cycling functions in the biological community maintained the stable operation of the bioreactor. This study provides a valuable experience for the treatment of low C/N ratio wastewater and an innovative solution to solid waste.}, }
@article {pmid41106019, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Zhou, L and Wu, M and Liu, T and Niu, C and Hu, Y and Ma, Y and Lu, Y and Zhang, W and Guo, J}, title = {Coupled syngas fermentation to multiple oxidized contaminants reduction in a membrane biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124749}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124749}, pmid = {41106019}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Bioreactors ; *Biofilms ; Fermentation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Perchlorates ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Nitrates ; Hydrogen ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; }, abstract = {Multiple oxidized contaminants (MOC) frequently coexist in water sources, posing significant human health risks. Major challenges in the biological reduction of MOC include the lack of effective carbon sources and competition for a sole electron donor. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using syngas fermentation in a lab-scale membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) to provide dual electron donors, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and H2, to support simultaneous removal of nitrate, selenate, bromate, and perchlorate. MBfR was employed for efficient gas delivery, achieving complete MOC removal with non-toxic end products (N2, Se[0], Br[-], and Cl[-]) generated over 200 days of operation. In situ batch tests revealed that MOC reduction was synergistically driven by H2 and VFAs generated via gas fermentation. H2 primarily facilitated bromate reduction, VFAs enhanced perchlorate reduction, while nitrate and selenate were reduced by both electron donors. Maximal removal rates reached 108.1 mg N/L/d, 6.9 mg Br/L/d, 5.5 mg Cl/L/d, and 5.4 mg Se/L/d when both H2 and VFAs were utilized. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing suggested gas fermenters (Acetobacterium and Clostridium), autotrophic MOC-reducing taxa (e.g., Shewanella), and heterotrophic MOC-reducing taxa (e.g., Clostridium, Desulfovibrio) as the dominant community members, underscoring their roles in syngas conversion and contaminant reduction. These findings highlight the potential of integrating syngas fermentation in MBfRs as an efficient strategy for simultaneous MOC removal, providing a promising approach for water remediation.}, }
@article {pmid41105697, year = {2025}, author = {Cheng, X and Song, J and Hu, Q and Wu, H and Song, B and Ma, R and Gao, J and Wang, Y and Tong, H and Gu, W and Zhao, H}, title = {Carbonizing technology enables Sanguisorbae Radix to inhibit yeast-to-hypha differentiation and biofilm formation in Candida albicans.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0334659}, pmid = {41105697}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Hyphae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Animals ; Mice ; *Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {Sanguisorbae Radix (SR) has been employed as an herbal medicine over centuries. Charred SR (CSR), acquired via carbonization after the charred stir-frying of SR, demonstrates superior antimicrobial activity compared to SR. The aim of the study was to identify how carbonizing technology enhanced the ability of SR to inhibit the transformation from yeast to hypha and biofilm formation in C. albicans. In this paper, a vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects. After CSR treatment, VVC mouse models nearly eliminated hyphal C. albicans adhering to the vaginal mucosa. The inhibitory activities of CSR on C. albicans biofilm formation and hyphal growth were assessed through quantitative biofilm analysis, morphological observations, and gene expression studies in vitro. Since the hyphal form signifies the initiation of biofilm development, this study confirmed CSR's remarkable inhibitory effect on C. albicans biofilm formation and hyphal growth. These effects were significantly weaker with SR. Additionally, the impact of carbonization on the composition of active compounds was analyzed. Carbonization significantly increased the content of ellagic acid (EA) and pyrogallic acid (PYG) by 7.44-fold and 28.09-fold, respectively. Both EA and PYG inhibited C. albicans biofilms and hyphal growth, with EA showing a more pronounced inhibitory effect. Finally, we concluded that carbonization technology enables SR to inhibit the yeast-to-hypha transition and biofilm formation in C. albicans by increase the levels of EA and PYG. EA was identified as the primary bioactive compound responsible for CSR's anti-biofilm effects.}, }
@article {pmid41103260, year = {2026}, author = {Saman,  and Siddique, AB and Aslam, B and Nawaz, Z}, title = {Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: A Molecular Characterization and Antibiogram Study.}, journal = {Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {24-30}, doi = {10.1177/10766294251389587}, pmid = {41103260}, issn = {1931-8448}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor in urinary tract infections, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) serves as a prominent causative agent, more resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study focused on isolation and phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. coli from urine samples on the basis of their biofilm-forming capacity. In the present study, a total of 804 human urine samples were collected from different clinical facilities of Faisalabad. After phenotypic and genotypic affirmation, biofilm forming potential of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) was determined by using microtiter plate assay (MPA) and the Congo red agar method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted, and a comparison was executed between biofilm formers and non-formers. Biofilm production by the MPA and Congo red agar methods was 88% and 68%, respectively. UPEC isolates showed maximum resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (97%), cefoparazone (93%), cefotaxime (91%), and ampicillin (90%). Significant association between resistance to antibiotic and biofilm formation with p value <0.05 was observed in case of piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, polymyxin B, and nalidixic acid. Biofilm producer strains were progressed for molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction for biofilm-forming genes including fimH, csgA, bcsA, agn43, papC, and focG, which showed prevalence of 89% (118/132), 87% (116/132), 86% (114/132), 81% (107/132), 47% (61/132), and 33% (43/132), respectively.}, }
@article {pmid41103003, year = {2025}, author = {Seo, K and Moon, J and Bhat, R and Mangal, U and Choi, SH and Kwon, JS}, title = {Cationic Polymer for Aligner and Oral Biofilm Removal via Osmotic Mechanism.}, journal = {Journal of dental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {220345251368263}, doi = {10.1177/00220345251368263}, pmid = {41103003}, issn = {1544-0591}, abstract = {Dental caries caused by cariogenic biofilms is a significant challenge in modern dentistry, especially with aligner treatments, where biofilms can easily build up during prolonged use and lead to serious risks. Traditional antimicrobial methods focus on bacterial killing and often overlook the vital task of removing the biofilm matrix, allowing the quick reattachment of bacteria. In this study, we introduce an osmotic-driven biofilm removal strategy that harnesses osmotic dynamics to remove entire biofilm structures physically. Internal osmotic pressure is generated by a precisely designed cationic copolymer, triggering controlled detachment of the biofilm matrix. When tested in vitro on Streptococcus mutans biofilms grown on dental aligners and in hard-to-reach interproximal spaces, our method eliminated biofilms more efficiently than traditional cleaning methods. The technique showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, highlighting the need for further polymer optimization. Overall, our osmotic-driven biofilm removal strategy significantly advances biofilm control strategies, offering a novel solution for improving oral health and presenting a potential physical removal method for medical settings.}, }
@article {pmid41102373, year = {2025}, author = {Guerrero-López, F and Ortiz, Y and Merino-Mascorro, J&#xc1; and Franco-Frías, E and García, S and Heredia, N}, title = {Subinhibitory Concentrations of Oxacillin Alter Motility, Biofilm Production, and Transformation Capability of the Oxacillinase-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {12}, pages = {562}, pmid = {41102373}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {A1-S-25033//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#xed;a/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology/genetics/enzymology ; *Oxacillin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *beta-Lactamases/metabolism/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Transformation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Subinhibitory concentrations of various antibiotics can exacerbate microbial virulence. Acinetobacter baumannii is often resistant to oxacillin; however, the effect of low oxacillin concentrations on oxacillinase-producing bacteria remains unclear. Herein, oxacillinase producer A. baumannii ATCC-strains 2093 (motile) and 19606 (non-motile) were pre-exposed to sub-bactericidal concentrations (subMBC) of oxacillin (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) and incubated at 37 °C. Growth kinetics, twitching and swarming-like motility, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production, transformation capability, and gene expression were determined. All oxacillin subMBC conditions exerted bacteriostatic effects in both strains. Pre-exposing the motile strain with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL of oxacillin for 1 h increased the twitching motility (4.2 ± 0.3 cm; control = 3.5 cm), whereas pre-exposure for 2 h it increased swarming-like motility (2.95 ± 0.15 cm; control = 2.7 cm). This strain also increased the biofilm production by effect of all 6 h-oxacillin subMBC treated bacteria (≤ 1.42 Biofilm Formation Index (BFI); control = 0.6 BFI), whereas the strain 19606 reduced biofilm up to 1 BFI (control = 2 BFI). The antibiotic also reduced the exopolysaccharide production in almost all treated cells from both strains. The transformation efficiency (TE) of strain 19606 increased X̄ = 19 ± 11% more than the control by effect of all DNA and oxacillin conditions studied; however, the TE for strain 2093 was lower than the control. The expression of genes for resistance (bla-OXA), twitching (pilA/tonB) and swarming-like motilities (dat/ddc), and biofilm production (csuE) were altered by the oxacillin subMBC. Overall, exposure of oxacillinase-producing A. baumannii to oxacillin subMBC increases several virulence factors, representing a potential public health risk.}, }
@article {pmid41101662, year = {2025}, author = {Moreira, AJS and Araújo Domingues, KC and McClure, J and Camargo, KDV and Aulik, N and Oyama, LB and Huws, SA and Mantovani, HC}, title = {Anti-biofilm and anti-infection activities of Lynronne-1 against major bovine mastitis pathogens.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {209}, number = {}, pages = {108107}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108107}, pmid = {41101662}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Cattle ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Female ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Mastitis, an inflammatory condition affecting the udders of dairy cattle, is one of the most prevalent and costly diseases in the global dairy industry. This study investigated the efficacy of the antimicrobial peptide Lynronne-1 (lyn-1) against established biofilms formed by key mastitis-causing pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus chromogenes. A panel of 44 mastitis-associated bacterial strains comprising 25 Gram-positive and 19 Gram-negative species was screened for their biofilm-forming capacity, and seven strains were selected as representative targets to assess the ability of lyn-1 to prevent pathogen adhesion and invasion of bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lyn-1 against polymicrobial cultures of the seven biofilm-forming strains was achieved at 128 μg/mL. On average, lyn-1 at 1x MIC reduced pre-formed biofilms of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains by 22 % and 11 %, respectively. Lyn-1 significantly disrupted established biofilms of K. pneumoniae strain 160, S. aureus strains 184 and 186, and the polymicrobial culture (p < 0.05). Moreover, lyn-1 prevented or reduced new biofilm formation by already established biofilms in four out of seven tested strains (p < 0.05). Lyn-1 also significantly decreased (p < 0.05) both adhesion and invasion of the tested pathogens (n = 7) to MAC-T cells at two multiplicities of infection of 1:1 and 1:100 (cell:bacteria). Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the specificity of the peptide by demonstrating its antibacterial activity without detectable damage to the MAC-T cell line, corroborating previous studies that reported lyn-1 to be non-cytotoxic to MAC-T cells at concentrations up to 256 μg/mL. These results illustrate that lyn-1 is effective against polymicrobial cultures of mastitis bacteria and shows promise as a targeted and safe agent for preventing and treating mastitis, particularly infections involving biofilm-forming Gram-positive bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41099554, year = {2025}, author = {Faruque, SN and Naser, IB and Hoque, MM and Akter, F and Faruque, SM}, title = {Crude preparation of a phage-encoded biofilm-dispersing factor expressed in E. coli and its potential application in bacteriological analysis of environmental water samples.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {e0116325}, pmid = {41099554}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; *Vibrio cholerae/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/genetics ; *Water Microbiology ; *Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {A fundamental technical challenge in detecting pathogenic bacteria in aquatic reservoirs is the inability to accurately estimate biofilm-associated cells in water. Considering the role of biofilms in environmental persistence and waterborne transmission of bacterial pathogens, there is an increasing interest in substances that can effectively degrade bacterial biofilms. The biofilm-dispersing Vibrio cholerae phage JSF7 was analyzed by whole genome sequencing and found to carry a gene predicted to encode an enzyme for degrading complex polysaccharides. The gene was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5α, and crude extract from the recombinant E. coli enhanced the dispersion of diverse bacterial biofilms, including those of E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and V. cholerae. The crude extract was fully active at a temperature of 37°C and pH of 7.0 but was inactivated by proteinase-K treatment. Analysis of environmental water samples for the presence of V. cholerae O1 by enrichment culture detected significantly more V. cholerae O1-positive samples when the enrichment medium was supplemented with the extract, as compared with typical enrichment without the extract. These results suggest that a crude preparation of the phage-encoded biofilm-degrading factor expressed in E. coli has potential application in degrading bacterial biofilms and enhancing bacteriological analysis of water.IMPORTANCEIn their aquatic reservoirs, bacteria often exist as biofilms and are difficult to accurately detect by culturing water samples. Such biofilms have been implicated in waterborne transmission of pathogenic bacteria. We identified a bacteriophage that can disintegrate biofilms and disperse biofilm-associated bacteria. The putative phage gene responsible for this activity was cloned in an E. coli strain, and the crude cellular extract of the recombinant E. coli was found to promote dispersion of a variety of bacterial biofilms. Supplementation of bacterial growth medium with the crude extract also enhanced detection of V. cholerae O1, the causative agent of cholera in environmental water samples. The ability of a phage-derived biofilm-degrading factor to disperse diverse bacterial biofilms provides a novel approach for enhancing detection of waterborne bacterial pathogens in water beyond traditional enrichment methods.}, }
@article {pmid41099530, year = {2025}, author = {Price, SL and Skaar, EP}, title = {Forging biofilms: metal-induced microbial responses in biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {207}, number = {11}, pages = {e0024725}, pmid = {41099530}, issn = {1098-5530}, support = {T32DK007673/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI164587/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U19 AI174999/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI164587/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; U19AI174999/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 DK007673/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DRG-2537-24/DRCRF/Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Metals/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are a major contributor to antibiotic resistance and persistence in hospital environments. These bacterial communities form protective structures that shield microbes from various stressors, such as oxidative stress, pH fluctuations, osmotic pressure, and nutrient deprivation. As our understanding of biofilms has grown, it has become evident that metals play a crucial role in several aspects of biofilm biology. Metals are involved in regulating biofilm formation, facilitating communication and competition among bacteria, and supporting the structural integrity and adherence of bacterial cells within the biofilm. This review discusses the complex relationship between metals and biofilms during bacterial pathogenesis to emphasize how the availability of metals influences biofilm dynamics. We explore mechanisms through which metals impact biofilm architecture and resilience, as well as the ability of bacteria to evade host immune defenses and outcompete other microbes. In polymicrobial environments, some bacteria use metals to collaborate with other microbes within the biofilm, whereas others deprive neighboring microbes of essential metals to dominate the biofilm community. Additionally, metals have roles beyond their nutritional value, where they can promote the integrity and stability of biofilms. By understanding these interactions, researchers can gain valuable insights into the significance of metals in biofilm-associated infections. This knowledge can help identify potential therapeutic targets that will lead to the development of new strategies to combat biofilm-related infections and improve patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41099454, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, F and Lei, M and Luo, J and Li, J and Wang, J and Zhang, N and Li, X and Jia, N and Ouyang, X and Bu, H}, title = {Correction: Ultrathin DNA-copper nanosheets with antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity for treatment of infected wounds.}, journal = {Nanoscale horizons}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, pages = {3506}, doi = {10.1039/d5nh90062j}, pmid = {41099454}, issn = {2055-6764}, abstract = {Correction for 'Ultrathin DNA-copper nanosheets with antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity for treatment of infected wounds' by Fangfang Chen et al., Nanoscale Horiz., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nh00257e.}, }
@article {pmid41099047, year = {2025}, author = {Haghighatian, Z and Shirani, N and Goudarzi, G and Shakib, P and Jahani, F and Zare, S}, title = {Prevalence of algD, pslD, and pelF Genes Involved in Biofilm Formation in Clinical MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains.}, journal = {Iranian journal of pathology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {380-385}, pmid = {41099047}, issn = {1735-5303}, abstract = {BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency of algD, pslD, and pelF genes in biofilm formation among MDR and non-MDR clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Khorramabad, Iran (2024).<br><br>METHODS: This cross-sectional study included all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from various clinical samples in Khorramabad teaching hospitals in 2024. After confirming the isolates and determining their antibiotic resistance patterns using the disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, algD, pelF, and pslD genes were detected by PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: The highest sensitivity was observed to imipenem (75%) and meropenem (71.3%), while the greatest resistance was recorded against ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and tobramycin 45 (56.25%). The frequencies of the algD, pelF, and pslD genes were 88.8, 76.3, and 96.3%, respectively. A significant association was found between the PelF and algD genes with multidrug resistance (MDR) (P<0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The presence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in this study indicates the need for serious measures to control infections caused by this bacterium. Further research is recommended to explore the contribution of biofilm-associated genes to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR).}, }
@article {pmid41098000, year = {2026}, author = {Calda, B and Figdore, B and Corey, C and Hendricks, A and McKelvey, S and Metch, J and Duran, M}, title = {Mobile organic biofilm process for ammonia removal under low solids retention time and low operating temperature conditions.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {232-241}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2025.2572542}, pmid = {41098000}, issn = {1479-487X}, mesh = {*Ammonia/metabolism/analysis ; *Biofilms ; Bioreactors ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Wastewater/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; Sewage ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mobile organic biofilm (MOB) technology for removing ammonia (NH3/NH4[+], referred to as NH4[+]) from wastewater in low solids retention time (SRT) and low operating temperature conditions. The MOB technology is based on process intensification using a plant-based media (milled kenaf) to develop a mobile organic biofilm. In the MOB process, media is added to the aeration tanks of an activated sludge process. Two bench-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with 1.5 L volume were used to assess MOB technology, a control, and a MOB-added reactor, hereafter the MOB reactor. The NH4[+] concentration in the influent ranged from 5.5 to 14.9 mg N/L, with an average of 10.1 mg N/L over the study period. The COD level varied from 66.0 to 94.0 mg/L, with an average of 78.8 mg/L. The results showed that the MOB process effectively removes NH4[+] and COD with a three-day SRT at 12 °C. The MOB reactor achieved an average of 93.1% NH4[+] and over 47% COD removal throughout the stable operation period. MOB represents a promising wastewater treatment technology for the removal of nitrogen in activated sludge facilities.}, }
@article {pmid41097057, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, Z and Zhu, Z and Ono, HK and Hirose, S and Hara-Kudo, Y and Li, S and Hu, DL}, title = {Effects of Nutritional Conditions on Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Enterotoxin Production in Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Food Poisoning.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {41097057}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {(B) JP21H02371 (D-L.H) and (B) JP23K21279 (D-L.H).//JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/growth &amp; development/physiology/metabolism/drug effects ; *Enterotoxins/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Staphylococcal Food Poisoning/microbiology ; Humans ; Glucose/pharmacology ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; *Foodborne Diseases/microbiology ; Peptones/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is a common foodborne illness caused by the ingestion of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, posing a persistent global public health concern. Although regional differences in implicated food types and predominant enterotoxins have been reported, the underlying factors remain unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of nutritional factors on the growth, biofilm formation, and production of two representative enterotoxins, SEA and SEB, by S. aureus. Specifically, we evaluated bacterial responses to different concentrations of NaCl, glucose, and tryptone. NaCl suppressed growth, biofilm formation and enterotoxin production in a dose-dependent manner. Glucose markedly inhibited both bacteria growth and enterotoxin production, with a stronger effect on SEB than SEA. In contrast, tryptone promoted bacterial growth and moderately enhanced biofilm formation but did not significantly affect enterotoxin production. Importantly, even under comparable bacterial counts, the types and amounts of SEs produced varied substantially depending on the nutrient composition. These findings provide new insights into the nutrient-dependent regulation of virulence in S. aureus and highlight the importance of considering environmental and nutritional factors when assessing risks of SFP and designing effective food safety strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41096777, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, Q and Li, F and Peng, Y and Sun, Q and Zhao, H and Lu, F and Zhao, H}, title = {Asiatic Acid Disrupts the Biofilm Virulence of Streptococcus mutans by Transcriptional Reprogramming of Quorum Sensing System.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {19}, pages = {}, pmid = {41096777}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {32402248//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 24JCQNJC00880//Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects/genetics ; *Pentacyclic Triterpenes/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Virulence/drug effects/genetics ; Dental Caries/microbiology ; Humans ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {Dental caries, a prevalent biofilm-mediated chronic disease, causes enamel demineralization, pulp infection, and systemic complications. Dental plaque biofilm is the initiating factor for the occurrence and development of caries. Streptococcus mutans is an opportunistic pathogen linked to the structure and ecology of dental plaque biofilms. The molecular mechanism of S. mutans during biofilm ontogeny in driving cariogenesis has been extensively elucidated. Here, we observed that asiatic acid is a potent biofilm disruptor that selectively dismantles S. mutans biofilm architectures, prompting us to investigate its mechanism. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) of asiatic acid on S. mutans was 62.5 μM, but the MBIC level did not substantially impede planktonic growth. Using the static active-attachment model, it was demonstrated that asiatic acid significantly reduced biofilm biomass (p < 0.001) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) content (p < 0.001), while concurrently diminishing acid production (p = 0.017) and metabolic activity (p = 0.014). Confocal and scanning electron microscopy further confirmed structural disintegration, including bacterial detachment and reduced biofilm thickness. Transcriptome analysis of S. mutans biofilm treated with asiatic acid revealed 454 differentially expressed genes (adjusted p < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1). Notably, genes related to the CiaRH two-component system (ciaR, ciaH), a central regulatory hub for biofilm maturation and acid tolerance. This disruption initiates a downstream cascade, causing a coordinated downregulation of critical gene clusters essential for virulence and pathogenesis, including stress response (htrA, clpP, groEL, dnaK), and the glucan-binding protein gene (gbpC) essential for biofilm structural integrity. These findings provide the first mechanistic evidence linking asiatic acid to transcriptional reprogramming in S. mutans biofilm, offering a novel ecological strategy for caries prevention by targeting key regulatory pathways.}, }
@article {pmid41094089, year = {2025}, author = {Jo, J and Stadler, S and Costandi, P and Hasenberg, T and Kang, HW}, title = {Investigation of shockwave treatment for disruption of bacterial biofilm on tubular structure.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {36041}, pmid = {41094089}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RS-2021-NR060118//Ministry of Education/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/radiation effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects/radiation effects ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *High-Energy Shock Waves ; Microscopy, Confocal ; }, abstract = {Biofilms, which are structures formed by microorganisms, are protected by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by bacteria against external threats, including antibiotics. The current study aims to assess the effects of shockwave treatment combined with antibiotic therapy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in tubular structures in vitro. The biofilms were formed on the inner surfaces of silicone tubes for three days under dynamic conditions. The biofilms were treated with shockwave treatment (120 pulses at 2 Hz), followed by exposure to 4 µg/ml ciprofloxacin for 6 h. Bacterial viability was assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with SYTO9/PI staining, while biofilm detachment was evaluated via crystal violet (CV) staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the SEM and CFU analysis, the shockwave and antibiotic-combined treatment significantly detached the biofilm, removing up to 97.5% of the surface area and decreased bacterial viability by 40%, compared to untreated control biofilms. The CV staining showed a significant reduction in biofilm biomass to an OD600 of 0.14. The CLSM analysis revealed a dead bacteria proportion of 67%. In conclusion, the shockwave treatment combined with antibiotics could effectively degrade the biofilms in tubular structures and enhance antibiotic efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41092884, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, D and Zhao, R and Zhang, X and Zhang, X and Wu, P}, title = {Biofilm-engineered nitrite transfer channeling from comammox to anammox drives autotrophic nitrogen removal in low-strength municipal wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127621}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127621}, pmid = {41092884}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Wastewater/chemistry ; *Biofilms ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Ammonia/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Bioreactors ; *Nitrites/metabolism ; Autotrophic Processes ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; }, abstract = {The discovery of complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria has challenged traditional paradigms. Previous studies often assumed that comammox proliferation could be detrimental to anammox-based systems, recent research has demonstrated their potential for mutualistic synergy in nitrogen removal. While research on these coupled systems has commenced, there is still a lack of accurate assessment regarding the nitrogen removal contributions of the organisms involved, particularly comammox and AOB. Additionally, the appropriate reactor configuration and operating conditions remain to be clarified. Here, we successfully established a comammox-driven nitritation coupled with anammox in a completely autotrophic biofilm system. The reactor achieved 80 % and 93 % TN and NH4[+]-N removal under favorable hydraulic loading conditions (HRT: 6h) and superior intermittent aeration (DO: 0.34 mg/L). The weakly acidic, micro-oxygenated biofilm environment fostered a conducive ecological niche for the core consortium. Genetic quantification and selective inhibition assays robustly assessed the nitritation role of comammox. Stronger amoA gene expression and higher ammonia oxidation contribution (33.6 %) compared to AOB (19.4 %) fully confirmed the synergistic relationship between comammox and anammox. The reconstructed metabolic interactions, inferred based on amplicon sequencing data, revealed the optimized mechanism of "functional bacterial specialization, metabolic complementation, and electron transfer" in this unique system. Our results present novel perspectives into the collaborative nutrients removal by comammox-anammox, which could contribute to reshaping nitrogen cycle management in conventional engineering and developing innovative wastewater treatment processes.}, }
@article {pmid41091848, year = {2025}, author = {Solomon, TJ and Byrne, CM and Boledovic, SS and Flumen, EJ and Pirolli, NH and Powsner, EH and Jay, SM}, title = {Human cell-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit anti-biofilm effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {372}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnaf111}, pmid = {41091848}, issn = {1574-6968}, support = {//University of Maryland Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; THP-1 Cells ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Monocytes ; HEK293 Cells ; Macrophages ; }, abstract = {The need for new antimicrobial approaches is one of the most pressing concerns in modern medicine. A particular pathogen of concern is multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is responsible for over 32 000 infections in the USA yearly. One potential class of novel antimicrobials is extracellular vesicles (EVs), which have been found to have intrinsic antimicrobial and anti-virulence properties. Here, the antimicrobial activity of EVs on P. aeruginosa was explored in the context of biofilms of hyper-virulent strain PA14. We identified the human monocyte cell line THP-1 as a promising source of EVs for this application, inducing reduced PA14 biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. THP-1 EVs were not found to affect P. aeruginosa growth planktonically within the biofilm assay or in shaken culture. Additionally, we demonstrate that anti-biofilm effects were conserved with similar efficacy across THP-1 monocyte and differentiated THP-1 macrophage-derived EVs. Further, EVs from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells also reduced PA14 biofilm formation to a similar extent as THP-1 EVs, while EVs from human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) had a similar effect to its media control. This work indicates that human cell-derived EVs from several sources possess biological and/or physical properties that reduce PA14 biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41091404, year = {2025}, author = {Khalid, MH and Farooq, F and Aslam, B and Saria, M}, title = {Probiotic-Derived Bacteriocins for Veterinary Biofilm Control: Mechanisms, Evidence, and One Health Translation.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41091404}, issn = {1867-1314}, abstract = {Biofilm-related infections pose a critical challenge in veterinary medicine, driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and undermining livestock, poultry, and aquaculture productivity. Conventional antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilms, highlighting the need for novel alternatives. Bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced mainly by lactic acid bacteria, offer broad-spectrum activity, stability, and minimal cytotoxicity. This review outlines their multifaceted mechanisms, ranging from inhibition of microbial adhesion and quorum sensing to disruption of membranes and extracellular matrices, which make them promising tools against biofilm-forming pathogens. Evidence across veterinary sectors demonstrates their potential to mitigate mastitis, swine enteric diseases, poultry colibacillosis, and aquaculture infections. Synergistic applications with antibiotics, nanoparticles, and other antimicrobials further enhance efficacy and reduce antibiotic dependence. This article critically synthesizes cross-sector evidence from livestock, poultry, and aquaculture while also introducing a unique mechanistic classification of bacteriocin action against biofilms. By integrating veterinary and One Health perspectives, it highlights translational gaps and practical pathways that have not been systematically addressed before. However, translation into practice remains limited by the absence of standardized biofilm models, insufficient in vivo validation, gaps in pharmacokinetics, and scarce farm-level trials. A structured pipeline from discovery to commercialization, embedded within the One Health framework, will be essential to advance bacteriocins as sustainable biotherapeutics for veterinary and public health.}, }
@article {pmid41090445, year = {2025}, author = {Reddy, GKK and Babu, AZ and Kutala, VK and Sandur, SK and Nancharaiah, YV}, title = {Biofilm Control Activity of Triphenylphosphonium-Conjugated Curcumin Against Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {10}, pages = {e70075}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70075}, pmid = {41090445}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {CG-VISION PROJECT//Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Curcumin/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Hospital- and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections are dominated by their biofilms and cause difficult-to-treat persistent infections. As an alternative anti-biofilm agent, the efficacy of triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-conjugated curcumin (TPP-curcumin) was determined against S. aureus biofilms in comparison to that of curcumin and commercial antibiotics. TPP-curcumin elicited strong anti-staphylococcal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 3.125 and 6.25 μM, respectively. The MIC and MBC values for curcumin and ampicillin were > 125 and > 286.2 μM (100 μg/mL), respectively. The MIC and MBC values were 25.7 μM (12.5 μg/mL) and 103 μM (50 μg/mL), respectively, for kanamycin. TPP-curcumin was multi-fold more effective than curcumin in inhibiting biofilm growth. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of TPP-curcumin, curcumin, ampicillin and kanamycin were 3.125, > 125, > 286 and 25 μM, respectively. Besides inhibiting biofilm formation, TPP-curcumin has effectively killed S. aureus cells in pre-formed or established biofilms. Treatment of biofilms with 25 μM TPP-curcumin achieved near-complete cell killing. Exposure to TPP-curcumin led to severe membrane damage and oxidative stress in S. aureus cells. The strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of TPP-curcumin suggests its potential use for developing or augmenting antibacterial therapies for drug-resistant S. aureus infections.}, }
@article {pmid41088920, year = {2025}, author = {Al-Jaberi, M and Atshan, SS and Zouiten, S}, title = {Effectiveness of Different Diode Laser Wavelengths in Targeting Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in Root Canal Treatment.}, journal = {Reviews on recent clinical trials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0115748871367667250912111157}, pmid = {41088920}, issn = {1876-1038}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Disinfection of the root canal system is crucial for the effectiveness of root canal treatment. Lasers and photoactivated disinfection (PAD) have emerged as preferred methods for eliminating pathogens from the root canal.<br><br>METHOD: Sixty intact, freshly extracted adult human uniradicular mature teeth with a single root canal were collected. The crowns were removed, resulting in canals measuring 14 mm in length. The root canals were prepared, sterilized, and then inoculated with broth containing Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), followed by incubation for 30 days in an aerobic environment at 37&#xb0;C. Biofilm formation was verified using a scanning electron microscope. The samples were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 10). Group 1 consisted of teeth treated only with distilled water. Group 2 teeth received 3% NaOCl and 17% EDTA as part of Conventional Chemomechanical Debridement (CCMD) but no additional treatment. Groups 3-6 also received CCMD followed by additional laser disinfection as follows: Group 3 underwent photoactivated disinfection (PAD) using riboflavin with a 450 nm laser; Group 4 underwent PAD using toluidine blue O (TBO) with a 635 nm laser; Group 5 underwent conventional laser endodontics (CLE) with an 808 nm laser; and Group 6 underwent CLE using triple wavelengths of 450 nm, 635 nm, and 808 nm.<br><br>RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in colony-forming units (CFUs) among the groups after treatment (p < 0.001). Subsequent analysis showed that the difference in mean CFUs between the PAD groups and the CLE groups was not statistically significant. The group treated with the triple laser wavelength exhibited the lowest average CFUs/mL, while the distilled water group had the highest mean value.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The study confirms that diode laser-assisted disinfection significantly enhances bacterial reduction compared with conventional irrigation alone. Although PAD methods reduced E. faecalis, their effect was not statistically superior to conventional laser endodontics (CLE). The triplewavelength diode laser group achieved the greatest bacterial reduction, likely due to the synergistic effects of thermal and photochemical interactions. These findings support the adjunctive use of laser disinfection to improve root canal decontamination, particularly when combined with chemomechanical preparation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that combining an irrigating solution with a diode laser enhances the effectiveness of reducing pathogenic numbers.}, }
@article {pmid41086969, year = {2026}, author = {Min, B and Xie, J and He, Y and Lin, R and Azari, M and Xie, L}, title = {Role of biofilm carriers in sulfamethoxazole removal and microbial adaptation strategies in integrated fixed-film activated sludge system.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {440}, number = {}, pages = {133481}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133481}, pmid = {41086969}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Sulfamethoxazole/isolation &amp; purification ; *Sewage/microbiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification ; Charcoal/chemistry ; Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Attached-growth biofilm processes using specific biofilm carriers are widely employed to enhance antibiotic removal. However, the relationship between antibiotic degradation, resistance risks and microbial adaptation strategies across different carriers is not yet fully understood. Hence, four common biofilm systems, including iron-carbon (Fe@C), granular activated carbon (GAC), ceramic (CE), and polyurethane (PU), were evaluated for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) risks. GAC and Fe@C systems exhibited higher SMX removal performance, achieving removal efficiency > 99.0 % and 63.8 %, respectively, compared to other carriers (17.4-49.8 %). Moreover, GAC reduced ARGs by 34.8-47.7 % via inhibiting horizontal gene transfer, as demonstrated by a 50.6-74.5 % decrease in core MGEs (intI1_337old, IS6100, and tnpA-2). Conversely, Fe@C exacerbated ARGs accumulation. The high specific surface area and rich pore structure of GAC promoted the colonization of potential SMX-degrading bacteria, notably Thauera, and shaped a multifunctional biofilm system. GAC biofilms exhibited distinct advantages in signal transduction and biofilm formation pathways. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of the GAC carrier created a hotspot for SMX biodegradation. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of antibiotic removal and spread of ARGs through the biofilm process.}, }
@article {pmid41086965, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, Y and Wu, H and Cui, S and Di Capua, F and Shi, Z and Li, H}, title = {Elucidating the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in modulating autotrophic-heterotrophic interactions in a pyrite-assisted autotrophic denitrification biofilm.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {440}, number = {}, pages = {133487}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133487}, pmid = {41086965}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Denitrification/drug effects ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; *Autotrophic Processes/drug effects ; *Sulfides/pharmacology ; *Iron/pharmacology ; *Heterotrophic Processes/drug effects ; Nitrates/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Autotrophic biofilm systems have been applied for nitrate removal from organic matter-poor waters. Nevertheless, heterotrophs can survive long-term fully autotrophic conditions, with stable or even increasing populations. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are reported to sustain heterotrophic growth in such systems, but their role in regulating biofilm structure, population networks, and gene abundance remains unclear. In this study, we investigated microbial, functional gene, and EPS dynamics in a pyrite-assisted autotrophic denitrification (PAD) biofilter operated for 180 days. Despite fully autotrophic operating conditions, sulfur-oxidizing denitrifiers and their genes decreased over time, while EPS sustained heterotrophic anaerobes throughout the experimental periods. Biofilm maturation led to EPS conversion into filaments with potential conductive properties that facilitated electron transfer between microbes, pyrite, and nitrate. Polysaccharides in EPS were preferentially consumed over proteins, increasing the protein/polysaccharide ratio. Based on these results, a three-phase biofilm development model (initial attachment, maturation, and disassembly/restructuring) was proposed, linking temporal changes in EPS composition and microbial community structure to biofilm architecture and sustained denitrification.}, }
@article {pmid41085950, year = {2025}, author = {Li, HL and Chen, L and Ma, ZW and Yan, J and Lu, XL and Nie, H and Yin, Q and Li, YL}, title = {Role of gene PA2798 on biofilm formation and virulence factors production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41085950}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {No.32100139//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No.sl202100000725//Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau/ ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm formation plays a critical role in the pathogenicity and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa posing a significant threat to human health. Previously, the uncharacterized P. aeruginosa gene PA2798, was identified as a contributor to its resistance to antibiofilm peptide. However, the functional role of PA2798 and the underlying mechanisms by which it regulates biofilm formation and virulence factor production remain largely unexplored. In this study, a PA2798-deficient mutant (PAO1∆PA2798) was constructed, and aminoglycosides minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured to assess the effect of PA2798 on antibiotic susceptibility. In addition, both in vitro phenotypic assays and in vivo experiments in chronic and acute lung infection mice models were performed to evaluate the role of PA2798 in bacterial biofilm associated infection and its potential as an antimicrobial target. Results demonstrated that deletion of PA2798 led to fourfold decreases in MICs for gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin and netilmicin, and was accompanied by reduced biofilm biomass and virulence factor production in PAO1∆PA2798. Moreover, compromised cellular integrity, reduced bacterial activity, and impaired bacterial motility were observed in PAO1∆PA2798. Simultaneously, mice infected with this mutant strain were observed with the reduction of bacterial colonization and improved survival in both chronic and acute in vivo models. Conclusively, our findings support a role for PA2798 in aminoglycoside resistance, biofilm formation and virulence factor production in P. aeruginosa, highlighting its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention in biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41085672, year = {2025}, author = {Bonsaglia, ECR and Quesille-Villalobos, AM and Rall, VLM and Pantoja, JCF and Silva, NCC and Santos, MV and Reyes-Jara, A}, title = {Effects of copper stress on biofilm and capsule gene expression of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {11}, pages = {309}, pmid = {41085672}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {22/13775-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo/ ; 1241084//Fondecyt/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Streptococcus agalactiae/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Cattle ; *Copper/pharmacology ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; Female ; *Streptococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Bacterial Capsules/genetics/drug effects/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Streptococcus agalactiae biofilms challenge dairy farms by harming animal health and milk quality. Copper shows antimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens, but its effect on S. agalactiae is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of copper on S. agalactiae isolates from cows with mastitis, evaluating its effects across multiple aspects of bacterial behavior and transcriptional responses. The 29 isolates were characterized, revealing predominantly capsular type Ia (62%) and III (38%). All isolates formed biofilms, classified as strong (59%), moderate (34%), or weak (7%) producers. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copper was determined to be 4 mM for all isolates. Copper reduced planktonic growth, primarily affecting the maximal growth potential, while generation time and growth rate remained largely unchanged. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced in two of three selected isolates, while one isolate remained unaffected. Copper surfaces (99.9%) exhibited a bactericidal effect, producing a 3-log reduction in bacterial load within 50 min, independent of biofilm-forming capacity. Copper exposure induced expression of copY and copA genes in all three isolates, and capIa expression increased in one isolate. These findings provide novel evidence that copper can inhibit S. agalactiae growth and biofilm formation, highlighting its potential as an alternative strategy for controlling this pathogen in dairy farms.}, }
@article {pmid41082738, year = {2025}, author = {Mohammedali, Y and Abed, S}, title = {Correlation between Biofilm Development and Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus haemolyticus.}, journal = {Medicinski glasnik : official publication of the Medical Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {195-200}, doi = {10.17392/1976-22-02}, pmid = {41082738}, issn = {1840-2445}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Staphylococcus haemolyticus/drug effects/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Virulence/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {AIM: This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and the presence of virulence-associated genes in Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates.<br><br>METHODS: Clinical specimens were obtained from patients in Mosul city. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby&amp;ndash;Bauer disk diffusion method against fourteen antibiotics Biofilm production was assessed by both the tube adherence method and the microtiter plate assay. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect selected resistance and virulence genes.<br><br>RESULTS: The isolates exhibited high resistance rates to ampicillin (94.7%) and cloxacillin (94.7%). These antibiotics were tested separately to compare &beta;-lactamase-labile (ampicillin) and &beta;-lactamase-stable (cloxacillin) penicillins. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to vancomycin. Nitrofurantoin was not included in the final interpretation due to its limited clinical relevance in non-urinary tract infections, especially considering that S. haemolyticus is not a typical uropathogen. Variable resistance patterns were observed with other antibiotics. All isolates demonstrated biofilm production. PCR analysis revealed the presence of the SH gene in 100% of isolates. The mecA gene, conferring methicillin resistance, was detected in 88.88% of isolates; tetK (tetracycline resistance) in 83.33%; and ermC (erythromycin resistance) in 26.31%. Among the virulence factors, hla and fnbB were found in 100% and 73.68% of isolates, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study highlights the alarming antibiotic resistance, strong biofilm-forming ability, and high prevalence of virulence and resistance genes in S. haemolyticus, reinforcing concerns over the global spread of multidrug-resistant organisms.}, }
@article {pmid41079163, year = {2025}, author = {Kaboudari, A and Aliakbarlu, J}, title = {Freezing stress and meat juice model alter the biofilm formation ability, gene expression, and disinfectant resistance in Salmonella serotypes.}, journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {21}, number = {}, pages = {101220}, pmid = {41079163}, issn = {2352-7714}, abstract = {Salmonella, with its ability to survive under various environmental stress conditions, can pose a potential threat to public health, food safety, and environmental contamination by increasing its capacity to form biofilms and resist antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different meat juice models (cattle, sheep and goat meat juice) and freezing time (0-30 days) on the biofilm formation ability, AdrA and BapA genes expression, and disinfectant resistance in Salmonella serotypes. Biofilm formation ability was measured by colony counting method, the gene expression level was evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and resistance to acetic acid (AA) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was measured by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The most significant increase in biofilm formation ability was observed in Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in goat meat juice model. Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) in the cattle meat juice model exhibited a 12-fold increase in AdrA gene expression. Up-regulation of AdrA expression (up to 11-fold) was also determined in S. Typhimurium in goat meat juice model. Meanwhile, BapA gene was up-regulated up to 4.5-fold in S. Typhimurium in cattle meat juice. However, goat meat juice had no significant effect on the expression of BapA gene in Salmonella. The frozen sheep meat juice significantly increased the resistance of Salmonella to AA and BAC. The results indicated that Salmonella serotypes respond significantly to the freezing period and type of meat juice, which can be useful in controlling and eliminating Salmonella in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41078863, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, G and Kang, H and Zhu, Y and Wu, H and Zhang, M and Zeng, X and Peng, Y and Wan, W and Yi, Y}, title = {Bacteria microenvironment-responsive missile microneedles modulate immunity and penetrate biofilm for diabetic wound therapy.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {426-445}, pmid = {41078863}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Diabetic wounds, affecting ∼25 % of patients with diabetes, present a therapeutic challenge due to persistent inflammation driven by MCP-1-mediated immune dysregulation and bacterial biofilm formation. We developed a bilayer microneedle system (DAg/HTMS-MNs) combining dextran-modified silver nanoparticles for deep-tissue antibacterial action with heparin-coated taurine-loaded microspheres for immunomodulation. The upper microneedle segment enables biofilm penetration through lectin targeting and gas propulsion, while the lower segment implements a "global decompression-local enhancement" strategy: heparin sequesters MCP-1 to reduce inflammatory cell recruitment, and sustained taurine release promotes macrophage reprogramming to M2 phenotypes. Systematic evaluation demonstrated simultaneous biofilm eradication, inflammation resolution (2-fold enhanced M2 polarization), and accelerated wound healing. This "missile-guided" approach represents a paradigm shift in diabetic wound therapy by concurrently addressing infection control, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation in a spatially and temporally controlled manner.}, }
@article {pmid41078368, year = {2025}, author = {Li, S and Shen, Z and Wang, S and Peng, Y and Qi, W}, title = {Study on the impact of biofilm formation by Candida albicans in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis on drug susceptibility.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1663099}, pmid = {41078368}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Female ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics ; Fluconazole/pharmacology ; Clotrimazole/pharmacology ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Amphotericin B/pharmacology ; Flucytosine/pharmacology ; Recurrence ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (RVVC) are common fungal infections in women, often complicated by recurrence and treatment resistance. This study explores how Candida albicans biofilm formation influences antifungal susceptibility and resistance gene expression in clinical isolates.<br><br>METHODS: Clinical Candida albicans isolates were collected and identified. Biofilm formation ability was assessed using crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Based on the strength of biofilm formation, isolates from VVC and RVVC patients were categorized into three groups: strong positive, moderate positive, and weak positive. The antifungal susceptibility of each strain to fluconazole, flucytosine, clotrimazole, and amphotericin B was determined using a modified broth microdilution method. The expression levels of the drug efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 were measured before and after biofilm formation in each group using RT-qPCR.<br><br>RESULTS: A higher proportion of strong biofilm-forming Candida albicans strains was of Candida albicans served in the RVVC group, whereas biofilm-negative strains were less common. In the VVC group, weak biofilm-formers produced significantly thinner biofilms than strong biofilm-formers in both VVC and RVVC (p<0.05). In RVVC weak biofilm-formers, amphotericin B exhibited higher MIC values than fluconazole and flucytosine (p<0.05), and across all RVVC subgroups, amphotericin B MICs were higher than those of clotrimazole (p<0.05). The MBEC of flucytosine was highest in the strongly positive VVC subgroup (p<0.05). In VVC, clotrimazole MBEC was lower in weak than in strong biofilm-formers (p<0.05). In RVVC, fluconazole MBEC was higher than flucytosine and clotrimazole in weak biofilm-formers, and also higher than amphotericin B in both weak and moderate biofilm-formers (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis further suggested that stronger biofilm-forming ability tended to increase the risk of RVVC independently of age, although this association did not reach statistical significance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Stronger biofilm-forming Candida albicans strains showed higher MBEC values. In RVVC, clotrimazole had the lowest MIC and MBEC, supporting its potential as a first-line treatment. Expression of CDR1 and CDR2 was highest in strong biofilm-forming strains, suggesting that biofilm formation promotes antifungal resistance through enhanced efflux gene expression, especially in RVVC.}, }
@article {pmid41077817, year = {2025}, author = {Konatam, S and Panigrahi, S and Tandi, A and Roy, DN}, title = {Potential application of vitamins to combat biofilm-mediated drug resistance by pathogenic bacteria.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {15}, pages = {1031-1047}, pmid = {41077817}, issn = {1746-0921}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vitamins/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/pathogenicity ; Humans ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Animals ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; }, abstract = {Biofilm is one of the causes of pathogenic bacteria's resistance to drugs. Vitamins, essential for maintaining various physiological functions within the animal body, have been observed to influence biofilm inhibition. The vitamins A, C, D, E, K, B6, and B12 possess notable anti-biofilm activity against specific pathogens, which have been reported extensively over the last few years, highlighting their potential in combating microbial infections. Vitamins B and K possess anti-quorum-sensing effects, which also contribute to the reduction of virulence factor expression of pathogenic bacteria. Many research reports have identified the incremental effectiveness of antibiotics when combined with various vitamins against bacterial infections, demonstrating a synergistic relationship between vitamins and conventional antibiotics that enhances the efficacy of antibiotics against the biofilm-mediated drug resistance capacity of microbes. According to current research, many vitamins, including vitamin A, D, and K, are responsible for binding to key proteins involved in biofilm production. However, the mechanisms of action of vitamins in combination with antibiotics against microbes require further elucidation to compensate for the existing information gap. This comprehensive review highlights, for the first time, that the least toxic biological molecules, "vitamins," can potentially manage biofilm-related microbial infections and enhance the therapeutic options available to clinicians.}, }
@article {pmid41076986, year = {2026}, author = {Goel, M and Yadav, P and Parween, F and Mukherjee, S and Gupta, RD}, title = {Anti-biofilm efficiency and substrate specificity of recombinantly produced human paraoxonases.}, journal = {Enzyme and microbial technology}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {110760}, doi = {10.1016/j.enzmictec.2025.110760}, pmid = {41076986}, issn = {1879-0909}, mesh = {*Aryldialkylphosphatase/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology/chemistry ; Substrate Specificity ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology/genetics/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; }, abstract = {The human paraoxonase (PON) gene family, comprising PON1, PON2, and PON3, has evolved through parallel evolutionary trajectories leading to distinct substrate selectivity, thereby enabling these enzymes to hydrolyze a range of substrates such as lactones, arylesters, and organophosphates. This study explores the evolutionary divergence of PON family members and their varied anti-biofilm activities through in silico molecular docking and in vitro analysis. The huPON1, huPON2, and huPON3 genes were cloned and expressed in the E. coli expression system. These overexpressed proteins formed inclusion bodies, which were further subjected to in vitro refolding and biochemical characterization. The enzymatic studies revealed that huPON1 has unique paraoxonase activity and high arylesterase activity, while huPON2 demonstrated the highest lactonase activity, followed by huPON3 and huPON1. A comparative assessment of the anti-biofilm potential of recombinant huPONs was conducted against Mycobacterium smegmatis, which revealed that all three paraoxonases inhibited biofilm formation; however, huPON2 displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity, followed by huPON3 and huPON1. Additionally, all the huPONs showed a synergistic effect with the conventional TB drug, Rifampicin, in enhancing biofilm disruption. These findings contribute valuable insights into the application of huPONs as a therapeutic tool against drug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41076142, year = {2025}, author = {Bento, CM and Gomes, MS and Silva, T}, title = {The use of double-reporter Mycobacterium abscessus strains to improve anti-biofilm drug screening.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {107290}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107290}, pmid = {41076142}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Mycobacterium abscessus/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology ; Luminescent Measurements/methods ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Pulmonary infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus are a pressing health issue due to the bacterium's high antibiotic resistance. Developing effective treatments is imperative, but conventional in vitro antibiotic susceptibility assays often do not correspond to clinical efficacy. M. abscessus easily aggregates and forms biofilms in various environments, where the protection conferred by an extracellular matrix, together with the mycobacteria's ability to enter a non-replicative persistent stage, highly hampers the activity of antibiotics. We developed a protocol to grow M. abscessus biofilms in a setup that allows high-throughput drug screening. The mycobacteria's luminescence is used as a readout of biofilm viability and its fluorescence as a measure of bacterial load, without the need for additional stains and maintaining the biofilm's integrity throughout the protocol. The use of imaging equipment allows a visual representation of the viability and bacterial load of each biofilm per well, and appropriate software can be used to quantify the luminescence and fluorescence signals. Quantification of biofilm mass can be done afterwards, using the same plate, by crystal violet staining. Although luminescent reporter assays have been used before, we believe this is the first time that a mycobacteria luminescent strain has been applied to assess drug activity against biofilms. This protocol enables the simultaneous screening of multiple compounds and identification of hits against M. abscessus biofilms in a fast, easy, and reliable manner. Most importantly, by mimicking the biofilm status that M. abscessus assumes in vivo, this assay will give more predictive information regarding compound efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41074722, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, YF and Sheu, SY and Cheng, NC and Cheng, CM}, title = {Promising Biomarkers for Chronic Wound Healing: A Pilot Cohort Study on Wound Cytokines and a Novel Biofilm Detection Kit for Predicting 90-Day Outcomes.}, journal = {Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {e70100}, doi = {10.1111/wrr.70100}, pmid = {41074722}, issn = {1524-475X}, support = {111HCH092//National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch/ ; 111HCH099//National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch/ ; 113QF025E1//National Tsing Hua University/ ; 110-2222-E-002-013//National Science and Technology Council/ ; 112-2314-B-002-111//National Science and Technology Council/ ; 113-2314-B-002-098//National Science and Technology Council/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Wound Healing/physiology ; Male ; Female ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Pilot Projects ; Prospective Studies ; *Cytokines/metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Chronic Disease ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/diagnosis ; Predictive Value of Tests ; *Wounds and Injuries ; }, abstract = {Early identification of chronic wounds is essential for clinical decision-making in wound care. Biofilm infection is a well-known risk factor for delayed healing, while cytokines in the wound microenvironment play critical regulatory roles throughout the healing cascade. This single-centre prospective cohort study enrolled 66 patients with chronic wounds between 2020 and 2023 to evaluate cytokine biomarkers and biofilm detection tools for predicting wound outcomes. Clinical signs of biofilm (CSB) alone demonstrated limited predictive value, with accuracies of 66.7% for 30-day and 45.5% for 90-day healing. In contrast, the Wound Biofilm Detection Kit (WBDK) showed superior performance, achieving predictive accuracies of 92.4% and 60.6% for 30- and 90-day outcomes, respectively, outperforming both CSB and MolecuLight i:X. Cytokine analysis identified serum CRP, wound CRP and wound MCP-1 as significant predictors, with ROC analysis demonstrating good discriminative ability for wound CRP (AUC = 0.863) and wound MCP-1 (AUC = 0.830). A simplified Lasso regression model incorporating diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, wound location and WBDK grade achieved an AUC of 0.77 and an accuracy of 76% for 90-day outcomes. External validation was performed in 17 additional patients yielding a predictive accuracy of 76.5%, supporting the robustness of the model. These findings highlight the limited reliability of clinical signs alone and emphasise the value of objective biofilm detection and cytokine profiling in wound prognosis. Our high-accuracy prediction model, based on readily accessible clinical variables and WBDK results, may facilitate precision wound care and improve real-time management.}, }
@article {pmid41074464, year = {2025}, author = {Odewale, G and Makanjuola, OB and Ojedele, RO and Abdulrahman, AA and Olowe, RA and Adefioye, OJ and Ojeniyi, FD and Ojurongbe, O and Olowe, OA}, title = {Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Virulence and Biofilm Formation Patterns in Southwestern Nigeria.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {37263}, doi = {10.31083/FBE37263}, pmid = {41074464}, issn = {1945-0508}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology ; Nigeria ; Humans ; Virulence/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; *Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae possesses a range of virulence factors that enable this bacterium to colonize, persist, adhere to host tissues, invade, and cause disease. The pathogen poses a significant risk to immunocompromised individuals and those with pre-existing health conditions. This research focused on assessing the virulence traits and biofilm-forming abilities of K. pneumoniae isolates in Nigeria.<br><br>METHODS: Clinical samples were collected from 420 patients across seven tertiary hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria between February 2018 and July 2019. Standard microbiological procedures were employed to identify Klebsiella isolates. The presence of six specific virulence genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR): fimH, kfu, rmpA, uge, wcaG, and aero_1. Additionally, PCR was utilized to identify capsular serotypes K1, K2, and K5.<br><br>RESULTS: A substantial proportion (82%) of K. pneumoniae isolates demonstrated the ability to form biofilms. Of these, 51 isolates (39.8%) were classified as strong biofilm producers, 54 (42.2%) as moderate, and 23 (17.9%) showed no biofilm production. Among the virulence genes detected, uge was the most common (68.0%), followed by fimH (65.6%), aero_1 (63.3%), kfu (29.7%), rmpA (28.1%), and wcaG (14.1%). Statistically significant correlations were found between biofilm formation and the presence of aero_1, fimH, kfu, and rmpA. In terms of capsular serotypes, the majority of isolates were non-K1/K2/K5 (84.4%), with lower frequencies observed for K2 (7.0%), K1 (5.5%), and K5 (3.1%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights that the aero_1, fimH, and uge genes are frequently present in K. pneumoniae isolates from this region, and that these strains often carry multiple virulence genes. The strong virulence potential and biofilm-forming capacity of these isolates underscore a significant public health threat, particularly in vulnerable populations.}, }
@article {pmid41074349, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, L and Zhang, B and Dai, H and Miao, Y and Xu, Z and Yang, Z and Jiao, XA}, title = {Starvation-induced metabolic adaptation of Bacillus cereus during biofilm formation: Phenotypic characterization and proteomic analysis.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {220}, number = {}, pages = {117167}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117167}, pmid = {41074349}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus cereus/metabolism/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Proteomics/methods ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Phenotype ; Spores, Bacterial/growth &amp; development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Bacillus cereus forms robust biofilms that enhance its persistence in food processing environments, leading to substantial safety risks and deterioration of dairy products. Nutrient availability is a vital factor to regulate biofilm formation; however, adaptive strategies of B. cereus under nutrient stress remain poorly understood. This study employs integrated phenotypic characterization and label-free quantitative proteomics to systematically decode the starvation-induced (in 1/10 TSB and 1/100 TSB) biofilm formation mechanism in B. cereus 12-1. The results showed that nutrient stress inhibited the growth of B. cereus 12-1 in its planktonic state, but increased its spore formation by 1.04 (1/10 TSB) and 1.79 (1/100 TSB) Log CFU/mL, protease production by 76.7 (1/10 TSB) and 140.37 U (1/100 TSB), cell surface hydrophobicity by 35.2 % (1/100 TSB), and self-aggregation capacity by 7.39 % (1/10 TSB) and 1.98 % (1/100 TSB). In addition, starvation induced its biofilm formation on stainless steel, resulting in elevated bacterial cell density within biofilms by 1.23 Log CFU/cm[2] (1/10 and 1/100 TSB), enhanced metabolic activity by 36.7 % (1/10 TSB) and 60.1 % (1/100 TSB). The confocal laser scanning microscopy results revealed more complex biofilm architectures with increased thickness by 3.54 % (1/10 TSB) and 35.2 % (1/100 TSB) and greater surface coverage of 52.46 (1/10 TSB) and 52.44 μm (1/100 TSB). Proteomics analysis identified 589 (in 1/10 TSB) and 442 (in 1/100 TSB) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). These DEPs were mainly involved in 11 upregulated pathways, including quorum sensing, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, fatty acid degradation, several amino acid metabolic pathways, and oxidative phosphorylation, but were also significantly enriched in 12 downregulated pathways like ribosome, HIF-1 signaling pathway, nucleotide metabolism, and several carbohydrate metabolic pathways. In this regard, this investigation provides initial insights into the survival adaptation of B. cereus under nutrient stress conditions, serving as a foundational step toward understanding its stress responses and offering a preliminary scientific basis to inform future efforts aimed at mitigating biofilm-related risks in dairy processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid41074327, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Z and Feng, J and Cui, H and Wu, Y and Wang, Y and Xu, W and Lu, Y and Duan, M and Yang, H and Cheng, S and Cai, X and Zhang, C and Shi, C}, title = {Slightly acidic electrolyzed water induces Staphylococcus aureus to enter the VBNC state: differences between planktonic and biofilm states bacteria.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {220}, number = {}, pages = {117124}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117124}, pmid = {41074327}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Plankton/drug effects ; Electrolysis ; *Water/pharmacology/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Food Microbiology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {S. aureus is a common foodborne pathogen that poses a great danger to the food industry and human health. Slightly acidic electrolytic water (SAEW) is characterized by strong antimicrobial effect and high potential for application. In this study, the effect of SAEW on the formation of VBNC state of S. aureus was systematically evaluated, and the differences in the formation of VBNC state of S. aureus in planktonic and biofilm states were also analyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that treatment of S. aureus in planktonic and biofilm states with 0.8 mg/L SAEW resulted in complete loss of culturability at 2.5 h and 2.0 h, respectively, with 3.56 ± 0.28 % and 4.81 ± 0.13 % of cells formed VBNC state. And both states of VBNC S. aureus could be resuscitated, and the planktonic VBNC state S. aureus resuscitated faster. ATP concentration, ROS level and respiration intensity of different states of bacteria were examined, compared with uninduced bacteria, VBNC S. aureus showed increased ATP concentration and ROS level, and decreased catalase activity, esterase activity, and respiratory intensity. Meanwhile, the overall metabolic level of the biofilm VBNC state bacteria was lower than that of the planktonic VBNC state bacteria, and its ROS level was higher than that of the planktonic VBNC state bacteria. Gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR, and the results showed that the transcript levels of genes regulating N-acetylglucosamine metabolism were up-regulated and those related to lipid metabolism, antioxidant and respiratory metabolism were down-regulated in the VBNC state S. aureus. This study comprehensively evaluates the application effect of SAEW in the food industry to provide a scientific basis for its safe and effective use; deepens the understanding of the mechanism of the formation of VBNC states by bacteria in different states, and provides theoretical support for the control of VBNC bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41072755, year = {2025}, author = {Flores-Maldonado, O and Garza-Velásquez, MF and Becerril-García, MA and Ríos-López, AL}, title = {Candida auris promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to meropenem in a mature dual-species biofilm.}, journal = {Microbes and infection}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {105566}, doi = {10.1016/j.micinf.2025.105566}, pmid = {41072755}, issn = {1769-714X}, abstract = {Co-infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida auris are becoming increasingly common in hospitals and represent an emerging clinical challenge, as these pathogens can form mixed biofilms during catheter-associated infections, which complicates treatment, prolongs the disease and poses a significant threat to public health. In this study, we formed individual- and dual-species biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida auris, and then treated mature biofilms with or without meropenem to determine the number of viable cells (colony-forming units). Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms plus total or fractionated Candida auris supernatant were exposed to meropenem to calculate biofilm-associated viable cells. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits increased survival to meropenem in dual-species biofilms compared to individual-species biofilms. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the molecule that promotes meropenem tolerance is present in the supernatant of Candida auris biofilms with a molecular mass <10 kDa. In conclusion, Candida auris induces meropenem tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during mixed biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41072690, year = {2025}, author = {Fattahi, N and Tabassum, N and Khan, F and Kim, NG and Kim, YM and Lee, B and Lee, SJ and Je, JY and Park, WS and Choi, IW and Linh, NV and Jung, WK}, title = {Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by ciprofloxacin-loaded ZnO@lignin@chitosan nanoparticles.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {330}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {148193}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148193}, pmid = {41072690}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Chitosan/chemistry ; *Zinc Oxide/chemistry ; *Lignin/chemistry ; *Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Virulence Factors/metabolism ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nanocomposites/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial infections leads to increased mortality and reduced treatment effectiveness. Given the urgent need for multifunctional therapeutic agents capable of overcoming AMR, we developed a novel ZnO@lignin@chitosan nanocomposite loaded with ciprofloxacin (CIP), in which the synergistic combination of ZnO, lignin, and chitosan enhances antibacterial, antibiofilm, antivirulence, and antioxidant performance. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, elemental mapping (MAP), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The ZnO@lignin@chitosan@CIP nanocomposite exhibited pH-responsive drug release, with accelerated release in acidic environments mimicking infection sites. The synergistic combination of its components enhanced multifunctional performance: lignin acted as an antioxidant, chitosan improved drug loading, biocompatibility, and inherent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and the fungal strain Candida albicans, while ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) contributed additional antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, the nanocomposite effectively inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and suppressed virulence factors, including protease, pyocyanin, and pyoverdine at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of key quorum-sensing regulators (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR) in P. aeruginosa, indicating the composite's molecular antivirulence potential. These findings demonstrate that the unique synergy of ZnO, lignin, and chitosan provides multifunctional advantages, making ZnO@lignin@chitosan@CIP a promising candidate for combating drug-resistant and biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41071864, year = {2025}, author = {Larson, JM and Johnson, MS and Myint, JA and Gupta, SC}, title = {Improving Biofilm Prevention in Implant-Based Breast Surgery: Hyaluronic Acid as an Implant Submersion Adjunct.}, journal = {Annals of plastic surgery}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, pages = {686-691}, doi = {10.1097/SAP.0000000000004520}, pmid = {41071864}, issn = {1536-3708}, mesh = {*Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Breast Implants/microbiology ; Humans ; Female ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Implant Capsular Contracture/prevention &amp; control ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention &amp; control ; *Breast Implantation/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Capsular contracture is a common major complication of implant-based breast surgery. Although its etiology is incompletely understood, biofilm formation on implant surfaces is considered a central factor. Plastic surgeons have adopted many risk-reducing measures; however, these measures are heterogeneous, and capsular contracture rates remain high. Recent studies have demonstrated the antibiofilm effects of hyaluronic acid on various surgical prostheses. Our study tests the in vitro antibiofilm properties of hyaluronic acid as a breast implant submersion adjunct.<br><br>METHODS: Six-millimeter-diameter silicone disks were cut from smooth tissue expanders and treated with different concentrations of hyaluronic acid alone or combined with triple antibiotic solution (clindamycin, cefazolin, and gentamicin at 450, 1000, and 80 mg/mL, respectively). Following treatment, the disks were submerged in tryptic soy broth inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis strain RP62A and incubated for 60 hours to allow biofilm formation. Biofilms were stained with crystal violet, and the stain was extracted to measure optical density as a marker of biofilm formation.<br><br>RESULTS: Hyaluronic acid submersion exerted dose-dependent antibiofilm effects; hyaluronic acid 1.2% (wt/vol) solution produced a biofilm reduction similar to that achieved by the triple antibiotic solution. Synergistic effects were observed in the combination treatments, with hyaluronic acid 0.8% (wt/vol) in triple antibiotic solution producing the greatest biofilm reduction. This treatment produced a mean optical density of 0.313, which is significantly lower than that of the positive control (2.539; P < 0.001) and triple antibiotic solution alone (0.877; P < 0.001). These findings represent biofilm reductions of 87.7% and 64.3%, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Hyaluronic acid shows potential as an adjunct to triple antibiotic breast implant submersion. Pretreating silicone disks with hyaluronic acid 0.8% (wt/vol) in triple antibiotic solution led to biofilm reductions of 87.7% and 64.3% compared with the positive control and the triple antibiotic solution, respectively. These effects, combined with hyaluronic acid's biocompatibility, resorbability, and viscosity, demonstrate its promise for the prevention of capsular contracture in implant-based breast surgery.}, }
@article {pmid41071745, year = {2025}, author = {Yao, MC and Huang, Q and Xie, HX and Zhang, X and Sheng, GP}, title = {Aquatic Biofilm as a Hotspot for Manganese Oxidation Enabled by Microbial Extracellular Matrix-Mediated Dual-Pathway Electron Transfer.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {59}, number = {43}, pages = {23508-23518}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c09864}, pmid = {41071745}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Manganese/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix ; Oxides ; Manganese Compounds ; }, abstract = {Manganese(II) oxidation governs the geochemical cycles of numerous elements owing to the exceptional oxidation and adsorption properties of resultant manganese oxide minerals. This process is predominantly thought to be driven by microorganisms using cellular oxidoreductases. Herein, we uncovered a new pathway for microbial manganese(II) oxidation mediated by a biofilm extracellular matrix, i.e., extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by microorganisms. Owing to abundant EPS, the biofilm emerged as a hotspot for manganese(II) oxidation in a sunlit aquatic system, and its ability to oxidize manganese(II) was 2.9 times higher than that of free microorganisms when normalized by the cell number. Both oxidoreductases such as NAD(P)H-oxidizing enzymes and nonenzymatic redox components like flavins and quinones in the EPS mediated electron transfer from intracellular NADPH to oxygen to produce superoxide. Additionally, quinones within the EPS under light irradiation mediated electron transfer from reducing moieties (e.g., thiols and phenols) in the extracellular matrix to oxygen to generate superoxide. As a result, EPS boosted manganese(II) oxidation via superoxide generated by these two electron transfer pathways. This biofilm-driven rapid manganese(II) oxidation process was found to be prevalent across diverse sunlit aquatic environments. This study expands the framework of microbe-driven cycling of manganese as well as other elements in nature.}, }
@article {pmid41071733, year = {2025}, author = {Paul, P and Dolui, S and Ireen, S and Bisoi, S and Palai, S and Biswas, P and Mazumder, K and Biswas, K}, title = {Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Cell Wall Targeting Activity of Endophytic Nocardiopsis Strain KDCGRAW Isolated From the Indian Sundarbans.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {e01947}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202501947}, pmid = {41071733}, issn = {1612-1880}, support = {IIRP/SG-7856/2023//Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; India ; *Cell Wall/drug effects/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Rhizophoraceae/microbiology/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Molecular Structure ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {The discovery of new antimicrobials is one of the most crucial approaches to tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis. Strain KDCGRAW was isolated from the root of Rhizophora apiculata (Garjan tree) from the Bonnie camp subdivision of Sundarbans, West Bengal, India. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the strain belongs to the genus Nocardiopsis. The strain was subjected to fermentation, and the crude extract was analyzed using GC-MS. The extract inhibited Escherichia coli MTCC 1195 biofilm formation and showed a percentage biofilm remaining of 77.69% for 1/2 MIC, 69.18% for MIC, and 51.56% for 2 MIC, respectively. However, MIC and 2 MIC doses of the extract showed a significant biofilm formation inhibition and the percentage biofilm remaining determined was 51.89% and 43.97%, respectively, as compared to the 1/2 MIC 74.93% against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940. The in silico docking and molecular dynamics study revealed that compound 1 and compound 9 exhibited the best docking energies with the two selected biofilm-associated proteins, achieving binding energies of -6.84 and -7.7 kcal/mol on 5XP0 and 7C7R, respectively. In vivo toxicity analysis using brine shrimp revealed that the extract was nontoxic at all the concentration ranges, namely, 1/2 MIC, MIC, and 2 MIC.}, }
@article {pmid41070941, year = {2025}, author = {Cecil, RE and Ornelas, E and Phan, A and Medina-Chavez, NO and Travisano, M and Yoder-Himes, DR}, title = {Long-term culturing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in static, minimal nutrient medium results in increased pyocyanin production, reduced biofilm production, and loss of motility.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, pages = {e0097525}, pmid = {41070941}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {Yoder-Himes//University of Louisville Center for Predictive Medicine/ ; YODE23I0//Cystic Fibrosis Foundation/ ; Phan//University of Louisville Summer Research Opportunity Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pyocyanine/metabolism/biosynthesis ; *Culture Media/chemistry ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Nutrients/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic human pathogen that can survive in many natural and anthropogenic environments. It is a leading cause of morbidity in individuals with cystic fibrosis and is one of the most prevalent pathogens associated with nosocomial infections in the United States. It has been shown that this organism can survive and persist in low-nutrient environments, such as sink drains. How adaptation to these types of environments influences the phenotypic traits of this organism has not been well studied. Here, we implemented an experimental evolution system in which six strains of P. aeruginosa were subjected to low-nutrient conditions over the course of 12 weeks and assessed phenotypic and genotypic changes that occurred as a result of adaptation to such environments. We observed that adaptation to low-nutrient environments resulted in decreased generation time, reduced cell size, reduced biofilm formation, increased pyocyanin production, and decreased motility for some of the strains. Furthermore, some of the evolved isolates were significantly more virulent/competitive against a phagocytic predator. This study is significant as it allows us to predict how this organism will evolve in hospital and domestic environments and can help us improve treatment options for patients. IMPORTANCE Human commensal and pathogenic organisms undergo dynamic cycles across human and non-human environments. Despite the crucial implications for human health, the understanding of bacterial adaptations to these diverse environments and their subsequent impact on human-bacterial interactions remains underexplored. This study shows how Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human pathogen, adapts phenotypically in response to a shift from high nutrients (like those found in the human body) to low nutrients (like those found in many other environments, like sink drains). This work also shows that, in some cases, resistance to predatory forces can evolve in the absence of a predator. This work is important as it contributes to the growing body of knowledge concerning how external, non-host-related abiotic conditions influence host-pathogen interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41069253, year = {2025}, author = {Kumari, S and Bhukya, S and Upadhyay, A and Londhe, S and Nuthi, S and Patra, CR and Mukherjee, S}, title = {Development of Metal Analogues of Prussian Blue@Silver Nanocomposites for the Treatment of Biofilm and Skin-Infections.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {10}, pages = {e70073}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70073}, pmid = {41069253}, issn = {1600-0463}, support = {CSC0302//CSC0302, sponsored by CSIR, New Delhi to CRP/ ; BT/PR49530/MED/32/839/2023//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Ferrocyanides/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Rats ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects ; *Skin Diseases, Bacterial/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Silver-based nanocomplexes are promising antibacterial agents because of their ability to break the bacterial cell membrane, enhance oxidative stress, and damage bacterial DNA, offering potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Recently, Prussian blue analogues nanocomposites have gained attention due to their unique advantages, including biocompatibility, low cost, and easy structural modification to induce bioactivity. Herein, we developed different metal analogues of Prussian blue@silver [M[II]PB@Ag, M[II] = Cu, Co, and Mn] nanocomposites for antibacterial applications. In vitro assays confirmed the utility of these materials in inhibiting Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The antibiofilm property of CuIIPB@Ag and MnIIPB@Ag was assessed by coating them on PDMS disk surfaces. The results show that CuPB@Ag (at 1600 μM) and MnPB@Ag (at 4000 μM) achieve approximately an 85% reduction in biofilm formation. In vitro cytotoxicity studies assessed by using the MTT assay support the biocompatibility of Cu[II]PB@Ag (up to 80% cell viability in 60 μM) and Mn[II]PB@Ag (up to 70% cell viability in 150 μM). Moreover, Cu[II]PB@Ag (at 1600 μM) and Mn[II]PB@Ag (at 4000 μM) eliminated in vivo skin infections in the preclinical rat model. These results highlight the potential of these metal analogues of Prussian blue@silver nanocomposites for the treatment of bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41068567, year = {2025}, author = {Mondal, P and Mallick, B and Haldar, T and Ramesh, A and Sarbajna, A and Koley, H and Das, S}, title = {Utilizing the effectiveness of phage cocktail to combat Shigella and Salmonella infections and their polymicrobial biofilm control activity.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {649}, pmid = {41068567}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Bacteriophages/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Salmonella Infections/therapy/microbiology ; *Salmonella/virology/physiology ; *Dysentery, Bacillary/therapy/microbiology ; *Shigella sonnei/virology/physiology ; Animals ; Phage Therapy ; *Shigella/virology/physiology ; Coinfection/therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shigella and Salmonella are major foodborne and waterborne pathogens responsible for acute gastrointestinal infections and significant global morbidity and mortality. Both species are capable of forming bacterial biofilms in the food processing industry, a key survival mechanism that significantly reduces the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs. The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the urgent development of new strategies. Bacteriophages, particularly phage cocktails, provide a potential alternative because of their host specificity and ability to degrade biofilms.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, a new bacteriophage, Sspk23, infecting Shigella sonnei, was isolated from lake water and biologically characterized to assess its lytic activity and stability under varying conditions. Furthermore, this study investigates the effectiveness of a phage cocktail, including a newly isolated Sspk23 and two previously identified phages, Sfk20 and STWB21, against Shigella and Salmonella infections with a focus on its ability to combat single and polymicrobial infections. The biofilm removal potential of the phage cocktail was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and also quantitatively assessed in a microtiter plate. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted on human adherent epithelial cell line and macrophage cell line to confirm the safety of the phage and phage cocktail for therapeutic use.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate the possibility of a phage cocktail as a substitute for conventional antibiotics in controlling Shigella and Salmonella infections. Additionally, their capacity to destroy biofilms indicates potential applications in clinical therapies, environmental remediation, and food safety. Future studies will be focused on phage-antibiotic synergy optimization and in vivo validation to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41068088, year = {2025}, author = {He, L and Pan, Q and Li, M and Wang, Z and Wang, L and Zhang, C and Wang, ZH and Shi, J and Li, D}, title = {Amplified copper ion interference and immunomodulation using self-thermophoretic nanomotors to treat refractory implant-associated biofilm infections.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {9009}, pmid = {41068088}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {82102588//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82102936//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 232300421050 and 242301420068//Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (Henan Province Natural Science Foundation)/ ; 2023M743232//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Copper/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Mice ; Macrophages/drug effects/immunology ; *Immunomodulation/drug effects ; Gold/chemistry ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Humans ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Silicon/chemistry ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Orthopedic implant-associated biofilm infections (IABIs) are refractory to elimination because of the dense biofilm formation and local immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, we propose a copper-based therapeutic strategy to treat IABIs. Initially, the Janus bisphere nanostructure is fabricated using mesoporous silicon nanoparticle (MSN) with gold nanoparticle. Subsequently, copper peroxide (CP) nanodots are encapsulated within the MSN to form the final nanomotor Motor@CP. Our Motor@CP exhibits remarkable autonomous movement through near-infrared (NIR)-propelled self-thermophoretic propulsion, effectively penetrating dense biofilms and delivering CP. Notably, the acidic microenvironment facilitates CP decomposition into copper(II) and hydrogen peroxide. This process further generates hydroxyl radicals (•OH), extensively destroying biofilm integrity and enhancing intracellular uptake of copper ions that trigger bacterial cuproptosis-like death. Furthermore, Motor@CP markedly reprograms infiltrating macrophages toward pro-inflammatory phenotypes, thereby promoting an antimicrobial immune response. Overall, this presents a promising approach that leverages amplified copper ion interference and macrophage reprogramming to combat refractory orthopedic IABIs.}, }
@article {pmid41067147, year = {2025}, author = {Khandeparker, L and Hede, N and Desai, DV and D'Souza, R and Mapari, K}, title = {Marine biofilm microbial communities on deep-sea moorings as indicators of a changing environment.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {107598}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107598}, pmid = {41067147}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Marine biofilms developed on buoys encasing Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs), deployed on deep-sea moorings for current measurements, were characterized for the first time along the continental slope of the west coast (Off Okha, Goa, Kollam) and east coast (Off Vishakhapatnam - Vizag) of India at a depth of ∼150 m over three years. The biofilm community structure and functions were elucidated using next-generation sequencing. High-throughput sequencing revealed spatio-temporal variations in the biofilm communities with site-specific microbial signatures and metabolic functions. Moreover, biofilms from the Bay of Bengal were significantly different from those in the Arabian Sea. Interestingly, Kollam biofilms were characterized by photoautotrophic carbon cycling and dominated by several cyanobacterial communities and purple non-sulfur bacterium, and is the first report of such taxa in marine biofilms at a depth of 150 m. Functional predictions indicated enhanced expression of stress-related pathways in the Vizag and Goa biofilms. Additionally, biofilms from all sites actively contributed to the degradation of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrocarbons, highlighting their importance in marine biogeochemical processes. Notably, certain biofilm-forming genera were consistently present across all 3 years at specific sites, indicating ecological resilience and serving as bioindicators of long-term biofilm dynamics. Moreover, the presence of plastic-associated genera (Amphritea, Crocinitomix, Ulvibacter, and Oleiphilus) across several sites reflects the widespread occurrence of plastics in the surrounding marine environment. Emergence of Desulfobacterota post-lockdown in Okha biofilms suggests anthropogenic influence from increased petroleum activity and their role as markers of hydrocarbon contamination. The detection of sulfur-cycling and corrosion-associated taxa (Sulfurovum, Sedimenticola, Photobacterium, Tenacibaculum) suggests a persistent risk of microbially induced corrosion (MIC), potentially compromising the durability of oceanographic instruments/installations. These findings on deep ocean biofilm-forming bacteria not only provide valuable insights into the ecological and biogeochemical capabilities of microbes but also highlight their relevance as site-specific microbial signatures of marine pollution. This research can also aid in developing effective strategies to mitigate biofouling and bio-corrosion on oceanographic instruments.}, }
@article {pmid41067014, year = {2025}, author = {Ke, S and Li, G and Wang, A and Wu, H and Yu, P and Ning, M and Strappe, P and Wang, B and Blanchard, C and Zhou, Z and Zhao, G}, title = {Biofilm with a mechanically strengthened character via enhanced cross-links of soybean proteins with short-chain fatty acid-modified starch.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {495}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {146579}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146579}, pmid = {41067014}, issn = {1873-7072}, mesh = {*Starch/chemistry ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Soybean Proteins/chemistry ; *Fatty Acids, Volatile/chemistry ; Tensile Strength ; Glycine max/chemistry ; }, abstract = {In this study, starch modified with different chain-length of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were prepared, followed by their corresponding interaction with soy protein isolate (SPI) and tannic acid (TA) to achieve biofilms with various structural characteristics and functionality. Current results indicated crosslinking of three composites occurred via formation of covalent Schiff base bonds, followed by an increased tensile strength of the biofilm by 2 times compared with biofilm prepared from binary composites. Importantly, this was the first time to achieve a maximum tensile strength of the biofilm up to 8.09 MPa. Furthermore, co-existence of the three components increased the elongation at break of SPI biofilm from 117.25 % to 174.50 %, demonstrating the formation of a biofilm with a mechanically strengthened character. This study highlights a novel approach for preparation of biofilms with an enhanced mechanical property via an appropriate interaction among a longer-chain SCFA modified starch, SPI and TA.}, }
@article {pmid41066943, year = {2025}, author = {Vanniaraj, SK and Bera, S and Paul, S and Kundu, S and Jayaswal, R and Dutta, S and Das, BK}, title = {Removal of environment relevant bisphenol A concentration from the contaminated waters using freshwater pond grown microalgae biofilm.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1003}, number = {}, pages = {180670}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180670}, pmid = {41066943}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; *Microalgae/physiology ; *Phenols/analysis/metabolism ; *Benzhydryl Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Ponds ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; India ; Bisphenol A Compounds ; }, abstract = {Bisphenol A (BPA), even at environmentally relevant concentration, exerts toxic effects on aquatic organisms and it requires sustainable removal strategies. Microalgae immobilization in substrate is an emerging technology for bioremediation with less practical implacability due to the high production cost of microalgae. Hence in the present study, microalgae present in the freshwater pond was grown attached to the synthetic substrates for four weeks and utilized for bioremediation. The biofilm, predominantly composed of Merismopedia sp., Cymbella sp., Nitzschia sp., Oscillatoria sp., and Pediastrum sp. was used to treat water samples spiked with environmentally relevant BPA concentration (0.015 ppm; recorded from Ganga River water, India by our team). Higher BPA concentrations (0.15, 1.5 and 15 ppm) were also used to document the toxic effect of BPA on microalgae biofilm. Results showed that microalgae biofilm removed 52.78 ± 2.38 % of BPA from the water contains 0.015 ppm concentration with a low toxic effect on growth and viability of the microalgae. Among which, microalgae biofilm accumulated 33.3 % of added BPA via adsorption and absorption, a significant portion of BPA also been removed by photo degradation and other process of degradation. The conductivity of the water significantly influenced the BPA removal efficiency of microalgae biofilm. As BPA concentration increased, the removal efficiency declined and exert toxic effect on microalgae biofilm growth and viability. The 120 h BPA exposure reduced the microalgae abundance in all treatments. The species like Nitzschia sp., Fragillaria sp. and Merismopedia sp., showed maximum reduction and the Coelastrum sp., Amphora sp., Phormidium sp., Phacus sp., Gomphonema sp. and Scenedesmus sp. showed tolerance towards BPA exposure. These findings highlight the potential of pond grown microalgae biofilm as a practical and eco-friendly solution for removing BPA from contaminated water, particularly at environment relevant concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid41066428, year = {2025}, author = {Shrestha, P and Tandukar, S and Shrestha, M and Shrestha, S and Subedee, A and Shakya, J and Tuladhar, R}, title = {Bacteriophage as an anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from wound infection.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0334139}, pmid = {41066428}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology/physiology/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/therapy ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/therapy ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Phage Therapy ; *Pseudomonas Phages/physiology ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen associated with wound infections, resists many commonly available antibiotics. Its ability to form biofilm provides an additional trait to evade antibiotics. Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat, raising the need for alternative strategies. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the potential of bacteriophage to disrupt the biofilm produced by P. aeruginosa isolated from wound infections. Wound samples were collected aseptically, processed for the isolation of P. aeruginosa, and identified by standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Bacteriophages were isolated using the double-layer agar method. Phenotypic assessment of biofilm formation by the isolates and its reduction by phages was conducted by the tissue culture plate assay. Out of 647 wound samples processed, 96 P. aeruginosa were isolated. Piperacillin/tazobactam was the most effective antibiotic, while doxycycline was the least effective. Among the total isolates, 86 (89.6%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 69 (71.9%) were biofilm producers. Three different phages isolated from sewage demonstrated a high specificity to P. aeruginosa. Of these, phage vB_PaeP_PS2 lysed the highest number of isolates (22.9%), including 17 MDR and 21 biofilm-producing isolates. The biofilm reduction assay demonstrated that phage treatment significantly reduced biofilm formation, with vB_PaeP_PS2 achieving a 58% reduction after 6 h of treatment. In conclusion, this study highlights the high prevalence of biofilm-producing MDR P. aeruginosa in wound infections and, for the first time in Nepal, demonstrates the potential of locally isolated phages to lyse biofilm-forming MDR isolates and disrupt their biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41065963, year = {2025}, author = {Hong, P and Zheng, N and Wei, T and Zhang, Y and Zhu, F and Chen, Y and She, X and Liu, W and Liu, M}, title = {Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Landscapes of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm Exposed to Voriconazole.}, journal = {Mycopathologia}, volume = {190}, number = {6}, pages = {100}, pmid = {41065963}, issn = {1573-0832}, support = {81501726//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019XK320077//the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; BK20150069//the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; 2021-I2M-1-039//the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences/ ; No. NPRC-32//the National Science and Technology Infrastructure of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Aspergillus fumigatus/drug effects/physiology/chemistry/genetics ; *Voriconazole/pharmacology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Proteomics ; *Proteome/analysis ; *Azoles/pharmacology ; *Fungal Proteins/analysis ; *Phosphoproteins/analysis ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic and allergenic pathogenic fungus, is responsible for a range of clinical disorders in humans, including invasive aspergillosis (IA), which can lead to severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. Unfortunately, the emergence of azole resistance has become a significant challenge in combating IA, necessitating further investigations into the underlying mechanisms of resistance. In this study, we conducted an integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of biofilm proteins from both azole-resistant and wildtype strains of A. fumigatus under voriconazole pressure. Our proteomic analysis identified 148 upregulated and 146 downregulated proteins in the azole-resistant strains, while phosphoproteomic analysis revealed 316 upregulated phosphopeptides and 109 downregulated phosphopeptides, suggesting extensive phosphorylation modifications associated with azole resistance. Upon excluding the impact of protein changes, we identified 133 proteins with differential expression solely at the phosphorylation level, comprising 104 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins. Functional annotation and analysis highlighted the significance of these differentially expressed phosphoproteins in cell wall integrity, filamentous growth, and high-osmolarity stress response, with 33 MAPK pathway-associated proteins displaying phosphopeptide level regulation. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms behind azole resistance in A. fumigatus and offer potential new drug targets for combating this pathogenic fungus in humans.}, }
@article {pmid41065833, year = {2026}, author = {Moursi, SA and Saxena, R and Haider, F and Khan, MS and Saleem, M and Ahmad, I and Ahmad, N}, title = {Vulvovaginal candidiasis in rural pregnant populations from Uttar Pradesh, India: species shift, biofilm formation, and resistance trends.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {399}, number = {3}, pages = {3785-3797}, pmid = {41065833}, issn = {1432-1912}, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Pregnancy ; Adult ; *Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/microbiology/epidemiology/drug therapy ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; India/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Young Adult ; *Candida/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Rural Population ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology/epidemiology/drug therapy ; Prevalence ; Adolescent ; }, abstract = {Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection in pregnancy, with increasing concern over the emergence of non-albicans Candida (NAC) species and antifungal resistance, particularly in biofilm-forming strains. A total of 913 pregnant women with clinically suspected VVC were evaluated. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and specimens were processed using KOH mount and fungal culture. Isolates were identified to the species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), assessed for biofilm formation by the tissue culture plate (TCP) method, and tested for antifungal susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The highest prevalence was observed in women aged 23-28 years (35.7%) and those from rural areas (61.7%). Illiteracy (54.5%), third-trimester pregnancy (43.7%), and multigravida status (57.6%) were predominant. Mixed symptoms, especially the triad of itching, burning, and discharge (27.2%), were most common. Culture had a higher sensitivity (83.6%) than KOH microscopy (77.2%). Candida albicans was the predominant species (59.8%), followed by Candida glabrata (15.3%) and Candida tropicalis (9.8%). NAC species accounted for 40.2% of isolates. Biofilm production was highest in C. albicans (85.1%), C. tropicalis (74.7%), and C. glabrata (59.8%). Antifungal resistance was significantly higher in biofilm producers, particularly to azoles: ketoconazole (83.3% vs. 16.7%, p < 0.001) and fluconazole (81.5% vs. 18.5%, p < 0.001). Amphotericin B also showed reduced efficacy in biofilm producers (66.7% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.05). This study reports a high prevalence of VVC (83.6%) in pregnant women, predominantly in rural, less-educated, and multigravida groups. C. albicans remained the leading pathogen, but the notable presence of non-albicans species reflects a shifting epidemiology. Biofilm formation, especially by C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, correlated with marked azole resistance. Routine species-level identification, biofilm evaluation, and antifungal susceptibility testing are essential for optimizing treatment in pregnancy.}, }
@article {pmid41065783, year = {2025}, author = {Dai, H and Qin, C and Gao, Y}, title = {Exploring cinnamic acid's function in reducing the quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: in vitro and in silico investigations.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {11}, pages = {292}, pmid = {41065783}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Cinnamates/pharmacology ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Chromobacterium/drug effects ; Indoles/metabolism ; Pyocyanine/metabolism ; Glycolipids ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become serious global threat to the public health which is estimated to be responsible for over one million annual deaths. AMR occurs when microbes develop defence mechanism against the antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which is known to cause many infections, and it has developed resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. The continuous exposure of antibiotics imposes the risk of AMR development. In this case, targeting quorum sensing (QS) and biofilms becomes more reasonable. This study assessed the effect of cinnamic acid (CA) on biofilm formation and QS-regulated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Preliminary assays showed that CA inhibited violacein production by 63.88 ± 2.44% in C. violaceum 12472. The virulence factors of P. aeruginosa PAO1, namely pyocyanin production, pyoverdin production, elastase, exoprotease, rhamnolipid production, and swimming motility was reduced by 72.55 ± 4.05%, 58.90 ± 3.15%, 47.50 ± 5.55%, 65.86 ± 2.65%, 51.37 ± 2.43%, and 85.61 ± 2.52%, respectively. CA inhibited biofilm by > 65% and also reduced the bacterial colonization and aggregation. Molecular docking revealed that CA binds at the active site of target proteins of P. aeruginosa such as LasA, LasI, LasR, and PqsR. Molecular simulations validated the stability of complexes of these proteins with CA. The interaction of CA to these proteins was mainly favoured by van der Waals and electrostatic forces. This study shows CA's potential to interfere with QS and biofilm in P. aeruginosa, indicating its potential as a candidate molecule for developing new treatments aimed at targeting biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41064837, year = {2025}, author = {Santajit, S and Thavorasak, T and Horpet, D and Kong-Ngoen, T and Permpoon, U and Kim, CY and Nam, TG and Indrawattana, N}, title = {Phytochemical inhibition of quorum sensing and biofilm formation by Paederia foetida Linn. against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: An integrated in vitro and in silico investigation.}, journal = {Veterinary world}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {2181-2193}, pmid = {41064837}, issn = {0972-8988}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen notorious for its biofilm formation and persistence in clinical and veterinary settings. Its resistance is exacerbated by quorum sensing (QS) pathways that regulate virulence and biofilm maturation. Disrupting QS and biofilm integrity using plant-derived compounds presents a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm and anti-QS potential of Paederia foetida Linn. ethanolic extract against A. baumannii, integrating gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling, molecular docking, and in vitro assays.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Leaves of P. foetida were extracted with ethanol and analyzed by GC-MS to identify major bioactive constituents. Molecular docking was conducted against five QS and biofilm-associated A. baumannii proteins (AF-A0A7S8WE28-F1-v4, AF-A0A059ZL64-F1-v4, AF-Q2VSW6-F1-v4, AF-A0A2P1B9S4-F1-v4, and AF-A0A5P9VY74-F1-v4). Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles and drug-likeness of key compounds were assessed in silico. Antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]/minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC]), and biofilm inhibition was evaluated through crystal violet microtiter assays. Morphological damage was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM).<br><br>RESULTS: GC-MS identified 30 phytoconstituents, with 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 4H-pyran-4-one derivative, and eugenol as predominant compounds. Eugenol exhibited the highest binding affinity, particularly with AbaR (-6.3 kcal/mol). The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity (MIC = 7.81 mg/mL; MBC = 31.25 mg/mL) and dose-dependent inhibition of biofilm biomass (p < 0.001). FE-SEM imaging confirmed dose-responsive membrane damage and disruption of the biofilm. ADMET predictions revealed favorable oral bioavailability and low toxicity for selected compounds.<br><br>CONCLUSION: P. foetida extract exhibits potent antibacterial, anti-QS, and antibiofilm activity against MDR A. baumannii, supported by its phytochemical diversity, favorable pharmacokinetics, and strong protein-ligand interactions. These findings suggest its promise as a plant-derived therapeutic aligned with the One Health framework to combat antimicrobial resistance in both human and veterinary medicine.}, }
@article {pmid41064834, year = {2025}, author = {Kanaan, MHG and Khalil, ZK and Tarek, AM}, title = {Biofilm-mediated antimicrobial resistance among meat-borne pathogens in Al-Suwaria, Iraq: A cross-species investigation from retail markets.}, journal = {Veterinary world}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {2487-2498}, pmid = {41064834}, issn = {0972-8988}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens represent a significant threat to public health by enhancing microbial survival and facilitating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Iraq, data on the biofilm-producing potential of key meat-borne pathogens remain scarce, particularly for fastidious organisms such as Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Salmonella serovars. This study investigated the prevalence and intensity of biofilm formation in selected meat-borne bacterial isolates and examined their correlation with phenotypic AMR, focusing on moderate to strong biofilm producers.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 bacterial isolates - including Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium - were recovered from retail meat samples collected between 2018 and 2023 in Wasit, Iraq. Biofilm-forming ability was quantified using microtiter plate assays and interpreted per Stepanovic's criteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed through the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with resistance patterns statistically analyzed for associations with biofilm strength.<br><br>RESULTS: Among all isolates, 25% were strong and 40.91% moderate biofilm producers. Salmonella serotypes showed the highest biofilm strength (100%), followed by C. jejuni (75%) and MRSA (57.14%). A significant correlation (p &#x2264; 0.05) was observed between biofilm production and resistance to vancomycin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, and cefoxitin. Gram-negative isolates with strong to moderate biofilm capacity exhibited resistance rates ranging from 61.90% to 95.24%, while Gram-positive MRSA showed higher resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Biofilm production significantly contributes to increase AMR among meat-borne pathogens, compromising food safety and treatment efficacy. Enhanced surveillance, targeted biofilm control strategies, and molecular studies are crucial to mitigate the rising threat of biofilm-associated AMR in the food chain.}, }
@article {pmid41064445, year = {2025}, author = {Jiang, N and Zhang, X and Liu, ZX and Wan, HY and Huang, MZ and Lin, QR and Liu, GQ and Chen, P and Yu, B}, title = {β-tricalcium phosphate/calcium sulfate loaded with contezolid acefosamil (MRX-4) for antimicrobial potency, prevention and killing efficacy of MRSA biofilm.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1657099}, pmid = {41064445}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potency and duration of contezolid acefosamil (MRX-4) combined with gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms in vitro. We also compared its performance, when delivered via calcium sulfate (CS) and β-tricalcium phosphate/calcium sulfate (β-TCP/CS) carriers, with the conventional vancomycin + gentamicin regimen.<br><br>METHODS: Antibiotic-loaded beads containing MRX-4 + gentamicin (C + G) or vancomycin + gentamicin (V + G) were prepared using CS and &#x3b2;-TCP/CS carriers. Antimicrobial potency and release duration were assessed using a modified Kirby-Bauer zone of inhibition (ZOI) assay. MRSA biofilm prevention and eradication were evaluated through colony forming unit (CFU) counting and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).<br><br>RESULTS: C + G demonstrated prolonged antimicrobial activity, maintaining effective ZOIs for at least 40 days, whereas V + G lost activity by day 40 (P < 0.05). Both C + G and V + G significantly prevented biofilm formation and reduced CFUs by > 8 logs (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between carrier types. In biofilm eradication assays, both treatments reduced CFUs by 3-4 logs; however, C + G showed superior efficacy over V + G at day 3 (P < 0.01). CLSM confirmed substantial biofilm disruption and bacterial killing in C + G-treated groups.<br><br>CONCLUSION: MRX-4 combined with gentamicin, delivered via CS and &#x3b2;-TCP/CS carriers, exhibits superior and sustained local antimicrobial efficacy compared to vancomycin, particularly in eradicating MRSA biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid41064251, year = {2025}, author = {Mendez, AR and Pybus, C and Greenberg, DE}, title = {Antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers retain activity in Burkholderia cepacia complex biofilm.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1660799}, pmid = {41064251}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are known to cause severe pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts, namely individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Due to innate antibiotic-resistant phenotypes and the formation of protective biofilms, Bcc bacteria are difficult to eradicate from colonized lungs using traditional antibiotics. An alternative therapeutic approach involves the use of antisense molecules, specifically peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs). Previously, we found that PPMOs targeting the acyl carrier protein (AcpP) can reduce the burden of planktonic Bcc bacteria.<br><br>METHODS: Antimicrobial activities of AcpP PPMOs were assessed against established biofilms produced by Bcc clinical isolates, in which viable cells, biomass, and metabolic activity were enumerated. Bactericidal effects were further evaluated by microscopy. Cytotoxicity of these molecules was tested in human pulmonary cell lines.<br><br>RESULTS: AcpP PPMO treatment resulted in over three-log reductions (p <&#x202f;0.0001) in biofilm burden across five clinical isolates of Bcc that were tested. A dose-dependent effect was observed (5-40&#x202f;&#x3bc;&#x39c;). This effect was visualized using confocal and scanning electron microscopy. We further demonstrated that PPMOs associate with bacterial cells in a time-dependent fashion using a fluorescently labeled AcpP PPMO with B. cenocepacia K56-2 DsRed. Finally, alveolar cells retained viability with AcpP PPMOs at bactericidal dosages.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The Bcc biofilm setting is not a deterrent against PPMO delivery or antimicrobial activity. This is supported by the colocalization of AcpP PPMOs with cells, membrane destruction, loss of cell viability, and biomass reduction. Collectively, these data provide evidence that AcpP PPMOs are a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Bcc infections.}, }
@article {pmid41062070, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, Y and Mahdi, R and Al-Hilfy Leon, A and Vo, N and Lofgren, R and Mutabazi, JL and Piepenbrink, KH}, title = {Variation in type IV pilus stability modulates DNA uptake and biofilm formation.}, journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry}, volume = {301}, number = {11}, pages = {110787}, pmid = {41062070}, issn = {1083-351X}, support = {P20 GM113126/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; *Acinetobacter/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *DNA, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Type IV pili (T4P) are helical filaments composed of protein subunits, which are produced by numerous taxa of bacteria, including Acinetobacter. T4P are extended out from the cell by extension of enzyme complexes, which extract subunits from the membrane and insert them into the base of the filament, but can also be retracted by reverse rotation catalyzed by a retraction enzyme. T4P have diverse functions, including twitching motility and DNA uptake, which require retraction, and host adhesion and bacterial aggregation, which do not require retraction. Acinetobacter bacteria, including International Clone I (IC-I) and International Clone II (IC-II) strains, show variable phenotypes in assays of T4P-dependent functions. Here, we show that this variation is the result of differentiation of T4P subtypes in Acinetobacter, which we defined based on the sequence of the major subunit, PilA. These subtypes show variable efficiency in pilus retraction between pilus subtypes, and from that, a differential balance between retraction-dependent and retraction-independent functions. In both naturally occurring pilA variants from the IC-I and IC-II groups and isogenic strains complemented with IC-I or IC-II pilA, the IC-I pilus subtype promotes greater twitching motility and DNA uptake, whereas the IC-II pilus subtype promotes biofilm formation while showing reduced capacity for DNA uptake and twitching motility, similar to a retraction-deficient mutant and consistent with the hypothesis that pilus retraction of the IC-II pilus is naturally deficient. This defect in retraction was sufficient to increase the level of piliation on the cell surface when we compared the yields of T4P sheared from the cell surface from IC-I pilA and IC-II pilA complements in an isogenic background. Complementation with IC-II pilA results in greater levels of surface PilA per cell than equivalent complementation with an IC-I pilA gene. In addition, direct comparisons of pilus stability between T4P isolated from IC-I pilA and IC-II pilA complements show greater thermostability for the IC-II pili, supporting the hypothesis that pilus stability can impede retraction and increase piliation.}, }
@article {pmid41061652, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, LD and Lai, CY and Oren, Y and Gilron, J and Ronen, Z and Zhao, HP}, title = {Anion-exchange membrane coupled with methane-fed biofilm enables efficient co-removal of perchlorate and nitrate.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124687}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124687}, pmid = {41061652}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Perchlorates/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Nitrates/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Methane/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Water Purification/methods ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Ion Exchange ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {Perchlorate and nitrate frequently co-occur in contaminated water posing significant risks to human health and the environment. However, their simultaneous and highly efficient removal remains a critical technical challenge. We report a high-performance hybrid system integrating Donnan exchange through an anion-exchange membrane (AEM) with reduction in methane-fed bio-reactor (AEM-MBfR), achieving high ClO4[-] and NO3[-] removal efficiencies. The AEM-MBfR attained volumetric removal fluxes up to 902.17 μg ClO4[-]·L[-1]·d[-1] and 22.74 mg N·L[-1]·d[-1], representing 9.6- and 1.6-fold increases, respectively, over a standalone MBfR. Mechanistic analysis revealed that enzyme-independent Donnan dialysis in the AEM module enriched ClO4[-] into the MBfR zone, alleviating the competitive advantage of NO3[-] reduction over ClO4[-]. This enrichment significantly enhanced bioreduction kinetics, enabling sustained high-throughput treatment. Multi-omics profiling identified a syntrophic microbial network dominated by Methylocystis, Methylosinus and Hyphomicrobium, with elevated transcription of key functional genes that drive ClO4[-] and NO3[-] reduction. Notably, VFAs-mediated electron transfer facilitated tight metabolic coupling between methanotrophs and denitrifiers. Compared to other MBfRs, the AEM-MBfR achieved one of the highest reported ClO4[-] removal fluxes. Coupled with the low cost of methane and NaCl, this study demonstrates a scalable and economically viable strategy for remediating anion-contaminated water through membrane-enhanced microbial processes.}, }
@article {pmid41061487, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Liu, M and Xu, T and Yuan, X and Liu, Z and Chen, H and Zhang, J and Ding, Y and Wu, Q and Wang, J}, title = {Characterization of a novel phage vB_YenP_WW2 for the inhibition against Yersinia enterocolitica biofilm and application in raw meat and milk.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {444}, number = {}, pages = {111468}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111468}, pmid = {41061487}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Yersinia enterocolitica/virology/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacteriophages/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Animals ; *Milk/microbiology ; *Meat/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; Host Specificity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica is a significant zoonotic pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal disease. In this study, vB_YenP_WW2 (WW2), a novel bacteriophage specific to Y. enterocolitica, was isolated and characterized. Stability analysis revealed that WW2 can retain its activity across a wide range of pH (4-12) and temperatures (4-60 °C). Host range analysis showed that WW2 exhibits broad lytic activity against various Y. enterocolitica strains, with a lysis rate of 27 %. Within 3 h, WW2 effectively reduced the bacterial load in raw meat and milk to undetectable levels. Additionally, WW2 significantly inhibited biofilm formation on polyethylene over 36 h and reduced biofilm formation by 70 % on stainless steel after 18 h of incubation. Compared to previously reported Y. enterocolitica phages, WW2 displayed a shorter latent period and stronger preventive effects against both Y. enterocolitica and its biofilms. These results suggested that WW2 holds promise as a novel antimicrobial agent against Y. enterocolitica.}, }
@article {pmid41060069, year = {2025}, author = {Varner, E and Meyer, M and Whalen, J and Wang, Y-H and Rodriguez, C and Malik, I and Mullet, SJ and Gelhaus, SL and DePas, WH}, title = {Intracellular glutamine fluctuates with nitrogen availability and regulates Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {207}, number = {11}, pages = {e0025225}, pmid = {41060069}, issn = {1098-5530}, support = {R01 AI170607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD032141/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; BOMBER21R3//Cystic Fibrosis Foundation/ ; R01-AI170607//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; S10-OD032141/CD/ODCDC CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Mycobacterium smegmatis/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Glutamine/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Glucose/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can form biofilms during human infection and in household plumbing systems, so understanding biofilm regulation could help us better treat and prevent NTM infections. Glucose drives NTM aggregation in vitro, and ammonium inhibits it, but the regulatory systems controlling this early step in biofilm formation are not understood. Here, in the model NTM Mycobacterium smegmatis, we show that multiple carbon and nitrogen sources have similar impacts on aggregation as glucose and ammonium , suggesting that the response to these nutrients is general and likely sensed through downstream, integrated signals. Next, we performed a transposon screen in M. smegmatis to uncover these putative regulatory nodes. Our screen revealed that mutating specific genes in the purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis pathways caused an aggregation defect, but supplementing with adenosine and guanosine had no impact on aggregation either in a purF mutant or WT. Realizing that the only genes we hit in purine or pyrimidine biosynthesis were those that utilized glutamine as a nitrogen donor, we pivoted to the hypothesis that intracellular glutamine could be a nitrogen-responsive node affecting aggregation. We tested this hypothesis in a defined M63 medium using targeted mass spectrometry. Indeed, intracellular glutamine increased with nitrogen availability and correlated with planktonic growth. Furthermore, a garA mutant, which has an artificially expanded glutamine pool in the growth phase, grew solely as planktonic cells even without nitrogen supplementation. Altogether, these results establish that intracellular glutamine controls M. smegmatis aggregation, and they introduce flux-dependent sensors as key components of the NTM biofilm regulatory system.IMPORTANCEA subset of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium abscessus, are opportunistic pathogens that can cause severe pulmonary infections. Biofilm formation renders M. abscessus more tolerant to antibiotics; hence, the ability to inhibit NTM biofilm formation could help us better prevent and treat NTM infections. However, the regulatory systems controlling NTM biofilm formation, which could include targets for anti-biofilm therapeutics, are poorly understood. The significance of this work is that it reveals intracellular glutamine as an important node controlling the initiation of biofilm formation in the model NTM Mycobacterium smegmatis. Building on this foundation, future studies will investigate how NTM biofilms can be dispersed by altering glutamine levels and will describe how NTM translates intracellular glutamine to the alteration of surface adhesins.}, }
@article {pmid41058107, year = {2025}, author = {Olimpo, D and D'Angelo, C and Imbimbo, P and Morelli, M and Tutino, ML and Carpentieri, A and Monti, DM and Notomista, E and Parrilli, E}, title = {Novel Insights Into the Struggle Against Biofilm: The PsyOmp38 Protein From the Antarctic Marine Bacterium Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020.}, journal = {Microbial biotechnology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {e70249}, pmid = {41058107}, issn = {1751-7915}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Psychrobacter/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Antarctic Regions ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/pharmacology/metabolism/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/pharmacology/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Antibiofilm molecules can enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics and prevent biofilm formation. Antarctic marine bacteria have been found to secrete antibiofilm molecules, likely as part of a strategy for competitive survival. The protein-polysaccharide complex CATASAN, produced by the Antarctic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020, has been shown to interfere with all stages of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm development. This study investigates the contribution of PsyOmp38, the protein component of CATASAN, to the complex's antibiofilm activity. The protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterised, revealing its ability to inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to surfaces, interfere with biofilm formation, and disrupt mature biofilms. Following biocompatibility assessment, PsyOmp38 was tested in combination with vancomycin as a potential treatment for established infections, revealing a reduction in the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of vancomycin. The potential of PsyOmp38 for material functionalisation was also explored. The protein was deposited onto silicone-based surfaces, and the coated materials were tested in a continuous-flow system that simulated real-life conditions. Additionally, the three-dimensional structure of PsyOmp38 was predicted and compared with homologous proteins. The structural analysis not only revealed the unique features of PsyOmp38 but also provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its antibiofilm activity.}, }
@article {pmid41057678, year = {2025}, author = {Mekky, AE and Saied, E and Al-Habibi, MM and Shouaib, ZA and Hasaballah, AI and Rashed, ME and Khalel, AF and Alshammari, AN and Youssef, FS and Al-Shahat, AM and Alfaifi, MY and Elbehairi, SEI and Aufy, M and Selim, TA}, title = {Correction: Eco‑friendly biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from Amphimedon compressa with antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and insecticidal properties against diseases vectors.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {34847}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-22309-3}, pmid = {41057678}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41055238, year = {2025}, author = {Soimu, G and Parolia, A and Masiero, AV and Qian, F and Moninger, T and Banas, JA and Teixeira, FB}, title = {Efficacy of Supplementary Irrigation Methods Against Bacterial Biofilm-Infected Root Canals Prepared With Minimally Invasive and Conventional Techniques.}, journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/aej.70024}, pmid = {41055238}, issn = {1747-4477}, support = {202404307//Univeristy of Iowa College of Dentsitry/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the effectiveness of the GentleWave system (GWS), laser-activated irrigation (LAI), ultrasonic-activated irrigation (UAI) and sonic irrigation (SI) in removing a three-species biofilm from infected root canals prepared using minimally invasive techniques (MIT) and conventional instrumentation techniques (CIT). One hundred and ten single-canalled mandibular premolars were infected with the biofilm and assigned to five groups based on the supplementary irrigation method used. Biofilm removal was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the CIT group, GWS resulted in a significantly higher proportion of dead cells compared to UAI and SI (p < 0.05), with no significant difference between GWS and LAI. In the MIT group, no significant differences were observed among the irrigation methods (p > 0.05). Although none of the approaches completely eliminated the biofilm, GWS and LAI were more effective than UAI and SI.}, }
@article {pmid41054241, year = {2025}, author = {Madej-Gajewska, M and Janek, T and Gosecka, M and Gosecki, M and Urbaniak, M and Wielgus, E and John, &#x141;}, title = {Reversibly Cross-Linked Asymmetric Hybrid Open-Polysilsesquioxane Films Enhancing Clotrimazole Bioavailability and Anti-Candida Mature Biofilm Activity for Vaginal Therapy.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {17}, number = {41}, pages = {56730-56748}, pmid = {41054241}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Clotrimazole/pharmacology/chemistry/pharmacokinetics ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/pharmacokinetics ; *Organosilicon Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Female ; Biological Availability ; Drug Carriers/chemistry ; Drug Liberation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Vulvovaginal candidiasis, primarily caused by Candida albicans, presents a significant therapeutic challenge due to fungal biofilm formation and the poor aqueous solubility of azole antifungals like clotrimazole, CLT. Films are increasingly favored as antimicrobial drug carriers due to their capacity to provide prolonged vaginal retention, extended shelf life, and simplified storage compared to traditional drug forms. Current film formulations, however, often suffer from nonuniform drug distribution, uncontrolled drug release, and compromised structural integrity. To overcome these limitations, we developed novel, water-swellable polymeric networks designed for enhanced clotrimazole bioavailability and potent anti-Candida biofilm activity. Our strategy involved the reversible cross-linking of unique asymmetric open-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) cages, functionalized with both hydrophobic, i.e., phenyl (IC-POSS[Ph]) or isobutyl (IC-POSS[iBu]) groups and bearing hydrophilic 1,2-diol moieties, with poly(dimethylacrylamide-2-acrylamidephenylboronic acid) (P(DMAM-2-AAPBA)) copolymers. We tailored the copolymer composition to achieve precise control over the network cross-linking density. Comprehensive characterization, including [11]B NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, and SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), elucidated the structure-property relationships. We demonstrated that IC-POSS[Ph] cages intrinsically prevent CLT crystallization, likely via π-π-stacking interactions, facilitating homogeneous drug distribution. Conversely, while IC-POSS[iBu] cages showed less inherent drug compatibility, the P(DMAM-2-AAPBA) copolymers were crucial for achieving uniform CLT dispersion within these networks. Our studies revealed that higher 2-AAPBA content in the copolymer increased network cross-linking density, leading to slower drug release. Moreover, π-π interactions between IC-POSS[Ph] cages in the networks contributed to a reduced swelling capacity and evidently slower drug release. Crucially, biological evaluations confirmed that these CLT-loaded polymeric films significantly enhanced antifungal efficacy against both planktonic C. albicans strains (ATCC 10231 and SC5314) and mature Candida biofilms, outperforming free CLT. This superior performance is attributed to the networks' ability to maintain CLT in the molecular state and enable its controlled release, thereby improving its bioavailability at the target site. The elaborated films also exhibited good cytocompatibility. This work highlights how subtle structural modifications in network components are crucial to achieving desired biological functions, representing a promising advance for antifungal drug delivery and, in general, hydrophobic drug carriers in various biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41053638, year = {2025}, author = {Sahin, MA and Yenidunya, OG and Kaleli, I and Atca, M}, title = {Surface roughness and biofilm formation on tooth-colored restorative materials immersed in food-simulating liquids.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1543}, pmid = {41053638}, issn = {1472-6831}, support = {#2023D&#x130;&#x15e;F007//Scientific Research Projects Committee of Pamukkale University with Grant/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Surface Properties ; Composite Resins/chemistry ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Dental Materials/chemistry ; Citric Acid/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Food ; Materials Testing ; Saliva, Artificial/chemistry ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; Humans ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness and biofilm formation of different restorative materials immersed in food-simulating liquids (FSLs), and to investigate the relationship between these parameters.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 220 disc-shaped specimens (8&#xa0;mm diameter&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;2&#xa0;mm depth) were prepared using five restorative materials: alkasite [Cention N], giomer [Beautifil II], ormocer [Admira Fusion], direct composite [G-&#xe6;nial A'Chord], and indirect composite [Gradia Plus] (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;44 per material). Each material group was divided into four subgroups (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;11), immersed in one of four solutions-heptane, ethanol, citric acid, or artificial saliva (control)-for 7&#xa0;days, resulting in a total of 20 experimental subgroups. In each subgroup of 11 specimens, 10 were used for both surface roughness measurements (before and after immersion) and bacterial adhesion assessment using the colony-forming unit (CFU) method, while one was reserved for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Additionally, data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and statistical analyses were performed using robust ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Alkasite and giomer exhibited significantly higher surface roughness values, whereas indirect composite presented the lowest (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Regarding the immersion solutions, citric acid led to the most pronounced increase in surface roughness compared to the other solutions, while heptane had the least impact (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Consistent with these findings, alkasite and giomer demonstrated the highest levels of bacterial adhesion, in contrast to direct and indirect composite, which showed the lowest (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.008). Furthermore, citric acid resulted in the greatest microbial retention among the solutions, and heptane the least (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The restorative materials exhibited varying degrees of susceptibility to the tested solutions. Alkasite and giomer showed the most pronounced surface changes, whereas the indirect composite group was the least affected. Among the solutions, citric acid caused the greatest surface alterations, while heptane had the least impact. Surface roughness emerged as a key factor influencing microbial retention on restorative materials.}, }
@article {pmid41050920, year = {2025}, author = {Tan, L and Sutton, K and Murphy, SV and Levi, N}, title = {Farnesol emulsion for elimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a 3D airway model of cystic fibrosis.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100317}, pmid = {41050920}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Cystic fibrosis (CF), a life-shortening genetic disease, is hallmarked by mucus obstruction, respiratory deficiency, and chronic bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common virulent respiratory pathogen that is detrimental to the overall survival of CF patients. Here we evaluate the efficacy of farnesol emulsion, a broad-spectrum agent recently used to combat P. aeruginosa biofilm infections, for reducing P. aeruginosa infections in CF using a three-dimensional (3D) airway "organ tissue equivalent" (OTE) model. OTEs are fabricated using cells derived from human primary cells sourced from CF donors (CF-OTEs), which accurately recapitulate multiple key traits of human CF airways, including increased mucin accumulation and lower cilium beating frequency, compared to OTEs derived from normal donors (N-OTEs). The OTE model closely approximates the native CF condition to provide a platform where both mucoid and nonmucoid P. aeruginosa establish biofilms. Luminescence quantification and viable bacterial enumeration demonstrated that more P. aeruginosa biofilm mass developed upon CF-OTEs compared to non-CF (normal) OTEs. The capability to establish infection and biofilm formation, without acute tissue toxicity, allows for rapid discrimination of therapeutic efficacy in an accurate, human in vitro model. Farnesol emulsion disrupted P. aeruginosa biofilms in situ and also protected OTE lung cell viability. We propose that the 3D airway OTE infection model is a reliable preclinical tool for CF drug screening, with farnesol emulsion being a prospective drug candidate to treat P. aeruginosa biofilm infections in CF.}, }
@article {pmid41050759, year = {2025}, author = {Ren, L and Yuan, Y and Farea, K and Feng, X and He, J and Liu, Y and Zheng, B}, title = {The adaptability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in oxygen-limited environments.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1655335}, pmid = {41050759}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/genetics/metabolism/drug effects ; *Oxygen/metabolism ; Quorum Sensing ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Humans ; Anaerobiosis ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Phenazines/metabolism ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Under oxygen-limited conditions, the adaptability and underlying mechanisms of bacterial biofilms have become key areas of interest in microbiology and clinical infection research. Within biofilms-composed of bacterial communities and extracellular matrix-an oxygen gradient commonly forms, resulting in hypoxic or even anoxic microenvironments. Such conditions substantially increase biofilm antibiotic resistance and facilitate the persistence of chronic infections. This review systematically summarizes the adaptive strategies employed by biofilms in hypoxic environments, including anaerobic metabolism, phenazine-mediated electron shuttling, and virulence factor regulation. These adaptive responses are governed by genes involved in anaerobic metabolism, quorum sensing systems, and the secondary messenger 3,5-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP), which collectively influence biofilm formation. Key transcriptional regulators such as Anr and Dnr, the two-component system NarXL, along with specific functional genes, form an intricate regulatory network. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the adaptive mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms under oxygen-limited conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of novel anti-infective therapies, targeting the biofilm infection microenvironment in cystic fibrosis and chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41050202, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Fu, B and Zhang, H and Li, M and Peng, X and Niu, H and Chen, Y and Zhu, C and Liu, J and Liu, D and Ying, H}, title = {Biofilm-based continuous secretion of human lysozyme through cell-surface display of FimH on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.}, journal = {Synthetic and systems biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {28-36}, pmid = {41050202}, issn = {2405-805X}, abstract = {Biofilms enhance microbial tolerance to harsh environments while preserving cellular activity over prolonged periods. Although biofilm-based continuous fermentation is widely applied for production of small-molecule chemicals, its application to macromolecular protein production has been rarely reported. Here, FimH, an adhesin from E. coli fimbriae that is employed for mannose-specific adherence and promotes biofilm formation, was displayed on the surface of S. cerevisiae using the anchoring proteins Sag1C, Sed1, Cwp2 and Ccw12, resulting in an 80-150 % enhancement in biofilm formation. Among them, Sed1 was the most effective, followed by Sag1C. A biofilm-based fermentation system for continuous secretion of human lysozyme (hLYZ) was established via cell-surface display of FimH in S. cerevisiae, achieving stable operation for over 350 h. The engineered strain BY4742-Sag1C-hlyz achieved an average extracellular hLYZ activity of 113.1 U/mL, significantly higher than the control BY4742-hlyz (41.6 U/mL), owing to enhanced cell adhesion that increased the total cell number in biofilm-based fermentation. Its productivity reached 2.36 U/mL/h, representing a 77.4 % increase compared with free-cell fermentation of BY4742-hlyz (1.33 U/mL/h). In conclusion, this study first achieved heterologous expression of a bacterial biofilm-forming gene in S. cerevisiae, enhancing biofilm formation and providing a reference for future expression of bacterial biofilm-related genes in yeast. Furthermore, biofilm-based fermentation enabled continuous secretion of hLYZ, highlighting a promising strategy for continuous production of recombinant proteins.}, }
@article {pmid41050139, year = {2026}, author = {Pang, X and Zhang, C and Xiao, Q and Cheng, Y and Dai, Q and Chen, H and Tan, S and Liu, G and Zeng, Y}, title = {Sonotheranostic nanosideromycin eradicates bacterial biofilm infections via ultrasound-detonated ROS generation and ferroptosis-like death.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {241-256}, pmid = {41050139}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Biofilm formation poses a severe challenge to antibacterial stewardship. While siderophore-antibiotic conjugates (termed as sideromycins) offer a promising solution, their efficacy is inherently limited by antibiotic resistance. To transcend this barrier, we pioneer a transformative siderophore-sonosensitizer conjugate through covalent linkage of a catechol siderophore to purpurin 18 (a sonosensitizer). This novel conjugate further self-assembles with iron(III) ions, forming the first-reported carrier-free nanosideromycin-an all-in-on iron-siderophore-sonosensitizer nanoplatform. This design enables ultrasound-denotated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ferroptosis-like amplication. Capitalizing on bacteria-specific siderophore uptake and pH-responsive assembly/disassembly, the nanosideromycin enables precision delivery and active internalization of sonosensitizers into bacteria. This strategy permits real-time localization of infections via concurrent fluorescence/photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging. Upon ultrasound irradiation, dual antimicrobial mechanisms of sonosensitizer-mediated sonodynamic therapy and siderophore/iron-augmented sono-Fenton catalysis are stimuonously unleashed, synergistically tirggering an explosive ROS burst and potent ferroptosis-like bacterial death. As a result, mice with multidrug-resistant biofilm-induced pyomyositis were completely cured. Collectively, this first-in-class theranostic nanosideromycin integrates highly-targeted imaging diagnostics, cost-effective yet ultra-efficient ROS generation, and ferroptosis-like bacterial killing, establishing a paradigm-shifting strategy for biofilm therapy with spatiotemporal controllability.}, }
@article {pmid41047914, year = {2025}, author = {Nouraei, H and Amirzadeh, N and Ahmadi, F and Pakshir, K}, title = {A Comparative Evaluation of Exoenzyme Production, Biofilm Development, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity in Dominant Genotypes of Candida albicans.}, journal = {Journal of clinical laboratory analysis}, volume = {39}, number = {22}, pages = {e70115}, pmid = {41047914}, issn = {1098-2825}, support = {31009//Shiraz University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/genetics/enzymology/physiology/pathogenicity ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Genotype ; Phospholipases/metabolism ; Humans ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Candida albicans exhibits significant genotypic diversity, and genotypes A and C are the most predominant clinical isolates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the virulence traits of these genotypes, focusing on exoenzyme production, biofilm formation, and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) property.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 15 genotype A and 15 genotype C clinical C. albicans isolates were evaluated for proteinase, phospholipase, and esterase activities using standard methods. Biofilm formation was quantified using a microtiter plate assay, and CSH was measured using a water-octane two-phase assay.<br><br>RESULTS: The study found that Genotype C had higher proteinase and phospholipase activity but no esterase production, while 40% of Genotype A isolates showed strong esterase activity. Biofilm formation and CSH did not differ significantly, though Genotype A trended toward stronger biofilm formation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights how genotypic variation in C. albicans influences virulence, with Genotype C exhibiting a distinct profile (high proteinase/phospholipase, no esterase) that may enhance pathogenicity, while Genotype A shows adaptability through variable enzyme production and stronger biofilm trends. These differences underscore the need for genotype-specific diagnostics and targeted therapies to improve candidiasis treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41047754, year = {2025}, author = {Gilmore, AL and Vu, H and Hylen, KM and Adams, J and Epperson, RT and Kawaguchi, B and Garrett, C and Ashton, NN and Cozzone, E and Florek, CA and Armbruster, DA and Rothberg, DL and Williams, DL}, title = {In Vivo Efficacy of an Antibiotic Wound Gel in a Sheep Model of Bone Trauma and Biofilm-Related Infection.}, journal = {Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials}, volume = {113}, number = {10}, pages = {e35669}, doi = {10.1002/jbm.b.35669}, pmid = {41047754}, issn = {1552-4981}, support = {W81XWH-20-1-0378//Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Sheep ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Tobramycin/pharmacology/chemistry ; Gels ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology/pathology ; }, abstract = {Traumatic extremity injuries suffer a high probability of infection and often amputation due to contamination and delays in treatment. Military service members are predisposed to injury while engaged in conflict, yet current military adherence to antibiotic administration protocols following traumatic injury is lacking. Moreover, systemic antibiotic prophylaxis might not effectively eradicate biofilm throughout the wound site. Previously, an antibiotic wound gel was created to address current limitations of prophylactic antibiotic treatment in austere environments, particularly the battlefield, by offering a simple solution to control the release of tobramycin over a one-week period. We hypothesized that tobramycin eluted from the gel would effectively manage biofilm-related infection when tested in a large animal model of traumatic long-bone injury. Sheep were either treated with tobramycin-loaded gel or gel alone, and the reduction in bioburden was determined by quantifying tissue and inoculation substrates after a one-week period. Results indicated the wound gel was effective at managing biofilm in this model, with no detectable growth observed in tissues collected from treated animals. Further, the antibiotic-loaded wound gel significantly reduced the severity of the inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue. Biofilm presence was confirmed in scanning electron and light microscopy images of tissues treated with gel alone. Additionally, reactive bone growth, a characteristic of biofilm infection, was consistently observed in all untreated animals but appeared effectively managed in those treated with the antibiotic wound gel. Localized delivery of a broad-spectrum antibiotic from a controlled-release gel can improve adherence to antibiotic administration guidelines and has a greater potential to stabilize biofilm-contaminated wound sites quickly after injury while also mitigating a severe inflammatory response.}, }
@article {pmid41047352, year = {2025}, author = {Seraphina, K and Furukido, R and Isobe, N and Nii, T and Kurokawa, Y and Suzuki, N}, title = {Effect of lactoferrin on biofilm formation of bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus species.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {87}, number = {12}, pages = {1373-1381}, pmid = {41047352}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Cattle ; *Lactoferrin/pharmacology ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; Female ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Milk/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The most common bovine mastitis pathogen is the Staphylococcus species, consisting of Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding protein with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. Lf has a metal-free form (apo-Lf) and a natural form (native-Lf), and their differences were reported to affect their activity against bacteria. However, its effects on bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus spp. remain unclear. Fifteen S. aureus and 49 NAS strains were isolated from bovine mastitis cases, and their growth and biofilm-forming abilities were observed. Bacterial growth and biofilm formation were observed by culturing each strain with/without bovine milk apo-/native-lactoferrin (200 μg/mL). Without Lf treatment, the growth and biofilm formation abilities of S. aureus were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those of NAS. The growth of S. aureus and NAS significantly decreased during apo-Lf treatment and significantly reduced the total amount of biofilm produced by S. aureus whereas native-LF treatment did not affect the growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus species. These results confirmed the ability of Lf to act as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm substance against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus spp., although various responses from each strain were observed. Additionally, the iron-binding state of Lf affected growth but did not affect the biofilm formation ability. Differences in the responses of Staphylococcus strains to Lf may help explain their pathogenicity, requiring further research.}, }
@article {pmid41046791, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, H and Chen, H and Ruan, C and Liao, J and Schwarz, C and Shi, B and Alvarez, PJJ and Yu, P}, title = {Nanoplastics induce prophage activation and quorum sensing to enhance biofilm mechanical and chemical resilience.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124712}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124712}, pmid = {41046791}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Prophages/physiology/drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Virus Activation/drug effects ; *Microplastics ; Polystyrenes ; }, abstract = {Despite the prevalence of nanoplastics (NPs) in natural and engineered water systems and their association with microbial risks, bacterium-phage interactions have been largely overlooked in the context of biofilm formation. Here, we investigated the effects of positively (PS-NH2) and negatively (PS-COOH) charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on dual-species biofilms composed of Escherichia coli (λ+) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PS-NPs promoted biofilm formation and stability at environmentally relevant concentrations (e.g., 100-1000 ng/L), with PS-NH2 exhibiting higher influence. The cellular internalization of PS-NPs increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by 2.18-2.25 folds, triggered prophage λ activation followed by lysis of E. coli (λ+) after exposure to PS-NPs. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that PS-NPs, especially PS-NH2, activated the SOS response (2.35-2.63-fold), λ phage replication (2.68-3.97-fold), and interspecies quorum sensing (2.24-5.13-fold), which was verified by the proteomic analyses. Therefore, PS-NPs stimulated protective extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion with eDNA content increased to 325.8-433.8 μg/cm[2]. Enhanced EPS production contributed to improved biofilm mechanical properties (1.46-1.57-fold as measured by atomic force microscopy) and increased resistance to chlorine disinfection. Metagenomic analysis of pipeline biofilm demonstrated that PS-NPs promoted bacterium-phage interactions and enhanced bacterial antiviral defense systems, which stimulated multi-species biofilm formation and enhanced environmental resilience. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the interplay between nanoplastics and bacterium-phage dynamics, highlighting increased microbial risks associated with waterborne nanoplastics.}, }
@article {pmid41045105, year = {2026}, author = {Jyoti,  and Arya, S and Peng, X and Pumera, M}, title = {Virus Enhanced Microrobots for Biofilm Eradication.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {e08299}, pmid = {41045105}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {EXPRO: 25-15484X//Czech Republic/ ; CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004587//ERDF/ESF project TECHSCALE/ ; CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048//European Union under the REFRESH - Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries/ ; LM2023050//European Union under the REFRESH - Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries/ ; //MEYSCR/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Robotics ; Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilms pose significant challenges in biomedical, industrial, and environmental applications due to their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents. This study introduced an innovative and effective strategy for biofilm eradication by employing virus-conjugated microrobots (virus@microbots). These biofunctionalized microrobots are synthesized via the hydrothermal method, followed by the functionalization of the viruses. The synergy of microrobots' active movement and the virus's specificity boosted biofilm removal by enabling targeted binding, penetration, and effective delivery into the biofilm matrices. Additionally, compared to microrobots alone, virus@microbots significantly accelerated and refined the process. By integrating biological specificity with magnetic responsiveness, this approach demonstrated the efficacy of virus@microbots as a viable antibacterial strategy for biofilm elimination, offering a promising antibacterial platform for combating biofilm-associated infections. Future research should focus on optimizing microrobot design and viral conjugation protocols to enhance scalability and therapeutic specificity, paving the way for clinical translation and broader applications in infection control.}, }
@article {pmid41044369, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, M and Liu, M and Yang, W and Qin, P and Zhang, Y and Yu, D}, title = {Impact of hcp and vgrG on Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation during infection of human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {34632}, pmid = {41044369}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Humans ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Alveolar Epithelial Cells/microbiology/metabolism ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/metabolism ; Pulmonary Alveoli/microbiology ; Type VI Secretion Systems/metabolism/genetics ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of key type VI secretion system (T6SS) proteins hemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp) and valine-glycine repeat protein G (VgrG) on the metabolism of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). Homologous recombination technology was used to construct hcp knockout strain (ATCC17978Δhcp), vgrG knockout strain (ATCC17978ΔvgrG), and a combined hcp and vgrG knockout strain (ATCC17978ΔhcpΔvgrG), with the wild-type A. baumannii strain (ATCC17978) used as a control. These strains were co-cultured with human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC), respectively. Subsequently, a non-targeted metabolomic analysis of the co-culture supernatant, bacteria, and cells was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the bacterial three-pair comparison groups, the major differential metabolites were organic acids and derivatives, as well as organic oxygen compounds (p < 0.05). Further analysis of the major differential metabolites in bacteria revealed five common metabolites with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), which were N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 6-phosphate, 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate, N-Acetylneuraminic acid, and N-acetylmuramoyl-Ala. The annotation of the above five differential metabolites identified five common metabolic pathways with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Among these, phosphotransferase system (PTS) showed significant statistical differences (p = 0.01, p = 0.04, p = 0.03) in ATCC17978Δhcp, ATCC17978ΔvgrG, and ATCC17978ΔhcpΔvgrG. The deletion of hcp and the combined deletion of hcp and vgrG led to a downregulation of PTS overall expression, while the deletion of vgrG did not show a significant change in the overall expression level of PTS. The PTS shows a correlation with biofilm formation. The validation experiments demonstrated that ATCC17978Δhcp exhibited significant phenotypic defects, including reduced biofilm formation capacity and visible surface damage under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In contrast, ATCC17978ΔvgrG maintained wild-type levels of biofilm formation and intact bacterial morphology. Notably, ATCC17978ΔhcpΔvgrG displayed a unique phenotypic reversal, characterized by enhanced biofilm formation, intact bacterial structure, and increased extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion. However, all mutant strains exhibited decreased adhesion ability. The expression levels of biofilm-related genes in each strain showed a positive correlation with their biofilm formation capacity. These results demonstrate that while the PTS influences biofilm formation, it does not serve as the sole regulatory mechanism. The hcp gene plays a crucial role in biofilm formation, whereas the vgrG gene exhibits minimal impact on biofilm formation. Their co-deletion triggers compensatory pathways enhancing biofilm production.}, }
@article {pmid41043260, year = {2025}, author = {Gambardella, C and Basili, M and Castelli, F and Miroglio, R and Manini, E and Quero, GM and Almeda, R and Regoli, F and Faimali, M and Garaventa, F}, title = {Early biofilm colonization on traditional and biodegradable plastics in the Baltic Sea using a mesocosm approach.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {107592}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107592}, pmid = {41043260}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Bioplastics are promising alternatives to conventional plastics, but their potential entry into marine ecosystems highlights the need for a better understanding of their interactions with microbial communities, including their role in the plastisphere. Here, we characterized the early biofilm formation on traditional plastics and bioplastics using a mesocosm approach. We tested the hypothesis that distinct bacterial communities selectively colonize traditional and biodegradable plastics in the marine environment. Specifically, fragments of the petroleum-based plastic polypropylene (PP) and the bioplastics Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)- hydroxyvalerate (PHBv) and polylactic acid (PLA) were submerged in Baltic Sea mesocosms for three weeks. Biofilm colonization, prokaryotic abundance, and community composition were assessed through scanning electronic microscopy analysis, epifluorescence microscopy and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, respectively. Biofilm development increased over time on both traditional and bioplastics, with photosynthetic organisms appearing after 3 weeks. However, prokaryotic abundance decreased over time except on PLA surfaces. Prokaryotic communities' composition differed among biofilms formed on the different polymers. The microbial community associated with conventional plastic PP was more similar to that of the seawater in the control treatment, while biofilms on PLA and PHBv shared a higher degree of similarity with each other. These findings suggest that microbial communities selectively colonize different plastic types, with bioplastics supporting distinct and specific bacterial biofilm assemblages over three-week exposure. The great diversity observed in bioplastics, particularly PLA, suggests they may support more complex and potentially active plastisphere communities after only three weeks of exposure to the Baltic Sea.}, }
@article {pmid41042408, year = {2025}, author = {Singh, J and Agrawal, RK and Bankoti, K and Sarkar, R and Saini, M and Kashyap, K and Kumar, D and Sharma, GK and Jha, PN and Jain, S and Singh, BR}, title = {Antibacterial, anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {345}, pmid = {41042408}, issn = {1573-7446}, support = {CRG/2021/003683/BHS//Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; NAHEP CAAST-ACLH//Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Silver/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/pathogenicity ; Virulence/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for the effective treatment of infections; therefore, alternatives to antibiotics are being extensively researched to combat drug-resistant microbes. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using aqueous extracts of papaya leaves (Carica papaya), cannabis leaves (Cannabis sativa), and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometry. Biosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence potential by phenotypic and genotypic methods. AgNPs biosynthesized by all three extracts had spherical morphology and sizes in the nanoscale, average diameter ranging from 46.05 to 94.12 nm. Antibacterial susceptibility testing of S. aureus field isolates under study revealed 48% (24/50) and 38% (19/50) to be resistant to methicillin and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, respectively. Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized AgNPs against S. aureus strains was determined by the well diffusion method. AgNPs were found to be effective on 90.90% (50/55) S. aureus strains with a zone of inhibition varying from 10 to 21 mm. The AgNPs were also found to be effective on other important bacterial pathogens (viz. Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13070, Escherichia coli ATCC 43888, and Listeria monocytogenes MTCC 657) screened in the study with a ZOI of 15-18 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNPs against S. aureus ranged between 0.015625-0.125 mg/mL and 0.015625-0.25 mg/mL, respectively. In the time kill assay, AgNPs were able to kill S. aureus rapidly within 0.5-1.0 h. In the haemolytic assay, 4-9% haemolysis was observed at concentrations ranging from 0.015625 to 0.25 mg/mL of AgNPs. Biofilm-forming ability of all strains of S. aureus (n = 55) determined by crystal violet assay revealed that 87.27% (48/55) were biofilm formers, while 12.73% (7/55) were non-biofilm formers. Out of 48 biofilm-forming strains, 81.25% (39/48) were strong biofilm producers, 10.41% (5/48) were moderate biofilm producers, and 8.33% (4/48) were weak biofilm producers. Anti-biofilm effect of AgNPs was found at sub-MIC (0.03125 mg/mL), phenotypically. Exopolysaccharide production was found to be reduced by 53.38% indicating the anti-virulence potential of AgNPs at sub-MIC. Relative expression analysis revealed that AgNPs downregulated the expression of biofilm-related genes, namely icaC, icaD, and spa, by 14.2, 10.6, and 8.7-fold, respectively, compared to the control at 3 h of incubation. Other biofilm-related and virulence genes, including icaA, icaB, icaR, agr, ebps, fnb-B, sar-A, and katA, were also found to be downregulated by 7.4, 7.5, 6.2, 5, 4.2, 7.3, 4, and 3.6-fold, respectively, at 3 h. All the target genes were also found to be downregulated at 24 h post-treatment with AgNPs, except icaD, icaR, and agr, which were slightly upregulated. In the present study, AgNPs were successfully biosynthesized and found to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, reduce biofilm formation, and EPS production. Biosynthesized AgNPs has potential to be utilized as antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence agents against S. aureus, as alternative to conventional antibacterial agents.}, }
@article {pmid41041227, year = {2025}, author = {Sahai, S and Das, NK}, title = {Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: A global health threat.}, journal = {Journal of family medicine and primary care}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {3610-3611}, pmid = {41041227}, issn = {2249-4863}, }
@article {pmid41041072, year = {2025}, author = {You, W and Xiao, F and Cai, Z and Zhao, J and Zhang, Z and Hu, W and Chen, Y and Choy, KL and Wang, Z}, title = {Biofilm-disrupting heterojunction microneedles: dual ROS amplification and glucose deprivation for accelerated diabetic wound healing.}, journal = {Theranostics}, volume = {15}, number = {18}, pages = {9757-9774}, pmid = {41041072}, issn = {1838-7640}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Rats ; Glucose Oxidase/metabolism ; *Needles ; *Glucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; }, abstract = {Rationale: Diabetic wound healing process is critically hindered by bacterial infection, bacterial biofilm formation, and persistent hyperglycemia. Biomolecular microneedles represent a promising alternative to conventional therapies such as antibiotics and antibiotic-loaded wound dressings, owing to the advantages like reduced risk of drug resistance and enhanced long-term efficacy. However, the microneedles that fulfill the clinical needs of diabetic wounds have rarely been reported. Methods: A glucose oxidase (GOx)-laden Ti3C2/In2O3 (INTG) heterojunction was engineered as a nano-micro platform for reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification and glucose deprivation, and subsequently immobilized onto the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microneedle tips to obtain double-layer microneedles (GITG microneedles). Their physiochemical properties and biomedical applications were comprehensively investigated. Results: For INTG heterojunction, the formation of Schottky structure significantly improved the oxygen absorption capacity, facilitated the generation and migration of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby promoting the ROS generation. Besides, under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, GITG microneedles effectively inhibited bacterial proliferation and survival by generating ROS, thereby preventing the formation of bacterial biofilm. Additionally, GITG microneedles accelerated wound closure and facilitated skin tissue regeneration in a rat model through multiple mechanisms. Conclusion: This study developed an advanced microneedle platform enabling on-demand multimodal treatment, demonstrating significant potential for clinical diabetic wound management.}, }
@article {pmid41040988, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, Y and Lin, S and Huang, X and Zhou, W}, title = {From biofilm control to biomimetic remineralization: Hydrogels in prevention and treatment of dental caries.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1663563}, pmid = {41040988}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Hydrogels/therapeutic use/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology/therapy/drug therapy ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Saliva/microbiology ; Biomimetics/methods ; Tooth Remineralization/methods ; Biomineralization ; }, abstract = {Dental caries, a prevalent chronic bacterial disease globally, poses a significant threat to public health due to its complex pathogenesis involving demineralization and microbial dysbiosis. Hydrogels, with their unique three-dimensional network structures and diverse properties, have shown great potential in prevention and treatment of dental caries. This article systematically reviews recent advances in anti-caries hydrogel development. It first introduces the basis of anti-caries hydrogels, covering the applications of natural and semi-synthetic polymers as hydrogel matrices. Then, it elaborates on the mechanisms and research status of different types of anti-caries hydrogels, including probiotic formulations, antibacterial hydrogels, remineralization-inducing hydrogels, and saliva-related caries-reducing hydrogels. Finally, it summarizes the current research achievements and limitations and looks ahead to future research directions.}, }
@article {pmid41040982, year = {2025}, author = {Bennett, AN and Maziarz, JF and Laipply, B and Cole, AL and Woolard, KJ and Sorge, A and Zeiler, MJ and Melander, RJ and Melander, C and Gunn, JS}, title = {Mechanisms of antibiofilm compounds JG-1 and M4 across multiple species: alterations of protein interactions essential to biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1631575}, pmid = {41040982}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Enterobacter cloacae/drug effects/physiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/physiology ; Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Enterococcus faecium/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The majority of human bacterial pathogens have the ability to form biofilms in vivo on body tissues and implantable medical devices. Biofilm-mediated chronic bacterial infections are difficult to treat due to their recalcitrance to antimicrobials and immune effectors, often requiring invasive surgical intervention to clear the infection. The difficulty in effectively executing these treatment strategies underscores the need for therapeutic agents that specifically target the biofilm state. To this end, we previously identified two small molecules, JG-1 and M4, that in vitro effectively inhibit and disperse biofilms of Salmonella Typhimurium and members of the ESKAPE pathogen group, including Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In addition to its antibiofilm effects, M4 has a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. While these compounds have promising utility as antimicrobial agents, their mechanism of action remains unknown. By employing multiple techniques including RNAseq, thermal proteome profiling, and site directed mutagenesis, we identified multiple proteins essential to biofilm formation and evaluated their role in the presence of JG-1 and M4 in mutant and wildtype backgrounds. We report that the JG-1 and M4 actions are influenced by proteins important to biofilm maintenance, including OmpA, OmpC, and TrxA. Compound-bacteria interactions cause transcriptional changes that result in biofilm dispersal, and modulation of other virulence mechanisms, including invasion and motility. Additionally, we report that M4 interacts with S. aureus CodY, which promotes cell death, while the specific targets in S. Typhimurium and E. cloacae remain elusive. Collectively, this study presents an empirical investigation into JG-1 and M4's mechanism of action in S. Typhimurium, E. cloacae, and S. aureus, and how the antibiofilm compounds disrupt microbial community dynamics, ultimately driving biofilm dispersal or cell death.}, }
@article {pmid41040157, year = {2025}, author = {Withorn, JM and Ramcharan, K and Alfano, NE and Mendoza, AG and Fu, J and Guercio, D and MacDermott, A and Byrne, KE and Boon, EM}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses kinases NahK and RetS to control the motile-biofilm switch.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.09.24.678285}, pmid = {41040157}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {The multidrug-resistant bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) poses a significant threat to public health. This Gram-negative bacterium establishes pathogenicity through formation of multicellular communities, known as biofilms, that result in significant resistance to antibiotics and host immune systems. In Pa , the motile-to-biofilm transition is regulated through an interconnected signaling network known as the Gac Multikinase Network (Gac-MKN). This network comprises two regulatory branches: the HptB signaling network and GacS/A signaling network. In the Gac-MKN, several histidine kinases converge to regulate the activity of the post-transcriptional regulator protein, RsmA. Although previous studies have assessed the role of individual kinases in this network, the role of each Gac-MKN kinase in regulating RsmA activity has not been quantitatively characterized and compared in side-by-side experiments in the same reference strain, which is presented here. In this study, we show that kinases NahK and RetS are the predominant regulators of the Gac-MKN. Through controlled testing of RsmA-dependent phenotypes, we demonstrate loss of nahK or retS leads to complete inactivation of RsmA, triggering biofilm formation. Our results support previous findings that RetS regulates RsmA through the GacS/A network but present the new finding that NahK is the central kinase involved in HptB phosphorylation; previous studies have attributed HptB phosphorylation to PA1611 and SagS. Our findings demonstrate that NahK signaling controls RsmA activity to rapidly transition between the motile and biofilm states. We anticipate the results of this study will facilitate the use of targeting the Gac-MKN to trigger biofilm dispersal for improved antibiotic treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41039685, year = {2026}, author = {García, C and Saralegui, L and Morales, B and Jurado, P and Bes, MT and Marín, C and Arenas, J}, title = {Identification of ShgH as a dual histidine/glutamine transporter component essential for Streptococcus suis virulence and biofilm modulation.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {302}, number = {}, pages = {128354}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128354}, pmid = {41039685}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {*Streptococcus suis/pathogenicity/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Virulence ; *Histidine/metabolism ; *Glutamine/metabolism ; Mice ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Virulence Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; *ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Carrier Proteins ; }, abstract = {Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that affects pigs and humans. In this study, we characterised ShgH, a predicted substrate-binding component of an ABC transporter. Immunoassays confirmed that ShgH is expressed, secreted and surface-exposed in S. suis, in agreement with its proposed transporter function. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that ShgH binds glutamine and histidine, with a higher affinity for histidine. Deletion of the shgH gene significantly impaired uptake of both radiolabelled amino acids confirming its role as part of a transporter. Functional analysis revealed that shgH deletion results in a marked reduction in virulence in a murine infection model, while host colonization remained unaffected. ShgH contributes to infection by facilitating evasion of phagocytosis and resistance to oxidative stress through impaired nutrient acquisition and reduced capsule production. In addition, ShgH regulates biofilm formation and architecture. Notably, ShgH is highly conserved among pathogenic streptococci, suggesting a broader functional relevance. Altogether, our findings identify ShgH as a dual glutamine/histidine- binding protein essential for nutrient uptake and virulence in S. suis, and a promising target for future therapeutic interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41039565, year = {2025}, author = {Sato, Y and Hatayama, N and Suzuki, Y and Yugeta, N and Yoshino, Y}, title = {Urinary tract infection due to Staphylococcus schleiferi biofilm formation in the subcutaneous ureteral bypass system in a cat.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {566}, pmid = {41039565}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {24K11641//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 22-72//ACRO Incubation Grants from Teikyo University/ ; 23-93//ACRO Incubation Grants from Teikyo University/ ; }, mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Female ; *Staphylococcus/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Cat Diseases/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy ; Ureter/surgery ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus schleiferi is mainly isolated from dogs and occasionally infects cats. We recently encountered a case of a biofilm-related urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by S. schleiferi in a cat with a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) system. This report presents a case of biofilm formation by S. schleiferi in the SUB system and discusses the causes of UTIs.<br><br>CASE PRESENTATION: A 9-year-old female cat had been using the SUB system since 4&#xa0;years-of-age. The cat had no significant clinical history or UTIs for 4&#xa0;years after the first implantation of the SUB system. The SUB system was flushed once per month. When the cat was 8&#xa0;years-of-age, the subcutaneous port of the SUB system was contaminated with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and replaced with a new one. Subsequently, the SUB system had no particular problem for 8&#xa0;months. The SUB system was flushed once every 2&#xa0;months. However, the cat occasionally developed gross haematuria. Additionally, S. schleiferi was detected in urine. Although doxycycline was administered to the cat, 6&#xa0;weeks later, the cat had cutaneous wounds with abscesses caused by excessive grooming of the skin in contact with the subcutaneous port of the SUB system. S. schleiferi was detected in a severe abscess in the cutaneous wound, and skin necrosis was observed. As bacterial contamination of the SUB system was suspected, the SUB system was removed from the cat. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed biofilm formation inside the locking loop catheters and outside the subcutaneous port of the SUB system. In an in vitro assay, S. schleiferi isolated from a catheter of the SUB system had low biofilm-forming ability. After the SUB system was removed, S. schleiferi was not detected in the urine and the infection was completely cured.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Considering these results, bacterial infections in cats with SUB systems should be carefully monitored, as contamination by biofilm-forming bacteria can occur regardless of flushing frequency.}, }
@article {pmid41039201, year = {2025}, author = {Jabrodini, A and Yazdanpanah, S and Malekzadeh, M and Shabanzadeh, S and Ahmadyan, M and Pakshir, K and Zomorodian, K}, title = {Virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from COVID-19 patients: hydrolytic enzyme activity and biofilm formation.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {611}, pmid = {41039201}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *COVID-19/microbiology ; *Candida/isolation &amp; purification/enzymology/pathogenicity/physiology/classification ; *Virulence Factors/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Phospholipases/metabolism ; *Candidiasis/microbiology ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Hemolysin Proteins/metabolism ; Pandemics ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Male ; Coinfection/microbiology ; *Coronavirus Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an increased prevalence of Candida co-infections has been reported. However, data on the virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from COVID-19 patients remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from COVID-19 patients and to explore their potential associations with clinical parameters. A total of 71 Candida (C.) strains were analyzed, representing four species: 49 (69.01%) C. albicans strains, 14 (19.71%) C. glabrata strains, 7 (9.85%) C. tropicalis strains, and 1 (1.40%) C. dubliniensis strain. The activities of proteinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin, as well as biofilm-forming capacity, were evaluated. All C. albicans strains and 21 (95.45%) non-albicans Candida (NAC) strains produced proteinase. Phospholipase activity was detected in 46 (93.87%) C. albicans strains and 10 (45.45%) NAC strains. High hemolytic activity was observed in all Candida strains. Biofilm formation was detected in 31 (43.66%) Candida strains, with variable intensities. These findings highlight high levels of hydrolytic enzyme activity among Candida spp. isolated from COVID-19 patients and contribute to the growing understanding of Candida pathogenesis in immunocompromised populations, providing insights for patient management.}, }
@article {pmid41038924, year = {2025}, author = {Chowdhury, MSR and Hosen, MM and Hossain, MH and Islam, MR and Uddin, MB and Rahman, MM and Hossain, MM and Rahman, MM}, title = {Biofilm production and virulence traits among extensively drug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from buffalo subclinical mastitis in Bangladesh.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {34425}, pmid = {41038924}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {UGC-2021-22//University Grants Commission of Bangladesh/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Buffaloes/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Female ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/veterinary/epidemiology ; Virulence/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Milk/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Mastitis/microbiology/veterinary/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a critical pathogen implicated in subclinical mastitis (SCM), a hidden threat to dairy productivity. This study investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance profiles, and virulence traits of MRSA from SCM-affected riverine buffaloes in Jamalpur, Bangladesh. A total of 344 milk samples were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Modified Whiteside Test (MWST). Among the milk samples, 46.5% were positive for SCM by CMT. Culture, biochemical tests, and PCR confirmed 73 (21.2%) Staphylococcus spp., of which 30 (41.1%) were identified as S. aureus and 43 (58.9%) as non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). Among the 30 S. aureus-positive isolates, 10 (33.3%) were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), corresponding to a prevalence of 2.9% among the total milk samples. The MRSA isolates exhibited high multidrug resistance, especially to tetracycline (80%) and cefoxitin (80%), and commonly harbored resistance genes such as tetA (80%), aac(3)-iv (70%), and sul1 (50%). Virulence genes hla (66.7%) and sea (50%) were frequently detected, while icaA was found in 23.3% of MRSA. Notably, 60% of MRSA isolates were categorized as XDR based on international standard definitions, while 60% were biofilm producers with high MARI values up to 0.92, indicating severe resistance potential. These findings underscore a significant burden of MDR/XDR MRSA with virulence potential in buffalo SCM, posing serious risks to animal and public health.}, }
@article {pmid41038100, year = {2025}, author = {Mei, N and Jia, F and Liu, Y and Li, Y and Qi, X and Han, B and Zhang, X and Liu, T and Yao, H}, title = {Achieving partial nitritation-anammox in membrane-aerated biofilm reactor by hydroxylamine addition.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127404}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127404}, pmid = {41038100}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation ; *Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Hydroxylamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrites/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Ammonia/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Water Purification/instrumentation/methods ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {The membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is naturally suitable for partial nitritation-anammox (PN/A) because aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms can grow in different biofilm layers. However, suppressing nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the oxygen-rich inner MABR biofilms remains challenging, while anammox bacteria (AnAOB) in the outer layer are more vulnerable to many harsh treatments. This study demonstrated the strategy of applying hydroxylamine (NH2OH) to achieve stable PN/A in MABR. Over 250 days, long-term experiments showed that low dissolved oxygen (0.06-0.20 mg L[-1]) could not suppress NOB, while both continuous and intermittent 10 mg L[-1] NH2OH addition not only achieved effective NOB suppression but also significantly promoted ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and AnAOB. Consequently, the nitrogen removal efficiency increased from 74.0 ± 1.1 % to 91.7 ± 1.6 %. Fundamentally, NH2OH addition rapidly changed the transcription levels of key functional genes in membrane biofilms, resulting in a significant decrease in nxrB transcription level by 68.6 ± 3.8 % and an increase in those of amoA and hzsB by 1835.8 ± 307.2 % and 314.2 ± 112.7 %, respectively. NH2OH addition resulted in the temporary accumulation of hydrazine and nitric oxide at low levels, which collectively contributed to NOB suppression. Particularly, Nitrospira, "Ca. Nitrotoga" and Nitrolancea (all three distinct NOB genera present in MABR biofilm) relative abundances decreased by 48.6 ± 7.5 %, 10.8 ± 2.5 %, and 75.0 ± 6.8 % respectively, which alleviated NOB adaptation risk. Therefore, NH2OH can be used to support NOB suppression in MABR.}, }
@article {pmid41038070, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, X and Zhang, L and Xu, L and Zhuo, F and Zhang, L and Zhang, H and Wang, X}, title = {Triboelectric nanogenerator-based strategy for preventing biofilm formation in orthopedic applications.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {786}, number = {}, pages = {152726}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152726}, pmid = {41038070}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Titanium/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/physiology/drug effects ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Prostheses and Implants/microbiology ; *Nanotechnology/instrumentation ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Wound Healing ; }, abstract = {Orthopedic implant-associated infections constitute one of the most challenging complications in musculoskeletal surgery, largely attributable to the formation of tenacious bacterial biofilms. These biofilms demonstrate inherent resistance to conventional antibiotic therapies and evade host immune mechanisms. Current prophylactic approaches-such as systemic or localized antibiotic delivery and surface modifications-often fail to establish a durable protective barrier. Moreover, their efficacy is increasingly compromised by the escalating global crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Herein, we present a self-powered antibacterial system that integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with titanium-based orthopedic implants, capable of harvesting biomechanical energy from daily movement and delivering localized electrical stimulation. The TENG outputs peak voltages up to 140 V, sufficient to generate localized electric fields that induce bacterial migration and disrupt membrane integrity. Finite element simulations confirmed a robust electric potential difference between titanium and platinum electrodes, guiding bacterial repulsion away from the implant surface. In vitro assays demonstrated significant inhibition of Escherichia coli biofilm formation (∼34.6 % reduction), accompanied by morphological disruption of bacterial colonies. In vivo, TENG-driven stimulation accelerated wound healing, reduced bacterial coverage on implant surfaces by ∼12.6 %, and alleviated inflammatory infiltration in peri-implant tissues. Collectively, these findings establish a proof-of-concept for TENG-powered antibacterial orthopedic implants, offering a sustainable, biocompatible, and antibiotic-free strategy to combat implant-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41036847, year = {2025}, author = {Kang, HJ and You, J-Y and Kim, SH and Moon, J-S and Kim, H-Y and Kim, J-M and Kang, H-M}, title = {Genetic diversity, virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bovine mastitis milk in South Korea.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0134325}, pmid = {41036847}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {N-1543081-2017-36-01//Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/classification/physiology/pathogenicity ; Cattle ; Republic of Korea ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Milk/microbiology ; Female ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Klebsiella Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae, a zoonotic agent, is a causative pathogen of bovine mastitis. Despite its clinical relevance in dairy farms, studies on K. pneumoniae in bovine mastitis remain limited. Additionally, studies on K. pneumoniae's genetic diversity and virulence characteristics in South Korea remain limited. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm-forming capacity of 29 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples in South Korea between 2017 and 2023. Multilocus sequence typing revealed 23 sequence types, four of which were novel, indicating substantial genetic heterogeneity and the absence of a dominant clonal lineage. Excluding intrinsic resistance, the highest resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (34.5%) and sulfisoxazole (31.0%), whereas resistance to the other antibiotics tested ranged from 0% to 20.7%. In addition, multidrug resistance (MDR) was noted in 20.7% of isolates. Virulence gene analysis revealed that most isolates carried the ureA, uge, wabG, and fimH genes, whereas allS, rmpA, iucB, and iroNB were not detected. Two isolates exhibited a hypermucoviscous phenotype, and one belonged to the capsular serotype K2. All isolates demonstrated biofilm-forming ability, with moderate-to-strong production observed in over 89.0% of cases, indicating potential for persistence and treatment challenges. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae isolates from mastitis milk carried multiple virulence genes and showed MDR as well as robust biofilm formation. Therefore, continued surveillance and further characterization of K. pneumoniae are needed to support mastitis control and protect public health.IMPORTANCEKlebsiella pneumoniae is an emerging environmental pathogen associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows, raising concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and public health. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive characterization of K. pneumoniae isolates from mastitis milk in South Korea, including analyses of genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and biofilm formation. The findings advance our current understanding of K. pneumoniae associated with bovine mastitis and highlight the need for continued surveillance that will contribute to mastitis control efforts and safeguard public health.}, }
@article {pmid41033402, year = {2025}, author = {Pendor, O and Ukey, S and Trivedi, R and Umekar, M}, title = {Transcriptomic insights into biofilm dynamics and therapeutic targets in chronic wound infections (MIMET 107281).}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {107281}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107281}, pmid = {41033402}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Transcriptome ; Humans ; Wound Healing ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Chronic Disease ; Swine ; Metal Nanoparticles ; }, abstract = {Chronic wound infections remain a significant clinical challenge, primarily due to the formation of bacterial biofilms that hinder healing and increase antimicrobial resistance. This review explores various studies focused on biofilm development, transcriptional responses, and therapeutic strategies for combating biofilm-associated infections. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in ex vivo porcine skin wound models, RNA-seq analysis revealed key genes involved in biofilm formation, notably the lapA gene encoding alkaline phosphatase, which was upregulated, while denitrification pathway genes such as nirS were downregulated. Targeting these pathways through NO induction showed potential for biofilm disruption. Novel biofilm-inhibiting strategies, including silver nanoparticles, lactoferrin, and exopolysaccharides, demonstrated antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and wound-healing effects. Additionally, metal-based nanozymes (Ru-procyanidin nanoparticles) and microneedle patches embedded with cerium/zinc composites emerged as promising solutions for oxidative stress reduction and bacterial elimination in diabetic wounds. Omics approaches, particularly transcriptomics and metabolomics, have further elucidated biofilm differentiation mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. Advanced detection methods such as electrochemical biosensors and peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) have improved the identification of biofilm-associated infections. Furthermore, comparative analyses of mixed-species and single-species biofilms highlighted their differential impact on wound healing, with polybacterial biofilms causing more severe impairment. These findings underscore the importance of integrating RNA-based diagnostics, molecular therapies, and novel biomaterials to enhance chronic wound management. Future research should focus on translating these insights into clinical applications for more effective biofilm-targeted treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41033401, year = {2025}, author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Crespo, A and Muñoz, P and Guembe, M}, title = {Biomass and metabolic activity staining biofilm techniques are not reliable enough to be used in microbiology laboratories.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {107285}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107285}, pmid = {41033401}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staining and Labeling/methods ; *Microbiological Techniques/methods ; Gentian Violet ; *Biomass ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Candida albicans/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Crystal violet and XTT staining quantify biofilms but are influenced by external factors. Testing MSSA, E. coli, and C. albicans refrigerated five weeks revealed weekly variability between researchers. These methods need careful interpretation and should be supported by more reproducible techniques for reliable results.}, }
@article {pmid41033369, year = {2025}, author = {Namazi, P and Alizadeh Behbahani, B and Noshad, M and Vasiee, A and Taki, M and Joyandeh, H}, title = {Anti-Listeria mechanisms, safety, and predictive modeling of Lacticaseibacillus casei UTMB9: Probiotic profiling targeting virulence gene expression and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {209}, number = {}, pages = {108071}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108071}, pmid = {41033369}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Probiotics/pharmacology ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Lacticaseibacillus casei/genetics/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Virulence/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; }, abstract = {There is growing interest in probiotics due to their potential to confer health benefits. This study aimed to explore the potential probiotic characteristics, gene expression linked to biofilm formation, and anti-biofilm properties of Lacticaseibacillus casei UTMB9. L. casei UTMB9 tolerates acidic environments, with survival rates of 6.90, 7.59, and 7.96 log CFU/mL at pH 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5, respectively, and exhibits slight growth inhibition under bile concentrations up to 0.7 %. Viability declined modestly from 8.51 to 6.61 log colony forming unit (CFU)/mL under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Surface hydrophobicity (40.89 %), auto-aggregation (30.9 %), co-aggregation (40.81 %), and adhesion (11.89 %) support its adherence potential. Antimicrobial assays showed most potent inhibition against Listeria monocytogenes (9.70 mm) versus E. coli (4.74 mm). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed pronounced damage to L. monocytogenes cells after exposure to cell-free supernatant (CFS), accompanied by significant downregulation of prfA and flaA, and marked antibiofilm suppression. It also demonstrated antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 43.58 %, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) 47.47 %, linoleic acid oxidation inhibition 30.28 %) and moderate anticancer activity (IC50 ≈ 55-62 mg/mL). The strain reduced cholesterol uptake by 41.9 %, was broadly antibiotic-sensitive (except for partial resistance to ampicillin), and lacked biogenic amine production, DNase, or hemolytic activity. In the second part of this study, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was used to predict acidity and bile salt. GPR accurately predicted acidity and bile tolerance (MAPE = 0.22 % and 0.18 %; R[2] ≥ 0.99). These findings position L. casei as a promising probiotic agent with robust antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and predictive model-supported features.}, }
@article {pmid41032695, year = {2025}, author = {Ashrafi, B and Heydari, R and Rezaei, F and Beiranvand, B and Pajouhi, N and Rashidipour, M and Taherikalani, M and Soroush, S}, title = {Investigating the release of active compounds and cytotoxicity of thymol/gallic acid/β-cyclodextrin bio-nanocomposite: a targeted strategy with the approach of disrupting the genes involved in the quorum sensing system and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa (PAO1).}, journal = {Preparative biochemistry &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-17}, doi = {10.1080/10826068.2025.2563676}, pmid = {41032695}, issn = {1532-2297}, abstract = {The quorum sensing (QS) system and cell-to-cell communication have had a significant impact on biofilm formation and virulence factor increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), making this opportunistic pathogen a global concern and potentially life-threatening agent. The present study aimed to create an innovative pharmaceutical bio-nanocomposite (BNC) comprising thymol (THY) and gallic acid (GA) based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which was used to investigate the release kinetics of active compounds, the level of cytotoxicity, antibacterial and anti-biofilm potential, and measuring the expression of genes effective in QS in the strain PAO1 pays P. aeruginosa. Based on this, physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized BNC were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), UV-vis measurement, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BNC's antibacterial and anti-biofilm capabilities were assessed using the PAO1 reference strain of P. aeruginosa and the expression level of QS-effective genes (rhlI, rhlR, lasI, and lasR) in bacteria was also evaluated in the presence of the synthesized BNC. The results of FTIR spectroscopy show the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between THY, GA and β-CD. Absorption peaks of the UV-vis spectroscopy spectrum of the synthesized BNC at wavelengths of 217 and 272 nm are confirmed successful encapsulation of the THY and GA into the β-CD. The maximum size of the synthesized BNC was recorded as 356.3 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.816. SEM and TEM micrographs show the presence of THY/GA active compounds in the pores in β-CD and the formation of a dense polymer network. After 360 minutes of release kinetics, more than 70% of the complex's active chemicals had been released. The biological complex's low toxicity is indicated by average cell survival of more than 65% and the ability to preserve the spindle shape of normal fibroblast cells at high concentrations. The PAO1 strain has minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 323 and 199.6 μg/mL for minimal biofilm inhibition concentration 50% (MBIC50). The decrease in rhlI and rhlR gene expression relative to the control group (without treatment) suggests that the active chemicals released from the biological complex interact and disrupt the QS pathway. Overall, the synthesized pharmaceutical complex has promise as a clever and effective option for future research and practical advances, as well as the development of complementary therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41030757, year = {2025}, author = {Kurtzman, GM and Horowitz, RA and Johnston, R and Lanphier, L}, title = {Oral Biofilm and Gender-Specific Health Considerations.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {e91289}, pmid = {41030757}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Oral biofilm plays a central role in the development of periodontal and systemic diseases, with growing evidence highlighting significant gender-specific differences. Hormonal fluctuations in women, during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, and with oral contraceptive use, may alter the composition and behavior of oral biofilm, increasing susceptibility to gingival inflammation and periodontal disease. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), osteoporosis, and pregnancy-associated gingivitis further demonstrate the influence of endocrine factors on oral health. In men, higher rates of severe periodontitis are observed, potentially linked to testosterone-related immune responses and behavioral factors with associations to lower sperm counts, increased incidence of prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction. These distinctions underscore the importance of considering sex-specific biology in both the prevention and management of oral and systemic diseases influenced by biofilm. This study reviews the connections between gender-specific health and oral biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid41029314, year = {2025}, author = {Jana, D and Manna, T and Guchhait, KC and Panja, S and Karmakar, A and Ballav, S and Hazra, S and Dey, S and Panda, AK and Ghosh, C}, title = {An investigation on anti-biofilm potential of Aegle marmelos fruit extract against multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {BMC complementary medicine and therapies}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {334}, pmid = {41029314}, issn = {2662-7671}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Aegle/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Fruit/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus, member of ESKAPEE pathogens is a noteworthy contributor to the global crisis rising due to antimicrobial resistance. Biofilms are the primary reason behind the increased antibiotic resistance and tolerance of pathogens. Hence targeting bacterial biofilms has been prioritized as an alternative strategy to counter antibiotic resistance. Aegle marmelos has gained prominence in Indian traditional medicine as seeds, fruits, leaves, bark and roots of this plant are being in use extensively in treating several kinds of ailments by the inhabitants of this subcontinent due to its ethno-pharmacological relevance. The fruit of this plant has been found with remarkable anti-bacterial properties along with other therapeutic efficacies. The present study aimed to identify the anti-biofilm potential of methanolic fruit extract of Aegle marmelos (AMFE) against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains as a resort to counter the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance for alternative approaches.<br><br>RESULTS: MBIC and MBEC of AMFE ranged between 100 and 200&#xa0;&#xb5;g.mL[-1] and 300-500&#xa0;&#xb5;g.mL[-1], respectively. AMFE could substantially reduce the carbohydrate and protein content of the exo-polymeric substance (EPS), crucial for biofilm production. Expressions of major biofilm promoting genes icaAD and its accessory sarA were down-regulated upon AMFE treatment as revealed from qRT-PCR analysis whereas the quorum sensing gene agr that promotes biofilm detachment was up-regulated. Fluorescence, scanning electron and atomic force microscopic studies confirm the reduction of biofilm biomass upon AMFE treatment. Up to 10 mg.mL[-1] AMFE was non-toxic to human lymphocytes with cell viability of 75.35%. GC-MS and FT-IR studies could detect the bioactive components where 9-octadecenoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl 4,7,10- hexadecatrienoate were the major components.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Anti-biofilm activity of AMFE towards MDR S. aureus have been established through in vitro biochemical and gene expression studies that were further substantiated by microscopic studies which reveal that AMFE could be explored in the management of S. aureus-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41029014, year = {2025}, author = {Soltane, R}, title = {Pubescine as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus: Growth Inhibition, Antibiotic Synergy, and Anti-Biofilm Activity.}, journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113892010399006250923063945}, pmid = {41029014}, issn = {1873-4316}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The rise of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) has become a major public health concern due to its resistance to conventional antibiotics and ability to form biofilms. The urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies has led to increased interest in natural compounds with antimicrobial potential. Pubescine (PBN), a steroidal alkaloid isolated from Holarrhena pubescens, has demonstrated antimicrobial properties, but its efficacy against VRE remains unexplored.<br><br>METHODS: PBN was isolated and purified from Holarrhena pubescens using chromatographic techniques and identified through spectroscopic analysis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined via broth microdilution assays. Time-kill assays assessed the bacteriostatic or bactericidal nature of PBN. Resistance development was evaluated through prolonged bacterial exposure to subinhibitory concentrations. Synergistic interactions with vancomycin and cefoxitin were analyzed using checkerboard microdilution assays. Biofilm formation and eradication were assessed via crystal violet staining and fluorescence imaging. Metabolic activity and oxidative stress induction were measured using the Alamar Blue assay and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) quantification, respectively.<br><br>RESULTS: PBN exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of VRE growth, primarily exerting a bacteriostatic effect without promoting the development of resistance. Checkerboard assays revealed strong synergy between PBN and vancomycin (FICI = 0.1875) and cefoxitin (FICI = 0.3125), suggesting that PBN enhances the efficacy of these antibiotics.<br><br>DISCUSSION: PBN significantly reduced biofilm formation and facilitated biofilm disruption at concentrations as low as 4 &#x3bc;g/mL. Metabolic assays demonstrated that PBN suppresses bacterial metabolic activity, while ROS quantification indicated a substantial increase in oxidative stress, suggesting a multi-targeted mechanism of action.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings establish PBN as a promising antimicrobial agent with potent activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Its ability to enhance antibiotic efficacy, inhibit biofilm formation, and induce oxidative stress underscores its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy against multidrug-resistant infections. Further in vivo studies and pharmacokinetic evaluations are warranted to assess its clinical applicability.}, }
@article {pmid41028885, year = {2025}, author = {Veerabathiran, A and Subramania, AK and Saikia, M and Manikandamaharaj, TS and Rajendra, SP and Duraisamy, R and Angaiah, S}, title = {Development of 3D-printed Ti-MXene incorporated chitosan/HAP nano-composite soft-bone scaffold and its mechanical, anti-biofilm and cell-viability studies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {33762}, pmid = {41028885}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RSPD2025R723//Researchers Supporting Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Chitosan/chemistry ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Titanium/chemistry ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; *Durapatite/chemistry ; Humans ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Tissue Engineering ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; Bone and Bones ; Materials Testing ; Nitrites ; Transition Elements ; }, abstract = {The prevailing scientific literature suggests that implantable plates demand resurgery, and it will result in corrosion behaviour and the formation of biofilm on the scaffold by Staphylococcus aureus, which is capable of causing a bone surgery-related detrimental effect in two-thirds of the people suffering from osteomyelitis diseases. The development of a nanocomposite scaffold by 3D-bioprinting to improve potent mechanical features with substantial biological characteristics. By incorporating hydroxyapatite (10% w/v) into chitosan (10% w/v) at 1:1 ratio mimicking the natural structure of soft bone tissue. Furthermore, a better structural hydrogel was synthesized for 3D bio-printing through the incorporation of Ti-MXene into the Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite at two distinct ratios. Apart from this, 0.3 mg/mL of Ti-MXene containing 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold revealed better structural morphology with very less biofilm formation when compared to other 3D-printed scaffolds. Furthermore, mechanical testing such as tensile revealed 23.3 MPa for 0.3 mg/mL of Ti-MXene incorporated Chitosan/HAP nanocomposite. Additionally, this scaffold exhibits a favorable contact angle (74.70°) with a low swelling ratio (27.6%) and degradation rate (1.1%). Further, an in-vitro cell viability test showed a higher cell attachment without cell death. These results find the absence of toxic effect and suggest an enhancement in cell attachment.}, }
@article {pmid41028857, year = {2025}, author = {Kashyap, S and Rathod, Y and Biswas, S}, title = {Murraya koenigii methanolic extract inhibits bacterial growth and biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {34056}, pmid = {41028857}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BT/INF/22/SP42543/2021//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; BT/INF/22/SP42543/2021//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Murraya/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Methanol/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Humans ; Bacterial Lysates ; }, abstract = {Hospital-acquired infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis are significant global health challenges due to their biofilm-forming ability, also contributing to the derived antibiotic resistance and environmental persistence. This growing resistance poses serious global health challenges, emphasizing the need for better surveillance and new treatments. Plant-derived bioactives have emerged as possible therapeutics to such opportunistic pathogens and they are potential alternatives to traditional antimicrobials. This study investigates the in vitro activity of Murraya koenigii's methanolic (MKM) leaf extract and its compounds against the growth and biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus and E. faecalis. Results revealed that the MKM extract effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. faecalis at their respective MIC levels. Furthermore, flow cytometry and confocal imaging demonstrated substantial membrane damage in MKM-treated cells compared to DMSO-treated and untreated controls. Additionally, the MKM extract significantly disrupts biofilm formation and leads to reduced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production. Scanning electron microscopy provided visual evidence of disrupted biofilm architecture following MKM extract treatment. HR-LC/MS analysis identified bioactive compounds within the extract, which were further evaluated for drug-likeness properties through ADME analysis. In silico molecular docking studies confirmed strong binding affinities of MKM-derived compounds with key biofilm-related receptor proteins, SpA in S. aureus and Esp in E. faecalis. These findings highlight the significant potential of MKM extract as a novel and effective phytotherapeutic resource for developing strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41028113, year = {2025}, author = {Rafique, A and Baig, N and Naim, A and Rafiq, I}, title = {Utilization of clove and cinnamon essential oils as an alternative to inhibit MDR and biofilm producing E. coli from raw chicken meat.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {34079}, pmid = {41028113}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/genetics ; Chickens/microbiology ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; *Meat/microbiology ; *Cinnamomum zeylanicum/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Clove Oil/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Syzygium/chemistry ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The microbial contamination and spoilage found in chicken meat is responsible for food-borne illnesses and outbreaks leading to hospitalizations. E. coli is the most commonly reported microorganism. The dissemination of bacterial strain with biofilm-formation ability and resistance to antimicrobials at the end of the food chain is a global concern; as well. Eco-friendly and novel means like essential oils are required to break these vicious patterns and ensure the longevity of quality food products. The study aimed to probe the prevalence, pattern of antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm formation ability in E. coli isolated from chicken meat samples. It also explored the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm formation ability of clove and cinnamon essential oils. 150 chicken meat samples from different localities of Karachi, Pakistan were isolated and identified by selective culturing and conventional microbiological techniques. Following antibiogram analysis, antibacterial activity of clove and cinnamon essential oils was evaluated. Putative biofilm production ability was also explored using the test tube, microplate reader, and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the molecular characterization of potentially strong biofilm producers was done along with exploration of the pathogenic gene (PapC). 49 chicken meat samples out of 150 were contaminated with E. coli. 90% (44 isolates) of E. coli were multidrug resistant. 59.2% (29 isolates) were biofilm producers (BPs). Out of 29 BPs, nine (31%) were strong biofilm producers (SBPs). No significant correlations were observed between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm producing ability of E. coli isolates (p value ≥ 0.05). 40% of SBPs were inhibited when subjected to both clove (MIC: 250 to 500 µL/mL) and cinnamon (MIC: 62.5 µL/mL) EOs. Activity of both neat CO and CinO had no significant difference (p value ≥ 0.05). The identity of 3 SBPs (Strains: AR11E, AR12E and AR22E) were further confirmed by molecular identification (16SrRNA) and SEM revealed potential degradation of the bacterial cells with a reduction in count when treated with CinO and CO. Only one strain (AR22E) was positive for the papC gene. The prevalence of E. coli and strong-biofilm producers in retail chicken meat was not very high; however, the majority of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Therefore, it is important to keep a tab on the prevalence of these commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in retail chicken meat since they are an exposure site close to the consumer. The use of alternative means like essential oils in poultry, meat and meat-products is a good strategy since they have proven efficacy against pathogenic E. coli.}, }
@article {pmid41028035, year = {2025}, author = {Choudhary, J and Shariff, M}, title = {Characterization of carbapenem-resistant biofilm forming Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from clinical and surveillance samples.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {33892}, pmid = {41028035}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; *Carbapenems/analysis/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Cross Infection/drug therapy/epidemiology/microbiology ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an important nosocomial pathogen responsible for a wide range of human infections. The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) causes life-threatening nosocomial infections. Also, the formation of biofilm helps it survive on abiotic surfaces and is transferred through healthcare workers, thereby causing nosocomial infections. Hence, we study the current antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence factors in our clinical and colonizing isolates. A total of 92 isolates (44 colonizing and 48 clinical) of A. baumannii were included in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by VITEK 2. Biofilm formation was assessed by the tissue culture plate method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for oxacillinases, MBLs and biofilm-associated genes were performed. Meropenem resistance was found in 42 (87.5%) of the clinical and 44 (97.7%) of the colonizing isolates. A strongly adherent biofilm was produced by 11 (22.91%) of the clinical and 12 (27.27%) of the colonizing isolates. Biofilm-associated genes, ompA, bap and csuE were present in 45 (93.7%), 47 (97.9%) and 44 (91.6%) of the clinical isolates, respectively and in all the colonizing isolates. blaOXA23-like was more prevalent in colonizing than clinical isolates. blaOXA-58-like and blaOXA-24-like were present in very few isolates. The presence of metallo beta-lactamase (MBLs) was observed to be lower than oxacillinases. NDM1 was present in 15.29%, SIM in 27%, GIM in 14.11%, VIM in 32.9%, SPM in 5.8%, and IMP in 1.2% of the meropenem-resistant isolates. Carbapenem resistance (XDR) is increasing in A.baumannii. Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor responsible for its survival in the hospital environment and causes nosocomial infections. Biofilm-producing isolates were also found to be carbapenem-resistant. Strict disinfection procedures are to be followed to prevent its spread in the hospital.}, }
@article {pmid41026297, year = {2025}, author = {Nebo, UC and Arotupin, DJ and Olalemi, AO}, title = {Biodegradation of heavy petroleum polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polluted soil by biofilm-forming Bacillus tropicus UCB and Pseudomonas aeruginosa SYLI isolated from crude oil-contaminated sludge.}, journal = {Biodegradation}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {97}, pmid = {41026297}, issn = {1572-9729}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Petroleum/metabolism ; *Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; *Sewage/microbiology ; *Bacillus/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Crude oil pollution poses a threat to soil ecosystems, particularly in oil-producing regions. This study assessed the biodegradation potential of biofilm-forming Bacillus tropicus UCB and Pseudomonas aeruginosa SYLI isolated from crude oil sludge. Sludge samples were seasonally collected and bacterial counts determined using standard methods while microbial enrichment was conducted in mineral salt medium containing 1% crude oil. Biofilm formation was assessed using Congo red agar and microplate assays. Isolates were identified through cultural, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analysis. Dose-response toxicity test examined degradation across 1%, 3%, 7%, and 10% crude oil concentrations, while PAHs degradation in soil microcosm was analysed using GC-MS. Seasonal variations significantly influenced bacterial populations, with highest count (1.53 × 10[8] CFU/mL) in the dry season and the least 3.17 × 10[6] CFU/mL) during wet season. Optical density peaked at 2.86 nm in enrichment III. Results revealed molecular identities of the isolates as B. tropicus UCB and P. aeruginosa SYLI. Both isolates metabolized crude oil from 1 to 10%, with B. tropicus producing 601 mg/L CO2 with 10% at day 12 and P. aeruginosa yielding 616 mg/L with 1% at day 4. In addition, results showed over 99% removal of low molecular weight PAHs and 75% degradation of high molecular weight PAHs, upon biostimulation. These findings highlight complementary strengths of B. tropicus on high-oil loads and P. aeruginosa rapid initial degradation at lower concentrations. This study suggests that biofilm formation coupled with biostimulation may improve bacterial efficiency in bioremediation. It also represents the first in vitro report on PAHs degradation by Bacillus tropicus.}, }
@article {pmid41025661, year = {2025}, author = {Suyama, H and Luu, LDW and Zhong, L and Raftery, MJ and Lan, R}, title = {Proteomic comparison of epidemic Australian Bordetella pertussis biofilm cells.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0171525}, pmid = {41025661}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; //National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; //University of New South Wales/ ; }, mesh = {*Bordetella pertussis/genetics/physiology/metabolism/classification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Whooping Cough/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Australia/epidemiology ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Proteome/analysis ; }, abstract = {Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a severe respiratory infectious disease. Studies have compared the currently dominant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cluster I (pertussis toxin promoter allele, ptxP3) and previously dominant SNP cluster II (ptxP1) strains as planktonic cells. Since biofilm formation is linked with B. pertussis pathogenesis in vivo, this study compared the biofilm formation capabilities of representative strains of cluster I and cluster II. Confocal laser scanning microscopy found that the cluster I strain had a denser biofilm structure compared to the cluster II strain. Differences in protein abundance of the biofilm cells were then compared using tandem mass tagging and high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring. In total, 1,453 proteins were identified, of which 40 proteins had significant differential abundance between the two strains in biofilm conditions. Of particular interest was a large increase in the abundance of energy metabolism proteins (cytochrome proteins PetABC and BP3650) in the cluster I strain. When the abundance of these proteins was compared between six additional strains from each cluster, it was found that the protein abundance varied between all strains. These findings suggest that there are large levels of individual proteomic diversity between B. pertussis strains in biofilm conditions despite the highly conserved genome of the species. Overall, this study revealed visual differences in biofilm structure between B. pertussis strains and highlighted strain-specific variation in protein abundance that dominates potential cluster-specific changes that may be linked with the dominance of cluster I strains.IMPORTANCEBordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. The currently circulating cluster I strains have taken over previously dominant cluster II strains. It is important to understand the reasons behind this evolution to develop new strategies against the pathogen. Recent studies have shown that B. pertussis can form biofilms during infection. This study compared the biofilm formation capabilities of a cluster I and a cluster II strain and identified visual differences in the biofilms. The protein abundance between these strains grown in biofilms was compared, and proteins identified with varied abundance were measured with additional strains from each cluster. It was found that despite the highly conserved genetics of the species, there was varied protein abundance between the additional strains. This study highlights that strain-specific variation in protein abundance during biofilm conditions may dominate the cluster-specific changes that may be linked to the dominance of cluster I strains.}, }
@article {pmid41023809, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, SB and Ku, D and Moon, JH and Lee, JH and Kang, SW and Kim, HK and Kwack, KH}, title = {Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus hominis isolated from subgingival biofilm.}, journal = {BMC genomic data}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {69}, pmid = {41023809}, issn = {2730-6844}, support = {RS-2024-00358942//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; RS-2023-00280791//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; RS-2024-00404660//Korea Basic Science Institute/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Streptococcus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; Humans ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; *Gingiva/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Adult ; Base Composition ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus hominis is a recently described species within the genus Streptococcus, yet its genomic characteristics remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of the oral microbiome. Previously, only two complete genomes from non-oral sources were available. To address this gap, we sequenced and analyzed S. hominis strain KHUD_010, isolated from the subgingival biofilm of a healthy Korean adult.<br><br>DATA DESCRIPTION: Genomic DNA from KHUD_010 was extracted and confirmed as S. hominis by 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing using the PacBio Sequel II platform generated 135,974 HiFi reads (N50: 10,345&#xa0;bp). De novo assembly with SMRT Link v11.0 produced a single circular chromosome of 1,883,665&#xa0;bp with 39.04% GC content. Annotation via the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline predicted 1,793 protein-coding genes, four rRNA operons (5&#xa0;S, 16&#xa0;S, 23&#xa0;S), and 120 tRNAs. BUSCO analysis showed 99.1% completeness. Comparative genomics with NSJ-17 and UMB6992B revealed 1,416 core, 223 dispensable, and 398 strain-specific gene clusters. KHUD_010 harbored 18 unique gene clusters comprising 20 genes, mostly assigned to COG category L (replication, recombination, repair). This high-quality genome expands the genomic landscape of S. hominis and provides a valuable reference for future studies on oral microbiome diversity and host adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41020670, year = {2025}, author = {Lordejani, AS and Tajbakhsh, E and Khamesipour, F and Momtaz, H and Momeni Shahraki, M}, title = {Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm Formation of Proteus mirabilis in Dairy Products: Implications for Veterinary and Public Health.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e70600}, pmid = {41020670}, issn = {2053-1095}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Proteus mirabilis/physiology/drug effects ; Animals ; *Dairy Products/microbiology ; Iran/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Milk/microbiology ; Sheep ; Goats ; *Food Microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Dairy products are essential components of human and animal nutrition, providing vital nutrients such as proteins, vitamins and minerals. However, their susceptibility to microbial contamination, particularly by pathogens like Proteus mirabilis, poses significant risks to both animal and public health. This study investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns and biofilm-forming ability of P. mirabilis in various dairy products, with a focus on raw milk, in Shahrekord, Iran. A total of 480 samples, including raw cow, goat and sheep milk, as well as cheese, yogurt, cream, curd and a traditional Iranian fermented yogurt-based beverage (doogh), were analysed under controlled laboratory conditions. The findings revealed a 12.29% prevalence rate of P. mirabilis, with raw cow's milk showing the highest contamination rate (21.66%). Among the isolates, 88.12% were capable of forming biofilms, and 71.15% exhibited strong biofilm production. Antibiotic susceptibility testing identified a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains, with the highest resistance rates observed for cotrimoxazole (59.32%) and gentamicin (50.84%). In addition, 25.42% of the isolates were identified as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, with blaCTX-M being the most prevalent resistance gene. A significant correlation was found between biofilm-forming ability and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, highlighting the dual challenges of microbial persistence and antimicrobial resistance. These findings emphasize the need for improved hygiene practices in dairy production, targeted biofilm-disrupting strategies and enhanced surveillance programs to mitigate risks to both animal and public health. This study provides critical insights for veterinary professionals and policymakers to develop effective interventions aimed at reducing contamination and combating antimicrobial resistance in dairy products.}, }
@article {pmid41020610, year = {2025}, author = {Shan, W and Du, F and Zhang, H and Zhang, J and Hu, X and Fan, X and Li, W}, title = {D-histidine exhibited anti-biofilm activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0121625}, pmid = {41020610}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Histidine/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Periodontitis/microbiology/drug therapy ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a key pathogen implicated in periodontitis. The bacterium in biofilms exhibits significant resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses compared to its planktonic form, posing a major challenge for periodontal therapy. Recently, D-histidine has emerged as a promising anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. However, its potential application in the oral field remains unexplored. This study investigated the anti-biofilm effect of D-histidine on A. actinomycetemcomitans and examined its influence on the expression of virulence factor genes to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that D-histidine inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted established biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner, without affecting bacterial growth. Furthermore, D-histidine downregulated the expression of virulence factors by inhibiting quorum sensing (QS)-related genes. Notably, combining D-histidine with antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, minocycline, and metronidazole, synergistically enhanced biofilm eradication and enabled the use of lower antibiotic dosages. These findings support the further evaluation of D-histidine as a potential anti-biofilm agent in the treatment of periodontitis. IMPORTANCE The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms posed a significant challenge in periodontitis management. This study demonstrated that D-histidine effectively targeted A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms by disrupting structural integrity and suppressing virulence gene expression, without exerting bactericidal effects that could promote resistance development. Notably, D-histidine showed potent synergy with minocycline, significantly enhancing biofilm eradication while potentially enabling reduced antibiotic dosages. These findings established D-histidine as a promising adjunctive therapeutic agent, addressing the urgent need for novel approaches to overcome biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance in periodontal treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41018127, year = {2025}, author = {Adhikari, S and Khanal, S and Marasini, A and Panthi, P and Adhikari, A and Luitel, H and Pandeya, YR}, title = {Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming ability in Staphylococcus aureus causing clinical bovine mastitis in Chitwan, Nepal.}, journal = {Veterinary and animal science}, volume = {30}, number = {}, pages = {100508}, pmid = {41018127}, issn = {2451-943X}, abstract = {This cross-sectional study, conducted from August to December 2024, investigated the antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming abilities of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical bovine mastitis in Chitwan, Nepal. Out of 134 California Mastitis Test-positive milk samples, 32 (23.9%) were confirmed as S. aureus by biochemical tests and species-specific nuc gene PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the 32 isolates against 12 antibiotics revealed high resistance rates, particularly to ampicillin (78.1%), nalidixic acid (75.0%), and enrofloxacin (62.5%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes, was alarmingly high, with 27 (84.4%) isolates classified as MDR. Presumptive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), detected via cefoxitin resistance, was identified in 14 (43.8%) isolates, all of which were also MDR. Biofilm-forming abilities were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively, with 5 (15.6%) isolates classified as strong biofilm producers. Fisher's exact test revealed no significant association between biofilm formation and overall MDR status (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant correlation was found between strong biofilm formation and high-level MDR (resistance to ≥ 4 classes) (p < 0.05), as well as between strong biofilm formation and presumptive MRSA status (p < 0.01). These findings highlight the co-existence of high-level resistance and strong virulence phenotypes in S. aureus from bovine mastitis in Nepal, underscoring the urgent need for robust antimicrobial stewardship, enhanced surveillance, and the development of strategies to mitigate biofilm-associated treatment failures.}, }
@article {pmid41016948, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, MJ and Kim, E and Mangal, U and Seo, JY and Cha, JY and Lee, KJ and Choi, YJ and Kwon, JS and Yu, HS and Choi, SH}, title = {Biofilm-resistant zwitterionic resin-based adhesive for orthodontic bracket-tooth interfaces: an in vitro evaluation.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {478}, pmid = {41016948}, issn = {1436-3771}, support = {RS-2023-00249723//Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education/ ; S3366101//the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea)/ ; RS-2023-00255335//the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; 2021R1A2C2091260//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Orthodontic Brackets/microbiology ; Methacrylates/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; In Vitro Techniques ; Phosphorylcholine/analogs &amp; derivatives/chemistry ; Shear Strength ; Materials Testing ; *Dental Bonding ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Surface Properties ; *Resin Cements/chemistry ; Betaine/chemistry/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Humans ; *Dental Cements/chemistry ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: An in vitro study to verify the potential effectiveness of an orthodontic adhesive incorporating a polybetaine zwitterionic mixture in preventing biofilm formation.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), were added to An adhesive at 1 wt% (MS1) And 3 wt% (MS3). The MS0 group had no zwitterions. Flowability measurement, shear bond strength (SBS), the adhesive remnant index (ARI), and the contact angle were assessed. Bracket bonding was performed, and cross-sections were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofilm formation was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Statistical analyses were conducted using R software. Wilcoxon tests with the Holm correction were used for non-parametric data, and pairwise t-tests with the Bonferroni correction were used for parametric data. Significance was set at P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001.<br><br>RESULTS: Flow analysis showed no significant differences in the experimental groups compared to the MS0 group (P&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05). The SEM images confirmed uniform bonding in all groups. SBS decreased significantly with higher MS content (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001), And ARI scores shifted with the addition of zwitterionic mixtures, increasing scores to 1 And 2. MS3 showed a significantly lower contact angle compared to MS0 (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). MS3 exhibited reduced biofilm formation and lower fluorescence intensity (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite reductions in SBS, all adhesives remained at minimum acceptable levels. The 3 wt% zwitterionic adhesive effectively suppressed biofilm formation and may help prevent demineralization.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An orthodontic adhesive containing a zwitterionic mixture can satisfy clinical properties and prevent side effects due to biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid41016822, year = {2025}, author = {Shin, J and Park, DH and Jun, W and Park, OJ and Yun, CH and Im, J and Han, SH}, title = {Optimization of the Purification Process for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lipoteichoic Acid with Anti-Biofilm Properties against Dental Pathogens.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2506045}, pmid = {41016822}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Teichoic Acids/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Biofilms formed by oral pathogens play a critical role in the initiation and development of various dental diseases by enhancing resistance to dental medicaments. Previously, we reported the potent anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, against various dental pathogens. Nevertheless, the practical application of LTA as an anti-biofilm agent is limited due to its complex, cost- and labor-intensive purification processes. Therefore, to minimize the purification processes required to obtain LTA with anti-biofilm activity, we isolated LTA from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp.LTA) and its intermediates following each purification step, and compared their anti-biofilm activity against dental pathogens. The Lp.LTA intermediates underwent sequential purification after butanol extraction and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, and these were designated as LTA-Butanol and LTA-HIC, respectively. The results of Western blot analysis demonstrated that LTA-HIC has a higher concentration of LTA than LTA-Butanol. Although both LTA-Butanol and LTA-HIC dose-dependently inhibited Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation, the anti-biofilm activity of LTA-HIC was superior to that of LTA-Butanol and comparable to Lp.LTA. Furthermore, sodium hydroxide treatment of LTA-HIC diminished its anti-biofilm activity, suggesting that LTA is a key component responsible for the anti-biofilm capacity of LTA-HIC. Collectively, these results demonstrated that LTA-HIC serves as an intermediate in the LTA purification, retaining its anti-biofilm properties and offering a viable solution to the challenges associated with the LTA purification process.}, }
@article {pmid41016310, year = {2025}, author = {Song, Y and Zhang, X and Kong, Z and Zhang, J and Fukushima, T and Hu, S and Virdis, B}, title = {Enhancing the productivity of caproic acid in open culture chain elongation: A comparative study of biofilm systems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127395}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127395}, pmid = {41016310}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Caproates/metabolism ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Bioreactors ; }, abstract = {Growing global energy consumption and climate challenges have emphasized the need for biotechnology-based methods to synthesize valuable chemicals. Biological chain elongation (CE) shows great potential for decarbonization by producing valuable biochemicals - specifically medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) - from waste streams containing simple short-chain chemical building blocks like acetic acid and ethanol. However, one of the key parameters that impacts the commercial viability of CE, hence its integration in sustainable chemical manufacturing, is the volumetric productivity. In this study, we compared two biofilm systems using commercially available carriers (respectively AnoxK™ Z-200 and K5) with a planktonic system to examine how biofilms enhance the conversion of acetate and ethanol to caproic acid (a medium chain carboxylic acid). The results show that the Z-200 and K5 systems achieved productivity up to 3.46 ± 0.08 g caproate/L/d and 8.1 ± 0.8 g caproate/L/d, respectively, outperforming the planktonic system at 3.02 ± 0.12 g caproate/L/d. Cycle studies further proved the superior performance of the biofilm systems, as shown by short lag-time and fast reaction kinetics. We validated biofilm formation in the CE process through microscopic visualization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM), biomass quantification, and analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Analysis of the microbial community through 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the biofilm systems were enriched by functional microbes (including Clostridium sensu stricto 12, Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Caproiciproducens, and Proteiniphilum) previously associated with chain elongation microbiomes. The superior performance in the biofilm systems likely stems from improved biomass concentration, enriched functional microbes, and increased EPS production favouring retention of functional taxa. Overall, this work demonstrates how microbial biofilms can improve productivity of MCFA in CE systems, potentially expanding CE applications and improve decarbonization potential.}, }
@article {pmid41016202, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Y and Huang, C and Qiu, Y and Li, R and Liu, J and Du, Y and Li, D}, title = {Synergistic elimination of bacillus Calmette-Guérin biofilm and tissue restoration facilitated by ultrasound-mediated nanoparticles and antioxidants.}, journal = {International immunopharmacology}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {115582}, doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115582}, pmid = {41016202}, issn = {1878-1705}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Antioxidants/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Levofloxacin/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Macrophages/drug effects/immunology ; Mice ; *Catalase/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; *Mycobacterium bovis/physiology/drug effects ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; *Tuberculosis/therapy/drug therapy ; Acetylcysteine/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Mycobacterium tuberculosis/physiology/drug effects ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Ultrasonic Waves ; *Ultrasonic Therapy/methods ; Female ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) enhances antibiotic resistance by impeding drug penetration and evading host immunity. This poses a significant challenge to conventional drug therapies, highlighting the urgent need for novel treatment strategies to overcome MTB's biofilm-mediated resistance. This study introduces the development of low-intensity ultrasound-mediated levofloxacin (LEV) and catalase (CAT) -loaded PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (LEV@CAT-NPs) for antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT), offering an innovative strategy to combat BCG biofilm infection, by utilizing BCG as a model for MTB. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was supplemented during the latter stages of the treatment process of anti-infection therapy to facilitate the transformation of macrophages to the M2 phenotype and to promote tissue repair. Ultrasound-mediated LEV@CAT-NPs, along with the subsequent addition of NAC not only enhanced repair at the infection site but also led to a progressive resolution of the inflammatory response in tissues. The treatment regimen induced a shift in macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype and modulated cytokine expression, decreasing pro-inflammatory while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, which contributed to the restoration of redox balance in the infected tissues. This study proposes a novel therapeutic strategy that not only targets drug-resistant MTB but also promotes tissue repair, highlighting its dual role in infection management.}, }
@article {pmid41015993, year = {2025}, author = {Setiawan, M and Gaffar, M and Wartati, S and Qanitha, A and Sjahril, R}, title = {Correlation of bacterial biofilm profile based on optical density cut-off with clinical severity in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media tubotympanic type.}, journal = {The Medical journal of Malaysia}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, pages = {537-543}, pmid = {41015993}, issn = {0300-5283}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Severity of Illness Index ; *Otitis Media, Suppurative/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bacterial Infections/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a middle ear infection with a high incidence in ear cases, is often recurrent, and causes hearing impairment. Bacteria in the CSOM frequently form biofilms, which enhance antibiotic resistance and contribute to disease progression. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of bacterial biofilm profiles based on optical density cut-off with the clinical picture of patients with tubotympanic type CSOM.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using a descriptive analytical design. The study was conducted at the tertiary teaching hospital of Hasanuddin University and the network hospital in Makassar, Indonesia, from July 2023 to July 2024. The study population consisted of patients with the CSOM tubotympanic type who met the inclusion criteria. Bacterial cultures and biofilm examinations were performed using the tissue culture plate method. Data were analyzed using SPSS&#xae; version 28.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 53 patients with the CSOM tubotympanic type were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 30&#xb1;14 years. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most dominant bacterium (32.1%), with 20 other bacteria, and all these bacteria formed biofilms with either weak or moderate strength. There was a significant association between biofilm formation and nature of secretion (r=0.395, p=0.003). The chronicity of the disease (r=0.407, p=0.002) and the degree of hearing impairment (r=0.294, p=0.032) were also significant. A significant positive association was found between total clinical score and biofilm formation (r=0.429, p=0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSION: All bacteria found in the tubotympanic CSOM formed biofilms. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between several clinical variables and biofilm formation. The substantial formation of biofilms may account for the fact that patients with elevated scores frequently experience infections that are challenging to manage with conventional antibiotic treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41015312, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Zhu, W and Zhang, X and Liu, S and Ma, J and Xing, D}, title = {Charge-specific impacts of polystyrene nanoplastics on acidogenesis and biofilm adaptation in Ethanoligenens harbinense.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {439}, number = {}, pages = {133389}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133389}, pmid = {41015312}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polystyrenes/pharmacology/chemistry ; Ethanol/metabolism ; *Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Microplastics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Acids/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Despite increasing awareness of the risks posed by nanoplastics (NPs) to environmental microbes, the charge-specific effects of functionalized NPs on anaerobic acidogenic bacteria remain poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of functionalized polystyrene (PS) NPs on Ethanoligenens harbinense, a model hydrogen-producing anaerobe. The growth, metabolic, and transcriptomic responses of this bacterium to non-functionalized (PS-NPs), amino-modified (PS-NH2), and carboxyl-modified (PS-COOH) variants were examined. Compared with the control group without NPs addition, PS-NH2 exerted the strongest inhibition, reducing hydrogen and ethanol production by 16 % and 20 %, respectively, while elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by 148 %. It also decreased biomass and down-regulated the expression of ribosome- and translation-related genes. In parallel, biofilm adaptation resulted in an 12 % increase in polysaccharide. PS-COOH enhanced biofilm reinforcement with a 21 % increase in polysaccharides and up-regulation of bapA and membrane transporter-related genes. Overall, PS-NH2 induced broad transcriptional changes, particularly in pathways related to the phosphotransferase system (PTS), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, genetic information processing, and signaling/regulatory systems in E. harbinense. These findings provide new insights into how surface charge modifications of NPs affect anaerobic bacterial metabolism and underscore their potential environmental risks.}, }
@article {pmid41015013, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, H and Li, W and Zhang, S and Yuan, L and Wang, D and Sun, J and Wang, H}, title = {Differential profiles of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge and biofilm in wastewater treatment plants.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139955}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139955}, pmid = {41015013}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as significant sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural water bodies, with activated sludge and biofilm being the two most critical biological treatment processes in WWTPs. A systematic comparison of ARG composition in these two processes is essential for optimizing the design and operation of wastewater treatment systems. This study collected samples from 16 WWTPs, including one year of longitudinal monitoring data from a full-scale facility and encompassing five biofilm types. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that the relative abundance of ARGs in activated sludge was significantly higher than in biofilms, with average relative abundances of 2075.05 ppm and 1288.78 ppm, respectively. We also identified plasmids and microbial community structure as key factors contributing to the differences in ARG composition between activated sludge and biofilm. Plasmids primarily influenced the ARGs associated with enzymatic modification mechanisms, while the microbial community structure mainly impacted the abundance of ARGs, particularly through its effect on Bacteroidia. This structural influence was particularly pronounced on ARGs related to enzymatic inactivation, enzymatic modification, efflux pumps, target modification, and target protection mechanisms. These findings provide valuable insights for improving the management of ARGs in WWTPs and contribute to the development of strategies for mitigating ARG proliferation in wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid41014987, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, B and Pan, X and Guo, H and Chen, Y and Wen, Q}, title = {'Inner membrane - outer gel' PEDOT:PSS/MXene composite material enhances the extracellular electron transfer process by promoting biofilm growth.}, journal = {Biosensors &amp; bioelectronics}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {118021}, doi = {10.1016/j.bios.2025.118021}, pmid = {41014987}, issn = {1873-4235}, abstract = {Against the backdrop of surging global energy demand, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have garnered significant attention for their potential in green energy conversion. To solve the problem of low efficiency of long-distance electron transfer by microorganisms at the anode interface of MFCs, we propose a novel 'inner membrane - outer gel' PEDOT:PSS/MXene dual-phase hydrogel electrode. The electrode is fabricated via electrochemical polymerization, which further enables it to use a flexible heterogeneous interface to promote three-dimensional (3D) biofilm generation. Experimental results indicate that the composite anode exhibits a charge transfer resistance (Rct) as low as 4.71 Ω, with a maximum power density of 4.55 ± 0.17 W m[-2], which is 1.8 times the maximum power density of a pure hydrogel (only PEDOT:PSS hydrogel). Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the relative abundance of Geobacter increased to 62.22 %, indicating a significant enrichment of electrogenic microorganisms. Molecular docking simulations further elucidated the electrostatic complementarity and hydrogen bonding interactions between PEDOT and the OmcZ protein, providing theoretical support for efficient electron transfer between conductive nanowires and electrodes within biofilms. Overall, this study provides both experimental and theoretical evidence for the feasibility of the 'inner membrane - outer gel' electrode in enhancing MFC performance, offering new insights into the design of high-performance conductive bioelectrodes in microbial energy conversion devices.}, }
@article {pmid41012569, year = {2025}, author = {do Nascimento, JL and da Costa, MCV and de Macêdo, LF and de Macêdo, LHC and de Moura, RO and de Mélo, TJA and da Rocha, WRV and de Melo Costa, ACF and Soares-Sobrinho, JL and Silva, DTCD}, title = {Laponite[®]-Based Smart Hydrogels for Sustained Topical Delivery of Silver Sulfadiazine: A Strategy for the Treatment of Contaminated or Biofilm-Forming Wounds.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41012569}, issn = {1999-4923}, support = {382074/2025-4.//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; grant #01/2025//Universidade Estadual da Para&#xed;ba/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) is widely used in the topical treatment of burns and infected wounds, but its conventional formulations present drawbacks such as poor water solubility, the need for multiple daily applications, and patient discomfort. To overcome these limitations, this study aimed to develop and evaluate Laponite[®] (LAP)-based hydrogels loaded with AgSD for controlled release and enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy, offering a promising alternative for the treatment of contaminated or biofilm-forming wounds. Methods: Laponite[®]-based hydrogels containing 1% and 1.2% AgSD (LAP@AgSD) were prepared using a one-pot method. The formulations were characterized rheologically, thermally, and structurally. In vitro drug release was assessed using Franz diffusion cells, and mathematical modeling was applied to determine release kinetics. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using standardized microbiological methods. Results: LAP@AgSD hydrogels exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, high structural integrity, and enhanced thermal stability. In vitro release assays revealed a sustained release profile, best fitted by the Weibull model, indicating diffusion-controlled mechanisms. Antibacterial assays demonstrated concentration-dependent activity, with LAP@AgSD 1.2% showing superior efficacy over LAP@AgSD 1% and comparable performance to the commercial silver sulfadiazine cream (CC-AgSD). Biofilm inhibition was significant for all formulations, with CC-AgSD 1% exhibiting the highest immediate activity, while LAP@AgSD 1.2% provided sustained antibiofilm potential. Conclusions: LAP-based hydrogels are promising smart delivery systems for AgSD, combining mechanical robustness, controlled drug release, and effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. These findings support their potential use in topical therapies for infected and chronic wounds, particularly where biofilm formation is a challenge.}, }
@article {pmid41011755, year = {2025}, author = {Liang, TT and Wen, JQ and Chen, GP and Wang, R and Xu, J and Chen, WY}, title = {Identification and Validation of Promising Targets and Inhibitors of Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Bioinformatics, Virtual Screening, and Biological Evaluation.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011755}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {CPA:2023ZYS09//Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Computational Biology/methods ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics ; Humans ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Clarithromycin/pharmacology ; Azithromycin/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a member of the "ESKAPE" group of bacterial pathogens, exhibits biofilm-forming capacity, a key factor contributing to its resistance to conventional antibiotics and posing significant challenges in clinical treatment. To develop more effective therapeutics against such infections, identifying potential drug targets through bioinformatics analysis is essential. Consequently, we utilized data from the GEO database to investigate differentially expressed genes between planktonic and biofilm groups, and identified drug targets through the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the cytoHubba algorithm. Inhibitors targeting this protein were identified through molecular docking screening of the FDA-approved drug library, and their anti-biofilm activity was validated in vitro. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified GacS as the drug target in this study for treating biofilm-related infections. Virtual screening revealed that oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and arformoterol tartrate (ARF) are both capable of tightly binding to GacS and demonstrating good stability. In vitro experiments further confirmed that both GSSG and ARF demonstrated anti-biofilm activity, particularly when combined with azithromycin (AZM) or clarithromycin (CAM), significantly enhancing the biofilm inhibition effects of these antibiotics. This combination therapy offers a new and innovative strategy to combat biofilm-associated infections, showcasing the potential of GacS inhibitors in clinical applications. In conclusion, GSSG and ARF may serve as effective GacS inhibitors, and their combination with AZM or CAM could provide a novel approach for treating biofilm-related infections, paving the way for more effective treatment options.}, }
@article {pmid41011744, year = {2025}, author = {Bridi, V and do Prado, DPG and Ferreira, SRR and Pedretti, CP and Filho, EGP and Santos, WGD and Rezende, HHA}, title = {Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Bacterial Species Isolated from a Veterinary Hospital.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011744}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Hospitals, Animal ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Staphylococcus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Micro-organisms are abundant in nature and can also be found in hospital settings, causing high rates of infections. This study aimed to identify bacteria isolated from a veterinary hospital, as well as to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer), biofilm production tests using 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates and crystal violet dye, and genetic analysis of the ica operon of Staphylococcus isolates. Three collections were made from eleven surfaces and objects in the hospital's non-critical areas (general areas) and critical areas (surgical center), totaling thirty-three samples. A total of 66 different bacterial isolates were obtained, with 77% (51/66) Gram-positive and 23% (29/66) Gram-negative. Resistance profiles were found for multidrug-resistance (MDR), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), and other unidentified species of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative (MRCNS) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), as well as biofilm production rates of 57% (38/66) of the isolates. Analysis of the operon genes for Staphylococcus sp. showed divergence in some samples when compared to the phenotypic test performed. In summary, there is a high presence of micro-organisms with resistance and virulence factors spread throughout the various areas of the veterinary hospital.}, }
@article {pmid41011529, year = {2025}, author = {De Plano, LM and Iaconis, A and Papasergi, S and Mediati, F and Caruso, D and Guglielmino, SPP and Franco, D}, title = {Role of NaCl and Glutamine on Biofilm Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011529}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of forming antibiotic-resistant biofilms, contributing to persistent infections and treatment failure. Environmental factors such as osmolarity and nutrient availability are known to influence biofilm formation and virulence. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaCl depletion and glutamine supplementation on biofilm production in three P. aeruginosa strains: the laboratory strain ATCC 27853 and two clinical isolates with distinct antibiotic resistance profiles and phenazine production patterns (P. aeruginosa Pr, pyorubrin-producing, and P. aeruginosa Pc, pyocyanin-producing). Bacteria were cultured in standard Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, LB without NaCl, and LB in which yeast extract was replaced by glutamine. For each strain and condition, we assessed growth kinetics, phenazine production, and biofilm formation. Biofilm development was quantified via XTT assays and compared to secondary metabolite profiles. NaCl removal did not substantially affect growth, whereas glutamine supplementation reduced growth, especially in the laboratory strain. Both conditions modulated secondary metabolite production and biofilm formation in a strain-specific manner. In P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, NaCl depletion significantly increased pyoverdine, pyocyanin, and QS gene expression, while biofilm formation showed significant differences only at 72 h; in contrast, glutamine supplementation affected only pyoverdine. A similar trend was observed in the clinical strain P. aeruginosa Pc, although NaCl depletion did not significantly impact pyoverdine production but already enhanced biofilm formation at 48 h. In P. aeruginosa Pr, only glutamine appeared to alter the considered parameters, increasing pyoverdine production while reducing pyocyanin and biofilm levels, although the absence of NaCl also negatively impacted biofilm formation. These findings highlight the impact of osmotic and nutritional signals on P. aeruginosa virulence traits.}, }
@article {pmid41011426, year = {2025}, author = {Shen, J and Li, Y and Miao, H}, title = {The PP2A Catalytic Subunit PPH21 Regulates Biofilm Formation and Drug Resistance of Candida albicans.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011426}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilms exhibit enhanced resistance to conventional antifungal agents; however, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms warrant deeper exploration. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), especially its catalytic activity, is crucial for maintaining physiological balance. This study focused on the role of the PP2A catalytic subunit coding gene PPH21 in biofilm formation and drug resistance of C. albicans. The mutant strain (pph21Δ/Δ) was generated and identified. The oxidative stress was detected by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The autophagic activity was evaluated, and the autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The biofilm formation was measured by XTT reduction assay, crystal violet (CV) staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The susceptibility to antifungal agents was examined by XTT reduction assay and spot assay. Additionally, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was applied to clarify the regulatory effect of C. albicans autophagy on oxidative stress. The pathogenicity of PPH21 in oral C. albicans infection was evaluated through in vivo experiments. We found that PPH21 deletion led to increased oxidative stress and autophagic activities, but it can be reversed by the application of NAC. Moreover, PPH21 deletion also impaired the biofilm formation ability and reduced resistance to antifungal agents. Our findings revealed that PPH21 is involved in both virulence and stress adaptation of C. albicans.}, }
@article {pmid41011382, year = {2025}, author = {Jotic, A and Cirkovic, I and Bozic, D and Savic Vujovic, K and Milovanovic, J and Folic, M and Trivic, A and Cvorovic, L and Radivojevic, N}, title = {Antibiofilm Effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Staphylococcal Biofilm in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011382}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {451-03-65/2024-03/200110//Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, the Republic of Serbia/ ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcal bacterial biofilm plays an important role in the pathogenesis and bacterial persistence of chronic rhinosinusitis. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) has an inhibitory role in biofilm formation, suppressing adhesion and matrix production or favoring dispersal of preformed biofilm. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro effect of NAC on Staphylococcal biofilm formation by bacterial strains isolated from tissue samples of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps (CRSwNP and CRSsNP). Prospective study included 75 patients with CRS. The biofilm-forming capacity of isolated strains was detected by microtiter-plate method and the effects of sub-inhibitory (1/2x, 1/4x, and 1/8x minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC) and supra-inhibitory minimal concentrations (2x, 4x, and 8xMIC) of NAC on biofilm production were investigated. Staphylococcal bacterial strains were isolated in 54 (72%) patients, and the most frequently isolated species were Staphylococcus aureus (40.7%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci species were weak producers of biofilm, while S. aureus was a strong biofilm producer. Concentration of 3.1 mg/mL (1/2 MIC) was sufficient to completely prevent biofilm formation in 77.8% of the isolates, where 49.6 mg/mL (8xMIC) led to the complete eradication of formed biofilm in 81.5% of the isolates. The subinhibitory and eradication effects were dose- and strain-dependent. There were no significant differences in MIC values between isolates from patients with CRSwNP and CRSsNP isolates. NAC proved to be effective in inhibiting biofilm formation and reducing formed biofilm by Staphylococcal isolates from patients with CRS. A comparable antibiofilm effect was exhibited in both phenotypes of CRS, indicating that NAC's antibiofilm activity was independent of the underlying clinical phenotype, and more targeted on biofilm matrix components.}, }
@article {pmid41011381, year = {2025}, author = {Hessling, M and Meulebroeck, W and Alsanius, B}, title = {A Collection and Analysis of Simplified Data for a Better Understanding of the Complex Process of Biofilm Inactivation by Ultraviolet and Visible Irradiation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011381}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {BW8-1108//Ministerium f&#xfc;r Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Tourismus Baden-W&#xfc;rttemberg/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that pose a problem in many areas, including the food industry, drinking water treatment, and medicine, because they can contain pathogens and are difficult to eliminate. For this reason, the possibility of biofilm reduction by ultraviolet (UV) or visible light was investigated using data from published reports. Results for different applications, spectral ranges, and microorganisms were compared by performing MANOVA tests. Approximately 140 publications were found that dealt with the irradiation of water or surfaces for biofilm reduction or reduction in biofilm formation. Irradiation of surfaces with UV or visible light in the spectral range 200-525 nm had a positive effect on biofilm reduction and reduction in biofilm formation, although the results for irradiation of water were conflicting. Most investigations were carried out on P. aeruginosa biofilms, but other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi and their biofilm sensitivities to irradiation, were also analyzed. Limited data were available for the UVB (280-315 nm) and UVA (315-400 nm) range. Most experiments to date have been carried out in the UVC (100-280 nm) or in the visible violet/blue spectral (400-500 nm) range, with the UVC range being 2-3 orders of magnitude more efficient in terms of applied irradiation dose. Other quantitative statements were difficult to make as the results from the different working groups were highly scattered. Irradiation can reduce the microorganisms in biofilms but does not completely remove biofilms. New biofilm formation can at least be delayed by surface irradiation. Whether it is also possible to prevent the formation of new biofilms in the long term is open to question. Which irradiation wavelengths are optimal for anti-biofilm measures is also still unclear.}, }
@article {pmid41011372, year = {2025}, author = {Furnica, DT and Falkenstein, J and Dittmer, S and Steinmann, J and Rath, PM and Kirchhoff, L}, title = {Human-like Biofilm Models to Study the Activity of Antifungals Against Aspergillus fumigatus.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011372}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic filamentous fungus that primarily affects the respiratory tract of the human body. Depending on its host's immune response, the pathogen can cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). Biofilm formation by A. fumigatus increases virulence and resistance against antifungals and immune response and is one important factor in IPA development. Here, two human-like models, precision cut lung slices (PCLS) and a biofilm co-culture model, have been developed to test the anti-biofilm activity of voriconazole, amphotericin B, as well as luliconazole against A. fumigatus. In both assays, metabolically active A. fumigatus biofilms were examined at different biofilm developmental stages using an XTT assay. A decrease in the metabolic activity of the fungal biofilms was detected for each of the tested agents in both assays. Significant anti-biofilm effects exist against early-stage biofilm in the co-culture model. In the PCLS assay, amphotericin B showed the strongest inhibition after 24 h. In conclusion, the applied PCLS ex vivo model can be used to study the property and activity of certain antifungal compounds against Aspergillus biofilm. With its close resemblance to human conditions, the PCLS model has the potential for improving the current understanding of biofilm treatments in laboratory settings.}, }
@article {pmid41011371, year = {2025}, author = {Risheq, S and Sancho, A and Friedman, M and Gati, I and Eliashar, R and Steinberg, D and Gross, M}, title = {Ciprofloxacin-Coated Tympanostomy Tubes with Sustained-Release Varnish: A Novel Strategy to Combat Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011371}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of ciprofloxacin-coated tympanostomy tubes (TTs) using a sustained-release varnish (SRV-CIPRO) and introduce a novel tympanic membrane model for preclinical evaluation.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN: This was an in vitro experimental study.<br><br>SETTING: This study was conducted in a biofilm research laboratory in an academic medical center.<br><br>METHODS: Sterile fluoroplastic TTs were coated with SRV-CIPRO or placebo varnish. A novel tympanic membrane (TM) model was developed using a layered agar-plastic system. Antibacterial activity, biofilm inhibition, and bacterial viability were assessed through agar diffusion, MTT, ATP quantification, HR-SEM, and SD-CLSM.<br><br>RESULTS: SRV-CIPRO-coated TTs exhibited sustained antibacterial activity for up to 10 days. Compared to the placebo, SRV-CIPRO significantly inhibited biofilm formation, reduced metabolic activity, and decreased bacterial viability (p < 0.05). Imaging confirmed fewer bacterial colonies on SRV-CIPRO TTs. The TM model allowed realistic testing of tube insertion and infection simulation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SRV-CIPRO-coated TTs offer sustained antibiotic delivery, potentially reducing postoperative otorrhea and biofilm-related complications. The TM model provides a platform for preclinical evaluation of middle ear devices.}, }
@article {pmid41011142, year = {2025}, author = {Maravić-Vlahoviček, G and Kindl, M and Andričević, K and Obranić, S and Vladimir-Knežević, S}, title = {Modulatory Effects of Satureja montana L. Essential Oil on Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011142}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {KK.01.1.1.02.0021 (FarmInova)//European Regional Development Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, particularly from pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known for forming biofilms and producing virulence factors that cause persistent infections. Essential oils (EOs) offer promising alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy due to their antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. This study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of a thymol-rich EO from Satureja montana L. on planktonic growth, biofilm formation, swarming motility, proteolytic activity and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Methods: The essential oil, isolated by hydrodistillation from S. montana aerial parts, was analysed by GC-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the EO and thymol was determined using the broth microdilution method. Sub-MICs were tested for planktonic growth and biofilm formation. Virulence was assessed by testing swarming motility, proteolytic activity and pyocyanin production. Results: The EO was characterised by a very high content of monoterpenes, with thymol dominating (56.47%). MIC for both EO and thymol was 4 mg/mL. They showed a biphasic effect: higher concentrations significantly inhibited planktonic growth (36-58% reduction; p < 0.05), while lower concentrations promoted it (10-17% increase; p < 0.05). Biofilm biomass varied, but the biofilm index indicated promotion at higher concentrations (0.125-0.5 mg/mL; p < 0.05). Both inhibited swarming at 0.5 mg/mL (thymol was more effective). Thymol decreased proteolytic activity, while EO increased pyocyanin production. Conclusions: S. montana essential oil and thymol show concentration-dependent modulation of P. aeruginosa growth, biofilms and virulence, suggesting their potential as anti-virulence agents, although the biphasic responses require careful dosing.}, }
@article {pmid41011138, year = {2025}, author = {Elhawary, EA and Soltane, R and Moustafa, MH and Abdelaziz, AM and Said, MA and Zahran, EM}, title = {Sustainable MnO2/MgO Bimetallic Nanoparticles Capped with Sword Fern Methanol Extract Attain Antioxidant/Anti-Biofilm Potential: A UPLC-ESI/LC/MS and Network Pharmacology-Supported Study.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41011138}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {25UQU4331312GSSR01//Funder Grant Number Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Nephrolepis exaltata (sword fern) possesses a considerable amount of phytochemicals and different biological activities. The current study investigates the anti-biofilm potential of greenly synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles of Nephrolepis exaltata leaf methanol extract (NEME-MnO2-MgO BNPs). Methods: The NEME was subjected to UPLC/MS analysis, followed by characterization of its NPs by size, zeta potential, FTIR, entrapment efficiency, and release. Then, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm assays were employed, followed by in silico studies. Results: The UPLC/MS analysis of NEME led to the tentative identification of 27 metabolites, mostly phenolics. The MnO2-MgO BNPs presented a uniform size and distribution and exhibited IC50 values of 350 and 215.6 μg/mL, in the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Moreover, the NPs exhibited antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC-9633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-6538), Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and C. albicans, with MIC values of 250-500 μg/mL. The MnO2-MgO BNPs inhibited Candida albicans biofilms with a % inhibition of 66.83 ± 2.45% at 1/2 MIC. The network pharmacology highlighted epigallocatechin and hyperoside to be the major compounds responsible for the anti-biofilm potential. The ASKCOS facilitated the prediction of the redox transformations that occurred in the green synthesis, while the docking analysis revealed enhanced binding affinities of the oxidized forms of both compounds towards the outer membrane porin OprD of P. aeruginosa, with binding scores of -4.6547 and -5.7701 kcal/mol., respectively. Conclusions: The greenly synthesized Nephrolepis exaltata bimetallic nanoparticles may provide a promising, eco-friendly, and sustainable source for antimicrobial agents of natural origin with potential biofilm inhibition.}, }
@article {pmid41010524, year = {2025}, author = {Jung, EH and Hwang, G and Kim, KR}, title = {Effect of 6-Shogaol Derived from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Dual-Species Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {17}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {41010524}, issn = {2072-6643}, support = {This research was supported by Kyungpook National University Research Fund, 2022.//Kyungpook National University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Catechols/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Zingiber officinale/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dental plaque, a biofilm composed of accumulated oral microorganisms, is a key contributor to various oral diseases. 6-shogaol, a bioactive compound of ginger, is known to have pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of 6-shogaol on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans).<br><br>METHODS: Dual-species oral biofilms were formed on hydroxyapatite (HA) disks for 42 h and exposed to 6-shogaol. The pH was measured in the experimental medium, and the biomass, colony-forming unit (CFU) of microbial cells, and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were quantified in the biofilm formed on the HA disk. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to assess biofilm morphology, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze gtf gene expression.<br><br>RESULTS: 6-shogaol dose-dependently reduced insoluble EPS, CFU counts, and dry weight of biofilms. The pH was maintained above 5.5 in the 6-shogaol-treated group. CLSM images showed that S. mutans proliferation, C. albicans hyphal development, and EPS production were markedly inhibited in biofilms treated with 6-shogaol. The expression of gtfB and gtfC was significantly downregulated by 6-shogaol.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that 6-shogaol has the potential to be a promising natural product for the prevention and management of oral biofilm-related oral diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41009919, year = {2025}, author = {Murray, RK and Martin, AE and Zipkowitz, S and Jahan, N and Davis, TD and Redman, WK}, title = {α-Amylase-Mediated Antibiotic Degradation and Sequestration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Therapy.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41009919}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {R00 GM129454/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As of 2022, 80% of all documented microbial infections are biofilm-associated: communities of microorganisms adhered to a surface and enclosed in a complex extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The EPS acts as a physical barrier protecting the bacteria from antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. To combat this hurdle, the application of glycoside hydrolases (GH) has been investigated due to their ability to cleave particular structural polysaccharides within the EPS, thus breaking down the protective barrier and improving antibiotic clearance. While various studies demonstrate the capacity of GHs to improve antibiotic efficacy against biofilms in combination, there is clear differential success between these treatments depending on the GH and antibiotic chosen. Due to the overlap of GH targets and antibiotic structures, it is imperative to ensure that the antibiotics in combinatorial treatments are not degraded by the GH.<br><br>METHODS: This study aimed to screen the GH &#x3b1;-amylase produced from Aspergillus oryzae (AO) and Bacillus subtilis (BS), combined with various antibiotics from different classes, charges, and mode of actions by determining MICs. against the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) of 6 antibiotics with or without &#x3b1;-amylase and treat 2-day PA biofilms with antibiotics with or without GHs. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) stability assays and Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) were conducted to determine antibiotic and GH degradation as well as antibiotic sequestration.<br><br>RESULTS: Increased MICs in the presence of GHs as well as decreased antibiotic clearance against 2-day biofilms were suggestive of antibiotic degradation. LC-MS/MS stability assays of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the presence and absence of &#x3b1;-amylase further demonstrated the &#x3b1;-amylase-mediated antibiotic sequestration. Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) assays confirmed &#x3b1;-amylase-antibiotic interactions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that &#x3b1;-amylase is capable of degrading and sequestering a variety of antibiotics, and the degree to which these phenomena occur varies depending upon the source of the GH. As a potential treatment for biofilm-associated infections, it is imperative that the GH + antibiotic combinations are determined compatible prior to clinical use.}, }
@article {pmid41009848, year = {2025}, author = {Oliveira, MCF and Canellas, ALB and Berbert, LC and Cardoso, AM and Silva, VA and Garutti, SST and Rangel, DHF and Dias, RCS and Perini, JA and Souza, CRVM and Chagas, TPG and Laport, MS and Pellegrino, FLPC}, title = {Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Biofilm-Forming Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Rio de Janeiro.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41009848}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {88887.820714/2023-00//CAPES/ ; E-26/211.519/2019//FAPERJ/ ; E-26/211.209/2021//FAPERJ/ ; E-26/204.045/2024//FAPERJ/ ; E-26/211.284/2021//FAPERJ/ ; 405020/2023-6//CNPq/ ; 309158/2023-0//CNPq/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of urinary tract infections in both community and hospital settings worldwide. Antimicrobial-resistant UPEC strains pose a significant challenge for effective antibiotic therapy. In this study, 50 bacterial isolates recovered from urine samples of patients attended in different sectors of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro over five months were analyzed to assess antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles through broad gene screening. Methods: Biofilm production was assessed using a semi-quantitative adherence assay. PCR was employed to investigate 27 resistance genes, 6 virulence genes, sequence types (STs), and phylogroups. Susceptibility to 25 antimicrobial agents was determined by disk diffusion testing. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential was evaluated in vivo using the Tenebrio molitor larvae infection model. Results: Most UPEC isolates were moderate or strong biofilm producers (41/50; 82%). The sul1 and sul2 resistance genes were the most frequently detected (58%). Two virulence gene patterns were identified: fyuA, iutA, fimH, cnf1 and fyuA, iutA, fimH (13 isolates; 26%). ST131 and ST73 were the most common sequence types (16% each), and phylogroup B2 was the most prevalent (50%). Thirty isolates (60%) were multidrug-resistant, most of which belonged to phylogroup B2. UPEC exhibited dose-dependent lethality, causing 100% mortality at 2.6 × 10[8] CFU/mL within 24 h. Conclusions: These findings reinforce the urgent need for surveillance strategies and effective antimicrobial stewardship in clinical practice.}, }
@article {pmid41009836, year = {2025}, author = {Oh, Y and Kim, TJ}, title = {Temperature Adaptive Biofilm Formation in Yersinia enterocolitica in Response to pYV Plasmid and Calcium.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41009836}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {2021R1F1A1061888//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Yersinia enterocolitica is a pathogenic bacterium that forms biofilms, enhancing its persistence and resistance to antimicrobial agents. Biofilm formation in Y. enterocolitica is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, calcium, and the presence of the virulence plasmid pYV. This study aims to explore how temperature, calcium, and pYV modulate biofilm formation in Y. enterocolitica, with a focus on motility and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production as key factors. Methods: Y. enterocolitica strains with and without the pYV plasmid were cultured at two different temperatures (26 °C and 37 °C). The effect of calcium (5 mM) on biofilm formation was tested at both temperatures. Biofilm formation was measured using crystal violet staining, motility was assessed using soft agar plates, and EPS production was quantified to determine its role in biofilm stabilization. Results: At 26 °C, biofilm formation increased in pYV-negative strains, driven primarily by motility and flagellar expression. In contrast, at 37 °C, pYV-positive strains showed strong biofilm formation despite reduced growth, with EPS production as the key stabilizing factor. Calcium modulated biofilm formation in a temperature-dependent manner: at 26 °C, 5 mM calcium modestly reduced biofilm formation in pYV-negative strains, while at 37 °C, it significantly suppressed both EPS production and biofilm formation by approximately 50% in pYV-positive strains. Conclusions: This study reveals a novel regulatory switch where temperature, calcium, and pYV modulate biofilm formation in Y. enterocolitica. These findings suggest that Y. enterocolitica can adapt between motility- and EPS-dominated biofilm strategies depending on environmental conditions. Understanding these mechanisms offers potential targets for controlling biofilm-related persistence in clinical and food safety contexts.}, }
@article {pmid41009754, year = {2025}, author = {Tegegne, DT and Abbott, IJ and Poźniak, B}, title = {Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: Understanding the Interplay Between Bacterial Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {41009754}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {N070/0011/24//Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/etiology ; *Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Urinary Catheters/microbiology/adverse effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The increasing use of urinary catheters in healthcare, driven by an aging population and escalating antimicrobial resistance, presents both benefits and challenges. While they are essential to managing urinary retention and enabling precise urine output monitoring, their use significantly increases the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), the most common type of healthcare-associated infection. CAUTI risk is closely linked to the duration of catheterization and the formation of bacterial biofilms on catheter surfaces. These biofilms, often composed of polymicrobial communities encased in an extracellular matrix, promote persistent infections that are highly resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapies. Common CAUTI uropathogens include E. coli, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and Candida spp. The complexity and resilience of these biofilm-associated infections underscore the urgent need for innovative treatment strategies. Therefore, dynamic in vitro bladder infection models, which replicate physiological conditions such as urine flow and bladder voiding, have become valuable tools for studying microbial behavior, biofilm development, and therapeutic interventions under real clinical conditions. This review provides an overview of CAUTIs, explores the role of biofilms in sub-optimal responses to antimicrobial treatment and advances in model systems, and presents promising new approaches to combating these infections.}, }
@article {pmid41009506, year = {2025}, author = {Liberatore, A and Bertoldi, A and Balboni, A and Gabrielli, L and Cantiani, A and Lanna, F and Sartori, M and Brogini, S and Giavaresi, G and Lazzarotto, T}, title = {Biofilm Formation, c-di-GMP Production, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcal Strains Isolated from Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Pilot Study in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Patients.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {41009506}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {RF-2019-12370058.//Ministero della Salute/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Pilot Projects ; *Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Female ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; Male ; *Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and total joint replacement (TJR) are effective treatments for end-stage osteoarthritis, but prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) remain a significant complication. These infections are often associated with bacteria that form biofilms, which contribute to their persistence and resistance to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the biofilm-forming ability, cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) production, and the presence of biofilm-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolates obtained from synovial fluid samples of patients with PJIs following TJA and TJR. A total of 198 samples were analyzed, with bacterial growth detected in 33 samples (16.7%). Among these, 10 strains of S. aureus and 22 strains of CoNS were identified. Biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet assay, and c-di-GMP levels were measured. A statistically significant linear regression was found between biofilm formation and c-di-GMP production (p = 0.016, R[2] = 0.18). Genetic analysis revealed the presence of biofilm-associated genes, including icaA, clfA, fnbA in S. aureus, and atlE, fbe in CoNS. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference in c-di-GMP production between strains harboring the icaA gene and strains without icaA (p = 0.016), while oxacillin resistance was detected more frequently in strains carrying fbe gene (p = 0.031). The study emphasizes the variability in antibiotic resistance profiles among staphylococcal isolates, underscoring the complexity of managing these infections.}, }
@article {pmid41008208, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, X and Yang, H and Wang, C and Yan, S and Ren, X and Sun, Z}, title = {Pterostilbene Eliminates MRSA Independent of Metabolic State and Effectively Prevents Biofilm Formation in Milk Matrices.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {41008208}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {202203021212430//Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province for the Youth Science and Technology Research/ ; SXBYKY2022007//Project of Scientific Research for Excellent Doctors of Shanxi Province/ ; 2022BQ01//Doctorate Research Starting Foundation of Shanxi Agricultural University/ ; 2025CYJSTX12-10//The earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System/ ; }, abstract = {The relentless spread of antimicrobial resistance poses a severe threat to global public health, food safety, and environmental security. Natural products with potent antimicrobial activity offer prospective substitutes for traditional antibiotics and chemical preservatives. Here, we demonstrate that pterostilbene (PT), a natural dietary compound, exhibits rapid lytic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PT displayed metabolism-independent bactericidal effects, effectively eradicating dormant persister cells within one hour, though its activity was partially attenuated under anaerobic conditions. Mechanistically, PT disrupted membrane integrity by increasing permeability, dissipating membrane potential, depleting cellular ATP, and suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Its efficacy was modulated by membrane phospholipid composition, with phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) critically influencing antimicrobial potency. Crucially, PT robustly inhibited MRSA biofilm formation in milk. These findings highlight PT's potential as a structurally stable, natural antimicrobial for controlling resilient MRSA, particularly against biofilm-associated and persister subpopulations in food systems.}, }
@article {pmid41007765, year = {2025}, author = {Agboola, OE and Agboola, O and Ayinla, ZA and Agboola, SS and Olaiya, OE and Oyinloye, OM and Fajana, OM and Idowu, OT and Omotuyi, OI and Ilesanmi, OS and Oyinloye, BE}, title = {Integrated Virtual Screening for Anti-Caries Compounds from Neem: Dual-Target Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Bacterial DNA Replication.}, journal = {Biomedicines}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41007765}, issn = {2227-9059}, abstract = {Background: Dental caries arise from polymicrobial biofilms and require interventions that address both local virulence and systemic burden. Methods: A curated set of 124 neem-derived phytochemicals was screened against Streptococcus mutans glucansucrase (3AIC) and Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase B (3U2D) using harmonized AutoDock Vina parameters. Ligand standardization and receptor preparation followed conventional protocols. Results: The most favorable docking scores reached -10.7 kcal·mol[-1] for 3AIC and -8.9 kcal·mol[-1] for 3U2D. Redocking produced pose RMSD values of 1.52 Å (3AIC) and 0.96 Å (3U2D). Per-receptor ADMET profiles for the six top-ranked compounds indicated median logP values of 4.93 (3AIC) and 4.52 (3U2D), median TPSA values of 80.3 and 62.9 Å[2], median rotatable bonds of 2.5 and 1.0, and median QED values of 0.41 and 0.76, respectively. Conclusions: An integrated, dual-target screen prioritized neem constituents with plausible local anti-cariogenic activity and physicochemical features compatible with systemic disposition. These in silico findings motivate targeted experimental validation.}, }
@article {pmid41007401, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, X and An, Q and Kang, H and Li, S and Zhang, S and Yang, H and Dou, X and Ji, Y and Zhao, Y and Fan, H}, title = {Whole-Genome Analysis of a Novel Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strain from Dairy Calves in Northeast China: Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41007401}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {32373085//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZL2024C020//Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province/ ; 2024M750390//China postdoctoral science fund/ ; }, abstract = {The use of antibiotics is so widespread in animal husbandry, but negligent management and lack of policies often lead to the massive use of antibiotics on farms. In this study, we collected cases of epidemic calf diarrhea in northeastern China and isolated a new strain of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR-E. coli). In order to explore the information of this pathogen in detail, we used whole-genome sequencing to determine the genome sequence, and explored in detail the resistance, pathogenicity, genetic evolution and other biological processes of the strain through bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that the E. coli isolated in this study was a new multidrug-resistant strain with a large number of drug resistance genes (77) and virulence genes (84), including a circular chromosome and five circular plasmids, which are basically impossible to treat by currently commonly used antibiotics. The findings of this study suggest that the prolonged misuse of antibiotics in agricultural settings may contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli. This, in turn, has the potential to trigger outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant bacterial diarrhea, leading to substantial economic losses and posing significant public health risks. These results underscore the necessity for the judicious use of antibiotics and will inform the development of pertinent policies and regulations.}, }
@article {pmid41007393, year = {2025}, author = {Oh, JH and Kim, E and Cho, M}, title = {Biofilm Formation by Rice Rhizosphere Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms and Its Effect on Rice Growth Promotion.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41007393}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {PJ017406012025//National Institute of Agricultural Sciences Program/ ; }, abstract = {Excessive nitrogen fertilizer use contributes to environmental pollution and undermines agricultural sustainability. Enhancing symbiotic interactions between rice and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms offers a promising strategy to potentially improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This study investigates the role of rice root exudates in promoting biofilm formation by nitrogen-fixing microbes to enhance nitrogen fixation. Nine nitrogen-fixing microbial strains were evaluated for biofilm formation in response to flavone and apigenin treatments, with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus KACC 12358 serving as the reference strain. The most responsive strain was selected, and a library of 1597 natural compounds was screened to identify those that promote biofilm formation in both the selected and reference strains. A. indigens KACC 11682 exhibited the highest biofilm-forming capacity, with apigenin treatment showing an OD595 value approximately 1.4 times higher than the DMSO control. Screening identified 68 compounds that enhanced biofilm formation by more than 500% compared to the control. Among them, eight compounds induced strong biofilm formation (O.D. > 2.0) in A. indigens. Cardamomin, a chalconoid flavonoid, emerged as one of the most effective compounds, showing a 245% increase in biofilm formation. Growth promotion assays showed that A. indigens increased rice fresh weight by approximately 128% compared to untreated controls. This study demonstrates the potential of rice root exudate-derived compounds to promote beneficial symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microbes. These findings offer a novel approach that may contribute to enhancing rice NUE. Future research will focus on evaluating the long-term effects of these compounds and microorganisms, assessing their applicability in real agricultural settings, and conducting further validation across various rice cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41005094, year = {2025}, author = {Russo, S and Muscetta, M and Liotta, I and Rizzo, M and Marra, D and Gentile, G and Förster, B and Caserta, S and Marotta, R and Cocca, M and Vitiello, G}, title = {Sunlight driven photo-treatment of polyhydroxybutyrate microplastics mediated by carbon nanodots-doped ZnO mesocrystals: Induced surface changes boost degradation in soil and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139933}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139933}, pmid = {41005094}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Plastics are widely used due to their versatility. However, their accumulation as microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment poses a significant threat for the ecosystems. Although biodegradable polymers, like polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), offer a sustainable alternative, their degradation could still lead to fragmentation and MP accumulation, hence it is essential to enhance biodegradation rates in order to mitigate environmental impacts. This study investigates the integration of photocatalytic pretreatment with natural biodegradation to accelerate PHB biodegradation. Photoactive ZnO mesocrystals doped with biowaste-derived carbon nanodots, prepared via a wet-chemical approach, are proposed to improve the photocatalytic efficiency under sunlight. ZnO mesocrystals doped with 30 wt% of carbon nanodots exhibited superior photocatalytic properties, thus photodegrading PHB microplastics more efficiently than bare ZnO. Phototreated PHB microplastics exhibit an improved biodegradation in soil when exposed for a controlled irradiation time. Additionally, PHB microplastics photo-treated in the presence of doped mesocrystals showed an enhanced microbial colonization indicating improved biofilm formation. These findings highlight the potential of photocatalytic pretreatment in modifying surface properties to boost degradation in soil, thus offering a promising strategy for reducing microplastic accumulation.}, }
@article {pmid41003166, year = {2025}, author = {Cedeño-Pinargote, AC and Jara-Medina, NR and Pineda-Cabrera, CC and Cueva, DF and Erazo-Garcia, MP and Tejera, E and Machado, A}, title = {Impact of Biofilm Formation by Vaginal Candida albicans and Candida glabrata Isolates and Their Antifungal Resistance: A Comprehensive Study in Ecuadorian Women.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41003166}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {Project ID: 12260 entitled "Adhesi&#xf3;n inicial y resistencia antimicrobiana de Candida sp. aisladas de la microbiota humana''//Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ/ ; Project ID: 17357 entitled "Alternative approaches for eliminating Biofilms"//Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ/ ; Project ID: 16801 entitled ''Characterization of single and mixed Biofilms''//Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ/ ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are key fungal pathogens linked to candidiasis, with rising concerns due to antifungal resistance and biofilm abilities. However, data from Latin America remains limited. This study assessed biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility of vaginal Candida isolates from Ecuadorian women. Biofilm formation at 24 and 48 h was evaluated using biomass and CFU assays and the biofilm formation index. Antifungal resistance in planktonic cells and patient microbiota profiles were also analyzed. Biofilm assessment showed 57.14% of isolates were high biofilm formers, 33.33% intermediate, 4.76% low, and 4.76% non-formers. Planktonic susceptibility testing included fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, micafungin, flucytosine, and amphotericin B. Micafungin showed the lowest MBEC90 value among tested antifungals, with an average MIC of 0.15 µg/mL, MBIC90 of 1.26 µg/mL, and MBEC90 of 1.86 µg/mL. Fluconazole followed with MIC, MBIC90, and MBEC90 values of 4.19, 63.33, and 66.59 µg/mL. Flucytosine had the highest values (MIC = 11.36 µg/mL; MBIC90 = 244.71 µg/mL; MBEC90 = 245.33 µg/mL). Both micafungin and flucytosine produced similar reductions in viable biofilm cells (1.44 log CFU), while fluconazole induced a slightly lower reduction of 1.39 log CFU. Findings suggest echinocandins may be effective against biofilm-forming Candida in this Ecuadorian population subset.}, }
@article {pmid41002904, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, M and Liao, B}, title = {Modelling of Diffusion and Reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Nutrients in Biofilm for Optimal Design and Operation of Emerging Membrane Carbonated Microalgal Biofilm Photobioreactors.}, journal = {Membranes}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41002904}, issn = {2077-0375}, support = {RGPIN-2019--05087//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {The biological performance and carbon dioxide (CO2) flux of the novel and emerging concept of a membrane carbonated microalgal biofilm photobioreactor (MC-MBPBR) for wastewater treatment were investigated using mathematical modelling in conjunction with the finite-difference method. A set of differential equations was established to model the performance of an MC-MBPBR. The impacts of CO2 partial pressure, wastewater characteristics, and biofilm thickness on the concentration profiles and fluxes of CO2 and nutrients (N and P) to the biofilm of the MC-MBPBR were systematically studied. The modelling results showed profound impacts of these parameters on process efficiency (CO2 transfer and N and P removals) and the existence of an optimal biofilm thickness for maximum CO2, N, and P fluxes into the biofilm. Penetration of CO2 through the biofilm into the bulk water phase might occur under certain conditions. An increase in gaseous CO2 and increased influent N and P concentrations led to higher CO2, N, and P fluxes. The optimal biofilm thickness varied with the change in wastewater characteristics and gaseous CO2 concentration. The modelling results were in relatively good agreement with experimental results from the literature. The proposed mathematical models can be used as a powerful tool to optimize the design and operation of the novel MC-MBPBR for wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid41002690, year = {2025}, author = {de Andrade, JG and Natali, AFF and Loureiro, C and Rodrigues, GWL and Ribeiro, APF and de Freitas, RN and Barzotti, RJ and Oliveira, LC and de Moraes, YGC and Gomes, NA and Chaves-Neto, AH and Martinho, FC and Jacinto, RC}, title = {Synergistic Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Carbon Dioxide Against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41002690}, issn = {2304-6767}, support = {001//the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil (CAPES/ ; 2021/02260-6//S&#xe3;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; }, abstract = {Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of pressurized carbon dioxide (PCD) influences the antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in root canals and dentinal tubules. Methods: Forty extracted human mandibular premolars with single canals were contaminated with E. faecalis for 10 days and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10): 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl + CO2, sterile saline, and sterile saline + CO2. The pH and temperature of the NaOCl solution were measured before and after CO2 incorporation. Microbial load was assessed by CFU counts before and after irrigation, and in dentin samples from the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. Oxidative stress was evaluated via lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyl content, and total protein quantification. Biofilm metabolic activity was analyzed using the XTT reduction assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA on ranks and two-way repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05), a very large effect size (Cohen's d) ≈ 1.756 was assumed. Results: All irrigation protocols significantly reduced bacterial load (p < 0.05). Both NaOCl groups outperformed the saline controls (p = 0.009). The addition of CO2 to NaOCl slightly enhanced disinfection in the main canal but did not improve antimicrobial action in dentinal tubules. CO2 incorporation reduced the pH of NaOCl from ~13.4 to 7.4 and slightly increased the temperature, making the solution more chemically reactive. However, both oxidative stress markers and the XTT assay showed that the combination with CO2 impaired the antimicrobial effectiveness of NaOCl. Conclusions: Despite the improvement in bacterial reduction in the root canal lumen, the combination of PCD with NaOCl failed to enhance intratubular disinfection and reduced the oxidative damage and metabolic inactivation of the biofilm. CO2 pressurization appears to limit the antimicrobial action of NaOCl.}, }
@article {pmid41002344, year = {2025}, author = {Bao, H and Yu, F and Dai, P and Guo, B and Xu, Y}, title = {Construction of an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Matching Method Based on Adaptive Multi-Error Driving and Application Testing for Biofilm Impedance Verification.}, journal = {Biosensors}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41002344}, issn = {2079-6374}, support = {JGCG2024210//Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education/ ; JGCG2024210//Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education&#xff1b;/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Dielectric Spectroscopy/methods ; Algorithms ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/analysis ; Cattle ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique used to analyze the kinetics and interfacial processes of electrochemical systems. The selection of an appropriate equivalent circuit model for EIS interpretation was traditionally reliant on expert experience, rendering the process subjective and prone to error. To address these limitations, an automated framework for both model selection and parameter estimation was proposed. The methodology was structured such that initial model screening was performed by a global heuristic search algorithm, adaptive optimization was guided by an integrated XGBoost-based error feedback mechanism, and precise parameter estimation was achieved using a Differential Evolution-Levenberg-Marquardt (DE-LM) algorithm. When evaluated on a purpose-built dataset comprising 4.8 × 10[5] spectra across diverse circuit and biofilm scenarios, a model classification accuracy of 96.32% was achieved, and a 72.3% reduction in parameter estimation error was recorded. The practical utility of the method was validated through the quantitative analysis of bovine serum albumin-Clenbuterol hydrochloride (BSA-CLB), wherein an accuracy of 95.2% was demonstrated and a strong linear correlation with target concentration (R[2] = 0.999) was found. Through this approach, the limitations of traditional black-box models were mitigated by resolving the physical meaning of parameters. Consequently, the automated and quantitative monitoring of processes such as biofilm formation was facilitated, enabling the efficient evaluation of antimicrobial drugs or anti-fouling coatings.}, }
@article {pmid41002336, year = {2025}, author = {Yöney, B and Obořilová, R and Lacina, K and Farka, Z and Skládal, P}, title = {Pathogen-on-a-Chip: Impedance-Based Detection of Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.}, journal = {Biosensors}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {41002336}, issn = {2079-6374}, support = {CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004596//Ministry of Education of Czech Republic/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; Dielectric Spectroscopy ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Electrodes ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; *Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Electric Impedance ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are complex microbial communities that contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic infections. Therefore, it is crucial to detect biofilm-associated infections in early stages as their delayed treatment becomes more complicated. Herein, we describe a label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method for detecting biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Printed circuit board-based biamperometric gold electrodes were modified with poly-L-lysine to enhance bacterial attachment to the sensor surface. Formation and inhibition of biofilms were evaluated based on changes in charge transfer resistance (Rct). The control Rct value increased by ~90 kΩ for S. epidermidis biofilm and by ~60 kΩ for S. aureus biofilms. Antibiotic-treated samples exhibited similar values to those using the control. In addition, biofilm formation was evaluated through optical microscopy using safranin staining, and the micrographs suggest significant biomass on the electrodes, whereas the control appeared clear. Atomic force microscopy was used to visualize the biofilm on the electrode surface, obtain cross-sectional profiles, and evaluate its roughness. The roughness parameters indicate that S. aureus forms a rougher biofilm than S. epidermidis, while S. epidermidis forms a more compact biofilm. These findings suggest that the optimized EIS-based method effectively monitors changes related to biofilms and serves as a promising tool for evaluation of new anti-biofilm agents, such as antibiotics, phages or antibodies.}, }
@article {pmid41001999, year = {2025}, author = {Giovanni, A and Shi, YZ and Wang, PC and Tsai, MA and Chen, SC}, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Oral Biofilm and Killed Cell Vaccines Against Streptococcus iniae in Four-Finger Threadfin Fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum): Immune Response and Protection Efficacy.}, journal = {Journal of fish diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70062}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.70062}, pmid = {41001999}, issn = {1365-2761}, support = {113-2313-B-020-001//National Science and Technology Council/ ; }, abstract = {Mariculture, a significant component of the maritime industry that focuses on marine food production, faces challenges in maintaining productivity during bacterial disease outbreaks, particularly in high-value aquaculture such as the four-finger threadfin fish in Taiwan. Streptococcosis, caused by Streptococcus iniae, is a major contributor to the mortality of the four-finger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum). Recurrent streptococcosis outbreaks have highlighted the pressing need for highly effective vaccination strategies. Given its safety, environmental friendliness, and protective effects, vaccination is widely acknowledged as an effective means of preventing aquatic diseases. An innovative approach involves using biofilm-forming S. iniae as vaccine candidates for aquaculture. This study presents an effective approach for developing a biofilm-based vaccine by cultivating S. iniae on chitosan particles, facilitating robust biofilm formation and enhancing immune responses in four-finger threadfin fish. For comparison, a formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccine, prepared from whole-cell S. iniae, was evaluated. Immune responses were examined in the blood, mucus, and gut lavage from both the vaccinated and control groups. These responses include immune-related gene expression, antibody titers, and lysozyme activity. At 30 days post-vaccination, the biofilm vaccine group exhibited elevated antibody titers, with values of 0.23 ± 0.02 in serum, 0.09 ± 0.01 in mucus, and 0.16 ± 0.01 in gut lavage. Following vaccination, both the FKC and biofilm vaccines significantly upregulated the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-10, IL-12) in the spleen and kidney, indicating robust activation of the innate immune response. However, the biofilm vaccine induced markedly higher expression of these cytokines, highlighting its stronger stimulation of innate immune responses. These results suggest that the biofilm-based formulation stimulates early immune signalling pathways that are critical for protection against S. iniae infection. In the challenge experiments, the relative percent survival was of 22.85% for the biofilm and 42.8% for the FKC vaccine groups. This study demonstrates that while both FKC and biofilm vaccines activated innate and adaptive immunity, the FKC vaccine provided higher protection (RPS 42.8% vs. 22.85%), indicating that strong immunogenicity does not always translate into effective protection and that oral vaccine strategies require further refinement. Further optimisation of oral vaccine formulations is required to improve the protective efficacy of biofilm-based vaccines in aquaculture.}, }
@article {pmid41001849, year = {2025}, author = {Li, L and Zhao, Z and Gao, Y and Jiang, X and Liu, H and Guo, X and Huang, X and Zhou, L and Liu, C and Shen, XC}, title = {Dynamic Metal-Phenolic Coordinated Hydrogel for Synergistic Photothermal/Chemodynamic Therapy against Biofilm-Infected Wounds and Real-Time Monitoring.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {17}, number = {40}, pages = {56017-56039}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c17481}, pmid = {41001849}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Tannins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; *Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Photothermal Therapy ; Chitosan/chemistry ; Humans ; Nanocomposites/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The development of multifunctional hydrogel dressings integrating injectability, self-healing capability, tissue adhesion, multimodal antibacterial mechanisms, and real-time wound status monitoring remains a critical challenge for combating bacterial biofilms and accelerating wound healing. Herein, we present a dynamically cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogel (QCS-TA/LDH-panis) via Fe[3+]/Mn[2+]-mediated coordination between tannic acid (TA)-modified quaternized chitosan (QCS-TA) and polysulfonatoaniline-intercalated FeMn-layered double hydroxide (LDH-panis). The LDH-panis nanohybrids, synthesized through in situ polymerization of 3-sulfonatoaniline within FeMn-LDH interlayers, exhibit a near-infrared (NIR)-responsive photothermal effect (η = 64.3%) and pH/H2O2-activated peroxidase-like activity for biofilm-disrupting hydroxyl radical ([•]OH) generation. Concurrently, the QCS-TA matrix enables a "capture-and-kill" mechanism via electrostatic interactions (quaternary ammonium groups) and bacterial affinity adhesion (catechol/pyrogallol moieties). Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, synergistic mild photothermal/chemodynamic therapy (mPTT/CDT) combined with contact-killing achieved >95% eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. Notably, the hydrogel's conductivity enabled real-time monitoring of wound exudate and temperature fluctuation during the healing progression. In vivo evaluations confirmed accelerated infected wound regeneration (98.2% closure in 12 days) through biofilm elimination, inflammatory suppression, reepithelialization, and collagen deposition. This multifunctional hydrogel unifies dynamic adaptability, multimodal antibacterial therapy, and sensing intelligence, offering a promising strategy for the clinical management of biofilm-associated infection.}, }
@article {pmid41000992, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Squyres, GR and Duong, K and Reichhardt, C and Parsek, MR and Newman, DK}, title = {Extracellular matrix chemistry tunes bacterial biofilm metabolism and optimizes fitness.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41000992}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R01 AI127850/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Chemically complex extracellular matrices define cellular microenvironments and shape cell behavior. We hypothesized a composition-properties-function relationship in these natural living materials, where interactions among matrix components govern material properties and cellular physiology. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms as a model system, we show that electrostatic interactions between the cationic polysaccharide Pel and extracellular DNA (eDNA) regulate retention of pyocyanin (PYO), a redox-active metabolite that supports anaerobic metabolism via extracellular electron transfer (EET). Biofilm-mimetic hydrogels and natural biofilms revealed that altering Pel's charge via pH adjustment or chemical acetylation, or tuning the Pel:eDNA ratio, predictably modulates PYO retention and EET efficiency. Functionally, a lower Pel:eDNA ratio enhances metabolism under oxygen limitation, whereas a higher ratio promotes survival under antibiotic stress. These findings highlight how matrix chemistry encodes tunable material properties that confer biofilm fitness advantages and establish a materials-based framework for understanding extracellular matrices in multicellular communities.}, }
@article {pmid41000730, year = {2025}, author = {Gloag, ES and Marshall, CW and Kubota, N and Deaver, SE and Deshotel, B and Cooper, VS and Wozniak, DJ}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-deficient mutants undergo parallel adaptation during chronic infection.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41000730}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R01 AI186380/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily adapts to infection by acquiring stable and heritable mutations. Previously, we discovered that the first adaptations in a porcine wound model were rugose small-colony variants (RSCVs) caused by mutations in the wsp operon. These mutants overproduce Pel and Psl biofilm exopolysaccharides that improve defense against host responses. To identify other mechanisms of host adaptation that lead to hyperbiofilm phenotypes, we created a mutant with an activated wsp pathway but unable to produce these exopolysaccharides (ΔwspFΔpelAΔpslBCD). Porcine wounds were infected with this mutant and biopsies were sampled at days 7, 14 and 35. Small colony variants were isolated from the wound, and whole genome sequencing revealed these variants had acquired mutations in genes in lipopolysaccharide and type IV pili biosynthesis, with wzy and pilU genes being most commonly targeted. pilU mutants were associated with a hyperbiofilm phenotype that outcompeted the parental strain, and wzy mutants were associated with a hyperbiofilm phenotype and increased tolerance to host antimicrobial products. We further identified that several variants had acquired large genome deletions that spanned up to 320 consecutive genes and other variants with high copy numbers of Pf6 filamentous phage. Together our results suggest that the hyperbiofilm phenotype is adaptive in chronic infections and that P. aeruginosa has redundant and diverse pathways to generate this phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid40999847, year = {2025}, author = {Piovesan, LF and de Lima Fontes, M and Gimenes, MDS and Ozelin, SD and Claro Monteiro, G and Miguel Silva, J and Barbosa, ML and Lourenção Brighenti, F and Barud, HDS}, title = {Orodispersible film based on hyaluronic acid and morin for dental biofilm control.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {1067-1078}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2560090}, pmid = {40999847}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Flavonoids/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Flavones ; }, abstract = {Orodispersible films (ODFs) are an innovative oral drug delivery method benefiting pediatric, geriatric, and non-compliant patients. They are portable, easy to swallow, and enhance bioavailability. Hyaluronic acid (HA) stands out among hydrophilic polymers for oral delivery of antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, in vitro release profile, and antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity of HA-based ODFs combined with the flavonoid morin, known for its antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial activity and microbial viability were assessed via biomass quantification. The films were thin (12-27 µm), flexible, homogeneous, and mechanically resistant. A burst release of morin was observed, reaching complete release at 210 min. Cytotoxicity analysis confirmed the non-toxic profile, showing cell viability. HA-morin films significantly reduced Streptococcus mutans biofilm mass, viability, and acidogenicity compared to the controls. Findings confirmed the non-toxic, and their significant antibiofilm activity against S. mutans. This innovative mucoadhesive system has potential for managing dental diseases and oral drug delivery.}, }
@article {pmid40999251, year = {2025}, author = {Khan, MS and Jahan, N and Khatoon, R and Ansari, FM and Ahmad, S}, title = {Risk factors and clinical outcomes of multidrug-resistant and biofilm-producing infections in diabetic foot ulcers: a two-year cohort study.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {346}, pmid = {40999251}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Diabetic Foot/microbiology/drug therapy ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Prospective Studies ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Adult ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; Treatment Outcome ; Cohort Studies ; }, abstract = {This two-year prospective study analysed 124 diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients admitted to the Department of Surgery to identify clinical and microbiological predictors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and biofilm-producing infections. The cohort was predominantly male (82.3%), with a mean age of 54.3 ± 11.6 years and a high prevalence of tobacco use (63%) and illiteracy (48.4%). Most patients (91.1%) exhibited poor glycaemic control (mean HbA1c 8.3 ± 1.3%), with neuropathy (79%) and retinopathy (72.6%) as the most common comorbidities. Ulcer severity ranged from Wagner grade 1 to 4, with 60.5% persisting for over one month. Microbiological analysis revealed 59.7% monomicrobial and 33.9% polymicrobial infections, with biofilm formation detected in 60.5% of isolates. Multivariable logistic regression showed significant associations between MDR isolates and tobacco use (OR: 4.06, P = 0.049), polymicrobial infections (OR: 20.75, P < 0.001), and biofilm formation (OR: 3.84, P = 0.033). Predictors of biofilm production included male sex (OR: 7.89, P = 0.023), neuropathy (OR: 4.44, P = 0.040), prolonged ulcer duration (OR: 0.09, P = 0.001), non-necrotic ulcers (OR: 0.16, P = 0.014), and MDR organisms (OR: 3.64, P = 0.034). Clinical outcomes included a 30.6% amputation rate (22.6% minor, 8.1% major) and an 8.9% mortality rate, with a mean hospital stay of 22.9 ± 9.2 days. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of MDR development and biofilm-associated infections, emphasizing the critical roles of biofilm formation, polymicrobial infections, and tobacco use in DFU management. Early intervention and tailored therapies are essential to mitigate these risks and improve patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40998038, year = {2025}, author = {Pourhajibagher, M and Kazemi Moghaddam, E and Moeininejad, M and Rahimi Esboei, B and Bahador, A}, title = {Ex vivo assessment of blue laser-activated berberine-loaded nanoniosomes in enhancing photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans biofilm on tooth enamel.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {105229}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105229}, pmid = {40998038}, issn = {1873-1597}, mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; *Berberine/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Dental Enamel/microbiology/drug effects ; Dental Caries/drug therapy/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans, which produces extracellular polysaccharides via glucosyltransferases such as GtfB, promoting biofilm formation and cariogenicity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained attention as a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobials. This study investigates the efficacy of blue laser-activated berberine-loaded nanoniosomes (nNios@Ber) in enhancing PDT against S. mutans biofilms formed on tooth enamel.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ex vivo model using human tooth enamel slabs was employed to cultivate S. mutans biofilms. Berberine was encapsulated in nanoniosomes (nNios@Ber) to improve stability and delivery. Following determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nNios@Ber, biofilms were treated with various concentrations of nNios@Ber combined with blue laser irradiation (405 &#xb1; 10 nm) to activate PDT. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantify gtfB gene expression.<br><br>RESULTS: The MIC of nNios@Ber against S. mutans was found to be 15.6 &#x3bc;g/mL. All PDT-treated groups showed significant reductions in biofilm viability and a dose-dependent downregulation of gtfB expression. Specifically, gtfB expression decreased by 4.8-, 5.7-, and 7.4-fold in the 2 &#xd7; MIC, 4 &#xd7; MIC, and 8 &#xd7; MIC nNios@Ber plus blue laser groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Neither nNios@Ber nor laser alone produced statistically significant effects (P > 0.05). These findings confirm that nNios@Ber's anti-biofilm efficacy is enhanced when photoactivated by blue laser.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Blue laser-activated nNios@Ber significantly inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation and virulence gene expression, offering an effective and targeted approach for caries management. This photoactivated nNios@Ber enhances the photodynamic activity, providing a promising adjunct or alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents such as CHX in oral healthcare.}, }
@article {pmid40997643, year = {2025}, author = {Lim, TW and Lee, J and Ab Ghani, SM and Burrow, MF and McGrath, C}, title = {Ultrasonic Cleaning and its Effects on Denture Biofilm: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {103921}, pmid = {40997643}, issn = {1875-595X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; *Dental Plaque/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; *Dentures/microbiology ; *Ultrasonic Therapy/methods ; Ultrasonics ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Denture biofilm is associated with various oral and systemic diseases. Therefore, an effective denture-cleaning method should be adopted by denture wearers. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonic denture cleaning in reducing plaque quantity and microbial load and changing the microbial composition.<br><br>METHODS: Clinical studies published in English with no restriction on the year of publication that compared ultrasonic denture cleaning with other cleaning methods were included. Literature was searched across 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials). An additional search via other methods was performed until June 2025. The Revised Cochrane Handbook risk-of-bias tools (RoB 2) for individually randomised and parallel-group trials, cluster-randomised trials, and crossover trials were employed for the risk of bias assessments. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was generated.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 2,811 articles were identified. Fifteen studies underwent full-text article screening, and an additional 4 articles were added through manual search. Ultimately, 10 randomised controlled clinical trials reporting the efficacy of ultrasonic denture cleaning contributed to this review. All included studies, assessed using the RoB 2, were considered to be of 'some concerns' to a 'high risk' of bias. The present review identified a diverse range of ultrasonic cleaning protocols. From the synthesis of the 10 included studies, positive outcomes were observed in reducing denture plaque quantity and microbial load, particularly when a chemical cleansing method was combined with ultrasonic cleaning.<br><br>CONCLUSION: There was consistent evidence from randomised clinical trials that supported ultrasonic cleaning reduced denture plaque quantity and modified microbial load, particularly when supplemented with an effervescent denture cleanser.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ultrasonic cleaning combined with chemical cleansing should be adopted by older adults to reduce denture plaque coverage and microbial loads.}, }
@article {pmid40997209, year = {2025}, author = {Ivanov, M and Đorđevski, N and Dabić, J and Stojković, D}, title = {Cutibacterium acnes growth and biofilm formation is inhibited by flavonoids.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2565276}, pmid = {40997209}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Cutibacterium acnes is the cause of inflammatory acne and implanted devices associated infections. This study investigated flavonoids belonging to the 4 classes: flavanones (hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringenin, naringin, and eriodictyol), flavones (diosmetin, diosmin), isoflavone (genistein), and flavonols (kaempferol, galangin) as inhibitors of C. acnes growth in planktonic and biofilm form and assessed its potential to impact the integrity of cell membrane. Flavonoids could inhibit C. acnes growth, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was in range 50-200 mg/L, with the lowest MIC (50 mg/L) for neohesperidin and eriodictyol. Minimal biofilm inhibitory concentrations were in range 25-200 mg/L, with the lowest values and highest antibiofilm potential recorded for eriodictyol, genistein, and kaempferol. Impact on cell membrane was significant in the presence of almost all examined flavonoids, as determined by crystal violet uptake assay. Flavonoids, especially eriodictyol, represent promising underexplored agents for combating infections and processes linked with the presence of C. acnes.}, }
@article {pmid40996457, year = {2025}, author = {Jenjitwanich, A and Marx, H and Sauer, M}, title = {Metabolic shifts induced by pH variation in Yarrowia lipolytica biofilm.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {372}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40996457}, issn = {1574-6968}, support = {//BMBWF/ ; }, mesh = {*Yarrowia/metabolism/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Carbon/metabolism ; Citric Acid/metabolism ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Polymers/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica adapts its metabolite production based on cultivation conditions, with the pH value playing a critical role. At pH 3, most Y. lipolytica strains produce polyols, while at pH 5, they accumulate predominantly organic acids. Yarrowia lipolytica has demonstrated the ability to transition from a planktonic, free-floating state to an immobilized state as a biofilm. This study aims to clarify the effects of pH level and carbon sources on the physiological state of Y. lipolytica when grown in a biofilm state. These pH variations were applied to the same biofilm culture to assess the capacity of given Y. lipolytica cells to undergo metabolic shifts and recovery under changing environmental conditions. Interestingly, a pH shift from 3 to 5 leads-as expected-to a metabolic shift from polyols to citric acid. However, the shift back to pH 3 does not revert to polyols as major products. This study not only revealed an unexpected production pattern but also provided benefits for the industrial process in general. Understanding biofilm cultivation methods supports continuous bioprocesses using the immobilized nature of biofilm. pH-alternating experiments reveal how environmental condition fluctuations affect biofilm culture physiology.}, }
@article {pmid40994640, year = {2025}, author = {Martins, SB and Teixeira, SC and de Souza, G and Alhatlani, BY and Abdallah, EM and Ambrosio, SR and Silva, TS and Bastos, JK and Tanimoto, MH and Barbosa, BF and Ferro, EAV and Martins, CHG}, title = {In vitro assessment of Brazilian red propolis against mycobacteria: antibacterial potency, synergy, inhibition of biofilm formation, and intramacrophage effects.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1630134}, pmid = {40994640}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis persists as a major global health threat and remains the leading cause of death from infectious disease. Efforts to control the disease are increasingly hampered by the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. At the same time, non-tuberculous mycobacteria are an expanding clinical concern, with few effective therapies available. Brazilian red propolis (BRP) has shown broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, yet its efficacy against mycobacteria is poorly characterized.<br><br>METHODS: This study evaluated the in vitro antimycobacterial potential of a crude hydroalcoholic extract of BRP (CHEBRP). Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined against drug-susceptible and rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (M. tuberculosis H37Rv-ATCC 27294, clinical isolate, and rifampicin-resistant clinical isolate; M. kansasii ATCC 12478 and clinical isolate; M. avium ATCC 25291 and clinical isolate). Fractional inhibitory concentration indices were calculated to assess interactions with isoniazid and rifampicin. Biofilm inhibition was measured, and cytotoxicity was assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Intracellular activity was quantified using infected macrophage cultures.<br><br>RESULTS: CHEBRP exhibited potent activity against most M. tuberculosis strains tested, including rifampicin-resistant strains. Its combination with isoniazid or rifampicin yielded an indifferent interaction, supporting the feasibility of co-administration. CHEBRP significantly inhibited biofilm formation, showed minimal cytotoxicity toward macrophages, and achieved substantial clearance of intracellular bacilli.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These in vitro findings highlight CHEBRP as a promising candidate for adjunctive antimycobacterial therapy. Further studies should investigate its in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and activity against a broader range of mycobacterial species.}, }
@article {pmid40994194, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, S and Cai, L and Edwards, AN and Melton, SJ and Retterer, ST and Doktycz, MJ and Morrell-Falvey, JL}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Poly(l-lysine)-Tethered Hydrogels: Synergistic Effect of Substrate Stiffness and Positive Charge Density.}, journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids}, volume = {41}, number = {39}, pages = {26628-26638}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c02709}, pmid = {40994194}, issn = {1520-5827}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polylysine/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Infections associated with antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality of patients, presenting one of the greatest therapeutic challenges for treatment of community-acquired and nosocomial infections. To develop antimicrobial hydrogel coatings to control the adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa, we have used photo-cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels with varied cross-linking densities and covalently grafted poly(l-lysine) (PLL) at different weight compositions (ϕPLL). Both surface stiffness and positive charge density of the hydrogels were efficiently tuned over a broad range to investigate their effects on two main strains of P. aeruginosa, PA01 and PA14. We found that both number and viability of attached cells were positively correlated with the hydrogel stiffness, leading to thicker and larger coverage of cell colonies at 72 h postseeding on the stiffer substrates. The dependence of both PA01 and PA14 strains on ϕPLL, however, was nonmonotonic. Positive charges from dissociated amine groups in the grafted PLL chains significantly promoted initial adhesion and proliferation of both strains at low ϕPLL and developed into the thickest biofilms on the stiffest hydrogels grafted with ϕPLL of 1-2%. Nevertheless, on the softest hydrogels grafted with PLL at high ϕPLL of 7-10%, the bacteria no longer attached or survived. These results not only improved our fundamental understanding of bacteria-material interactions but also provided a series of PLL-grafted PEGDA hydrogels with controlled stiffness and positive charge density as ideal surface coating materials to prevent bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid41704083, year = {2025}, author = {Ghai, S and Shrivastava, R and Jain, S}, title = {Predictive Analysis of Mycobacterium fortuitum Biofilm Proteins Using Machine Learning: Identifying Novel Drug Targets.}, journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {e18715265371302}, doi = {10.2174/0118715265371302250426154427}, pmid = {41704083}, issn = {2212-3989}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Mycobacterium fortuitum/drug effects/physiology/metabolism ; *Machine Learning ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Proteomics/methods ; Proteome ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Humans ; Support Vector Machine ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Algorithms ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing human pathogenic bacterium that has been linked to a number of clinical conditions. Its ability to quickly develop intricate biofilms makes its treatment challenging. Development of drug resistance has been reported in cases of M. fortuitum, further reducing treatment options available against the pathogen.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: In order to identify the proteins involved in biofilm development, this work attempted to analyze the real-time proteome data of M. fortuitum using machine learning strategies. The aim of the study was to provide novel drug targets that may be used to treat patients more quickly and efficiently.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proteomic data was analyzed using the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and k-nearest Neighbors (kNN) techniques. Proteins linked to biofilm formation, which were over-expressed and under-expressed, were used in the training set of the models. The trained models were then evaluated using abundant proteins found in M. fortuitum proteome analysis. The pre-processing and optimization were done to improve the performance of the models.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The kNN algorithm achieved the highest accuracy level of 82.98%, followed by SVM at 82.75% and ANN at 78%. Using other machine learning methods, including Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and Logistic Regression, the performance of these models was further verified. The outcomes demonstrated for the prediction of proteins, kNN consistently produced the best accuracy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study shows that machine learning techniques, in particular kNN, can be used for successful analyses of proteome data obtained from M. fortuitum in order to identify proteins associated with the formation of biofilms. This methodology may be used for the prediction of drug targets using a proteome database. Identification of drug targets can help in designing better treatment strategies against the pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid41550852, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, F and Boylan, D and Khan, FZ and Shan, L and Monga, D and Zimmern, PE and Zhang, S and Palmer, K and Dai, X}, title = {Patterning Bacterial Cells on Quasi-Liquid Surfaces for Biofilm Morphological Control.}, journal = {Advanced functional materials}, volume = {34}, number = {45}, pages = {}, pmid = {41550852}, issn = {1616-301X}, support = {R03 AI175720/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Bacterial cells within biofilms exhibit resistance to antibiotics, presenting persistent health risks. Current approaches to inhibit biofilm formation have limitations due to their poor biofilm morphological control. For instance, bactericidal surfaces suffer from the accumulation of dead cells that compromise their antibacterial efficacy, and existing antifouling surfaces fail to inhibit biofilm formation. In this work, exceptional biofilm suppression is achieved on quasi-liquid surfaces (QLS) with patterned surface chemistry where live bacterial cells are guided from slippery to sticky patterned destinations. These surfaces consist of 50 μm slippery and 10 μm sticky stripes. Live bacterial cells are directed to congregate on the sticky patterns, resulting in reduced biofilm biomass and surface coverage compared to uniform slippery surfaces. The patterned biofilm produces sparser extracellular matrix, thus reducing the barrier for antibiotic penetration and treatment. The innovative approach to direct cell migration on patterned QLS represents a promising strategy for inhibiting biofilm formation and combating biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid41467006, year = {2025}, author = {Guo, X and Liu, S and Zhou, L and Xue, B and Huang, Y and Li, J and Zhong, J and Zhong, C}, title = {Effective disposal and remediation of chemical agents with designer living biofilm materials in soil and water.}, journal = {Fundamental research}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {2571-2579}, pmid = {41467006}, issn = {2667-3258}, abstract = {Chemical agents (CAs) and their analogues, as representative persistent organic pollutants, are of serious global concerns and can have devastating impacts on environments and human beings. Enzymes used for decontamination of such chemical pollutions often lack high efficacy and robustness against environmental pressures, thereby limiting their practical application in bioremediation. Here, we report living materials based on genetically engineered biofilms that exhibit remarkable enzymatic activities, superior environmental tolerance, self-regeneration, recyclable usage, and tunable functionality. We show that the designer living materials can degrade CAs and pesticides with high efficacy in an eco-friendly manner, and our systems enable actual elimination of CAs pollution in water and soil. The degradation capacity of the designer living materials can achieve more than 95% for 5 mg/ml HD, 5 mg/ml GD and 5 mg/ml VX within 60 min under laboratory conditions, and the turnover numbers of the designer living materials for HD, GD, and VX have increased by more than 1.3 times compared with free enzymes. In addition, the relative activities of the designer living materials remained almost unchanged after 5 recycles, retaining over 95% of their initial catalytic activities even after the final cycle. Combining the adhesive engineered biofilm living materials with electropositive granule media to form a bifunctional composite material, we further demonstrate coinstantaneous removal of biological and chemical pollutants in environmental water. Our work thus establishes a general approach to improve the robustness of enzymes against environmental pressures and provides a sustainable method for decontamination of chemical and biological pollutions.}, }
@article {pmid40992437, year = {2025}, author = {Kobayashi, F and Kawahara, T and Narai-Kanayama, A and Odake, S}, title = {Nanobubble water for the effective removal of biofilm formed by Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {107276}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107276}, pmid = {40992437}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Escherichia coli/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Oxygen/analysis ; *Water Purification/methods ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Water/chemistry ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Surface Tension ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The removal of biofilm (BF) formed by Escherichia coli using nanobubble (NB) water prepared with different gases and two generation methods was investigated. The E. coli BF removal efficiencies of all NB water samples tested were significantly higher than those of the non-NB water. In particular, nitrogen (N2) NB water exerted the greatest effect on the removal of E. coli BF. The surface tension of N2NB water was the lowest, although that of airNB water was the highest. The dissolved oxygen (O2) concentration in the O2NB water was drastically increased, although that in the N2NB and carbon dioxide (CO2) NB water was decreased. The pH of CO2NB water was significantly decreased, although that of N2NB, airNB, and O2NB water was increased. The E coli BF removal efficiencies of N2NB water were not different in the NB generators between ejector and shearing types. However, the surface tension, pH, and size distribution varied among the NB generator types. Therefore, it was found that NB water removed E. coli BF, and that its efficiencies differed depending on the gas type.}, }
@article {pmid40991694, year = {2025}, author = {Hansen, KH and Golcuk, M and Byeon, CH and Tunc, A and Plechinger, EB and Dueholm, MKD and Conway, JF and Andreasen, M and Gur, M and Akbey, &#xdc;}, title = {Structural basis of Pseudomonas biofilm-forming functional amyloid FapC formation.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {11}, number = {39}, pages = {eadx7829}, pmid = {40991694}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Pseudomonas/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-protected Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic infections that are difficult to treat. FapC, the major biofilm-forming functional amyloid in Pseudomonas, is essential for biofilm integrity, yet its structural details remain unresolved. Using an integrative structural biology approach, we combine a solution nuclear magnetic resonance-based structural ensemble of unfolded monomeric FapC, a ~3.3-angstrom-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) density map of FapC fibril, and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to capture the transition from the unfolded to folded monomer to the fibrillar fold, providing a complete structural view of FapC biogenesis. Cryo-EM reveals a unique irregular triple-layer β solenoid cross-β fibril composed of a single protofilament. MD simulations initiated from monomeric and fibrillar FapC mapped structural transitions, offering mechanistic insights into amyloid assembly and disassembly. Understanding FapC reveals how Pseudomonas exploits functional amyloids for biofilm formation, and establishes a structural and mechanistic foundation for developing therapeutics targeting biofilm-related infection and antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40991639, year = {2025}, author = {Rasheed, N and Ali, X and -Ud-Din, S and Khan, I and Hassan, A and Rasheed, MA}, title = {The function of Anr in the differential effects of oxygen levels on biofilm development and nitrogenase performance in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {e0333183}, pmid = {40991639}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas stutzeri/genetics/physiology/enzymology/metabolism ; *Oxygen/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Nitrogenase/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; *Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Sigma Factor/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 exhibits a rare and notable trait: nitrogenase activity, which functions under microaerophilic conditions with limited oxygen availability. Optimal biofilm formation occurs in minimal media under nitrogen-depleted conditions. Anr is a transcription regulator with a widespread influence that accelerates the process of biofilm development. The lack of Anr adversely affects nitrogen fixation by regulating the activity of nifA, nifH, and ntrC. The anr insertion mutant significantly reduced the nitrogenase activity. Nitrogenase activity demonstrated considerable variation at different oxygen concentrations. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) demonstrated a reduction in the expression of nif island genes during nitrogen fixation in the absence of anr gene. The discovery revealed that different oxygen levels in the environment significantly influence nitrogenase activity and biofilm formation. The qRT-PCR investigation demonstrated an upregulation of narL gene expression during biofilm formation, suggesting that reduced oxygen levels initiate a signaling cascade that activates the anr gene. This influences both the expression of RpoS (sigma factor) genes and the process of biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40990949, year = {2025}, author = {Oster, S and Bollinger, E and Schreiner, VC and Schmitt, T and Filker, S and Bundschuh, M}, title = {Functional stability despite structural changes in freshwater biofilm communities exposed to an antibiotic and an herbicide - the role of nutrient conditions.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {101}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {40990949}, issn = {1574-6941}, support = {//Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Herbicides/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Fresh Water/microbiology/chemistry ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/classification ; Nutrients/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Freshwater autotrophic biofilms play a vital role in primary production and nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems but are increasingly exposed to chemical stressors such as antibiotics or herbicides. Although nutrient availability may modulate biofilm sensitivity, its impact on biofilm responses to these stressors remains poorly understood. In four independent experiments, we investigated the functional (ash-free dry weight and chlorophyll a, b and c) and structural (16S/18S rRNA metabarcoding) responses of stream-derived biofilms under low- and high-nutrient levels to chronic exposure (14 days) to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin and the herbicide propyzamide in laboratory stream microcosms. High-nutrient levels strongly increased biofilms functional responses and altered the community composition. Chemical exposure led to pronounced shifts in prokaryotic (ciprofloxacin) and eukaryotic (propyzamide) communities, but without significant effects on functional responses, suggesting functional redundancy and ecological buffering capacity of freshwater biofilms. These results highlight the critical role of nutrient supply in biofilm responses and the need for caution when extrapolating laboratory results to field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40990775, year = {2025}, author = {Favaro, JC and Geha, O and Canavarros, TN and Nascimento, A and Lopes, MB and Guiraldo, RD and Berger, SB}, title = {Addition of silver nanoparticles to universal adhesive: In vitro effect on biofilm and shear bond strength.}, journal = {Brazilian dental journal}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {e236255}, pmid = {40990775}, issn = {1806-4760}, mesh = {*Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Shear Strength ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Cattle ; Animals ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Materials Testing ; *Dental Cements/chemistry ; *Dental Bonding ; }, abstract = {Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been incorporated into dental materials at low concentrations to provide antibacterial action without compromising mechanical properties. This in vitro study evaluated the antibiofilm effect and bond strength of an experimental universal adhesive with AgNPs (EAg). Streptococcus mutans biofilm was induced by incubating samples with 0.01% and 0.02% AgNPs, based on a pilot study, compared to a control (experimental without AgNPs, ES) in a 20% sucrose medium. This was followed by sonication and counting of viable cells after 1 and 7 days (n = 9). Enamel and dentine bovine micro shear bond strength test (μ-SBS) was performed (n=10) with EAg0.01% and controls (ES and the commercial OPT (Optbond Universal; Kerr). μ-SBS data of enamel and dentin were evaluated for normality and homogeneity by Shapiro-Wilk and Levene, respectively, resulting in normality. Therefore, they were subjected to ANOVA. The failure type was evaluated using a stereoscopic magnifying glass at '40 and categorized as adhesive, cohesive, and mixed failure. The 0.01% concentration demonstrated the antibiofilm effect at the lowest AgNP concentration and was selected for the μ-SBS test. For μ-SBS ANOVA, there were no statistically significant differences between experimental and commercial adhesives (p<0.05). Evaluation of failure mode showed a predominance of adhesive failure on both substrates for all adhesives. The EAg exhibited antibiofilm activity with adhesive performance statistically similar to that of the commercial adhesive. Experimental universal adhesive containing silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity without compromising μ-SBS to enamel and dentin.}, }
@article {pmid40990450, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, H and Li, Y and Chen, H and Yu, P and Shi, B and Alvarez, PJJ}, title = {Perfluorooctanoic Acid Can Increase Biofilm Resilience and Virulence in Drinking Water Distribution Systems.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {59}, number = {39}, pages = {21028-21038}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c07943}, pmid = {40990450}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Caprylates ; *Fluorocarbons ; *Drinking Water ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Virulence/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Despite the prevalence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), its effects on biofilm formation and tolerance to residual disinfectants remain largely unknown. Here, we report that DWDS-relevant levels of PFOA (1-80 ng/L) promoted Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation (by 1.8- to 4.5-fold) and chlorine tolerance (by 7-22%). PFOA also enhanced biofilm tolerance to common antibiotics, increasing their minimum inhibitory concentrations by 25-67%. In a flow-through system, biofilm evolution toward higher resilience was attributed to PFOA-exerted oxidative stress, which fortuitously upregulated quorum sensing and stimulated extracellular polymeric substances production. PFOA exposure also increased bacterial chemotaxis and activated cyaA and cyaB genes, which enhanced the cAMP/Vfr signaling pathway, contributing to the upregulation of virulence factor genes. PFOA-induced chlorine and antibiotic resistance and increased virulence were also verified with a mesocosm system and a real DWDS pipeline biofilm. Overall, these results underscore the need for proactive microbial risk assessment associated with such indirect effects of emerging pollutants in DWDSs.}, }
@article {pmid40990384, year = {2025}, author = {Fortes, CV and Ribeiro, AB and Wever, B and Sakly, A and Oliveira, VC and Clemente, LM and Watanabe, E and Silva-Lovato, CH}, title = {Evaluation of biofilm formation, adhesive strength and effectiveness of cleaning protocols on adhesive-containing acrylic resin specimens: An in vitro study.}, journal = {Dental and medical problems}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, pages = {843-851}, doi = {10.17219/dmp/176231}, pmid = {40990384}, issn = {2300-9020}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Candida glabrata/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Humans ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Materials Testing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Denture adhesives promote greater stability and retention of dentures. However, they can also facilitate biofilm formation related to oral diseases.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate the influence of 2 adhesives on the microbial load of mixed biofilm and adhesive strength. Additionally, the objective was to assess the effect of 3 hygiene protocols on the microbial load and cell metabolism of this biofilm.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study compared Corega Ultra Cream (CCA) and OlivaFix&#xae; Gold (OFA) adhesives by evaluating the biofilm formation of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans by colony-forming unit (CFU), as well as adhesive strength. The implemented hygiene protocols included brushing and immersion in water (BW), 0.15% triclosan (BT0.15%), or 0.25% sodium hypochlorite (BSH0.25%). The control groups were either without adhesive (CG) or without any hygiene protocols (CGwH). The one-way and two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with Tukey's post hoc test and a generalized linear model with Bonferroni adjustment were used for statistical analysis (&#x3b1; = 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: The microbial load of C. albicans was higher when OFA was used (p < 0.001). The microbial loads of C. glabrata and S. mutans were similar between adhesives and higher in the CG (p < 0.001). The influence of the adhesives on the microbial load of S. aureus was not statistically significant (p = 0.287). The adhesive strength promoted by OFA was greater and more stable than when CCA was used (p = 0.007). The immersion in sodium hypochlorite led to a reduction in the microbial load of C. albicans (p < 0.001), C. glabrata (p = 0.002) and S. mutans (p = 0.012), independent of the adhesive. For S. aureus, the microbial load was lower with OFA/BSH0.25% (p = 0.022). All hygiene protocols resulted in a decreased cell metabolism when compared to the CGwH (p < 0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Brushing with BSH0.25% solution was the most effective hygiene protocol, resulting in a reduction in the microbial load and metabolism. This protocol may be recommended as a first-line option for the disinfection of dentures.}, }
@article {pmid40989607, year = {2025}, author = {Salman, SAK and Al Muhana, BMM}, title = {Detection of biofilm genes in MDR Staphylococcus aureus isolated from human and cattle urinary tract infections in Babylon Governorate, Iraq.}, journal = {Open veterinary journal}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {2551-2561}, pmid = {40989607}, issn = {2218-6050}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/veterinary/epidemiology ; Iraq/epidemiology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/veterinary/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; *Cattle Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogenic bacterium in veterinary medicine and human health. It is one of the most important bacterial agents causing urinary tract infection (UTI). The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming S. aureus is a great problem today. The aim of the study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic aspects of biofilm formation in multiple drug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolated from UTI infection in human and cattle in Babylon, Iraq.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: A total of 168 and 172 urine samples were collected from UTI infection in humans and cattle, respectively, during the period from November 2023 to February 2024. Morphological and biochemical identification was used to diagnose S. aureus. Additional confirmation was performed by the automated Vitek 2 compact system.<br><br>RESULTS: Among the 168 human isolates, 24 (14.2%) and 172 cattle isolates, 16 (9.3%) isolates were diagnosed as S. aureus. Genotypically identification of the isolates was performed using the 16s RNA gene. Twenty-two (91.6%) from 24 human source S. aureus isolates and 8 (50%) from 16 animal source S. aureus isolates were found to be MDR according to the Vitek 2 compact system. Results revealed that 19 (86.3%) and 7(87.5%) MDR isolates were phenotypically positive for biofilm production in concern to human and animal source isolates, respectively. Genotypically, three polysaccharide intracellular adhesion genes and one MSCRAMMs (fib) were screened in MDR bacteria using specific primers. The prevalence rate of genes was icaA (100%), icaB (100%), and icaC (100%) in all 30 MDR isolates. fib gene were present in 63.6% of human isolates and 75% of cattle source isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study has shown that the biofilm-forming S. aureus that causes UTI were resistant to multiple antibiotic agents. These findings underscore the necessity of development effective treatment approaches to control UTI infections in humans and animals.}, }
@article {pmid40988982, year = {2025}, author = {Strzelecki, P and Ferté, T and Klimczuk, T and Zielińska-Jurek, A and Szalewska-Pałasz, A and Nowicki, D}, title = {Trans-Cinnamaldehyde-Driven Silver Nanoparticles: Dual Role in Targeting Biofilm Disruption and Control of Biofilm‑Forming Pathogens via Impairing Ferrous Ion Uptake.}, journal = {Nanotechnology, science and applications}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {387-403}, pmid = {40988982}, issn = {1177-8903}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Biofilm-related infections, especially those associated with medical devices like catheters, pose significant clinical challenges due to their resistance to conventional treatments. This study investigates a green chemistry-based approach to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized with trans-cinnamaldehyde (t-CA) and evaluates their potential for combating microbial biofilms and based on novel mechanism of action.<br><br>METHODS: Silver nanoparticles (t-CA-AgNPs) were synthesized using t-CA as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The NPs were then thoroughly characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (TEM, SEM, STEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We evaluated its antimicrobial potential against the most prevalence biofilm-forming pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Moreover, we investigated the mechanism of action of t-CA-AgNPs underlying biofilm inhibition. Biofilm formation and structure were verified by SEM imagining.<br><br>RESULTS: DLS analysis confirmed that t-CA-AgNPs had an average particle diameter of 2.5 nm, coupled with a notably negative zeta potential (-45 mV), indicative of good colloidal stability. t-CA-AgNPs displayed potent antimicrobial properties, with MIC values ranging from 26 to 412&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL and MBC values from 103 to 825&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL. Biofilm formation inhibitory properties reached 88.74% of inhibition for P. aeruginosa and 70.60% for E. coli. Moreover, we found potent metal ion-chelating capabilities, importantly, in binding and reducing ferrous ions, the crucial factor of biofilm formation. Furthermore, t-CA-AgNPs substantially impaired biofilm development on catheter surfaces, underscoring their robust antibiofilm potential.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Presented here t-CA-AgNPs exhibit significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. By effectively targeting critical elements in biofilm formation, such as ferrous ions, coupled with antimicrobial potential of both active compounds, these green-synthesized NPs have potential applications in significantly improving the safety and effectiveness of medical devices. However, further studies are needed to ensure their efficacy in clinical use.}, }
@article {pmid40987911, year = {2025}, author = {Rajalakshmi, E and J L, ES and Balakrishnan, A and Leela, KV and Ramya, M}, title = {Exploring the impact of quercetin on the growth and biofilm formation of Leptospira interrogans.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40987911}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {Leptospira interrogans, the causative agent of leptospirosis, presents major challenges due to its ability to form environmental biofilms, persistent virulence, and emerging antimicrobial resistance. Plant-derived bioactive compounds offer promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics in targeting bacterial biofilms. This study investigates the antibiofilm and antimicrobial potential of quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenol, against L. interrogans. Quercetin significantly inhibited biofilm formation (91%), induced 44% biofilm dispersion at 500 µg/mL, and reduced viable cell counts by 92% at 1000 µg/mL compared to the untreated control. These effects were further validated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), which demonstrated reduction in the live cells in the presence of quercetin. The expression levels of key genes associated with virulence and biofilm regulation were assessed using quantitative RT-PCR, revealing downregulation of csrA and upregulation of lipL32 in quercetin-treated cells. Potential molecular interactions between several leptospiral proteins and quercetin were proven through AutoDock Vina and PyMOL. These findings highlight quercetin's potential as an anti-leptospiral agent for managing leptospiral biofilm formation and dispersions.}, }
@article {pmid40985635, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, H and Dufour, D and Ghobaei, N and Bozec, L and Lévesque, CM}, title = {DNA adenine methylation influences gene expression and biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {10}, pages = {e0109425}, pmid = {40985635}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {RGPIN-2019-06454//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *DNA Methylation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Adenine/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Quorum Sensing ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Streptococcus mutans, a key oral pathogen, utilizes quorum sensing to regulate biofilm formation-a major virulence factor in the development of dental caries (tooth decay). Our recent research uncovered a complex interplay between the CSP-ComDE quorum sensing pathway and the Type II DpnII restriction-modification (R-M) system in S. mutans. The DpnII R-M system methylates adenine at 5'-GATC-3' sites and cleaves unmethylated DNA, significantly influencing foreign DNA acquisition and gene expression. In this study, we investigated the impact of a ΔRM mutant, which lacks adenine methylation, on biofilm formation. The ΔRM mutant formed fragile biofilms that easily detach from surfaces, with significantly reduced exopolysaccharide content and increased extracellular DNA, which appears to be associated with membrane vesicle production rather than cell lysis. RNA-seq analysis revealed only few differentially expressed genes directly involved in biofilm formation, such as gtfC, suggesting that the biofilm defect may result from indirect effects or alternative regulatory mechanisms. Notably, the downregulation of mutanobactin-related genes and upregulation of genes involved in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis point to novel pathways influenced by DNA methylation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the multifactorial nature of biofilm formation and the role of epigenetic modifications in microbial behavior.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: This study highlights the critical role of DNA methylation in regulating biofilm formation and virulence in Streptococcus mutans. By examining the interplay between adenine methylation, extracellular DNA (eDNA), membrane vesicles (MVs), and glucan production, we provide new insights into the complex biology of biofilm development. Our findings challenge traditional views by emphasizing the importance of MVs and eDNA in maintaining biofilm integrity. Understanding these epigenetics modifications not only advances our knowledge of microbial regulation but also identifies novel targets for antimicrobial therapy. Since adenine methylation is rare or absent in mammalian cells, targeting this modification presents a promising strategy to disrupt biofilm formation and combat bacterial infections. The insights gained from this study may inform the development of innovative approaches to manage biofilm-associated infections and improve oral health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40985596, year = {2025}, author = {Arbulu, S and Oftedal, TF and Kjos, M}, title = {Transcriptomic response in planktonic and biofilm-associated cells of Streptococcus mutans treated with sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {372}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40985596}, issn = {1574-6968}, support = {#101029099//H2020 Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions/ ; }, mesh = {*Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Transcriptome/drug effects ; *Plankton/drug effects/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Chlorhexidine, an antimicrobial with a broad inhibitory spectrum, is commonly used to treat oral infections as an active ingredient in mouthwash. While typically used at high concentrations (1-2 mg/ml), oral bacteria can be exposed to sublethal concentrations due to the bioavailability and protective barrier of biofilms (dental plaques). Sublethal concentrations can cause transcriptional remodelling of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, a key player in dental caries. Using an RNA-seq approach, this report provides a compendium on the effect of sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine on the transcriptome of S. mutans as planktonic cells and in biofilm states. Streptococcus mutans showed major transcriptional remodelling between planktonic and biofilm states. The transcriptional response towards chlorhexidine was more pronounced in planktonic cells compared to sessile cells. However, the response observed for biofilm-associated cells was not specific to chlorhexidine, as the transcriptional response in biofilms exposed to the β-lactam amoxicillin was similar to those observed for chlorhexidine. Furthermore, we found that S. mutans modulates the transcription of a multitude of ABC transporters in both planktonic and biofilm-associated cells upon exposure to these antimicrobials.}, }
@article {pmid40983296, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, T and Han, Y and Zhang, M and Li, L and Chen, M and Li, N and Wang, X}, title = {Quorum sensing enhances extracellular electron uptake of electrotrophic biofilm via metabolic cascade for aerobic biochemical oxygen demand sensing.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {439}, number = {}, pages = {133363}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133363}, pmid = {40983296}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Acyl-Butyrolactones/pharmacology ; *Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Electron Transport ; *Oxygen/metabolism ; Aerobiosis ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Biosensing Techniques ; *Electrons ; Bioelectric Energy Sources/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Electrotrophic biocathodes enable rapid biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensing but face challenges like slow colonization, low current, and poorly understood microbial interactions. This study employed exogenous quorum sensing signals (C6-HSL and 3O-C12-HSL) to enhance biofilm development on oxygen-reducing biocathodes. These two N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) accelerated formation and boosted current density 5-6 times. Candidatus Tenderia served as key electrotrophs, while non-electroactive Moheibacter promoted early adhesion and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production. Metagenomics showed upregulation of genes related to iron metabolism, adhesion, and electron transfer, alongside increased fulvic-like shuttle secretion. A cascade model was proposed: AHLs initiate non-electrotrophic EPS production, facilitating electrotrophs colonization and electron transfer. AHL-enhanced biofilm showed improved BOD sensing sensitivity and linearity, providing a new strategy and mechanistic basis for developing efficient biocathode biosensors.}, }
@article {pmid40982215, year = {2025}, author = {Chalana, A and Thakur, V and Gupta, V and Sharma, P and Capalash, N}, title = {Synergistic combination of imipenem and 7-fluoroindole inhibits β-lactamases and biofilm in Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf234}, pmid = {40982215}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {OMI/12/2020-ECD-I//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/enzymology/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Imipenem/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism/genetics/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Synergism ; Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Indoles/pharmacology ; Humans ; *beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial opportunistic pathogen responsible for hospital and community-acquired infections. It has been categorised as a high-priority ESKAPE pathogen due to escalating resistance, underscoring the urgent need for effective treatment options. This study explores the use of 7-Fluoroindole (7-FI) as an adjuvant to imipenem for combating Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB).<br><br>METHODS: Clinical strains of A. baumannii were subjected to disc diffusion assay for antibiotic resistance profile, and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) of 7-FI was determined with imipenem by checkerboard assay. Expression of &#x3b2;-lactamases, efflux pumps, and outer membrane proteins was determined by qRT-PCR. Biofilm inhibition by 7-FI in combination with imipenem was evaluated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: 7-FI reduced the MIC of imipenem by 2 to 8-fold in CRAB strains, and also enhanced susceptibility to meropenem. Mechanistically, 7-FI inhibited the &#x3b2;-lactamase activity by 2.3 to 3.8-fold and downregulated the expression of Class B (blaNDM-1) and D (blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51) &#x3b2;-lactamases. The efflux pump activity was reduced by 2 to 8.6-fold, and expression of efflux pump genes adeB, adeJ, abeM and emrA was also significantly (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001) downregulated. 7-FI in combination with imipenem inhibited biofilm formation by 80% even at 1&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;FIC (1/4 MIC of imipenem and 1/3 MIC of 7-FI).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The combination of 7-FI and imipenem synergistically mitigated carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii by inhibiting the activity of &#x3b2;-lactamases, downregulating the expression of &#x3b2;-lactamases and efflux pumps. The study shows 7-FI as a useful adjuvant to imipenem against CRAB strains.}, }
@article {pmid40981720, year = {2025}, author = {Sakyi Opoku, NYP and Mishra, A and Fletcher, H and Nizet, V and Abdul-Mutakabbir, JC}, title = {Enhancing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Acinetobacter baumannii Using Physiologically Relevant Culture Media and Biofilm Formation Assays.}, journal = {Current protocols}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, pages = {e70207}, pmid = {40981720}, issn = {2691-1299}, support = {K12 HD113189/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; *Culture Media/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a high-risk pathogen associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. Host-pathogen interactions amplify its virulence, in part by promoting biofilm formation-a crucial factor in antimicrobial resistance and persistence. Given the bacterium's strong propensity for acquiring resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is essential for guiding effective therapeutic interventions. However, discrepancies have been observed between in vitro AST results and therapeutic outcomes, with some antimicrobials being deemed to show in vivo efficacy despite appearing ineffective in vitro. This discordance may stem from traditional AST protocols, which rely on bacteriological media such as Mueller Hinton broth (MHB) optimized for bacterial growth but not for mimicking the host environment. Moreover, conventional AST does not account for virulence traits such as biofilm formation, which further contribute to treatment failure. Incorporating physiologically relevant culture media, such as Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, alongside assessment of biofilm formation may improve the predictive value of AST. This work outlines two complementary protocols for improving AST interpretation in A. baumannii infections. Basic Protocol 1 compares minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values generated using MHB and RPMI. Basic Protocol 2 evaluates biofilm formation in MHB, tryptic soy broth (TSB; control), and RPMI, with and without antimicrobial exposure. Together, these approaches aim to inform alternative AST strategies that better reflect in vivo conditions and optimize therapeutic decision-making. © 2025 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Comparing A. baumannii minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results in bacteriological (MHB) versus physiological (RPMI) media Basic Protocol 2: Comparing A. baumannii isolate(s) biofilm formation following assays completed in bacteriological culture media (MHB and control TSB) and physiological medium (RPMI).}, }
@article {pmid40981469, year = {2025}, author = {Maree, M and Ushijima, Y and Krama, A and Sasaki, M and Miyata, T and Higashide, M and Nguyen, LTT and Morikawa, K}, title = {Mixed-biofilm natural transformation assay reveals the presence of staphylococci in human environments that can transfer SCCmec to Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0044225}, pmid = {40981469}, issn = {2379-5042}, support = {JP23fk0108630//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JPJSBP120229908//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 22H02863//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23K14515//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24KK0148//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; na//Takano Foundation for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Animals ; *Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; *Staphylococcus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Livestock/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Transformation, Bacterial ; Pets/microbiology ; Meat/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen that causes healthcare-, community-, and livestock-associated infections. The methicillin resistance gene mecA is embedded in the mobile genetic element termed Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCCmec). SCCmec is shared among staphylococci inhabiting human and animal hosts, which are recognized epidemiologically as the genetic reservoir of SCCmec. However, the ability of diverse methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) to serve as SCCmec donors for S. aureus has not been tested experimentally. Here, we investigated the ability of 157 MRS isolates from pets, meat, livestock, and humans to transfer SCCmec to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains using a recently developed natural transformation protocol in mixed biofilms. We found that 25 out of 157 isolates were able to transfer SCCmec to S. aureus. The most effective donor species were S. epidermidis (~33% of the tested isolates), S. felis (40%), and S. capitis (30%). Isolates from meat and livestock (collected in Vietnam and Thailand) had lower transfer rates of SCCmec (5% and 3%, respectively), compared to human and pet isolates from Japan (35% and 25%, respectively). The SCCmec transfer depended on site-specific integration/excision mediated by an intact attB site, which is recognized by the SCC recombinase Ccr. Our study experimentally demonstrates the presence of SCCmec donors in our living environments, highlighting the importance of specific staphylococcal species.IMPORTANCEHow MRSA emerges has long been the pivotal question regarding the ever-increasing burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issues for over half a century. Extensive research efforts in bacteriology, epidemiology, genome biology, and healthcare fields have led to the common understanding that SCCmec is transmitted among distinct staphylococcal species. However, global efforts to provide empirical evidence for intercellular SCCmec transmission have yielded limited results. We recently established the mixed-biofilm transformation assay to evaluate intercellular and interspecies SCCmec transmission. This novel assay system allows us to gain insight into the question "How MRSA emerges," and here, we provide the first experimental results about the potential donor species and habitats. This is the first report to show the ability of staphylococci from distinct sources to transfer SCC to S. aureus. Moreover, the new finding of S. felis as an effective donor that is not commensal to humans reinforces the importance of the One Health concept.}, }
@article {pmid40981351, year = {2025}, author = {García, MT and Morán, MC and Pons, R and Hafidi, Z and Bautista, E and Vazquez, S and Pérez, L}, title = {Arginine-Derived Cationic Surfactants Containing Phenylalanine and Tryptophan: Evaluation of Antifungal Activity, Biofilm Eradication, Cytotoxicity, and Ecotoxicity.}, journal = {Journal of xenobiotics}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {40981351}, issn = {2039-4713}, support = {Grant PID2022-136354-NBI00//MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe/ ; PTA2020-018511-I//MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ ; Grant PRE2022-000837//MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and "ESF Investing in your future/ ; COOPA23026//CSIC/ ; }, abstract = {Due to the growing emergence of bacterial and fungal resistance, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial compounds. Cationic surfactants are effective antimicrobial agents; however, traditional quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are increasingly scrutinized due to their cytotoxicity, poor biodegradability, and harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. While the antimicrobial efficacy of many new biocides, including QACs, has been extensively studied, comprehensive experimental strategies that simultaneously assess antimicrobial activity, mammalian cell toxicity, and ecotoxicity remain limited. Recent studies have reported that amino-acid-based surfactants containing arginine-phenylalanine and arginine-tryptophan exhibit excellent antibacterial activity and are biodegradable. This work extends their biological characterization to evaluate their potential applications. Specifically, we examined how variations in the head group architecture and hydrophobic moiety influence antifungal and antibiofilm activity. We also assessed how these structural parameters impact cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity. These compounds demonstrated strong activity against a wide range of Candida strains. Their hydrophobic character primarily influenced both antifungal efficacy and cytotoxicity. Importantly, these surfactants exhibited potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Notably, their aquatic toxicity was significantly lower than that of conventional QACs.}, }
@article {pmid40978156, year = {2025}, author = {Heine, N and Bittroff, K and Szafrański, SP and Duitscher, M and Behrens, W and Vollmer, C and Mikolai, C and Kommerein, N and Debener, N and Frings, K and Heisterkamp, A and Scheper, T and Torres-Mapa, ML and Bahnemann, J and Stiesch, M and Doll-Nikutta, K}, title = {Influence of species composition and cultivation condition on peri-implant biofilm dysbiosis in vitro.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1649419}, pmid = {40978156}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Changes in bacterial species composition within oral biofilms, known as biofilm dysbiosis, are associated with the development of severe oral diseases. To better understand this process and help establish early detection systems, models are needed which replicate oral biofilm dysbiosis in vitro - ideally by also mimicking natural salivary flow conditions.<br><br>METHODS: For this purpose, the present study cultivated two different combinations of oral commensal and pathogenic strains - Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella dispar/parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis - comparatively within an established flow chamber model on the implant material titanium, and statically in 6-well plates for 21 days. Biofilm morphology, species distribution, and bacterial metabolism were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, molecular biological methods, and metabolic interaction prediction.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm growth and composition were strongly influenced by bacterial species selection, and to a more minor extent, by cultivation conditions. Within the model containing V. dispar and a laboratory P. gingivalis strain, a diversification of commensal species was observed over time along with a significantly reduced pH-value. In contrast, the model containing V. parvula and the clinical isolate P. gingivalis W83, a dysbiotic shift with increased pathogen levels, pH-value, and virulence factors was achieved.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Within the present study, different in vitro oral multispecies biofilm models were successfully developed. Depending on bacterial species selection, these models were able to depict the infection-associated dysbiotic shift in species composition under flow conditions solely by intrinsic interactions and without the use of external stimuli.}, }
@article {pmid40977362, year = {2025}, author = {Kivimaki, SE and Dempsey, S and Camper, C and Tani, JM and Ray, WK and Hicklin, IK and Helm, RF and Blaby-Haas, CE and Brown, AM and Melville, SB}, title = {Type IV Pili-Associated Secretion of a Biofilm Matrix Protein From Clostridium perfringens That Forms Intermolecular Isopeptide Bonds.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {124}, number = {5}, pages = {462-479}, doi = {10.1111/mmi.70020}, pmid = {40977362}, issn = {1365-2958}, support = {DE-AC02-05CH11231//Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy/ ; //U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute/ ; //Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy/ ; }, mesh = {*Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Clostridium perfringens/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Operon ; Type IV Secretion Systems/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterial pathogen of humans and animals. C. perfringens also produces type IV pili (T4P) and has two complete sets of T4P-associated genes, one of which has been shown to produce surface pili needed for cell adherence. One hypothesis about the second set of T4P genes is that they comprise a type II secretion system (TTSS) like those found in gram-negative bacteria, but for gram-positive bacteria, the TTSS would aid transit across the thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer. The secretome of mutants lacking type IV pilins was examined, and a single protein, BsaC (CPE0517), was identified as being dependent on pilin PilA3 for secretion. The bsaC gene is in an operon with genes encoding a SipW signal peptidase and two putative biofilm matrix proteins, BsaA and BsaB, both of which have remote homology to Bacillus subtilis biofilm protein TasA. Since BsaA forms long oligomers that are secreted, we analyzed BsaA monomer interactions with de novo modeling. These models projected that the monomers formed isopeptide bonds as part of a donor strand exchange process. Mutations in residues predicted to form the isopeptide bonds led to the loss of oligomerization, supporting an exchange and lock mechanism, and isopeptide bonds were detected by mass spectrometry methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed the BsaA family of proteins is widespread among bacteria and archaea, but only a subset is predicted to form isopeptide bonds.}, }
@article {pmid40976822, year = {2025}, author = {Eladl, A and Abbas, HA and Elbaramawi, SS and El-Hamid, MIA and Nazeih, SI}, title = {The anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ketorolac inhibit urease activity and biofilm formation by uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40976822}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {Proteus mirabilis is a major bacterium responsible for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Urease enzyme has a great role in the pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis. Using urease, Proteus mirabilis can decompose urea to produce ammonia that increases urine pH and enhances crystal precipitation and crystalline biofilm formation. This leads to catheter blockage and pyelonephritis, respectively. Urease inhibitors are of great value in controlling this problem. Diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine, with their metal chelating activities, can inactivate urease by chelation of nickel ion in the active site of urease. This study investigated the ability of diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine to inhibit urease activity in Proteus mirabilis and crystalline biofilm formation. Diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine showed comparable activities against urease in cell lysates and whole cultures, with subsequent inhibition of pH increase and crystal formation in artificial urine. Diclofenac sodium showed higher biofilm inhibition and downregulation of urease genes ureR and ureC in RT-qPCR. The docking study showed the ability of both drugs to bind to urease enzyme and to chelate nickel ions in the active site of urease, suggesting that nickel chelation is the mode of inhibition of urease enzyme. In conclusion, diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine are two urease inhibitors that may be useful in treating Proteus mirabilis CAUTI.}, }
@article {pmid40976444, year = {2026}, author = {Eltawab, R and Li, K and Abdelfattah, A and Elsamahy, T and Jia, H and Cheng, L}, title = {Harnessing methane for improved nitrogen removal in membrane aerated biofilm reactors: towards sustainable wastewater practices.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {439}, number = {}, pages = {133362}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133362}, pmid = {40976444}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Methane/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; *Water Purification/methods ; Denitrification ; }, abstract = {This review examines the role of methane as an electron donor in Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) systems, which conventionally use gas-permeable membranes to deliver oxygen directly to stratified biofilms for wastewater treatment. The integration of methane provides a sustainable carbon source for denitrification while also mitigating methane emissions. Methanotrophic denitrification enables methanotrophs to couple methane oxidation with nitrate or nitrite reduction, linking nitrogen removal with greenhouse gas mitigation. This dual function improves treatment efficiency, reduces energy use and operational costs, and addresses drawbacks of conventional MABRs, such as limited denitrification in low-carbon wastewater, by supplying a cost-effective carbon source. Methane-based MABRs, however, introduce challenges including methane-oxygen balance, microbial dynamics, and safety. Recent solutions include Layer-Structured Membranes (LSMs) and artificial intelligence-driven control, which improve biofilm stability, optimize gas transfer, and ensure long-term performance. Collectively, these advances underscore methane-based MABRs as a promising technology for sustainable and low-carbon wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40976139, year = {2026}, author = {Maric, T and Tanaka, Y and Li, Z and Wu, J and Li, J and Guan, J and Boisen, A}, title = {Micro/nanomotors for biofilm remediation: Nanoarchitectonic breakthroughs with a focus on regulatory and clinical translation challenges.}, journal = {Biomaterials}, volume = {326}, number = {}, pages = {123715}, doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123715}, pmid = {40976139}, issn = {1878-5905}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; *Nanostructures/chemistry ; Bacterial Infections/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-associated bacterial infections, notorious for their resistance to standard therapies, pose a critical challenge in clinical practice. Micro and nanomotors (MNMs) have emerged as dynamic tools capable of penetrating biofilm matrices and enabling targeted antimicrobial delivery through autonomous motion. Recent advances in nanoarchitectonic design, spanning fuel-free or chemical propulsion, biohybrid systems, and multimodal actuation, significantly enhance their therapeutic precision and biocompatibility. This review critically examines the evolution of MNM materials, geometries, and designs, emphasizing their mechanical disruption of extracellular polymeric substances and synergistic bactericidal effects. Innovations such as cascade-driven MNMs and stimuli-responsive platforms demonstrate >90 % biofilm eradication in vitro and accelerated wound healing in vivo. What distinguishes this review from existing literature is its integrated focus on regulatory and translational barriers to clinical adoption, an aspect seldom addressed in prior MNM reviews. In addition to advances in materials and design, we discuss challenges that must be overcome for clinical translation, including long-term biosafety, degradation, scalable manufacturing under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), and regulatory ambiguities surrounding nanoscale medical devices. We outline a path forward for addressing these barriers by emphasizing the need for standardized toxicity testing, stronger interdisciplinary collaboration, and the use of emerging regulatory tools such as Safe(r) Innovation Approaches (SIA), the EU's Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) initiative, and regulatory sandboxes to help accelerate clinical translation. By integrating material and design innovation with regulatory foresight, MNM technology holds transformative potential for combating antibiotic-resistant infections and redefining the eradication of biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40975913, year = {2026}, author = {Aydin, D and Akin, ID and Call, DR and Beyenal, H}, title = {Strong alone, weak together: biofilm tensile strength in kangaroo rat burrows.}, journal = {Enzyme and microbial technology}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {110752}, doi = {10.1016/j.enzmictec.2025.110752}, pmid = {40975913}, issn = {1879-0909}, mesh = {Animals ; *Tensile Strength ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Dipodomys/physiology/microbiology ; Sand ; Bacillaceae/physiology ; Aspergillus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Desert kangaroo rats (Dipodomys deserti) construct burrows that create protected micro-niches favorable to increased microbial activity and biofilm formation. Biofilms within these burrows bind sand particles together, increase the tensile strength of the burrow sand and burrow stability. Our previous work 1) demonstrated that kangaroo rat burrow sand exhibits higher tensile strength than surrounding surface sand due to the cementation by biofilms, and 2) characterized the microbial biofilm communities within kangaroo rat burrow sand and isolated abundant microorganisms. In this study, isolated species are used to quantify tensile strength of pure and mixed biofilms using the microcantilever technique. Mono-species biofilms of Aspergillus tamarii (59.30 ± 4.36 kPa) exhibited the highest tensile strength, while Neobacillus niacini (9.45 ± 1.98 kPa) showed the lowest. Dual-species biofilms displayed synergistic or antagonistic effects, depending on species combinations. Mixing N. niacini with Peribacillus frigoritolerans increased tensile strength to 55.11 ± 2.51 kPa, whereas combining A. tamarii with N. niacini reduced the tensile strength to 18.98 ± 2.54 kPa. Mixing up to five species reduced tensile strength to a minimum value of 2.16 kPa. We conclude that biofilms formed by microbial isolates from burrow sand individually had higher tensile strength, but when all were mixed, the tensile strength decreased, making them weaker.}, }
@article {pmid40975416, year = {2025}, author = {Bi, Z and Wang, X and Fu, H and Huang, Y}, title = {Carbon source shaped microbial ecology, metabolism and performance in biofilm system for simultaneous phosphorus recovery and nitrogen removal.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {286}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {122800}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122800}, pmid = {40975416}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Phosphorus/metabolism ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Sewage/microbiology ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Microbiota ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The application of biofilm-based phosphorus enrichment technology has been hampered by the limited information on the performance, microbial interactions and metabolic patterns of dominant functional bacteria, especially those fed with complex carbon sources conditions. In this study, three representative carbon sources contained in real sewage, i.e., volatile fatty acids (VFAs), glucose, and amino acids were selected as the complex carbon sources. The comparison in phosphorus removal/enrichment performance, carbon utilization, and metabolic characteristics were performed during the biofilm system changed the sole carbon source (acetate sodium) feeding to complex carbon source feeding gradually. The performance reduction and instability were observed in initial stage of complex carbon source feeding, while the phosphorus removal/enrichment efficiency improved significantly after long-term acclimation by extending the anaerobic HRT. The concentration of phosphorus enrichment solution exceeded 50 mg/L, meanwhile the total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal efficiencies over 82 % and 97 %, respectively. Intriguing, intracellular organic phosphorus (OP) contents fluctuated with phosphorus uptake and release, which may be a hint of the important role of OP in PAOs energy conversion. Complex carbon sources induced the succession of biofilm community, especially the enrichment of hydrolytic fermentation bacteria, and a more intricate microbial interaction network among functional microbiota. The co-occurrence of the EMP and ED pathways during glycolysis implied more extensive carbon utilization pathways, and amino acids was speculated to complement intracellular energy metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This study demonstrated that the biofilm systems have great potential to simultaneously achieve phosphorus removal and enrichment by using complex carbon sources in sewage wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40975365, year = {2026}, author = {Preetham, V and Saidulu, D and Tiwary, CS and Gupta, AK}, title = {Role of biofilm activity on novel interwoven lattice-shaped 3D printed biocarrier for enhanced removal of organics and nutrients with reduced footprint: Performance assessment and microbial community dynamics.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {439}, number = {}, pages = {133356}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133356}, pmid = {40975365}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Phosphorus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Water Purification/methods ; Wastewater/chemistry ; *Nutrients/isolation &amp; purification ; *Organic Chemicals/isolation &amp; purification ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; }, abstract = {Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) remains challenging in conventional biological systems due to microbial complexity and limitations of traditional carriers like clogging and mass transfer. This study introduces a novel 3D-printed carrier (3D-PC) with high theoretical specific surface area (TSSA) to enhance organics and nutrient removal. A sequencing batch biofilm reactor was operated under optimized anaerobic/oxic/anoxic cycles at chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 10, 5, and 2.5 without external carbon addition. The highest removal at C/N 10 achieved 98% total nitrogen (TN) and 85% phosphate phosphorus (PO4[3-]-P). Even at low C/N 2.5, 70% TN and 73% PO4[3-]-P were removed, highlighting 3D-PC's efficiency under carbon-limited conditions. The improved performance is attributed to the carrier's high TSSA, porous design, and stable biofilm growth. Achieving good SNDPR at just a 15% carrier fill ratio demonstrates the potential of this compact system for cost-effective and efficient wastewater treatment. This shows the potential of 3D-PC in wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40975186, year = {2025}, author = {Song, Y and Li, J and Zhang, Y and Su, L and Qin, S and Wu, C and Song, G}, title = {Biofilm maturation in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is regulated by the sRNA PA213 and its corresponding encoded small protein.}, journal = {International journal of antimicrobial agents}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {107625}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107625}, pmid = {40975186}, issn = {1872-7913}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Humans ; *RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Biofilm formation is a key factor contributing to the persistence and resistance of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). This study aims to elucidate the regulatory role of PA213, a previously uncharacterized and hypoxia-inducible small RNA, in promoting CRPA biofilm maturation.<br><br>METHODS: We collected 113 clinical isolates for species identification and antimicrobial profiling. Comparative transcriptomic analyses were conducted between carbapenem-susceptible and resistant strains to identify functional sRNA candidates. The expression and structure of PA213 were characterized using qRT-PCR, RACE and secondary structure prediction. A Flag-tagged PA213 fusion protein was confirmed by Western blot. PA213's phenotypic effects were assessed through assays of biofilm formation, motility, pyocyanin production and extracellular matrix regulation. Biofilm architecture was visualized by scanning electron microscopy, and viability was analysed via CFU counts and PI staining. Protein partners were identified via GST-pulldown and LC-MS, and interaction with OprI was confirmed through immunofluorescence and biochemical validation. The impact of PA213 on quorum sensing (QS) gene expression was examined by qRT-PCR based on RNA-seq datasets.<br><br>RESULTS: PA213 is a novel, uncharacterized sRNA that is highly expressed in clinical CRPA isolates. This sRNA featured a typical stem-loop structure and a 279-nucleotide open reading frame (ORF), which encoded a low-molecular-weight polypeptide. PA213 was significantly upregulated in clinical CRPA under hypoxia and encoded a small peptide with high conservation. Functionally, PA213 acted as a multifunctional regulator, enhancing biofilm formation, inhibiting pyocyanin synthesis, promoting swimming motility and reducing virulence and pathogenicity. It enhanced biofilm formation during microcolony (12-48 h) and maturation (48-72 h) phases, without increasing EPS production or relying on the las/rhl QS pathway. It ensured sufficient functional bacterial density and maintained the three-dimensional structure of the biofilm by modulating viable bacterial proliferation. Mechanistically, the protein encoded by PA213 directly interacted with OprI, mediating spatial stabilization of mature biofilms.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: PA213 functions as a bifunctional sRNA-peptide regulator that promotes CRPA biofilm maturation via non-coding and protein-mediated mechanisms, offering new insights into hypoxia-responsive biofilm regulation and antimicrobial resistance evolution.}, }
@article {pmid40975037, year = {2025}, author = {Fan, X and Dai, C and Han, J and Lou, S and Zhang, N and He, M and Zhu, Z and Li, P and Chen, X and Xu, X}, title = {Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) exhibits potent anti-biofilm and antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.}, journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {157265}, doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157265}, pmid = {40975037}, issn = {1618-095X}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Candida albicans/drug effects ; Animals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mice ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Masoprocol/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Moths ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly among biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi, has created an urgent need for novel therapeutics. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a plant-derived polyphenolic lignan, has demonstrated promising biological activities, yet its potential as a dual-action antimicrobial agent remains underexplored.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of NDGA against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans, elucidate its mechanism of action, and assess its in vivo efficacy and biosafety.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: NDGA's antimicrobial activities were assessed through MIC, time-kill, and biofilm disruption assays against standard and clinical isolates. Transcriptomic profiling and deep-learning-guided molecular docking were used to identify key microbial targets and regulatory pathways. In vivo efficacy was validated in Galleria mellonella and murine systemic infection models. Cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and acute toxicity assays were conducted to evaluate biosafety.<br><br>RESULTS: NDGA exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, with MIC values of 32 &#x3bc;g/ml for S. aureus USA300 and 64 &#x3bc;g/ml for C. albicans SC5314. It effectively eradicated persister cells and disrupting mature biofilms of both MRSA and C. albicans. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that NDGA modulated multiple microbial virulence and biofilm-regulating pathways, including arginine biosynthesis in MRSA and ergosterol metabolism in C. albicans. Docking studies confirmed strong binding affinity of NDGA to critical microbial targets. In vivo, NDGA significantly improved survival rates, reduced pathogen burden, and alleviated tissue damage, showing comparable efficacy to vancomycin and fluconazole. NDGA demonstrated favorable biosafety with low cytotoxicity, minimal hemolysis, and no observable acute toxicity in mammalian models.<br><br>CONCLUSION: NDGA is a promising antimicrobial candidate capable of disrupting biofilms and overcoming drug resistance in both bacterial and fungal infections. Its multitargeted mode of action, coupled with in vivo efficacy and biosafety, supports further development as a next-generation anti-infective agent.}, }
@article {pmid40974892, year = {2026}, author = {Xiu, J and Geng, B and Liu, M and Han, X and Zhang, D and Bai, X}, title = {Biofilm induced microplastics and microbial metabolites release from Polypropylene Random pipes in drinking water distribution systems.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124626}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124626}, pmid = {40974892}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Microplastics ; *Polypropylenes ; *Drinking Water ; Corrosion ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water Supply ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; }, abstract = {While plastic pipes are extensively employed in water infrastructure owing to their durability and corrosion resistance‌, their long-term deployment in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) fosters biofilm proliferation through microbial colonization. However, biofilm-induced material alterations and the concurrent release of microplastics (MPs) and microbial secondary metabolites remain undercharacterized. To elucidate biofilm-mediated corrosion in polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) pipes and their implications for water safety, this research employed a multi-methodological framework of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flow cytometric quantification coupled with 16S rRNA sequencing, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that biofilm colonization induces progressive surface deterioration, with SEM revealing sequential roughness increase (60 days), microcracks formation (90 days), and pore formation (120-150 days). Biofilm-induced corrosion increased microplastics release (2.1-fold versus control) and enhanced leaching of microbial metabolites, including organophosphate flame retardants (TEP 18-fold, TCEP 5.2-fold), phthalates (DEHP 14-fold), and antioxidant derivatives (2,4-DTBP 20-fold, BHB 41-fold). PPR-degrading bacterial communities were dominated by Sphingobium, Bradyrhizobium, Comamonadaceae, and Sediminibacterium. GC-MS analysis detected released compounds with microbial degradation pathways evidenced by dodecanal accumulation (11-fold) and 1-dodecanol depletion (0.04-fold). These findings confirmed that biofilm development accelerate PPR material aging through both biofilm-induced corrosion and biochemical degradation, while introducing multiple water quality risks. These findings revealed that biofilm development accelerates PPR material aging through synergistic biofilm-induced corrosion and biochemical degradation, concurrently introducing multiple water quality risks via significantly elevated contaminant release. This study elucidates the mechanisms and quantifies the impacts of biofilm-induced corrosion in PPR pipes, highlighting the urgent need for biofilm control or material improvements in end DWDS.}, }
@article {pmid40973254, year = {2025}, author = {Wangpaiboon, K and Maneechan, M and Yenpech, N and Chirachanchai, S and Jiraroj, D and Tungasmita, DN and Panpetch, P and Krusong, K and Charoenwongpaiboon, T and Pichyangkura, R}, title = {Unraveling role of the glucan-binding domain in mutansucrase-mediated glucan synthesis and biofilm-related properties.}, journal = {Carbohydrate polymers}, volume = {369}, number = {}, pages = {124270}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124270}, pmid = {40973254}, issn = {1879-1344}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Glucans/chemistry/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Streptococcus mutans/enzymology/physiology ; Dextrans/metabolism/chemistry ; *Glucosyltransferases/metabolism/chemistry ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Protein Domains ; }, abstract = {Mutansucrase (MUS) catalyzes the formation of α-1,3-linked glucan (mutan) from sucrose. Most mutansucrase are produced by Mutan Streptococcus species, which are considered primary etiological agents of dental caries. Previous investigations have posited MUS as one of the crucial virulence factors contributing to biofilm formation. This study investigated the role of the glucan-binding domains (GBDs) in MUS activity and the properties of the resulting glucan product. Our findings showed GBDs rarely participate in α-1,3 glucan elongation and have negligible binding affinity for them. Conversely, GBDs exhibited high affinity for α-1,6 glucans (dextran). Notably, using dextran as an acceptor for α-1,3 glucan extension significantly enhanced MUS transglycosylation and processivity, leading to higher molecular weight glucans and gel-like material formation, emphasizing MUS's role in biofilm development. Although GBDs didn't directly determine glycosidic linkage type, their cooperative interaction with the catalytic domain modulated the physicochemical properties and structural diversity of the synthesized glucans. Furthermore, intrinsic glucan conformation influenced chain elongation, offering a new perspective on biofilm synthesis beyond the enzyme's role. This work also characterized glucans synthesized by MUS via both common sucrose reactions and dextran priming process, providing insights for addressing biofilm challenges and developing new biomaterial applications.}, }
@article {pmid40972766, year = {2025}, author = {Upadhyay, A and Pal, D and Kumar, A}, title = {Development of the combinatorial dye assay for improved detection of the Salmonella Typhi biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {107272}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107272}, pmid = {40972766}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Gentian Violet/chemistry ; *Coloring Agents/chemistry ; Phenazines/chemistry ; *Salmonella typhi/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Staining and Labeling/methods ; }, abstract = {Typhoidal biofilms resist antibiotics and are inadequately stained by traditional dyes. This study presents a 0.5 % combinatorial dye, prepared by mixing crystal violet and safranin in a 1:1 ratio, resulting in a final concentration of 0.25 % crystal violet and 0.25 % safranin (total 0.5 %). The formulation enhances staining intensity, quantification, and detection of typhoidal biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40969145, year = {2025}, author = {Khan, A and Aasim, M and Bibi, NS and Saddique, H and Ullah, H and Khan, Z and Aziz, U and Khan, NZ and Ali, W and Muhammad, N}, title = {Utilization of physicochemical approach to propose a strategy for biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {1055-1066}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2559318}, pmid = {40969145}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Glass/chemistry ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Biofilm development, which occurs on numerous surfaces, can reduce the efficiency and increase operating costs in bioprocesses and fermentation. The current study proposes a strategy for biofilm inhibition by investigating the interactions between microorganisms and surfaces using an extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (xDLVO) approach and cell partition index (CPI) technique. Glass slide and Petri dish surfaces were modified with different surfactants. The results show that modification increased CPI values and altered the interaction behavior from attractive to repulsive, between microbial cells and different surfaces. Secondary energy values calculated by xDLVO theory between microbial cells and modified surfaces were repulsive. Meanwhile, the secondary energy values calculated for microbial cells and unmodified glass slide (-31 kT) and Petri dish surfaces (-27 kT) were attractive between cells and surfaces. The current study has opened a window for research in the field of biofilm inhibition through a surface energetics approach.}, }
@article {pmid40966435, year = {2025}, author = {Skliar, I and Kryvtsova, M and Kostenko, Y and Savenko, M}, title = {Biofilm-forming Ability of Anaerobic Bacterial Strains Isolated from Patients Diagnosed with Periodontitis.}, journal = {Prague medical report}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, pages = {144-150}, doi = {10.14712/23362936.2025.22}, pmid = {40966435}, issn = {1214-6994}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Periodontitis/microbiology ; *Bacteria, Anaerobic/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Female ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms represent the primary causative agents of pathogenic processes within the oral cavity. Biofilm microorganisms exhibit heightened resistance to adverse environmental factors. The objective of this study was to ascertain the biofilm-forming potential of clinical strains of anaerobic microorganisms isolated from the periodontal pocket of patients diagnosed with periodontitis. The study of biofilm formation was carried out by the method (Djordjevic et al., 2002) using flat-bottomed 96-well polystyrene microtitration plates. Biofilm formation was determined by staining with 0.1% crystal violet. The study utilised clinical strains isolated from the periodontal pocket of 61 patients diagnosed with grade III chronic periodontitis. Of these, 30 strains belonging to three bacterial species were selected for further analysis: Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Slackia exigua, and Schaalia odontolytica. Among the Porphyromonas asaccharolytica strains, 80% formed biofilm; the figure for Slackia exigua was 90%, and for Schaalia odontolytica - 80%. In total, 25 strains were capable of biofilm formation. The results indicate that the isolated strains of Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Slackia exigua, and Schaalia odontolytica exhibited a significant capacity for biofilm formation (83.3% of the strains formed biofilm), particularly Slackia exigua strains, which exhibited the highest number of strains with high biofilm formation ability - 5 (16.6%). It is also noteworthy that these microorganisms exhibited a moderate persistence frequency (16.4% each), of the total sample of microbial biocenoses from inflammatory periodontal soft tissue areas.}, }
@article {pmid40961771, year = {2025}, author = {Ogundipe, TT and Beitia, S and Zhang, L and Zhang, X and Obe, T}, title = {Differences in microbial composition of litter and water line biofilm of broiler farms as influenced by water quality history.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {104}, number = {11}, pages = {105832}, pmid = {40961771}, issn = {1525-3171}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms ; *Chickens ; *Microbiota ; *Water Quality ; Salmonella/isolation &amp; purification ; Housing, Animal ; *Water Microbiology ; Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; Animal Husbandry ; }, abstract = {Microbiome profiling of litter and drinking water lines of poultry environments is essential to understanding their role in the persistence and transmission of opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. While the litter environment is well characterized, the drinking water system has received less attention, despite its potential as a control point for Salmonella. In this study, we identified two groups of five farms based on historic water quality issues: normal sulfur-iron (NSIF) and high sulfur-iron (HSIF) content with the aim of assessing the incidence/quantity of Salmonella and characterize the microbiota of the litter and water line biofilms within the two farm groups. Our findings showed no differences in Salmonella incidence and quantity between the litter of both groups, while the biofilm of one of the HSIF farms had Salmonella. Common serotypes, such as Enteritidis, Infantis, Kentucky, and Typhimurium, were identified in the litter of both groups, while Agona, Alachua, and Schwarzengrund were unique to the NSIF group and Ouakam and Worthington to the HSIF group. Generally, the litter exhibited high microbial diversity compared to the biofilm. The litter of the NSIF group had lower alpha diversity than the HSIF group. Conversely, NSIF biofilms had higher alpha diversity than the HSIF biofilms. Distinct differences in microbial community composition were observed in the litter and biofilm of the two farm groups. Aerococcus, Lactobacillus, and Staphylococcus dominated the litter of the two groups, whereas probiotic (NSIF) and pathogenic (HSIF) Bacillus was the most prevalent in the biofilms. These results suggest that water quality issues could influence the microbiota of poultry house environments, particularly in water line biofilms. Effective removal of these biofilms is crucial for controlling Salmonella at pre-harvest poultry production.}, }
@article {pmid40961761, year = {2025}, author = {Khanal, S and Luitel, H and Adhikari, S and Marasini, A and Bhattarai, RK}, title = {Molecular characterization, antimicrobial resistance profiling, and biofilm analysis of Salmonella isolates from dead-in-shell embryonated eggs.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {104}, number = {11}, pages = {105773}, pmid = {40961761}, issn = {1525-3171}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Salmonella/physiology/drug effects/genetics ; *Poultry Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Chickens ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Virulence/genetics ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the molecular characterization, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling, and biofilm formation of Salmonella isolates from dead-in-shell embryonated eggs collected from 15 hatcheries in Bharatpur, Chitwan. A total of 210 samples were analyzed using cultural, biochemical, and molecular techniques, including PCR for virulence gene detection. The study revealed a prevalence rate of 11.42 %, with isolates demonstrating significant AMR, particularly to cephalexin (100 %), ampicillin (95.83 %), and nalidixic acid (91.67 %). Moreover, 83.33 % (n = 20) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), with a mean multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.51. Biofilm formation analysis indicated that 70.83 % of the isolates could produce biofilms, with 41.67 % classified as weak producers and 16.67 % as strong producers. Molecular analysis identified key virulence genes, including invA (100 %), spvC (50 %), spvB1 (33.33 %), and the biofilm-associated gene agfA (12.5 %), emphasizing their roles in pathogenicity, systemic infections, and biofilm formation. Our findings highlight the critical public health risks posed by MDR Salmonella, which can persist in the food chain and compromise human and animal health. This research underscores the need for enhanced biosecurity in hatcheries, judicious use of antimicrobials, and periodic monitoring of bacterial resistance and virulence factors to mitigate the economic and health impacts of Salmonella infections in poultry production systems.}, }
@article {pmid40961754, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, H and Bi, M and Li, S and Yang, S and Zhang, Y and Zhao, L and Jiang, X and Yu, T}, title = {Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation by phenyllactic acid in pasteurized milk is associated with suppression of the Agr system.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {444}, number = {}, pages = {111440}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111440}, pmid = {40961754}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Milk/microbiology ; Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; *Lactates/pharmacology ; Pasteurization ; Food Microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The biofilm-forming propensity of Listeria monocytogenes on food-contact surfaces presents critical challenges to food safety. Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a microbial-derived organic acid compound, exhibits potent biofilm inhibition against this pathogen, yet its mechanistic basis remains undefined. This study investigated PLA's effects on the Agr system, which promotes L. monocytogenes biofilm formation, to explore its potential as a biofilm control agent. Quantitative biofilm analysis through crystal violet-based microplate assays demonstrated decreased biofilm biomass under PLA treatment. Quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed marked downregulation of the agr system components, paralleled by diminished β-galactosidase activity in agr promoter-reporter constructs. These evidences suggested that PLA can inhibit L. monocytogenes biofilm formation by suppressing the Agr system in medium. Microscale thermophoresis analysis excluded direct molecular interactions between PLA and AgrC/AgrA proteins. Our data demonstrated that signal molecule autoinducing peptide (AIP) produced by AgrBD in L. monocytogenes was a cyclic hexapeptide whose biosynthesis was inhibited by PLA. Notably, PLA maintained its biofilm-inhibitory capacity by suppressing the Agr system in pasteurized milk. This preserved activity across distinct experimental environments highlights the application potential of PLA as a food-safe antimicrobial agent.}, }
@article {pmid40961672, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, TT and Yan, ZW and Cai, FY and He, QX and You, HH and Rensing, C and Lü, J and Zhou, S}, title = {Carbon quantum dots boost microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic electricity generation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124593}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124593}, pmid = {40961672}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Quantum Dots ; *Shewanella ; *Bioelectric Energy Sources ; *Carbon/chemistry ; Electricity ; }, abstract = {Microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic electricity generators (BioHEGs) have recently been developed as promising and readily available platforms for green energy harvesting, despite their unsatisfactory output performances and unspecified mechanisms regarding electric current production. Herein, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were used to construct a nano-biohybrid system with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (S. oneidensis), through which the CQDs/S. oneidensis BioHEG achieved a maximum open-circuit voltage of ca. 0.65 V and short-circuit current density of ca. 5.23 μA·cm[-2]. In addition, both the hydrovoltaic effect and electrical conductivity of CQDs/S. oneidensis nano-biohybrids were noticeably improved due to enhanced secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and accelerated electron transfer upon CQDs implantation, thereby leading to a nearly 14-fold increase in output power density compared to the bare S. oneidensis cells. Studies aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism indicated that the hybridization of CQDs and S. oneidensis greatly promoted the metabolic synthesis of outer membrane c-type cytochromes (OM c-Cyts) and the extracellular secretion of riboflavin (RF), which was demonstrated to be decisive in the current producing process of the CQDs/S. oneidensis BioHEG. This work thus proposes a viable strategy to boost the hydrovoltaic electricity generation capacity of microbial biofilms and provides a new perspective on the mechanism of accelerated electron transfer pathways inside BioHEGs.}, }
@article {pmid40959855, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Wu, F and Hua, L and Gao, C and Wang, S and Liu, Y and Ren, Y and Shi, L and van der Mei, HC and Li, Y}, title = {Bimetal-Phenolic Framework to Combat Bacterial Infections via Synergistic Biofilm Dispersal, Bacterial Killing and Immune Modulation.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {12}, number = {45}, pages = {e13863}, pmid = {40959855}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {52293383//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52422307//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22475156//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22275043//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52203184//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; LR24H180001//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation Outstanding Youth Project/ ; ZY2023031//Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Major Project/ ; CXTD202501043//Zhejiang Clinovation Pride/ ; 2025WMU-X001//First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *Metal-Organic Frameworks/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The presence of drug resistance and extracellular matrix protection in biofilms makes it increasingly difficult to control bacterial infections using antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new non-antibiotic approaches to eradicate drug-resistant bacterial infections. Here, a bimetal-phenolic framework (Que-Fe-CeMPF) is constructed by direct self-assembly of coordinated Fe[3+] and Ce[4+] ions with the polyphenol quercetin (Que). Que-Fe-CeMPF enhanced hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation, particularly in an acidic environment and presence of H2O2, compared with single metal-phenolic frameworks (Que-FeMPF and Que-CeMPF). · OH damaged bacterial cell walls, resulting in intracellular protein loss and bacterial cell death. Additionally, Que-Fe-CeMPF effectively dispersed biofilms by degrading matrix eDNA, allowing easier ·OH penetration, resulting in higher killing efficiency compared to Que-FeMPF and Que-CeMPF. Que-Fe-CeMPF stimulated macrophages to adopt an M2-like phenotype, suppressing excessive immune activation and promoting tissue repair at the infection site. As a combined effect of bacterial killing, biofilm degradation, and immune-modulation, the infectious pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice is more effectively eradicated by Que-Fe-CeMPF than by free quercetin or the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Moreover, Que-Fe-CeMPF is less prone to resistance development in pathogens compared to ciprofloxacin. Thus, Que-Fe-CeMPF is a promising non-antibiotic antimicrobial agent with multimodal activity for controlling drug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid40959596, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, S and Parker, MC and Wu, Y and Marx, A and Handa, H and Brisbois, EJ}, title = {Development of a nitric oxide-releasing cephalexin-based hybrid compound for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy and biofilm disruption.}, journal = {RSC medicinal chemistry}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {5333-5340}, pmid = {40959596}, issn = {2632-8682}, support = {R01 HL172496/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation on medical devices and the rise of antibiotic resistance have undermined conventional antibiotics such as cephalexin (CEX), which is effective against Gram-positive infections but has limited activity against Gram-negative pathogens and biofilms. To overcome these limitations, we developed a hybrid nitric oxide (NO)-releasing conjugate (SNAP_CEX) by covalently attaching the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) to CEX. SNAP_CEX exhibited a sustained NO release profile over 30 days, indicating enhanced stability compared to SNAP's rapid degradation, even though the Griess assay showed NO release from SNAP over 30 days. The hybrid maintained strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; MIC50 = 7 μM vs. 2.5 μM for CEX) and dramatically improved efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa; MIC50 = 3 mM vs. 16 mM for CEX). SNAP_CEX also significantly disrupted established biofilms, reducing S. aureus biofilm biomass by ∼75% (vs. ∼33% by CEX) and viable cells by ∼99%, and achieving ∼67% biomass reduction and 77% killing in P. aeruginosa biofilms (vs. ∼25% and 18% by CEX). These effects demonstrate that SNAP_CEX combines NO's biofilm-disruptive action with antibiotic therapy to combat biofilm-associated resistant infections, while remaining cytocompatible at therapeutic concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid40958806, year = {2025}, author = {Lv, X and Han, X and Yang, Y and Ma, Y and Wang, Y and Zhang, K and Wang, F and Yang, C and Yan, K and Wang, X}, title = {Hypochlorous acid solution serves as a potential anti-biofilm therapy for periodontitis via targeting quorum sensing of periodontal pathogens.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2557959}, pmid = {40958806}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUD: Hypochlorous acid solution (HAS), a novel bio-friendly antimicrobial, has garnered attention for its antimicrobial activity, while less is known about its antibiofilm effects on periodontal pathogenic biofilms and the underlying mechanisms.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore HAS's antibiofilm effect on periodontal pathogenic biofilms and the potential mechanisms.<br><br>DESIGN: In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HAS was determined by microdilution method. Alterations in biofilms were analysed using crystal violet (CV) staining, MTT assay and microscopic imaging techniques. The biocompatibility of HAS was assessed via CCK-8 and scratch assays. The regulatory mechanism of HAS within biofilms were investigated using bioluminescence assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection and RT&#x2012;qPCR. In vivo, rat periodontitis models were established. Imaging and histological techniques were employed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of HAS on alveolar bone resorption and inflammatory cytokines.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to 0.25% NaClO solution, it exhibited better biocompatibility. HAS downregulated biofilmvirulence factors and upregulated oxidative stress response-related genes, suggesting that inducing ROS production is a crucial mechanism of HAS in biofilm inhibition. Furthermore, HAS significantly inhibited autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity and downregulated the QS-related genes. In vivo, HAS significantly reduced bone resorption and periodontal inflammation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Given HAS's accessibility, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding antibiofilm properties, it may offer a safe antibiofilm approach for clinical periodontal therapy, effectively removing biofilms in areas inaccessible to instrumental therapy and persistent biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40956953, year = {2025}, author = {Bertran I Forga, X and Hong, Y and Fairfull-Smith, KE and Qin, J and Totsika, M}, title = {Nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside serves as a source of iron supporting Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0223425}, pmid = {40956953}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {DP210101317//Department of Education and Training/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth &amp; development/drug effects/metabolism/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Nitroprusside/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Nitric Oxide Donors/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Iron/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Spermine/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Biofilm dispersal agents, like nitric oxide (NO), restore antimicrobial effectiveness against biofilm infections by inducing bacteria to shift from a biofilm to a planktonic state, thereby overcoming the antimicrobial tolerance typically associated with biofilms. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is a widely used NO donor for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying NO-mediated biofilm dispersal in the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the biofilm effects of SNP are variable depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, with some studies reporting enhanced growth in both planktonic and biofilm forms instead of dispersal. These discrepancies suggest that SNP affects P. aeruginosa biofilm-residing cells beyond the release of NO. In this study, we compared SNP with another NO donor, Spermine NONOate, to systematically contrast their effects on biofilm and planktonic cultures of P. aeruginosa. We found that SNP, but not Spermine NONOate, increased the biomass of P. aeruginosa biofilms in microplate cultures. This effect was also observed when biofilm cultures were supplemented with iron. Additionally, supplementation with SNP rescued the planktonic growth of P. aeruginosa in iron-depleted media similarly to FeSO4, suggesting that SNP may serve as an iron source. Our findings indicate that the use of SNP as an NO donor in biofilm dispersal may be compromised by its role in promoting both biofilm and planktonic growth through its iron center. Our study cautions investigators using SNP for studying NO-mediated biofilm dispersal.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Research into biofilm dispersal agent nitric oxide (NO) holds promise for treating biofilm-associated infections. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor widely used in antibiofilm research, has been shown in this study to enhance cell growth and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by acting as a source of iron. Our results suggest that SNP functions both as an NO and an iron donor, with its iron-releasing properties playing a more dominant role in promoting biofilm growth in closed culture systems. This study underscores the dual but conflicting roles of SNP in biofilm growth, which caution its future development as an NO-based therapeutic strategy for biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40956701, year = {2025}, author = {Natarajan, O and Gibboney, SL and Young, MN and Lim, SJ and Nguyen, F and Pluta, N and Atkinson, CGF and Liberti, A and Kees, ED and Leigh, BA and Breitbart, M and Gralnick, JA and Dishaw, LJ}, title = {Prophage regulation of Shewanella fidelis 3313 motility and biofilm formation with implications for gut colonization dynamics in Ciona robusta.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40956701}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {IOS-1456301//National Science Foundation/ ; MCB-1817308//National Science Foundation/ ; NSF IOS-2226050/51//National Science Foundation/ ; Graduate Research Fellowship Program//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Prophages/physiology/genetics ; *Shewanella/virology/physiology/genetics ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Ciona/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Lysogens, bacteria with one or more viruses (prophages) integrated into their genomes, are abundant in the gut of animals. Prophages often influence bacterial traits; however, the influence of prophages on the gut microbiota-host immune axis in animals remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of the prophage SfPat on Shewanella fidelis 3313, a persistent member of the gut microbiome of the model marine tunicate, Ciona robusta. Establishment of a SfPat deletion mutant (ΔSfPat) reveals the influence of this prophage on bacterial physiology in vitro and during colonization of the Ciona gut. In vitro, deletion of SfPat reduces S. fidelis 3313 motility and swimming while increasing biofilm formation. To understand the in vivo impact of these prophage-induced changes in bacterial traits, we exposed metamorphic stage 4 Ciona juveniles to wildtype (WT) and ΔSfPat strains. During colonization, ΔSfPat localizes to overlapping and distinct areas of the gut compared to the WT strain. We examined the differential expression of various regulators of cyclic-di-GMP, a secondary signaling molecule that mediates biofilm formation and motility. The pdeB gene, which encodes a bacterial phosphodiesterase known to influence biofilm formation and motility by degrading cyclic-di-GMP, is upregulated in the WT strain but not in ΔSfPat when examined in vivo. Expression of the Ciona gut immune effector, VCBP-C, is enhanced during colonization by ΔSfPat compared to the WT strain; however, VCBP-C binding to the WT strain does not promote the excision of SfPat in an SOS-dependent pathway. Instead, VCBP-C binding significantly reduces the expression of a phage major capsid protein. Our findings suggest that SfPat influences host perception of this important colonizing commensal and highlights the significance of investigating tripartite dynamics between prophages, bacteria, and their animal hosts to better understand the gut microbiota-host immune axis.}, }
@article {pmid40956370, year = {2025}, author = {Keles, A and Kishen, A}, title = {Evaluating the efficacy of non-activated microbubble emulsions in biofilm removal from 3D-printed root canals.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {452}, pmid = {40956370}, issn = {1436-3771}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Emulsions/pharmacology ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; *Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Microbubbles ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the effectiveness of non-activated microbubble emulsions in removing biofilms in simulated minimally shaped root canals.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were developed over three weeks in various sizes of 3D-printed root canal models. The biofilm removal efficiency of microbubble emulsions (MB) was compared with several irrigants, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), distilled water (DW), and hydrogen peroxide (HP), across different root canal dimensions (20.04, 20.06, 40.04, 40.06). Irrigation was performed using 2.5 mL of each solution for one minute. In the MB groups, the canal was filled with a single emulsion drop and left for one minute. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy and crystal violet colorimetric analysis to assess the effectiveness of biofilm eradication. Bonferroni tests and two-way ANOVA were employed to analyze the data.<br><br>RESULTS: In narrow canals, MB emulsions demonstrated biofilm removal efficacy comparable to NaOCl (P&#x2009;>&#x2009;.05). However, NaOCl was the most effective irrigation solution for wider canals (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05). Canal size significantly influenced the biofilm removal efficacy in the MB group (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05). Overall, both MB emulsions and NaOCl achieved better biofilm removal results than DW and HP (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The non-activated MBs have shown effective antibiofilm properties in narrow canals, making them suitable for a minimally invasive approach and indicating their potential role in developing improved irrigation protocols.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlights the potential of microbubble emulsions as effective irrigants for minimally shaped root canals, supporting minimally invasive endodontic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40953128, year = {2025}, author = {Trebino, MA and Kitts, G and Haycocks, JRJ and Wheat, R and Chaudry, I and Park, JH and Erill, I and Grainger, DC and Yildiz, FH}, title = {Parallel regulatory circuits orchestrate biofilm formation in response to c-di-GMP levels and growth phase.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {21}, number = {9}, pages = {e1011870}, pmid = {40953128}, issn = {1553-7404}, support = {R01 AI102584/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD023528/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism/genetics ; *Vibrio cholerae/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Sigma Factor/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a highly regulated process that contributes to the environmental fitness of microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria. The second messenger c-di-GMP is a critical regulator of biofilm formation whose cellular levels are tightly regulated by the abundance and activity of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These enzymes synthesize and degrade c-di-GMP, respectively. The Vibrio cholerae VpvABC system encodes a DGC and is critical for biofilm formation; however, much remains unknown about its regulation. Here we demonstrate that the vpvABC system is transcriptionally regulated by c-di-GMP and the master biofilm regulators VpsT and VpsR. However, we also identify the alternative sigma factor RpoS as a positive regulator of vpvABC. RpoS is involved in the regulation of many c-di-GMP metabolism genes and plays a role in biofilm architecture, likely mediated in part through vpvC. In mature biofilms, vpvA transcription was highest near the biofilm substratum and VpsT, VpsR, and RpoS were critical for vpvABC transcription. Overall, our genetic dissection reveals the vpvABC system is regulated by two parallel circuits: a c-di-GMP sensing-circuit acting through VpsT and VpsR and a stationary growth phase circuit via RpoS. These findings underscore the multilayered regulatory mechanisms that precisely govern biofilm formation by a pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid40952940, year = {2025}, author = {Fukuda de Castilho, P and de Campos, LJ and Matus-Meza, AS and Xing, H and Jimenez Rolão, DL and Galvão, F and Gomes da Silva Dantas, F and Ren, R and Dobrotka, C and Aguiar-Alves, F and Conda-Sheridan, M and Pires de Oliveira, KM}, title = {Biocompatible Guanidine-Functionalized Compounds with Biofilm and Membrane Disruptive Activity Against MRSA.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {2907-2923}, pmid = {40952940}, issn = {2373-8227}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Guanidine/chemistry/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Swine ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Larva/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Three guanidine-functionalized 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-imine compounds (5a, 5b, 5c) were synthesized from 3,5-diaryldiene-4-piperidone and evaluated for antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. The compounds showed bacteriostatic effects (MICs: 2.34-4.68 μg/mL). In vitro antibiofilm potential was demonstrated by significant reductions in biomass and metabolic activity, and structural analyses via SEM and fluorescence microscopy. Ex vivo antibiofilm activity was confirmed in porcine skin model. RT-qPCR revealed downregulation of biofilm associated virulence genes, indicating a multifactorial mechanism. Confocal microscopy showed increased levels of extracellular DNA and proteins, suggesting disruption of the biofilm matrix. Membrane interaction assays demonstrated time- and dose-dependent effects, suggesting a complementary mechanism of action. Compounds 5a and 5c exhibited synergistic and additive effects with oxacillin. The compounds were stable intracellularly, and resistance studies revealed low induction potential. Biocompatibility was confirmed by lack of mutagenicity, hemolysis, or cytotoxicity. Moreover, in vivo efficacy was demonstrated by survival of Tenebrio molitor larvae infected with S. aureus and treated. These guanidine-based compounds are promising candidates for new MRSA drug development.}, }
@article {pmid40952525, year = {2025}, author = {Chandra, S and Lahiri, D and Nag, M and Bhattacharya, D and Pandit, C and Pandit, S and Sharma, K and Rajeev, M and Gill, HS and Rustagi, S}, title = {A review on microbial-biofilm mediated mechanisms in marine microplastics degradation.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {118}, number = {10}, pages = {152}, pmid = {40952525}, issn = {1572-9699}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteria/genetics/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Biofilms ; *Fungi/metabolism ; *Microplastics/chemistry/metabolism/toxicity ; Oceans and Seas ; Water Pollution ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/metabolism/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Although the buildup of plastic in the marine environment is a long-standing problem, it has only lately been realized how relevant this pollution may be to the ocean. Microplastic fragments are an emerging concern in this field. Due to their small size, they are easily consumed by marine animals and, combined with the poisons and bacteria that colonize the plastic, can accumulate in the food chain. Unlike non-plastic biofilms, plastic biofilms are diverse and driven by a complex web of elements, including seasonal and spatial parameters and substratum characteristics like size, texture, and polymer type. The major topic of the paper is the discussion of preliminary findings and knowledge gaps about microbial biofilm communities connected to microplastics. Additionally, the review addresses microplastic sources, associated toxicity, and the role of both bacterial and fungal communities in their degradation.}, }
@article {pmid40952478, year = {2025}, author = {Palaniappan, S and Gunasekaran, V and Muthu, T and Venkatesan, LS and Sathishkumar, P}, title = {Prevalence and effective treatment of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using flavonoid naringin.}, journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering}, volume = {48}, number = {12}, pages = {2125-2136}, pmid = {40952478}, issn = {1615-7605}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Flavanones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; *Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and biofilms are difficult to treat due to their remarkable ability of antibiotic resistance. Consequently, the incidence of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa infection cases is steadily increasing in hospitals worldwide. Herein, the frequency of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa wound infection cases among hospitalized patients is examined. In addition, suitable natural components with potent antibacterial activity against the drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains are screened. Among 27 specimens, three P. aeruginosa strains (including carbapenem and multidrug-resistant) are isolated. The antibacterial efficacy of natural components, such as curcumin, naringin, quercetin, tannic acid, and rutin, is evaluated against the isolated drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Comparatively, naringin showed great antibacterial potential against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. The zone of inhibition is found between 13 and 16 mm for naringin (20 mM) against P. aeruginosa strains; while, the minimum inhibitory concentration is found between 10 and 14 mM. A complete eradication of bacterial cells in P. aeruginosa mature biofilm is achieved by naringin at 28 mM within 24 h. Naringin interacts with the most important amino acids found in the MexR and RlpA, which confirms its role in the targeted treatment of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Remarkably, naringin is found to be hemocompatible up to 30 mM. Overall, this study suggests that naringin might be an outstanding biocompatible natural component to effectively treat multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections and biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40951720, year = {2025}, author = {Armas-Vega, ADC and Rockenbach Binz Ordóñez, MC and Torracchi-Carrasco, E and Vélez-León, E and Parise-Vasco, JM}, title = {Association Between Dental Caries, Dental Biofilm, and Body Mass Index in Indigenous Children from Two Regions of Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Study.}, journal = {Journal of International Society of Preventive &amp; Community Dentistry}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {323-331}, pmid = {40951720}, issn = {2231-0762}, abstract = {AIM: To assess caries prevalence and its association with dental biofilm presence and body mass index (BMI) in children.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 88 children aged 2-12 years were examined. The presence of dental caries was evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II criteria, with caries prevalence and index (dmft/DMFT) calculated based on established codes equivalent to World Health Organization standards (ICDAS II E-G/4-6). Dental biofilm was assessed using a standardized index, and nutritional status was determined by calculating BMI. To analyze the relationships between caries experience (dmft and DMFT) and the independent variables of weight, height, BMI, and dental biofilm index, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed using SPSS v25.0.<br><br>RESULTS: A high prevalence of dental caries was observed in the study population. For primary teeth, caries prevalence (ICDAS 2-6) ranged from 15.9% to 52.3%, with a mean of approximately two affected teeth per child. In permanent teeth, the prevalence for initial caries lesions (ICDAS II code 2) reached 75%, with an average of three affected teeth per child. A statistically significant correlation was identified between BMI, dental biofilm index, and the DMFT score. Notably, a child's weight demonstrated a moderate negative impact on their DMFT score, explaining 45% of the variance (&#x3b7;&#xb2; = 0.45).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings reveal a high burden of dental caries among children in the surveyed rural Ecuadorian communities. The significant association between a lower BMI and a higher caries index, alongside the influence of dental biofilm, underscores the intricate relationship between nutritional status, oral hygiene, and oral health. These results highlight the need for integrated public health interventions that address both malnutrition and oral hygiene to mitigate the high prevalence of dental caries in this and similar populations.}, }
@article {pmid40951563, year = {2025}, author = {Abdalfatah, MF and Hjazi, A and Saravani, K and Hassanshahian, M and Bayat, Z and Soheil Beigie, G}, title = {Screening of Biofilm-Producing Genes from Acinetobacter Isolates Obtained from Covid-19 Patients in ICU Hospital Section.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {147-152}, pmid = {40951563}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter/genetics/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Iran/epidemiology ; Adult ; Intensive Care Units ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *COVID-19/microbiology ; Infant ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Female ; Aged ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter, recognized as a nosocomial pathogen, undergoes structural changes when exposed to various antibiotics, rendering it relatively resistant and posing challenges in disease treatment. This study aimed to identify two biofilm-related genes and assess the drug resistance profile of clinical strains. Clinical isolates were collected from the ICU of Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman, Iran, and phenotypically identified. Confirmation was achieved for 55 clinical Acinetobacter isolates. Antibiogram testing was conducted for meropenem, amikacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, rifampin, and tigecycline antibiotics. Biofilm formation ability was assessed using microtiter plates and crystal violet staining, followed by spectrophotometry at OD 490 nm. PCR was employed to determine the frequency of pslA and pelB genes. Analysis revealed that the highest age group affected was 1 to 15 years (19%), while the lowest was 26 to 35 years (5%). The frequencies of pslA and pelB genes were 34.5% and 65.5%, respectively, and drug resistance ranged from 72% to 100% for the mentioned antibiotics. Given the pelB gene's approximately twofold higher frequency compared to pslA, it suggests that in most studied isolates, Psl may often be disrupted or that intracellular c-di-GMP levels have significantly increased.}, }
@article {pmid40951558, year = {2025}, author = {Alijani Alijanvand, L and Bonyadian, M and Moshtaghi, H}, title = {The effect of Spearmint, Oregano, and Thyme Extracts on Biofilm Formation by Listeria Monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157: H7, and Salmonella typhimurium.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {201-208}, pmid = {40951558}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/physiology ; *Escherichia coli O157/drug effects/physiology ; *Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/physiology ; *Thymus Plant/chemistry ; *Origanum/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {The formation of bacterial biofilm on surfaces associated with food processing is of particular concern. Due to the health concerns associated with the production of biofilm on food-related surfaces and the increase in antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria, the present study aimed to investigate the anti-biofilm effects of oregano, spearmint, and thyme extracts against biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157: H7, and Salmonella typhimurium. Spearmint, oregano, and thyme plants were freshly prepared, dried, and ground. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plants were extracted by soaking. The amount of phenolic compound of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts was evaluated by spectrophotometric method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined. The biofilm inhibition and destruction by the extracts were studied using the microdilution method. The results showed that the highest amount of phenolic compounds among ethanolic and aqueous extracts belonged to oregano and thyme extracts, respectively. The results also showed that the lowest effective concentration of the extracts on L. monocytogenes was by thyme aqueous extract with MIC and MBC of 1.8 and 2%, respectively, and for oregano ethanolic extract was 1.2 and 1.4%. The most significant biofilm inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and E. coli O157: H7 was observed for thyme aqueous extract and oregano ethanolic extract. The results of the present study indicate that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of spearmint, oregano, and thyme plants have inhibitory and disruptive effects on biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these natural antimicrobial compounds can be used to control and prevent biofilm formation in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid40951554, year = {2025}, author = {Saeedi, N and Vatani, M and Nejat, SH and Omidi, N and Moosavi, M and Soltani Borchaloee, A}, title = {Multiplex PCR Amplification for the Detection of Biofilm and Extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamase Resistance Genes and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Uropathogenic E. coli.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {125-130}, pmid = {40951554}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {*Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/genetics/drug effects/physiology ; *beta-Lactamases/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {The issue of urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly those stemming from Escherichia coli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, has received considerable critical attention and is evaluated as the second most common infection in humans. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which is virulent, produces extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), as well as being multidrug-resistant (MDR), is considered to be a common growing public health issue worldwide. This phenomenon has been demonstrated to contribute to the escalation of UTIs to more severe states, the diminution in the efficacy of first-line antibiotics, and the consequent escalation in morbidity and mortality rates. The present experiment involved the isolation of 73 Escherichia coli strains from urine specimens, and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated through the disc agar diffusion method. The resistance patterns exhibited by these isolates collectively constitute the underlying basis for MDR. The evaluation of three significant biofilm genes and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in these isolates was conducted using ten typical antibiotic discs. The data was processed using SPSS statistical software, version 25. The investigation revealed that 73 isolates of E. coli were examined, with the pap gene present in 89% of isolates, the fimH gene present in 86.3% of isolates, and the sfa gene present in 69.9% of isolates. Furthermore, the beta-lactamase gene blaSHV , blaTEM , and blaCTX-M gene frequency was found to be 50.7%, 90.4%, and 79.5%, respectively. The results regarding antibiotic resistance patterns elucidated that a significant number of the isolates were resistant to Imipenem, Amoxicillin, and Ampicillin, respectively. This study posits that the rapid emergence of virulent ESBL-producing E. coli strains in such experiments necessitates the implementation of an antibiotic stewardship program, regional surveillance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms and their associated virulence determinants for the purpose of rational antibiotic selection, or the development of novel UTI treatment strategies that involve the inactivation of essential virulence factors relating to UPECs.}, }
@article {pmid40951312, year = {2025}, author = {Wasfi, R and Hamed, SM and Elfaky, MA}, title = {Editorial: Controlling biofilm-related infections in healthcare settings.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1679631}, pmid = {40951312}, issn = {2235-2988}, }
@article {pmid40950592, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, Z and Zhang, X and Wang, L and Sui, J and Yu, M and Bao, B and Qian, J and Yi, G and Ma, Y and He, X}, title = {Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of essential oils extracted from Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels and their main constituents against Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1612681}, pmid = {40950592}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Streptococcus mutans is one of the most significant pathogens leading to dental caries by producing highly cariogenic biofilms within the oral cavity. However, the increasing antimicrobial resistance brings great difficulties to the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Therefore, it is very important to develop new and effective antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, a plant commonly cultivated in Southern China, is rich in various active constituents. In this study, the main constituents of the essential oils extracted from Clausena lansium leaves (EOL), seeds (EOS), peels (EOP) were precisely analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of EOL, EOS, and EOP, along with their main chemical constituents, against Streptococcus mutans were comprehensively evaluated. The primary constituent in EOL was β-caryophyllene, with a content of 112.29 mg/mL. EOS was found to be abundant in sabinene and 4-terpineol, with constituents of 147.21 mg/mL and 54.36 mg/mL, respectively. In EOP, the most predominant constituent was β-phellandrene, with a content of 173.95 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of EOL, EOS, and EOP were 0.12, 2.00, and 1.00 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum concentrations of inhibiting at least 90% biofilm formation of EOL, EOS, and EOP was 0.12 mg/mL, 2.00, and 2.00 mg/mL, respectively. Intriguingly, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacies of the main constituents were significantly lower than those of the essential oils. By observing the dynamic changes of the biofilm formation of S. mutans treated with essential oils, it was found that the process of biofilm formation was greatly delayed. In some cases, there was even no biofilm formation. The results of real-time quantitative PCR indicated that the expression levels of brpA, gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, and luxS genes were down-regulated after treatment with the essential oils. This study reinforces the potential of Clausena lansium as a promising source for developing new antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents. They could inhibit the proliferation and virulence of S. mutans, thereby contributing to the control of dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid40950517, year = {2025}, author = {Galviz-García, L and Romero-Romero, S and Herrera-Herrera, A and Mercado-Camargo, J and Díaz-Caballero, A and Plazas-Román, J and Ardila, CM}, title = {Nickel Bioaccumulation in Oral Biofilm, Gingival Tissue, and Saliva During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A 12-Month Prospective Cohort Study on Predictors and Salivary pH Correlation.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {e920-e928}, pmid = {40950517}, issn = {1989-5488}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nickel-based alloys in fixed orthodontic appliances are susceptible to electrochemical corrosion in the oral environment, releasing ions with cytotoxic and allergenic potential. While previous studies have documented initial nickel release patterns, the longitudinal dynamics of its accumulation across oral biospaces (saliva, biofilm, gingival tissue) and interactions with salivary pH remain poorly characterized. This study investigates nickel accumulation in saliva, oral biofilm, and gingival tissue over 12 months of orthodontic treatment and its association with salivary pH.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: This 12-month prospective cohort study enrolled 120 participants undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Nickel concentrations were quantified via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry in three biospaces at baseline (T0), 6 months (T1), and 9-12 months (T2). Salivary pH was measured concurrently. Statistical analyses included non-parametric longitudinal comparisons, inter-biospace contrasts, Spearman correlations, and multivariate regression modeling to identify predictors of nickel accumulation.<br><br>RESULTS: Nickel exhibited distinct spatiotemporal patterns: progressive accumulation in biofilm (0.0008&#x2192;21.5833 &#xb5;g/L, p<0.001) versus biphasic kinetics in gingiva and saliva (peaking at T1 then declining). By T2, biofilm concentrations were 1000&#xd7; higher than other biospaces (p<0.001). Treatment duration was the strongest predictor across all compartments (&#x3b2;=0.56-0.67, p<0.001), with biofilm accumulation additionally modulated by salivary pH (&#x3b2;=0.22, p=0.027) and age (&#x3b2;=-0.19, p=0.041). A time-dependent correlation emerged between salivary pH and biofilm nickel (T0: r=0.17, p=0.112; T2: r=0.41, p=0.008), suggesting pH-microbiome interactions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Oral biofilm serves as the dominant long-term nickel reservoir during orthodontic treatment, with accumulation dynamics influenced by treatment duration, pH, and age. The pH-dependent biofilm-metal interaction highlights its potential as a biomarker for exposure monitoring and a target for preventive strategies. These findings support the development of pH-modulating oral care protocols and corrosion-resistant orthodontic materials to mitigate nickel exposure risks. Key words:Nickel, saliva, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Orthodontic Appliances, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration.}, }
@article {pmid40950160, year = {2025}, author = {Pratyush, MR and Prentice, JA and Eutsey, RA and Mikheyeva, I and Hiller, NL and Bridges, AA}, title = {Label-free microscopy enables high-throughput identification of genes controlling biofilm development.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40950160}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R00 AI158939/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI182784/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The biofilm mode of growth plays a critical role in microbial ecology and in the persistence of human pathogens. Yet, much remains unknown regarding the molecular determinants of biofilms in human pathogens. In this study, we present label-free analysis of biofilms (LFAB), an imaging approach that combines time-lapse, low-magnification brightfield microscopy with regional optical density measurements to quantify biofilm biomass. Unlike other approaches to biofilm biomass quantification, LFAB enables real-time, non-perturbative, and high-throughput monitoring of biofilms. We validated LFAB in diverse microbes and found that our measurements strongly correlate with traditional biofilm assays. We then used LFAB to identify and characterize critical factors mediating biofilm formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major human pathogen whose biofilm lifecycle is known to be intimately related to colonization and infection. Initial characterization revealed that S. pneumoniae microcolonies form by radial expansion of attached cells, displaying reproducible morphology and growth dynamics. Screening of a transposon mutant library revealed that genes spanning carbohydrate metabolism, signaling, surface binding, cell wall synthesis, and adhesion impinge on the biofilm lifecycle of S. pneumoniae. We performed follow-up investigations of choline binding protein A (CbpA) and its adjacently encoded two-component system regulator, which we find are critical for the dynamics of microcolony biofilms in S. pneumoniae. Overall, this work establishes LFAB as a powerful approach for identifying and characterizing biofilm determinants across bacteria and uncovers key regulators of the biofilm lifecycle in a major human pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid40949251, year = {2025}, author = {Venkatachalam, G and Venkatesan, N and Vatsal, S and Chavan, I and Bakshi, A and Doble, M}, title = {Biofilm-Forming Ability of Infectious Organisms on Biomimetic Surfaces(?)An In Vitro and Machine-Learning Analysis.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {35}, pages = {39946-39954}, pmid = {40949251}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The current study explores the adhesion and biofilm-forming ability of different opportunistic pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on lotus leaf (LL) and peepal leaf (PL) inspired biomimetic hydrophobic surfaces. Surface topology that mimics the respective leaves was fabricated using polylactic acid by solvent casting. Water contact-angle measurements revealed varying degrees of material surface hydrophobicity with respect to the varying surface roughness. The biofilm formation was significantly influenced by the type of polymer surface (p < 0.005) and the hydrophobicity of the bacterial surface (p < 0.0001). Multilayer perceptron (MLP), a feed-forward neural network, gave the best results with 5-fold cross-validation and an accuracy of 85%. J48-base model predicted that organisms with a surface hydrophobicity of >57% had higher biofilm-forming ability than others. Similarly, polymers with low surface roughness (roughness < 0.46) had reduced biofilm formation. In conclusion, biomimetic hydrophobic surfaces reduce the biofilm formation on implants.}, }
@article {pmid40948429, year = {2025}, author = {Ergin, &#xc7; and Özkan, B and Hoşbul, T and Öner, SZ}, title = {Glutaraldehyde fixation is more advantageous for Malassezia furfur biofilm measurements.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {946-953}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2551074}, pmid = {40948429}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Glutaral/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Malassezia/physiology/ultrastructure/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects ; *Fixatives/chemistry ; Formaldehyde/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Ethanol ; Biomass ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The fixative most commonly used in biofilm measurement studies of pathogenic yeasts is ethanol. However, due to lipid dissolution in ethanol, this method may not be the optimal choice for certain yeasts which have a high lipid content in their cell walls, such as human pathogen Malassezia furfur. We conducted a study to compare the measurement values of 26 clinical strains of Malassezia furfur using glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde instead of ethanol. After the fixation step, standard staining methods were applied for biomass and extracellular polymers. Imaging was performed using scanning electron microscopy and optical coherence tomography. An important result for both biomass and extracellular polymers measurements, was that ethanol fixation group values were lower than other fixation methods (p < 0.001). The morphological formations, which were observed as small cohesive groups with ethanol fixation, were seen as adhesive groups with glutaraldehyde fixation. The application of glutaraldehyde in the fixation of biofilms produced by M. furfur yielded a greater range of absorbances, thus facilitating more comprehensive data evaluation than that achieved with ethanol. In yeasts such as Malassezia with a high lipid content in their cell wall, fixation with glutaraldehyde seems likely to contribute to easier analysis of comparative data in biofilm studies.}, }
@article {pmid40946583, year = {2025}, author = {Kato, K and Kutsuna, R and Kawamura, Y and Shimazaki, Y}, title = {Bioactive caries-preventing effects of mineral ions released from surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on oral biofilm.}, journal = {Archives of oral biology}, volume = {179}, number = {}, pages = {106392}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2025.106392}, pmid = {40946583}, issn = {1879-1506}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Streptococcus sanguis/drug effects ; Aluminum/pharmacology/analysis ; Male ; Dental Plaque/microbiology ; *Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry/pharmacology ; Female ; *Acrylic Resins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Adult ; *Silicon Dioxide/pharmacology/chemistry ; Strontium/pharmacology/analysis ; Silicates/pharmacology ; Ions ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The bioactive caries-preventing effects of mineral ions released from surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on oral biofilm were estimated by analyzing the depth-specific density of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis.<br><br>DESIGN: Ten participants wore in situ plaque-generating enamel slab devices on their upper molars to form biofilm for 5 days. Filtrates were prepared from prophylaxis paste slurries containing S-PRG filler, whereas paste without the filler served as the control. The devices were alternately immersed in sucrose solution three times and in the experimental or control filtrate twice each day. Two biofilm samples taken from each device were separated into 6-9 layered fractions (100 &#x3bc;m each) by serial sectioning. One sample was used for extraction of genomic DNA. The gene sequences encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligases were amplified using universal and species-specific primers. Borate, aluminum, silicate, and strontium concentrations were determined using thicker sections of the other sample, correcting for biomass volume estimated by the area measurement of stained thinner sections.<br><br>RESULTS: The ratios of S. mutans to S. sanguinis in the outer, middle, and inner layers were 0.0359, 0.0254 and 0.0157 for the experimental biofilm and 0.046, 0.0325 and 0.0255 for control biofilm, respectively. The ratio in the whole layer was significantly lower in the experimental biofilm than control biofilm. Strontium and aluminum concentrations in the experimental biofilm were 114- to 146-fold and 2.74- to 4.48-fold higher compared with control biofilm. respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that S-PRG filler has bioactive caries-preventing effects on oral biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid40946061, year = {2026}, author = {Sahadi, BO and André, CB and Sebold, M and Rifane, TO and Chiari, MDES and Nascimento, FD and Leitune, VCB and Giannini, M}, title = {Strategies for flavonoid application on etched dentin: Bond stability, enzymatic activity, and biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {23-32}, doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.005}, pmid = {40946061}, issn = {1879-0097}, mesh = {*Dentin/chemistry ; *Flavonoids/chemistry/pharmacology ; Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Tensile Strength ; Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Kaempferols ; Flavanones ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of different flavonoid application strategies either as dentin primers or incorporated into a universal adhesive system (SFA) on microtensile bond strength (μTBS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition, biofilm formation, and degree of conversion.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baicalein, kaempferol, and naringin were tested at 20&#x202f;mM, either incorporated into a commercial adhesive or dissolved in 50&#x202f;% ethanol and applied as primers, forming six experimental groups. Three controls were used: Negative (commercial adhesive), Positive (0.2&#x202f;% chlorhexidine), and Ethanol (50&#x202f;%). Dentin specimens were analyzed for &#x3bc;TBS (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;10), dentin-adhesive interface morphology (DAM) (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;3), and in situ zymography (n&#x202f;=&#x202f;3). Streptococcus mutans biofilm was grown on adhesive surfaces to assess bacterial viability, and FTIR spectroscopy evaluated the degree of conversion. &#x3bc;TBS data were analyzed using generalized linear models; other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni or Tukey tests (&#x3b1; = 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: All flavonoid-treated groups showed significantly higher &#x3bc;TBS than the Negative Control after one year. Adhesives with incorporated flavonoids also outperformed the Positive Control. No adverse effects were observed on DAM, bacterial viability, or degree of conversion. All SFA strategies reduced MMP activity, with complete inhibition seen only in the Baicalein primer group.<br><br>RELEVANCE: The use of flavonoids, either as a dentin primer or incorporated into adhesives, offers clinicians a simple and effective strategy to enhance the longevity of adhesive restorations by stabilizing the hybrid layer and reducing collagen degradation without altering application protocols or compromising material performance.}, }
@article {pmid40945846, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and Wei, G and Wang, W and Liu, H and Xin, Q and Wang, Z and Sun, P and Ding, T and Li, J and Deng, Y}, title = {Mechanism insights into the regulation of the LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing system on the formation of viable but nonculturable state in biofilm cells of beer-spoilage Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2025.09.010}, pmid = {40945846}, issn = {2090-1224}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Beer spoilage Lactiplantibacillus plantarum poses a significant challenge in brewing due to biofilm formation and entry into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, evading detection and resisting sterilization. The LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system is implicated in stress adaptation, yet its regulatory role in biofilm-associated VBNC transition remains poorly understood.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study aims to elucidate how the luxS gene regulates VBNC-state formation in biofilm-embedded L. plantarum under hop-derived iso-&#x3b1;-acid stress and to identify molecular mechanisms underlying QS-mediated adaptation and resuscitation.<br><br>METHODS: Wild-type and genetically engineered L. plantarum strains (&#x394;luxS, luxS-overexpressing) were exposed to iso-&#x3b1;-acids to induce VBNC states. Morphological changes were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. Temporal luxS expression and AI-2 levels were quantified using qRT-PCR and bioluminescence assays. Multi-omics (transcriptomics, proteomics, ChIP-seq) and phenotypic analyses assessed metabolic reprogramming, gene regulation, and resuscitation dynamics.<br><br>RESULTS: Iso-&#x3b1;-acids (27&#xa0;mg/L) induced complete VBNC transition in biofilms within 12&#xa0;h, with cells exhibiting reduced volume and surface polymer deposition. luxS expression and AI-2 levels synchronized during induction, peaking at 4&#xa0;h. Overexpression of luxS accelerated VBNC entry and enhanced resuscitation (>10[3] CFU/mL recovery), while &#x394;luxS impaired both processes. Multi-omics revealed luxS activation of carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., pgmB, rbsUDK operon) and stress-response genes (nrdD, pepc). ChIP-seq confirmed direct LuxS binding to promoter regions of these genes, orchestrating energy homeostasis and oxidative defense via pentose phosphate and ABC transporter pathways.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The LuxS/AI-2 QS system governs biofilm-to-VBNC transition in L. plantarum by modulating metabolic resilience and stress adaptation. These findings provide a molecular framework for targeting QS pathways to mitigate biofilm persistence and spoilage risks in brewing industries.}, }
@article {pmid40945592, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zhang, Y and Ni, B and Chang, J and Lu, R and Xu, Q}, title = {GefC, a protein possessing a GGDEF domain, regulates biofilm formation, swimming motility, and pathogenesis in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104338}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2025.104338}, pmid = {40945592}, issn = {1769-7123}, abstract = {Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a bacterial second messenger, regulates diverse key processes including virulence, biofilm formation, and motility. Its synthesis involves diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) with GGDEF domains, while degradation is mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) containing EAL or HD-GYP domains. This study examines the role of GefC (VP0486), a GGDEF domain protein in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, in c-di-GMP signaling, biofilm dynamics, motility, and virulence. Deletion of gefC markedly reduced cellular c-di-GMP, impaired biofilm formation, and reduced matrix components (exopolysaccharides, extracellular proteins, and extracellular DNA). Conversely, the ΔgefC mutant exhibited enhanced swimming motility and increased cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity, while zebrafish infection assays revealed attenuated lethality. Transcriptional analysis showed GefC differentially regulates EPS-related gene (cpsA), polar flagellar gene (flgM), type III secretion system 1 (vopN and vp1687), type VI secretion system 2 (hcp2, vpa1043, and vpa1044), and the TDH-encoding tdh2. Genetic evidence confirmed vp0485 and gefC form an operon. These findings establish GefC as a critical regulator of c-di-GMP-dependent biofilm development, motility, and virulence in V. parahaemolyticus, highlighting its multifaceted role in pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40945436, year = {2025}, author = {Ai, D and Huang, D and Zhang, J and Wang, S and Liu, X}, title = {Carbonaceous materials enhanced algal-bacterial biofilm systems for synergistic redox transformation of Cr(VI) and As(III): ROS-driven mechanism and microbial regulation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139827}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139827}, pmid = {40945436}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The roles of carbonaceous materials (CMs) were poorly understood in simultaneously regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics and microbial redox metabolism for heavy metal detoxification. Herein, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), biochar (BC), and activated carbon (AC) were incorporated into algal-bacterial biofilms to investigate their effects on the synergistic transformations of Cr(VI) and As(III). Through comprehensive analyses of ROS dynamics, transformation kinetics, and multi-omics analyses, the underlying mechanisms of pollutant removal were elucidated. The results revealed that rGO's high conductivity enhanced extracellular electron transfer (EET), leading to elevated O2[•-], •OH and H2O2 production in the biofilm systems. Cr(VI) reduction activated the Cr(V)/H2O2 Fenton-like cycle reactions, leading to •OH formation that further reduced Cr(VI) (contributed 82.33 %). O2[•-] dominated As(III) oxidation (contributed 66.67 %), while coexisting As(III) oxidation supplied electrons and H2O2 to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction via a self-amplifying ROS feedback loop. BC facilitated sustained •OH production through microbially driven Fe[2+]/Fe[3+] cycling, while AC showed limited activity due to poor microbial stimulation. Metatranscriptomics confirmed upregulation of aioA (As(III) oxidase), yieF (Cr(VI) reductase), hydrogenases, and antioxidant genes (peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin reductase), aligning with enrichment of redox-active bacteria such as Hydrogenophaga and Rhodobacter. This work established CMs-biofilm synergy as a potent strategy for aquatic co-contaminant remediation.}, }
@article {pmid40944635, year = {2025}, author = {Admane, N and Biswas, S}, title = {Staphylococcal Functional Amyloids: Structure, Pathogenic Roles, Biofilm Fortification, and Inhibition Strategies.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {2706-2721}, doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00572}, pmid = {40944635}, issn = {2373-8227}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/pathogenicity/drug effects/metabolism ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/physiology/pathogenicity/drug effects ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus/physiology/pathogenicity/drug effects ; Amyloidogenic Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Amyloid aggregates, which are hallmarks of various human diseases, show promising roles in almost all life forms. In the past few years, there has been a significant broadening of the diverse roles that bacterial functional amyloids play in nature, expanding the horizons of these fibrillar assemblies. Herein, we provide a review of the current understanding of staphylococcal functional amyloids, their multifaceted roles in pathogenesis, and strengthening biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance. This review aims to explore how staphylococcal biofilm strengthening amyloidogenic proteins and peptides, particularly derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, can act as dual-edged swords supporting pathogenesis in the planktonic stages and triggering infections in biofilms. We outline the different amyloid fibrillar species derived from these proteins/peptides and the molecules that have been discovered to target their amyloid transformation. This review also highlights how the noncanonical structural polymorphisms of these extracellular fibrillar amyloids are responsible for their functional diversity and discusses the techniques that are used recently for exploring staphylococcal amyloid structure assortment.}, }
@article {pmid40944378, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, Q and Xie, Y and Xiong, K and Jia, H and Chen, L and Li, C and Yi, Q and Zhang, P and Mei, L and Tang, BZ}, title = {From Light to Cure: Precision Phototherapies for Antibiotic-Refractory Biofilm Infections.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {64}, number = {43}, pages = {e202510900}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202510900}, pmid = {40944378}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {CSC 202106270027//China Scholarship Council/ ; KT2024-002 KT2024-003//Open Subject Funding of Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Antiviral Chinese Medicines of Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd/ ; ZDSYS20211021111400001//Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Aggregate Materials/ ; KQTD20210811090142053//Shenzhen Science&#xa0; and Technology Program/ ; KQTD20210811090115019//Shenzhen Science&#xa0; and Technology Program/ ; E5G106//Shenzhen-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Multi-Organ Metabolic Diagnosis and Treatment Technology/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; *Photochemotherapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/therapy ; *Phototherapy ; Photothermal Therapy ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms serve as formidable barriers in antimicrobial therapy and are central to the emergence and propagation of antimicrobial resistance. Their compact extracellular polymeric matrix, metabolic heterogeneity, and quorum-sensing-mediated resistance gene expression collectively endow biofilms with exceptional defense against conventional antibiotics. This review highlights the structural-functional complexity of biofilms and focuses on emerging phototherapeutic strategies-photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT)-as promising biofilm-targeted approaches. PTT employs near-infrared light to induce localized hyperthermia, disrupting bacterial membranes and enhancing drug penetration. PDT generates reactive oxygen species via photoactivated photosensitizers, leading to oxidative destruction of both cells and extracellular polymeric substances. These strategies offer metabolic independence, precise spatiotemporal control, and efficacy against dormant pathogens. Recent advances in smart nanoplatforms enable the integration of PTT/PDT with responsive drug delivery, imaging guidance, and immune modulation, achieving multimodal, precision antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, synergistic combinations with enzymatic degradation, immune intervention, and antibiotics show promise in treating chronic and biofilm-associated infections. We conclude by outlining translational challenges and strategic directions for clinical application, underscoring the potential of phototherapy to reshape infection management beyond antibiotic dependence.}, }
@article {pmid40944324, year = {2025}, author = {Palladini, G and Lepera, V and Trubini, S and Tocci, G and Zappavigna, A and Iskandar, E and Ferrari, G and Prigitano, A and Ferraro, N and Schiavo, R and Baldanti, F and Cavanna, C and Lo Cascio, G}, title = {Inter-Hospital Spread of Fluconazole-Resistant C. parapsilosis in Northern Italy: Insights Into Clonal Distribution, Resistance Mechanisms and Biofilm Production.}, journal = {Mycoses}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, pages = {e70111}, pmid = {40944324}, issn = {1439-0507}, support = {08068122//Ministero della Salute/ ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Antifungal Agents ; Biofilms ; *Candida parapsilosis/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Fluconazole ; Genotyping Techniques ; Italy/epidemiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Retrospective Studies ; *Sterol 14-Demethylase/genetics ; *Cross Infection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Hospitals/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Candidiasis/epidemiology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Starting from 2018 onwards, several outbreaks of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis have been reported in many countries worldwide.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Here we report a retrospective study on C.&#x2009;parapsilosis blood isolates collected over 7&#x2009;years (2018-2024) in two hospitals in Northern Italy.<br><br>PATIENTS/METHODS: The study involved 169 C.&#x2009;parapsilosis isolates collected from individual hospitalised patients. We assessed the antifungal susceptibility of the isolates, evaluated the presence of mutations in the ERG11 gene and performed multilocus microsatellite typing to highlight the genetic relatedness of the strains. All isolates were also tested for their ability to produce biofilm.<br><br>RESULTS: Among the 169 clinical isolates, 124 (73.4%) were classified as fluconazole-resistant C.&#x2009;parapsilosis (FRCP) and 45 (26.6%) as fluconazole-susceptible (FSCP). ERG11 sequencing highlighted that the most frequent mutation in FRCP is the Y132F (118/124, 95.2%). None of the FSCP carried the Y132F. Microsatellite genotyping showed five major clusters and 13 sub-clusters, formed by isolates sharing identical genotypes. Sub-cluster R1 included 96 FRCP carrying the Y132F substitution, isolated from 2018 to 2024 in both hospitals. Interestingly, 99.1% of the FRCP carrying the Y132F mutation were categorised as low biofilm formers, while FRCP carrying other ERG11 mutations were categorised as medium or high biofilm formers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that Y132F may be mainly responsible for azole resistance in C. parapsilosis and inter-hospital spread. As we found, recent clinical studies indicate that FRCP isolates responsible for severe outbreaks produce thin biofilms. Mutated and therefore resistant strains may exhibit reduced biofilm production as a protective mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid40943617, year = {2025}, author = {Pawłuszkiewicz, K and Busłowicz, T and Korgiel, M and Faltus, A and Kucharczyk, E and Porębska, B and Pochciał, P and Kucharczyk, N and Paluch, E}, title = {Bacteriophage-Based Approach Against Biofilm Infections Associated with Medical Devices: A Narrative Review of ESKAPE Pathogens.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {40943617}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; *Phage Therapy/methods ; *Bacterial Infections/therapy/microbiology ; *Equipment and Supplies/microbiology ; *Cross Infection/microbiology/therapy ; Bacteria/virology ; }, abstract = {The increasing incidence of hospital-acquired infections and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens poses a major clinical challenge. Nearly all medical devices are vulnerable to bacterial biofilm formation, which acts as a protective coating against the host defense systems and antibiotics. The persistence of biofilm infections, accounting for around 65% of all microbial infections, and poor conventional treatment outcomes has driven interest in alternative approaches like bacteriophage therapy. This review encompasses key aspects of biofilm biology, taking into account the clinically significant ESKAPE pathogens, and provides an in-depth analysis of the role of phage agents in biofilm control as a new biofilm control strategy. Diving deeper into the mechanisms of phage-mediated processes, the review examines how bacteriophages penetrate and disrupt biofilm architecture and evaluates current therapeutic strategies that exploit these actions, acknowledging their limitations and considering possible future directions.}, }
@article {pmid40943080, year = {2025}, author = {Kuo, CS and Lin, CW and Hsu, YM and Tsai, JC and Lin, DJ}, title = {Magnolia figo Extract Induces Enamel Shade Recovery and Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilm Formation: An In Vitro, Dual-Action Natural Therapeutic Approach.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {40943080}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {CMU-11242656//China Medical University / Blessing Co.,Ltd./ ; CMU109-MF-88//China Medical University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; Cattle ; *Magnolia/chemistry ; *Dental Enamel/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cell Line ; }, abstract = {Dental enamel discoloration, extrinsic staining, and periodontal biofilms remain persistent challenges in oral health. This study explores the in vitro, dual-functional potential of Magnolia figo flower extract (FMO), a sesquiterpene-rich botanical active phytochemical ingredient (API), for aesthetic and antimicrobial oral applications. FTIR identified characteristic terpenoid and long-chain fatty acid functional groups, including β-elemene, γ-elemene, and caryophyllene oxide. Whitening efficacy on coffee-stained bovine enamel was quantified using CIELAB colorimetry. The 0.5% FMO treatment achieved ΔE* = 8.49, which was within the clinical perceptibility threshold and the optimal biocompatibility balance. SEM confirmed no demineralization on the enamel surface after immersion in 3.0% FMO for 12 h. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis, with MIC and MBC values of 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively. Biofilm formation was reduced by over 50% at a 0.148% concentration. Cytocompatibility assays using HGF-1 cells with various concentrations of FMO showed reduced cell viability at higher concentrations. When exposed for 5 min (simulating daily oral care) or 2 h, 0.5% FMO exhibited greater biocompatibility with L929 cells compared to toothpaste and peroxide-based agents. These findings suggest that FMO may serve as a natural candidate for dual-function oral care; however, further in vivo and clinical investigations are needed to validate its potential use within oral care treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40942094, year = {2025}, author = {Kowalczyk, P and Klewicka, E and Milala, J and Piekarska-Radzik, L and Karlińska, E and Sójka, M and Klewicki, R}, title = {Hibiscus moscheutos L. Flower Petals Extract Phenolic Profile and In Vitro Antimicrobial, Biofilm Formation, Autoaggregation, Prebiotic, Genotoxicity, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {40942094}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Hibiscus/chemistry ; *Flowers/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Phenols/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Prebiotics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; Humans ; Staphylococcus/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The flowers of Hibiscus moscheutos L. are among the largest within the genus, and the plant contains numerous nutrients and phytochemicals that perform various structural and regulatory functions in the human body upon consumption. However, these properties remain insufficiently explored. In this study, the phenolic composition and in vitro biological activity of an ethanolic extract from H. moscheutos petals were investigated. The total phenolic content was 219.52 mg/g (HPLC method), including phenolic acids (5.17 mg/g), flavanols (59.18 mg/g), flavonols (93.09 mg/g), and anthocyanins (62.08 mg/g). Many species of the genus Staphylococcus, as well as two probiotic strains of Lacticaseibacillus spp., were sensitive to the extract's effects (100 mg/mL), which appeared to be strain-dependent. The MIC values for Staphylococcus spp. ranged from 6.25 to 100.00 mg/mL, while for the two probiotic strains, they were 12.50 and 100.00 mg/mL, respectively. The extract did not show prebiotic activity. Nevertheless, it enhanced the biofilm-forming ability of both probiotic and pathogenic microbiota on abiotic (polystyrene) and biotic (mucin and gelatin) surfaces. The stimulation of Staphylococcus spp. biofilms is considered undesirable and may justify limiting the use of the extract, for example, in pharmaceutical or medical applications. At concentrations above 25 mg/mL, the extract reduced bacterial autoaggregation. It also exhibited low genotoxicity in the Ames test and demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to sodium diclofenac. Hibiscus petal extracts might represent a promising source of bioactive compounds for novel pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food applications; however, their potential requires further in-depth investigation.}, }
@article {pmid40939655, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, F and Qin, J and Yang, H and Al-Dhabi, NA and Dong, Y and Bai, Z and Liu, L and Chai, F and Jin, B and Tang, W and Ji, J}, title = {An effective strategy for restoring the biofilm system of anammox/endogenous partial denitrification combined with continuous-flow partial nitration from deterioration.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {439}, number = {}, pages = {133311}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133311}, pmid = {40939655}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Denitrification ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; Hydroxylamine/pharmacology ; Nitrites/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Hydroxylamine supplementation has recently emerged as a potential strategy to persistent sustain partial nitration (PN), but its feasibility in the biofilm system of anammox/endogenous partial denitrification combined with continuous-flow partial nitration (SAEPD-CFPN) systems remains unexplored. Thus, this study assessed the feasibility of hydroxylamine dosing for restoring PN in continuous-flow biofilm reactor and investigated the impact of continuous-flow partial nitration (CFPN) deterioration on biofilm system of SAEPD-CFPN. Results showed that nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) decreased from 88.86 % to 39.56 %, with the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) dropping from 87.28 % to 34.33 % due to the deterioration of CFPN. After effective hydroxylamine dosing, the average NRE increased to 89.90 %, while the average NAR rose to 83.83 %. The SAEPD biofilm system could handle insufficient NO2[-]-N supply caused by CFPN performance insignificant deterioration; however, its effectiveness diminished when CFPN performance severely deteriorated over the long term due to lower influent COD concentrations. Metagenomic analysis revealed that CFPN recovery was attributed to the effective inhibition of Nitrobacter and NxrAB. The robustness of the SAEPD biofilm reactor against fluctuations in influent NO2[-]-N was attributable to its complex microbial community structure. Additionally, intermittent hydroxylamine dosing was proposed as a sustainable strategy to ensure stable SAEPD-CFPN biofilm process operation.}, }
@article {pmid40938484, year = {2025}, author = {Paria, S and Shit, B and Kundu, S and Munan, S and Dey, S and Barman, S and Nasrin, A and Ghosh, C and Hossain, M}, title = {Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Meyna Laxiflora: Binding with HSA and Anti-biofilm Potential.}, journal = {Cell biochemistry and biophysics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40938484}, issn = {1559-0283}, }
@article {pmid40934583, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, Z and Xi, J and Yang, R and Lu, L and Bao, Y and Pan, Z and Yang, B}, title = {Enhancing biofilm resistance and ATP synthesis accelerates toluene degradation at low temperature via AHLs-mediated quorum sensing.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139777}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139777}, pmid = {40934583}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) biological purification technology faces the challenge of low performance treating benzene homologues at low temperatures. This study evaluates the strategies that can enhance biofilm low-temperature resistance and microbial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rate by adjusting N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHLs) mediated quorum sensing (QS) (adding exogenous AHLs and inoculating AHL-producing bacteria), thereby accelerating toluene degradation at low temperature in biofilters. Experiments demonstrated that AHLs mediated QS can accelerate the proliferation of microorganisms, and maintain a higher proportion of live and psychrotolerant bacteria in biofilm, and significantly accelerate microbial ATP synthesis (44 %-92 %) by increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) concentrations, complex Ⅰ and Ⅱ activity in the respiratory chain, and that resulting in toluene degradation (11 %-13 %) acceleration with the toluene dioxygenase activity and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle promotion at low temperature in biofilters. The findings offer insights into developing effective biofilm-based VOCs purification systems for benzene homologues under challenging low-temperature conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40933845, year = {2025}, author = {Fitri, DK and Tuygunov, N and Wan Harun, WHA and Purwasena, IA and Cahyanto, A and Zakaria, MN}, title = {Key virulence genes associated with Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation: a systematic review.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1654428}, pmid = {40933845}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus mutans is central to plaque-induced oral diseases due to its robust biofilm-forming ability. Understanding the genetic and regulatory basis of this process is critical for developing targeted anti-virulence strategies that preserve the balance of the oral microbiome. This systematic review aims to gather and evaluate existing evidence on the virulence genes associated with Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of biofilm formation, as well as the effects of experimental treatments, were included, and the risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool.<br><br>RESULTS: Key virulence genes were identified, including glucosyltransferases (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD), glucan-binding proteins (gbpB, gbpC), and two-component systems (vicRK, liaSR). These genes contribute to adhesion, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and environmental adaptation, processes critical for biofilm development. Various anti-virulence strategies, such as quorum sensing inhibitors and gene-targeted compounds, show promise in controlling biofilm formation without compromising bacterial viability, thereby preserving the homeostasis of the normal oral flora, which is essential for maintaining overall oral health.<br><br>CONCLUSION: While key virulence genes have been well characterized, further research is needed to clarify how their regulation is influenced by environmental conditions. Insights from this review may support the development of novel therapeutic approaches that reduce Streptococcus mutans pathogenicity while maintaining oral microbial balance.<br><br>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024577977, PROSPERO CRD42024577977.}, }
@article {pmid40932559, year = {2025}, author = {Dey, S and Jana, D and Manna, T and Karmakar, M and Paria, S and Chandra Guchhait, K and Hazra, S and Jana, P and Hossain, M and Kumar Panda, A and Ghosh, C}, title = {Molecular analyses of community-acquired Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm development, molecular virulence, and pattern of antibiotic resistance.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {897}, pmid = {40932559}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {668/(CSIRNETJUNE2019)//University Grants Commission/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/genetics/drug effects/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Humans ; Virulence/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; India ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus epidermidis generally causes skin and soft tissue infections. Control and treatment of infections caused by S. epidermidis require in-depth analyses of its genotypic traits and patterns of their antibiotic susceptibility.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: 100 S. epidermidis isolates were obtainedfrom community setting in Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Different biochemical and PCR-based analyses could identify the presumed S. epidermidis phenotypically, and subsequently their genotypic makeup. Besides that, the isolates were studied for presence of virulence genes and biofilm formation capabilities. Majority of the isolates (63%) were found as possessing moderate biofilm-forming capabilities; only 23% and 14% had high and low biofilm capacities, respectively. Intercellular adhesion (ica) operon involved in biofilm signalling, screened using PCR, revealed the presence of two most-prevalent icas, accounting 80.7% (icaB) and 86.5% (sarA). Only two isolates were tested positive for all of the six known virulence genes using PCR. Haemolysin-encoding genes had the greatest prevalence rates with 92.3 and 94.2% of isolates to be found positive for the hla and hlb genes, respectively. Two strains (3.8%) could be found with the staphylococcal toxin-encoding genes see, seg, and sei. With multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranging from 0.38 to 0.75, S. epidermidis isolates exhibited low resistance to linezolidand levofloxacin.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Conventional antibiotic use was associated with higher percentages of multi-drug resistance outbreaks. The identification of staphylococcal toxin in community has raisedworries about the emergence of new variants. The high frequency of ica operons is believed to drive further research into targeting these genes as alternative therapeutic options.}, }
@article {pmid40932250, year = {2025}, author = {Chang, J and Zhou, Y and Zhang, M and Li, X and Zhang, N and Luo, X and Ni, B and Lu, R and Zhang, Y}, title = {CalR is an activator of biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {10}, pages = {e0072425}, pmid = {40932250}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis, often exists in a biofilm state. Biofilm formation in this bacterium is regulated by a complex network of factors, including the second messenger c-di-GMP. CalR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, has been demonstrated to play a role in regulating the expression of virulence genes and swarming motility of V. parahaemolyticus. In this study, we demonstrate that CalR positively regulates biofilm formation by enhancing the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA), and c-di-GMP. RNA sequencing reveals that CalR regulates the transcription of 167 genes, including those potentially involved in c-di-GMP metabolism (e.g., vpa0184, vpa0198, and vpa1429) and biofilm-associated regulators (e.g., scrP). CalR directly suppresses the transcription of scrP, vpa0184, and vpa0198 while activating vpa1429 transcription in a direct manner. Additionally, CalR directly activates the transcription of cpsA but indirectly activates that of scvE, both of which are involved in EPS production. In summary, these findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which CalR promotes biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus and highlight its role in modulating c-di-GMP homeostasis and biofilm matrix production. This work enhances our understanding of the regulatory network governing biofilm formation by V. parahaemolyticus.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is a critical survival strategy for V. parahaemolyticus, allowing it to persist in adverse environments. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying biofilm formation is essential for developing strategies to control infections caused by this pathogen. This work demonstrates that CalR positively regulates the production of EPS, extracellular proteins, and eDNA, as well as biofilm formation by V. parahaemolyticus. CalR regulates the global gene expression in V. parahaemolyticus, including genes such as scrP, vpa0184, vpa0198, and vpa1429. ScrP negatively impacts V. parahaemolyticus biofilm formation, whereas vpa0184, vpa0198, and vpa1429 contribute to c-di-GMP metabolism. CalR represses scrP, vpa0184, and vpa0198 while activating vpa1429 and also promotes the production of c-di-GMP. These findings indicate how CalR positively regulates biofilm formation by V. parahaemolyticus.}, }
@article {pmid40931650, year = {2025}, author = {Savorana, G and Di Claudio, A and Rusconi, R and Secchi, E}, title = {The influence of bodily fluid rheology on biofilm formation: known facts and open questions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {383}, number = {2304}, pages = {20240267}, doi = {10.1098/rsta.2024.0267}, pmid = {40931650}, issn = {1471-2962}, support = {//MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases/ ; //Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Rheology ; *Body Fluids/physiology/microbiology/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Hydrodynamics ; }, abstract = {Biofilms-microbial communities encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix-pose a significant challenge in clinical settings due to their association with chronic infections and antibiotic resistance. Their formation in the human body is governed by a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors, including the biochemical composition of bodily fluids, fluid dynamics, and cell-cell and cell-surface interactions. Improving therapeutic strategies requires a deeper understanding of how host-specific conditions shape biofilm development. Despite efforts to replicate in vivo conditions, in vitro models are often insufficient for capturing the complex dynamics of biofilm formation within the host. This limitation hinders the translation of experimental findings into clinical applications and slows the development of targeted therapies. In this review, we examine the role of fluid dynamics within the human body, with a particular focus on how the biochemical composition, rheological properties of bodily fluids and local flow conditions influence surface colonization and biofilm formation. We survey the current state of the field and outline key open challenges, intending to inform and inspire the development of next-generation experimental models that more closely reflect physiological reality.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological fluid dynamics: emerging directions'.}, }
@article {pmid40931368, year = {2025}, author = {Coelho, MMF and Avelino, BMA and de Oliveira, BA and Rios, MA and do Amaral Gubert, F and Martins, MC and Coutinho, JFV and Nogueira, PSF and Barbosa, RGB and Cavalcante, VMV}, title = {Prevalence of biofilm in chronic wounds: systematic review with meta-analysis.}, journal = {Wounds : a compendium of clinical research and practice}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {283-291}, doi = {10.25270/wnds/24124}, pmid = {40931368}, issn = {1943-2704}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Chronic Disease ; *Wound Infection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; *Wounds and Injuries/microbiology ; Wound Healing/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To estimate the prevalence of biofilms in chronic wounds.<br><br>METHODS: The authors performed a systematic review of prevalence studies and meta-analysis, structured according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were searched in Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), MEDLINE/PubMed (National Institutes of Health), and Embase (Elsevier) databases. Data collected included the author and year of publication, total number of lesions evaluated, number of lesions with biofilm, detected bacteria, biofilm levels, country where the research was conducted, and the methodological quality of the studies. The meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model in R software (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing).<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 281 articles were retrieved; after applying the reading and exclusion criteria, 24 studies were included. The meta-analysis incorporated 24 studies from 12 countries, evaluating 2666 lesions with a biofilm prevalence of 68% (95% CI, 58%-79%; I&#xb2; = 92%). A high prevalence was observed in Asian publications (73%; 95% CI, 62%-84%; I&#xb2; = 98%), with of Staphylococcus aureus (71%; 95% CI, 51%-90%; I&#xb2; = 98%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (65%; 95% CI, 47%-82%; I&#xb2; = 98%) being the most common found in all publications.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite the methodological heterogeneity of the studies included in this review, the findings indicate a high prevalence of biofilms in chronic wounds presented in the studies that made up the sample.}, }
@article {pmid40929152, year = {2025}, author = {Rehman, A and Ismail, F and Safdar, A and Imran, M}, title = {In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum biofilm by combined anti-biofilm enzymes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {e0331291}, pmid = {40929152}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Peptide Hydrolases/pharmacology ; *Cellulase/pharmacology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Amylases/pharmacology ; *Arthrodermataceae/drug effects ; Humans ; *Trichophyton/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Trichophyton rubrum, a dermatophyte, demonstrates a notable ability to form mature biofilms on skin and associated surfaces, strengthening its resistance to antifungal agents. This characteristic poses intricate challenges in dermatological research and therapeutic strategies, underscoring the need for innovative approaches to effectively manage fungal infections. This work assessed the impact of the anti-biofilm enzymes, i.e., cellulase, protease, and amylase, individually and in combination, on the eradication and inhibition of T. rubrum biofilm. After 168 hours of incubation, T. rubrum biofilm formation matured, and the anti-biofilm enzymes significantly reduced the rate of biofilm development. The rates of biofilm inhibition and eradication for cellulase, protease, and amylase were 64%, 38%, and 28% at 72 hours of incubation, and 47%, 25.87%, and 17%, respectively, at 168 hours. However, the combined anti-biofilm enzymes (cellulase, protease, and amylase) had a 60.62% biofilm suppression rate. SEM analysis revealed marked reductions in T. rubrum conidial density, disrupted hyphal structures, and diminished biofilm adherence in enzyme-treated samples compared to untreated controls, visually supporting the inhibitory effect observed in quantitative assays. These morphological alterations indicate compromised fungal viability and structural disintegration of the biofilm matrix. Collectively, the SEM findings reinforce the therapeutic potential of enzyme-based strategies against dermatophytic biofilms. Additionally, these anti-biofilm enzymes have shown strong efficacy in reducing the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content and degrading the complex EPS matrix network. The T. rubrum biofilm treated with anti-biofilm enzymes, such as cellulase and protease, resulted in EPS degradation by FTIR analysis. The antibiofilm enzyme cellulase showed notable degradation of the beta 1-4 linkage within the glycosidic bond. A significant degradation is observed when T. rubrum biofilm is treated with combined enzymes (cellulase, protease, and amylase). The combined enzymatic treatment disrupted the EPS matrix, indicating its potential as an effective strategy for inhibiting biofilm formation by T. rubrum.}, }
@article {pmid40927881, year = {2026}, author = {Neu, TR and Kuhlicke, U}, title = {Biofilm Analysis by Confocal Microscopy-Basics and Practical Aspects.}, journal = {Microscopy research and technique}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {183-206}, pmid = {40927881}, issn = {1097-0029}, support = {//Helmholtz Association/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods/instrumentation ; Bacteria ; Humans ; }, abstract = {This review is intended as a guideline for beginners in confocal laser scanning microscopy. It combines basic theoretical concepts, such as fluorescence principles, resolution limits, and imaging parameters with practical guidance on sample preparation, staining strategies, and data acquisition using confocal microscopy. The aim is to combine technical and methodological aspects in order to provide a comprehensive and accessible introduction. The main application is in microbiology, with a focus on biofilms and bio-aggregates; although other researchers in biology may benefit from this survey. In this primer, we compiled 25 years of experience with confocal microscopy, four generations of instruments, diverse national and international projects, and many different samples of PhD students, PostDocs, and senior scientists from various countries.}, }
@article {pmid40924671, year = {2025}, author = {Mayer, C and Soukarieh, F and Simões, M and Flament-Simon, SC and Cámara, M and Romero, M}, title = {AHL-based QS signalling promotes uropathogenic Escherichia coli settlement through the de-repression of biofilm formation by SdiA.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {e0328837}, pmid = {40924671}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Quorum Sensing ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Acyl-Butyrolactones/metabolism ; *Trans-Activators/metabolism/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; }, abstract = {Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are among the first pathogens to colonise in catheter and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infections. However, these infections are often polymicrobial, resulting in multi-species infections that persist by forming biofilms. Living within these highly antimicrobial tolerant communities, bacteria can establish intra- and inter-specific interactions, including quorum sensing (QS)-mediated signalling mechanisms, which play a key role in biofilm establishment and maturation. Although E. coli does not produce N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), it possesses an orphan LuxR-type receptor, SdiA, which can bind these QS signals released by other Gram-negative bacteria, modulating several virulence-associated phenotypes including biofilm formation. Despite biofilms being considered a major public health challenge due to their persistence and resilience, the knowledge of the SdiA role in biofilm regulation and UPEC fitness in mixed biofilms is limited compared to enteropathogenic E. coli. We have used a ΔsdiA mutant and phenotypic analysis to investigate the SdiA influence on UPEC single and mixed biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SdiA was found to inhibit UPEC biofilm and addition of AHLs enhanced E. coli surface colonisation via SdiA-mediated de-repression of biofilm. We also confirmed the low specificity of SdiA for AHLs, demonstrating the SdiA importance in tightly regulating the UPEC free-living and biofilm-associated lifestyles.}, }
@article {pmid40924154, year = {2025}, author = {Nascimben, M and Rimondini, L}, title = {A Scorecard for Information Synthesis in Multiple Experimental Conditions: Application to Bacterial Biofilm Matrix Transcriptomics.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {10}, pages = {497}, pmid = {40924154}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {860462//HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacteria/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; *Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; *Software ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; }, abstract = {A Python-scripted software tool has been developed to help study the heterogeneity of gene changes, markedly or moderately expressed, when several experimental conditions are compared. The analysis workflow encloses a scorecard that groups genes based on relative fold-change and statistical significance, providing additional functions that facilitate knowledge extraction. The scorecard reports highlight unique patterns of gene regulation, such as genes whose expression is consistently up- or down-regulated across experiments, all of which are supported by graphs and summaries to characterize the dataset under investigation. Four GEO datasets related to RNA-seq bacterial biofilm expression levels were independently analyzed for information mining through the functionalities of the software library. The scorecard identified and tracked, over time or experiments, genes meaningful for bacterial metabolism and survival in response to antibiotics, adjuvants, and biocompatible materials. Analyses detected factors and strategies to persist in the environment by bacterial aggregates, such as modifications in the binding affinity of penicillin-related proteins or ribosomal subunits, the development of alternative metabolic pathways, cell wall thickening, intracellular concentration of drugs reduced by efflux pumps, and enzymatic inactivation through hydrolyzation, phosphorylation, or adenylation.}, }
@article {pmid40923908, year = {2025}, author = {Dreer, M and Pribasnig, T and Hodgskiss, LH and Luo, ZH and Pozaric, F and Schleper, C}, title = {Biofilm lifestyle across different lineages of ammonia-oxidizing archaea.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {40923908}, issn = {1751-7370}, support = {P36287//Austrian Science Fund/ ; Z437//Austrian Science Fund/ ; 101079299//Research Action Network for Reducing Reactive Nitrogen Losses from Agricultural Ecosystems/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Ammonia/metabolism ; *Archaea/genetics/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development/classification ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Soil Microbiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Although ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are globally distributed in nature, growth in biofilms has been relatively little explored. Here, we investigated six representatives of three different terrestrial and marine clades of AOA in a longitudinal and quantitative study for their ability to form biofilm, and studied gene expression patterns of three representatives. Although all strains grew on a solid surface, soil strains of the genera Nitrosocosmicus and Nitrososphaera exhibited the highest capacity for biofilm formation. Based on microscopic and gene expression data, two different colonization strategies could be distinguished. S-layer containing AOA (from both soil and marine habitats) initialized attachment as single cells, subsequently forming denser layers, whereas the S-layer free species of the Nitrosocosmicus clade attached as suspended aggregates to the surface and henceforth showed fastest establishment of biofilm. Transcription profiles were significantly different between planktonic and biofilm growth in all strains, and revealed individual transcriptomic responses, albeit fulfilling shared functions. In particular, the strong expression of different types of multicopper oxidases was observed in all strains suggesting modifications of their cell coats. S-layer carrying AOA each additionally expressed a set of adhesion proteins supporting attachment. Detoxification of nitrous compounds, copper acquisition as well as the expression of transcription factor B were also shared responses among biofilm producing strains. However, the majority of differentially expressed protein families was distinct among the three strains, illustrating that individual solutions have evolved for the shared growth mode of biofilm formation in AOA, probably driven by the different ecological niches.}, }
@article {pmid40920766, year = {2025}, author = {Sarkar, S and Barnaby, R and Nymon, AB and Charpentier, LA and Taub, L and Wargo, MJ and Weiss, DJ and Bonfield, TL and Stanton, BA}, title = {Mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles reduce Pseudomonas biofilm formation, and let-7b-5p loading confers additional anti-inflammatory effects.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology}, volume = {329}, number = {4}, pages = {L455-L469}, pmid = {40920766}, issn = {1522-1504}, support = {P30-DK117469 and R01HL151385//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; 5P30CA023108//HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)/ ; DK065988//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01 HL151385/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD030242/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM130454/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R25 ES016254/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DK117469/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; F31 HL172440/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; F31HL172440//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; P30 DK065988/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA023108/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; STANTO19G0//Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF)/ ; R25 HG011447/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; BOUCHE19R0//Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF)/ ; }, mesh = {*MicroRNAs/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; *Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Inflammation ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multiorgan disease caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to chronic pulmonary infections and hyperinflammation. Among pathogens colonizing the CF lung, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is predominant, infecting over 50% of adults with CF, and becoming antibiotic-resistant over time. Current therapies for CF, while providing tremendous benefits, fail to eliminate persistent bacterial infections, chronic inflammation, and irreversible lung damage, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Our group engineered mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC EVs) to carry the microRNA let-7b-5p as a dual anti-infective and anti-inflammatory treatment. MSC EVs are low-immunogenicity platforms with innate antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, whereas let-7b-5p reduces inflammation. This study demonstrates that MSC EVs effectively blocked the formation of antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa biofilms on primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs), and let-7b-5p loading into MSC EVs conferred additional anti-inflammatory effects by reducing P. aeruginosa-induced IL-8 secretion by pHBECs. This approach holds promise for improving outcomes for people with CF, and future work will focus on optimizing delivery strategies and expanding the clinical applicability of MSC EVs to target other CF-associated pathogens.NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This is the first study demonstrating that mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles (MSC EVs) block antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and that let-7b-5p-loaded MSC EVs reduce inflammation in CF primary human bronchial epithelial cells.}, }
@article {pmid40920556, year = {2025}, author = {Han, D and Xin, YH and Liu, Q}, title = {Diverse biofilm-forming Sphingomonadaceae represent twelve novel species isolated from glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {40920556}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {*Phylogeny ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Tibet ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Ice Cover/microbiology ; *Sphingomonadaceae/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Base Composition ; Fatty Acids ; }, abstract = {The family Sphingomonadaceae, encompassing the genus Sphingomonas and related taxa, comprises diverse Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in varied habitats, including air, soil, water and glaciers. Recent genomic-based taxonomic revisions have reclassified some Sphingomonas species into new genera, such as Parasphingomonas and Alteristakelama, due to polyphyletic relationships within the family Sphingomonadaceae. Certain Sphingomonadaceae species are known for forming biofilms or functioning as aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, traits that enhance resilience in extreme environments like the cryosphere. In this study, we isolated 12 novel strains from Tibetan Plateau glaciers, revealing significant phenotypic and genotypic diversity. Based on phylogenomic analyses, six strains were classified within Sphingomonas, five within Parasphingomonas and one within Alteristakelama. These strains exhibit broad pH (4-11), salt tolerance (0-3.0%) and temperature adaptability (0-37 °C), alongside varied metabolic capabilities, including diverse carbon source utilization and enzyme activities. Eleven strains exhibit biofilm formation, and some possess genes for carotenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with their closest relatives ranged from 97.6% to 99.9%, while the average nt identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between these strains and known species with validly published names were below 89.80% and 36.60%, respectively. Polyphasic analyses, encompassing phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses, confirm that these strains represent 12 novel species within the family Sphingomonadaceae. We propose the following names: Alteristakelama amylovorans sp. nov., Sphingomonas sorbitolis sp. nov., Sphingomonas fucosidasi sp. nov., Sphingomonas sandaracina sp. nov., Sphingomonas rhamnosi sp. nov., Sphingomonas arabinosi sp. nov., Sphingomonas flavida sp. nov., Parasphingomonas frigoris sp. nov., Parasphingomonas halimpatiens sp. nov., Parasphingomonas zepuensis sp. nov., Parasphingomonas caseinilytica sp. nov. and Parasphingomonas puruogangriensis sp. nov. This study enhances our understanding of Sphingomonadales diversity and its ecological adaptations in extreme environments.}, }
@article {pmid40918328, year = {2025}, author = {Sasínová, K and Berčíková, M and Vrchotová, B and Hrádková, I and Šmidrkal, J and Kalenchak, K}, title = {Antimicrobial and Biofilm Inhibition Activity of Novel Biobased Quaternary Ammonium Salts.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {34}, pages = {39236-39249}, pmid = {40918328}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria continues to be one of the biggest challenges facing public health. As a result, there is an increasing focus on developing new substances with both antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition activities. One such group of compounds is surfactants, particularly quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), which are commonly used as disinfectants in healthcare. In this study, a three-step synthesis was used to prepare a range of QASs, including quaternary esters, hydroxyamides, and dihydroxyamides with alkyl chains of 12-18 carbon atoms. First, the initial step of the synthesis was optimized by testing various catalysts, with CH3OK showing the highest efficiency and proving to be the most suitable choice for further development. Then, the antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis, while biofilm inhibition activity was evaluated only for the bacterial strains (S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa). The results were compared with those obtained for benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (BDMDAC), which is a commonly used disinfectant. QASs derived from myristic and palmitic acids showed the highest antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition activities, often higher than BDMDAC. Interestingly, some compounds reached maximum biofilm inhibition activity at the lowest concentration tested(?)particularly stearic acid quaternary hydroxyamide and stearic acid quaternary dihydroxyamide, which reached minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values as low as 0.016 mmol L[-1]. Compounds derived from myristic acid showed higher antimicrobial activity compared with BDMDAC, while both myristic- and palmitic-acid-based compounds demonstrated superior biofilm inhibition activity. These findings highlight the potential of myristic- and palmitic-acid-based QASs as promising candidates for next-generation disinfectant formulations, particularly in applications where strong biofilm inhibition activity is essential.}, }
@article {pmid40916480, year = {2025}, author = {Pingueiro, JMS and Feres, M and Macedo, TT and Paulo Gomes, APA and Vilela, FMS and Bueno, MR and da Silva, LDA and Silva, APS and Alencar, SM and Rosalen, PL and Bueno-Silva, B}, title = {Combination of neovestitol and vestitol impair the subgingival multispecies biofilm development.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {935-945}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2551066}, pmid = {40916480}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; *Gingiva/microbiology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of neovestitol-vestitol fraction (NVF) on an in vitro subgingival multispecies biofilm. The 33-species biofilm was formed for seven days using a Calgary device. Starting on day 3, treatments for applied twice daily for 1 min each: NV (400-1,600 µg[ ]ml[-1]), chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX; positive control) or vehicle (negative control). After seven days, metabolic activity and microbial composition were accessed through colorimetric reaction and DNA-DNA hybridization, respectively. ANOVA/Tukey's and Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's were performed (p < 0.05). NV1,600 and NV800 and CHX significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity by 67%, 48% and 64% respectively, compared to vehicle-treatment. NV1,600, NV800 and CHX reduced red complex proportions versus vehicle-treatment. NV1,600 also reduced orange complex and increased healthy-associated purple complex compared to negative control (p < 0.05). NV1,600, NV800 and CHX reduced nine species, including Fusobacterium periodonticum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. NV1,600 also reduced Fusobacterium nucleatum polymorphum. NV seems to be a good candidate to control biofilm formation and pathogenicity in dental practice.}, }
@article {pmid40915262, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, S and Feng, K and Zhang, D and Liu, Y and Wang, J and Lu, B and Xing, D}, title = {Self-regulating adaptability of biofilm microbiomes enhances manganese and ammonia removal in microbial electrochemical filters under dioxane exposure.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {497}, number = {}, pages = {139776}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139776}, pmid = {40915262}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Ammonia/metabolism ; *Microbiota ; *Manganese/metabolism ; *Dioxanes ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Filtration ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bacteria/genetics/metabolism ; Electrochemical Techniques ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Understanding the stability and assemblage of biofilm microbiomes under oligotrophic conditions is critical for improving groundwater bioremediation. In this study, a novel microbial electrochemical filter (MEF) was developed to explore the impact of weak electrical stimulation on functional adaptability of biofilms under oligotrophic and 1,4-dioxane exposure conditions. Under 20 mg/L 1,4-dioxane stress, the MEF achieved 94.72 % manganese removal and 27.27 % ammonia nitrogen removal, while the conventional biofilter exhibited 88.76 % manganese removal with negligible ammonia nitrogen removal. Metagenomics analyses revealed that dominant populations in the MEF included Nitrospira, Bradyrhizobium, and Nitrosomonas, with relative abundance of 6.23 -10.78 %, 5.81 -6.15 %, and 1.62 -5.58 %, respectively. Weak electrical stimulation enriched the manganese oxidation-associated genes cotA, mnxG, and mcoA, whose total relative abundances being 6.3 times that of the conventional biofilter before dioxane exposure and 2.0 times after exposure. Genes encoding ammonia monooxygenase (amoABC), hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (hao) increased by 2.4- and 1.9-fold, respectively, compared to the conventional biofilter. Additionally, genes involved in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and nitrogen fixation were twice as abundant in the MEF than in the conventional biofilter, suggesting enhanced nutrients availability for heterotrophic bacteria during start-up. These findings demonstrated that weak electrical stimulation effectively regulated biofilm microbiomes and enhance pollutant removal in MEF under oligotrophic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40914365, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Tong, G and Li, J and Jin, Y and Yin, M and Ren, X}, title = {Fabrication of ZIF/SiO2 hybrid particles to prepare cotton-based antibacterial and anti-biofilm composites with high durability.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {327}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {147460}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147460}, pmid = {40914365}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Cotton Fiber ; *Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; *Zeolites/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Metal-Organic Frameworks/chemistry ; }, abstract = {As living standards continue to rise, the demand for advanced cotton textiles that fulfill enhanced functional requirements has grown significantly. Therefore, the development of multifunctional antibacterial/hydrophobic cotton fabrics holds considerable practical value. In this study, a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) based hybrid material, ZIF/SiO2-LDS (Long-chain derivative of silane), was synthesized via a co-precipitation method using silica, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550), 2-methylimidazole and hexadecyltrimethylsilane (HDTMS). The resulting hybrid particles were then applied to cotton fabric through a simple padding process, achieving a loading amount of 2.348 %. This was followed by chlorination treatment with sodium hypochlorite to introduce antibacterial functionality. Hydrophobicity was assessed through contact angle measurements, achieving a maximum contact angle exceeding 145°. Antibacterial efficacy testing revealed complete inactivation of bacteria strains, achieving 100 % effectiveness. Study on the adhesion behavior of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that HZSi/cot-Cl exhibits outstanding antibacterial adhesion resistance, effectively inhibiting bacterial attachment at concentrations up to 10[6] CFU/mL within one hour. The combined antibacterial and anti-adhesive properties significantly mitigate biofilm formation on the HZSi/cot-Cl surface. Notably, the fabric retained its anti-biofilm functionality even after 50 wash cycles. This research provides valuable insights into the development of advanced antibacterial and anti-adhesive treatments for cotton fabrics.}, }
@article {pmid40914064, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, K and Gao, J and Zhang, J and Wang, Y and Wang, H and Guo, Y and Lu, T}, title = {Preservatives induced succession of microbial communities and proliferation of resistance genes within biofilm and plastisphere in sulfur autotrophic denitrification system.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {497}, number = {}, pages = {139750}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139750}, pmid = {40914064}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Denitrification/drug effects ; *Sulfur/metabolism ; Parabens/toxicity ; Autotrophic Processes ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; Plastics/toxicity ; Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; Genes, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Methylparaben (MeP), Benzethonium chloride (BZC) and microplastics (MPs) as emerging contaminants are frequently detected in the environment. Furthermore, MPs can be colonized by microorganisms to form a unique ecological niche known as the "plastisphere". In this study, three biofilm-based sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) reactors were established, which were exposed to 0.5-5 mg/L MeP and BZC individually and in combination, while polyamide 6 bags were added to cultivate plastisphere within the three SAD systems. The results found that BZC had a more serious inhibition effect than MeP. Besides, MeP mitigated the toxicity of BZC on SAD, and the observed inhibition gradually diminished over time. The incorporation of preservatives significantly changed the microbial community structures and induced the proliferation of resistance genes (RGs) in both biofilm and plastisphere. Enrichment of functional bacterium like Thiobacillus and the colonization of pathogenic bacterium like Desulfovibrio were found in plastisphere. The proliferation of intracellular RGs in biofilm might drive the recovery of SAD performance. In addition, mobile genetic elements were recognized as the key drivers of horizontal gene transfer responsible for the dissemination of RGs. This research guided the efforts to control the risks associated with preservatives and MPs in wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40913539, year = {2026}, author = {Bilal, Z and Tipping, W and Brown, JL and Faulds, K}, title = {Under the lens: using Raman spectroscopy as a unique system in biofilm analyses.}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {283-301}, doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2555937}, pmid = {40913539}, issn = {1549-7828}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods ; Humans ; *Bacteria/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are microbial communities that adhere to surfaces and each other, encapsulated in a protective extracellular matrix. These structures enhance resistance to antimicrobials, contributing to 65-80% of human infections. The transition from free-living cells to structured biofilms involves a myriad of molecular and structural adaptations. Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique that has recently been adapted for biofilm analysis. The ability to operate without interference from water makes Raman spectroscopy a valuable tool for in situ characterization of biofilms, including direct analysis from clinical samples. The technique also offers the advantage of imaging speed and the capacity to generate extensive chemical and molecular data from samples, whilst also being non-destructive. However, Raman spectroscopy is often limited by its low sensitivity, particularly when applied to microbial analysis. This limitation has been addressed with the advent of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. When used in combination with traditional methods, these Raman technologies can be incredibly useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm development, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection and discrimination of microorganisms. In this critical review, the application of Raman spectroscopy and its derivatives as a tool for biofilm characterization is discussed along with its associated advantages and challenges.}, }
@article {pmid40913087, year = {2025}, author = {Schmidt, WC and Lee, CK and Zheng, X and Chen, JW and Fetah, KL and Popoli, JR and Choi, YS and Young, TD and Weiss, PS and Kasko, AM and O'Toole, GA and Parsek, MR and Wong, GCL}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa senses exopolysaccharide trails using type IV pili and adhesins during biofilm formation.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {2511-2520}, pmid = {40913087}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {W911NF-18-1-0254//United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)/ ; R01 AI43730//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; T32 AI007323/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI077628/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI143916/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI83256//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; DGE-1650604//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DGE-2034835//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; NSF 1821721//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; T32 AI007323/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI077628/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI143916/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI077628/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; *Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives ; }, abstract = {During early stages of biofilm formation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) PAO1 can sense exopolysaccharide (EPS) trails of Psl deposited on a surface by previous Pa cells to detect trajectories of other cells and to orchestrate motility. This sensory signal is transduced into cyclic diGMP second messengers, but no known Psl receptors and adhesins participate in signal transduction. Here, using bacteria-secreted Psl trails, glycopolymer-patterned surfaces, longitudinal cell tracking, second messenger dual reporters and genetic mutations targeting EPS binding and surface twitching, we find that Pa is capable of sensing EPS directly through mutually constitutive interactions between type IV pili (T4P)-powered twitching and specific adhesin-EPS bonds. This unanticipated mechanochemical surveillance of the Pa environment, where T4P pull against cell-body localized adhesins interacting with EPS trails, such as mannose-binding CdrA, generates a hybrid, transitional planktonic-to-biofilm population with elevated cyclic diGMP and elevated cyclic AMP, as well as increased motility capable of following EPS trails. These results show a generalizable mechanism of surface chemosensing through mechanosensitive appendages.}, }
@article {pmid40911723, year = {2025}, author = {Zhuang, H and Li, J and Jiang, H and Liu, W and Ding, Q and Mushtaq, M and Yuan, X and Wei, Q and Wang, Q}, title = {Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic-Photodynamic Dual Antimicrobial Polyester Textile for Inhibiting Biofilm Formation in Medical Applications.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {8805-8814}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c00886}, pmid = {40911723}, issn = {2576-6422}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Polyesters/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Textiles ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Materials Testing ; Surface Properties ; Methylene Blue/pharmacology/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Curcumin/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Photochemotherapy ; }, abstract = {The problem of hospital-acquired infections arising from inadequate antimicrobial and antibiofilm performance in medical textiles is an increasingly urgent threat to public health. The dual strategy combining superhydrophobic surfaces with aPDT exhibits potent antibacterial efficacy and barely triggers the risk of antimicrobial resistance, but still encounters significant challenges, including intricate fabrication methods and narrow spectral absorption of single-photosensitizer (PS) systems. A superhydrophobic-photodynamic dual antimicrobial polyester fabric is developed herein for medical applications to address these challenges. A binary-PS system comprising curcumin (Cur) and methylene blue (MB) was loaded onto polyester fabrics via an integrated dyeing and finishing technology, while dodecyltrichlorosilane (DTCS)-modified silicon dioxide (abbreviated as DSiO2) was spray-coated to construct a robust superhydrophobic surface. The binary-PS (Cur/MB) achieves broad spectral coverage (400-700 nm) and significantly enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under visible light irradiation via a Type II photodynamic mechanism. Benefiting from its strong antiadhesion and dual-photosensitizer enhanced photodynamic bactericidal properties, the superhydrophobic-photodynamic polyester fabrics exhibit 99.99% (4 log units) antibacterial efficiency under visible light irradiation (60,000 lx, 30 min). Remarkable biofilm inhibition of the fabric is also evidenced by the reduction of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilm activity to 0.11 and 0.42, respectively. Moreover, the fabric displays excellent biocompatibility, maintaining the 85.51% viability of L929 cells after 24 h. Overall, this scalable and efficient fabrication strategy for superhydrophobic-photodynamic antibacterial textiles offers significant advantages in combating bacterial infections and suppressing biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40909929, year = {2025}, author = {Ni, B and Chang, J and Zhou, Y and Li, W and Tian, Z and Lu, R and Zhang, Y}, title = {The coordinated regulatory impact of AcsS and TpdA on biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1652011}, pmid = {40909929}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine pathogen, employs biofilm formation to enhance environmental persistence and transmission. Biofilm development is intricately regulated by cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). This study elucidates the coordinated regulatory roles of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator AcsS and the PDE TpdA in biofilm formation. Through genetic, transcriptomic, and biochemical analyses, we demonstrate that AcsS promotes biofilm formation by directly activating the exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cpsA and indirectly repressing tpdA, a gene encoding a c-di-GMP-degrading enzyme. Conversely, TpdA inhibits acsS expression and antagonizes cpsA transcription. RNA-seq revealed that AcsS globally regulates 235 genes, including those linked to flagella, type IV pili, and capsular polysaccharides. Intracellular c-di-GMP quantification showed that AcsS elevates c-di-GMP levels, while TpdA reduces them, establishing a feedback loop. Phenotypic assays confirmed that AcsS-dependent biofilm enhancement operates independently of TpdA, though TpdA partially suppresses biofilm formation in the absence of AcsS. These findings unveil a regulatory circuit where AcsS and TpdA coordinately modulate c-di-GMP metabolism and biofilm-associated gene expression, highlighting them as promising targets for disrupting biofilm-mediated persistence and transmission of V. parahaemolyticus.}, }
@article {pmid40907234, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, X and Zhang, J and Chen, X and Li, Q and Hui, Y and Han, J and Jin, X and Jin, P}, title = {Impact of bacteriophage MS2 adsorption on biofilm microbial communities, metabolic pathways, and protein expression in sewer systems.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {126998}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126998}, pmid = {40907234}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Levivirus/physiology ; *Biofilms ; *Sewage/microbiology/virology ; *Drainage, Sanitary ; Adsorption ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Gene Expression ; *Proteome/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Acetyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The stability of microbial communities within sewer systems is essential for maintaining effluent quality and infrastructure longevity. However, the functional consequences of viral interactions with biofilms remain poorly characterised. This study examines the effects of bacteriophage MS2 adsorption on biofilm structure, metabolism, and pathogenic potential in a simulated 1 km sewer pipeline. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) revealed irreversible phage adsorption onto extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), inducing a biphasic viscoelastic response. During the first 24 h, the ΔD/Δf slope increased from 0.204 to 0.420, indicating initial loosening of the EPS matrix. This was followed by a compaction phase, with the slope decreasing to 0.102 by 96 h. Metagenomic profiling indicated a shift in community functionality, with sulphur-metabolising Chlorobium decreasing by 27.8 % and the pathogenic genus Novosphingobium increasing by 4.87 %. Corresponding trends were observed in enzymatic activity: sulphate reduction genes (e.g., EC 2.7.7.4) declined to 10 % of baseline levels at 24 h, before recovering to 14542 annotations at 96 h. Metaproteomic analysis revealed divergent regulatory responses, with acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) transcriptionally upregulated, while phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) increased independently of gene expression, indicating potential post-translational control. These findings demonstrate that phage adsorption perturbs biofilm integrity and reprogrammes microbial metabolism, underscoring the need for virus-informed strategies in sewer monitoring and pathogen management.}, }
@article {pmid40905934, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Xiang, Q and Zhao, G and Lin, K and Huang, J and Gao, Z and Lu, H and Dong, H}, title = {Dual-Functional Microneedles for In Situ Diagnosis and Biofilm-Targeted Therapy of Diabetic Periodontitis via Biomarker-Responsive Probes and Photothermal NO Nanomotors.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {97}, number = {36}, pages = {19705-19718}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03316}, pmid = {40905934}, issn = {1520-6882}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Rats ; Biomarkers/analysis/metabolism ; *Needles ; *Periodontitis/diagnosis ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications ; Male ; Glucose Oxidase/chemistry ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Chronic periodontitis, a frequent complication of diabetes, is exacerbated by bacterial biofilms that drive progressive periodontal tissue destruction and systemic inflammation. Conventional treatments, utilizing mechanical debridement and systemic antibiotics, often fail to eradicate bacterial biofilms, promote antibiotic resistance, and lack real-time monitoring, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we report a separable bilayer microneedle (MN) patch that enables localized, antibiotic-free, biofilm-targeted therapy and in situ biomarker-based monitoring for the integrated management of chronic periodontitis. Specifically, the swellable backing layer of the patch incorporates interleukin-6 and miRNA-223 responsive fluorescence probes, enabling visual, real-time assessment of periodontal inflammation and aiding in the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. Simultaneously, the patch features a soluble MN tip embedded with indocyanine-green-modified asymmetrically gold-decorated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which are loaded with glucose oxidase and l-arginine, forming near-infrared (NIR-) driven nanomotors (JSGAs). Upon NIR irradiation, JSGAs generate local hyperthermia that enhances biofilm penetration and initiates a cascade catalytic reaction to release nitric oxide (NO). In rat models, the system significantly reduced local inflammation and bacterial infiltration while enabling longitudinal monitoring, offering a smart, closed-loop strategy for precise diagnosis and therapy of chronic periodontitis.}, }
@article {pmid40905250, year = {2025}, author = {Massons, G and Gilabert-Oriol, G and Gomez, V and Arrowood, T and Garcia Molina, V}, title = {Fortilife[™] Director[™] biofouling diagnostic tool developed for biofilm visualisation on reverse osmosis membranes.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, pages = {954-964}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2551860}, pmid = {40905250}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Biofouling ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Osmosis ; Filtration/instrumentation/methods ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Imaging techniques are important for biofilm studies. Biofilm samples should ideally be visualised with minimal sample preparation so as not to alter their original structure. However, this can be challenging and resource-intensive in most cases. This study details the development of a novel tool (Fortilife[™] Director[™]) to visualise biofouling. The method utilises a microparticle suspension that effectively highlights biofilm boundaries without altering its structure, allowing for high-contrast, in-situ visualisation. Experimental applications across various membrane types, including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, demonstrate the capability of the tool to quantify biofilm surface coverage accurately. Results from studies on different feed waters underline the effectiveness in evaluating biofouling severity and distribution patterns, correlating surface coverage with operational performance metrics such as pressure drop increase. The Fortilife[™] Director[™] represents a promising advancement in the management of biofouling in membrane filtration systems, offering a more reliable means of monitoring and optimising operational efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid40905052, year = {2025}, author = {Verma, N and Agarwal, V}, title = {Organoid-Based Skin and Lung Biofilm Models, a Cutting-Edge Approach for Anti-Biofilm Research: A Mini Review.}, journal = {Biotechnology journal}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {e70109}, doi = {10.1002/biot.70109}, pmid = {40905052}, issn = {1860-7314}, support = {//Ministry of Education, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Organoids/microbiology ; Humans ; *Skin/microbiology ; *Lung/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms contribute to 60%-80% of human infections, exhibiting resistance to traditional antibiotic treatment and contributing to chronic, relapsing diseases, particularly in healthcare settings. Traditional in-vitro and in-vivo models often fail to accurately replicate the human microenvironment. This mini review highlights the emerging use of organoid-based models that are three-dimensional, self-organizing structures derived from stem cells. These biomimetic systems closely resemble native organs, providing a physiologically appropriate platform for anti-biofilm efficacy assessment, especially skin and lung, offering a more accurate environment for assessing microbial colonization, persistence, and therapeutic response. This paper summarizes recent advances in the development of effective antimicrobial testing methods for biofilm organoid models, focusing on human-derived proteins and biopolymers. We have discussed how these organoid models, specifically skin and lung organoids, provide insights into host-pathogen dynamics and antimicrobial responses. By bridging the gap between the clinical phase and classical experimental modeling, the organoid model is a powerful tool for transforming and accelerating translational antimicrobial research.}, }
@article {pmid40904684, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, X and Li, Y and Yang, T and Li, W and Dong, X and Huang, A and Shi, Y}, title = {Identification of the malonylation modification in Staphylococcus aureus and insight into the regulators in biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1598098}, pmid = {40904684}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical regulators of bacterial biofilm formation, but the role of lysine malonylation (Kmal) in biofilm formation is still poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the dynamic changes of protein malonylation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) DC15 during biofilm formation based on antibody affinity enrichment combined with quantitative proteomics.<br><br>RESULTS: Quantitative profiling identified 2,833 malonylated sites across 788 proteins, with significant enrichment in biofilm-associated proteins. Twelve conserved motifs, including Kmal******R and Kmal****R (* represents any amino acid residue), dominated the malonyl proteome landscape in S. aureus. The combined analysis of modified and quantitative proteomics revealed the quorum-sensing system as a key regulatory hub in S. aureus biofilm formation. In particular, the response regulator, AgrA, showed decreased expression but increased malonylation at the K2, K11, and K216 sites during S. aureus biofilm formation, suggesting functional compensation. Structural and phylogenetic analysis showed that the key malonylation sites (K216) of protein AgrA were evolutionarily conserved in Gram-positive pathogens including Bacillus cereus. Molecular docking analysis found that antimicrobial peptide BCp12 and natural compound chlorogenic acid could bind with the malonylation sites in AgrA (&#x394;G = -6.888 and -5.302 kcal/mol, respectively).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study provides a new perspective for understanding the general rules of bacterial biofilm formation and developing broad-spectrum anti-biofilm drugs.}, }
@article {pmid40904223, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, C and Zuo, Y and Dong, H and Yuan, T and Yang, W and Cai, K}, title = {A Starch Gum with a Multi-Cascade Enzymatic Reaction Targeting Dental Caries Biofilm Eradication and Enamel Regeneration.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {14}, number = {32}, pages = {e02346}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202502346}, pmid = {40904223}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {2022YFB3804400//State Key Project of Research and Development/ ; 32071334//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52333011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62303079//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; cstc2021jcyj-cxttX0002//Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing/ ; CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0074//Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Starch/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Dental Caries/drug therapy/microbiology/metabolism ; *Dental Enamel/drug effects ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; Glucose Oxidase/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Arginine/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Calcium Carbonate/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The progression of dental caries is exacerbated by the presence of bacterial biofilms on carious enamel surfaces, which inhibit remineralization and exacerbate caries. Existing caries treatment protocols are often complex and costly. To simultaneously eradicate caries-associated biofilms and repair demineralized enamel, this study develope a starch-based gum containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles loaded with L-arginine (CaCO3@L-Arg) and glucose oxidase (GOx). The gum can absorb water and swell into a gel. Due to the hydrogen bonding and adhesive properties of gelatinized starch, the starch gel can be freely shaped to fill and adhere to irregular carious cavities. In particular, under the weak acid microenvironment of caries biofilms and the enzymatic action of salivary amylase (Amy), the gel degrades within 3-5 hours, releasing GOx and L-Arg. These components trigger a dual enzyme (Amy and GOx) mediated multi-cascade reaction (starch → glucose → H2O2 → NO) that effectively disrupts biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other cariogenic bacteria. At the same time, calcium and phosphate ions released from the gel use the starch as a template to form calcium phosphate in situ, promoting enamel remineralization. This dual-functional system effectively eradicates interdental biofilms and restores enamel, representing a promising strategy for the treatment of early caries.}, }
@article {pmid40902890, year = {2025}, author = {Guan, YC and Liang, S and Wang, YD and Bai, SY and Huang, CB and Gong, JZ and Shi, WQ and Kang, YH and Shan, XF and Huang, SY}, title = {The ferrous iron transporter FeoB mediates motility, biofilm formation, and virulence in Aeromonas veronii.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {108014}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108014}, pmid = {40902890}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Virulence ; *Aeromonas veronii/pathogenicity/genetics/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Animals ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Mutation ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Gentamicins/pharmacology ; Gene Deletion ; }, abstract = {Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii) is a widespread pathogen that can affect human, animals, and aquatic. The ferrous iron (Fe[2+]) transport system (Feo system) is essential for bacterial survival and virulence. Within this system, FeoB, a transmembrane NTPase, plays a key role in maintaining iron homeostasis. However, the role of feoB in the A. veronii is still not clear. In this study, a stable A. veronii feoB genetic mutant strain (ΔfeoB) was constructed, and a strain complemented this mutation (C-feoB). Compared to the wild-type A. veronii strain (TH0426), ΔfeoB exhibited reduced gentamicin sensitivity and impaired growth under iron-limited conditions. Additionally, the ΔfeoB mutant exhibited significant reduction in motility, adhesion, and invasion capabilities. In term of virulence, the wild-type strain exhibited a 2.62-fold higher cytotoxicity toward EPC cells than ΔfeoB. And the LD50 of ΔfeoB was 178-fold lower than that of the wild-type strain, indicating a substantial attenuation of virulence. Consistently, Carassius infected with ΔfeoB displayed significantly lower bacterial loads in tissues. Moreover, the ΔfeoB exhibited diminished antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, this study initially revealed the role of feoB gene in A. veronii TH0426, and provided a new insight into reducing bacterial infectivity and virulence by targeting the regulation of Feo systems.}, }
@article {pmid40900405, year = {2025}, author = {Haq, T and Jaswani, S and Roohi, R}, title = {Nanoflowers: Smart Molecules for Biofilm Management.}, journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology}, volume = {197}, number = {10}, pages = {6397-6426}, pmid = {40900405}, issn = {1559-0291}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Nanotechnology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation poses challenges across various sectors, such as healthcare facilities, food safety, and in industrial processes, owing to the resilience of microbial communities encased in protective extracellular matrices. This paper delves into the strategies for biofilm control, highlighting recent/novel chemical, biological, and nanotechnological approaches. Chemical methods exploit the potential of natural compounds, such as phenolic antioxidants and nanoparticles, to disrupt biofilms, thereby boosting the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments. In parallel, biological strategies involve the use of predatory bacteria and biosurfactants and offer eco-friendly alternatives. In nanotechnology, particularly the nanoflowers, due to their unique morphology and high surface area, show greater promise in efficiently targeting biofilms by enabling enhanced bacterial interaction and precise drug delivery. The implications of these approaches are far-reaching, extending to the food industry, where biofilm formation can result in spoilage and foodborne illnesses, as well as in biomedical applications aimed at preventing infections related to medical devices. This paper underscores the potential of integrating these approaches to develop more effective and sustainable solutions for biofilm management, contributing to enhanced health and safety across multiple domains.}, }
@article {pmid40900343, year = {2025}, author = {Temel, A and Aydın, E and Kocaağa, M}, title = {Associations between carbapenemase genes, biofilm formation, and virulence factors in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Türkiye.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {863}, pmid = {40900343}, issn = {1573-4978}, }
@article {pmid40900294, year = {2025}, author = {Singh, S and Selvakumar, S and Swaminathan, P}, title = {The Role of Phytosterol Derivatives in Inhibiting LuxS-Mediated Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Molecular biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40900294}, issn = {1559-0305}, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic bacterium of the Vibrionaceae family, is a notable opportunistic pathogen that affects aquatic organisms, such as shrimp and fish. The LuxS enzyme, a Zn[2]-dependent metalloenzyme, governs the synthesis of autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a conserved quorum-sensing molecule that modulates gene expression related to virulence in Vibrio species and Escherichia coli. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential of marine algae-derived bioactive compounds against the LuxS/AI-2 quorum-sensing system in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Structural and functional characterization of the LuxS protein was performed using various bioinformatics tools. Virtual screening and molecular docking of 20 selected compounds identified Brassicasterol as having the strongest binding affinity (- 8.1 kcal/mol), while Stigmasterol, with a slightly lower docking score (- 8.0 kcal/mol), showed greater stability in a 300 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Subsequent analyses, including Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), confirmed the sustained interaction of Stigmasterol with the LuxS protein. These findings highlight Stigmasterol as a promising inhibitor of LuxS-mediated quorum sensing and support its potential as a candidate for anti-virulence therapeutic intervention in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections.}, }
@article {pmid40900213, year = {2025}, author = {Alarcon Rios, AC and Zwep, LB and Vriesendorp, B and Knibbe, CAJ and Ciofu, O and Liakopoulos, A and Aulin, LBS and Rozen, DE and van Hasselt, JGC}, title = {Colistin resistance dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under biofilm and planktonic growth.}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy}, volume = {69}, number = {10}, pages = {e0042125}, pmid = {40900213}, issn = {1098-6596}, support = {861323//European Commission/ ; }, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Plankton/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major pathogen in chronic biofilm-associated lung infections, particularly in patients with cystic fibrosis. Colistin is commonly used to treat these infections, although there is little understanding of how resistance evolves when cells are grown within biofilms. The current study compared the phenotypic dynamics and genetic adaptations of colistin resistance between planktonic and biofilm-grown P. aeruginosa. Using an in vitro experimental evolution approach, we passaged planktonic and biofilm cultures over 10 days under static or progressively increasing colistin concentrations. Population analysis profiling was performed daily to track resistance dynamics and heterogeneity. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on evolved lineages. Biofilm-grown populations exhibited significantly slower resistance rates than planktonic cultures, particularly under treatments above 0.5 mg/L (1×MIC). Despite this initial delay, both biofilm- and planktonic cultures ultimately evolved similar frequencies of resistant subpopulations. Genetically, we observed shared mutations in canonical colistin resistance determinants such as phoQ and qseC. We also identified growth-mode-specific patterns: oprH mutations were primarily found in biofilm-evolved populations, while nfeD mutations were pervasive in planktonic cultures but rare in biofilms. Taken together, our results provide key insights into the role of biofilm in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of colistin resistance evolution in P. aeruginosa.}, }
@article {pmid40897560, year = {2025}, author = {Sabedra, V and Poker, BC and Oliveira, VC and Macedo, AP and Zeuner, F and Sakly, A and Watanabe, E and Silva-Lovato, CH}, title = {Biofilm control in printed dentures: Effectiveness of hygiene protocols in base and tooth resins.}, journal = {The Journal of prosthetic dentistry}, volume = {134}, number = {6}, pages = {2561.e1-2561.e11}, doi = {10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.08.003}, pmid = {40897560}, issn = {1097-6841}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Acrylic Resins ; *Denture Bases/microbiology ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Oral Hygiene/methods ; Denture Cleansers ; Toothbrushing ; }, abstract = {STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Despite the importance of denture hygiene, little is known about how different hygiene protocols perform against multispecies biofilms, including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, on denture surfaces made from conventional versus 3-dimensionally (3D) printed acrylic resins.<br><br>PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of hygiene protocols on a multispecies biofilm (C albicans, S aureus, and S mutans) formed on resin used for denture bases and teeth.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Circular specimens (&#xd8;6&#xd7;2 mm) were made from 3D&#xa0;printed denture resin (n=77) and heat-polymerized resin (n=77). Specimens with multispecies biofilm were randomly assigned to 3 hygiene protocols combining manual brushing with a soft brush and neutral soap (20&#xa0;seconds per surface) plus immersion in 3&#xa0;mL distilled water (control, for 20&#xa0;minutes), Corega Tabs solution (BCt, for 15&#xa0;minutes), or Nitradine solution (BNt, for 3&#xa0;minutes). After rinsing in phosphate-buffered saline, the specimens were transferred to Letheen broth, 0.025&#xa0;mL of the suspension was seeded on selective media, and the plates were incubated for 48&#xa0;hours at 37&#xa0;&#xb0;C. Microbial load was quantified by CFU/mL count, and data were analyzed by the generalized linear model with the Wald test (&#x3b1;=.05). Biofilm viability was assessed by epifluorescence microscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: The BNt protocol eliminated S mutans and C albicans (CFU=0). For S aureus, BNt resulted in no detectable growth on either resin (P<.001). BCt reduced microbial load compared with the control for all species (P<.001) but was less effective than BNt. The 3D printed resin showed lower microbial load than the heat-polymerized resin for both base and tooth materials (P<.001). With BCt, the S aureus load was significantly higher on the heat-polymerized resin than on the 3D&#xa0;printed resin (P<.001). Microscopy images confirmed substantial biofilm reductions after both chemical protocols.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Brushing followed by immersion in Nitradine was the most effective hygiene protocol for controlling multispecies biofilm. The 3D printed denture resin demonstrated better resistance to microbial colonization than conventional heat-polymerized resin.}, }
@article {pmid40897023, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, S and Gao, J and Yu, C and Song, F and Wu, J and Zhou, L and Wei, S and Wang, A and Zhu, Y}, title = {Effects of the lpfD gene on biofilm formation in Salmonella.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {110699}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110699}, pmid = {40897023}, issn = {1873-2542}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Caco-2 Cells ; Humans ; Bacterial Adhesion/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics ; *Salmonella/genetics/physiology ; *Fimbriae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics ; *Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Salmonella biofilm (BF) formation is crucial for persistent infections, with fimbrial adhesion being key. The regulatory role of the lpfD gene, encoding the tip adhesin of long polar fimbriae (LPF), in BF development is not well understood. This study used whole-genome sequencing to identify the lpfD gene difference between high-BF-forming strain DSE06 and low-BF-forming strain DSK01. Molecular biology techniques created the lpfD knockout strain DSE06-ΔlpfD, complemented strain DSE06-CΔlpfD, and recombinant strain DSK01-lpfD(+). Growth curves and BF formation of these strains were analyzed using culturing, crystal violet staining, SEM, and TEM. Adhesion and invasion efficiencies on Caco-2 cells were compared, and mRNA expression of key BF genes csgD, csgA, and csgB was evaluated. Results showed genetic modifications did not influence bacterial growth. Among wild-type, knockout, complemented and recombinant strains, the BF-forming capacity of the DSE06-ΔlpfD was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), whereas the DSK01-lpfD(+) demonstrated a significant enhancement (P < 0.01), the DSE06-CΔlpfD exhibited a partial restoration. BF formed by the DSE06 and the DSK01-lpfD(+) strains displayed dense net structures, in contrast to the dispersed bacterial distribution in DSE06-ΔlpfD. The deletion of lpfD did not alter the ultrastructural morphology of LPF. Compared to the DSE06, DSE06-CΔlpfD, and DSK01-lpfD(+) strains, the DSE06-ΔlpfD strain generated showed significantly reduced adhesion and invasion rates. In the DSE06-ΔlpfD strain, the expression of csgD, csgA, and csgB was significantly reduced compared to the DSE06 strain (P < 0.01). These results highlight the lpfD gene's crucial role in Salmonella BF formation and its potential impact on controlling infections.}, }
@article {pmid40896945, year = {2025}, author = {Zhai, Q and Liu, Y and Li, M and Li, J and Zhang, H and Wu, X}, title = {The quorum sensing regulator Kj-LuxS modulates biofilm formation for nicosulfuron degradation and rhizosphere colonization in Klebsiella.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {497}, number = {}, pages = {139701}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139701}, pmid = {40896945}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Rhizosphere ; *Sulfonylurea Compounds/metabolism ; *Klebsiella/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Herbicides/metabolism ; *Quorum Sensing ; *Pyridines/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Nicotiana/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Soil nicosulfuron residues disrupt crop rotation with herbicide-sensitive plants. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the Kj-LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing system in Klebsiella jilinsis 2N3 critically regulates biofilm-mediated nicosulfuron detoxification through multiple mechanisms: (1) Kj-LuxS deletion reduced biofilm biomass by 60.62 % and decreased herbicide biosorption by 72.89 %; (2) The mutant showed impaired motility and chemotaxis toward root exudate components including organic acids, sugars and amino acids, with corresponding downregulation of bsmA, cheY, and pilW genes; (3) The ΔKj-LuxS mutant demonstrated severely impaired rhizosphere colonization, exhibiting a 74.28 % population decline within 14 days and forming structurally compromised root-surface biofilms with significantly reduced integrity; (4) While wild-type 2N3 reduced nicosulfuron residues by 55.07 % and restored Nicotiana benthamiana growth, the mutant only achieved 31.88 % degradation. Complementation experiments confirmed these phenotypes were Kj-LuxS-dependent. Our findings establish a novel mechanistic link between QS-regulated biofilm formation and herbicide degradation, offering new strategies for engineering rhizoremediation consortia.}, }
@article {pmid40896894, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, L and Shewa, WA and Razavi, SAS and Bossy, K and Dagnew, M}, title = {Nitrous oxide emissions and mitigation strategies in a nitrite-accumulating partial denitrification wastewater treatment process using rope type biofilm media.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {126996}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126996}, pmid = {40896894}, issn = {1095-8630}, }
@article {pmid40896802, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, P and Chen, H and Qian, C and Fu, Q and Zhang, S and Huang, Z and Liu, H and Zhou, C and Shen, M and Zhou, T}, title = {Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Dichlorophen-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae.}, journal = {International journal of nanomedicine}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {10255-10277}, pmid = {40896802}, issn = {1178-2013}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; *Gold/chemistry/pharmacology ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/physiology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The global emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent a major threat to effective clinical antimicrobial therapy, highlighting the urgent demand for alternative treatment strategies. This study aims to develop dichlorophen-functionalized gold nanoparticles (DDM_Au NPs) as a novel approach to combat CRE and their associated biofilms.<br><br>METHODS: Two structurally related antiparasitic compounds, bithionol and dichlorophen, were functionalized with Au NPs using a one-pot synthesis technique and thoroughly characterized. Their antibacterial activity was assessed through standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing and bacterial growth curve analysis. Antibiofilm properties were evaluated using crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The underlying mechanism of action was investigated by measuring reactive oxygen species production and assessing bacterial membrane permeability. Biocompatibility was evaluated via hemolysis assays, in vivo murine studies, and Galleria mellonella infection models. A urinary catheter model contaminated with biofilms, along with murine models of abdominal and pulmonary infection, was employed to assess device-associated applicability and therapeutic efficacy in vivo.<br><br>RESULTS: DDM_Au NPs demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against CRE, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 16&#x202f;&#x3bc;g/mL. These nanoparticles effectively inhibited biofilm formation and promoted the disruption of mature biofilms, resulting in bacterial load reductions of 2-6&#x202f; log10 CFU/mL on infected urinary catheters. Mechanistic studies revealed that their antimicrobial activity was primarily driven by disruption of bacterial membrane integrity and induction of intracellular oxidative stress through elevated reactive oxygen species production. Notably, DDM_Au NPs exhibited favorable biocompatibility and significantly reduced bacterial burdens at infection sites by 4-5&#x202f;log10&#x202f;CFU/mL, while also alleviating inflammatory responses and limiting tissue damage across multiple animal infection models.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study introduces a streamlined and effective strategy for achieving both antibacterial and antibiofilm effects using antiparasitic drug-functionalized Au NPs. DDM_Au NPs show strong promise as innovative antimicrobial agents for treating clinical CRE infections and reducing environmental contamination in healthcare environments.}, }
@article {pmid40896514, year = {2025}, author = {Park, J and Baek, J and Choi, E and Kim, D and Lee, A and Kang, SS}, title = {Extracellular vesicles from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum inhibit the biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes and reduce bacterial contamination on romaine lettuce.}, journal = {Current research in food science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {101175}, pmid = {40896514}, issn = {2665-9271}, abstract = {Biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes pose a serious risk to food safety. Probiotics and their derivatives have been widely explored as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial strategies for biofilm control. In this study, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LpEVs) and characterized, and their antibiofilm activity against L. monocytogenes was investigated. Their inhibitory effects on L. monocytogenes biofilm were evaluated using romaine lettuce as a food model. Results showed that LpEV treatment significantly reduced biofilm formation without affecting bacterial survival. LpEVs suppressed the expression of luxS and the production of autoinducer-2, thereby interfering with quorum sensing (QS) in L. monocytogenes. LpEVs downregulated QS-related genes associated with motility, adhesion, and virulence. They also impaired not only bacterial swimming motility but also adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. The surface application of LpEVs on romaine lettuce leaves markedly reduced L. monocytogenes biofilm formation and bacterial contamination without compromising visual sensory quality. Therefore, LpEVs could be used as natural antimicrobial agents that interfere with QS-mediated biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes and could also be effectively applied to enhance the microbial safety of fresh produce.}, }
@article {pmid40895588, year = {2025}, author = {Márton, R and Hermann, H and Kiss, VT and Fenyvesi, &#xc9; and Szente, L and Molnár, M}, title = {Cyclodextrins in action: Modulating candida albicans biofilm formation and morphology.}, journal = {Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {47}, number = {}, pages = {e00912}, pmid = {40895588}, issn = {2215-017X}, abstract = {The primary objective of this research was to explore the bioactive potential of cyclodextrins in attenuating biofilm formation in C. albicans. The concentration-dependent effects of both native cyclodextrins and specific derivatives were studied at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 12.5 mM, to determine the mechanisms by which the extent of biofilm formation can be reduced. Besides, the efficiency of various combinations of cyclodextrins and farnesol, as an antifungal substance, were examined. The present study revealed both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cyclodextrins on biofilm formation, depending on the structure and concentration. The bioactive potential of randomly methylated α- and γ-CD showed significant antifungal properties, as evidenced by a reduction in the biofilm formation. In addition, randomly methylated cyclodextrins were found to significantly enhance the antifungal activity of farnesol against C. albicans. Consequently, their synergistic effect may provide an excellent opportunity to produce a lower dose but more effective anticandidal formulation.}, }
@article {pmid40893990, year = {2025}, author = {Zare Jahromi, M and Baghersad, A and Shirani, AM and Tahmourespour, A and Alipour, E and Mokabberi, A}, title = {Antibacterial Efficiency of three Different Irrigation Methods in Infected Roots Infected with Enterococcus Faecalis Biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry (Shiraz, Iran)}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {257-265}, pmid = {40893990}, issn = {2345-6485}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The elimination of pathogenic microorganisms is crucial in endodontic treatments, as Enterococcus Faecalis is involved in the majority of endodontic failures. This bacterium is known for its resilience and ability to persist within the root canal system, often leading to treatment complications.<br><br>PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial efficiency of three different irrigation methods including passive ultrasonic, XP Endofinisher file, and Laser Diode 810 nm in infected roots with Enterococcus Faecalis (E.faecalis) biofilm.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this experimental study, 48 anterior single-canal teeth were enrolled. After cutting their crowns, the teeth were cultured with&#xa0;E.faecalis&#xa0;and then randomly divided into four groups. Following preparation through the rotary system up to F4 at the working length, passive ultrasonic irrigation (Ultra X) was used inside the root canal in the first group. In the second group of the study, the&#xa0;XP Endofinisher file&#xa0;was applied to activate the irrigation solution, while in the third group, the&#xa0;Laser Diode 810 nm&#xa0;was used. The fourth group served as the control group and did not utilize any irrigation. The irrigation solution employed across all groups consisted of&#xa0;1ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), followed by a final irrigation with&#xa0;5ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),&#xa0;5ml of 5.25% NaOCl, and&#xa0;5ml of sterile saline. After canal irrigation and sampling, bacterial colony counting was conducted, and the data were recorded. If the data were normally distributed, a variance test analysis was used; otherwise, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. The tests were performed at a 5% significance level using SPSS software version 24.<br><br>RESULTS: The reduction in the number of bacterial colonies was significantly greater in all three methods compared to the control group. The obtained data revealed that the antibacterial effect of Laser 810 nm was considerably (p< 0.05) higher than the other two groups and reduction in the number of colonies in Ultra X group was remarkably (p< 0.05) greater than the XP Endofinisher file group.<br><br>CONCLUSION: All three mentioned methods were effective in reducing the number of bacteria in endodontic treatments. Notably, the antibacterial efficiency of the&#xa0;Laser Diode 810 nm&#xa0;was significantly greater than that of the other two methods.}, }
@article {pmid40893976, year = {2025}, author = {Hong, Y and Qin, J and Totsika, M}, title = {Not too rigid nor too wobbly: Defining an optimal membrane fluidity range essential for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli.}, journal = {mLife}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {461-464}, pmid = {40893976}, issn = {2770-100X}, abstract = {Membrane fluidity plays a crucial role in bacterial fitness and adaptation to cope with rapid environmental changes. While high membrane fluidity promotes robust biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae, studies in several other species, including Salmonella enterica, suggest that biofilm formation is associated with reduced fluidity. This paradox may reflect the complex relationship between lipid composition and biofilm formation. Our findings demonstrated that both low and high extremes of lipid fluidity restrict biofilm formation. We propose that the required fluidity for biofilm growth, relative to that required for planktonic growth, may differ between species and is readily adjusted to fall within a "Goldilocks" range during lifestyle transitions.}, }
@article {pmid40893784, year = {2025}, author = {Ko, YS and Gi, EJ and Lee, S and Kim, HC and Cho, HH}, title = {Dual red and near-infrared LED therapy inhibits MRSA biofilm in otitis media.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100314}, pmid = {40893784}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Otitis media (OM), particularly when caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), can become refractory due to biofilm formation, which contributes to resistance against conventional antimicrobial treatments. Photobiomodulation using light-emitting diode (LED) therapy has recently emerged as a promising non-antibiotic strategy for managing refractory infections by targeting biofilm-associated pathology. However, especially in the context of MRSA-induced OM, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, we established a rat model of OM by inoculating MRSA (5 × 10[8] CFUs) into the middle ear via the tympanic membrane. Red and near-infrared (NIR) LED irradiation (655/842 nm; 163.2 W/m[2]; 30 min/day for 5 days) was administered 1 week after infection. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a marked reduction in MRSA biofilm structures, and biofilm biomass was significantly decreased, as assessed by crystal violet staining. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated significant downregulation of fib, icaB, icaC, and icaD, key genes crucial for bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. Histological assessment further showed decreased mucosal thickening and macrophage infiltration, supported by reduced ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) expression. These findings suggest that dual red and NIR LED therapy effectively suppresses MRSA biofilm formation and inflammation in OM, indicating its potential as a novel non-antibiotic therapy for biofilm-associated OM that may help manage persistent or treatment-resistant cases in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid40893774, year = {2025}, author = {Šmerdová, L and Füzik, T and Valentová, L and Bárdy, P and Procházková, M and Pařenicová, M and Plevka, P}, title = {Dynamics of bacterial biofilm development imaged using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.}, journal = {Biochemistry and biophysics reports}, volume = {43}, number = {}, pages = {102127}, pmid = {40893774}, issn = {2405-5808}, abstract = {Biofilm formation exacerbates bacterial infections and interferes with industrial processes. However, the dynamics of biofilm development, especially if formed by a combination of more than one species, is not entirely understood. Here, we present a microfluidic cultivation system that enables continuous imaging of biofilm growth using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). We studied the development of biofilms of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multidirectional LSFM imaging enables the calculation of a three-dimensional reconstruction of the biofilm structure with isotropic resolution. Whereas S. aureus forms 50-70-μm-thick mushroom-like structures, a P. aeruginosa biofilm is 10-15 μm thick with cell clusters 25 μm in diameter. A combined biofilm resulted in the formation of large mushroom-like clusters of S. aureus cells that were subsequently dispersed by invading P. aeruginosa. A higher inoculation ratio favoring P. aeruginosa resulted in the formation of small and stable S. aureus clusters overgrown with P. aeruginosa cells. Applying conditioned media from S. aureus and P. aeruginosa coculture to a single-species S. aureus biofilm induced its dispersion. Integrating a microfluidic system into LSFM enables the visualization of biofilm formation dynamics and the effects of compounds on biofilm development.}, }
@article {pmid40893319, year = {2025}, author = {Abouhagger, A and Andriukonis, E and Grigorianaite, G and da Silva, RR and Kasperaviciute, K and Stirke, A and Ma Melo, WC}, title = {Fabrication and Application of a Microfluidic Chip for Biofilm Cultivation and Analysis under Controlled Flow.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {33}, pages = {37994-38001}, pmid = {40893319}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Microbial biofilms present significant challenges in healthcare due to their persistence and resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Microfluidic technologies offer a promising alternative to traditional static systems for studying biofilm dynamics under physiologically relevant conditions. In this study, we present a poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-free microfluidic platform fabricated using off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) resin and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrates. The device features five independent growth chambers and is designed for compatibility with standard laboratory setups. It enables controlled flow conditions, optical transparency for real-time imaging, and integration with antimicrobial testing protocols. Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cultivated under dynamic flow and compared to static cultures in tissue culture wells. Confocal microscopy was used to assess structural features, viability, and thickness over time. The dynamic environment supported more uniform and spatially organized biofilm growth, while static conditions led to denser but structurally heterogeneous formations. Treatment with different tetracycline concentrations demonstrated effective biofilm disruption, particularly under flow, confirming the platform's utility for evaluating antimicrobial efficacy. With a fabrication cost below five dollars per chip and potential for cleaning and reuse, the platform offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for biofilm research. This study highlights the advantages of OSTE-COC microfluidics in modeling biofilm-associated infections and provides a practical tool for real-time biofilm analysis and therapeutic screening.}, }
@article {pmid40890180, year = {2025}, author = {Satala, D and Satala, G and Kulig, K and Karkowska-Kuleta, J and Kozik, A and Rapala-Kozik, M}, title = {Functional roles of purified yapsins from Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) in immune modulation and cross-species biofilm formation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {32115}, pmid = {40890180}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2020/39/D/NZ6/00854//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Candida glabrata/enzymology/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; Animals ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification/immunology ; *Aspartic Acid Proteases/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; Virulence ; Moths/microbiology ; Candida albicans ; Candidiasis/microbiology/immunology ; }, abstract = {Candida glabrata (currently classified as Nakaseomyces glabratus) is an opportunistic yeast-like fungus that causes infections in humans, with limited treatment options due to resistance to antifungal drugs. In contrast to C. albicans, which produces secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) involved in pathogenicity, C. glabrata expresses a distinct group of cell surface-associated aspartic proteases known as yapsins (Yps). While YPS gene deletion mutants have proposed roles in cellular homeostasis, their precise contribution to fungal virulence and host interactions remains unclear. Herein, we present the first detailed biochemical and functional characterization of two native Yps proteins, Yps3 and Yps9, purified from C. glabrata cultures. Both proteases displayed robust activity in a mildly acidic to neutral pH range (5.5-7.0), resistance to the classical aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin A, and selectively degraded key host antimicrobial peptides, including LL-37 cathelicidin, histatin 5 (Hst5), and kininogen-derived peptide NAT26, by hydrolyzing lysine residues. Additionally, Yps9 promoted C. albicans biofilm dispersal. In a Galleria mellonella infection model, a pre-treatment with each protease enhanced larval survival and increased phenol oxidase activity, implying a role of yapsins in immune priming. Collectively, these findings reveal multifunctional roles for Yps3 and Yps9 in fungal virulence, biofilm modulation, and host immune interactions.}, }
@article {pmid40889051, year = {2025}, author = {Tran, MD and Rajan, SM and Ngo, HC and Fawzy, A}, title = {High-intensity focused ultrasound for biofilm debridement, an in vitro proof-of-concept using Ti-attached Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {International journal of implant dentistry}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {57}, pmid = {40889051}, issn = {2198-4034}, support = {NMHRC, 1188401//Australian National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/physiology/radiation effects ; *Biofilms ; *Titanium ; In Vitro Techniques ; Surface Properties ; *Debridement/methods ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Proof of Concept Study ; Peri-Implantitis/therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Peri-implantitis (PI) is a biofilm-related condition driven by bacterial colonization on dental implant surfaces, leading to inflammation of the peri-implant connective tissue and progressive bone loss. Despite advancements, effective strategies for eradicating these biofilms remain elusive. While high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been popularized in medicine, its effects on dental implant-attached biofilms remain unclear. This study presents in vitro findings on the effects of HIFU treatment on titanium (Ti)-attached Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms and evaluates its impacts on the surface roughness and chemical composition of the Ti disc substrates.<br><br>METHODS: To optimise the HIFU parameters, four quadrants of a pair of Ti discs [machined (M) and alumina grit blasted (AB)] were marked using laser etching (MD Waterlase, US). HIFU beams, generated by a 254&#xa0;kHz transducer and operated at intensities of 0 W, 10 W, 20 W, and 30 W, were applied to each quadrant for 2&#xa0;min (min) in a water medium. The roughness of the treated surfaces was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and the surface composition was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). To investigate the biofilm debridement, 10-day-old S. mutans cultures were grown on 20 pairs of similar Ti discs, and then the optimized HIFU intensity of 20W was applied to five test pairs. Qualitative analyses were performed using a Dual Fluorescence/Reflection Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (FRCLSM) and SEM imaging. Quantitative data on cell viability were collected using crystal violet (CV), (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT), and flow cytometry (FCM) assays. Data from these test conditions were analyzed alongside cultures on biofilms that were untreated (control). Statistical data were calculated using ANOVA and appropriate t-tests for repeated measures.<br><br>RESULTS: The surface roughness of AB Ti discs showed a highest and significant increase (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) following HIFU exposure at 20 W through three roughness parameters (Sa, Sq, and Sdr), compared to the controls (1207&#xa0;nm, 1455&#xa0;nm, 62% compared to 842&#xa0;nm, 1042&#xa0;nm and 30% respectively). This optimized HIFU treatment not only significantly reduced the bacterial counts of the biofilms (76% of total bacteria from M discs, 59% on AB discs in FCM assays) but also created areas of complete biofilm removal in SEM images.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary in vitro evidence that HIFU can remove bacterial biofilms. Further research is required to determine its feasibility as a potential non-surgical approach for the prevention and management of peri-implantitis.}, }
@article {pmid40886794, year = {2025}, author = {Tan, L and Wang, Z and Wang, H and Zhang, S and Sang, W and Zhang, Q and Tang, X and Dong, Q}, title = {Gradual succession of dominant pathway from autotrophic to heterotrophic metabolism with the increment of C/N in pyrite-based biofilm-electrode reactor (PBER).}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 5}, pages = {122651}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122651}, pmid = {40886794}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Sulfides/chemistry ; Autotrophic Processes ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Heterotrophic Processes ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Electrodes ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Denitrification ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated a pyrite-based biofilm-electrode reactor (PBER) for nitrate removal under varying C/N ratios. Optimal performance occurred at a C/N ratio of 3.0, achieving a NO3[-]-N removal efficiency (NRE) of 94.20 % (corresponding effluent NO3[-]-N concentration <0.5 mg/L) with a minimal NH4[+]-N accumulation or effluent COD concentration below discharge standard (<50 mg/L, GB18918-2002, China). Moreover, EPS production peaked at a C/N ratio of 3, enhancing microbial stability and nitrogen removal. Excessive C/N ratio (>4.5) reduced EPS secretion and microbial resilience. Microbial analysis revealed that the C/N ratio significantly influenced iron metabolism gene expression, sulfate reduction, and microbial interactions. Functional genes such as korBC and napA were key in nitrogen-sulfur-iron cycling. Increasing C/N enriched more bacteria for heterotrophic denitrification (Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota), sulfate reduction (Desulfobacterota), or iron autotrophic denitrification (Acidobacteriota), and resulted in insignificant NH4[+]-N accumulation. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of optimal nitrate removal in PBER affected by varying C/N.}, }
@article {pmid40886610, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, JT and Wu, T and Wang, JX and Liu, Y and Wang, JH and Chi, ZY and Ren, JG}, title = {Semi-continuously operated single strain microalgal-bacterial biofilm for nutrients removal: microbial succession and performance improvement over extended non-axenic operation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124509}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124509}, pmid = {40886610}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Microalgae ; Nitrogen ; Chlorella ; Phosphorus ; Biomass ; Wastewater ; Bacteria ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Microalgal-bacterial biofilm could realize synergistic pollutants removal, CO2 sequestration, and resource transformation from wastewater. Pre-designed biofilm with clear microbial composition would benefit resource transformation, yet little is known about its nutrients removal performance under axenic conditions, not to mention the comparison with non-axenic conditions over extended operation. To fill in this knowledge gap, this study first investigated the growth characteristics and nutrients removal performances of a pre-designed microalgae dominant biofilm. The biofilm was composed of Chlorella sorokiniana and Staphylococcus sp. and was operated under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1∼4 days. Optimum HRT of 2 d was selected considering the trade-off between stable biomass composition and efficient nutrients removal. Afterwards, the pre-designed single strain microalgal-bacterial biofilm was operated under axenic and non-axenic conditions for 52 days. Mixed-species community was developed under non-axenic condition, and the microbial succession was tracked. Due to enhanced "cross-feeding" of soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under increased biodiversity, residual nitrogen, phosphorus, and total organic carbon concentrations under non-axenic conditions were respectively 70.1 %, 50.3 %, and 32.3 % lower than under axenic conditions. Respectively 2.0∼7.2 and 2.5∼5.5 times of nitrogen and phosphorus turnover from loosely-bound EPS to tightly-bound EPS were observed under non-axenic operation. Staphylococcus sp. was soon substituted during non-axenic operation by cyanobacteria (54 %∼80 % relative abundance) and other biofilm-promoting and EPS-utilizing prokaryotes. Chlorella just maintained its dominance as the eukaryotes, and gradually formed a dual eukaryotic microalgae system with halotolerant Halochlorella. Prokaryotic metabolism and biofilm maintenance functions remained stable under non-axenic conditions, and the enrichment of genes associated with N/P/C metabolism favored pollutants removal over axenic operation. The pre-designed biofilm under non-axenic operation realized the trade-off between overall controllable microalgae dominance and easy maintenance, improving pollutants removal via gradually enhanced prokaryotic biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid40883727, year = {2025}, author = {Mustafa, AA and Abo-Kamer, AM and Al-Madboly, LA}, title = {Bacillus cereus-derived α-amylase disrupts biofilm formation and quorum sensing in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {563}, pmid = {40883727}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *alpha-Amylases/pharmacology/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Bacillus cereus/enzymology ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Humans ; Bacterial Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a multidrug-resistant pathogen implicated in severe community- and hospital-acquired infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, and pneumonia. Biofilm formation, driven by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), enhances its persistence and resistance to antibiotics. This study evaluated the anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and quorum-quenching activities of a novel α-amylase B. cereus-derived α-amylase against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae.<br><br>METHODS: The anti-biofilm activity of the enzyme was assessed via minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. Biofilm architecture and viability were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with live/dead staining. Antibacterial efficacy was determined through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Quorum-quenching effects were evaluated using qRT-PCR to assess the expression of biofilm-associated genes (fimH and mrkD), normalized to rpoB.<br><br>RESULTS: B. cereus-derived &#x3b1;-amylase exhibited MBIC and MBEC values of 64&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml and 128&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml, respectively; MIC and MBC ranged from 32 to 128&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml. The B. cereus-derived &#x3b1;-amylase enzyme inhibited biofilm formation by approximately 79% &#xb1; 0.69, compared to 58% &#xb1; 2.06 by commercial &#x3b1;-amylase. Biofilm thickness was reduced from 179&#xa0;&#x3bc;m to ~&#x2009;39&#xa0;&#x3bc;m and ~&#x2009;73&#xa0;&#x3bc;m following treatment with B. cereus-derived and commercial &#x3b1;-amylase, respectively. Live/dead ratios shifted significantly from 97/3% (untreated) to ~&#x2009;54/46% and 73/27% after treatment with B. cereus-derived and commercial &#x3b1;-amylase enzymes, respectively. Quorum-sensing gene expression was markedly downregulated following treatment with &#xbd; MIC of B. cereus-derived &#x3b1;-amylase: fimH to 0.247&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.045 (75.3% reduction) and mrkD to 0.187&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.035 (81.3% reduction).<br><br>CONCLUSION: B. cereus-derived &#x3b1;-amylase exhibited potent anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and quorum-quenching activities against K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. These findings highlight its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for managing biofilm-associated infections, either alone or as an adjunct to conventional treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40875659, year = {2025}, author = {Fahim, RA and Rodriguez, ZED and Oestreicher, Z and Schwab, NR and Young, NE and Shrestha, K and Balish, MF}, title = {Eradication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae biofilm towers by treatment with hydrogen peroxide or antibiotic combinations acting synergistically.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0329571}, pmid = {40875659}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R15 AI183099/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Mycoplasma pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; Drug Synergism ; Moxifloxacin ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Erythromycin/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important chronic, asthma-associated pathogen that is increasingly antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria have highly reduced genomes and lack a cell wall and numerous other antibiotic targets. They form biofilm towers after prolonged growth both axenically and on tissue culture cells. The biofilm towers have features associated with chronic infection: they are highly resistant to erythromycin and have substantially increased resistance to complement, although they are sensitive to a combination of the two. This work sought to characterize the profile of agents that could eradicate M. pneumoniae biofilm towers. Biofilm towers were found to provide no defense against H2O2, an M. pneumoniae virulence factor whose production is severely attenuated during biofilm tower growth. Checkerboard assays revealed that dual combinations of erythromycin, moxifloxacin, and doxycycline acted synergistically against two strains of M. pneumoniae. Crystal violet assays suggested that pairs of these agents, when used at clinically relevant concentrations, had substantial efficacy against pre-formed biofilm towers, but scanning electron microscopy revealed that the eradication of biofilm towers was even more complete than crystal violet assays indicated. Although the use of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in children, who are the most frequently infected population, is not preferred over macrolides due to potential side effects, this work shows that synergistic interactions among therapeutic agents provide potential clinical paths to substantially reducing or eradicating M. pneumoniae biofilms, thereby decreasing morbidity. Furthermore, the sensitivity to H2O2 suggests that small-molecule therapeutics may also be suitable for biofilm clearance.}, }
@article {pmid40886441, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, L and Wang, H and Zhang, X and Xue, T}, title = {The cross-regulation between two-component system BasS/BasR and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase YfgF in biofilm formation and H2O2 stress response in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {104}, number = {11}, pages = {105726}, pmid = {40886441}, issn = {1525-3171}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/genetics ; Animals ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; *Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Chickens ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism/genetics ; Virulence ; }, abstract = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a widespread bacterial pathogen that poses a significant threat to the poultry industry globally. It is of great significance to control APEC infections by investigating the molecular mechanisms that regulate APEC's adaptation to new environments and its survival. APEC possesses a series of regulation systems to sense and quickly and appropriately respond to extracellular environmental changes, and causes the host infection. Two-component system (TCS) and second messenger (SM) are important regulation systems ubiquitous in APEC and play vital roles in regulating a variety of bacterial functions, such as biofilm formation, H2O2 stress response, and virulence. Among them, BasS/BasR is a typical TCS, and c-di-GMP is a widely utilized intracellular SM. The metabolism of c-di-GMP is inversely controlled by diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE). However, the connection between BasS/BasR and c-di-GMP in regulating the biological functions of APEC has not yet been clarified. This study aims to investigate the cross-regulation between BasS/BasR and YfgF in biofilm formation, H2O2 stress response, and APEC virulence, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we first demonstrated that BasS/BasR inhibits the transcription of yfgF (encoding a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase YfgF) by directly binding to its promoter and resulted in increased intracellular c-di-GMP levels in response to extracellular signals. This, in turn, results in increased biofilm formation, promotes APEC adhesion, and reduces resistance to H2O2. Furthermore, BasS/BasR also directly facilitates biofilm formation, enhances APEC virulence, and increases sensitivity to H2O2 by specifically binding to the promoters of csgD, ais, fepA, and yciFE, respectively. Taken together, this study suggests that the cross-regulation between BasS/BasR and c-di-GMP plays important roles in controlling biofilm formation, H2O2 stress response, and APEC virulence, thereby providing valuable insights into bacterial pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40886052, year = {2025}, author = {Chaturvedi, S and Singh, T and Fatima, H and Maurya, AC and Dutta, T and Khare, SK}, title = {Lactones as promising biofilm inhibitors: disrupting bacterial communication for Next-Gen therapies.}, journal = {Preparative biochemistry &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/10826068.2025.2551375}, pmid = {40886052}, issn = {1532-2297}, abstract = {The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biofilm-related infections presents a significant challenge in modern medicine, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Lactones, compounds that can mimic N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), have the potential to disrupt quorum sensing (QS) in pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of five different lactones-γ-caprolactone, γ-decalactone, δ-decalactone, γ-octalactone, and γ-methyl decalactone-along with a lab-produced lactone from newly isolated strains, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial growth was measured at 590 nm, and biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet staining method. The results showed that all lactones, except γ-methyl decalactone, significantly inhibited bacterial growth and reduced biofilm formation. δ-decalactone exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with a 74.3% followed by γ-Caprolactone 66.8% inhibition, followed by lab produced mixture of lactone (Lx) with (64%) and γ-octalactone (61.7%) at 600 µg/mL. In terms of antibiofilm activity, lab produced mixture of lactone (Lx) achieved highest inhibition 58% eradication, outpacing γ-decalactone (53.1%) and γ-octalactone (50.8%) at 600 µg/mL. These findings underscore the potential of lactones, particularly δ-decalactone and laboratory produced mixture of lactones Lx, as effective quorum sensing disruptors and biofilm inhibitors. This strategy, utilizing naturally occurring lactones, provides a promising alternative for combating biofilm-related infections, which present a growing threat to public health. These compounds offer a novel approach for the development of therapies targeting bacterial communication pathways and biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40885406, year = {2025}, author = {Santos, BPD and Gnoatto, A and Heiden, SM and Heimbecker, V and de Carvalho, NS and Marconi, C}, title = {Systematic review of co-culture methods for studying vaginal biofilm formation in bacterial vaginosis.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {107243}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107243}, pmid = {40885406}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {Female ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Coculture Techniques/methods ; Gardnerella vaginalis/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Lactobacillus/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Vagina/microbiology ; *Vaginosis, Bacterial/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus spp. and increased abundance of facultative and strict anaerobic species. Gardnerella spp. initiates biofilm formation associated with BV pathogenesis. Vaginal biofilms act as virulence factors and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for BV.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the most commonly used methodologies for studying bacterial biofilms in bacterial vaginosis (BV), and to discuss how standardization can improve future studies.<br><br>METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Embase databases for articles addressing BV biofilms in vaginal dysbiosis, resulting in 66 included studies. Non-original studies, those involving bacteria unrelated to the vaginal environment, fungal species, and studies whose methods did not include bacterial biofilm models were excluded. The risk of bias in the selected articles was assessed using the RobDEMAT tool for in vitro studies and the RoB2 tool for in vivo studies.<br><br>RESULTS: The most commonly used method for biofilm experiments was the co-culture of Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus spp. Molecular-based studies consistently demonstrate the polymicrobial nature of vaginal biofilms, reinforcing the importance of utilizing co-culture assays with multiple bacterial species related to BV.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Standardizing bacterial co-culture models will allow that data from future studies to be reproducible and comparable. This will optimize time and resources in the search for novel treatments for BV, including testing for prebiotic and probiotic candidates.}, }
@article {pmid40885272, year = {2025}, author = {Dong, X and Lan, J and Gao, Y and Chen, D and Pan, K and Wang, F and Zhou, X and Shi, X and Cheng, L and Bi, X}, title = {Thermal resilience in pilot-scale anoxic/oxic moving-bed biofilm reactor enables robust removal of pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance genes.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {438}, number = {}, pages = {133241}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133241}, pmid = {40885272}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Pilot Projects ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; *Temperature ; *Water Purification/methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/isolation &amp; purification ; Wastewater ; *Genes, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {The prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) threatens ecological and public health. This study evaluated a pilot-scale three-stage anoxic/oxic moving-bed biofilm reactor (A/O-MBBR) for municipal wastewater treatment to mitigate this threat. Performance of the reactor was assessed based on the PPCP distribution, removal efficiency, ARG variation, and microbial community dynamics. The results showed that aqueous concentrations of 10 PPCPs ranged from 10[2] to 10[5] ng/L. PPCP and ARG removal remained robust and stable during thermal shifts, and removal of caffeine and acetaminophen was > 85 % even at low temperatures. Microbial abundance was the dominant factor influencing ARGs, with Bacteroidota and Firmicutes serving as key hosts for resistant pathogens. Temperature fluctuations prompted bacterial community restructuring, affecting 41 genera. The A/O-MBBR achieved synchronous control of PPCPs and ARGs via microbial abundance, providing a strategy for concurrent contaminant removal and resistance mitigation under variable temperature conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40885271, year = {2025}, author = {Xue, Z and Xu, Q and Liu, X and Liu, D and Li, Z and Zhang, C and Liu, P}, title = {Various electron transports involved in nitrate reduction within electrochemically active biofilm with periodic polarity reversal.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {438}, number = {}, pages = {133244}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133244}, pmid = {40885271}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Nitrates/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; }, abstract = {Periodic polarity reversal (PPR) presents an efficient strategy to improve nitrate (NO3[-]-N) reduction in electrochemically active biofilm (EAB), but the involved extracellular electron transfer (EET) processes are still unclear. Here, the contributions of unidirectional/bidirectional EET and electron storage for NO3[-]-N reduction in EABs were quantified with different polarity reversal operations. The NO3[-]-N reduction efficiencies reach 6.5 % for single polarity reversal, 14.7 % for non-polarity reversal, and 28.8 % for PPR, respectively. The percentages were 50.2 % and 21.6 % for NO3[-]-N reduction driven by electron storage and unidirectional EET, which is mediated by outer membrane cytochromes and redox substances. Bidirectional EET contributed 28.2 % to NO3[-]-N reduction, with the ammonia selectivity of 77.3 % under PPR operation. The genus Petrimonas dominated in the EAB, and genes related to nitrogen metabolism were overexpressed under PPR operation. These findings advance our understanding of EET driven NO3[-]-N reduction in EAB and inspire the optimization of the bioelectrochemical systems.}, }
@article {pmid40885184, year = {2025}, author = {Fisher, OJ and Wang, Y and Ahmed, A}, title = {Making waves: Transforming biofilm-based wastewater treatment using machine learning-driven real-time monitoring.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124491}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124491}, pmid = {40885184}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Machine Learning ; *Wastewater ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-mediated processes hold significant promise for sustainable and effective wastewater treatment. However, their widespread adoption remains constrained by the complexity of biofilm dynamics and the lack of effective real-time monitoring tools. Existing approaches often rely on indirect measurements or disruptive sampling, offering limited insight into the dynamic nature of these systems. This "Making Waves" article explores a pivotal question: Can real-time monitoring solutions unlock the full potential of biofilm-mediated wastewater treatment? We propose that integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with non-invasive sensors offers a transformative solution. By training ML models on continuous sensor data, key biofilm properties like thickness, density, and structural dynamics can be inferred in real time, enabling more interpretable and biologically informed process control. This approach moves beyond static measurements and opaque "black-box" models, offering transparent, predictive insights into biofilm behaviour. Ultimately, AI-enabled monitoring systems can support adaptive control, enhance operational stability, and improve treatment efficiency. By making biofilm dynamics visible and actionable, this strategy lays the foundation for more intelligent, responsive, and resilient wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid40885126, year = {2025}, author = {Shen, J and Weng, C and Zhu, S and Chen, W and Xiong, X and Wei, X}, title = {Protein Phosphatases 2A Affects Drug Resistance of Candida albicans Biofilm Via ATG Protein Phosphorylation Induction.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {103873}, pmid = {40885126}, issn = {1875-595X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; *Protein Phosphatase 2/metabolism/genetics ; Phosphorylation ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Mice ; *Autophagy-Related Proteins/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Autophagy/drug effects ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilms are well-known to be resistantto various antifungal agents. Autophagy is crucial for adapting to changes in nutrition conditions. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is prominent in regulating physiological processes, possibly related to autophagy-related (ATG) protein phosphorylation. This study hypothesizes that PP2A affects biofilm formation and drug resistance of C. albicans via autophagy induction.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expressions of PP2A catalytic subunit coding gene PPH21 were compared. The mutant strain (pph21&#x394;/&#x394;) was constructed and the biofilm was treated with autophagy activator (rapamycin, Rap). The biofilm formation, drug susceptibility and oxidative stress levels were examined. The autophagic activity was detected, along with the autophagosomes observed. The therapeutic efficacy of the antifungal agents was estimated on the mice model of C. albicans oral infection.<br><br>RESULTS: PPH21 was associated with C. albicans biofilm formation and drug resistance. Autophagy activation by rapamycin can induce increased autophagy levels, while it was hindered in pph21&#x394;/&#x394;. Besides, the protein levels of Atg13 and Atg1 were significantly down-regulated in pph21&#x394;/&#x394;+Rap (P < .01), along with its decreased regulatory capacity to oxidative stress. Autophagy activation can promote biofilm formation and improve drug resistance, while the absence of PPH21 may prevent the enhancement of drug resistance. Autophagy activation reduced the efficacy of antifungal agents in treating oral C. albicans infection in mice, among which pph21&#x394;/&#x394; presented better therapeutic effects.<br><br>CONCLUSION: PP2A is important in the autophagy induction of C. albicans by participating in Atg13 phosphorylation, followed by Atg1 activation, further affecting its biofilm formation and drug resistance.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PP2A-induced autophagy may be a potential regulatory mechanism of C. albicans drug resistance. This appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing C. albicans-related infectious diseases.}, }
@article {pmid40884979, year = {2026}, author = {Sedenho, GC and Iost, RM and Romano, RL and Souza, ML and de Lima, FHB and Crespilho, FN}, title = {Aerobic mild bioelectrocatalysis: Disentangling dual redox pathways for H2 evolution amidst competing oxygen reduction in S. cerevisiae biofilm.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {109093}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2025.109093}, pmid = {40884979}, issn = {1878-562X}, mesh = {Catalysis ; *Biofilms ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Hydrogen/metabolism ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Flavoproteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Microbial H2 production is traditionally restricted by the oxygen sensitivity of hydrogenase enzymes, limiting their effective use to anaerobic environments. In this study, we demonstrate that S. cerevisiae, lacking conventional hydrogenases, exhibits an exceptional ability for H2 evolution in oxygen-rich conditions. At pH 7.2 and 25 °C, S. cerevisiae biofilms catalyze hydrogen production with a near-zero overpotential (40 mV), made possible by a redox-active extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix enriched with flavoproteins. We highlight the potential of S. cerevisiae as an oxygen-resistant biocatalyst for sustainable biohydrogen production and discuss its application in ambient-condition bioelectrochemical systems.}, }
@article {pmid40881927, year = {2025}, author = {Milinkovic Sreckovic, M and Petrovic, J and Ivanov, M and Gasic, U and Milivojevic, M and Stanisavljevic Ninkovic, D and Stojkovic, D}, title = {Unveiling the antimicrobial, biofilm inhibition, and photoprotective potential of Bupleurum falcatum L. for dermatological applications.}, journal = {EXCLI journal}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {779-796}, pmid = {40881927}, issn = {1611-2156}, abstract = {Bupleurum falcatum L. is known for its therapeutic properties, especially in treating fever, inflammation, and infectious diseases. However, its potential for dermatological applications remains mainly unexplored. Thus, the present study explores antimicrobial potential of B. falcatum against biofilm-associated infections, antibiotic-resistant strains, and UV-induced skin damage. This aligns with the growing interest in natural products as sources of bioactive compounds with skin-protecting features. Herein, we employed maceration (M) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USA) at 50 Hz and 100 Hz (USA 50 and USA 100) to obtain extracts from aerial parts of the plant. Chemical profiling was performed using UHPLC. Antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition, EPS and eDNA production were assessed using microdilution test, crystal violet, Congo red, and eDNA assays, respectively. Cytotoxicity and photoprotective effects were evaluated on human keratinocytes using the MTT assay. Chemical analysis identified 64 compounds, including benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and saikosaponins. Extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC as low as 0.5 mg/mL). The M extract displayed moderate biofilm inhibition and reduced eDNA production. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed safety on keratinocytes, while M and USA 100 extracts demonstrated photoprotective effects. B. falcatum extracts showed promising potential in addressing biofilm-associated infections, antibiotic resistance, and UV-induced skin damage. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).}, }
@article {pmid40882710, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, M and Duan, Y and Yang, W and Chen, J and Wang, Q and Xu, Y and Li, X and Ran, X and Li, Y}, title = {Role of LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, intestinal damage and pathogenesis in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus).}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {110691}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110691}, pmid = {40882710}, issn = {1095-9947}, mesh = {Animals ; *Quorum Sensing ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; *Fish Diseases/immunology/microbiology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/immunology/microbiology ; Intestines/microbiology/pathology ; *Homoserine/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism/genetics ; *Lactones/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus, a prevalent opportunistic pathogen, produces virulence factors that significantly threaten the health of aquatic animals and humans. The quorum sensing (QS) system is crucial for regulating virulence factor expression in pathogenic bacteria. However, the function by which QS regulates S. aureus intestinal colonization in aquatic animals and its subsequent adverse effects on the host have not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated the role of the LuxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) QS system in S. aureus strain SA, focusing on its impact on virulence factor expression, intestinal colonization, and host pathology. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we successfully constructed the luxS gene deletion mutant strain SAΔluxS and its corresponding gene complementation strain SAΔluxS (luxS). Strain SAΔluxS exhibited impaired AI-2 synthesis but showed no significant changes in virulence factors such as enterotoxins, bacteriocins, and motility. However, its biofilm formation capacity was enhanced, primarily due to increased extracellular polysaccharide content within the biofilms. Exogenous addition of c-di-AMP led to enhanced biofilm formation in wild-type strain SA, and the elevated c-di-AMP levels in strain SAΔluxS were primarily attributed to reduced gdpP expression. Furthermore, LuxS/AI-2-mediated QS negatively regulated intestinal colonization of S. aureus and mitigated S. aureus-induced intestinal permeability, tissue disruption, and inflammatory response in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of S. aureus pathogenesis and contribute to developing novel strategies to prevent and control S. aureus infections in aquatic animals.}, }
@article {pmid40882594, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, U and Oh, SW}, title = {Freeze-thaw resilience of Shigella flexneri NCCP 10852 in co-culture with Listeria monocytogenes: Implications for biofilm-mediated survival in cold environment.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {111402}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111402}, pmid = {40882594}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics ; *Shigella flexneri/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics ; Coculture Techniques ; Freezing ; Microbial Viability ; Cold Temperature ; Food Microbiology ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Shigella flexneri is an enteric pathogen traditionally associated with poor survival under freezing conditions. However, recent studies have reported its persistence even in frozen foods, raising concerns about its environmental resilience. In real-world food processing environments, multiple microbial species frequently coexist, yet the survival dynamics of S. flexneri in dual-species biofilms, particularly with psychrotolerant Listeria monocytogenes, remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate how co-cultivation with L. monocytogenes influences the freeze-thaw (FT) resilience and biofilm formation of S. flexneri under food-relevant conditions. A series of experiments were conducted, including injured rate analysis, membrane permeability assays, extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) quantification, field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) imaging, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymeric chain reaction(RT-qPCR). Results showed that dual-species biofilms significantly reduced S. flexneri injured rate under FT conditions and enhanced its biofilm formation at 4 °C. Increased membrane damage, higher EPS production, and upregulation of stress-related genes were observed in co-cultures, suggesting a synergistic survival mechanism. These findings demonstrate that S. flexneri can survive under FT and form biofilms when coexisting with L. monocytogenes, likely through biofilm-mediated protection and interspecies interactions. These findings highlight the importance of understanding multi-species biofilms in frozen food environments.}, }
@article {pmid40871450, year = {2025}, author = {Rodrigues, IC and Ribeiro-Almeida, M and Campos, J and Silveira, L and Leite-Martins, L and Ribeiro, J and Martins da Costa, P and Prata, JC and Pista, &#xc2; and Martins da Costa, P}, title = {Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a Diabetic Dog with Recurrent UTIs: Genomic Insights and the Impact of Glucose and Antibiotics on Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40871450}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a significant clinical challenge in both human and veterinary medicine, due to antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria. We hypothesized that high glucose levels in diabetic animals enhance biofilm formation and reduce antibiotic efficacy, promoting infection persistence. This study analyzed Escherichia coli from a diabetic female Labrador Retriever with recurrent UTIs over 18 months, focusing on antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-forming capacity, and genomic characterization. Most isolates (9/11) were resistant to ampicillin and fluoroquinolones. Whole genome sequencing of six selected isolates revealed that they belonged to the multidrug-resistant ST1193 lineage, a globally emerging clone associated with persistent infections. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal continuity across six UTI episodes, with two distinct clones identified: one during a coinfection in the second episode and another in the last episode. High-glucose conditions significantly enhanced biofilm production and dramatically reduced antibiotic susceptibility, as evidenced by a marked increase in minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), which were at least 256-fold higher than the corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim demonstrated the strongest antibiofilm activity, though this was attenuated in glucose-supplemented environments. This research highlights the clinical relevance of glucosuria in diabetic patients and emphasizes the need for therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm-mediated antibiotic tolerance to improve the management of recurrent UTIs.}, }
@article {pmid40871378, year = {2025}, author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Benjumea, A and Visedo, A and Muñoz, P and Vaquero, J and Chana, F and Guembe, M}, title = {Quantification and Comparison of Different Biofilm Components from Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Treated with Tranexamic Acid Using an In Vitro Model.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40871378}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {FI22/00022//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PI21/00344//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PEJD-2021-TL/BMD-21113//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; 2022-PI-II-COOPTR-01//IiSGM/ ; FS24/01//the SEROD/ ; FMM24/01//Fundaci&#xf3;n Mutua Madrile&#xf1;a/ ; MSII18/00008//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; }, abstract = {As we previously demonstrated that tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic, showed an antibacterial effect alone and in combination with vancomycin and gentamicin, we now wanted to analyze its own efficacy using new, different fluorescent staining reagents that target different components of the biofilm matrix and compare which one quantifies biofilm reduction better. A 10[8] cfu/mL suspension of the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213) strain was placed into the wells of a 24-multiwell plate covered with glass slides coated with 10% poly-L-lysine under agitation for 24 h at 37 °C. After 3 washes with PBS, wells were treated with either TXA 10 mg/mL or sterile water and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After three washes with PBS, the density area of the following biofilm components was calculated using confocal laser scanning microscopy: extracellular proteins (Sypro Ruby), α-extracellular polysaccharides (ConA-Alexa fluor 633), α or β-extracellular polysaccharides (GS-II-Alexa fluor 488), bacterial DNA (PI), and eDNA (TOTO[®]-1). We observed a statistically significant reduction in the occupied area by all components of the S. aureus biofilm (p < 0.001) after TXA 10 mg/mL treatment, compared to the positive control. All biofilm components' reduction percentages reached ≥90.0%. We demonstrated that TXA reduced both bacteria and extracellular matrix components of S. aureus biofilm by using five different stain reagents, with all being equally valid for quantification.}, }
@article {pmid40871320, year = {2025}, author = {Sorenson, TR and Zack, KM and Joshi, SG}, title = {Biofilm Formation and the Role of Efflux Pumps in ESKAPE Pathogens.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40871320}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Nosocomial infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens represent a significant burden to global health. These pathogens may exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms, of which mechanisms such as efflux pumps and biofilm formation are gaining significant importance. Multidrug resistance mechanisms in ESKAPE pathogens have led to an increase in the effective costs in health care and a higher risk of mortality in hospitalized patients. These pathogens utilize antimicrobial efflux pump mechanisms and bacterial biofilm-forming capabilities to escape the bactericidal action of antimicrobials. ESKAPE bacteria forming colonies demonstrate increased expression of efflux pump-encoding genes. Efflux pumps not only expel antimicrobial agents but also contribute to biofilm formation by bacteria through (1) transport of molecules and transcription factors involved in biofilm quorum sensing, (2) bacterial fimbriae structure transport for biofilm adhesion to surfaces, and (3) regulation of a transmembrane gradient to survive the difficult conditions of biofilm microenvironments. The synergistic role of these mechanisms complicates treatment outcomes. Given the mechanistic link between biofilms and efflux pumps, therapeutic strategies should focus on targeting anti-biofilm mechanisms alongside efflux pump inactivation with efflux pump inhibitors. This review explores the molecular interplay between efflux pumps and biofilm formation, emphasizing potential therapeutic strategies such as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) and biofilm-targeting agents.}, }
@article {pmid40871316, year = {2025}, author = {Krüger, GI and Urbina, F and Pardo-Esté, C and Salinas, V and Álvarez, J and Avilés, N and Oviedo, A and Kusch, C and Pavez, V and Vernal, R and Tello, M and Alvarez-Thon, L and Castro-Severyn, J and Remonsellez, F and Hidalgo, A and Saavedra, CP}, title = {Resilient by Design: Environmental Stress Promotes Biofilm Formation and Multi-Resistance in Poultry-Associated Salmonella.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40871316}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {1210633//ANID FONDECYT REGULAR/ ; 1250419//ANID FONDECYT REGULAR/ ; 220007/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 240012//ANID-Anillo ATE/ ; 3230189//ANID 2023 FONDECYT Postdoctoral/ ; }, abstract = {Salmonella is one of the main causes of food-borne illness worldwide. In most cases, Salmonella contamination can be traced back to food processing plants and/or to cross-contamination during food preparation. To avoid food-borne diseases, food processing plants use sanitizers and biocidal to reduce bacterial contaminants below acceptable levels. Despite these preventive actions, Salmonella can survive and consequently affect human health. This study investigates the adaptive capacity of the main Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from the poultry production line, focusing on their replication, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation under stressors such as acidic conditions, oxidative environment, and high osmolarity. Using growth curve analysis, crystal violet staining, and microscopy, we assessed replication, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance under acidic, oxidative, and osmotic stress conditions. Disinfectant tolerance was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of sodium hypochlorite. The antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method. The results indicate that, in general, acidic and osmotic stress reduce the growth of Salmonella. However, no significant differences were observed specifically for serotypes Infantis, Heidelberg, and Corvallis. The S. Infantis isolates were the strongest biofilm producers and showed the highest prevalence of multidrug resistance (71%). Interestingly, S. Infantis forming biofilms required up to 8-fold higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for eradication. Furthermore, osmotic and oxidative stress significantly induced biofilm production in industrial S. Infantis isolates compared to a reference strain. Understanding how Salmonella responds to industrial stressors is vital for designing strategies to control the proliferation of these highly adapted, multi-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40871309, year = {2025}, author = {Ban-Cucerzan, A and Imre, K and Morar, A and Marcu, A and Hotea, I and Popa, SA and Pătrînjan, RT and Bucur, IM and Gașpar, C and Plotuna, AM and Ban, SC}, title = {Persistent Threats: A Comprehensive Review of Biofilm Formation, Control, and Economic Implications in Food Processing Environments.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40871309}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Biofilms are structured microbial communities that pose significant challenges to food safety and quality within the food-processing industry. Their formation on equipment and surfaces enables persistent contamination, microbial resistance, and recurring outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on biofilm formation mechanisms, genetic regulation, and the unique behavior of multi-species biofilms. The review evaluates modern detection and monitoring technologies, including PCR, biosensors, and advanced microscopy, and compares their effectiveness in industrial contexts. Real-world outbreak data and a global economic impact analysis underscore the urgency for more effective regulatory frameworks and sanitation innovations. The findings highlight the critical need for integrated, proactive biofilm management approaches to safeguard food safety, reduce public health risks, and minimize economic losses across global food sectors.}, }
@article {pmid40871283, year = {2025}, author = {Hirai, N and Miwa, Y and Hattori, S and Kanematsu, H and Ogawa, A and Iwata, F}, title = {Three-Dimensional Structure of Biofilm Formed on Glass Surfaces Revealed Using Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Combined with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40871283}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {23K04465, 20K05185 and 16K06819//Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI)/ ; 2028//the Cooperative Research Project of Research Center for Biomedical Engineering./ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms cause a variety of problems, such as food spoilage, food poisoning, infection, tooth decay, periodontal disease, and metal corrosion, so knowledge on biofilm prevention and removal is important. A detailed observation of the three-dimensional structure of biofilms on the nanoscale is expected to provide insight into this. In this study, we report on the successful in situ nanoscale observations of a marine bacterial biofilm on glass in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) using both scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) over the same area. By observing the same area by SICM and CLSM, we were able to clarify the three-dimensional morphology of the biofilm, the arrangement of bacteria within the biofilm, and the difference in local ion conductivity within the biofilm simultaneously, which could not be achieved by observation using a microscope alone.}, }
@article {pmid40869385, year = {2025}, author = {Ibrahim, S and Hussein, RK and Abdulla, H and Omar, G and Abu Alrub, S and Grenni, P and Atwa, DM}, title = {Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment of Nocardia sp. Black Biofilm: Complete Biodeterioration Reversal in Limestone Heritage Conservation.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {40869385}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {(Grant Number IMSIU-DDRSP2502)//This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU),/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Nocardia/radiation effects/physiology ; *Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; *Lasers, Solid-State ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {Stone cleaning for cultural heritage monuments is a critical conservation intervention that must effectively eliminate harmful surface contaminants while preserving the material's physical, chemical, and historical integrity. This study investigated the removal of tenacious black biofilms formed by Nocardia species previously isolated from deteriorated limestone from the Bastet tomb in Tell Basta, Zagazig City, Egypt, using a Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Experimental limestone specimens were systematically inoculated with Nocardia sp. under controlled laboratory conditions to simulate biodeterioration processes. Comprehensive testing revealed that a laser fluence of 0.03 J/cm[2] with a 5 ns pulse duration, applied under wet conditions with 500 pulses, achieved the complete elimination of the biological black film without damaging the underlying stone substrate. The cleaning efficacy was evaluated through an integrated analytical framework combining stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS). These analyses demonstrated a remarkable transformation from a compromised mineralogical composition dominated by gypsum (62%) and anhydrite (13%) to a restored state of 98% calcite, confirming the laser treatment's effectiveness in reversing biodeterioration processes. SEM micrographs revealed the complete elimination of mycelial networks that had penetrated to depths between 984 μm and 1.66 mm, while LIPS analysis confirmed the restoration of elemental signatures to near-control levels. The successful application of LIPS for real-time monitoring during cleaning provides a valuable tool for preventing overcleaning, addressing a significant concern in laser conservation interventions. This research establishes evidence-based protocols for the non-invasive removal of Nocardia-induced black biofilms from limestone artifacts, offering conservation professionals a precise, effective, and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional chemical treatments for preserving irreplaceable cultural heritage.}, }
@article {pmid40868698, year = {2025}, author = {Monrreal-Ortega, L and Iturriaga-Gallardo, R and Vilicic-Rubio, A and Torres, P and Leyton, P and Morales, JO and Bahamondez-Canas, TF and Moraga-Espinoza, D}, title = {Gelatin-Based Microspheres of Ciprofloxacin for Enhanced Lung Delivery and Biofilm Eradication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pulmonary Infections.}, journal = {Gels (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40868698}, issn = {2310-2861}, support = {1252689//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, abstract = {Chronic lung infection is the main predictor of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF), and current pharmacological alternatives are ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We developed ciprofloxacin (CIP) for inhalation, aiming at improving its solubility through the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) using gelatin (GA). CIP and GA were dissolved in varying ratios and then spray-dried, obtaining CIP-GA microspheres in a single step. The dissolution rate, size distribution, morphology, and aerodynamic properties of CIP-GA microspheres were studied, as well as their antimicrobial activity on P. aeruginosa biofilms. Microspheres formulated with a higher GA ratio increased the dissolution of CIP ten-fold at 6 h compared to gelatin-free CIP. Formulations with 75% GA or more could form ASDs and improve CIP's dissolution rate. CIP-GA microspheres outperformed CIP in eradicating P. aeruginosa biofilm at 24 h. The spray-drying process produced CIP-GA microspheres with good aerodynamic properties, as indicated by a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 67%, a D50 of 3.52 μm, and encapsulation efficiencies above 70%. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of gelatin to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs by forming ASDs. As an FDA-approved excipient for lung delivery, these findings are valuable for particle engineering and facilitating the rapid translation of technologies to the market.}, }
@article {pmid40868204, year = {2025}, author = {Wagner, L and Stolte, P and Heller, S and Schippers, D and Pförringer, D and Tübel, J and Schmid, RM and Burgkart, R and Schneider, J and Obermeier, AK}, title = {Novel Coating Approaches for Polyethylene Biliary Stents to Reduce Microbial Adhesion, Prevent Biofilm Formation, and Prolong Stent Patency.}, journal = {Biomedicines}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40868204}, issn = {2227-9059}, abstract = {Background: Occlusion of plastic biliary stents is a common complication in biliary drainage, often requiring exchange procedures every 2-4 months due to microbial colonization and sludge formation. This study aimed to evaluate diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings, with and without silver nanoparticle additives, for preventing stent occlusion. Methods: Polyethylene (PE) stents were coated with DLC using PlasmaImpax for DLC-1 and pulsed laser deposition for DLC-2. Silver ions (Ag) were incorporated into the DLC-2 coatings. To simulate in vivo conditions, a co-culture of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) was used for microbial colonization. Standardized human bile simulated physiological conditions. Adhesion tests, weight measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) quantified bacterial adherence to stents. Results: DLC-1 coatings demonstrated higher bacterial growth than uncoated PE stents with E. faecalis (adhesion assay difference: 0.6 log [p = 0.19] and 0.1 log [p = 0.75] in rounds 1 and 2, respectively). In the bile incubation model, DLC-1 did not significantly reduce bacterial counts at 5 days (0.4 log [p = 0.06]) or 14 days (0.2 log [p = 0.44]). DLC-2 showed no significant reduction either. DLC-2-Ag significantly reduced bacterial adhesion (5 days: -0.3 log [p = 0.00]; 14 days: -0.4 log [p = 0.16]) and exhibited inhibition zones against E. faecalis (2.3 mm), E. coli (2.1 mm), and C. albicans (0.6 mm). SEM revealed cracks and flaking in the coating. Conclusions: DLC coatings alone did not prevent microbial adhesion. Tendencies of anti-adhesive properties were seen with Ag-doped DLC coatings, which were attributed to the antibacterial effects of Ag. Optimization of the DLC-coating process is needed to improve stent performance. Future studies with larger samples sizes are needed to confirm the observed trends.}, }
@article {pmid40868035, year = {2025}, author = {Anik, TA and Uzzaman, R and Rahman, KT and Hossain, A and Islam, F and Tasnim, MN and Begum, SA and Akhter, H and Begum, A}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Five ESKAPE Pathogen Species from a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40868035}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background: Four of the six ESKAPE pathogens are responsible for a majority of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-related deaths worldwide. Identifying the pathogens that evade antibiotic treatments more efficiently than others can help diagnose pathogens requiring more attention. The study was thus designed to evaluate the biofilm and resistance properties of five ESKAPE pathogens comparatively. A total of 165 clinical isolates of 5 ESKAPE pathogen species (E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aerurginosa) were collected from a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Methodology: Following secondary identification, antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. The biofilm formation was determined by the microtiter plate biofilm formation assay. The biofilm-forming genes were screened by PCR. Detection of carbapenemase and Metallo-β-lactamase was performed by the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) and the EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) test, respectively. Results: Among Gram-positive isolates, E. faecium exhibited higher multi-drug resistance (MDR) rates (90%) compared to S. aureus (10%). In Gram-negative isolates, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae showed elevated resistance to carbapenems (74.29% and 45.71%, respectively), cephalosporins, and β-lactam inhibitors, while P. aeruginosa demonstrated relatively lower resistance. Colistin resistance was highest in K. pneumoniae (42.86%). Biofilm formation was prevalent, with 88.5% of isolates forming biofilms, including 15.8% strong biofilm producers. Notably, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii exhibited higher biofilm-forming capabilities compared to P. aeruginosa. A significant correlation was observed between biofilm formation and resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, and piperacillin/tazobactam (p < 0.05), suggesting a potential role of biofilms in disseminating resistance to these antibiotics. Carbapenemase production was detected in 23.8% of Gram-negative isolates, with K. pneumoniae showing the highest prevalence (34.3%). Additionally, 45.8% of carbapenemase producers expressed Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Among S. aureus isolates, 46.7% carried the mecA gene, confirming methicillin resistance (MRSA), while 20% of E. faecium isolates exhibited vancomycin resistance, primarily mediated by the vanB gene. Conclusions: These findings can help pinpoint the pathogens of significant threat.}, }
@article {pmid40868010, year = {2025}, author = {Salinas, JH and Gordesli-Duatepe, FP and Diaz-Sanchez, A and Abu-Lail, NI}, title = {Phenotypic Characterization of pilA, pilB, and pilD Mutants of Acinetobacter baumannii 5075: Impacts on Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Tazobactam Response.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40868010}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The Type IV pilus assembly system in Acinetobacter baumannii is a major determinant of its pathogenicity, playing a role in surface-associated functions via the biogenesis of Type IV pili (T4P). Tazobactam (TAZ) is a well-characterized β-lactamase inhibitor, primarily used in combination with β-lactam antibiotics such as piperacillin (PIP) to counteract bacterial resistance mechanisms. While A. baumannii resistance to β-lactam antibiotics has been well studied, the influence of T4P on its susceptibility to TAZ remains largely unexplored. For this reason, we investigated how multidrug-resistant A. baumannii 5075 (AB5075) responds to TAZ by assessing the roles of pilA, pilB, and pilD in bacterial growth and biofilm formation under direct TAZ exposure, with a focus on phenotypic characterization rather than molecular mechanisms.<br><br>METHODS: Bacterial growth kinetics were quantified by measuring the optical densities of cell suspensions and the colony forming units per volume (CFUs/mL) at different time intervals. Time-kill assays and microtiter dish biofilm formation assays were used to evaluate how effectively TAZ can inhibit growth and biofilm formation, respectively.<br><br>RESULTS: Time-kill assays confirmed that 32 &#xb5;g/mL of TAZ inhibited growth in both wild-type (WT) and mutant strains, with the pilD mutant showing initial resistance before eventual inhibition. Biofilm assays showed that the pilA mutant had the highest biofilm formation at 8 h, surpassing the WT strain. A prolonged 32 &#xb5;g/mL of TAZ exposure (24-36 h) significantly reduced biofilm production across all strains, with inhibition rates reaching 89% for the WT, 82% for the pilA mutant, 91% for the pilB mutant, and 86% for the pilD mutant.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings deepen our understanding of the strain-specific roles of T4P components in growth and biofilm regulation in AB5075, and highlight the potential of TAZ as a therapeutic strategy against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40868002, year = {2025}, author = {Magalhães, R and Mil-Homens, D and Cruz, S and Oliveira, M}, title = {Marine Antimicrobial Peptides: Emerging Strategies Against Multidrug-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Bacteria.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40868002}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {2024.05947.BD//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; UID/50006 + LA/P/0094/2020//CESAM/ ; }, abstract = {The global rise in antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to public health, with multidrug-resistant bacterial infections expected to surpass cancer in mortality by 2050. As traditional antibiotic pipelines stagnate, novel therapeutic alternatives are critically needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), particularly those derived from marine organisms, have emerged as promising antimicrobial candidates due to their broad-spectrum activity, structural diversity, and distinctive mechanisms of action. Unlike conventional antibiotics, AMPs can disrupt microbial membranes, inhibit biofilm formation, and even modulate immune responses, making them highly effective against resistant bacteria. This review highlights the potential of marine AMPs as next-generation therapeutics, emphasizing their efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections. Furthermore, marine AMPs show promise in combating persister cells and disrupting quorum sensing pathways, offering new strategies for tackling chronic infections. Despite their potential, challenges such as production scalability and limited clinical validation remain; nevertheless, the use of new technologies and bioinformatic tools is accelerating the discovery and optimization of these peptides, paving the way for bypassing these challenges. This review consolidates current findings on marine AMPs, advocating for their continued exploration as viable tools in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40867939, year = {2025}, author = {Torres-Boncompte, J and Sanz-Zapata, M and Garcia-Llorens, J and Soriano, JM and Catalá-Gregori, P and Sevilla-Navarro, S}, title = {In Vitro Insights into the Anti-Biofilm Potential of Salmonella Infantis Phages.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40867939}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {PLEC2023- 010275//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innocaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: As bacteriophage-based strategies to control bacterial pathogens continue to gain momentum, phage therapy is increasingly being explored across various fields. In the poultry industry, efforts to minimize the public health impact of Salmonella have spurred growing interest in phage applications, particularly as prophylactic and disinfecting agents. Although the disinfecting potential of bacteriophages has been recognized, in-depth studies examining their efficacy under varying environmental conditions remain limited. This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of bacteriophages as disinfecting agents against biofilm-forming Salmonella Infantis under different environments. Methods: A comprehensive screening of biofilm-producing strains was conducted using Congo Red Agar and 96-well plate assays. Two strains with distinct biofilm-forming capacities were selected for further analysis under different environmental conditions: aerobic and microaerobic atmospheres at both 25 °C and 37 °C. The resulting biofilms were then treated with four phage preparations: three individual phages and one phage cocktail. Biofilm reduction was assessed by measuring optical density and CFU/well. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize both untreated and phage-treated biofilms. Results: The results demonstrated that all S. Infantis strains were capable of forming biofilms (21/21). All three phage candidates exhibited biofilm-disrupting activity and were able to lyse biofilm-embedded Salmonella cells. Notably, the lytic efficacy of the phages varied depending on environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of thorough phage characterization prior to application. Conclusions: These findings underscore that the effectiveness of bacteriophages as surface disinfectants can be significantly compromised if inappropriate phages are used, especially in the presence of biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40867934, year = {2025}, author = {Ribeiro, GA and Oliveira, VC and Faria, ACL and Macedo, AP and Maciel, CRO and Silva, CHLD and Ribeiro, RF and Rodrigues, RCS}, title = {Influence of Polishing and Glazing on Surface Characteristics and Biofilm Formation on Zirconia: An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40867934}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {88887912857//CAPES/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Monolithic zirconia has attracted considerable interest in dentistry due to its favorable physical and mechanical properties, making it a promising alternative for crown fabrication. Nonetheless, a standardized finishing protocol for this material has yet to be established. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the surface characteristics and in vitro biofilm formation of zirconia finished by either polishing or glazing. Methods: A total of 72 zirconia specimens were fabricated and divided into control, glazing, and polishing groups. Surface analysis included roughness, wettability, and surface free energy. Microbiological analysis included CFU (colony-forming units per mL) counts, microbial adhesion at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, biofilm biovolume, and qualitative biofilm assessment via scanning electron microscopy (sEm). Results: The glazing group showed significantly greater roughness than the polishing (p = 0.006) and control (p = 0.016) groups, along with a lower contact angle (polishing-p = 0.002; control-p < 0.001) and higher surface energy (polishing-p = 0.005; control-p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in CFU counts for the tested microorganisms (C. albicans, p = 0.158; L. casei, p = 0.610; S. mutans, p = 0.904). Regarding microbial adhesion, the polishing group showed a smaller biofilm-covered area compared to the control group for both total biofilm (p = 0.008) and viable biofilm (p = 0.005). no statistically significant difference was observed in biofilm biovolume (p = 0.082). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, despite the surface differences among the groups, biofilm formation was not significantly affected.}, }
@article {pmid40867933, year = {2025}, author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Cercenado, E and Visedo, A and Marín, M and Machado, M and Irigoyen-von-Sierakowski, &#xc1; and Loeches, B and Cacho-Calvo, J and García-Rodríguez, J and Di Domenico, EG and Muñoz, P and Guembe, M}, title = {Assessment of the Anti-Biofilm Effect of Cefiderocol Against 28 Clinical Strains of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40867933}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {MSII/00008//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; FI22/00022//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PI21/00344//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PEJD-2021-TL/BMD-21113//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; FMM24/01//Fundaci&#xf3;n Mutua Madrile&#xf1;a/ ; 2022-PI-II-COOPTR-01//IiSGM/ ; }, abstract = {Objectives: Cefideroccol (FDC) is a siderophore cephalosporin with potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. We investigated the anti-biofilm capacity of FDC against clinical strains. Methods: This multicenter study was conducted on 28 selected strains of MDR Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 11), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12). We first determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each strain using the microdilution method. We also defined the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) as a ≥50% reduction in tetrazolium salt (XTT) (as recommended in the 2017 Spanish Microbiology Protocols [SEIMC] for the microbiological diagnosis of infections related to the formation of biofilms). We also analyzed the reduction in the following biofilm variables after an 8 mg/mL FDC treatment: the CFU count, the cell viability, the biomass, the metabolic activity, and extracellular α or β polysaccharides. Results: The MIC50 and MBIC50 of FDC were 0.5 mg/L and 64 mg/L, respectively. We observed a mean (SD) fold increase in the susceptibility to FDC between planktonic and sessile cells for P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae of 9.60 (0.55), 6.27 (2.28), and 6.25 (2.80), respectively. When 8 mg/mL of FDC was tested, we observed that the best median (IQR) percentage reductions were obtained for cell viability and the extracellular matrix (73.1 [12.4-86.5] and 79.5 [37.3-95.5], respectively), particularly for P. aeruginosa. The lowest percentage reduction rates were those obtained for biomass. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the susceptibility to FDC was significantly reduced when strains were in a biofilm state. The best percentage reduction rates for all biofilm-defining variables were observed for P. aeruginosa. Our results need to be validated using a larger collection of clinical samples.}, }
@article {pmid40882244, year = {2025}, author = {Tsai, YM and Liu, CM and Chen, HC and Yang, TH and Huang, PS and Hsu, YL and Baranwal, M and Chiang, MH}, title = {Imipenem-induced outer membrane vesicles from Elizabethkingia anophelis inhibit biofilm formation and shift nosocomial pathogen dynamics.}, journal = {International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM}, volume = {320}, number = {}, pages = {151670}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2025.151670}, pmid = {40882244}, issn = {1618-0607}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Imipenem/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Flavobacteriaceae/drug effects/physiology ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Extracellular Vesicles/drug effects/metabolism ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane/drug effects/metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Elizabethkingia anophelis is an emerging multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogen that can cause severe nosocomial infections. Although multidrug resistance complicates the clinical management of E. anophelis, the ecological impact of stress responses, including antibiotic pressure, is unclear. We demonstrated that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of imipenem promoted the secretion of antibiotic-induced outer membrane vesicles (iOMVs) by E. anophelis. This study analyzed the physical and functional characteristics of iOMVs produced by a drug-resistant clinical isolate of E. anophelis treated with imipenem and assessed the potential of E. anophelis iOMVs to modulate biofilm formation in other clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria. High-resolution imaging and biofilm assays showed that iOMVs inhibited biofilm formation and reduced biofilm density. The inhibitory effect did not affect other nosocomial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Imipenem-induced vesiculation may inadvertently impair E. anophelis' biofilm resilience while altering microbial competition, reshaping survival dynamics in polymicrobial environments. These results demonstrate the paradoxical effect of antibiotic stress and suggest that vesicle-mediated interactions strongly affect nosocomial pathogen ecology.}, }
@article {pmid40879668, year = {2025}, author = {Mendonça, MB and Cabral, AKLF and Arantes, BBA and Dos Santos, RC and Medina-Alarcón, KP and Dos Santos, KS and Gualque, MWDL and Fernandes, LdS and Belizario, JA and Fuzinaga, TYT and Kawakami, CM and Gluzezak, AJP and Martinez, LR and Cordeiro, LRG and Moroz, A and Fusco Almeida, AM and Mendes-Giannini, MJS}, title = {Biofilm development in three-dimensional models infected with Trichophyton rubrum.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0108725}, pmid = {40879668}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {R01 AI145559/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Skin/microbiology ; *Tinea/microbiology ; *Arthrodermataceae/genetics/physiology ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Trichophyton/physiology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Dermatophytes are keratinophilic filamentous fungi that cause dermatophytosis, and the main etiological agents can be anthropophilic and zoophilic. Several virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis, including the formation of fungal biofilms. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) models, such as spheroids and reconstructed human skin (RHS), have gained prominence, as they more accurately emulate fungus-host interactions, closely resembling physiological conditions. Therefore, the present study investigated the biofilm formation of Trichophyton rubrum in these 3D models using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and relative gene expression analysis via real-time PCR. Microscopic analyses revealed the colonization of the spheroid and 3D skin model surface by T. rubrum, with characteristics indicative of biofilm formation. The gene expression analysis of the infected 3D skin model revealed an exacerbated expression of Mep5, which encodes a metalloprotease in T. rubrum, known for its keratinolytic activity. This study demonstrates biofilm formation and protease gene expression during dermatophyte infections using 3D models that contribute to understanding the mechanisms of T. rubrum infection and support the ongoing search for the development of new drugs to treat dermatophytosis.IMPORTANCEFungal skin infections, particularly those caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton rubrum, are widespread and often neglected, resulting in significant health burdens and the development of antifungal resistance due to their virulence factors, such as biofilm formation. Traditional in vitro and ex vivo infection models fail to mimic the human skin environment accurately, lacking key features, such as keratinization and three-dimensional (3D) configuration, which are critical for emulating in vivo infection conditions. The development of alternative 3D models, such as reconstructed human skin and spheroids, presents a transformative opportunity to enhance our understanding of host-parasite interactions. These models more closely replicate the structural and physiological properties of human skin, enabling the observation of fungal invasion and biofilm behavior under more realistic conditions. By supporting complex cellular communication and maintaining tissue architecture, 3D models provide a more accurate platform for studying fungal pathogenesis, ultimately paving the way for identifying new therapeutic targets and improving strategies to combat persistent and drug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid40879342, year = {2025}, author = {Mokgope, HD and Klink, MJ and Walmsley, TA}, title = {Understanding the dynamics of a microbial consortium prior to and post the introduction of specific antiretroviral compounds in a moving bed biofilm reactor system.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {563-576}, pmid = {40879342}, issn = {0273-1223}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Microbial Consortia/drug effects ; Bacteria/genetics/drug effects/classification ; *Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sewage/microbiology ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; }, abstract = {The use of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater has been shown to gain more attention, in contrast to activated sludge systems. However, little is known about the effects of pharmaceuticals on constituent microbial communities. This study investigated the shift in microbial community compositions of biofilms in an MBBR due to exposure to specific antiretroviral (ARV) compounds. Microbial diversity (alpha-diversity) of seeded sludge from a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant and biofilm samples from a laboratory-scale MBBR system during pre- and post-introduction of ARV compounds was investigated by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Microbial diversity results demonstrated that the introduction of ARV drugs affects the bacterial community composition and diversity considerably. For instance, the genus Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, and Alicycliphilus was found to be higher in post-introduction of ARV compounds biofilm samples than in biofilm samples before the introduction of ARV compounds.}, }
@article {pmid40877707, year = {2025}, author = {Sajankila, N and Dumbauld, Z and Wang, Y and Wala, SJ and Ragan, MV and Al-Hadidi, A and Volpe, SG and Wickham, J and Mashburn-Warren, L and Wayne, C and Jacobs, T and Narayanan, S and Bailey, MT and Goodman, SD and Besner, GE and Mihi, B}, title = {Biofilm state Limosilactobacillus reuteri modulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity and suppresses experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.}, journal = {Pediatric research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40877707}, issn = {1530-0447}, support = {NIH T32 AI106704//Advanced Research Training in Immunology for Surgery Trainees/ ; Association for Academic Surgery (AAS)/Association//Trainee Research Fellowship Award for Basic Science/Translational Research/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Decreased Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) signaling pathway activation is implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (Lr) is a probiotic that catabolizes tryptophan into AHR ligands. We have previously shown that Lr in its biofilm state has improved efficacy against NEC. However, the importance of the physiologic state of Lr (planktonic vs. biofilm) on AHR activation remains unknown.<br><br>METHODS: In vitro experiments using intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and in vivo experiments in premature rodents were carried out to assess the impact of planktonic- vs. biofilm-state Lr on AHR ligand production, AHR activation, and protection against NEC.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm-state Lr was found to have increased persistence in the intestine of premature rodent pups compared to planktonic-state Lr. IECs exposed to conditioned media from Lr grown with tryptophan demonstrated increased AHR activation compared to IECs exposed to tryptophan alone. Finally, biofilm-state Lr was associated with increased intestinal AHR ligand production, AHR activation, and protection against NEC in rodent pups.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Biofilm-state Lr has increased persistence in the gut and protects against NEC. This protection is associated with increased AHR activation in the intestine. Through improved understanding of the interactions of Lr and AHR signaling, we may be able to further enhance Lr efficacy against NEC.<br><br>IMPACT: Limosilactobacillus reuteri in its biofilm state increases AHR activation and reduces intestinal injury during NEC. This is the first study to look at the role of the AHR signaling pathway in Limosilactobacillus reuteri-mediated protection against NEC. Development of an effective therapy to prevent NEC would reduce the morbidity and mortality of this lethal disease.}, }
@article {pmid40876622, year = {2025}, author = {Pollo, LHD and Ferrari, CR and Francese, MM and Conquista, CM and Braga, AS and Magalhães, AC}, title = {Anti-caries potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract combined or not with fluoride on bovine teeth under microcosm biofilm model.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {106063}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106063}, pmid = {40876622}, issn = {1879-176X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Cariostatic Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; *Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Dental Enamel/drug effects/microbiology ; Lactobacillus/drug effects ; *Matricaria/chemistry ; *Fluorides/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; Tooth Demineralization/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Saliva, Artificial ; Bacterial Load/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and anticariogenic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria chamomilla L., associated or not with fluoride, under a microcosm biofilm model.<br><br>METHODS: Bovine enamel were divided into five groups (n = 12): (1) Fluoride, (2) M. chamomilla extract, (3) M. chamomilla + fluoride, (4) Periogard, and (5) PBS. Biofilm was produced using human saliva/ McBain artificial saliva, for 5 days, applying the treatments 1x/60 s, from the 2[nd] to the 5[th] day. CFU analyses for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and TMR to quantify demineralization were performed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn (p < 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: M. chamomilla + fluoride significantly reduced Lactobacillus spp. and S. mutans (Periogard either) load compared to the other groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.03, respectively). Fluoride reduced the integrated (p = 0.002) and the mean (p = 0.0001) mineral loss compared to the M. chamomilla and PBS groups. M. chamomilla + fluoride (median 24.8, I.I 2.5 % vol) significantly reduced the mean mineral loss compared to PBS (median 42.2, I.I 9.8 % vol). None of the treatments reduced lesion depth (p > 0.05). The superficial layer was observed only in the groups treated with fluoride, M. chamomilla + fluoride, and Periogard, with the thickest layer found in M. chamomilla + fluoride group (p = 0.0166).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The association of M. chamomilla with fluoride reduced cariogenic microorganisms and protected the enamel against demineralization, suggesting its potential as a complementary strategy in caries prevention.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The association of Matricaria chamomilla with fluoride may be more effective than fluoride alone, generating a synergistic effect that could be applicable in clinical practice to control dental caries lesions.}, }
@article {pmid40866486, year = {2025}, author = {Fathy, HM and Ahmed, MN and Goda, HA and Moselhy, MA}, title = {Thyme essential oil potentials as a bactericidal and biofilm-preventive agent against prevalent bacterial pathogens.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {31644}, pmid = {40866486}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Thymus Plant/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Bacteria/drug effects ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant global issue that requires the investigation of innovative approaches for infection management. In pursuit of alternative natural antimicrobials, nine plant essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial properties against nine common bacterial pathogens. Among the tested essential oils, thyme essential oil demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial species, Thyme essential oil exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 17.3 to 51 mm with relative minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 99.2 to 450 µg/ml, implying the bactericidal effect. The ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells treated with thyme essential oil were visualized using transmission electron microscope. Thyme essential oil exhibited a potent inhibitory effect toward the biofilm formations for all the tested pathogenic strains. GC/MS analysis was used to determine the thyme essential oil composition. The major components of thyme essential oil were thymol (28.29%), o-cymene (18.31%), ç-terpinene (8.51%), eucalyptol (5%), linalool (2.86%), borneol (2.17%), á-myrcene (1.55%), à-pinene (1.52%) and camphene (1%). Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the constituents present in the thyme essential oil had high binding affinity for ECF, FimH, LasR, PrfA and RhlA proteins, which were found to be associated with improved anti-biofilm efficacy. Furthermore, treatment with thyme essential oil led to the downregulation of essential genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation in the tested pathogens. These findings suggest that thyme essential oil has promising potential as an antibacterial and a biofilm inhibitory agent to combat bacterial infections in food and pharmaceutical industries.}, }
@article {pmid40866395, year = {2025}, author = {Admase, AT and Gesese, TN and Fanta, SW and Eshetie, BG}, title = {Synthesis and characterization of bio-based eco-friendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshell powder.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {31617}, pmid = {40866395}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Egg Shell/chemistry ; Animals ; Tensile Strength ; Plasticizers/chemistry ; Powders/chemistry ; Glycerol/chemistry ; Starch/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of biomass base ecofriendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshells, utilizing biowaste materials as sources of starch and plasticizer, with eggshells serving as a filler to enhance overall material properties. Reusing biowaste is important in reducing environmental waste and promoting sustainable practices. Findings reveal that increasing eggshell content from 15 to 60% significantly reduces moisture absorption from 18.75 ± 0.02% to 5.31 ± 0.04%, while tensile strength declines from 8.18 ± 0.02 to 5.17 ± 0.02 MPa at constant glycerol levels. In contrast, glycerol enhances moisture retention, increasing absorbance from 18.75 ± 0.02% to 20.15 ± 0.02% as glycerol concentration rises from 5 to 20% in a 15% eggshell composite. The optimal biodegradability was achieved with a plasticizer concentration of 10% and a filler (clay) content of 30%, resulting in a degradation rate of 78.25 ± 0.01%. The eggshell at 30% and glycerol at 5% achieve a degradation rate of 87.31 ± 0.03%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveal that the composites exhibit superior thermal stability, making them suitable for diverse applications. This research highlights the environmental benefits of biowaste materials, trade-offs in material performance, the need for moisture management in packaging, and enhancements from waste starch and plasticizer. These results underscore the potential for creating sustainable and functional composites through utilizing and reusing biowaste materials.}, }
@article {pmid40875047, year = {2025}, author = {Perić, M and Petrović, S and Čairović, A and Vlajić Tovilović, T and Racić, A and Panajotović, R and Živković, R and Miličić, B and Radunović, M}, title = {Influence of ageing on surface properties and biofilm adhesion on denture base resin material fabricated by different manufacturing techniques.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {423}, pmid = {40875047}, issn = {1436-3771}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Surface Properties ; *Denture Bases/microbiology ; Candida albicans ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Computer-Aided Design ; Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; *Dental Materials/chemistry ; Bacterial Adhesion ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of hydrothermal ageing on biofilm adhesion and surface properties of denture base resins fabricated via different techniques.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Denture base resin samples were produced using the following manufacturing techniques: conventional cold polymerization (CP), heat polymerization (HP), CAD-CAM milling (CADm) and CAD-CAM printing (3D). The samples were tested before and after hydrothermal ageing (5000 cycles, 5&#xa0;&#xb0;C/55&#xb0;C). The surface roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the hydrophobicity was observed by measuring the water contact angle (WCA). Monomicrobial biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were formed and quantified before and after ageing using colony-forming units (CFUs/ml) and the MTT test. Statistical differences were evaluated using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).<br><br>RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA showed that ageing significantly influenced the roughness (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002). The highest roughness values before and after ageing were measured for 3D resin samples. The WCA values of 3D resin samples changed after ageing (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.018). Amount and metabolic activity of monomicrobial biofilms were increased during ageing on all four tested denture base resins.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Ageing influenced the roughness and microbial adhesion on all tested denture base materials, regardless of the manufacturing method.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Finding support replacing dentures every five years due to increased biofilm adhesion post ageing.}, }
@article {pmid40874693, year = {2025}, author = {Şahin, N and Üstün, E and Tutar, U and Çelik, C}, title = {Analysis of antimicrobial activity and biofilm inhibition of Ag-NHC complexes by in-vitro and molecular docking method.}, journal = {Future medicinal chemistry}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, pages = {2087-2100}, pmid = {40874693}, issn = {1756-8927}, mesh = {*Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; DNA Gyrase/metabolism/chemistry ; *Coordination Complexes/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Serum Albumin, Human/metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; DNA/metabolism ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Metal-N-heterocyclic carben (NHC) complexes have garnered significant attention from synthesis chemistry. Silver is well known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and it exhibits their activities with different mechanisms. In this study, we combined these two important scaffolds, analyzed for possible antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, and evaluated the interactions against DNA Gyrase, SarA, Human Serum Albumin, and DNA for getting insight into the antimicrobial and antibiofilm details.<br><br>MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: Four new Ag-NHC complexes (2a-d) were prepared from corresponding benzimidazolium salts (1a-d) and revealed by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR, LC-MS, and HRMS. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of both ligands and complexes were evaluated with in-vitro and molecular docking methods which were performed against DNA Gyrase, SarA, Human Serum Albumin, and DNA.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1d showed superior activity while 2a and 2d were effective against C. albicans, with activity comparable to fluconazole in the range of 8.6-8.7&#x2009;&#xb5;M. The highest binding affinity was recorded for 2a as -7.93&#x2009;kcal/mol against DNA Gyrase, while 2b has the best interactions with -5.49&#x2009;kcal/mol against SarA. and -7.74&#x2009;kcal/mol binding affinity was determined for 2a with molecular docking. All the molecules interacted with the same grove of DNA.}, }
@article {pmid40874562, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Yan, S and Yang, C and Chen, S and Zhang, M and Jiang, L and Song, H and Wu, C and Bi, Y and Yu, J and Li, Y and Gao, X and Li, P and Gu, Q}, title = {Lactobacillus brevis ZFM820 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation via Biofilm Formation and Metabolic Reprogramming.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {73}, number = {36}, pages = {22502-22515}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09513}, pmid = {40874562}, issn = {1520-5118}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Levilactobacillus brevis/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Lipopolysaccharides/immunology/adverse effects ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Inflammation/immunology/microbiology/chemically induced ; Caenorhabditis elegans/immunology/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Oxidative Stress ; *Probiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Macrophages/immunology ; Metabolic Reprogramming ; }, abstract = {Emerging evidence implicates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) embedded in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as a key mediator of intestinal inflammation. A preliminary study found that a potent Lactobacillus brevis strain named ZFM820 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against LPS-producing Escherichia coli compared to other lactic acid bacteria through an unexplored mechanism. This study systematically investigated the anti-LPS phenotypes, responsive factors, and mechanism of ZFM820. The alleviation activity on LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress was confirmed both in RAW264.7 cells and C. elegans models. The alleviation efficiencies of live bacteria, dead bacteria, and their cell-free fermentation supernatant were compared, and they present 2.68, 1.04, and 1.12-fold reduction of NO levels and 1.79, 1.07, and 1.15-fold reduction of O2[-], respectively, suggesting that the protective effect was achieved via live bacteria. Further mechanical studies revealed that ZFM820 formed a biofilm barrier to physiochemically impede LPS permeation and triggered metabolic reprogramming by suppressing histone synthesis and activating glutathione biosynthesis to biologically enhance epithelial resistance. These findings provide evidence for the anti-LPS activity of ZFM820, offering an innovative horizon to understand the beneficial mechanism of L. brevis.}, }
@article {pmid40873312, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, T and Shu, H and Li, Q and Cui, Z and Li, G and Li, T and Wang, Y and Sun, J}, title = {[Shewanella biofilm formation regulated by acyl-homoserine lactones and its application in UO2[2+] electrosorption].}, journal = {Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {3081-3097}, doi = {10.13345/j.cjb.250173}, pmid = {40873312}, issn = {1872-2075}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Acyl-Butyrolactones/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Uranium/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Shewanella/physiology/drug effects/metabolism ; Adsorption ; *Uranium Compounds/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Wastewater/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, a Gram-negative bacterium with a significant role in the adsorption and reduction of uranium in wastewater and a quorum-sensing effect, can be used to remove uranium from wastewater. Exogenous signaling molecules (acyl-homoserine lactones, AHLs) can be added to induce the quorum sensing behavior for rapid biofilm formation, thereby improving the removal efficiency of this bacterium for uranium. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), as the significant components of biofilm, play a key role in biofilm formation. To investigate the quorum sensing behavior induced by AHLs, we systematically investigated the effects of AHLs on the EPS secretion and biofilm properties of S. oneidensis MR-1 by regulating parameters such as AHL species, concentration, addition time point, and contact time. The results showed that the addition of 10 μmol/L N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) after 6 h of culture and continued incubation to reach the time point of 72 h significantly promoted the secretion of EPSs, in which the content of extracellular proteins and extracellular polysaccharides was increased by 15.2% and 28.2%, respectively, compared with that of the control group. The biofilm electrodes induced by signaling molecules showed superior properties, which were evidenced by an increase of exceeding 20 μm in biofilm thickness, an increase of 33.9% in the proportion of living cells, enhanced electroactivity, and an increase of 10.7% in the uranium removal rate. The biofilm electrode was confirmed to immobilize uranium in wastewater mainly by electrosorption, physicochemical adsorption, and electro-reduction through characterization means such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This study provides a new technical idea for the efficient recovery of uranium in wastewater and enriches the theoretical system of quorum sensing regulation of electroactive biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40863534, year = {2025}, author = {Czucz Varga, J and Bujdák, J and Bujdáková, H}, title = {Mixed Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Is Reduced by Light-Activated Nanocomposite with Phloxine B.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863534}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {APVV-21-0302, APVV-22-0150//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; VEGA 1/0240/23, VEGA 1/0484/24//Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; 09I01-03-V04-00022, 09I03-03-V06-00077//EU NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia/ ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause life-threatening infections. This study focused on using photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to eliminate mixed biofilms of C. albicans-S. aureus formed on poly (urethane) (PU) discs functionalized with a nanocomposite layer containing phloxine B (PhB). Additionally, the effect of PDI on the ALS3 and HWP1 genes of C. albicans was examined in mixed biofilms. Spectral analysis showed a continuous release of PhB from the nanocomposite in Mueller-Hinton broth within 48 h, with a released amount of PhB < 5% of the total amount. The anti-biofilm effectiveness of the light-activated nanocomposite with PhB showed a reduction in the survival rate of biofilm cells to 0.35% and 31.79% for S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively, compared to the control biofilm on PU alone. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the nanocomposite effectively reduced the colonization and growth of the mixed biofilm. While PDI reduced the regulation of the ALS3 gene, the HWP1 gene was upregulated. Nevertheless, the cell survival of the C. albicans-S. aureus biofilm was significantly reduced, showing great potential for the elimination of mixed biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40863259, year = {2025}, author = {Passos Lima, Y and de Paiva Macedo, J and Barbosa Ferreira Machado, A and Galuppo Diniz, C and da Silva, VL and Cordeiro Dias, V}, title = {Biocide Tolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Efflux Pump Activity in Clinical Isolates of Trichosporon asahii.}, journal = {Infectious disease reports}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863259}, issn = {2036-7430}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trichosporon spp. are opportunistic fungi, capable of causing infection, especially in critically ill individuals who often use broad-spectrum antibiotics, invasive devices, and have comorbidities. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze individuals' clinical characteristics, evaluate tolerance to biocides, as well as biofilm formation and efflux pump activity in isolates of Trichosporon asahii.<br><br>METHODS: Clinical isolates of T. asahii collected between 2020 and 2023 from both hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals, of both sexes, regardless of age, were tested for tolerance to sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride, and ethyl alcohol. Efflux pump activity was also assessed using ethidium bromide, and biofilm formation was measured with the Safranin test. Clinical parameters such as outcomes, source, and length of hospitalization were analyzed through electronic medical records.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 37 clinical isolates of T. asahii were identified. Thirty-three (83.8%) isolates were from hospitalized individuals, with 81.82% collected in ICUs, an average hospital stay of 35 days, and a mortality rate of 51.6%. The tested strains displayed the largest mean inhibition zone for 2% sodium hypochlorite, indicating lower tolerance. A high level of efflux pump expression was detected among clinical isolates. Biofilm formation was detected in 25/67.5% of the isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the clinical relevance of T. asahii, particularly in critically ill individuals, and underscore the pathogen's ability to tolerate biocides, express efflux pumps, and form biofilms, all of which may contribute to its persistence and pathogenicity in hospital environments. Enhanced surveillance and effective microbial control measures are essential to mitigate the risks associated with T. asahii infections.}, }
@article {pmid40863075, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, ZZ and Shan, W and Sun, X and Cheng, T and Zhang, J and Chu, CH}, title = {Quorum-Quenching AHL-Lactonase Est816 Inhibits Polymicrobial Subgingival-Plaque-Derived Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863075}, issn = {2304-6767}, support = {2022zhyx-C58//the Research Fund of Anhui Institute of translational medicine/ ; AHWJ2023A20161//Scientific Research Funding of Anhui Province Health Commission/ ; }, abstract = {Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the quorum-quenching enzyme N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-lactonase Est816 on biofilm formation in subgingival plaque microbiota from participants with advanced periodontitis. Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 30 adults with untreated Stage III or higher periodontitis and cultured anaerobically. Est816 was applied in vitro, with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) serving as the control. Biofilm composition was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, and alpha diversity metrics were assessed. Differential taxa abundance was assessed with the multivariate statistical software MaAsLin3. Biofilm morphology, biomass, and thickness were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Est816 significantly reduced microbial richness (Chao1 Index, p = 0.031), biofilm biomass (64% reduction, p < 0.001), and thickness (76% reduction, p < 0.001) compared to controls. SEM revealed fragmented biofilm architecture in Est816-treated samples. Conclusions: AHL-lactonase Est816 inhibited polymicrobial subgingival-plaque-derived biofilm formation while reducing species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and community evenness. These findings demonstrate Est816's potential as an adjunctive therapy for disrupting pathogenic biofilms in periodontitis.}, }
@article {pmid40858659, year = {2025}, author = {Assumpção, YM and Andre, LSP and Teixeira, IM and da Fonseca, CO and Machado, FP and Ribeiro, TAN and Pereira, RFA and Sachs, D and Rocha, LM and Penna, B}, title = {Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of Hypericum brasiliense extract and its fractions on Staphylococcus of canine origin.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {31345}, pmid = {40858659}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {443764/2018-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; E-26/201.328/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Hypericum/chemistry ; Dogs ; Animals ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The growing resistance to antimicrobials, partly due to the ability to form biofilms, poses a challenge for developing new antimicrobial agents. This study assessed the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Hypericum brasiliense extract, Japonicin, and Uliginosin-B against clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius and S. coagulans from dogs. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. In vitro antibiofilm activity was evaluated and showed promising results in young (6 h) and mature (24 h) biofilms. S. pseudintermedius and S. coagulans were highly sensitive to all tested substances. All tested isolates exhibited low MIC and MBC values, particularly for Uliginosin-B. Japonicin demonstrated higher MIC and MBC values. The analysis of antibiofilm activity revealed inhibition of biofilm formation and even disruption of pre-formed biofilms at various concentrations, including sub-inhibitory ones. H. brasiliense and its fractions exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, offering promising prospects for treating infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40857430, year = {2025}, author = {Chung, JY and An, Y and Lee, JH and Yang, S and Lee, SC and Kong, H and Chung, HJ}, title = {Microbubble-Controlled Delivery of Biofilm-Targeting Nanoparticles to Treat MRSA Infection.}, journal = {Advanced functional materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40857430}, issn = {1616-301X}, support = {R01 AI160671/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Drug-resistant microorganisms cause serious problems in human healthcare, leading to the persistence in infections and poor treatment outcome from conventional therapy. In this study, we introduce a gene targeting strategy using microbubble-controlled nanoparticles that can effectively eliminate biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vivo. We developed biofilm-targeting nanoparticles (BTN) capable of delivering oligonucleotides that effectively remove biofilm-associated bacteria upon controlled delivery with diatom-based microbubblers (MB). We validated the activity of BTN in silencing key bacterial genes related to MRSA biofilm formation (icaA), bacterial growth (ftsZ), and antimicrobial resistance (mecA), as well as their multi-targeting ability in vitro. We next examined the integration of BTN with MB, resulting in synergistic effects in biofilm removal and antimicrobial activity in an ex vivo porcine skin model. We further investigated the therapeutic efficacy in vivo in a mouse wound model infected with MRSA biofilm, which showed that MB-controlled BTN delivery substantially reduced bacterial load and led to the effective elimination of the biofilm. This study underscores the potential of the gene silencing platform with physical enhancement as a promising strategy to combat problems related to biofilms and antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40855185, year = {2025}, author = {Nouraei, H and Amirzadeh, N and Khodadadi, H and Ghahartars, M and Zareshahrabadi, Z and Nasr, R and Hashemi, SJ and Diba, K and Zomorodian, K and Pakshir, K}, title = {Overexpression of efflux pump and biofilm associated genes in itraconazole resistant Candida albicans isolates causing onychomycosis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {31292}, pmid = {40855185}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {28806//Vice-Chancellor for Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Itraconazole/pharmacology ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Onychomycosis/microbiology/drug therapy ; Humans ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Candida onychomycosis is a common fungal nail infection where treatment efficacy can be compromised by antifungal resistance. This study investigates the role of efflux pump genes (CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1) and biofilm-associated genes (ALS1, ALS3) in Candida albicans isolates classified as resistant to itraconazole from patients with onychomycosis. Ten itraconazole-resistant and 10 sensitive isolates were collected for efflux pump and biofilm-associated gene expression analysis by Real-Time PCR methods. Itraconazole resistance was induced in sensitive isolates through pulse exposure. Biofilm formation was quantified both with and without itraconazole. Biofilm structures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Our findings indicate a statistically significant upregulation of CDR1 (P-value = 0.049), CDR2 (P-value = 0.023), and ALS3 (P-value = 0.010) in resistant isolates when compared to sensitive isolates. While MDR1 and ALS1 showed some variation, the differences were not statistically significant. Rhodamine 6G efflux assays demonstrated significantly higher efflux activity in resistant isolates (P-value = 0.001 at 60 min). Biofilm formation assays showed itraconazole's impact: pre-treatment reduced biofilm formation, while it had a limited effect on pre-formed biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy indicated less dense biofilms when the formation began in the presence of itraconazole. A pulse exposure to itraconazole also further upregulated CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 in resistant isolates. Our results implicated CDR1, CDR2, and ALS3 in itraconazole resistance, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for future investigation. These findings emphasize the primary role of efflux pumps and biofilm-associated genes in the resistance of clinical C. albicans onychomycosis isolates, although specific mutations (e.g., ERG11, TAC1) were not examined.}, }
@article {pmid40854640, year = {2025}, author = {Noumi, E and Zmantar, T and Bouali, N and Bazaid, AS and Alabbosh, KF and Chaieb, K and Altayb, HN and Feo, V and Snoussi, M}, title = {Whole-genome sequencing and biofilm gene characterization in multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains.}, journal = {Journal, genetic engineering &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {100521}, pmid = {40854640}, issn = {2090-5920}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is known as a significant contributor to a variety of severe, life-threatening illnesses. Infectious diseases associated with biofilm-producing S. aureus can lead to a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to characterize the whole genomes of eight clinically multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains isolated from several types of human infections sites from Hail Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Biofilm production was evaluated using Congo-red agar plates (CRA), polystyrene microtiter plate technique (MtP), and adherence to human epithelial cells (Hep 2). Additionally, adhesion to abiotic surface (Polyethylene, glass, stainless steel) was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then whole genome sequencing was conducted for all strains to analyze the virulome, resistome and phylogenome using different bioinformatic tools. Our results revealed that all S. aureus strains were slime producer on CRA plates with pigmented colonies (black and nearly black morphotypes) and were also able to form biofilm on the surface of several materials with different degrees. All tested strains adhere to Hep2 cell lines with a percentage of infected cells ranging from 45.0 % ± 0.078 to 92.0 % ± 0.022, and a total number of S. aureus/100 cells varying from 5.11 ± 2.14 (Strain S22) to 20.25 ± 5.15 (Strain S14). These results were correlated with those obtained from genome annotation highlighting that all multidrug resistant and biofilm-producing S. aureus strains harbored four ica genes (icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD) and their regulator icaR), clumping factor A and B (clfA and clfB genes), fibronectin binding proteins (fnbA in all strains and fnbB in 87.5 % of tested strains), elastin binding protein (ebps gene), extracellular adherence protein (Eap), staphylococcal protein A (spa gene), and Ser-Asp rich fibrinogen-binding proteins (sdrC). Most of the studied strains contained six to ten genomic islands associated with virulence factors, phage proteins, transcriptional regulators, insertion sequences and antimicrobial resistance genes. The study reported the presence of key adhesion-related genes underscores the colonization potential and pathogenicity in our strains. Additionally, the identification of multiple genomic islands associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for vigilant monitoring in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid40862141, year = {2025}, author = {Al Atya, AK and Belguesmia, Y and Chataigne, G and Ravallec, R and Vachée, A and Szunerits, S and Boukherroub, R and Drider, D}, title = {Correction: Anti-MRSA activities of enterocins DD28 and DD93 and evidences on their role in the inhibition of biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1646639}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1646639}, pmid = {40862141}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00817.].}, }
@article {pmid40861780, year = {2025}, author = {Wäge-Recchioni, J and Perduns, R and Vach, K and Beckedorf, A and Volk, J and Schlueter, N and Staufenbiel, I}, title = {Comparative pilot study of three commercial kits for bacterial DNA extraction from human subgingival biofilm samples collected with a single paper point.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2549035}, pmid = {40861780}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In periodontal research, subgingival biofilm samples are typically collected using sterile paper points and pooled for molecular analyses. Streamlining this process by using a single paper point for molecular analysis could simplify sample collection and allow additional paper points to be used for other investigations. This pilot study evaluated the performance of three commercial DNA extraction kits for analysing small sample volumes (<10 µL).<br><br>METHODS: Samples were collected from six participants, each contributing 18 paper points from both healthy and periodontitis-affected sites. Bacterial and human DNA yields were quantified using fluorometric measurements combined with qPCR, employing universal 16S primers for bacterial DNA and human-specific GAPDH primers.<br><br>RESULTS: Among the tested kits, the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit demonstrated the highest efficiency, yielding significantly more total dsDNA in samples from healthy sites compared to both other kits and in samples from periodontitis-affected sites compared to one kit. Bacterial DNA yields were also significantly higher with the DNeasy Kit compared to one of the other kits in both health conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest that one paper point is sufficient to extract DNA for subsequent bacterial analyses and that the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit appears to be the most efficient among the three tested kits.}, }
@article {pmid40861490, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, L and Ge, S and Yang, K and Duan, L and Gao, L and Li, YZ and Yi, YS}, title = {Effects of oral gavage with periodontal pathogens and plaque biofilm on gut microbiota ecology and intestinal tissue architecture in mice: a mechanistic study.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1589055}, pmid = {40861490}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Mice ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Colon/pathology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish an in vitro model simulating periodontal biofilm architecture with three representative periodontal pathogens and evaluate its systemic impact through oral gavage administration in C57BL/6 mice. The findings provide mechanistic insights into the oral-gut axis dysbiosis, elucidating potential pathways linking periodontal inflammation to gastrointestinal pathophysiology.<br><br>METHODS: Fifty 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups(n=10/group): control (H), F. nucleatum (F), P.gingivalis (P), S.sanguinis (S) and biofilm (BF, F.n + P.g + S.s) groups. Mice were gavaged twice weekly for 6 weeks with 1&#xd7;10[9] CFU (F, P, BF groups) and 1&#xd7;10[8] CFU (S group) of bacterial suspensions or PBS (H group). Post-intervention, fecal and colon tissues were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing, H&amp;E staining, immunohistochemistry (Occludin expression), and qRT-PCR analysis of inflammatory markers(IL18, TNF-&#x3b1;, IL-1&#x3b2;, B220, F4/80, NOS2, ARG1).<br><br>RESULTS: A stable in vitro three-species biofilm model was successfully established to mimic the ecology of periodontal plaque. Gavage with F.n, P.g or the biofilm consortium (BF group) induced intestinal barrier disruption and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. PCR indicated a significant increase in the expression of IL-1&#x3b2;, TNF-&#x3b1;, B220, F4/80, and NOS2 in the P group (P < 0.001), while Arg-1 expression exhibited a significant decrease (P < 0.01). In the BF group, only TNF-&#x3b1; expression demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.01). The expression of occludin is significantly reduced in the F/P/BF group, with the most pronounced decrease observed in the P group (P < 0.01). Gut microbiota alterations occurred in all groups. At the phylum level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio increased in all three groups (F/P/BF group). Proteobacteria abundance rose substantially in the P group, while Desulfovibrio increased and Verrucomicrobia decreased in the F/P/BF and F/S groups, respectively. Genus-level analysis showed reduced Muribaculaceae in the F/P/BF group, alongside elevated pro-inflammatory bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus, Acinetobacter) and diminished beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Parabacteroides).<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that periodontal pathogens induce gut barrier compromise through microbiome-driven immunomodulation, with P. gingivalis exhibiting predominant pro-inflammatory effects.}, }
@article {pmid40861451, year = {2025}, author = {Li, D and Mao, C and Chen, S and Wang, Z and Zhang, W and Li, Z and Li, L and He, C and Guo, W and Wei, J and Wei, Q}, title = {Effect of daphnetin combined with tobramycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in vitro and in vivo.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1648096}, pmid = {40861451}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Tobramycin/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Rabbits ; *Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Umbelliferones/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of daphnetin in combination with tobramycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in vitro and in vivo.<br><br>METHOD: The study was divided into four groups: control, tobramycin, daphnetin, and tobramycin combined with daphnetin groups. First, a 72-h Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm model was established in vitro. The antibacterial effects of daphnetin and tobramycin alone and in combination were evaluated using various methods, including microdilution, crystal violet staining, colony counting, and electron microscopy. Then, a model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in rabbit joints was established in vivo. After 7 days of continuous treatment, the rabbits were sacrificed on day 14 post infection. The therapeutic effect of daphnetin and/or tobramycin was further evaluated by observing the gross anatomy of the knee joint, biofilm PNA-FISH, synovial bacterial load, and pathology.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that daphnetin had a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 890 &#xb5;g/mL against the PAO1 strain, while tobramycin had an MIC of 2.75 &#xb5;g/mL against the same strain. Crystal violet staining and colony counting showed that the biofilm in the group treated with both daphnetin and tobramycin was significantly less than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy further confirmed that the combination of daphnetin and tobramycin had the strongest bactericidal effect. In vivo, the knee joint of rabbits in the daphnetin combined with tobramycin group had the least gross anatomical inflammatory response, amount of PNA-FISH biofilm, synovial colony count, synovial pathological examination of inflammatory cell infiltration, and synovial thickening.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study indicated that daphnetin may be a promising synergist that enhances the activity of tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in vitro and in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid40860045, year = {2025}, author = {Balasubramanian, HK and Osmani, SA}, title = {During Aspergillus nidulans nitrogen-limited biofilm formation, mitophagy is independent of mitochondrial fission.}, journal = {Autophagy reports}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {2547194}, pmid = {40860045}, issn = {2769-4127}, abstract = {During chronic infections, biofilms are resistant to both antimicrobial agents as well as the host immune system, often giving rise to recalcitrant persister cells with reduced mitochondrial function rendering biofilm infections difficult to cure. How mitochondrial dynamics and fate are regulated during fungal biofilm formation is poorly understood. In this study, we used live cell microscopy to track mitochondrial morphology during Aspergillus nidulans in vitro biofilm formation. We show that mitochondria undergo fragmentation during early biofilm development, and that externally induced oxidative stress similarly induces mitochondrial fragmentation, indicating a role for redox regulation in this process. Deletion of core components of the mitochondrial fission machinery resulted in a swollen mitochondrial phenotype. Mitochondria in the fission-mutant strains are known not to complete fragmentation in response to externally induced oxidative stress, and we show that this results in a "beads on a string" phenotype. We further show that mitochondria remain unfragmented during biofilm formation in the fission-mutant strains, although other biofilm cellular modifications, like disassembly of microtubules, are unaffected. We report that mitophagy is triggered during biofilm development in nitrogen-limiting conditions independently of mitochondrial fission. This indicates mitochondrial fission is dispensable for mitophagy during biofilm development with limiting nitrogen. We further note that general autophagy, but notably not mitophagy, is triggered during biofilm development in carbon-limiting conditions, demonstrating differential regulation of mitochondrial fate in response to specific nutritional limitations during fungal biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40859682, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, X and Cao, Y and Hu, J and Yue, Z and Liu, X and Deng, D}, title = {Hybrid Spike-Facilitated Capture and Biofilm Destruction Co-Enhances Ultrasound-Mediated Bactericidal Therapy.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {19}, number = {35}, pages = {31720-31739}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c09843}, pmid = {40859682}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Mice ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; Zinc Oxide/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy ; Tannins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Ultrasonic Waves ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Particle Size ; Ultrasonic Therapy ; }, abstract = {Bacterial pneumonia, a leading global cause of infectious disease-related mortality, faces critical challenges from antibiotic resistance and microbiome disruption associated with conventional therapies. Herein, inspired by the antibacterial microstructure of gecko skin, the study developed a tannic acid-modified Mn-ZnO hybrid microparticle (denoted as MZT) with a biomimetic cocklebur-inspired spine-like architecture, achieving synergistic modulation of surface morphology and chemical composition. The material demonstrates dual antimicrobial mechanisms: (i) the microspikes significantly enhance bacterial capture efficiency by leveraging polyphenol-mediated bacterial membrane interactions, enabling synergistic bacterial trapping and physical penetration for targeted antimicrobial action; (ii) a piezoelectricity-driven, acid-responsive reactive oxygen species catalytic system achieves pathogen-selective eradication under ultrasound activation without harming healthy tissues. Theoretical analyses revealed that surface piezoelectric fields enhance catalytic kinetics through charge redistribution. In vivo studies demonstrated precise pulmonary delivery via a nebulized system in Klebsiella pneumoniae-infected mice, exhibiting superior therapeutic efficacy. Cell viability assays and histopathological evaluations confirmed excellent biosafety at both cellular and organismal levels. This work establishes a bioinspired material design paradigm for targeted antimicrobial strategies with minimized resistance risks and microbiome preservation.}, }
@article {pmid40857654, year = {2025}, author = {Mooney, E and Cooke, G and Caraher, E and Kelleher, F and Creaven, BS}, title = {Biofilm Eradication Using Water-Soluble Silver(I) Coumarin Complexes.}, journal = {Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology}, volume = {26}, number = {18}, pages = {e202500328}, pmid = {40857654}, issn = {1439-7633}, support = {PHEA-1705//HEA/ ; }, mesh = {*Coumarins/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; Solubility ; Water/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Coordination Complexes/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Water-soluble photostable coumarin acetate complexes of silver(I) are successfully synthesized and characterized and found to have the ability to eradicate preformed MRSA biofilms. Substitution with short PEG chains at the 4-position of the coumarin ring allows the subsequent synthesis of water-soluble coumarin oxyacetate ligands which successfully allowed silver(I) complex formation. The new complexes are characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, microanalysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry where possible. Previous unPEGylated analogs has shown excellent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria MRSA, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that activity is maintained in the PEGylated complexes. However, the solubility of the un-PEGylated analogs is limited to DMSO, and those silver(I) complexes are unstable in ambient light conditions. Both issues are resolved with the new PEGylated complexes reported here and importantly the ability to eradicate preformed biofilms of MRSA is demonstrated. In addition, a triphenylphosphine adduct complex is also synthesized, but this complex has reduced activity compared to the simple PEGylated complex.}, }
@article {pmid40854459, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, B and Yin, R and Quan, X and Gao, Z and Zhou, K and Wang, X}, title = {Synergistic sulfur-iron redox in novel composite biofilm carriers drives efficient mixotrophic denitrification and phosphate removal: Metagenomic insights into nitrogen/sulfur metabolic networks and microbial interactions.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {438}, number = {}, pages = {133194}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133194}, pmid = {40854459}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Denitrification ; *Biofilms ; *Sulfur/metabolism ; *Nitrogen/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; *Phosphates/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Metagenomics/methods ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Wastewater ; Autotrophic Processes ; Water Purification/methods ; Metagenome ; }, abstract = {Multifunctional biofilm carriers were developed through encapsulating acetate starch or FeCl3 using paraffin and sulfur (Paraffin-Sulfur-Acetate Starch and Paraffin-Sulfur-FeCl3), aimed at enhancing nitrate removal via mixotrophic denitrification and phosphate removal via controlling Fe[3+] release. A sequencing batch biofilm reactor with these composite carriers attained efficient nitrogen removal (99.9 % for NO3[-]-N, 98.7 ± 2.2 % for total nitrogen, 24 h cycle) and phosphate removal (98.5 %) over 60 days. The composite carriers provided multiple electron donors (S[0], acetate starch, and paraffin) to sustain mixotrophic denitrification, with sulfur autotrophic denitrification contributing 65.5 %-83.7 % of total nitrogen removal. Metagenomic analysis revealed diverse nitrogen metabolism pathways, including sulfur (S[0]/S[2-]/Sn[2-]) and Fe[2+]-based autotrophic denitrification, acetate starch/paraffin-based heterotrophic denitrification, and ammonium oxidation via Fe[3+] (Feammox). Synergistic sulfur-iron redox cycling was established through coupled biotic-abiotic reactions. This study presents a novel and sustainable strategy for nitrogen and phosphate removal from low carbon/nitrogen ratio wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40849505, year = {2025}, author = {Mullin, TJ and MacIsaac, SA and Stoddart, AK and Gagnon, GA}, title = {Impact of material properties for improved Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inactivation with 280 nm UV LEDs.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {31016}, pmid = {40849505}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/radiation effects/physiology ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Disinfection/methods ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilm microbial communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances are a concern in drinking water premise plumbing and fixtures, and are challenging to remove and disinfect. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a commonly used surrogate organism, is employed in this study due to its widely documented occurrence in biofilms within drinking water systems. This study investigates 280 nm UV light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) for inactivating P. aeruginosa biofilms grown on common plumbing materials extruded Polytetrafluoroethylene, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Viton®, Silicone, High Density Poly Ethylene, Stainless Steel, Porex (expanded PTFE), and Polycarbonate. Biofilms were cultivated in CDC biofilm reactors on 12.8 mm diameter coupons and then exposed to UV LED light at fluences ranging from 5 to 40 mJ/cm[2] with log reduction values between 0.851 and 2.05 CFU/cm[2] for Viton® (k = 0.133 ± 0.0625 cm[2]/mJ) and Silicone (k = 0.344 ± 0.145 cm[2]/mJ), respectively. This research demonstrates that material properties influence biofilm formation and the subsequent effectiveness of UV LED inactivation while illustrating that characteristics such as surface roughness and reflectivity significantly impact inactivation. This work advances the understanding of biofilm inactivation under UV LED exposure, thereby aiding in the development of more effective biofilm inactivation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40843784, year = {2025}, author = {Cintra, TMF and Menezes, RT and de Carvalho, LS and de Miguel Nazario, L and Hantao, LW and Marcucci, MC and Oliveira, LD and Meccatti-Domiciano, VM}, title = {Rosemary Extract: Phytochemical Composition and Potential for Eliminating Polymicrobial Biofilm of Candida albicans and Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.}, journal = {Biotech (Basel (Switzerland))}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {40843784}, issn = {2673-6284}, abstract = {Herbal medicines can be promising for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) hydroalcoholic extract (RHE) regarding its phytochemical composition and potential for eliminating polymicrobial biofilm of Candida albicans with multidrug-resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The extraction and quantification of the extract (flavonoids and phenols) were performed, and its antioxidant activity (DPPH) and the presence of bio-active compounds were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were determined, and the extract's action on polymicrobial biofilms was evaluated using the MTT assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests, as well as Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests, with a significance level of 5%. RHE showed compatible amounts of flavonoids and phenols, with an EC50 of 19.53 µg/mL. Through HPLC-DAD and GC-MS, biomolecules such as rosmarinic acid and α-Pinene were identified. The extract exhibited microbicidal activity and antibiofilm action, with reduction percentages of up to 69.6% (p < 0.05), showing superior performance compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine against C. albicans + A. baumannii. In conclusion, RHE may be a promising therapeutic agent against multidrug-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40854124, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, D and Liu, X and Zhang, Y and Shi, R and Ru, Y and Zhou, X and Chen, Y and Yang, J and Liu, J and Zhu, J and Liu, C and Liu, W}, title = {Local c-di-GMP signaling, triggered by cross-regulation of cAMP-CRP and c-di-GMP, controls biofilm formation under nutrient limitation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {35}, pages = {e2516964122}, pmid = {40854124}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {32370583//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 31900401//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20231350//JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 32370023//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 31970036//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; KC23301//| Natural Science Foundation of Xuzhou Municipality (Xuzhou Natural Science Foundation)/ ; 32401044//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20210920//JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 32270119//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20241961//JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; KJZ-YY-NSM0518//Scientific Experiment Project of China Space Station/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Signal Transduction ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bacteria have several nucleotide second messengers, most of which act as global regulators to control a wide range of bacterial physiological processes. Studies usually focus on a single second messenger, and the mechanisms and physiological significance of the cross-regulation between different nucleotide second messengers are often unclear. Here, we show that Shewanella putrefaciens can form biofilms in both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media. While both are controlled by c-di-GMP, the regulatory models differ. Under low nutrient conditions, cross-regulation of cAMP-CRP and c-di-GMP occurs at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels, thereby controlling biofilm development. During the early stages of biofilm development, cAMP-CRP directly promotes the transcription of a PDE gene, lrbR, by LrbA. Additionally, cAMP-CRP recruits LrbR to BpfD to suppress early biofilm formation via LrbR-dependent local degradation of c-di-GMP. Finally, as intracellular LrbR levels decrease, cAMP-CRP-BpfD enables a rapid shift to biofilm development and supports biofilm maintenance. Under high nutrient conditions, this cross-regulation does not occur, resulting in a positive correlation between global c-di-GMP levels and biofilm biomass. The identification of distinct modes of biofilm regulation in different nutrients will provide a theoretical basis for future targeted control of biofilm formation in different nutrient environments.}, }
@article {pmid40853106, year = {2025}, author = {Amador, CI and Fatima, N and Jakobsen, ASS and Macario, L and Pichon, P and Aldred, N and Burmølle, M}, title = {Directed assembly of biofilm communities for marine biofouling prevention.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {9}, pages = {e0139225}, pmid = {40853106}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {N62909-20-1-2086//Office of Naval Research Global/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Animals ; *Thoracica/physiology/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/classification ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology/microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Seawater/microbiology ; *Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Bio-based solutions depend on the application of living organisms to combat current challenges, including marine biofouling, which is characterized by the adhesion and growth of organisms on surfaces at sea. Such solutions traditionally involve single bacterial strains with specific, desirable activities or properties, thereby omitting the advantages conferred by the community context. We propose a novel approach, whereby desirable emergent properties of multispecies communities can be selected, such as those producing a thick and robust biofilm that is impenetrable to settling larvae. Here, bacterial biofilms from natural and artificial marine surfaces were studied, focusing on their adhesion, cohesion, stability, and antifouling properties both as single isolates and in multispecies communities. Using bottom-up assembly, we identified multispecies biofilm communities that exhibited greater tolerance to temperature variations compared to the component species. Additionally, some isolates, alone or as multispecies biofilms, prevented the settlement of barnacle larvae in short-term laboratory biofouling experiments. Broadly, our findings highlight the complexity of bacterial interactions within biofilms, revealing competition with occasional cooperation. More specifically, we present the possibility of a novel approach to biofouling control, whereby communities of marine isolates produce biofilms with the physical properties of a protective coating and, thus, move the industry a step toward environmentally friendly, regenerative antifouling coatings.IMPORTANCEMarine biofouling poses a significant challenge to maritime industries, resulting in lower efficiency, higher maintenance costs, environmental impact and structural damage. Marine antifouling coatings are the first line of defense against biofouling and their biocidal mechanism of action has remained largely unchanged for decades. Although the concept of "living coatings" has been mooted previously, we take a novel approach. By exploiting useful emergent properties from multispecies communities, we propose that the resulting biofilms will be more environmentally stable than single-species biofilms, allow departure from a focus on active protection via toxic metabolites, and will eventually enable the development of biological coatings with desirable physical properties. By highlighting the competitive and cooperative dynamics within biofilms, the research identifies microbial communities that reduce barnacle larval settlement while tolerating environmental stressors like temperature variation. These findings are a first step towards eco-friendly, biofilm-based antifouling strategies that are both self-regenerating and environmentally compatible.}, }
@article {pmid40853032, year = {2025}, author = {Nuevo, P and Virto, L and Ribeiro-Vidal, H and Gil, J and Sanz, M}, title = {In Vitro Assessment of a Novel Piranha-Passivated Dental Implant Surface Against Oral Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Clinical oral implants research}, volume = {36}, number = {12}, pages = {1575-1585}, pmid = {40853032}, issn = {1600-0501}, support = {//C&#xe1;tedra Extraordinaria Klockner de investigaci&#xf3;n b&#xe1;sica y aplicada en implantes dentales/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Surface Properties ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Titanium ; Citric Acid/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Peri-Implantitis/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peri-implantitis, a significant complication resulting from bacterial colonization on dental implants, presents a challenge in oral healthcare. Developing surfaces that inhibit bacterial adhesion while promoting tissue integration is crucial for improving implant outcomes. This study aims to evaluate bacterial colonization on a novel passivated surface for dental implants using an in vitro multispecies biofilm model.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of titanium implants (standard, citric acid-passivated, and piranha-passivated) were characterized by analyzing roughness, contact angle values, and surface energy after the passivation treatments. The capacity for biofilm formation on these implants was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bacterial colonization and viability were assessed at 6, 12, and 24&#x2009;h. In addition, the protein adsorption capacity of these surfaces was determined.<br><br>RESULTS: Treatments increased hydrophilicity and polar surface energy, with no change in roughness. Although no statistically significant differences were found, a slightly lower concentration of primary and intermediate colonizers was observed on piranha-treated surfaces compared to citric acid implants, particularly during the 24-h incubation period. CLSM analyses revealed a higher percentage of dead bacteria on piranha-passivated implants over time. Piranha passivation also resulted in the lowest fibrinogen adsorption.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that piranha passivation may be a promising treatment for dental implant surfaces, potentially reducing the risk of peri-implantitis. However, the inherent limitations of the in&#xa0;vitro approach necessitate further clinical trials to validate the efficacy of this surface modification in real-world clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid40852304, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, JE and Lee, JH and Boya, BR and Kim, YG and Byun, Y and Lee, J}, title = {Novel Pyrone-Based Biofilm Inhibitors against Azole-Resistant Candida albicans.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {32}, pages = {36441-36454}, pmid = {40852304}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that is pathogenic in immunocompromised patients with life-threatening diseases such as HIV and cancer. C. albicans is the most common fungal species isolated from biofilms formed on implanted medical devices or on human tissue. Biofilm development of C. albicans is mainly driven by a transition from yeast to hyphal form involving core proteins such as HWP and ALS. We designed and synthesized novel α-pyrone-based analogues to investigate their potential in inhibiting biofilm formation and hyphal development of C. albicans . Among the synthesized compounds, three compounds (6f, 6j, and 6n) significantly inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation and reduced cell aggregation and hyphal formation in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds had minimal effects on planktonic cell growth while significantly reducing biofilm formation at 20-50 μg/mL, suggesting novel candidate compounds for managing drug-resistant strains of C. albicans . The three compounds may represent promising therapeutic options with potential synergistic effects when combined with existing antifungal agents.}, }
@article {pmid40850399, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, YH and Hsu, LH and Yu, ZH and Leong, KQ and Chiang, HS and Chen, YL}, title = {Rad6 and Bre1 ubiquitin ligase negatively regulate biofilm formation and virulence in Candida glabrata.}, journal = {The Journal of infection}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {106595}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106595}, pmid = {40850399}, issn = {1532-2742}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Candida glabrata/pathogenicity/genetics/drug effects/physiology/enzymology ; Animals ; Virulence ; Candidiasis/microbiology ; Mice ; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Female ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen causing infections due to its innate antifungal drug resistance and ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. Epigenetic pathways may be important factors in the development of drug resistance. Our previous studies showed that deubiquitination of H2B, regulated by a module comprised of Ubp8, Sgf11, Sgf73, and Sus1, plays important roles in oxidative stress tolerance and biofilm formation of C. glabrata. However, the roles of the Rad6 and Bre1 ligase in regulating the ubiquitination of H2B in C. glabrata remain unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We characterized the functions of Rad6 and Bre1 in C. glabrata by generating deletion mutants (rad6, bre1, and rad6 bre1). We analyzed biofilm formation, gene expression of key adhesins (EPA1, EPA6, EPA20) and protease (YPS4), antifungal drug susceptibility, stress responses, and virulence in a murine model of systemic candidiasis.<br><br>RESULTS: Deletion of RAD6 and BRE1 resulted in enhanced biofilm formation, correlating with upregulation of key adhesin genes and the protease gene YPS4. The mutants showed distinct patterns of antifungal drug susceptibility: rad6 and rad6 bre1 mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to azoles, while bre1 mutant showed enhanced resistance to azoles in solid YPD agar plates but no significant difference in liquid RPMI medium. All mutants demonstrated decreased resistance to echinocandins and amphotericin B, associated with altered expression of ergosterol biosynthesis genes (ERG11) and glucan synthase genes (FKS1, FKS2). The mutants also displayed decreased resistance to oxidative and cell wall stresses despite elevated basal expression of antioxidant genes (SOD1, GPX2, CTA1). In a murine model of systemic candidiasis, both rad6 and bre1 mutants exhibited enhanced virulence compared to the wild type.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Rad6 and Bre1 in C. glabrata function as negative regulators of biofilm formation and adhesion, and their related-genes expression, while RAD6 deletion also suppresses macrophage ROS production and enhances fungal survival. The enhanced virulence observed in the rad6 and bre1 mutants is primarily attributed to these combined effects of increased biofilm formation, enhanced adhesion capability, and macrophage immune evasion.}, }
@article {pmid40850333, year = {2025}, author = {Sakthivel, I and Rangaswamy, B and Rajagopal, B and Shanmugam, L}, title = {Integrating kinetic models, gene circuits, and biofilm dynamics for enhanced exopolysaccharide production in nitrifying bacterial consortia.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {107237}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107237}, pmid = {40850333}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Nitrification ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Microbial Consortia ; Wastewater/microbiology ; Kinetics ; *Bacteria/metabolism/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {Bacterial consortia enriched from domestic wastewater were studied through kinetic and genetic circuit modelling to optimize extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production and nitrogen removal. This study integrates kinetic modelling and synthetic biology to optimize consortia performance. Growth kinetics were simulated using extended Monod and Verhulst models, under controlled nitrogen flux (10 ppm NH4Cl), yielding a maximum biomass concentration (OD590 = 5.39) and an EPS production of 2.63 g/L by day 45. The Monod model described the specific growth rate (μ) as a function of nitrogen concentration (Sn), while the Verhulst model estimated biomass accumulation over time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the gradual development of biofilms, starting from scattered clusters, and progressing to dense structures. Nitrogen flux analysis revealed that 80 % of ammonia was oxidized by nitrifying bacterial population. PCR amplification confirmed the presence of the exoY gene, which was used to build a BUFFER-gate logic gene circuit for controlling succinoglycan production. Through focused genetic and kinetic optimization, this study demonstrates effective nitrification, providing a strong framework for wastewater treatment and biofilm engineering.}, }
@article {pmid40850154, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Wang, S and Zhang, W and Zheng, Y and Liu, J and Ma, W and Yu, H and Sun, Y and Zhan, P and Sun, Y}, title = {ROS-induced allosteric regulation of NikR coordinates HP0910-mediated OMP2 methylation to modulate H. pylori biofilm dynamics and therapeutic targeting.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {128319}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128319}, pmid = {40850154}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Animals ; Mice ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Allosteric Regulation ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Porins/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; Macrophages/microbiology/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; DNA Methylation ; Methylation ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation represents a critical survival strategy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), facilitating antibiotic resistance and chronic colonization. In this study, we demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by macrophages enhance H. pylori biofilm formation through a novel epigenetic pathway. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses revealed that the nickel-responsive regulator NikR is allosterically activated by ROS, transitioning from its apo to holo conformation. This conformational shift markedly represses the expression of the DNA methyltransferase HP0910, resulting in hypomethylation of the omp2 gene, which encodes an outer membrane protein (OMP), and subsequent OMP2 overexpression, as validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and reporter assays. Elevated OMP2 levels enhance extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, leading to a significant increase in biofilm biomass and thickness, as quantified by crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ROS scavenging reverses this phenotype, promoting biofilm dispersal. Furthermore, molecular docking and functional assays identified flopropione, a small-molecule compound targeting OMP2, led to an approximately 80 % reduction in biofilm biomass in vitro. When combined with standard triple therapy (omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), flopropione significantly improved bacterial clearance (>2-log10 reduction) in a murine infection model. Collectively, our findings elucidate the ROS-NikR-HP0910-OMP2 signaling axis that regulates H. pylori biofilm dynamics and identify flopropione as a promising anti-biofilm therapeutic candidate against multidrug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid40850050, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, D and Liang, J and Yang, Q and Huang, C and Gu, C and Sun, S and Zhao, H and Gan, M and Zhang, K and Zhu, J and Qiu, G}, title = {Pyrite facet-dependent microbial oxidation and interfacial interaction mechanisms: An example of crystal facets variability with different modes of biofilm attachment.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {256}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {115063}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115063}, pmid = {40850050}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Sulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Iron/chemistry/metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Corrosion ; }, abstract = {Different crystal facets of pyrite are anisotropic, which affects the biogeochemical cycling of iron. However, the potential mechanisms of interfacial interactions between pyrite and microorganisms on different exposed crystal surfaces are unclear. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of the interaction of pyrite {100} and {210} facets with Sulfobacillus thermophilidoxidans YN22 on the dissolution of pyrite. The results showed that the {210} facets formed larger pearl-string corrosion pits and the biological oxidation rate was about 20 % higher than that of the {100} facets. This was attributed to the higher reactivity of the {210} facets with 4-coordinated iron atoms and electron transfer capacity, which promoted a wider and denser distribution of biofilms on their surfaces, thus accelerating the oxidative dissolution of the {210} facets and the formation of larger corrosion pits. In addition, the {100} facets showed a more dispersed biofilm distribution and their surfaces were prone to form more K-jarosite, which hindered the oxidation of the {100} facets. This study revealed that the surface properties of different crystal facets {100} and {210} of pyrite affect biocorrosion, providing a new perspective on the oxidation process of pyrite with microorganisms at different crystal facets.}, }
@article {pmid40849717, year = {2025}, author = {Motavaf, F and Abbasi, M and Asadalizadeh, H and Zandi, S and Charmduzi, F and Asadi, M and Jafarlou, M and Ghanbarikondori, P and Ebrahimifar, M}, title = {Enhanced Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Anticancer Activities of Liposome-Encapsulated Selenium Nanoparticles: A Novel Therapeutic Approach.}, journal = {Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {3005-3017}, pmid = {40849717}, issn = {2476-762X}, mesh = {*Liposomes/chemistry ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Selenium/chemistry/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; *Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigates the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their encapsulation in liposomes as a novel drug delivery system to enhance the antibacterial and anticancer properties of SeNPs. Liposomes are well-known for their ability to improve the biological activity of encapsulated drugs, making them a promising candidate for targeted therapies, particularly in oral cancer treatment.<br><br>METHODS: Biosynthesised SeNPs were incorporated into liposomes via the thin-film hydration technique. Particle size and zeta potential were quantified by dynamic light scattering (DLS), whereas encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined spectrophotometrically (UV-Vis).<br><br>RESULTS: The physicochemical properties of the liposome-loaded SeNPs were characterized, revealing an average size of 270 nm, spherical morphology, and an encapsulation efficiency of 50.5%. The release profile of SeNPs from the liposomes demonstrated a controlled release of 61% over 64 hours, while free SeNPs released 100% of their content during the same period. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of both free and liposome-loaded SeNPs were tested against standard pathogenic bacterial strains, with the liposome formulation showing enhanced efficacy. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that liposome-loaded SeNPs exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects on oral cells compared to free SeNPs, indicating improved therapeutic potential.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that liposome-loaded SeNPs are an effective and biocompatible drug delivery system with notable antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer properties, making them a promising candidate for targeted drug delivery in oral cancer therapy.}, }
@article {pmid40849560, year = {2025}, author = {Bai, S and Wan, S and Chen, Y and Li, M and Wu, R and Tang, S and Chen, L and Chen, Y and Lv, X}, title = {Design and synthesis of anti-biofilm derivatives from phospholipid amides.}, journal = {Molecular diversity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40849560}, issn = {1573-501X}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms serve as a natural barrier, enabling bacteria residing within them to exist and potentially amplify bacterial resistance by shielding themselves from bactericide exposure. Despite considerable efforts directed toward inhibiting bacterial growth, research has overlooked bacterial biofilms to a significant extent, leading to the frequent deficiency of traditional antimicrobials in inhibiting such biofilms. This necessitates the development of antimicrobials capable of inhibiting biofilms for effective antibacterial intervention. Herein, we have developed a new bacteriostatic agent, A6, which has demonstrated the capability of inhibiting biofilm formation. It achieved a biofilm inhibition rate of 72.76% at a concentration of 47.94 μg/mL (2.0 EC50). Mechanistic studies revealed that A6 inhibits extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and bacterial motility, both critical for bacterial virulence, biofilm formation, maturation, or plant cell wall degradation. Additionally, the conductivity and protein leakage experiments demonstrated that compound A6 significantly affected various physiological processes of Xoc. In summary, A6 presents a promising antimicrobial solution by simultaneously inhibiting biofilms, addressing a crucial aspect of bacterial plant diseases.}, }
@article {pmid40849094, year = {2025}, author = {Boa Ventura, PV and Chaves, AC and Pereira, MS and de Carvalho, FJN and da Silva, BF and Costa, RA and Teixeira, RSC and Maciel, WC and Carneiro, VA}, title = {Exploring plant compounds as enhancers of ciprofloxacin activity against planktonic and biofilm cells of poultry-related enterobacteriaceae.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107995}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107995}, pmid = {40849094}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Chickens ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects ; Eugenol/pharmacology ; Acrolein/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; Poultry/microbiology ; Proteus mirabilis/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Acyclic Monoterpenes ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of ciprofloxacin (Cip) in combination with trans-cinnamaldehyde (Tc), geraniol (Ger), and eugenol (Eug) against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from broiler feces. Disk diffusion and microdilution assays showed that Tc displayed the highest antibacterial activity in disk diffusion (IZD: 30 mm) and microdilution assays (MIC: 312.5 μg/mL), while Ger and Eug revealed smaller inhibition zones (∼9-12 mm) and higher MIC values (2500 μg/mL). Checkerboard assays indicated that Ger and Eug synergized with Cip (FICi ≤0.5), decreasing Cip MIC by up to 130-fold. The combinations of Cip with Eug and Ger led to a 100 % and 90 % reduction in biofilms, respectively. These findings suggest that plant compounds, particularly Ger and Eug, enhance the efficacy of Cip against both planktonic and biofilm cells, presenting a promising strategy to combat antibiotic resistance in poultry farming.}, }
@article {pmid40846820, year = {2025}, author = {Rafi, MO and Hasan, MAE and Fahim, NAI and Antor, MTH and Salam, S and Masud, RI and Jany, DA and Bakhtiyar, Z and Khan, MFR and Rahman, MT}, title = {Environmental distribution of biofilm-forming antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli associated with plastic surface materials.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {32}, number = {34}, pages = {20617-20628}, pmid = {40846820}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {2024/141/BAU//Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System/ ; }, mesh = {*Escherichia coli/drug effects ; *Biofilms ; *Plastics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Bangladesh ; }, abstract = {Plastic pollution is now an emerging issue worldwide, and the amount of plastic debris is rapidly increasing day by day in this decade. The surface of plastic contains a wide variety of biofilm-forming microorganisms that can pose a risk to human health. Studies showed that Escherichia coli is resistant to numerous classes of antibiotics; however, the prevalence of the bacterium on the environmental plastic surface is still unknown. The current study aimed at identifying biofilm-forming E. coli from the plastic surface collected from various environmental origins and determining the antibiotic-resistant pattern. A total of 90 plastic samples were collected from wastewater and open surface environments of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh Agricultural University, and BCIC industrial areas of Mymensingh. Among these, 65 samples were found to be positive for the presence of E. coli. The plastic samples collected from drainage sources displayed the highest E. coli prevalence. By targeting the malB gene of the cultured samples, 36 E. coli isolates were positive out of 65, and the prevalence rate was 55.4%. There was a considerable variation in terms of the antibiotic-resistant pattern of the isolates. Randomly, 29 isolates were subjected to an antibiogram study. All of the isolates were resistant to imipenam (100%) and ceftazidime (100%), 79.40% were resistant to ampicillin, and 44.82% resistant to gentamicin. The beta-lactamase-producing genes blaTEM were detected in 51% (14/29) isolates that showed resistance to ampicillin. The biofilm-forming study revealed that 91.16% strong biofilm-forming E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Additionally, 18.18% non-biofilm-forming tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates have been found in this study. In summary, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to isolate and identify biofilm-forming antibiotic-resistant E. coli collected from environmental plastic surfaces, but further pathogenicity tests and resistome analysis are required to know the exact genetic resistance pattern.}, }
@article {pmid40844832, year = {2025}, author = {Kwong, PTH and Das, T and Arnold, JC and Chan, HK and Kwok, PCL}, title = {The anti-biofilm activity of cannabinoids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf214}, pmid = {40844832}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {//The University of Sydney/ ; //University of Sydney Tuition Fee Scholarship/ ; //University of Sydney International Stipend Scholarship/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism/analysis ; Humans ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia with resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics. New, potent antibiotics against MRSA with other mechanisms of action are thus urgently needed. Recently, cannabinoids have been evaluated for antimicrobial activity in the ongoing search for new anti-infective agents, but their anti-biofilm effect has not been extensively studied. In this study, five main phytocannabinoids-cannabidiol (CBD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabichromene (CBC) were examined for their activity against MRSA biofilms.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: The anti-biofilm activity was assessed by crystal violet staining, resazurin metabolic assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and propidium iodide membrane integrity test. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of all tested cannabinoids were between 1 and 2&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL. CBN showed the most potent anti-MRSA biofilm activity, significantly reducing biofilm biomass and bacterial viability. It also induced the highest intracellular ROS levels. In contrast, CBD was the least effective among the tested cannabinoids in most of the anti-biofilm assays, yet it caused the greatest membrane damage to bacteria within the biofilm.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that despite being chemically similar, the cannabinoids demonstrated different potency and potentially different mechanisms of action against MRSA. More research is needed to investigate how they act on this pathogen and its biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid40844704, year = {2025}, author = {Kashi, M and Varseh, M and Askarinia, M and Ghasemikhah, R and Chegini, Z and Shariati, A}, title = {The interactions of natural compounds with Escherichia coli motility, attachment, communication systems, and mature biofilm.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {10}, pages = {236}, pmid = {40844704}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {4745//Arak University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Biological Products/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms play a significant role in increasing antibiotic resistance and the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli; their control is a major challenge in treating bacterial infections. In recent years, natural compounds have emerged as effective alternatives for inhibiting the formation and destruction of bacterial biofilms. Natural compounds such as curcumin, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, quercetin, resveratrol, thymol, citral, and catechin are noteworthy in hindering and destroying E. coli biofilms. They inhibit bacterial motility (swarming and swimming), reducing attachment to surfaces, and downregulate genes related to attachment and motility (fimH, csgABC, sfaAS, papG, fliAC, flhCD, and motAB). Natural compounds can also disrupt the bacterial communication system and cause changes in the expression of luxS, sdiA, tnaA, qseBC, bssS, and lsrR genes. Studies have also shown that natural compounds can destroy mature biofilms' structure and decrease biofilm exopolysaccharides' production. This impact makes the bacteria more sensitive to the antimicrobial agents. However, one of the biggest challenges in using natural compounds is their low stability and restricted bioavailability in biological environments. For this reason, utilizing nanoparticles and novel drug delivery systems can improve these compounds' stability, penetrability, and efficacy. This article reviews the antibiofilm potential of natural compounds, their mechanisms of activity in hindering and destroying E. coli biofilms, and the role of nanotechnology in improving the performance of these compounds.}, }
@article {pmid40844694, year = {2025}, author = {Sankaran, M and Kaliyamoorthy, K and Alagumuthu, M}, title = {Antimicrobial quinoline triazoles: synthesis, docking, and dynamic simulation studies against biofilm-associated infections.}, journal = {Molecular diversity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40844694}, issn = {1573-501X}, abstract = {The alarming rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens poses a significant challenge to current antimicrobial therapy, challenging the development of novel, structurally diverse agents. In this study, a new series of phenylquinoline-triazoles (PQTs) 4a-l was rationally designed and synthesized using a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry approach. Synthesized PQTs were characterized by standard analytical techniques, including [1]H NMR, [13]C NMR, HRMS, and spectroscopic analyses. The antimicrobial efficacy of PQTs 4a-l was evaluated against a panel of clinically relevant biofilm-causing bacterial strains, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (MTCC 1936), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Candida albicans was the only fungal strain utilized, considering its role in biofilm formation in several infections, including UTI (Urinary Tract Infection). In the results, three PQTs exhibited potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, predominantly against Gram-positive strains and MRSA. Due to the activity selectivity, a molecular docking study was executed against the penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), a key resistance factor in MRSA (PDB ID: 6H5O), and the best compounds screened were subjected to test the PBP2a inhibition potential in vitro. The most active compounds exhibited strong binding affinities and favorable interaction forms within the active site of PBP2a, including hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking with key amino acid residues. Furthermore, the docked complexes were subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which confirmed their structural stability and robust interactions under physiological conditions. Furthermore, in silico ADME and drug-likeness profiling suggested good pharmacokinetic properties. In conclusion, we identified compounds 4d, 4i, and 4 k as are most effective PQTs among 4a-l with remarkable antimicrobial potentials. These findings determine that PQTs are promising scaffolds for combating resistant bacterial infections such as MRSA and warrant further preclinical investigation.}, }
@article {pmid40843956, year = {2025}, author = {Reem, CSA and Chowdhury, MAH and Ashrafudoulla, M and Ha, SD}, title = {Leveraging Blockchain and AI for Biofilm Control in Food Processing Environments.}, journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {e70261}, doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70261}, pmid = {40843956}, issn = {1541-4337}, support = {//Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2025/ ; //National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Food Handling/methods ; Food Microbiology ; Food Safety ; Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation in food processing environments significantly threatens food safety and quality due to its resistance to conventional cleaning and disinfection methods. These resilient microbial communities contribute to contamination, spoilage and foodborne illnesses, highlighting the need for innovative and technology-driven control strategies. Emerging digital tools, particularly blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI), offer new opportunities for enhancing biofilm management. Blockchain ensures secure, real-time traceability of hygiene records, contamination events and compliance activities across the supply chain. Complementing this, AI technologies such as machine learning and sensor-based analytics support early detection of microbial growth, anomaly identification and predictive risk assessment. Together, these tools promote data-driven decision-making and more proactive contamination prevention. While pilot applications show promise in improving transparency and sanitation outcomes, challenges remain, including data integration, implementation costs and regulatory barriers. Addressing these issues will require interdisciplinary collaboration and supportive policy frameworks. This review summarizes the current and potential roles of blockchain and AI in biofilm control and outlines future directions for research and industrial application.}, }
@article {pmid40843008, year = {2025}, author = {Ismael, M and Edwin, M and Juliah, K}, title = {Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Sida cuneifolia leaf extract for enhanced antibacterial, cytotoxic, and anti-biofilm activities.}, journal = {Biotechnology notes (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {196-208}, pmid = {40843008}, issn = {2665-9069}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the global threats that needs to be addressed. Nanotechnology represents a promising way to address this issue due to its multifaceted mode of action. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of silver nanoparticles using S. cuneifolia leaves extract. The formation and properties of AgNPs were characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, an FT-IR spectrophotometer, TEM, and XRD. Disc diffusion and MIC were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs towards E. coli, S. flexneri, and S. aureus. The antibacterial action of silver NPs was observed using SEM, and cytotoxicity was assessed using the hemolysis assay. The anti-biofilm was evaluated against E. coli and S. aureus. From the results obtained, a sharp peak in the UV-Vis spectra centered at 419 nm was associated with AgNPs, while the sharp, distinct peaks in the powder diffractograms were linked to the face-centered cubic (fcc) of crystalline AgNPs. TEM micrographs confirmed their spherical morphology, with dimensions varying from 4 to 31 nm. The nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against the tested isolates. Additionally, SEM confirmed that they could destroy the cell membrane and cause death. The biocompatibility of the synthesized AgNPs was safe at 100 μg/mL. Therefore, S. cuneifolia leaf extract has the potential to be an environmentally friendly substitute for the fabrication of Ag nanoparticles. The findings reveal that the synthesized nanoparticles could serve as a secure and effective alternative for addressing AMR.}, }
@article {pmid40842858, year = {2025}, author = {Fernández-Calderón, MC and Fernández-Babiano, I and Navarro-Pérez, ML and Pazos-Pacheco, C and Calvo-Cano, A}, title = {Biofilm formation and role of other pathogenic factors in the virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1630341}, pmid = {40842858}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Staphylococcus epidermidis/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Biofilms ; Virulence ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology ; Biocompatible Materials ; *Virulence Factors/genetics ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Medical device-associated infections represent a significant healthcare challenge, as sterilization of the biomaterial often necessitates device removal. The most frequently isolated microorganism in these infections is Staphylococcus epidermidis, a skin commensal capable of causing a wide range of nosocomial infections. The primary virulence factor of S. epidermidis is biofilm formation, which decreases antibiotic efficacy and host immune response. However, additional factors play crucial roles in infection establishment. Understanding the interplay between virulence factors is essential to developing preventive strategies that inhibit microbial adhesion and biofilm development. In this study, we analyzed the presence of genes associated with adhesion and biofilm formation (ica-dependent and ica-independent pathways) in 25 clinical isolates of S. epidermidis and four control strains: ATCC 12228, ATCC 35983, ATCC 35984, and the HAM 892 mutant. Resistance profile was determined, and biofilm quantification and composition of matrix was performed using multiple methodologies. Additionally, parameters associated with initial adherence as cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) were investigated. A strong correlation was observed among different methods for measuring biofilm formation and matrix composition. The 14 icaADBC+ isolates exhibited higher prevalence of the aap, bhp, mecA, and IS256 genes, with polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) identified as the main matrix component. In contrast, icaADBC- biofilm-producing strains formed biofilms rich in other polysaccharides and proteins. The 15 non-biofilm-producing isolates showed significantly higher hydrophobicity levels, suggesting that this factor plays a critical role in initial adhesion and colonization. This study highlights the diverse mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in S. epidermidis and identifies hydrophobicity as a potential pathogenicity factor contributing to its virulence.}, }
@article {pmid40842210, year = {2025}, author = {Mandal, AA and Upadhyay, A and Mandal, A and Sahoo, SS and Agrawal, AK and Mukherjee, S and Banerjee, S}, title = {Ru(II)-Based Photo-Antibiotics: Light-Driven Eradication of Bacterial Biofilm and Rapid Healing of Infective Wounds in Wistar Rat.}, journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {31}, number = {53}, pages = {e02095}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202502095}, pmid = {40842210}, issn = {1521-3765}, support = {//SERB/ ; //DBT/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Rats ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Ruthenium/chemistry/pharmacology ; Light ; Rats, Wistar ; *Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects ; Photochemotherapy ; *Coordination Complexes/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Three novel Ru(II)-based photoantibiotics, viz., [Ru(phtpy)(N,N,N)2](PF6)2, where N,N,N = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (phtpy, Ru1), 4-([2,2':6',2''-terpyridin]-4'-yl)-N,N-dimethylaniline (NMe2tpy, Ru2), trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (CF3tpy, Ru3) were developed with excellent photostability for visible light-activated antibacterial activities and infective wound healing. Ru1-Ru3 exhibited an absorption in the 400-600 nm range, beneficial for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) application. Upon visible light exposure (400-700 nm), Ru1-Ru3 inhibited bacterial growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), due to the effects of oxidative stress via ROS generation and photo-oxidation of NADH. Ru3 was identified as a lead antibiotic that further showed antibiofilm activities against E. coli under visible light exposure. Ru3 was found to be biocompatible against rat red blood cells and human embryonic kidney cells. Ru3 + light promoted rapid healing of infected wounds within 9 days in an E. coli-induced rat model, highlighting its potential future use in healthcare.}, }
@article {pmid40841770, year = {2025}, author = {Do, E and McManus, CJ and Zarnowski, R and Huang, MY and Goerlich, K and Andes, DR and Mitchell, AP}, title = {Ume6 protein complexes connect morphogenesis, adherence and hypoxic genes to shape Candida albicans biofilm architecture.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {2231-2244}, pmid = {40841770}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {R01 AI073289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI146103/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI073289//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; Distinguished Research Professorship//University of Georgia (UGA)/ ; }, mesh = {*Candida albicans/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Hyphae/growth &amp; development/genetics ; Morphogenesis/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Cell Adhesion/genetics ; Protein Binding ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; }, abstract = {Biofilms of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans can form on implanted medical devices and contribute to fungal virulence and are recalcitrant to antifungal therapy. The transcription factor Ume6 directs hyphal cell elongation and thus promotes biofilm formation in C. albicans. However, how exactly this key biofilm and virulence regulator functions has remained unclear. Here RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing data show that Ume6 binds to and activates multiple biofilm-relevant genes. Ume6-associated sequence motifs correspond to binding sites for biofilm master regulators Efg1 and Ndt80, and hypoxic response regulator Upc2. Co-immunoprecipitation assays show the existence of Ume6-Efg1, Ume6-Ndt80 and Ume6-Upc2 protein complexes. Promoter binding of Ume6 is partially dependent upon Efg1, Ndt80 or Upc2, as is Ume6 target gene activation, thus indicating that the protein complexes function to drive Ume6-target gene interaction. Ume6 therefore acts as a bridge that connects the hyphal morphogenesis and adherence genes that shape biofilm architecture and the hypoxic response genes required for growth in the low-oxygen biofilm environment. These findings are vital for our understanding of the pathobiology of C. albicans and could open the way to new treatment options.}, }
@article {pmid40839007, year = {2025}, author = {Nath, R and Lahiri, D and Nag, M and Mahapatra, D and Bhattacharya, M and Dutta, K and Bhattacharya, D}, title = {Retraction Note: Antibiofilm activity of exopolysaccharide-mediated ZnO nanoparticle against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {398}, number = {10}, pages = {14551}, doi = {10.1007/s00210-025-04569-y}, pmid = {40839007}, issn = {1432-1912}, }
@article {pmid40838877, year = {2025}, author = {Østrup Jensen, P and Rybtke, M and Tolker-Nielsen, T}, title = {Biofilm-associated molecular patterns: BAMPs.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {93}, number = {10}, pages = {e0030425}, pmid = {40838877}, issn = {1098-5522}, support = {LF-OC-22-000934//LEO Fondet/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; *Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology/metabolism ; Animals ; *Bacteria/immunology ; *Bacterial Infections/immunology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Chronic infections involving bacterial biofilms are a major clinical challenge due to the ability of biofilm to resist antimicrobial treatments and host immune responses. The resulting persistent infections are often accompanied by collateral damage mainly executed by activated components of the innate immune system in response to the infectious biofilm. The innate immune system responds to the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are broadly expressed by both planktonic and biofilm-forming bacteria. However, the expression of special PAMPs in association with biofilms remains poorly defined. Here, we review prior studies that provide experimental evidence of the existence of immune-activating molecular patterns that are expressed at immunostimulatory levels in biofilms but not in planktonic bacteria. Accordingly, we introduce the concept of biofilm-associated molecular patterns (BAMPs) as a subset of PAMPs that are expressed in biofilms. Identifying BAMPs and elucidating their role in innate immune activation may inform the development of targeted therapies to reduce collateral tissue damage in biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40838731, year = {2025}, author = {Tuttobene, MR and Bruna, RE and Molino, MV and García Véscovi, E}, title = {PrtA-mediated flagellar turnover is essential for robust biofilm development in Serratia marcescens.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {9}, pages = {e0126125}, pmid = {40838731}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {PICT 2019-00492//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Serratia marcescens/physiology/genetics ; *Flagella/metabolism/genetics/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Metalloproteases/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is crucial for bacterial persistence, requiring precise regulatory mechanisms to transition from motility to sessility. Here, we uncover the role of the metalloprotease PrtA in Serratia marcescens biofilm development and its interaction with flagellar components. Loss of PrtA leads to reduced biofilm biomass, thickness, and viable cell counts, as shown through high-resolution confocal microscopy. The biofilm-deficient phenotype is rescued by wild-type PrtA expression but not by a proteolytically inactive PrtAE177A mutant, underscoring the essential role of PrtA's enzymatic activity. Exogenous addition of purified PrtA restores biofilm formation, confirming its enzymatic necessity. Proteomic profiling identified flagellar proteins as primary PrtA targets, with an overrepresentation of flagellar components in prtA mutant biofilms. In addition, PrtA selectively degrades depolymerized flagellar filaments, facilitating biofilm progression by removing excess flagellar material. Transcriptional analysis reveals an inverse expression pattern of flagellar master regulator (flhDC) and prtA during biofilm establishment, suggesting a coordinated regulatory axis that suppresses flagellar function while promoting biofilm development. Confocal microscopy at the liquid-air interface shows increased flagellar content in prtA mutant biofilms, supporting PrtA's role in matrix organization and biofilm integrity. Collectively, these findings establish PrtA as a crucial mediator of flagellar turnover and extracellular proteolysis, linking motility suppression to robust biofilm formation. This work not only advances our understanding of biofilm regulation in S. marcescens but also identifies PrtA as a potential target for novel biofilm control strategies.IMPORTANCEBiofilms are central to the persistence and pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens, particularly in clinical settings where they contribute to chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. This study identifies the metalloprotease PrtA as a critical regulator of biofilm development, acting through the selective degradation of flagellar components to mediate the transition from motility to sessility. By demonstrating that PrtA's proteolytic activity is essential for proper biofilm architecture and viability, and that it directly targets excess flagellar material, we provide mechanistic insight into how biofilm maturation is coordinated with motility suppression. The discovery of an inverse regulatory relationship between prtA and the flagellar master regulator flhDC further supports the existence of a finely tuned system controlling biofilm establishment. Together, these findings enhance our understanding of biofilm regulation in Serratia marcescens, an opportunistic human pathogen increasingly associated with antibiotic resistance, and highlight PrtA as a promising target for novel anti-biofilm strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40838492, year = {2025}, author = {O'Connor, F and Lazanas, A and Prieto Simón, B}, title = {Carbonised porous silicon as scaffold and sensor for the electrochemical detection and characterisation of bacterial biofilm growth.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {13}, number = {36}, pages = {11284-11297}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01036e}, pmid = {40838492}, issn = {2050-7518}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Silicon/chemistry ; Porosity ; *Electrochemical Techniques ; Surface Properties ; Carbon/chemistry ; Electrodes ; }, abstract = {The use of carbonised porous silicon (C-pSi) substrates as both scaffolds and electrodes for the electrochemical detection and characterisation of bacterial biofilm growth is reported for the first time. Three types of C-pSi are presented showcasing versatility in their hydrophilicity and surface chemistry. The tunability of these properties is taken as a springboard for the biological, morphological and electrochemical evaluation of the biofilms. The combined characterisation data obtained from environmental scanning electron microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, confirm C-pSi as a powerful tool for sensing bacterial biofilm growth. The collective assessment of biofilm growth at the C-pSi surface reveals changes related both to morphological and temporal parameters.}, }
@article {pmid40838068, year = {2025}, author = {Flumignan, VK and Sircili, MP and Germano, LG and Souza, AVDS and Silva, NF and Fukumasu, NK and Anjos, RM and Otoch, JP and Artifon, ELA}, title = {Characterization of Bacterial Biofilm Composition in Occluded Plastic Biliary Stents.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental gastroenterology}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {179-189}, pmid = {40838068}, issn = {1178-7023}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Plastic biliary stents are an effective treatment for biliary obstruction. Despite being resolutive and accessible, they are known to have a low patency rate, estimated at 3 to 6 months. This can be attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilm, which leads to the luminal obstruction of the stent. The aim of this study is to identify the bacterial composition of biofilms from obstructed plastic biliary stents removed through ERCP.<br><br>METHODS: Obstructed plastic biliary stents were retrieved from patients undergoing ERCP. The stents were fragmented into three segments of 2.0 cm each: proximal, medial, and distal. Gram staining was performed on each fragment, followed by assessment using optical microscopy. Subsequently, 4&#xa0;&#xb5;m cross-sections were made of each fragment, with subsequent analysis by confocal microscopy. The material from the inside of the stents was also placed in culture medium and colony-forming units were counted.<br><br>RESULTS: Optical microscopy and analysis by confocal microscopy showed a seemingly higher number of bacterial colonies in the distal portion of the stents compared to the proximal and medial regions. A greater presence of bacteria in the distal segments of the stents was confirmed, with growth reaching up to 10[14], while growth in the proximal and medial segments was only observed up to 10[9] and 10[8], respectively. Biochemical identification using Gram staining identified both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species: Enterococcus faecium; Aeromonas hydrophila/caviae; Escherichia coli; Enterobacter cloacae; Citrobacter freundii; Klebsiella oxytoca; Proteus vulgaris; Proteus mirabilis; Pantoea sp; Morganella morganii.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The composition of the biofilm in biliary stents confirmed to be polymicrobial. The distal portion of the stents is likely the most frequent site of obstruction. New strategies, such as the development and improvement of plastic stents, should be considered to slow this growth and enhance permeability.}, }
@article {pmid40838029, year = {2025}, author = {Smutkeeree, A and Rattanapakdeekul, N and Lapirattanakul, J and Tosrisawatkasem, O and Surarit, R}, title = {Cariogenic Potential of Lactose-Free Infant Formulas: An In Vitro Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm and Acidogenicity.}, journal = {Journal of International Society of Preventive &amp; Community Dentistry}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {265-274}, pmid = {40838029}, issn = {2231-0762}, abstract = {AIM: Lactose-free infant formulas (LFs) are commonly used for children with lactose intolerance, but their potential contribution to early childhood caries (ECC) remains poorly understood, particularly with varying sugar compositions. The present study aimed to assess the biofilm-forming ability, acidogenicity, and structural biofilm characteristics of LFs with and without sucrose using a Streptococcus mutans in vitro model.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two LFs (with and without 24% sucrose) were tested alongside brain heart infusion (BHI) (negative control) and BHI + 10% sucrose (positive control). S. mutans biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining (A590nm). Biofilm pH was measured after 24&#x2009;h of incubation. Structural characteristics were assessed via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis tests, Bonferroni post hoc tests, and linear regression modeling (P < 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Both LF samples showed significantly greater biofilm formation than the negative control (A590nm: 3.57 &#xb1; 0.06 vs. 0.08 &#xb1; 0.02; P < 0.05). Biofilm pH was significantly lower in both LFs (4.23 and 4.28) than in BHI alone (5.26; P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the LFs with and without sucrose. CLSM revealed denser S. mutans aggregation in sucrose-supplemented LF, but without distinct biofilm boundaries.<br><br>CONCLUSION: LFs, even those without supplemental sucrose, promote S. mutans biofilm formation and acidogenicity, suggesting a potential cariogenic risk. These findings underscore the need for careful dietary recommendations and oral hygiene strategies for infants consuming LF formulas. Further studies involving in vivo and clinical trials are warranted to validate the results and assess the long-term implications for ECC development.}, }
@article {pmid40836839, year = {2025}, author = {Whiteley, A and Nonglaton, G and Jousseaume, V}, title = {Poly(VP-co-V3D3), an Insoluble Hydrophilic Copolymer Coating Deposited via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {7979-7988}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c00974}, pmid = {40836839}, issn = {2576-6422}, mesh = {Escherichia coli ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; *Polymers/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; *Povidone/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Siloxanes ; }, abstract = {While bacterial biofilm remains one of the world's major health issues, many traditional strategies for combatting it are being questioned. Indeed, as antibioresistance is rising and other biocides are raising concerns due to their potential toxicity, these curative methods no longer seem to be the solution. Therefore, biomimetic preventive methods, based on impeding bacterial adhesion, are being developed. One strategy is creating superhydrophilic surfaces to which bacteria cannot adhere as a water barrier forms at the interface. Polymer thin films are an efficient way for crafting such surfaces, and more precisely, the vacuum-based method initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) allows the formation of polymers through radical polymerization mechanisms, therefore giving good control over the chemical composition of the resulting coatings. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (poly(VP)) has previously been used for its antibiofouling properties due to its high wettability and can be easily deposited into thin films by iCVD. However, its strong affinity with water makes it soluble, and thus, it cannot be used in bacterial suspensions. By coinjecting the VP precursor with a cross-linker, in this case organosilicate 1,3,5-trivinyl-1,3,5-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane (V3D3), the iCVD technique allows the formation of cross-linked copolymer thin films. The conservation of the functional groups of both monomers, whose proportion can be finely tuned by adjusting the injected fractions of each precursor, was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Fineman-Ross equation was used to evaluate the reactivity of both monomers, allowing us to describe the copolymer structure. Water contact angle (WCA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were carried out to characterize the surface state of the coatings and correlate it with the copolymer composition. Finally, solubility tests were carried out in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and microbiological adhesion assays were carried out with the model species Escherichia coli to highlight the potential of these copolymers for antifouling applications.}, }
@article {pmid40835945, year = {2025}, author = {Abdelaziz, HTO and Seif Mohamed, EM and Younis, SKA and Ahmed, N and Michaeel, MN and Abu-Hussien, SH and Bakry, A and Ebeed, NM and Nasser, MA and El-Nasr, MKA and Ali, MAA and Hemdan, B and Salah, M and El-Sayed, SM}, title = {Selenium nanoparticle loaded on PVA/chitosan biofilm synthesized from orange peels: antimicrobial and antioxidant properties for plum preservation.}, journal = {BMC chemistry}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {245}, pmid = {40835945}, issn = {2661-801X}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: This study investigates the eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CH) composite for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and food preservation applications. SeNPs were synthesized using orange peel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Characterization through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM and zeta potential analysis confirmed the formation of stable, well-dispersed SeNPs. The antimicrobial activity of PVA/chitosan (PVA/CH) films incorporated with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was evaluated against five pathogenic bacterial strains, showing a concentration-dependent enhancement, with the 1% SeNPs formulation achieving the highest inhibition zones across all tested pathogens. Se nanoparticles showed a more compact structure and excellent thermal and UV stability into PVA/CH-SeNPS film. Antioxidant potential was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The composites showed concentration-dependent free radical scavenging, with the highest activity observed at 1% SeNP concentration (IC50:45.2 µg/mL), closely approaching that of ascorbic acid (IC50: 38.6 µg/mL). HPLC analysis of orange peel extract identified high levels of rutin (546.46 mg/kg), quercetin (217.45 mg/kg), and chlorogenic acid (72.75 mg/kg), which likely contributed to the observed antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity tests using Vero cells demonstrated high biocompatibility, with over 80% cell viability at all tested concentrations, confirming the composites’ potential for safe biomedical applications. Additionally, the use of PVA/CH-SeNP composites as an edible coating for Hollywood plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Hollywood) was evaluated to extend postharvest storage. Fruits coated with 0.5% and 1% PVA/CH-SeNP showed significantly reduced weight loss (3.64% and 2.84%, respectively, compared to 6.91% in the control) and maintained higher firmness (7.20 N/cm[2] vs. 4.12 N/cm[2] in the control). The coatings also increased total soluble solids (TSS: 14.6°Brix), decreased acidity (0.936%), and enhanced L-ascorbic acid (19.86 mg/100 g) and anthocyanin content. These results highlight the potential of PVA/CH-SeNP composites as multifunctional biomaterials for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and food preservation applications. Future studies should explore their in vivo efficacy, long-term stability, and potential for large-scale applications.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-025-01608-w.}, }
@article {pmid40835140, year = {2025}, author = {Jang, S and Im, H and Jang, A}, title = {Comparative evaluation of nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) treating anaerobic digestion effluent: effect of external carbon source and biocarrier autopsy.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {437}, number = {}, pages = {133175}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133175}, pmid = {40835140}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Carbon/pharmacology/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; *Water Purification/methods ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Methanol ; }, abstract = {This study investigated nitrogen removal performance in an anoxic/oxic moving bed biofilm reactor (A/O MBBR) using two external carbon sources: food waste condensate (FWC) and methanol (MeOH). FWC supported effective denitrification (95.4 ± 4.2 %) due to the enrichment of diverse heterotrophic denitrifiers, including Thauera, Paracoccus, and Azospira, despite its chemical complexity. However, nitrification efficiency in the FWC-fed system was lower than in the MeOH-fed system (5.5 % lower), likely due to inhibitory organic constituents and fewer nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrolancea). In contrast, the MeOH-fed system achieved higher nitrification efficiency (97.7 ± 2.9 %) and stable biofilm formation. Despite the limitations of MeOH's substrate diversity, FWC proved to be a viable, sustainable carbon source for nitrogen removal in A/O MBBR systems. Future research should focus on enhancing nitrification through microbial enrichment and process optimization to achieve balanced nitrogen removal under complex substrate conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40835076, year = {2025}, author = {Upadhyay, A and Pal, D and Kumar, A}, title = {Development of an innovative method of Salmonella Typhi biofilm quantification using tetrahydrofuran and response surface methodology.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107992}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107992}, pmid = {40835076}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella typhi/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Furans/pharmacology/chemistry ; Solvents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Gentian Violet ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, poses a severe global health threat, particularly due to its ability to form robust biofilms that confer high levels of antibiotic resistance. Biofilms act as a physical and chemical barrier, protecting the bacterial community from hostile environments and therapeutic interventions, thereby complicating infection management. Accurate and reproducible quantification of S. Typhi biofilms is essential for understanding pathogenesis, evaluating anti-biofilm agents, and improving clinical outcomes. However, conventional biofilm quantification methods, such as crystal violet staining, suffer from limitations, including biofilm loss during washing steps, variability in adherence to surfaces, and inconsistent readings due to biofilm accumulation at the air-liquid interface. In this study, we systematically investigated the efficiency of six chemicals (five solvents and one dye), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and crystal violet, for their interaction with pre-formed S. Typhi biofilms in 96-microtiter well plates. Our goal was to identify an optimal solvent that can effectively solubilize biofilm while preserving structural integrity, thus enhancing measurement precision. We developed a new solvent-assisted method that significantly reduces washing steps to minimize biofilm detachment and sample variability. The process was statistically optimized and validated using response surface methodology (RSM), enabling the identification of THF as a highly effective solvent that maximizes optical density signal without compromising reproducibility. Our findings demonstrate that THF-based biofilm quantification provides superior accuracy, consistency, and ease of use compared to traditional approaches. Notably, THF was found to be the most effective biofilm-dissolving solvent among the six chemicals. This optimized method not only streamlines biofilm measurement workflows but also holds great potential for high-throughput screening of anti-biofilm compounds.}, }
@article {pmid40834965, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Liu, X and Zuo, J and Zhuang, Z and Bai, L}, title = {Domain driven mining of high activity anti-biofilm glycoside hydrolases in pathogenic bacteria.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {322}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {146973}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146973}, pmid = {40834965}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Glycoside Hydrolases/pharmacology/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/enzymology/genetics ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/pharmacology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation represents a critical antimicrobial resistance mechanism contributing to persistent chronic infections. Glycoside hydrolases encoded within the exopolysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of pathogenic bacteria play pivotal roles in biofilm formation and dispersal processes, making the mining of anti-biofilm glycoside hydrolases from pathogen genomes a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we established a systematic pipeline for screening anti-biofilm glycoside hydrolases from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii genomes. Among 13 candidate enzymes screened, 7 were successfully expressed in soluble form, with PgaBAb1 and PgaBKp demonstrating potent anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Among them, PgaBAb1 exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity, with EC50 values for the disruption and inhibition of S. epidermidis biofilms being 2.83 ± 0.65 nM and 4.53 ± 1.19 nM, respectively. Enzymatic characterization revealed optimal activity at pH 7.0 and remarkable stability at 37 °C for both enzymes. Mechanistic investigations confirmed that PgaBAb1 and PgaBKp mediate biofilm dispersal through enzymatic degradation of dPNAG. Notably, enzymatic pretreatment with these glycoside hydrolases significantly enhanced methicillin susceptibility in S. epidermidis. Our findings highlight the untapped potential of pathogenic bacteria as sources of therapeutic glycoside hydrolases and provide novel insights for addressing biofilm-associated chronic infections.}, }
@article {pmid40834578, year = {2025}, author = {Ren, X and Wang, F and Zhao, H and Sun, M and Jin, T and Xi, B and Wang, Q}, title = {Synergistic effect of biochar and Phanerochaete chrysosporium regulating biofilm to promote microplastics degradation during composting.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {127016}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127016}, pmid = {40834578}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Phanerochaete ; *Composting ; *Charcoal ; *Microplastics/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {This study aimed to explore the impact of sawdust biochar (T2), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC, T3), and their mixtures (T4) on the polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) degradation and related mechanisms during composting, the treatment without addition was regarded as control (T1). Results showed that compared with the control, adding biochar, PC and their mixture could reduce the PE-MPs abundance from 27,833 to 17,267-22600 items/kg, and the minimum value was observed in T4. Meanwhile, the pronounced surface cracks, highest carbon loss and carbonyl index observed in T4 also confirmed this result. Additionally, adding the mixture of biochar and PC optimized composting environments and selectively enriched bacteria on PE-MPs biofilms, especially NS9_marine_group, main contributor to the PE-MPs degradation with 0-200 μm and 1000-3000 μm. Furthermore, the application of combined amendments enhanced connectivity between PE-MPs and microorganisms, thus benefiting PE-MPs degradation. These findings provide new insights into MPs reduction in compost and a theoretical basis for the safe recycling of organic wastes.}, }
@article {pmid40834576, year = {2025}, author = {Li, MT and Cui, YW and Mi, YN and Zhou, DX and Jiang, LX}, title = {A novel cascade A/O biofilm reactor coupled with an iron autotrophic denitrification biofilter process for treating real municipal wastewater: Deep nutrient removal and ultra-low sludge production.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {127001}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127001}, pmid = {40834576}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Denitrification ; Biofilms ; *Wastewater ; Sewage ; *Bioreactors ; Nitrogen ; Iron ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Autotrophic Processes ; Filtration ; }, abstract = {Currently, wastewater treatment processes are confronted with the challenge of high nutrient discharge standards and the need for low residual sludge production. In this study, a novel cascade A/O biofilm coupled with an iron autotrophic denitrification biofilter process was proposed to resolve these issues. The process showed high nitrogen removal with no apparent observed suspended sludge when treating real municipal wastewater with low C/N ratio. The process characteristics were investigated under various reflux ratios of iron ions liquid from the iron autotrophic denitrification biofilter to the cascade A/O biofilm reactor. Four reflux ratios experiments were set up successively, enhancing nutrient removal. The process showed the maximum TN removal efficiency of 90.94 % ± 2.02 %, phosphate removal efficiency of 66.38 % ± 3.36 % and the sludge reduction ratio of 86.59 ± 3.15 %. The sludge reduction ratio was affected by reflux ratio, due to the toxic effect of iron ions on microfauna. Following the increase of reflux ratios, the relative abundance of ciliates and nematodes significantly improved in the biofilm; Telotrochidium and Diplogasterida gradually became the dominant microfauna in the aerobic cells, playing key roles in sludge reduction. This study proposes a novel process which could deeply remove nitrogen from the real municipal wastewater and produce ultra-low residual sludge, solving the challenges faced by existing biological treatment technology.}, }
@article {pmid40834503, year = {2025}, author = {Avgoulas, DI and Festa, D and Petala, M and Marra, D and Zabulis, X and Karamaounas, P and Giannios, M and Kostoglou, M and Caserta, S and Karapantsios, TD}, title = {Flow geometry effect on Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 biofilm structure.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {256}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {115048}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115048}, pmid = {40834503}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas fluorescens/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the impact of flow path geometry on Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 biofilm structure, on different surface materials. A custom- experimental setup featuring vertically oriented millimeter-scale-flow channels was employed to grow biofilms on test coupons made of stainless steel electropolished (SSEP) and Teflon fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP), at 72 h after flow onset under constant flow conditions. Each flow channel accommodated an upstream and a downstream coupon placed in a row. Two channel types were employed: (i) one with a straight flow path throughout, and (ii) one with an upstream straight section and a downstream square-wave (zig-zag) flow path. Biofilm thickness and structure were quantified using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images analyzed by a novel, in-house Matlab software. Results demonstrated that SSEP consistently supported thicker and more uniform biofilms compared to FEP. In straight channels (type i), biofilms on SSEP reached mean thicknesses of approximately 29 ± 9 μm (upstream) and 46 ± 17 μm (downstream), while FEP showed thinner biofilms (19-20 μm, COV ≈ 47 %). In square-wave channels (type ii), thicker biofilms developed on the upstream surfaces, with thicknesses of 86 ± 14 μm (COV ≈ 17 %) for SSEP and 81 ± 34 μm (COV ≈ 42 %) for FEP, respectively. Furthermore, biofilms on SSEP increased further along the downstream zig-zag path, indicating enhanced accumulation due to flow geometry. This effect was absent on FEP, where detachment occurred in certain zig-zag sections. Overall, the findings emphasize the critical interplay between surface properties and flow dynamics in shaping biofilm structure.}, }
@article {pmid40832958, year = {2025}, author = {Ghimire, N and Rayamajhi, M and Sun, Y and Deng, Y}, title = {Chitosan-coated titanium screws: Enhancing biofilm resistance, mechanical stability, and osseointegration in orthopedic implants.}, journal = {Journal of applied biomaterials &amp; functional materials}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {22808000251358057}, doi = {10.1177/22808000251358057}, pmid = {40832958}, issn = {2280-8000}, mesh = {*Chitosan/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Titanium/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Osseointegration/drug effects ; *Bone Screws/microbiology ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/drug effects ; Animals ; Humans ; Materials Testing ; Prostheses and Implants ; }, abstract = {Orthopedic implant-associated infections, primarily caused by biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus, pose significant clinical challenges. These infections often lead to implant failure, prolonged antibiotic treatments, and an increased risk of revision surgeries, emphasizing the need for effective biofilm-resistant implant materials. In this study, we present a dual-functional titanium screw (Ti-S) grafted with chitosan (Cs), a biocompatible polymer known for its osteogenic and antimicrobial properties while maintaining mechanical integrity. The chitosan-modified titanium screw (Cs-Ti-S) was prepared via chemical immobilization to enhance resistance to biofilm formation while promoting osseointegration and preserving biomechanical integrity. Biomechanical testing confirmed that chitosan modification did not compromise mechanical performance, as Cs-Ti-S exhibited a torsional yield strength of 1.70 ± 0.00 Nm compared to 1.76 ± 0.05 Nm for unmodified titanium screws (Un-Ti-S), and an axial pullout force of 68.66 ± 14.36 N for Cs-Ti-S versus 70.33 ± 9.71 N for Un-Ti-S. Micro-scratch tests revealed similar hardness values (1.26 ± 0.03 GPa for Cs-Ti-S vs. 1.40 ± 0.07 GPa for Un-Ti-S) and scratch resistance, ensuring surface durability. Gene expression analysis showed upregulated β1-integrin on Cs-Ti-S at 24 h post-infection, indicating improved osteoblast adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed significantly reduced bacterial biofilm formation on Cs-Ti-S. Moreover, the combination of povidone-iodide (PI) treatment on Cs-Ti-S surfaces significantly inhibited biofilm formation over 7 days, unlike Un-Ti-S, which retained significant adhesion. These results suggest chitosan grafting as a scalable, non-antibiotic strategy to enhance antimicrobial resistance and osseointegration.}, }
@article {pmid40832759, year = {2026}, author = {Thakur, D and Kumar, L}, title = {Biofilm-associated Escherichia coli infections: pathogenesis, clinical implications, and treatment strategies.}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {198-242}, doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2548490}, pmid = {40832759}, issn = {1549-7828}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/diagnosis/therapy ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/pathogenicity/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is a complex process in which bacteria adhere to surfaces and create a protective matrix. Biofilms shield bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, from antibiotics and the host immune system, greatly facilitating their pathogenesis by enabling immune evasion and antimicrobial resistance. This review examines the stages of E. coli biofilm formation and their role in infections across various body sites, including the central nervous system, eyes, ears, teeth, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and medical device-related infections. Each infection site is thoroughly analyzed in terms of clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, treatment resistance, and implications for patient management. Furthermore, this review discusses therapeutic advancements, which are crucial for combating biofilm-associated infections. By unraveling the complexities of biofilms and developing novel therapeutics, researchers and clinicians can enhance strategies for diagnosing, treating, and preventing persistent E. coli infections.}, }
@article {pmid40831634, year = {2025}, author = {Abdullah, EM and Elariny, EYT and Abdelaziz, R and Albalawi, AS and Almutrafy, AM and Zaki, MSA and Abdel-Karim, SA and Tartor, YH}, title = {Lytic bacteriophage disrupts biofilm and inhibits growth of pan-drug-resistant Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1653368}, pmid = {40831634}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen whose presence presents a continuous challenge in the food industry. A key issue is the formation of biofilms, which are complex microbial communities that cling to surfaces. These biofilms are incredibly resilient, making them tough to eliminate and manage. Therefore, it is crucial to find new and innovative ways to prevent and remove them. This study investigated the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk and Kareish cheese samples, as well as its resistance to antimicrobials and its ability to form biofilms. We also isolated and characterized a lytic bacteriophage to explore its anti-biofilm potential. Listeria species prevalence was 20% (n = 24/120 samples), higher in raw milk (31.7%) than Kareish cheese (8.3%). Eighteen isolates (15%) were identified as L. monocytogenes. High resistance rates were observed, notably to cefotaxime and cotrimoxazole. One pan-drug resistant (PDR) isolate was found in Kareish cheese, and the other 17 isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). All L. monocytogenes isolates formed biofilms, categorized as weak: n = 7, moderate: n = 9, and strong: n = 2. We isolated a lytic bacteriophage, vB_LmoP_M15, which demonstrated lytic activity against all L. monocytogenes isolates, including both MDR and PDR strains. This phage belongs to the Podoviridae family, characterized by a short, non-contractile tail and an icosahedral head. Its genome size was estimated to be approximately 48.5 kb based on agarose gel electrophoresis of undigested phage DNA using a high molecular weight marker, and its restriction pattern was analyzed using HinfI, HindIII, and HaeIII enzymes. It has a latent period of 15 min and a burst size of 172 phage particles per infected cell. Phage vB_LmoP_M15 demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001). It effectively disrupted preformed biofilms and inhibited biofilm formation by MDR/PDR isolates. Application of vB_LmoP_M15 in pasteurized milk resulted in a significant reduction of L. monocytogenes counts by 2.45 log10 CFU/ml over 7 days at 30°C. These findings underscore the significant potential of phage vB_LmoP_M15 for controlling L. monocytogenes contamination and biofilms in dairy products.}, }
@article {pmid40830872, year = {2025}, author = {Saffari Natanzi, A and Poudineh, M and Karimi, E and Khaledi, A and Haddad Kashani, H}, title = {Innovative approaches to combat antibiotic resistance: integrating CRISPR/Cas9 and nanoparticles against biofilm-driven infections.}, journal = {BMC medicine}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {486}, pmid = {40830872}, issn = {1741-7015}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Humans ; *Nanoparticles ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; Gene Editing/methods ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections is a major global health concern, with biofilms playing a key role in bacterial persistence and resistance. Biofilms provide a protective matrix that limits antibiotic penetration, enhances horizontal gene transfer, and enables bacterial survival in hostile environments. Conventional antimicrobial therapies are often ineffective against biofilm-associated infections, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system has emerged as a revolutionary tool for precision genome modification, offering targeted disruption of antibiotic resistance genes, quorum sensing pathways, and biofilm-regulating factors. However, the clinical application of CRISPR-based antibacterials faces significant challenges, particularly in efficient delivery and stability within bacterial populations. Nanoparticles (NPs) present an innovative solution, serving as effective carriers for CRISPR/Cas9 components while exhibiting intrinsic antibacterial properties. Nanoparticles can enhance CRISPR delivery by improving cellular uptake, increasing target specificity, and ensuring controlled release within biofilm environments. Recent advances have demonstrated that liposomal CRISPR-Cas9 formulations can reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm biomass by over 90% in vitro, while gold nanoparticle carriers enhance editing efficiency up to 3.5-fold compared to non-carrier systems. These hybrid platforms also enable co-delivery with antibiotics, producing synergistic antibacterial effects and superior biofilm disruption. Additionally, they can facilitate co-delivery of antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides, further enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review explores the synergistic integration of CRISPR/Cas9 and nanoparticles in combating biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance. We discuss the mechanisms of action, recent advancements, and current challenges in translating this approach into clinical practice. While CRISPR-nanoparticle hybrid systems hold immense potential for next-generation precision antimicrobial therapies, further research is required to optimize delivery platforms, minimize off-target effects, and assess long-term safety. Understanding and overcoming these challenges will be critical for developing effective biofilm-targeted antibacterial strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40829706, year = {2025}, author = {Yao, L and Ma, Y and Liu, R and Hu, Q and Xing, Q and Li, Y and Sun, X and Cao, L and Mu, W}, title = {LIPUS-responsive meropenem-loaded nanobubbles enable biofilm disruption and bone repair in orthopedic implant-associated infections.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {386}, number = {}, pages = {114119}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114119}, pmid = {40829706}, issn = {1873-4995}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Meropenem/administration &amp; dosage ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; *Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy ; Ultrasonic Waves ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects ; Osteogenesis/drug effects ; Microbubbles ; }, abstract = {Orthopedic implant-associated infections (OII), often driven by biofilm formation, pose persistent challenges to infection control and bone healing. This study introduces a dual-action therapeutic strategy employing low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)-responsive meropenem-loaded nanobubbles (NBs@MER) to simultaneously eradicate Escherichia coli biofilms and promote bone repair. In vitro, LIPUS activation of NBs@MER exhibited robust cavitation effects, which disrupted biofilm structure, enhanced antibiotic penetration, and improved antimicrobial efficacy. Concurrently, LIPUS stimulation modulated the immune microenvironment by polarizing macrophages toward the reparative M2 phenotype and enhancing osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo studies using a rat OII model confirmed the dual functionality of the system, demonstrating marked reductions in bacterial burden and inflammation, alongside enhanced bone mineral density and trabecular architecture around infected implants. Collectively, this integrated strategy offers a promising platform for addressing the dual challenge of infection clearance and bone repair in OII management.}, }
@article {pmid40829188, year = {2025}, author = {Mendoza-Barrón, D and Hernández-Iturriaga, M and Godínez-Oviedo, A}, title = {Variability in biofilm formation dynamics by Salmonella enterica isolated from animal-origin foods, plant-based foods, environment, clinical, and unspecified food sources: a 3-day in vitro study in tryptic soy broth at ambient temperature.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2025-0020}, pmid = {40829188}, issn = {1480-3275}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella enterica/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Food Microbiology ; Temperature ; Humans ; Animals ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm production is linked to its adaptive capacity to environments throughout its lifecycle. This study aimed to assess the variability in biofilm formation (BF) dynamic by Salmonella enterica and to explore the potential impact of the cell's prior history, primarily shaped by strain and its isolation source. In vitro BF of 141 S. enterica strains isolated from animal-origin foods, plant-based foods, unspecified food sources, the environment, and clinical cases, was evaluated using the crystal violet assay at 25 °C for up to 72 h. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the effect of time, source, and strain. The Aryani method was used to characterize microbial response variability. The BF capacity of S. enterica strains ranged from 0.07 to 2.3, 0.07 to 2.7, and 0.06 to 2.7OD595nm at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. At 24 h (66.0%; 93/141) and 48 h (56.0%; 79/141), most isolates were classified as nonbiofilm producers, while at 72 h, the majority were weak biofilm producers (39.7%; 56/141). Time, strain, and isolation source significantly influenced BF, with an overall increase in BF occurring over time, and clinical strains being the highest biofilm producers. Strain to strain variability was the highest contributor to the total variance (σ 24 h 2 = 0.18OD595nm [2], σ 48 h 2 = 0.23OD595nm [2], σ 72 h 2 = 0.26OD595nm [2]). Analysis of variability between and within isolation source groups revealed the highest variability among clinical isolates (σ 24 h 2 = 1.08OD595nm [2], σ 48 h 2 = 1.36OD595nm [2], σ 72 h 2 = 1.38OD595nm [2]). Although BF was statistically associated with the strain and its isolation source, the high variability observed within these factors suggests that they alone are insufficient to explain how the cell's prior history influences BF. A more comprehensive undertanding on BF will require considering additional intrinsic and extrinsic factors.}, }
@article {pmid40828578, year = {2025}, author = {Di Marco, NI and Iriarte, HJ and Colocho, FA and Maier, M and Pungitore, CR and Lucero-Estrada, CSM}, title = {Biofilm formation of Yersinia enterocolitica and its response against GRAS compounds in meat juice.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/lambio/ovaf112}, pmid = {40828578}, issn = {1472-765X}, support = {PROICO 02-1323//Science and Technology Department, National University of San Luis/ ; PROICO 02-2620//Science and Technology Department, National University of San Luis/ ; 3.4-1132070-ARG-IP, 2021//Alexander von Humboldt Foundation/ ; PICT-2021-GRF-TII-00037//National Agency for Scientific and Technological/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Yersinia enterocolitica/drug effects ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Pork Meat/analysis ; Animals ; *Swine/genetics ; Plankton/physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne pathogen that causes yersiniosis, and its primary sources are animal-originated foods. This work aimed to analyze the effect of fresh pork meat juice (MJ) on planktonic and biofilm growth of Y. enterocolitica strains and to investigate the activity of some generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food preservatives. Twenty-eight Y. enterocolitica strains were used to test growth and biofilm formation in MJ, trypticase soy broth supplemented with 0.25% of glucose (TSBG) alone and in combination with 50% MJ (TSBG:MJ). All strains grew in MJ but most of them to lesser extent than in TSBG. Although TSBG:MJ was the most favorable medium for biofilm formation, many strains were able to form biofilm in MJ. To determine GRAS compounds activity, one B1A and one B1B Y. enterocolitica strain were selected. In nutrient broth with MJ, acetic acid was the most effective compound with MIC of 0.78 mg ml-1, MBC of 3.14 mg ml-1, and BIC of 1.57 mg ml-1 for both strains; for B1A strain, BBC was 12.56 mg ml-1 and for B1B strain, it was 25.12 mg ml-1. Although not all strains exhibited the same ability to form biofilms in MJ, it reduces the susceptibility of Y. enterocolitica to GRAS compounds.}, }
@article {pmid40828206, year = {2025}, author = {Wimmer, A and Jernej, L and Liu, J and Fefer, M and Plaetzer, K}, title = {Chlorophyllin-based Photodynamic Inactivation against Candidozyma auris planktonic cells and dynamic biofilm.}, journal = {Photochemical &amp; photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {1393-1405}, pmid = {40828206}, issn = {1474-9092}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Chlorophyllides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Light ; *Plankton/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Photochemotherapy ; *Saccharomycetales/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Candidozyma auris likely gained thermotolerance as a result of climate change and emerged from its origin in Indian wetlands to a severe healthcare threat because of its resistance to common antifungals and antiseptics in only a few decades. This development identifies the yeast as a perfect example for the relevance of the One Health concept for human well-being. Here, we compare the effectiveness of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) based on the economic and ecofriendly natural photosensitizer sodium-magnesium-chlorophyllin (Chl) to that of a synthetic chlorin e6 derivative carrying cationic moieties, B17-0024, suggesting both as alternative to common disinfectants against C. auris. Experiments were conducted on planktonic cells and-for the very first time-on dynamic biofilms using the CDC bioreactor. Treatment of planktonic cells with 50 µM Chl and blue light (395 nm, 7.5 J cm[-2], 15 min drug to light interval) achieved a 7 log10 step reduction of viable C. auris. B17-0024 induced a more than 5 log10 step photokilling at 10 µM. Illumination of the same concentrations with red light (600-700 nm, 30 J cm[-2]) resulted in a relative inactivation of 7 log10 steps for Chl and 6 log10 steps for B17-0024. Dynamic biofilm samples were illuminated with 3.33-times higher radiant exposure (25 J cm[-2] at 395 nm or 100 J cm[-2] at 600-700 nm). The antimicrobial effect of a 99.9% reduction of C. auris was exceeded with 10 µM B17-0024 and blue light illumination and with 50 µM Chl and B17-0024 activated by red light. Biofilms were completely eradicated when doubling the photosensitizer concentrations. Our results demonstrate that PDI based on Chl represents a rapid and effective tool to eliminate emerging pathogens even if resistant to conventional treatment. Due to its low costs and eco-friendliness PDI based on Chl may be applicable for disinfection of larger areas in hospitals.}, }
@article {pmid40827061, year = {2025}, author = {Põhako-Palu, K and Preem, L and Randmäe, K and Putrinš, M and Kingo, K and Tenson, T and Kogermann, K}, title = {Development of Rapid and Economic In Vitro Assay and Biorelevant Ex Vivo Biofilm Inhibition Wound Model to Test the Antibacterial Efficacy of Wound Dressings.}, journal = {Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {e70080}, pmid = {40827061}, issn = {1524-475X}, support = {PRG1507//Eesti Teadusagentuur/ ; PRG1189//Eesti Teadusagentuur/ ; PRG2696//Eesti Teadusagentuur/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Swine ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bandages ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; Polyesters/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Disease Models, Animal ; Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Chronic wounds are a major healthcare problem, consuming resources globally and necessitating innovative wound dressing development. All antimicrobial wound dressings must be tested for safety and antibacterial effectiveness prior to patient use. This study aimed to develop a rapid, economical in vitro assay and biorelevant ex vivo wound biofilm model on porcine skin to test the antibacterial efficacy of antimicrobial wound dressings. The methods were validated using five commercially available wound dressings and experimental electrospun (ES) wound dressing containing chloramphenicol in polycaprolactone and polyethylene oxide fibres (PCL/PEO/CAM). An in vitro assay was used to assess the growth inhibition, killing efficacy, and dressing sterility against multiple bacterial strains and inoculum sizes. Ex vivo models using porcine skin were used to evaluate biofilm inhibition with dressings on top of or inside infected wounds. The in vitro assay allowed rapid initial screening, whilst ex vivo models provided more biorelevant conditions for understanding the efficacy in wound-mimicking environments. The assay and model are suitable for rapid evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy before animal studies and clinical trials. Using various commercially available wound dressings alongside novel dressings for validation ensures that the method is broadly applicable. The antibacterial efficacy of commercial antimicrobial wound dressings and experimental ES PCL/PEO/CAM fibre mat was confirmed. This study highlights the importance of using multiple complementary assays and models to comprehensively assess antimicrobial wound dressing materials.}, }
@article {pmid40826262, year = {2025}, author = {Gandra, RM and Giovanini, L and Branquinha, MH and Santos, ALS}, title = {Secretion of serine proteases by planktonic- and biofilm-growing cells of Candida parapsilosis.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {2703-2716}, pmid = {40826262}, issn = {1678-4405}, support = {FAPERJ//FAPERJ/ ; CNPq//CNPq/ ; CAPES//CAPES/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Serine Proteases/metabolism/genetics ; *Candida parapsilosis/enzymology/growth &amp; development/physiology/genetics ; Animals ; Moths/microbiology ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Temperature ; Substrate Specificity ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors ; }, abstract = {Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of candidiasis worldwide, with biofilm formation and secretion of aspartic proteases (Saps) as key virulence factors. Conversely, serine protease secretion by this fungus is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the secretion of serine-type proteases by planktonic- and biofilm-forming cells of C. parapsilosis cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium. Cell-free supernatant from the reference strain (ATCC 22019) was screened against various serine protease substrates, revealing pronounced activity toward N-benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-pNa (0.74 nmol pNA.mg[- 1].min[- 1]), with optimal activity at pH 9.0 and temperatures between 32 °C and 40 °C. Proteolytic activity was significantly reduced by serine protease inhibitors PMSF (32.8%), TLCK (40.2%) and benzamidine (50.7%), while inhibitors of other protease classes had no effect, confirming its serine-type specificity. Notably, serine protease activity was detected in supernatants from cells grown in BHI but absent in those cultured in albumin-supplemented yeast carbon base medium, a known inducer of Saps, suggesting culture-dependent regulation of protease expression. Serine protease activity also increased over time, rising from 0.36 pNA.mg[- 1].min[- 1] at 24-hour to 1.14 pNA.mg[- 1].min[- 1] at 72-hour. Clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis exhibited significantly higher serine protease activity than the reference strain under optimal conditions. Serine-type protease activity was also detected in the supernatant of mature biofilms, showing a correlation with metabolic activity and biomass. Infection of Galleria mellonella larvae with C. parapsilosis isolates revealed no correlation between larval mortality and serine protease production. These findings suggest that C. parapsilosis serine proteases contribute to fungal growth and biofilm development, representing potential targets for antifungal intervention.}, }
@article {pmid40826079, year = {2025}, author = {Al-Monofy, KB and Abdelaziz, AA and Abo-Kamar, AM and Al-Madboly, LA and Farghali, MH}, title = {Coating silicon catheters with the optimized and stable carotenoid bioproduct from Micrococcus luteus inhibited the biofilm formation by multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis via downregulation of GelE gene expression.}, journal = {Microbial cell factories}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {186}, pmid = {40826079}, issn = {1475-2859}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; *Micrococcus luteus/metabolism/chemistry ; *Carotenoids/pharmacology/metabolism/chemistry ; *Silicon/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Catheters/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Down-Regulation/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Microbial carotenoids have gained industry interest due to their safety and diverse biological activities; however, the low yield of carotenoids hinders their applications. Hence, this study focused on optimizing carotenoid pigment production from Micrococcus luteus strains by studying 54 physical and chemical independent conditions. The chronic infections by Enterococcus faecalis are related to its ability to form biofilms on the surface of several implanted medical devices, such as urinary catheters. Therefore, the potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the purified pigment against E. faecalis were investigated in our study.<br><br>RESULTS: Using one-factor-at-a-time experiments, the top-examined parameters were tryptic soya broth (TSB), agitation, temperature, pH, incubation time, inoculum size (IS), sodium chloride, tryptophan, glycerol, tryptone, glutaric acid, toluene, ferric sulphate, and disodium hydrogen phosphate. The data from the Plackett-Burman design showed that temperature, sodium chloride, tryptophan, and toluene were fundamental factors controlling carotenoid production. The conditions for the upstream process were determined via response surface methodology design, which included TSB medium, agitation speed of 120&#xa0;rpm, temperature of 32.5&#xa0;&#xb0;C, pH&#x2009;=&#x2009;7, incubation time of 96&#xa0;h, 2% IS, sodium chloride (12.5&#xa0;g/l), tryptophan (12.5&#xa0;g/l), glutaric acid (5&#xa0;g/l), toluene (12.5%), and disodium hydrogen phosphate (5&#xa0;g/l). Submerged fermentation model validation using the M6 isolate (accession number of PP197163) revealed an increase in carotenoid production up to 6-fold (1.2&#xa0;g/l). The produced pigment was purified and characterized as &#x3b2;-carotene, and the stability study showed that the extracted &#x3b2;-carotene was stable for a year in dimethyl sulfoxide at 4&#xa0;&#xb0;C. The MTT test data proved that the pigment was safe on human dermal fibroblasts with an IC50 equal to 542.7&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml. For the first time, it was reported that the stable purified &#x3b2;-carotene exhibited powerful antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. faecalis, with inhibition zones ranging from 13 to 32&#xa0;mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 3.75 to 30&#xa0;&#xb5;g/ml at safe concentrations. In addition, it was found that our stable purified &#x3b2;-carotene showed up to 94% inhibition in biofilm formation by strong biofilm-forming E. faecalis. In addition, the &#x3b2;-carotene-coated catheter manifested a lower biofilm formation by E. faecalis by up to 75.3%. Moreover, crystal violet staining, dual staining, and fluorescence staining techniques displayed immature biofilms of E. faecalis when treated with 0.25 and 0.5 MICs of &#x3b2;-carotene. The mechanistic pathway for the purified &#x3b2;-carotene's antibiofilm activity was strongly linked to the inhibition of gelatinase enzyme production (up to 100% inhibition) as manifested phenotypically, genotypically, and by molecular docking.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This work provided a deeper insight into optimizing carotenoid production from M. luteus by investigating the influence of 54 diverse conditions. Also, this is the first time to report the antibacterial and antibiofilm actions of the stable purified microbial &#x3b2;-carotene against strong biofilm-forming MDR E. faecalis colonizing urinary catheters.}, }
@article {pmid40825416, year = {2025}, author = {Bludau, D and Volkenandt, S and Wagenhofer, J and Nitsche, F and Boenigk, J}, title = {Tire wear particles drive size-dependent loss of freshwater bacterial biofilm diversity.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {384}, number = {}, pages = {127004}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127004}, pmid = {40825416}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Bacteria/classification ; Particle Size ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rivers/microbiology ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Tire wear particles (TWPs) represent a significant, yet understudied, source of anthropogenic pollution in aquatic environments, contributing to microplastic contamination and potentially altering microbial ecosystems. As TWPs are continuously released through abrasion during vehicle use, they accumulate in rivers and sediments, where they can act as surfaces for microbial biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated how TWP characteristics - particle size (small &amp; large), wear condition (unused &amp; used), and vehicle type (car &amp; truck) - affect microbial biofilm composition after four weeks of exposure in the River Rhine, compared to natural sediment. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we found that TWP-associated biofilms harboured significantly lower bacterial diversity than natural sediment biofilms. While a substantial number of OTUs were shared between both habitats, TWPs exhibited increased richness but decreased overall diversity, indicating selective enrichment of specialized taxa. Larger particles further reduced diversity, and specific genera such as Aquabacterium and Ketobacter were highly enriched on TWPs, indicating selective microbial colonization. These findings reveal the effects of TWPs on microbial biofilm communities, emphasizing their potential role in altering freshwater microbial ecosystems. Given the widespread release of TWPs, understanding their ecological impact is crucial for assessing their role in aquatic pollution and ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid40825376, year = {2025}, author = {Jothi, R and Malligarjunan, N and Vidhya, K and Sangavi, R and Kamaladevi, A and Raja, V and Rengasamy, KR and Pandian, SK and Gowrishankar, S}, title = {Lupeol mitigates biofilm formation and attenuates virulence dimorphism in Candida albicans.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107989}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107989}, pmid = {40825376}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pentacyclic Triterpenes/pharmacology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence/drug effects/genetics ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/pathogenicity/genetics ; Hyphae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects ; Candida glabrata/drug effects/genetics ; Candida tropicalis/drug effects ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Lupanes ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global burden of Candida infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals, underscores the need for novel therapies. Candida's virulence is driven by traits like hyphal elongation and biofilm formation, making these key targets for managing candidiasis and preventing its progression to life-threatening systemic infections.<br><br>PURPOSE: This study investigates the anticandidal efficacy of lupeol at sub-MIC levels against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata, focusing on its effects on biofilm formation, hyphal progression, and the expression of virulence genes.<br><br>METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of lupeol were determined against the Candida species. Sub-MIC concentrations (25-200&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL) inhibited biofilm formation, as assessed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Lupeol's effects on hyphal progression and germ tube formation in C. albicans were evaluated, and qPCR analyzed key virulence gene expression.<br><br>RESULTS: The MIC and MFC of lupeol were found to be 256 and 512 &#x3bc;g/mL, respectively, against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. At sub-MIC levels, lupeol dose-dependently inhibited biofilm formation without affecting metabolic activity. It altered biofilm structure, inhibited hyphal growth, reversed hyphae to yeast morphology, and modified colony appearance. qPCR revealed downregulation of virulence genes (RAS1, UME6, HWP1, EFG1, CPH1) and upregulation of TUP1.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings highlight lupeol as a promising therapeutic candidate for combating Candida infections by targeting critical virulence factors and disrupting biofilm integrity. This study paves the way for further exploration of lupeol's clinical applications in antifungal therapy.}, }
@article {pmid40824520, year = {2025}, author = {Comlekcioglu, U and Aydogan, MY and Aygan, A and Comlekcioglu, N}, title = {Characterization of biofilm and exopolysaccharide production in Bacillus strains isolated from the bovine uterus.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {2885-2900}, pmid = {40824520}, issn = {1678-4405}, support = {2022/7-16M//Kahramanmara&#x15f; S&#xfc;t&#xe7;&#xfc; Imam &#xdc;niversitesi/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Cattle ; Female ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism/biosynthesis ; *Bacillus/isolation &amp; purification/classification/genetics/physiology/drug effects/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; *Uterus/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {The bovine uterus hosts a diverse microbiome whose role in reproductive physiology and pathology is increasingly recognized. While Bacillus species have been occasionally isolated from the uterus, their biofilm and exopolysaccharide (EPS) forming capabilities have not been systematically characterized. In this study, four Bacillus strains (BU13, BU14, BU15, and BU16) were isolated from the bovine uteri and examined for their taxonomic affiliation, phenotypic characteristics, EPS production, biofilm formation, and antibiotic susceptibility. Phylogenetic analyses based on nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all isolates belonged to the B. subtilis group, with BU13, BU14, and BU16 closely related to B. licheniformis, and BU15 related to B. amyloliquefaciens and B. siamensis. BU13 and BU16 demonstrated high levels of EPS and biofilm production, especially in sucrose-supplemented media and under nutrient-rich conditions. Notably, these strains also exhibited relatively smaller inhibition zones against β-lactam antibiotics, which may be associated with their robust EPS-biofilm phenotypes. In contrast, larger inhibition zones were observed with gentamicin, enrofloxacin, and trimethoprim. These findings underscore the importance of characterizing commensal Bacillus spp. in the uterus and highlight that certain strains may possess traits that facilitate persistence and reduce antimicrobial responsiveness. This is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the biofilm-forming potential of uterine Bacillus isolates and provides a foundation for future investigations into their role in reproductive health and disease.}, }
@article {pmid40824322, year = {2025}, author = {Hussain, MA and Zafar, M and Khan, YS and Said, KB and Anwar, S and Saeed, M and Abdulhakeem, MA and Snoussi, M and Kausar, MA}, title = {Correction: Molecular identification, antibiotic susceptibility, and biofilm formation of airborne bacteria.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {118}, pmid = {40824322}, issn = {2191-0855}, }
@article {pmid40823863, year = {2025}, author = {Glowacki, RW and Engelhart, MJ and Till, JM and Kadam, A and Nemet, I and Sangwan, N and Ahern, PP}, title = {Identification of strain-specific cues that regulate biofilm formation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0341924}, pmid = {40823863}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {LRP0000045724//Division of Loan Repayment/ ; LRP0000016021//Division of Loan Repayment/ ; R01DK126772/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL16074/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK126772/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development/classification/drug effects ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Humans ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism/pharmacology ; Lithocholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Acetic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Members of the gut microbiome encounter a barrage of host- and microbe-derived microbiocidal factors that must be overcome to maintain fitness in the intestine. The long-term stability of many gut microbiome strains within the microbiome suggests the existence of strain-specific strategies that have evolved to foster resilience to such insults. Despite this, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this resistance. Biofilm formation represents one commonly employed defense strategy against stressors like those found in the intestine. Here, we demonstrate strain-level variation in the capacity of the gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to form biofilms. Despite the potent induction of biofilm formation by bile in most strains, we show that the specific bile acid species driving biofilm formation differs among strains and uncover that a secondary bile acid, lithocholic acid, and its conjugated forms potently induce biofilm formation in a strain-specific manner. Additionally, we found that the short-chain fatty acid, acetic acid, could suppress biofilm formation. Thus, our data define molecular components of bile that can promote biofilm formation in B. thetaiotaomicron and reveal that distinct molecular cues trigger the induction or inhibition of this process. Moreover, we uncover strain-level variation in these responses, thus identifying that both shared and strain-specific determinants govern biofilm formation in this species.IMPORTANCEIn order to thrive within the intestine, it is imperative that gut microbes resist the multitude of insults derived from the host immune system and other microbiome members. As such, they have evolved strategies that ensure their survival within the intestine. We investigated one such strategy, biofilm formation, in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a common member of the human microbiome. We uncovered significant variation in natural biofilm formation in the absence of an overt stimulus among different B. thetaiotaomicron strains and revealed that different strains adopted a biofilm lifestyle in response to distinct molecular stimuli. Thus, our studies provide novel insights into factors mediating gut symbiont resiliency, revealing strain-specific and shared strategies in these responses. Collectively, our findings underscore the prevalence of strain-level differences that should be factored into our understanding of gut microbiome functions.}, }
@article {pmid40823708, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, F and Lei, M and Luo, J and Li, J and Wang, J and Zhang, N and Li, X and Jia, N and Ouyang, X and Bu, H}, title = {Ultrathin DNA-copper nanosheets with antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity for treatment of infected wounds.}, journal = {Nanoscale horizons}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {2908-2919}, doi = {10.1039/d5nh00257e}, pmid = {40823708}, issn = {2055-6764}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Copper/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *DNA/chemistry/pharmacology ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Nanostructures/chemistry ; *Wound Infection/drug therapy ; Mice ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The development of innovative antibacterial materials is crucial for addressing wounds infected with bacterial biofilms. Advanced nanomaterials that enable non-antibiotic antibacterial strategies offer new possibilities for treating bacterial infections by eliminating pathogens without relying on antibiotics. Herein, we introduce non-toxic and biocompatible DNA-copper cluster nanosheets (DNS/CuNCs) as effective antibacterial agents. DNS/CuNCs can reduce bacterial surface motility and the secretion of virulence factors by interfering with quorum sensing, and thereby inhibit biofilm formation and enhance their potential as prophylactic antibacterial agents. Notably, DNS/CuNCs exhibit significant in vitro bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and disrupt established surface biofilms in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This is attributed to the synergistic effects of their physical ultrathin properties and peroxidase-like activity, which lead to an increase in intracellular ROS levels in bacteria, thereby achieving antibacterial and biofilm-disrupting effects. In vivo, DNS/CuNCs effectively eradicate bacterial infections, promote wound healing, and restore normal tissue morphology without toxicity to mammalian cells. With their combined abilities to inhibit biofilm formation, exhibit antibacterial activity, and disrupt biofilms, along with excellent biocompatibility, DNA-templated CuNCs emerge as highly promising candidates for preventive and clinical antibacterial therapies.}, }
@article {pmid40823376, year = {2025}, author = {Thabit, AG and Sediek, MN and Mohamed, MSE}, title = {The presence of exotoxin genes and biofilm production in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.}, journal = {Germs}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {26-36}, pmid = {40823376}, issn = {2248-2997}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces many exotoxins which are essential for the bacterial pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical specimens, detect the sensitivity pattern, biofilm production, and the frequency of exogenes.<br><br>METHODS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were identified by conventional and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and biofilm production were performed. Molecular detection of exotoxin genes exoS, exoT, exoU, and exoY in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was performed by PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: Seventy-five Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified in 400 clinical specimens. Sixty-six (88%) isolates were carbapenem-resistant. A total of 25 (33.3%) isolates were extensively drug resistant, 18 (24%) were multidrug resistant, and 11 (14.7%) were pandrug resistant. Sixty-three (84%) isolates were biofilm producers. Biofilm formation was detected in 56 (85%) of carbapenem-resistant isolates. Totally, 70 (93.3%) isolates carried exoS, 68 (90.7%) carried exoY, 65 (86.7%) carried exoT, and 28 (37.3%) carried exoU. Exogenes were highly expressed in carbapenem-resistant isolates. Coexistence of more than one gene was detected in nearly all isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were resistant to many anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. Most of isolates were biofilm-producers. The genes exoT, exoS and exoY were identified in almost all P. aeruginosa strains and are considered an inevitable component of P. aeruginosa virulence.}, }
@article {pmid40823345, year = {2025}, author = {van der Ploeg, K and de Vogel, CP and Klaassen, CHW and Luider, TM and Zeneyedpour, L and Mason-Slingerland, BCGC and Vos, MC and Bruno, MJ and Bexkens, ML and Severin, JA}, title = {Proteomic identification of PA2146 as a biofilm marker of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on endoscope channel material.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100310}, pmid = {40823345}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {STUDY BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa can persistently contaminate endoscopes by forming biofilms within internal channels, complicating both detection and eradication. Current microbiological surveillance methods have limited efficacy and may yield false-negative results. This study aimed to identify proteomic markers of P. aeruginosa biofilms on endoscope channel material.<br><br>METHODS: Three genetically unrelated P. aeruginosa isolates from contaminated duodenoscopes and two reference strains (ATCC 27853 and PAO1) were used. Biofilms were grown on disinfected endoscope biopsy channel rings and incubated for 24, 48, and 72&#xa0;h. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was employed to analyze temporal changes in protein spectra. Peaks of interest were further characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and whole-genome sequencing to identify associated proteins. To further confirm the origin of these peaks, strains naturally lacking the corresponding genes were analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: MALDI-TOF MS revealed distinct time- and strain-specific spectral profiles, with two notable peaks at approximately 2723&#xa0;m/z and 5450&#xa0;m/z. LC-MS/MS identified the 5450&#xa0;m/z peak as PA2146, corresponding to a 5449.1&#xa0;Da protein after in vivo methionine cleavage. The 2723&#xa0;m/z peak was confirmed as its doubly charged ion. Both peaks were absent in strains naturally lacking PA2146, confirming it as the source.<br><br>CONCLUSION: PA2146 expression increases during P. aeruginosa biofilm development on endoscope channel surfaces, indicating its potential as a biomarker for contamination. MALDI-TOF MS could enhance biofilm detection in endoscope surveillance. Further research should assess the clinical utility of proteomic approaches for improving endoscopic microbiological safety.}, }
@article {pmid40823343, year = {2025}, author = {Hong, L and Hjort, K and Andersson, DI and Persson, C}, title = {Linoleic acid addition prevents Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on PMMA bone cement.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100311}, pmid = {40823343}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Acrylic bone cement is widely used in vertebroplasty to treat osteoporosis-induced vertebral compression fractures. However, infection after vertebroplasty is problematic and previous work has suggested loading the bone cement with an antibiotic for prophylaxis. Linoleic acid (LA) has been investigated as a promising additive to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement for vertebroplasty, but LA could potentially also have an antibacterial effect. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial properties of LA-loaded bone cement by comparing its antibiofilm properties with that of original bone cement through quantification of bacterial growth using viable cell count and scanning electron microscopy. The released monomer (MMA) concentration and the monomer minimum inhibitory concentration were determined to clarify the monomer's potential role in inhibiting bacterial growth. The LA release profile was measured, and a checkerboard assay was done to determine any synergistic effects of LA and the commonly used antibiotic gentamicin. Results show that LA-loaded bone cement could significantly inhibit Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, including gentamicin-resistant strains, but with limited effect on Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the released MMA did not have a significant influence on bacterial growth. The checkerboard assay results show that the LA and gentamicin combination could broaden the antibacterial spectrum and increase gentamicin efficacy. In conclusion, LA merits further investigation as an antibacterial agent in bone cement, alone or in combination with antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid40822583, year = {2025}, author = {Mahale, RP and K, A and Princy, A and Maheshwarappa, YD and Sumana, MN}, title = {Comparative evaluation of biofilm-forming capacity in uropathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1570422}, pmid = {40822583}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Female ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Adult ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Adhesins, Escherichia coli/genetics ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes most cases of the urinary tract infections (UTIs) via virulence factors like biofilms. This study identifies key phenotypic and genotypic virulence attributes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: A total of 180 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolated from patients with different categories (cystitis, pyelonephritis, recurrent UTI, catheter-associated UTI, and asymptomatic bacteriuria) of UTI and 30 commensal E. coli isolated from healthy individuals were evaluated for biofilm production by phenotypic methods using tissue culture plate, tube adherence, and Congo red method, and RT-PCR was used to genetically characterize them.<br><br>RESULTS: This study analyzed 1,600 urine samples from UTI patients, with 498 showing significant bacterial growth and 180 identifying E. coli as the pathogen. The female-to-male ratio of UTI cases was 0.74. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 100% sensitivity to tigecycline and fosfomycin as well as 89.44%, 86.11%, 81.66%, and 72.22% sensitivity to nitrofurantoin, amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem, respectively. Only 64.44% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, with 10% being multidrug-resistant (MDR). Moreover, 18.33% of the UPEC isolates produced mettalo-beta-lactamases (MBL), and 13.33% produced AmpC beta-lactamases. Biofilm production was observed in 72.22% of UPEC isolates compared to 16.66% in commensal isolates. The biofilm-forming UPEC, compared to commensal E. coli, has significantly higher antibiotic resistance, with a 128-fold reduction in ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Additionally, the fimH gene was detected in 98.33% of the UPEC isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study shows that UPEC strains produce specific virulence determinants like adhesion to uroepithelial cells. Screening for virulence factors should be integrated into microbiology laboratories. Specific virulence genes linked to UPEC may serve as potential targets for prophylactic strategies to prevent recurrent infections and improve management.}, }
@article {pmid40822521, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, Y and Li, Y and Xiao, N and Wang, L and Li, S and Zou, J and Yu, Y and Shao, J and Jiang, M}, title = {Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Molecular Epidemiology of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus Isolated in Northwest Hubei Province, China.}, journal = {Food science &amp; nutrition}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e70791}, pmid = {40822521}, issn = {2048-7177}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen responsible for foodborne infections worldwide. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance profiles, biofilm formation capacity, and molecular epidemiological characteristics of foodborne S. aureus isolates from northwest Hubei Province, China, as well as the correlation among these factors. Among the 303 food samples collected from Xiangyang, Suizhou, and Shiyan cities, 41 yielded non-duplicate S. aureus strains. Of the 41 S. aureus isolates, 8 (19.51%) were identified as MRSA, while 33 (80.49%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). High resistance was observed to penicillin (78.05%), tetracycline (43.90%), and erythromycin (31.71%), with MRSA strains demonstrating significantly stronger resistance profiles than MSSA strains. Among MRSA isolates, 50% (4/8) demonstrated strong biofilm-forming capacity, compared to only 9.09% (3/33) of MSSA isolates. Strong biofilm formation was observed more frequently in isolates from frozen meat (66.67%, 4/6) than in those from vegetarian salads (0%, 0/9) or fresh meat (12.50%, 2/16). The prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was higher in MRSA strains, whereas enterotoxin genes were more commonly found in MSSA strains, though differences between groups were not statistically significant. The primary epidemic clones identified were CC88-ST88-t1376/t437, CC7-ST7-t091/t3884, and CC5-ST6/ST462-t701/t165, constituting 63.41% (26/41) of isolates. The CC59-ST59/338 strain exhibited a pronounced capacity for strong biofilm formation. SCCmecII-CC15-ST15-t085 and SCCmecIII-CC7-ST7-t3884 strains exhibited the highest antibiotic resistance, with resistance to 9 and 7 antibiotics, whereas CC88-ST88-t1376, CC7-ST7-t091, and CC5-ST6-t701 showed resistance to fewer than three antibiotics. The findings enhance the understanding of the drug resistance profiles and molecular epidemiology of foodborne S. aureus, providing a foundation for more effective control measures.}, }
@article {pmid40820131, year = {2025}, author = {Nofouzi, K and Shakeri, S and Nikkhah, S and Hosseini, RH and Khordadmehr, M and Madadi, M and Khamnei, HJ and Bakhtiari, NM}, title = {Gallibacterium anatis as an emerging pathogen in pet birds: biofilm formation contributes to treatment challenges and persistence.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {518}, pmid = {40820131}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pasteurellaceae/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; *Pasteurellaceae Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Pets/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Birds/microbiology ; *Bird Diseases/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a microorganism of the Pasteurellaceae family, is an emerging avian pathogen associated with reproductive and respiratory diseases in poultry. However, its role in ornamental birds is still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to conduct the first comprehensive survey of the prevalence of G. anatis in pet birds, to investigate its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and to assess its ability to form biofilms using cultural, biochemical, molecular and histopathological methods.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, 191 fecal and tissue samples were collected from various companion birds. Clinical samples were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar plates to isolate bacterial pathogens. After incubation, colonies were evaluated based on their macroscopic characteristics such as size, color, and hemolytic properties on blood agar-and a Gram stain was performed as an essential preliminary step for bacterial identification. The 16-23&#xa0;S rRNA gene region of G. anatis was amplified by PCR method. The disc diffusion method was used to assess microbial susceptibility and resistance. Biofilm formation was analyzed using a microtiter plate assay. Tissue samples were routinely processed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with common haematoxylin-eosin (H&amp;E).<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, 20 G. anatis strains were isolated from 191 clinical samples of pet birds, representing a prevalence of 10.5%. Isolates were identified by colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical testing and PCR for the -intergenic spacer region of 16-23&#xa0;S rRNA, which yielded diagnostic amplicons of 790&#xa0;bp and 1080&#xa0;bp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed complete susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (100%) and remarkable resistance to erythromycin (80%). &#x3b2;-lactam resistance was prevalent, with 70% and 75% of isolates resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively. Biofilm formation tests showed that 80% of isolates had moderate biofilm formation. Gross and histopathological examinations of infected birds revealed severe respiratory and systemic lesions, including tracheitis, bronchopneumonia with focal necrosis, multifocal hepatic necrosis, and vascular congestion in multiple organs.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results support the idea that G. anatis is a potentially important pathogen, with a biofilm-forming ability that contributes to treatment failure and environmental persistence. The 45% prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) highlights the pressing need for antimicrobial stewardship in avian veterinary medicine. Given the zoonotic potential of G. anatis, our study underscores the importance of One Health surveillance efforts in mitigating risk to both poultry and humans.}, }
@article {pmid40819981, year = {2025}, author = {Le, DD and Wang, WH and Lan, CY}, title = {Exploring the role of the CCAAT-binding complex in cell wall maintenance and biofilm formation in Candida albicans.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2025.08.008}, pmid = {40819981}, issn = {1995-9133}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The conserved CCAAT-binding complex (CBC) specifically recognizes and binds to the CCAAT motif present in eukaryotic promoters, thereby controlling gene transcription. In Candida albicans, the CBC cooperates with another transcription factor, Hap43, to regulate iron homeostasis. Moreover, several Hap43-independent functions have also been uncovered. However, the functions of CBC have not been extensively characterized.<br><br>METHODS: Deletion mutants lacking each component of the CBC were independently compared to the wild-type strain with regard to cell wall properties, composition, and structure. The effects of CBC deletion on biofilm formation were also investigated. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was performed to reveal functional divergence between the two Hap3 paralogs, Hap31 and Hap32.<br><br>RESULTS: CBC deletion significantly impacts cell wall properties, composition, exposure of glucan and chitin, as well as cell wall remodeling. These effects appear to be associated with the small GTPase Rhb1 and the Mkc1 signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that CBC deletion affects biofilm formation, which appears to be independent of Rhb1. RNA-seq analysis further revealed the broad roles of the Hap3 paralogs within the CBC.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Notably, this work provides new insights into the relationship among CBC, cell wall maintenance, and biofilm formation in C. albicans.}, }
@article {pmid40819394, year = {2025}, author = {Saxena, P and Samanta, D and Gnimpieba, EZ and Goh, KM and Sani, RK}, title = {Sulfate-reducing bacteria: Unraveling biofilm complexity, stress adaptation, and strategies for corrosion control.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {998}, number = {}, pages = {180226}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180226}, pmid = {40819394}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Corrosion ; *Sulfates/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are anaerobes that play a pivotal role in the global sulfur cycle, influencing both environmental and industrial processes. SRB-mediated sulfate reduction facilitates the bioprecipitation of heavy metals, offering potential applications in bioremediation; however, the metabolic byproducts (e.g., H2S) contribute to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in industrial infrastructure. Over the decades, MIC has been a significant contributor to global corrosion-related economic losses, notably in oil pipelines, marine vessels, and gas storage facilities. MIC is primarily driven by SRB biofilms, which accelerate metal degradation through extracellular electron transfer mechanisms and sulfide-induced pitting corrosion. The ability of SRB to form structured biofilms enhances their resilience under environmental stressors (e.g., oxidative stress, metal toxicity, and pH fluctuations). However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying SRB biofilm development and stress adaptation remain poorly understood. Recent advances in omics strategies- transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have provided deeper insights into SRB physiology, revealing key genetic determinants of biofilm formation and quorum sensing-mediated regulation. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps persist regarding the molecular basis of SRB community interactions, extracellular electron transfer pathways, and the impact of multi-stressor environments on biofilm resilience. This review critically examines the dual role of SRB in both detrimental and beneficial processes, highlighting recent molecular developments in SRB biofilm research and MIC mitigation strategies. We also discuss emerging approaches, including systems biology interventions, quorum sensing inhibitors, and computational modeling, to develop targeted solutions for controlling MIC while harnessing SRB for sustainable environmental applications.}, }
@article {pmid40819369, year = {2025}, author = {Rocha Garcia, MA and Bastos Dos Santos, M and de Cássia Orlandi Sardi, J and Zucato Bertani, RA and Goldoni Lazarini, J and Rosalen, PL and Regasini, LO}, title = {Synthesis, anti-biofilm and molecular docking of amino-substituted chalcones targeting Staphylococcus aureus sortase A.}, journal = {Future medicinal chemistry}, volume = {17}, number = {16}, pages = {2009-2020}, pmid = {40819369}, issn = {1756-8927}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Aminoacyltransferases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; *Chalcones/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/enzymology/physiology ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Animals ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Molecular Structure ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance is an urgent global health challenge that requires the development of new antibacterial agents. In this study, 14 aminochalcones bearing electron-withdrawing groups were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity. Chalcone C5, with an ortho-chlorine on ring B, demonstrated the most potent effect, notably against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MICs of 1.9 and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively), comparable to vancomycin. C5 showed synergistic interaction with vancomycin, reducing its MIC tenfold. Time-kill assays confirmed C5's bactericidal action within 8 h, with no bacterial regrowth up to 12 h. C5 also significantly inhibited bacterial adhesion to keratinocytes (HaCaT) and reduced biofilm formation and survival at both MIC and 10× MIC, showing effects comparable to vancomycin. In silico, ADMET predictions indicated favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, including high intestinal absorption and lack of hERG inhibition or cytotoxicity. Molecular docking against S. aureus sortase A (SrtA) suggests strong interactions with key residues (Arg197, Glu105, Asn114), supporting the anti-adhesion activity. Furthermore, in vivo toxicity assessment using Galleria mellonella larvae showed minimal toxicity at 100× MIC. These findings support chalcone C5 as a promising lead compound for the development of new antibacterial agents, particularly for combating S. aureus infections and biofilm-associated pathologies.}, }
@article {pmid40819043, year = {2025}, author = {Namba-Koide, N and Yoshida, Y and Nagaoka, N and Okihara, T and Kawata, Y and Ito, M and Ito, T and Takeuchi-Hatanaka, K and Shinoda-Ito, Y and Omori, K and Yamamoto, T and Takashiba, S}, title = {Phosphorylated pullulan as a local drug delivery matrix for cationic antibacterial chemicals to prevent oral biofilm.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1333}, pmid = {40819043}, issn = {1472-6831}, support = {23792174//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 2009 Young Researcher Venture Creation Promotion Project//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; }, mesh = {*Glucans/pharmacology/chemistry/administration &amp; dosage ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Cetylpyridinium/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Phosphorylation ; Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Durapatite ; Aureobasidium ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Preventing oral infections, such as oral caries and periodontal disease, helps reduce the risks of various systemic diseases. In this study, the polysaccharide pullulan produced by the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans was modified in combination with the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) to create a local drug delivery system, and its antibacterial potential on oral bacteria was examined in vitro.<br><br>METHODS: Pullulan was phosphorylated at the CH2OH residue of &#x3b1;6 in the maltotriose structure and mixed with CPC. Bacterial attachment of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans on hydroxyapatite plates (HAPs) treated with the phosphorylated pullulan (PP) and CPC compound (0.01% PP and 0.001- 0.03% CPC, and vice versa) was assessed by observing bacteria using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and quantified through 16&#xa0;S rRNA amplification via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) method was employed to evaluate the sustained release of CPC.<br><br>RESULTS: PP-CPC compound maintained significant bactericidal activity even at 0.01%, which is one-fifth of the conventional applicable concentration of CPC. Additionally, a residual mixture was detected by the hydroxyapatite sensor of the crystal oscillator microbalance detector, suggesting an unknown molecular interaction that enables the sustained release of CPC after attachment to hydroxyapatite.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The combination of PP and CPC may contribute to the low concentration and effective prevention of oral infections, such as dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid40818517, year = {2025}, author = {Reigada, I and Togbe, E and Sovegnon, T and Ylätalo, M and Kapp, K and Zore, M and Sipari, N and Legba, B and Dougnon, V and Hanski, L}, title = {Potent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Uvaria chamae on Staphylococcus aureus strains via potential cell wall interference and lack of resistance induction.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {353}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {120434}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2025.120434}, pmid = {40818517}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/microbiology ; Humans ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Uvaria/chemistry ; Cell Wall/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Plant Roots ; A549 Cells ; Plant Leaves ; THP-1 Cells ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Traditional remedies, such as Uvaria chamae, are commonly used in West Africa to treat bacterial infections.<br><br>AIM OF THE STUDY: To comprehensively evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and resistance induction profiles of U. chamae.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethanolic, hydroethanolic, and aqueous root and leaves extracts were assayed against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Biofilm inhibition, time-kill kinetics, and bacterial morphology were studied. In vivo efficacy was assessed using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Chemical profiling was conducted via UPLC-PDA-QTOF/MS, and cytotoxicity evaluated in A549 and THP-1&#xa0;cells.<br><br>RESULTS: The ethanolic extract of the roots was the most potent, showing selective activity against S. aureus and MRSA (MIC&#xa0;=&#xa0;4&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL, MBC&#xa0;=&#xa0;8&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL). Time-kill assays confirmed bacteriostatic activity at MIC and bactericidal effects at higher concentrations. The extract effectively disrupted biofilms and did not induce resistance, unlike ciprofloxacin. It did not damage bacterial membranes but altered cell wall morphology. Low cytotoxicity was observed in human cells, and no toxicity was detected in C. elegans. In vivo, the extract significantly reduced bacterial burden in infected nematodes at 14 and 32&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL. LC-MS analysis on active fractions revealed several known antimicrobial compounds, aligning with previously reported metabolite profile of U. chamae roots.<br><br>CONCLUSION: U. chamae root extract exhibits strong, selective antibacterial activity with low toxicity, no resistance induction, and in vivo efficacy. These findings support its potential as a locally relevant option to combat AMR in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid40818368, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, Y and Chu, M and Zhuhuang, C and Wang, Y and Mo, Q and Ni, Q and Zhang, Y and Yang, M and Xu, G}, title = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus outer membrane porin Vpa0810 regulates its biofilm formation and plays a vital role in its stresses tolerance.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {442}, number = {}, pages = {111390}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111390}, pmid = {40818368}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/physiology ; *Porins/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Stress, Physiological ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus), a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium, is a leading seafood-borne pathogen that can cause acute gastroenteritis. Outer membrane (OM) porins are involved in exporting extracellular polymeric substances, which is essential for biofilm formation. However, the contribution of porins to the biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus is still obscure. We recently found that a mutation in the DHH/DHHA1 family gene vp2835 enhances biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus but inhibits its motility. Here, we identified an OM porin gene, vpa0810, from Δvp2835 strain. The deletion of vpa0810 in the wild type strain resulted in the inhibition of both swarming and swimming motility, while reverted the motility defect of Δvp2835. The Δvpa0810 decreased its biofilm formation capability in both the wild type and the Δvp2835 strain. Additionally, the surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, OM permeability, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) content were decreased in the Δvpa0810 strain. Interestingly, qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the genes involved in EPS synthesis (cpsA, scvE, and cpsF) and the porin gene ompW were significantly up-regulated in the Δvpa0810 strain, but down-regulated in the Δvp2835-Δvpa0810 double mutant. Furthermore, the deletion of vpa0810 compromised its ability to form biofilm on silicon wafers, glass, stainless-steel plates, as well as on shrimp and crab surfaces. The vpa0810 deletion mutation also reduced its stress tolerance to bile salt, low pH, low temperature, and the antibiotics colistin. In summary, our data suggest that Vpa0810 may regulate biofilm formation through EPS biosynthesis and exportation, which might provide a new target for developing control strategies against V. parahaemolyticus.}, }
@article {pmid40818356, year = {2025}, author = {Habib, MB and Shah, NA and Amir, A and Kamran, M}, title = {Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in implants related infections: Pathogens profiling and implants susceptibility.}, journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {117061}, doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117061}, pmid = {40818356}, issn = {1879-0070}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology ; *Prostheses and Implants/microbiology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Male ; Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; }, abstract = {Medical implant-associated infections are becoming increasingly hazardous because of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study examined the burden of infectious medical implants (IMI), the possibility of biofilm generation, and the relationship between the type of implant material. A total of 135 infectious samples from medical implants were collected for this study. Matrix-assisted laser desorption Ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) was used to identify bacterial isolates. Disk diffusion and broth microdilution were used to test antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm potential was determined using a microtitre plate assay. The most prevalent pathogen was Acinetobacter baumannii (n=50, 37%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=42, 31.1%) and Escherichia coli (n=21, 15.6%). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling showed MDR (n=89, 66%), XDR (n=13, 7%), PDR (n=2, 4%), and sensitive isolates (n=31,23%). The biofilm assay showed 66 (49%) strong, 46 (33%) moderate, and 23 (18%) weak biofilm producers, respectively. The strongest biofilms were found on the interlocking nails of the tibia and orthopaedic staples. A higher biofilm potential has been reported for stainless-steel implants. Binary logistic regression revealed that A. baumannii and stainless steel implants were significant predictors of strong biofilm formation. Similarly, E. coli and orthopedic staples were independently associated with multidrug resistance. Enterobacter hormaechie subsp. Oharae and Gemella haemolysans were reported first time in Pakistan among implants related infections. This study highlights the need for health professionals and policymakers to address concerns regarding implant-associated infections and alternative therapeutic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40818286, year = {2025}, author = {Kannan, KP and Smiline Girija, AS and Priyadharsini J, V}, title = {Deciphering the twinning act of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-associated virulence in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {780}, number = {}, pages = {152487}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152487}, pmid = {40818286}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Virulence/genetics/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a predominant healthcare-associated pathogen, exhibiting high levels of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capability, contributing to its persistence in hospital environments. This study evaluated the association between antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated genes in A. baumannii clinical isolates. A total of 247 A. baumannii isolates were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India, over three years (March 2023-January 2025). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed multi-drug resistance (MDR), particularly to carbapenems and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, while colistin and tigecycline remained effective against all isolates. Biofilm formation assays demonstrated that 82.8 % of isolates exhibited biofilm-producing capabilities, with 46.2 % categorized as strong biofilm producers. Molecular characterization confirmed the widespread presence of antibiotic resistance genes, including blaOXA-51 and ISAba1 (100 %) and blaOXA-23 (97.05 %), along with genes associated with quinolone, aminoglycoside, and tetracycline resistance. Virulence gene analysis revealed the high prevalence of biofilm-associated genes (pgaA-D, csuA-E, ompA and bap), indicating their role in bacterial adherence and persistence. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between MDR and biofilm-forming ability in the isolates. These findings offer region-specific molecular epidemiological insights and underscore the need for ongoing surveillance and enhanced infection control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40818187, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, M and Wu, C and Zhang, X and Wang, Y and Wei, Y and Hu, Y and Sun, Z and Chen, C and Ma, Y}, title = {Discovery of a dual-action compound for metallo-β-lactamase inhibition and biofilm clearance to reverse CRE resistance.}, journal = {Journal of inorganic biochemistry}, volume = {273}, number = {}, pages = {113028}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.113028}, pmid = {40818187}, issn = {1873-3344}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry ; *beta-Lactamases/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/enzymology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Zinc/chemistry ; Humans ; *Chelating Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) poses a severe threat to global public health due to its multidrug resistance and limited treatment options. In this study, QA, a zinc ion chelator with potent inhibitory activity against metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), was identified through high-throughput screening and biochemical analysis. QA effectively inhibits MBLs by chelating zinc ions and demonstrates potent biofilm clearance capabilities, ultimately reversing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) resistance. Synergistic antibacterial effects were observed when QA was combined with meropenem and other β-lactam antibiotics, significantly enhancing their efficacy. These findings highlight the dual-action potential of QA as a zinc ion chelator and biofilm disruptor, offering a promising strategy for combating CRE infections and multidrug-resistant bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40817043, year = {2025}, author = {Hao, M and Wang, J}, title = {Molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence characteristics of predominant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones with strong biofilm-producing capability from a tertiary teaching hospital in China.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {510}, pmid = {40817043}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {82260416//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024GLLH0302//Joint funds of public hospital in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region/ ; ZY20241209//Zhixue Project-Zhiyuan Funding of Inner Mongolia Medical University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/drug effects/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/classification ; Humans ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; China/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Virulence/genetics ; Genotype ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens leading to various kinds of infections, but the characteristics of this superbug with both strong biofilm-producing and intracellular invasive capabilities is rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic features of this superbug with above two properties.<br><br>METHODS: Phenotypic resistance profiling of MRSA clinical isolates was performed via the VITEK 2 AST-GP67 Test Kit. Biofilm production was assessed via crystal violet staining and the Congo red agar (CRA) method. The biofilm-degrading activity was tested using Proteinase K, Dispersin B, and DNase I. The intracellular invasive capability was evaluated via dilution plate count and immunofluorescence assay. Genotyping was performed using multilocus sequence typing and staphylococcal protein A typing methods, and virulence genes were detected via polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the cytotoxicity of the dominant MRSA clones.<br><br>RESULTS: A high prevalence (21.6%) of MRSA isolates exhibiting strong biofilm-forming capability was observed in this study, including 70 strains with the highest level of biofilm production (optical density&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.4). DNase I exhibited the most effective biofilm-degrading activity, with the biofilm-degrading percentage of 78.6% of the strains exceeding 50%. Simultaneously, 71.4% of the isolates exhibited strong invasive capability into A549 cells. ST5-t2460 (48.6%), ST59-t437 (20%), and ST239-t030 (11.4%) were identified as the predominant clones. In particular, ST5-t2460 and ST239-t030 clones exhibited broader antibiotic resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and tetracycline compared with ST59-t437 clone. In addition, a higher percentage of the isolates belonging to ST5-t2460 (91.2%) and ST239-t030 (100%) clones demonstrated stronger intracellular invasive capability relative to those belonging to ST59-t437 clone (14.3%). Furthermore, ST5-t2460 and ST239-t030 clones displayed stronger cytotoxicity and carried higher proportions of adhesion-related genes (fnbA, sdrD, sasC) and other virulence genes (sea, seb, sec, isdB, lukE-D, tsst-1).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the phenotypic-genotypic characteristics of MRSA with both strong biofilm-producing and virulence potential, with ST5-t2460, ST59-t437, and ST239-t030 clones accounting for the major genotypes. Further exploration of specific virulence genes correlating to the pathogenesis of this superbug is deemed essential for developing targeted infection control and treatment strategies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid40816676, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, Z and Wang, Y and Chen, H and Lv, Y}, title = {Enhanced pollutant removal in moving bed biofilm reactor under high-salinity condition via specialized quorum sensing bacteria.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {122610}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122610}, pmid = {40816676}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Vibrio/physiology ; Salinity ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The study aims to accelerate biofilm formation and operational performance of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in a high salt environment by adding specific quorum sensing (QS) strain (Vibrio sp. LV-Q1). Results showed that the addition of QS strain significantly promoted the pollutant removal process of the bioreactor. At the end of the reaction, the NH+ 4-N and COD removal rates of the bioaugmented MBBR (R1) were about 13.20 % and 10.15 % higher than the unbioaugmented MBBR (R0), respectively. The bioaugmentation of LV-Q1 enhanced the biofilm activity and adhesion of the system, which was related to the increase of polysaccharides and proteins in the biofilm. On day 70, the polysaccharides and proteins of the biofilm in R1 were increased by 41.66 % and 87.66 % compared with that in R0, respectively. And throughout the entire operation process, the biological system of R1 maintained a higher concentration of signal molecules, while the bioaugmentation of LV-Q1 made the biofilm distribution more uniform. Analysis of the microbial community structure further reflected that the strain Vibrio sp. LV-Q1 successfully proliferated (the relative abundance increased to 59.81 %). The bioaugmentation of exogenous addition of QS strain enhanced the expression of functional microorganisms and promoted the enrichment of Nitrincola, Marinobacterium, and Vibrio in the biofilm in a high salt environment. This work provides a new option for improving the MBBR for treating nitrogen-containing wastewater in a high salt environment.}, }
@article {pmid40815953, year = {2026}, author = {Alamrani, A and Eldiasty, JG}, title = {Bacterial-extract mediated gold nanoparticles: Enhanced uptake, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells with biofilm inhibition and antibiotic synergy.}, journal = {Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy}, volume = {345}, number = {}, pages = {126763}, doi = {10.1016/j.saa.2025.126763}, pmid = {40815953}, issn = {1873-3557}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Gold/chemistry/pharmacology ; Hep G2 Cells ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Drug Synergism ; *Bacteria/chemistry ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Lysates ; }, abstract = {Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely studied for cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility and unique physicochemical properties. However, limitations in cellular uptake and biological activity remain. Green synthesis using bacterial extracts offers a sustainable alternative that may improve therapeutic outcomes. This study compares the biological and physicochemical performance of chemically synthesized AuNPs (Chem-AuNPs) with those produced via bacterial biosynthesis (Bacterial-AuNPs) in HepG2 liver cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria. AuNPs were synthesized via classical citrate reduction or bacterial extract-mediated biosynthesis. Characterization included UV-Vis, TEM, DLS, XRD, and EDX. Cytotoxicity, ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and gene expression were assessed in HepG2 cells. Biofilm inhibition and antibiotic synergy (checkerboard assay) were evaluated against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. Bacterial-AuNPs were smaller and more monodisperse (PDI = 0.18) compared to Chem-AuNPs (PDI = 0.32)., with enhanced cellular uptake (95 % vs. 70 %) and ROS induction (3.0- vs. 2.0-fold). NAC co-treatment confirmed ROS-mediated cytotoxicity. Bacterial-AuNPs significantly inhibited biofilm formation and exhibited strong synergy with antibiotics (FICI ≤0.5) in key pathogens. The primary uptake mechanism was identified as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, with caveolae-mediated uptake contributing at higher concentrations. Bacterial-AuNPs demonstrate superior cellular uptake, ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, key mechanisms in cancer cell apoptosis. Biogenically synthesized AuNPs demonstrate superior anticancer and antimicrobial activity compared to chemically synthesized counterparts. These findings highlight the potential of bacterial-extract-mediated AuNPs as multifunctional therapeutic agents in oncology and infectious disease contexts.}, }
@article {pmid40815394, year = {2025}, author = {Bhattacharya, S and Venkatasubramanian, A and Chatterjee, A and Datta, PP}, title = {Effects of various physicochemical parameters on the Biofilm formation and Pyocyanin production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14.}, journal = {Biotechnology letters}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, pages = {91}, pmid = {40815394}, issn = {1573-6776}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pyocyanine/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Temperature ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides protection against multiple stressors and contributes to its pathogenicity. Pyocyanin, a virulence factor regulated by quorum sensing, is crucial for infections. This study aimed to evaluate how various physicochemical conditions impact biofilm formation and pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa PA14.<br><br>METHODS: Biofilm formation and pyocyanin production were assessed under varying conditions, including nutrient availability, NaCl concentrations, pH, temperature, heavy metal salts, light exposure, and microbial competition. Biofilm levels were quantified using a crystal violet assay, while pyocyanin levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Statistical analyses were performed to identify significant trends and correlations.<br><br>RESULTS: Key findings revealed that biofilm formation and pyocyanin production were reduced under most stress conditions examined in this study, compared to controls, with few exceptions. FeCl3 enhanced biofilm formation, while NaCl concentrations above 3% and extreme pH values inhibited it. NiCl2 was the most effective at reducing biofilm amount among the salts which we examined. Pyocyanin production followed similar trends, peaking under neutral pH and nutrient-enriched conditions. Positive correlations between biofilm and pyocyanin production were observed, particularly in nutrient-limited media. Additionally, light exposure and inter-microbial competition significantly reduced biofilm levels.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights the differential responses of P. aeruginosa to various stress conditions, underscoring the importance of environmental factors in modulating biofilm formation and virulence. These findings provide insights into bacterial adaptive strategies and offer potential avenues for developing targeted interventions against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40815221, year = {2025}, author = {Mukherjee, R and Klempt, F and Fuchs, F and Doll-Nikutta, K and Soleimani, M and Wriggers, P and Junker, P and Stiesch, M and Szafrański, SP}, title = {Biofilm development of Porphyromonas gingivalis on titanium surfaces in response to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid-a hybrid in vitro-in silico approach.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {e0041025}, pmid = {40815221}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {SFB/TRR-298-SIIRI - Project-ID 426335750//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; Research Unit 5250 (No. 449916462)//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Titanium/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Computer Simulation ; Dental Implants/microbiology ; *Naphthols/pharmacology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Colonization of titanium dental implants by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis can lead to peri-implant diseases and, ultimately, implant failure. P. gingivalis growth can be stimulated by 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), a menaquinone precursor from various oral bacteria; however, its impact on biofilm formation remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate P. gingivalis growth and metabolic activity over 6 days in response to DHNA on two titanium grade IV surfaces with different roughness using a hybrid in vitro-in silico approach. P. gingivalis growth was modestly stimulated by DHNA and exhibited an inverse correlation with ammonia concentration in culture medium. Notably, this growth pattern transitioned from an initial linear phase to a later exponential phase, with DHNA-treated biofilms reaching this exponential shift at an earlier stage than untreated controls. Confocal microscopy revealed that DHNA-treated biofilms exhibited surface-dependent growth patterns, with larger biofilm volumes observed on rougher surfaces in later biofilm stages, compared with smoother surfaces. Regardless of surface characteristics, the area occupied by biofilms and the size of the aggregates exhibited a consistent and progressive increase over time and were larger in late DHNA-treated biofilms. The experimental data were used to calibrate a coupled finite element method (FEM)-based model that simulated P. gingivalis biofilm dynamics and nutrient utilization. Summarizing, DHNA moderately stimulated P. gingivalis growth, accelerated its transition to ammonia-independent growth, and promoted an increase in biofilm area and aggregate size. Our coupled approach offers significant potential for advancing in vitro biofilm research.IMPORTANCEThe results of our hybrid in vitro-in silico experiments advance the research on P. gingivalis physiology and its DHNA-dependent colonization of implant surfaces. Our findings reveal that DHNA accelerates P. gingivalis growth, induces aggregation, and promotes colonization of titanium surfaces. For the first time, DHNA-induced P. gingivalis growth acceleration and an earlier shift away from ammonia dependency were observed fluorometrically, highlighting ammonia assimilation as a promising marker of P. gingivalis physiology during early biofilm expansion. Understanding how growth factors together with surface properties influence P. gingivalis colonization offers a basis for future preventive strategies. Our study's stringent characterization of 3D surface texture parameters is expected to improve the reproducibility of biofilm-surface interactions experiments. The findings were validated using a continuum-based in silico model, initiating a hybrid approach where computational models complement in vitro research. Our interdisciplinary approach offers a versatile framework for investigating additional aspects of oral biofilms on titanium.}, }
@article {pmid40814887, year = {2025}, author = {Abd Allah, RH and Samir, S and Nasr, SM and Ibrahim, MK}, title = {Effect of Kaempferol against Biofilm Formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates.}, journal = {Recent patents on biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0118722083386487250804015300}, pmid = {40814887}, issn = {2212-4012}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm production is a key factor in the development of antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a significant contributor to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Kaempferol, a flavonoid, is widely recognized for its ability to combat various microorganisms.<br><br>AIM: Our goal is to assess the impact of kaempferol on K. pneumoniae biofilms by determining the level of gene expression for the biofilm-forming genes.<br><br>METHODS: Fifty K. pneumoniae isolates were studied. Different doses of kaempferol with a concentration range of 0.04 to 100% in Luria Bertani broth (LB) medium were incubated at 37&#x2103; for 24 h with forty-three K. pneumoniae strong and intermediate biofilm producers. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kaempferol was determined. Molecular detection of the biofilm-forming genes (mrkA, pgaA, wbbM, and wzm) was performed on all isolates before and after kaempferol treatment at 0.5 x MIC.<br><br>RESULTS: Seven isolates out of 50 (14%) exhibited weak biofilm formation ability, 6 out of 50 (12%) were moderate producers, and 37 out of 50 (74%) were strong producers. The MIC values of kaempferol for K. pneumoniae ranged from 50% to 6.25% (p = 0.0003). The levels of expression of the studied genes were slightly decreased after treatment compared with their corresponding values before treatment.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Based on current knowledge, few research studies have investigated the impact of kaempferol on K. pneumoniae biofilms. Our results show that its effect on the biofilms of this bacterium is moderate to weak. Further research is necessary to determine potential synergies with other treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40813995, year = {2025}, author = {Moraes, SM and Araújo, TT and Abuna, GF and Dionízio, A and Carvalho, TS and Reis, FN and Pardi, V and Murata, RM and Buzalaf, MAR}, title = {Impact of TiF4 Varnish on the Oral Biofilm Microbiome in High-Caries-Risk Patients.}, journal = {JDR clinical and translational research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {23800844251348180}, doi = {10.1177/23800844251348180}, pmid = {40813995}, issn = {2380-0852}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is a prevalent global disease, influenced by biofilm formation, dietary sugars, and host factors. Fixed orthodontic appliances increase the risk of noncavitated lesions, highlighting the need for effective prevention. Fluoride varnishes reduce demineralization and promote remineralization; however, their impact on the oral biofilm microbiome in high-caries-risk patients remains underexplored.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To profile microbial biofilms involved in caries lesions after treatment with sodium fluoride (NaF) and titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnishes using 16S rRNA sequencing of the oral biofilm microbiome.<br><br>METHODS: A randomized crossover study was conducted with 13 participants (12-18 y) with fixed orthodontic appliances and at least 1 active noncavitated lesion. Participants underwent 4 stages: G1 (nontreatment), G2 (professional prophylaxis; PP), G3 (PP + NaF varnish), and G4 (PP + TiF4 varnish). Clinical analyses (Nyvad and plaque indices) and supragingival biofilm sampling were performed. Bacterial DNA was extracted and amplified for 16S rRNA sequencing. Repeated-measures analysis of variance, Friedman/Wilcoxon with Bonferroni correction, Pearson chi-squared, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests were performed (&#x2009;P < 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Shannon diversity (median, 25%-75%) values were as follows: G1 (6.25, 6.21-6.27), G2 (5.81, 5.77-5.83), G3 (5.63, 5.64-5.71), and G4 (5.76, 5.72-5.78). G2, G3, and G4 differed significantly from G1, with no difference among them (&#x2009;P < 0.05). The most abundant genera were Veillonella (G1: 7.6%, G2: 10.6%, G3: 9.4%, G4: 5.7%), Corynebacterium (G1: 8.2%, G2: 7.3%, G3: 6.8%, G4: 10.4%), and Neisseria (G1: 4.0%, G2: 9.2%, G3: 9.6%, G4: 9.6%). Significant reductions were observed in the Prevotella/Haemophilus, Prevotella/Neisseria, and Prevotella/Rothia log-ratios compared with G1 (&#x2009;P = 0.001). G2 reduced Prevotella/Haemophilus. G3 reduced Prevotella/Haemophilus and Prevotella/Neisseria. G4 reduced Prevotella relative to all 3 genera, indicating broader microbiome modulation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: PP, whether or not combined with fluoride varnishes, modified the biofilm microbiota. PP + TiF4 varnish affected a greater number of bacterial log-ratios associated with commensal-dysbiotic balance, although no significant differences were found between treatment groups.Knowledge Transfer Statement:The findings from this study can guide clinicians in selecting the most effective fluoride varnish for high-caries-risk patients. By understanding how sodium fluoride (NaF) and titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnishes modulate the oral microbiome, clinicians can develop more targeted and effective prevention strategies. This knowledge has the potential to enhance patient outcomes by optimizing caries prevention during orthodontic treatment, allowing for more personalized and microbiome-focused approaches.}, }
@article {pmid40812662, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, X and Shi, H and Zimba, BL and Xu, P and Wang, H and Huang, Y and Fu, Q and Zhang, X and Chen, W and Zhou, L and Xu, C and Chen, J and Wang, S}, title = {Smart bacteriophage release from bovine β-lactoglobulin fibrils based hydrogel with anti-MRSA, biofilm degradation and hair follicle regeneration functions for infected burn wound.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {322}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {146855}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146855}, pmid = {40812662}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Phage Therapy/methods ; Animals ; Rats ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/virology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/therapy ; *Burns/complications/therapy ; *Wound Healing ; Cattle ; Lactoglobulins/chemistry ; Hydrogels/chemical synthesis ; Biofilms ; Bandages ; }, abstract = {The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria negatively impact the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating burn wound infections, which significantly hinders the healing process. To address this, a β-lactoglobulin fibrils/oxidized dextran/phage (BLGFs/ODEX/Phage) hydrogel dressing has been developed to treat burn wounds that are infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). First, a highly efficacious MRSA phage is isolated and purified, and it exhibits excellent bactericidal efficiency, storage stability, biofilm degradation ability, and biocompatibility. Then, a pH-responsive BLGFs/ODEX hydrogel is developed to load MRSA phage by utilizing a Schiff base reaction between BLGFs and ODEX. The hydrogel possesses excellent mechanical properties, self-healing ability, cell adhesion promotion, and biocompatibility. The results of burn wound model experiments indicate that the MRSA phages encapsulated within the hydrogel can be released in a controlled manner dependent on bacterial growth, effectively mitigating the accumulation of excessive bacterial toxins. Therefore, the BLGFs/ODEX/Phage hydrogel dressing would display superior abilities in regulating inflammation, promoting collagen deposition, facilitating angiogenesis, and enhancing hair follicle regeneration, thereby accelerating wound healing. Overall, this work demonstrates that the combination of bacteriophage therapy and hydrogel dressing would be a promising and innovative strategy for the treatment of infected burn wounds, presenting expansive prospects for clinical application.}, }
@article {pmid40812437, year = {2025}, author = {Patel, RR and Mishra, A and Singh, SK and Nath, G and Singh, M}, title = {Mechanistic evaluation of Clerodendrum serratum anti-biofilm potency against Mycobacterium species.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107985}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107985}, pmid = {40812437}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Clerodendrum/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Mycobacterium/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation in Mycobacterium species significantly contributes to their pathogenicity and resistance to conventional antimicrobial therapies, posing a major challenge in clinical management. Plant-derived phytoconstituents have emerged as promising alternatives due to their diverse biological activities, including anti-biofilm properties. Clerodendrum serratum, a medicinal plant known for antimicrobial potential, offers a rich source of such bioactive compounds. This study aimed to first optimize robust biofilm formation in three Mycobacterium species (M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum, and M. marinum) using specific nutritional supplements, followed by the evaluation of the anti-biofilm efficacy of C. serratum leaf extract against pre-formed mature biofilms. Finally, potential molecular targets and mechanisms of action of key phytoconstituents were investigated through in silico analysis. Enhanced biofilm formation was achieved by supplementing Middlebrook 7H9 broth with KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, Acicase, and DTT, with KH2PO4 showing the most pronounced effect. Disruption of pre-formed biofilms by C. serratum leaf extract was quantified using the crystal violet microtiter plate assay and confirmed via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which revealed significant alterations in biofilm architecture. In silico molecular docking of five major phytoconstituents (Hispidulin, Luteolin, Salvigenin, Pectolinarigenin, and Uncinatone) with critical biofilm-associated targets (FadD32, InhA, and MmpL3) showed strong binding affinities of docking score up to -11.0 kcal/mol, indicating potential mechanisms of biofilm disruption. This study presents the optimization of enhanced biofilm formation in Mycobacterium species and demonstrates the anti-biofilm potential of C. serratum leaf extract. The integrated experimental and computational approach offers new insights into targeting resilient mycobacterial biofilms using plant-based therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid40811911, year = {2025}, author = {Larsson, Y and Nikolausz, M and Kisielius, V and Møller, HB and Gosewinkel, U and Bester, K}, title = {Metabolic pathways for biotransformation of benzalkonium compounds in fungal- and bacteria-based biofilm reactors.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {496}, number = {}, pages = {139494}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139494}, pmid = {40811911}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Benzalkonium Compounds/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Biotransformation ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Fungi/metabolism ; *Disinfectants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Benzalkonium compounds (BACs) are quaternary ammonium biocides widely used in healthcare and industrial animal production, resulting in high concentrations in manure and wastewater. While BAC biodegradation has been demonstrated in wastewater and soil, little is known about the relevant biodegradation pathways in multi-species biofilm systems. This study investigated BAC degradation pathways in three aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems: (1) a fungi (Trametes versicolor) inoculated reactor, and heterotrophic biofilm in (2) water, and (3) manure. We characterised transformation products and elucidated their fragmentation mechanisms to explain the spectra. ω-oxidation and β/α-oxidation dominated in the water-MBBR, whereas formation of benzyldimethylamine (BDMA), was observed only in the manure-MBBR, which was the only system hosting Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species. The water-MBBR microbial community showed a significant increase in abundance of Rhodococcus, known for ω- and β-oxidation, suggesting a role in BAC degradation. None of the five ARGs (sul1, sul2, qnrD, tetM, tetA) tested in this study were elevated in the systems by exposure to BAC. These results demonstrate that BACs are degradable in different aerobic biofilm systems via diverse pathways, influenced by microbial composition and matrix complexity. However, the different metabolites indicate towards complex risk assessments and bioremediation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40810967, year = {2025}, author = {Valdivia-Tapia, AC and Lippert, F and Castelluccio, PF and Cury, JA and Ricomini-Filho, AP and Gregory, RL}, title = {In vitro effect of fluoride-free mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans biofilm.}, journal = {Clinical oral investigations}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, pages = {413}, pmid = {40810967}, issn = {1436-3771}, mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Mouthwashes/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cetylpyridinium/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Humans ; Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Zinc Compounds/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes sold in Indianapolis, IN, on Streptococcus mutans biofilm.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-one different mouthwashes were purchased. A 16-h culture of S. mutans UA159 was treated with the mouthwashes in three dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12), prepared in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), planktonic, and biofilm growth were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. In addition, the growth for minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated using five &#x3bc;L of the dilution and incubated on blood agar. For the analysis of the results, the mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients (cetylpyridinium chloride/CPC, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;25; essential oils/EO n&#x2009;=&#x2009;10; whitening/W (hydrogen peroxide/ sodium hexametaphosphate), n&#x2009;=&#x2009;12; Natural-Derived Actives / NDA, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;15; zinc chloride/ZC, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;3; others/O, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;16). ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was performed (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Regarding MIC, planktonic, and biofilm growth of S. mutans, there was a significant decrease for the W and CPC groups (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). The EO and W groups had more inhibition on S. mutans biofilm compared to the CPC group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). For ZC, NDA, and O groups, there were different effects within the same group, presenting a large variability. About MBC, W and CPC groups presented the higher inhibition (W&#x2009;>&#x2009;CPC&#x2009;>&#x2009;EO&#x2009;>&#x2009;NDA/ZC/O).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The mouthwashes demonstrated significant effect on S. mutans biofilm, especially in the 1:3 dilution. W and CPC groups had a more significant effect on S. mutans biofilm.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: S. mutans is an important bacterium in dental caries and periodontal diseases. Our study showed that non-fluoridated mouthwashes affect the initial stages of biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40807491, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, B and Bai, M and Tu, W and Shen, Y and Liu, J and Yang, Z and Bao, H and Dong, Q and Liu, Y and Wang, R and Zhang, H and Hu, L}, title = {The Virulence Factor LLO of Listeria monocytogenes Can Hamper Biofilm Formation and Indirectly Suppress Phage-Lytic Effect.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40807491}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {32373098//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024YFE0198800//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; BZ2023004//Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Plan Special Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes is a life-threatening bacterial foodborne pathogen that can persist in food-processing facilities for years. Although phages can control L. monocytogenes during food production, phage-resistant bacterial subpopulations can regrow in phage-treated environments. In this study, an L. monocytogenes hly defective strain, NJ05-Δhly, was produced, which considerably regulated the interactions between L. monocytogenes and phages. Specifically, we observed a 76.92-fold decrease in the efficiency of plating of the defective strain following infection with the Listeria phage vB-LmoM-NJ05. The lytic effect was notably diminished at multiplicities of infection of 1 and 10. Furthermore, the inactivation of LLO impaired biofilm formation, which was completely suppressed and eliminated following treatment with 10[8] PFU/mL of phage. Additionally, phages protected cells from mitochondrial membrane damage and the accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induced by L. monocytogenes invasion. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed these findings, revealing the significant downregulation of genes associated with phage sensitivity, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and motility in L. monocytogenes. These results underscore the vital role of LLO in regulating the pathogenicity, phage susceptibility, and biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes. These observations highlight the important role of virulence factors in phage applications and provide insights into the potential use of phages for developing biosanitizers.}, }
@article {pmid40807479, year = {2025}, author = {Urbaniak, M and Lechowicz, &#x141; and Gawdzik, B and Hodorowicz, M and Wielgus, E}, title = {Structure-Activity Relationships in Alkoxylated Resorcinarenes: Synthesis, Structural Features, and Bacterial Biofilm-Modulating Properties.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40807479}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Phenylalanine/analogs &amp; derivatives/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *Calixarenes/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects ; }, abstract = {In this study, a series of novel alkoxylated resorcinarenes were synthesized using secondary and tertiary alcohols under mild catalytic conditions involving iminodiacetic acid. Structural characterization, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, confirmed the successful incorporation of branched alkyl chains and highlighted the influence of substitution patterns on molecular packing. Notably, detailed mass spectrometric analysis revealed that, under specific conditions, the reaction pathway may shift toward the formation of defined oligomeric species with supramolecular characteristics-an observation that adds a new dimension to the synthetic potential of this system. To complement the chemical analysis, selected derivatives were evaluated for biological activity, focusing on bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Using four clinically relevant strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis), we assessed both planktonic proliferation (OD600) and biofilm biomass (crystal violet assay). Compound 2c (2-pentanol derivative) consistently promoted biofilm formation, particularly in S. aureus and B. subtilis, while having limited cytotoxic effects. In contrast, compound 2e and the DMSO control exhibited minimal impact on biofilm development. The results suggest that specific structural features of the alkoxy chains may modulate microbial responses, potentially via membrane stress or quorum sensing interference. This work highlights the dual relevance of alkoxylated resorcinarenes as both supramolecular building blocks and modulators of microbial behavior.}, }
@article {pmid40803262, year = {2025}, author = {Frantar, A and Seme, K and Gašperšič, R and Oblak, &#x10c; and Šuster, K}, title = {Isolation and characterization of two novel oral bacteriophages with anti-biofilm activity against Cutibacterium acnes.}, journal = {International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM}, volume = {320}, number = {}, pages = {151668}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2025.151668}, pmid = {40803262}, issn = {1618-0607}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Bacteriophages/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/classification/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Phage Therapy ; Saliva/virology ; *Siphoviridae/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/classification/physiology/ultrastructure ; Host Specificity ; Genome, Viral ; *Propionibacterium acnes/virology/physiology ; *Propionibacteriaceae/virology ; }, abstract = {Bacteriophage therapy offers a promising solution to combat antibiotic-resistant infections, yet its potential against biofilm-associated pathogens in oral diseases remains underexplored. This study investigates the opportunistic bacterium Cutibacterium acnes, an overlooked contributor to dental implant and prosthetic joint infections. Biofilms formed by C. acnes are highly resilient and resistant to antibiotics, complicating treatment. Two novel lytic bacteriophages, Ristretto and Corretto, targeting C. acnes, were isolated from human saliva, with morphological analysis confirming their classification as siphoviruses. Their genome sequencing revealed no harmful antimicrobial resistance or virulence genes, making them suitable for therapeutic use. Remarkably, phage Corretto demonstrated a broad host range and achieved near-complete eradication of mature biofilms across multiple C. acnes strains, outperforming Ristretto in efficacy and strain coverage. The activity of these phages was dosage-dependent and varied across bacterial strains, revealing potential strain-specific resistance mechanisms within biofilms. These findings highlight bacteriophage therapy's potential to disrupt persistent biofilms where antibiotics fail, offering a new approach for treating biofilm-driven infections in dental and medical implantology. This study underscores the need for further research into phage-based strategies to address the growing global challenge of antimicrobial resistance and improve outcomes in biofilm-related diseases.}, }
@article {pmid40803092, year = {2025}, author = {Shen, Y and Zhang, X and Feng, X and Ma, X and Wang, S and Li, J}, title = {Unraveling tetracycline-induced biofilm stability and resistance mechanisms in aerobic granular sludge via proteomics.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124385}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124385}, pmid = {40803092}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Sewage/microbiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Proteomics ; *Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Aerobiosis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Tetracycline (TC) stress disrupts microbial communities, yet its impact on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) formation and stability remain poorly understood. This study employs quantitative proteomics to unravel the AGS adaptive mechanisms under continuous TC exposure (1 mg/L). The results demonstrated that TC accelerated AGS granulation, achieving stable structure within 20 days, accompanied by improved pollutants removal (COD: 87.4%; TN: 84.1%; TP: 66.5%; TC: 83.0%) and settling performance (SVI: 50 mL/g). A critical granule size threshold of 3-4 mm was identified, beyond which AGS exhibited destabilization tendencies. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly proteins, play pivotal role in maintaining AGS stability, with the α-helix / (β-sheet + random coil) ratio correlated with granule integrity. Proteomic analysis revealed the upregulation of outer membrane protein A (OmpA), facilitating biofilm formation, while TC-targeted ribosomes and bacterial chemotaxis were identified as central mechanisms for TC resistance and stress adaptation, respectively. These findings uncover molecular adaptations driving AGS stability under antibiotic pressure and offer insights for optimizing high-antibiotic wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40803023, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, W and Zheng, X and Jia, D and Weng, A and Jia, Y and Chen, X and Zhang, Y and Yu, Q}, title = {Engineered nanoplatform with DNase-mimetic catalysis and photothermal ablation for synergistic biofilm eradication.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {256}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {115019}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115019}, pmid = {40803023}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; Gold/chemistry ; Animals ; Catalysis ; *Deoxyribonucleases/chemistry/pharmacology/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Photothermal Therapy ; Mice ; Nanotubes/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Bacterial infections represent an increasing global health threat, exacerbated by the decline in antibiotic effectiveness due to widespread resistance. Biofilms, structured microbial communities embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), significantly hinder treatment by limiting antibiotic penetration and promoting bacterial persistence. With over 80 % of bacterial infections involving biofilms, there is an urgent need for antibiotic-free approaches that can disrupt these protective matrices. This study presents a dual-functional nanoplatform (Au-Ce NR) combining gold nanorods (Au NRs) as photothermal agents with synthetic deoxyribonuclease (DNase) mimics (Ce[4][+]/nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) complexes) for synergistic biofilm eradication. The system was developed through covalent conjugation of Ce[4+]/NTA complexes onto polyethylene glycol-functionalized Au NRs. Within biofilm microenvironments, Ce[4+]/NTA complexes selectively degrade extracellular DNA (eDNA), a vital EPS component, thereby destabilizing the biofilm and facilitating nanoplatform penetration. Near-infrared irradiation subsequently induces localized hyperthermia via Au NRs, effectively eliminating dispersed bacteria while minimizing the risk of resistance development. In vitro experiments demonstrated efficient eDNA degradation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, significantly enhancing bactericidal activity compared to unmodified Au NRs. In vivo assessments using an MRSA-infected wound model confirmed the therapeutic efficacy through reduced inflammation and accelerated wound healing. By combining enzymatic matrix disruption with photothermal ablation, this strategy addresses key limitations of conventional treatments for biofilm-associated infections in the post-antibiotic era.}, }
@article {pmid40802570, year = {2025}, author = {Huo, S and Chang, L and Liu, Y and Xu, Z and Xue, M and Shi, C and Xu, G and Wang, K}, title = {Polyamine-Activated Carbonyl Stress Nanoplatform Synergistically Reverses Biofilm-Driven Immunosuppressive Microenvironment.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {19}, number = {33}, pages = {30254-30274}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c08038}, pmid = {40802570}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Polyamines/chemistry/pharmacology/metabolism ; Mice ; Humans ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; DNA Damage/drug effects ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; }, abstract = {Polyamine metabolic dysregulation induced by implant-associated infections (IAIs) is a pivotal contributor to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Excessive polyamines facilitate pathogen persistence by suppressing bacterial membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) and enhancing DNA repair mechanisms. Simultaneously, polyamines promote biofilm formation via quorum sensing (QS) modulation and inhibit host immunity to facilitate immune escape. Herein, we developed a polyamine-responsive carbonyl stress nanoplatform MIL-100@PAO@PVP (MPP), which synergistically integrates metabolic intervention and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), addressing the limitations inherent to conventional oxidative damage-based therapies. Specifically, plasma amine oxidase (PAO) within MPP catalyzes polyamine degradation at infection sites, generating highly toxic acrolein and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The produced H2O2 markedly enhances MIL-100-mediated CDT, triggering a burst of hydroxyl radicals ([•]OH) that induces severe bacterial membrane LPO and DNA damage. Importantly, the generated acrolein further amplifies bacterial DNA damage via the induction of carbonyl stress. Additionally, bacterial debris resulting from MPP-induced cell death acts as endogenous antigens, effectively activating the antigen-presenting functions of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), thus reshaping the local immune response and reversing immunosuppression. Experimental results demonstrated robust antibiofilm efficacy and immunostimulatory effects of MPP in both in vitro and in vivo models, highlighting a promising therapeutic strategy for treating IAIs.}, }
@article {pmid40802474, year = {2025}, author = {Conceição, K and de Andrade, VM and de Oliveira, VDM and Ramu, VG and Heras, M and Bardaji, ER and Castanho, MARB and Capella, AG}, title = {Unleashing IbKTP-NH2, a kyotorphin derivative, against bacterial and fungal multispecies biofilm adhesion and viability on materials.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf205}, pmid = {40802474}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {2021/04316-9//FAPESP/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Ibuprofen/pharmacology/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) are a major global health concern, contributing to increased mortality and substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the peptide kyotorphin conjugated with ibuprofen (IbKTP-NH2) in inhibiting multispecies biofilms formed by Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly in the context of biofilm-associated infections linked to implanted medical devices.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Multispecies biofilms were cultured on polymeric and metallic materials. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) of IbKTP-NH2 against the tested strains. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to analyze biofilm architecture, focusing on extracellular matrix production, cell density, and morphology. The study found that the MBIC for bacterial strains ranged from 46.5 to 1&#xa0;mM. SEM analysis revealed significant biofilm disruption, characterized by reduced extracellular matrix production, decreased cell numbers, and altered cell morphology, indicating effective antimicrobial activity of IbKTP-NH2.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The peptide IbKTP-NH2 demonstrates substantial inhibition of multispecies biofilms on both polymeric and metallic surfaces. These findings underscore its potential as an antimicrobial agent with possible antivirulence properties, and highlights IbKTP-NH2 as a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing and controlling HAI and addressing chronic wound pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40801958, year = {2025}, author = {Soon, KL and Rashid, SA and Nazakat, R and Al Quwatli, L and Shee, CY and Azman, AS and Aziz, MA}, title = {Hidden risks of biofilm-forming and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in water vending machines.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {118}, number = {9}, pages = {128}, pmid = {40801958}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {LL2023FYP010//Universiti Malaya Sustainable Development Centre (UMSDC)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/classification/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Drinking Water/microbiology/chemistry ; *Water Microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Malaysia ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Water vending machines are widely utilised in various locations, including workplaces, universities and urban areas due to their convenience and accessibility. However, the microbial quality of the water dispensed from these machines, particularly in residential colleges, has not been thoroughly studied. This study aims to analyse the physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water collected from water vending machines located in 14 residential colleges around Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Our study revealed that all drinking water samples met WHO acceptable limits for pH, TDS and electrical conductivity. However, dissolved oxygen and free chlorine levels were slightly below the acceptable range. No faecal contamination was detected in the drinking water samples, as indicated by the absence of enterococci and coliform bacteria, including faecal coliforms. Nevertheless, Gram-negative non-coliform bacteria were identified in water samples from 11 residential colleges. The identified bacteria included Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Bosea sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Achromobacter sp., Roseatels sp. and Cupriavidus sp. Using CLSI guidelines as the standard, antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that all bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), while most were susceptible to ofloxacin (> 80%). Notably, Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Achromobacter sp. and Cupriavidus sp. were identified as multidrug-resistant bacteria, showing resistance to three or more categories of antimicrobial agents tested in this study. The biofilm assay confirmed that Bosea sp., Roseateles sp. and Acinetobacter sp. possess biofilm formation capacity. Overall, this study highlights that while the water from vending machines generally meets physicochemical standards and is free of faecal contamination, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are still prevalent. Although these bacteria may not pose immediate health risks upon consumption, their presence poses long-term risks due to biofilm accumulation, resistance gene transfer and poor maintenance. This underscores the need for proper maintenance measures of water vending machines, including regular cleaning and effective disinfection, to ensure the microbial safety of drinking water.}, }
@article {pmid40801043, year = {2025}, author = {Leiva-Sabadini, C and Berríos, P and Saavedra, P and Carrasco-Rojas, J and González-Aramundiz, JV and Vera, M and Tarifeño-Saldivia, E and Schuh, CMAP and Aguayo, S}, title = {Biofilm formation on collagen substrates modulates Streptococcus mutans bacterial extracellular nanovesicle production and cargo.}, journal = {Nanoscale advances}, volume = {7}, number = {18}, pages = {5670-5680}, pmid = {40801043}, issn = {2516-0230}, abstract = {Streptococcus mutans is the major microbial etiological agent of dental caries and can adhere to surfaces such as type-I collagen, which is present in dentin and periodontal tissues. Recent studies have characterized planktonic S. mutans bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) at the nanoscale range and demonstrated environmental-induced changes due to sugar presence or pH alterations. However, to date, no studies have explored whether surface-derived changes can modulate bEV production in the context of oral biofilm formation in the elderly. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the role of biofilm formation and collagen glycation on the nanoscale morphology and proteomic composition of S. mutans bEVs. For this, bEVs from S. mutans biofilms on native and glycated collagen surfaces were isolated, characterized, and compared to bEVs from planktonic cells. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electron microscopy confirmed bEV production and showed that bEVs from biofilms are smaller in size and less abundant than those from planktonic cells. Furthermore, proteome analysis revealed that S. mutans biofilm formation on native and glycated collagen led to the enrichment of several key virulence proteins. Also, a shift towards proteins involved in metabolic processes was found in bEVs following biofilm formation on collagen surfaces, whereas glucan metabolism proteins were overexpressed in vesicles from the planktonic state. These results demonstrate that biofilm formation, as well as the glycation of collagen associated with aging and hyperglycaemia, can modulate bEV characteristics and cargo and could play a central role in S. mutans virulence and the development of diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease.}, }
@article {pmid40801021, year = {2025}, author = {Doll-Nikutta, K and Mikolai, C and Heine, N and Kurselis, K and Fadeeva, E and Debener, N and Legutko, B and Kreuzkamp, C and Prasanthan, V and Bahnemann, J and Chichkov, BN and Stiesch, M}, title = {Biocompatible liquid-infused titanium minimizes oral biofilm adhesion in flow chamber and 3D implant-tissue-biofilm in vitro models.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {53}, number = {}, pages = {706-717}, pmid = {40801021}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {Biomedical implants are susceptible to bacterial colonization, which can lead to challenging implant-associated infections. In particular, dental implant abutments - which are continuously exposed to bacteria within the oral cavity - stand to greatly benefit from strategies which inhibit the development of bacterial biofilms. Liquid-infused titanium surfaces have demonstrated excellent biofilm repellency, but to date have not been analyzed with substances suitable for medical device approval in terms of biocompatibility under conditions mimicking the environment of dental implant abutments. In this study, different medical-grade lubricants coated onto laser-structured titanium were screened for stability and water-repellency - with the results suggesting that unmodified structured titanium coated with silicone oil was the most promising combination of materials. When analyzing biofilm formation, the coated surfaces showed a statistically significant reduction in oral commensal Streptococcus oralis biofilms grown under static conditions as well as oral multispecies biofilms grown under salivation-resembling flow conditions. This biofilm-reducing effect was also observed when the coated surface interfaced with a 3D implant-tissue-oral-bacterial-biofilm (INTERbACT) in vitro model, which allows for the direct interaction of human tissue and oral multispecies biofilm at the implant interface. Importantly, this biofilm reduction was not due to toxicity of the coated surfaces, but is most likely attributable to inhibition of bacterial attachment. Additionally, the surfaces were not cytotoxic, without altering adjacent soft tissue or causing elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. These findings highlight the promise of biocompatible liquid-infused titanium surfaces as biofilm-repellent implant abutment modifications and provide the basis for further investigations in targeted pre-clinical studies.}, }
@article {pmid40796787, year = {2025}, author = {Miranda, A and Brandquist, ND and Johnson, K and Muldiiarova, E and Fadeev, A and Ghanbari, M and Endres, JL and Bayles, KW and MacTaggart, J and Svechkarev, D and Sadykov, MR and Salkovskiy, Y}, title = {Quaternized chitosan derivatives inhibit growth and affect biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {29606}, pmid = {40796787}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {P01 AI083211/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 51233//Nebraska Research Initiative/ ; P01-AI83211/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM109090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM152301/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM152301/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Chitosan/pharmacology/chemistry/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, severely impeding the effective treatment of bacterial infections and jeopardizing the safety of routine medical procedures. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is particularly problematic because of its resistance to beta-lactams and the ability to form resilient biofilms. Conventional antibiotics, including last-resort options, have serious side effects and may contribute to further resistance. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, offers a promising alternative due to its biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties, though its effectiveness against biofilms is limited. Recent studies suggest that increasing the positive charge density and adding hydrophobic moieties to chitosan, can enhance its antimicrobial properties. In this work, the antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan derivatives against AMR S. aureus strains was assessed. Quaternization of chitosan's amino group and introduction of hydrophobic side chains was found to significantly inhibit bacterial growth in both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and MRSA strains. Notably, nanofibrous materials composed of polyethylene oxide and hexyl-modified chitosan demonstrate alterations in S. aureus biofilm development, leading to significant accumulation of dead cells. Combined, these results highlight the potential of modified chitosan derivatives as effective antimicrobial agents for surface treatments and medical device coatings, particularly in applications where antibiotics are traditionally used, such as biofilm-prone environments.}, }
@article {pmid40795671, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Y and Xu, R and Zhu, X and Yang, Z and Bian, Y and He, X and Tang, Y}, title = {UV-Induced VBNC state formation and resuscitation in E. coli: ATP-based metabolic activation and biofilm-mediated recovery.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124380}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124380}, pmid = {40795671}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Ultraviolet Rays ; *Biofilms/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; *Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli/radiation effects/metabolism/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/radiation effects ; Disinfection/methods ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microbial Viability/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {In this study, we systematically investigated the induction mechanism, metabolic characterization, and resuscitation behavior of viable but non-culturable bacteria (VBNC) by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection under different conditions, using E. coli as our example. Flow cytometry (FCM), ATP metabolism analyses and genetic assays revealed that low-dose UV (4.5 mJ/cm[2]) significantly inhibited bacterial culturability while maintaining cell membrane integrity and activating metabolic activity (total ATP levels were elevated to 182 % of initial values). Higher doses of UV (14.1 mJ/cm[2]), on the other hand, resulted in metabolic inhibition (ATP decreased to 58 %), but did not completely inactivate the bacteria. Gene expression analysis showed that the DNA repair gene recA and the antioxidant gene katG were significantly up-regulated with increasing UV money dose, while the stress response gene rpoS decreased, suggesting that the SOS repair system dominated the maintenance of the VBNC state. Resuscitation tests showed that biofilm greatly sped up the recovery of VBNC bacteria by releasing tyrosine-like extracellular polymers and quorum sensing signaling molecules, with resuscitation time shortened to 4 h in LB medium and 17 h in sterile water. This study reveals that UV disinfection-induced VBNC bacteria are characterized by enhanced metabolic activity and elucidates the mechanism by which biofilm promotes their resuscitation by secreting tyrosine-like EPS and C14 signaling molecules.}, }
@article {pmid40795591, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, H and Chen, X and Jia, Y and Gao, X and Guo, S and Jia, D and Zhang, Y and Yu, Q}, title = {A trifunctional coating for biofilm prevention: integrating antifouling, photothermal killing, and quorum sensing interference.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {701}, number = {}, pages = {138628}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138628}, pmid = {40795591}, issn = {1095-7103}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Methacrylates/chemistry/pharmacology ; Surface Properties ; Animals ; Carbon/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Humans ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm-associated infections pose a significant challenge in biomedical fields, especially in the context of medical devices and implants, where conventional treatments often fail to combat mature biofilms. To overcome this limitation, an antibiofilm coating was developed, incorporating three functional components: carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot (CS), hydrophilic and pH-responsive copolymer brushes of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 3-(acrylamido)-phenylboronic acid (APBA), and natural quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs). The carbon nanostructure of the CS substrate provides inherent photothermal conversion properties, while its high surface area facilitates efficient chemical functionalization. The copolymer design strategically incorporates hydrophilic poly(HEMA) domains that form bacteria-repellent hydration layers, alongside APBA moieties that covalently bind plant-derived QSIs (quercetin or baicalein) through pH-sensitive boronate ester linkages. This combination of components enables the coating to suppress biofilm formation via three synergistic mechanisms: bacterial adhesion is initially inhibited by hydration barriers, surface-bound pathogens are subsequently eradicated through photothermal conversion upon near-infrared activation, and the release of QSIs triggered by the acidic microenvironment disrupts biofilm maturation. The coating demonstrated sustained antibiofilm efficacy against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, while preserving mammalian cell viability and substrate compatibility across various biomedical materials. By integrating physical barriers, thermal ablation, and quorum sensing interference through precise material engineering, this coating offers a promising solution for preventing biofilm-associated infections in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid40794222, year = {2025}, author = {De Marque, MB and Silva, BG and Foresti, E}, title = {Ammonia diffusivity in biofilm reactors: impact of polyurethane foam thickness and pore clogging on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.}, journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering}, volume = {48}, number = {11}, pages = {1909-1918}, pmid = {40794222}, issn = {1615-7605}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bioreactors ; *Polyurethanes/chemistry ; *Ammonia/chemistry/metabolism ; *Nitrification ; *Denitrification ; Diffusion ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) processes represent a promising approach for nitrogen removal from effluents characterized by a low COD/N ratio, especially when combined with fixed-bed reactors to ensure that slow-growing biomass (e.g., nitrifiers) is not washed out. In this reactor configuration, biofilms are formed, which promote mass transport of the substrates involved in SND. Therefore, understanding the effective diffusivity of ammonia through the biofilm is essential to improve nitrogen removal, as it is influenced by the thickness of the support media and biomass growth, particularly under counter-diffusion conditions. For this type of study, flow cells (units for study particularities of a bioreactor) are used, as they provide greater operational control of the process. To evaluate this issue, were operated three flow cells for 234 days, each one with different thicknesses of polyurethane foam (i.e., 2 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm) as a support media for SND adhered biomass. Within each flow cell, the foam serves to segregate the aerated and non-aerated zones, thereby inducing counter-diffusion. Throughout operation, tests were conducted to estimate the effective diffusivity factor (EDF) of ammonia in the biofilm using the AQUASIM software. Routine analyses demonstrated that the average removal of organic matter and ammoniacal nitrogen were 73%, 68%, 57%, and 66%, 54%, 34% in the 2, 5, and 10 flow cells, respectively. Furthermore, EDF estimation tests demonstrated a 95% reduction in ammonia diffusivity over operating time, attributable to pore clogging induced by heterotrophic biomass growth within the support media. The decline in EDF of ammonia exerted a substantial impact on the total nitrogen removal and, consequently, on the performance of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Thus, the importance of considering mass transport phenomena in reactor designs with support media and long operating times, i.e., with biofilm growth and establishment, becomes evident.}, }
@article {pmid40793764, year = {2025}, author = {Wen, X and Tang, T and Bao, T and Xu, T and An, B and Zhang, Y and Han, J}, title = {gltB encoding glutamate synthase is involved in persister and biofilm formation and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0051125}, pmid = {40793764}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity/genetics/enzymology/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; Virulence/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Glutamate Synthase/genetics/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Female ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Glutamate metabolism plays a pivotal role in linking the tricarboxylic acid cycle, arginine biosynthesis, and purine metabolism, and these pathways have been shown to be involved in persister formation. However, the relationship among glutamate metabolism, bacterial antibiotic tolerance, and virulence remains unclear. In this study, gltB, which encodes the large subunit of glutamate synthase in Staphylococcus aureus, was knocked out. The ∆gltB mutant in the stationary phase showed less tolerance to antibiotics and was killed completely after exposure to lethal doses of ampicillin and norfloxacin after 11 and 6 days, respectively, while the parent strain still had abundant viable bacteria. The gltB complemented strain restored antibiotic tolerance. Interestingly, exogenous glutamate supplementation of ∆gltB restored the tolerance to antibiotics. Moreover, ∆gltB is more susceptible to heat, carbon starvation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the ability of ∆gltB to coagulate plasma, produce staphyloxanthin, and form biofilms was significantly weakened. In addition, ∆gltB attenuated virulence in BALB/c mice, and its 50% lethal dose (LD50) (1.14 × 10[10] CFU/mL, 95% CI: 7.29 × 10[9]-2.75 × 10[10]) was higher than that of the parent strain (2.39 × 10[9] CFU/mL, 95% CI: 9.99 × 10[8]-4.42 × 10[9]). The expression levels of major virulence genes, including eta, hla, hlgA, hlgC, lukD, lukE, lukS, lukF, and sea, as well as staphyloxanthin synthesis-related genes, including crtM and crtQ, were significantly downregulated in ∆gltB. This study revealed that gltB is involved in both antibiotic tolerance and virulence in S. aureus and provides new insights into the mechanism of persister formation and virulence, with implications for the development of novel drugs.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a leading bacterial cause of death, and persister formation renders it tolerant to antibiotics and is associated with its persistent infections. Glutamate metabolism plays a critical role in linking the tricarboxylic acid cycle, arginine biosynthesis, and purine metabolism, and these pathways have been shown to be involved in persister formation. This work first discovered that gltB, the large subunit of glutamate synthase gene in S. aureus, is involved in tolerance to antibiotics and heat, carbon starvation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the gltB mutant attenuated virulence in mice, owing to the inhibition of glutamate synthesis, which significantly weakened the ability of S. aureus to coagulate plasma, produce staphyloxanthin, form biofilms, and express virulence factors. These findings confirm the important role of glutamate metabolism in the formation of persister and virulence in S. aureus and provide new targets for developing novel anti-persister and anti-virulence drugs.}, }
@article {pmid40792556, year = {2025}, author = {Qi, Y and Borglin, S and Li, L and Dong, W and Bill, M and Hao, Z and Pallud, C and Gilbert, B}, title = {Methanogenesis and Acetogenesis in Hydrogenotrophy with Carbonate Minerals: Dependence on Mineral Surface Area, Biofilm Growth, and Microbial Community.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {59}, number = {33}, pages = {17485-17495}, pmid = {40792556}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; *Methane/metabolism ; *Carbonates ; Minerals ; Acetates/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The production, storage, and use of hydrogen are anticipated to grow substantially to achieve energy and climate goals. Consequently, microbial communities in many terrestrial and subsurface Earth environments could be exposed to elevated hydrogen concentrations. Hydrogen stimulates metabolic processes that reduce aqueous chemical species, such as bicarbonate or sulfate, that can exchange with solid mineral phases, but the controls on microbial hydrogenotrophy with mineral sources of electron acceptors are not fully understood. Herein, we applied laboratory experiments and biogeochemical modeling to study the response of a natural microbial community to an elevated partial pressure of hydrogen in the presence of carbonate minerals of varying composition, solubility, and size. Experimental incubations and simulation results showed that hydrogen consumption by microbial communities was initially dominated by sulfate reduction and, subsequently, transitioned to acetogenesis and methanogenesis. The rates of acetogenesis and methanogenesis were not correlated with the solubility of carbonate minerals. Instead, we observed strong linear correlations between the rates and surface area of carbonate minerals. Methane and acetate production slowed down in all incubations after about 2 weeks of incubation, although biogeochemical modeling predicted that the metabolic processes were not thermodynamically limited. Electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed that biofilms with diverse microorganisms grew on the carbonates during this period. The methane δ[13]C value significantly increased, consistent with slower growth at elevated pH. This work highlights that microbial communities form biofilm on carbonate mineral surfaces as a response to hydrogen and that biofilm formation could pose a strong kinetic limitation to hydrogenotrophic metabolism utilizing carbonate minerals.}, }
@article {pmid40792184, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, Y and Wang, Z and Wang, X and Xu, Y and Luo, J and Li, S and Yang, Y and Yan, L and Zou, X}, title = {Impact of Clove Oil on Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans and Its Effects on Mice with Candida Vaginitis.}, journal = {Mycobiology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {661-675}, pmid = {40792184}, issn = {1229-8093}, abstract = {In this study, the effects of Clove oil (CEO) on biofilm formation of Candida albicans (C. albicans) were investigated using XTT and crystal violet staining methods. The therapeutic efficacy of CEO was studied using ICR mouse model with candida vaginitis. The potential targets and pathways of the CEO's effect against C. albicans were predicted by network pharmacology. The relative gene levels of CDC42, Ste11, Hst7, CEK1, and CPH1 were evaluated by qPCR. Subsequently, the protein levels of CDC42, CEK1, and p-CEK1 were determined by Western blot. The results indicated CEO can inhibit C. albicans adhesion, mycelium formation and biofilm maturation process. By regulating the related genes and proteins, the CEO can inhibit C. albicans biofilm maturation process, and weaken the ability of C. albicans to cause disease. For candida vaginitis ICR mouse model, CEO can lower inflammatory cytokines levels, alleviated the symptoms of vaginitis, and play a good therapeutic effect.}, }
@article {pmid40792117, year = {2025}, author = {Patil, S and Powar, GS and Harale, S and Galatage, ST and Liu, S and Lopes, BS and Sharma, DK and Patil, AR and Wen, F}, title = {Formulation and Evaluation of a Licorice-Resveratrol Lollipop for Targeting Streptococcus mutans Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {3933-3946}, pmid = {40792117}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans is a key pathogen in dental caries, and the development of novel antimicrobial formulations is crucial to combat its resistance. This study aimed to evaluate a licorice-resveratrol medicated lollipop formulation (LRML) for its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against S. mutans.<br><br>METHODS: The LRML was developed using a heating and congealing method, incorporating licorice extract (5% w/w) and resveratrol (2% w/w) in a sucrose-based matrix. The physicochemical properties of the formulation, including hardness, drug content uniformity, moisture content, and dissolution profile, were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and time-kill assays. Anti-biofilm activity was evaluated using a crystal violet assay. The stability of the formulation was determined under accelerated conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: The LRML formulation showed efficient drug release, with formulation number LRML-7 demonstrating 96.87% release within 45&#xa0;minutes. The antimicrobial tests revealed significant bactericidal effects against S. mutans at concentrations above 0.2&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL, with a notable reduction in bacterial growth in time-kill assays. The formulation also demonstrated substantial inhibition of biofilm formation at both MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) levels. Stability studies confirmed that the formulation retained its physicochemical properties over three months.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The LRML exhibited promising antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic option for managing dental infections. Further clinical studies are required to optimize the formulation's efficacy and clinical applicability.}, }
@article {pmid40790539, year = {2025}, author = {Venkataiah, VS and Karobari, MI}, title = {Effectiveness of biofilm-targeted therapy in managing and preventing dental caries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Systematic reviews}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {165}, pmid = {40790539}, issn = {2046-4053}, mesh = {Systematic Reviews as Topic ; *Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Photochemotherapy ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent disease that continues to challenge conventional preventive strategies, such as fluoride application and mechanical plaque removal. Biofilm-targeted therapies (BTT), including probiotics, photodynamic therapy, enzymatic treatments, and natural compounds, represent promising alternatives to disrupt pathogenic biofilms effectively. However, the available evidence remains fragmented, with inconsistent methodologies and limited clinical data hindering comprehensive conclusions.<br><br>METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis will synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of BTT in preventing and managing dental caries. A comprehensive search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, and the Cochrane Library will identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies evaluating BTT interventions. To ensure methodological robustness, quantitative synthesis of intervention effectiveness will be restricted to RCTs, while observational studies will contribute to a structured narrative synthesis. Two independent reviewers will conduct study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the RoB 2 tool for RCTs and ROBINS-I for observational studies. Where feasible, pairwise meta-analyses will be performed using random-effects models. If sufficient data are available, a network meta-analysis (NMA) will be considered. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will explore the impact of age, caries risk level, and intervention type on treatment outcomes.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This review anticipates providing evidence on the efficacy of BTT in reducing bacterial load, altering biofilm composition, and preventing caries progression. Variability in study design and outcome measures is expected, underscoring the need for standardized methodologies and more robust clinical trials. The findings aim to deliver evidence-based insights into the clinical applicability of BTT, addressing current knowledge gaps and guiding future research toward more effective caries prevention and management strategies.<br><br>TRIAL REGISTRATION: Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42024615568.}, }
@article {pmid40790144, year = {2025}, author = {Dubey, AA and Toprak, P and Pring, A and Rodriguez-Navarro, C and Mukherjee, A and Dhami, NK}, title = {Effect of substrate mineralogy, biofilm and extracellular polymeric substances on bacterially induced carbonate mineralisation investigated with in situ nanoscale ToF-SIMS.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {29368}, pmid = {40790144}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Discovery project DP220101990 "Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in different substrates"//Australian Research Council/ ; Discovery project DP220101990 "Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in different substrates"//Australian Research Council/ ; Discovery project DP220101990 "Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in different substrates"//Australian Research Council/ ; Discovery project DP220101990 "Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in different substrates"//Australian Research Council/ ; Discovery project DP220101990 "Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in different substrates"//Australian Research Council/ ; MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033//Spanish Government grant PID2021. 125305NB.I00/ ; A way of making Europe; Junta de Andaluc&#xed;a research group RNM-179//European Regional Development Fund/ ; Unidad Cient&#xed;fica de Excelencia UCE-PP2016-05.//Universidad de Granada/ ; }, mesh = {*Calcium Carbonate/metabolism/chemistry ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism/chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion/methods ; *Bacillus subtilis/metabolism/physiology ; *Sporosarcina/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bacterial mineralisation of calcium carbonates (CaCO3) has become a focal point of interest in the scientific community owing to their versatile applications as biomaterials. However, despite extensive research, the knowledge on factors influencing biogenic CaCO3 polymorph (calcite, vaterite or aragonite) selection in nature remains obscure. Bacterial mineralisation happens in nature on diverse substrates by different pathways, often in the presence of organic matter such as biofilm and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted with the regular metabolic activities of microbes. This study examines the bacterial CaCO3 mineralisation process by two distinct pathways on different natural substrates with advanced analytical techniques, including Time of Flight- Secondary Ions Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). A high EPS-producing microbe (Bacillus subtilis, BS) was compared with the standard ureolytic strain (Sporosarcina pasteurii, SP). Natural geological minerals, including apatite, calcite and quartz, were selected as substrates. This study demonstrates that SP favours the precipitation of rhombohedral calcite crystals (2 to 40 μm in size), regardless of the mineral substrate. In contrast, the EPS-producing BS culture induced the formation of significantly larger vaterite structures (20 to 100 μm in size) in spheroid and hexagonal shapes. The mineralogy of precipitates was confirmed with Raman spectroscopy. ToF-SIMS enabled the spatial tracking of organic macromolecules and the adsorption of calcium ions on them. The functional groups of the EPS involved in these interactions were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This study reveals that microbial activity dominates over substrate mineralogy in selecting the phase and shaping the morphology of biogenic CaCO3, with EPS playing a crucial role in promoting the aggregation of small nanocrystals into large vaterite structures and their stabilisation.}, }
@article {pmid40789448, year = {2025}, author = {Mohanty, D and Padhee, S and Sarangi, A and Das, BS and Priyadarshini, A and Dash, KT and Kerry, RG and Jena, S and Sahoo, A and Chandra Panda, P and Nayak, S and Ray, A}, title = {Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil inactivates Shigella flexneri by inhibiting biofilm formation, disrupting cell membrane integrity, and suppressing virulence gene expression.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107977}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107977}, pmid = {40789448}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Shigella flexneri/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Cinnamomum zeylanicum/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Virulence/drug effects/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Shigella flexneri, a foodborne pathogen that causes shigellosis, poses a significant risk to human health and food safety. Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CZEO) is known to inhibit microbial growth, but its possible antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms against S. flexneri remain unclear. The chemical composition of CZEO was identified via GC-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration of CZEO against S. flexneri was 200 μg/ml. CZEO-treated S. flexneri exhibited an extended lag phase, indicating delayed bacterial growth, and demonstrated potent bactericidal activity in fresh coconut water. CZEO has an antibacterial effect by disrupting cell membranes, leading to leakage of nucleic acids and proteins. Congo red agar, safranin staining and XTT assays confirmed the ability of CZEO to prevent biofilm formation and decrease the metabolic activity of S. flexneri cells. CZEO reduced hydrophobicity, aggregation, and S. flexneri motility, contributing to the antibiofilm effect. An annexin V-FITC/PI assay revealed that CZEO induced cell death in S. flexneri via apoptosis, whereas gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of biofilm-associated genes such as yebL, csgD, rcsB, rcsC, rfbA, rfbE, mdoC, SF2159, and waaG. Light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that CZEO inhibited biofilms in a dose-dependent manner and was able to induce irreversible morphological damage to S. flexneri cells. Homology modelling and molecular docking demonstrated interactions between virulence proteins and major constituents of CZEO. The MTT assay revealed that CZEO was nontoxic to human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells even at relatively high concentrations. The above results confirmed that CZEO could be used as a natural food additive to combat Shigella flexneri and its biofilm.}, }
@article {pmid40788981, year = {2025}, author = {Iemini, RCA and Trinca, ALM and Benedetti, MD and Cordeiro, CF and Ferreira, AV and Dias, ALT and Caldas, IS and Hawkes, JA and Carvalho, DT and Franco, LL}, title = {Synthesis of New Glycometronidazole Compounds With Antifungal and Antifungal Biofilm Activity.}, journal = {Chemical biology &amp; drug design}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, pages = {e70154}, pmid = {40788981}, issn = {1747-0285}, support = {403194/2023-7//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (CNPq)/ ; APQ-00686-18//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; APQ-00352-18//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; BPD-00154-22//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; RED-00110-23//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; APQ-00544-23//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; APQ-01455-24//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Metronidazole/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Click Chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Triazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Glycosylation ; }, abstract = {Carbohydrates are well known to be one of the most abundant and structurally diverse natural organic compounds, and they are of great importance as an energy source and as structural components of cell walls in different organisms. They are involved in various biological and pathological processes, including homeostasis, cell-cell interaction, cell migration, cell development, bacterial and viral infection, inflammation, immunology, and cancer metastasis. The variety of these properties is a result of the structural diversity found in carbohydrates. The chemistry of carbohydrates involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has attracted increasing attention from researchers, which is why they should be one of the main focuses in new drug discovery. This study focuses on the synthesis of new glycotriazole-metronidazole compounds as antifungal agents and antifungal biofilm agents, from the glycosylation of metronidazole with various carbohydrates (d-glucose, d-galactose, d-N-acetylglucosamine, and d-lactose). Our hypothesis is that the glycosides could be taken into fungal biofilms through recognition by glycoreceptors and transporters, carrying the active residue with them. In a low-oxygen environment, the nitro group would then undergo bioreduction leading to the formation of toxic radicals potentially resulting in the destruction or paralysis of biofilm formation-essentially functioning as a bioactive "Trojan horse." The compounds were obtained via a click chemistry reaction using a triazole connector, and the subsequent antifungal tests showed good results for a number of compounds. In silico studies demonstrated positive data for all synthesized compounds, and, in general, they present low toxicological risks.}, }
@article {pmid40788469, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, I and Agrawal, H and Maurya, S and Tanwar, H and Gupta, S and Singh, NP}, title = {Efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine vs. probiotics in in-vivo biofilm prevention on ureteral stents: a prospective randomized controlled pilot in vivo study.}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {811-820}, pmid = {40788469}, issn = {1573-2584}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Acetylcysteine/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Female ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Pilot Projects ; *Stents/microbiology/adverse effects ; *Ureter/surgery ; Adult ; Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) vs. probiotics in preventing biofilm formation on ureteral stents in selected patients. Ureteral stents are essential for managing urinary obstructions and renal stones and are prone to complications such as biofilm formation, which can lead to infections and stent malfunction. NAC is known for its mucolytic and antimicrobial properties, has shown potential in preventing biofilm formation on ureteral stents; however, clinical evidence is limited.<br><br>METHODS: This prospective, open-label, randomized controlled experimental study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital between October 2022 and March 2024. Sixty patients undergoing ureteral stent placement were randomized to receive NAC (600&#xa0;mg twice daily) in Group I vs. probiotics (containing Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus mesentericus, and Lactic Acid Bacillus) in Group II for 5&#xa0;weeks. Primary outcomes included routine urine microscopy, culture, stent culture, and biofilm detection on the stent surfaces.<br><br>RESULTS: Group I showed significantly reduced (pyuria, positive urine cultures, and biofilm formation on stents) to group II. Biofilm was absent in group I but was detected in 6.7% of group II. No significant treatment-emergent adverse effects (TEAEs) were observed in either group.<br><br>CONCLUSION: NAC demonstrated a strong potential in preventing biofilm formation on ureteral stents, which correlated with improved outcomes in terms of reduced stent-associated bacterial growth, bacteriuria, and pyuria. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these findings and assess the precise utility and long-term safety of NAC in clinical settings for ureteral stenting and UTIs.<br><br>DRUG TRIAL REGISTRY: TCTR20250511001 dt 11th May '2025, https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20250511001.}, }
@article {pmid40788302, year = {2025}, author = {Walton, B and Abbodante, S and Marshall, ME and Dobruchowska, JM and Alvi, A and Gallagher, LA and Vallikat, N and Zhang, Z and Wozniak, DJ and Yu, EW and Boons, GJ and Pearlman, E and Rietsch, A}, title = {A biofilm-tropic Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage uses the exopolysaccharide Psl as receptor.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40788302}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {R01AI145069/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI145069/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01EY14362/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 EY014362/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI169865/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DA054557/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI169865/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology/physiology ; Animals ; *Pseudomonas Phages/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; Mice ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/therapy ; *Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Bacteria in nature can exist in multicellular communities called biofilms. Biofilms also form in the course of many infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections frequently involve biofilms, which contribute materially to the difficulty to treat these infections with antibiotic therapy. Many biofilm-related characteristics are controlled by the second messenger, cyclic-di-GMP, which is upregulated on surface contact. Among these factors is the exopolysaccharide Psl, which is a critically important component of the biofilm matrix. Here, we describe the discovery of a P. aeruginosa bacteriophage, which we have called Clew-1, that directly binds to and uses Psl as a receptor. While this phage does not efficiently infect planktonically growing bacteria, it can disrupt P. aeruginosa biofilms and replicate in biofilm bacteria. We further demonstrate that the Clew-1 can reduce the bacterial burden in a mouse model of P. aeruginosa keratitis, which is characterized by the formation of a biofilm on the cornea. Due to its reliance on Psl for infection, Clew-1 does not actually form plaques on wild-type bacteria under standard in vitro conditions. This argues that our standard isolation procedures likely exclude bacteriophage that are adapted to using biofilm markers for infection. Importantly, the manner in which we isolated Clew-1 can be easily extended to other strains of P. aeruginosa and indeed other bacterial species, which will fuel the discovery of other biofilm-tropic bacteriophage and expand their therapeutic use.}, }
@article {pmid40788144, year = {2025}, author = {Shafeeq, S and Pannanusorn, S and Dainat, J and Dadvar, A and Tellgren-Roth, C and Sennblad, B and Nystedt, B and Römling, U}, title = {Genome sequences of six clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis exhibiting different degrees and temporal regulation of biofilm formation.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {e0130024}, pmid = {40788144}, issn = {2576-098X}, support = {634588//European Commission/ ; personal grant//Thammasat University/ ; }, abstract = {Candida parapsilosis is a major pathogen causing central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections with biofilm formation as virulence factor. We sequenced the genomes of six C. parapsilosis isolates from bloodstream infections displaying no, low, and high biofilm under conditions mimicking the clinical setting.}, }
@article {pmid40785722, year = {2025}, author = {Shadvar, N and Yousefi, F and Barazesh, A and Tajbakhsh, S}, title = {Investigation of virulence factors and genes associated with biofilm and protease in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates in Bushehr, Iran.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {559-568}, pmid = {40785722}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the virulence factors and genes associated with biofilm and protease in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Bushehr, Iran.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven S. maltophilia isolates (67 clinical and 20 environmental isolates) were studied. The isolates were assessed for the production of virulence factors including several enzymes and biofilm. To detect rmlA, rpfF, spgM, smf-1, StmPr1 868 bp, StmPr1 1621 bp, and StmPr2 genes, PCR and sequencing were performed.<br><br>RESULTS: All isolates (100%) produced DNase, hemolysin, protease, lipase, and hyaluronidase. Seventy-eight (89.7%) isolates were gelatinase producers, and 85 (97.7%) isolates were lecithinase producers. All isolates were biofilm producers: 79 (90.8%) isolates produced strong biofilm, 5 (5.7%) isolates produced moderate biofilm, and 3 (3.5%) isolates produced weak biofilm. The frequency of smf-1, rmlA, rpfF, and spgM was 93.1%, 86.2%, 26.4%, and 59.8%, respectively. The frequency of protease genes including StmPr1 868 bp, StmPr1 1621 bp, and StmPr2 was 12.6%, 41.4%, and 18.4%, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed a high frequency of isolates that produce DNase, hemolysin, protease, gelatinase, lipase, lecithinase, hyaluronidase, and biofilm. All isolates that harbored spgM or rpfF or both genes were strong biofilm producers. Notably, the presence of isolates that lacked spgM and rpfF genes but produced strong biofilm indicates that in addition to these two genes, other genes or factors may play a role in the production of strong biofilm. Based on this research, S. maltophilia in our area possesses the capability to produce several factors that could play roles in pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40785719, year = {2025}, author = {Khashei, S and Fazeli, H and Rahimi, F and Karbasizade, V}, title = {Exploring the genetic diversity and the association of drug resistance and biofilm production in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from burn wound infections.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {549-558}, pmid = {40785719}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acinetobacter baumannii is considered a troublesome cause of infection in burn units, where its capability to form biofilm and resist antibiotics significantly hampers therapeutic success. This study explored the correlations between antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm-producing capacity, and genetic diversity of A. baumannii strains from patients with burn wound infection in Isfahan, Iran.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six isolates were analyzed for antibiotic resistance using the disk diffusion technique and for biofilm formation through the microtiter dish assay. The prevalence of ten biofilm-related genes was investigated using specific primers. Clonal relatedness among bacterial strains was defined by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR).<br><br>RESULTS: A vast majority of isolates (99%) exhibited resistance to meropenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and imipenem, qualifying them as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Twenty-five percent of the strains were strong biofilm formers, while 68% demonstrated moderate or weak biofilm formation. The most commonly identified biofilm-related genes included bfmR (100%), ompA (100%), and bap (99%). A significant association was found between the production of biofilm, resistance to aminoglycosides, and the presence of csuE and bap genes. ERIC-PCR typing showed the presence of 3 clonal types and 7 single types, with biofilm producers predominantly clustering to clonal type 2.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This work highlights a notable prevalence of biofilm-producing XDR A. baumannii in burn patients, underscoring the need for continuous surveillance and enhanced infection control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40785718, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmadbeigi, Y and Soleimani, N and Azizmohseni, F and Amini-Bayat, Z}, title = {Biofilm formation and eradication of Staphylococcus aureus: a study of culture conditions and endolysin ZAM-CS effect.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {586-592}, pmid = {40785718}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus significantly contributes to healthcare-associated infections, with biofilm formation causing chronic, antibiotic-resistant cases. Because biofilms show high resistance to conventional antibiotics, endolysins have emerged as a promising alternative for treating antibiotic-resistant, biofilm-associated infections. This study evaluated the effects of four culture media and different incubation times on biofilm formation in methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus strains and assessed the anti-biofilm efficacy of a novel chimeric endolysin called ZAM-CS (catalytic domain of SAL-1 endolysin and binding domain of lysostaphin).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms were grown for 24, 48, and 72 hours in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB), Luria broth (LB), terrific broth (TB), and tryptic soy broth (TSB). The crystal violet assay was used to assess the biomass of the biofilm. The optimal biofilm conditions were then used to test ZAM-CS's activity at different concentrations.<br><br>RESULTS: MSSA formed the strongest biofilms in TB. MRSA formed stable, high-biomass biofilms in TSB, TB, and LB, while MHB was the least supportive medium for both strains. ZAM-CS significantly reduced biofilm biomass in both MSSA and MRSA (up to 77%).<br><br>CONCLUSION: ZAM-CS's rapid and potent anti-biofilm activity at low concentrations highlights its potential as a promising treatment against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid40785712, year = {2025}, author = {Shabanzadeh, M and Rezaei-Matehkolaei, A and Zarei Mahmoudabadi, A}, title = {The efficacy of luliconazole and caspofungin on planktonic and biofilm of Candida albicans from different sources.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {653-659}, pmid = {40785712}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The ability of Candida albicans to produce biofilm is considered an important pathogenic factor. In addition, the low sensitivity of biofilms to antifungal drugs is a challenge for patients, clinicians, and laboratory workers. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of luliconazole and caspofungin on the planktonic and biofilm types of C. albicans strains.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty C. albicans from vaginitis, candiduria, gastrointestinal candidiasis, and saliva were examined for antifungal susceptibility against caspofungin and luliconazole using the CLSI M27 guideline. Moreover, the susceptibility of biofilms was detected using 96 well microplates and the MTT method.<br><br>RESULTS: The capacity of the isolates to produce biofilm within 2, 6, and 24 h was different, however, all tested isolates produced biofilm after 24 h. Vaginal and esophagitis isolates had a high and low ability for biofilm production during 24-hour incubation. In our study, 90% of isolates were sensitive to caspofungin, while 7.5 and 2.5% of them were intermediate and resistant. The MIC range of all isolates against luliconazole was 0.01562-1 &#x3bc;g/mL.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The MICs of biofilms were 15.6, and 171.3 higher than that of planktonic cells for caspofungin and luliconazole, respectively. Moreover, paradoxical and trailing effects occurred at 4 and 32 &#x3bc;g/mL of caspofungin and luliconazole, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid40784500, year = {2025}, author = {Rahbardar, MG and Kesharwani, P and Sahebkar, A}, title = {Resveratrol in anti-biofilm therapy: Mechanisms, molecular derivatives, and emerging drug delivery strategies.}, journal = {Fitoterapia}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {106800}, doi = {10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106800}, pmid = {40784500}, issn = {1873-6971}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Resveratrol/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Drug Delivery Systems ; }, abstract = {Microbial biofilms serve an important function in various aspects of human health, including infections, chronic diseases, and industrial processes, but their development poses significant challenges due to inherent resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents. Natural compounds are increasingly being investigated as potential anti-biofilm therapy. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic molecule found in many plants, has sparked widespread interest since it has numerous physiological properties, namely antibacterial characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a thorough analysis of the effect of resveratrol on microbial biofilm. We will elaborate on how resveratrol reduces biofilm formation, disrupts pre-formed biofilms, and modulates gene expression related to biofilm development. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of resveratrol on the structural integrity, composition, and virulence factors associated with biofilms. Additionally, we explore the potential synergistic interactions between resveratrol and other antimicrobial agents, while highlighting the challenges and future prospects of utilizing resveratrol as an effective anti-biofilm agent. Overall, the present investigation offers details on promising benefits of resveratrol in eliminating microbial biofilms, emphasizing its efficacy as an alternative treatment for biofilm-associated illnesses and their consequences.}, }
@article {pmid40783906, year = {2025}, author = {Kumari, A and Verma, B and Chattopadhyay, S}, title = {Isolation and Characterisation of Biofilm-Forming Thermophilic Bacteria for Congo Red Decolorization.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {9}, pages = {445}, pmid = {40783906}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Congo Red/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Coloring Agents/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; India ; *Bacillus/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/metabolism/classification/physiology ; Temperature ; *Bacteria/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/genetics/classification ; Textile Industry ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {In the present research, we isolate and characterize the thermophilic biofilm-forming bacteria of the textile industry that are responsible for the degradation of azo dye. The thermophilic bacteria that form biofilm grow at a temperature range of 45-80 ℃ and play an important role in bioremediation. Thermo-stable biofilm-producing bacteria are a unique class of microorganisms that flourish well in extreme environments. The study aims to screen and characterize thermophilic biofilm-producing bacteria isolated from the soil of the textile industry in Hindpiri, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, to uncover their potential for Congo red decolorization. Two isolates, A1 and A2, which are able to form biofilm when grown in TSA, were used for further studies. After 3 days of incubation, maximum biofilm developed at 45 °C with pH 7-9. Biofilms were grown on glass coverslips and incubated with Congo red dye to evaluate their dye decolorization ability. Isolate A1 exhibited a high decolorization potential, 80% Congo red dye in 18 h, whereas isolate A2 had a lower efficiency, decolorizing only 60% of the dye under 45 ℃ at static conditions. 16S rRNA-based molecular characterization identified isolate A1 as Bacillus licheniformis A1 (PV362359). Analytical techniques like FESEM and FTIR analysis showed significant changes in bacterial cells and in functional groups, with a marked reduction or disappearance of peaks, respectively. Peaks at 1745 cm[-1], 2859 cm[-1], 2931 cm[-1], and 1154 cm[-1] give the alterations in protein and polysaccharides associated functional groups. These demonstrate the breakdown of the azo linkages and sulfonate groups. The present study indicates the potential of thermophilic biofilm-producing bacteria for azo-dye bioremediation.}, }
@article {pmid40783805, year = {2025}, author = {Ong Watts, J and Epperson, RT and Kawaguchi, B and Olsen, A and Tam, J and Pasquina, P and Isaacson, B and Gililland, J and Williams, D}, title = {Assessing the Potential of Antimicrobial Blue Light (aBL) to Manage Biofilm Burden at the Skin-Implant Interface of Percutaneous Osseointegrated Implants.}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {43}, number = {11}, pages = {2043-2054}, doi = {10.1002/jor.70039}, pmid = {40783805}, issn = {1554-527X}, support = {//This study was supported by the Department of Defense under Award #HU00011920009./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects ; Animals ; Sheep ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention &amp; control ; Staphylococcus aureus/radiation effects ; Female ; *Staphylococcal Infections/prevention &amp; control ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Skin/microbiology ; Blue Light ; }, abstract = {Percutaneous osseointegrated implants offer significant benefits to amputees, including improved mechanical feedback and reduced skin irritation. However, their percutaneous nature increases susceptibility to biofilm-associated infections. This study evaluated the potential efficacy of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) as a preventive strategy to manage biofilm burden in a 12-week ovine model wherein two treatment cycles were implemented. In this study, aBL was applied proactively to reduce surface colonization and prevent infection progression, rather than to treat confirmed or deep infections. Sheep were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and treated with aBL or systemic antibiotics, with or without a washing protocol. aBL with washing achieved the greatest bacterial reduction, lowering CFU levels to 3.0 ± 0.3 log10 during the second treatment period, significantly outperforming washing alone, which resulted in 5.6 ± 0.4 log10 (p < 0.05). The study also showed a lower observed infection rate (14% vs. 43%), when comparing aBL with washing to washing only based on histologic, microCT, and gross assessments, though no statistical comparison was performed. Despite these benefits, the aBL treatments induced notable tissue changes, including increased epithelial thickening, rete ridge elongation, and accelerated skin/tissue downgrowth. Systemic antibiotics were effective during the initial treatment period but failed to reduce biofilm burden during the second treatment cycle. Altogether, while aBL combined with washing shows promise as a localized preventive therapy for reducing biofilm burden and implant-related infection, the observed tissue remodeling and accelerated downgrowth highlight the need for further investigation to ensure long-term safety.}, }
@article {pmid40782980, year = {2025}, author = {Pradhan, P and Singh, B}, title = {Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence gene profiling of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from a multi-speciality hospital in Sikkim, India.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107976}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107976}, pmid = {40782980}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; India ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Virulence Factors/genetics ; Hospitals ; Virulence/genetics ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Effective antibiotic stewardship and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance are crucial for mitigating the emergence and spread of opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to identify antibiotic resistance patterns, the ability to form biofilms, and the presence of virulence-associated genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolates from a multi-speciality government hospital in Sikkim, India.<br><br>METHODS: Forty clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were characterised through antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). MDR isolates were evaluated for biofilm formation and the presence of carbapenemase genes (blaKPC, blaGES, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM, blaOXA-48), quorum sensing (lasR), efflux pump (mexAB-oprM), and various virulence-associated genes (toxA, lasA, lasB, popB, aprA, pvdA, phzM, phzS, algD) using PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: The ecfX gene specific to P. aeruginosa was detected in all isolates, confirming their identification. Among the isolates, 37.5&#xa0;% were MDR, and 7.5&#xa0;% were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.210 to 0.894. Some MDR isolates demonstrated resistance to meropenem (MIC 15.62-125 &#x3bc;&#x3bc;g/mL), indicating carbapenem resistance. All isolates showed a MIC of &#x2264; 2&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL to colistin. These MDR isolates formed biofilms and harboured lasR, mexAB-oprM, along with the majority of virulence-related genes (toxA, lasA, popB, phzM, and algD). However, only two carbapenemase genes were detected: blaGES (66.66&#xa0;%) and blaIMP (73.33&#xa0;%).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights the occurrence of biofilm-forming, MDR, and carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. These isolates harbour several virulence-associated genes and are fully susceptible to colistin, suggesting its potential role in treating such infections. The findings emphasise the need for continued surveillance and targeted antimicrobial stewardship in hospital settings.}, }
@article {pmid40782784, year = {2025}, author = {Ye, F and Chu, K and Hua, Z and Liu, Y and Yang, X and Qing, S and Gu, L}, title = {Distribution and fate of antibiotics in water-sediment-biofilm phases and their potential risks in urban lakes within a large-scale city in eastern China.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {496}, number = {}, pages = {139421}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139421}, pmid = {40782784}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; China ; *Lakes/chemistry/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Risk Assessment ; Cities ; }, abstract = {Urban lakes often serve as the key nodes of material and energy flows in the river network ecosystems in large-scale cities. A comprehensive understanding of the multimedium distribution and fate of antibiotics in the lacustrine water-sediment-biofilm system is the critical prerequisite for their accurate ecological risk assessment and regional control and remediation. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of 21 antibiotics across six families in the water, sedimentary and biofilm phases of six typical urban lakes in Nanjing, a large-scale city in eastern China. The fates of these pollutants in multiple environmental compartments and their risks were assessed under real urban lake scenarios. The results indicated that the target antibiotics were ubiquitously present in the lakes. Quinolones (QNs) dominated all the lacustrine matrices, i.e., 10.63-38.78 ng/L in water, 0.4-12.77 ng/g in sediments, and not detected (ND) ∼73.30 ng/g in biofilms; wherein biofilms exhibit a much greater adsorption capacity to the chemicals than sediments, could serve as pollution markers owing to the significantly positive correlation between the concentration of QNs in the biofilm phase and the intensity of human activity (r = 0.92, p < 0.01). Notable differences in the cooccurrence patterns of antibiotics, metals and environmental factors among the biofilm, water and sedimentary phases were detected, of which the network in the biofilms was the most robust. An innovative model was developed to calculate the fugacity fractions of antibiotics in water, sediments and biofilms simultaneously, and the results suggested that biofilm accumulation would be the main fate of the target antibiotics in urban lakes. Risk assessment indicated that NOR posed a high ecological risk to algae in Xuanwu Lake, whereas most antibiotics posed low to no risk to aquatic organisms in urban lakes. Moreover, low antibiotic resistance development risks were obtained, except for ENR in Xuanwu Lake, which exhibited a moderate resistance risk. This study bridges a gap in knowledge of the distribution and environmental fate of antibiotics in the water, sediments and biofilms of urban lakes in large cities.}, }
@article {pmid40782482, year = {2025}, author = {Ando, D and Lwin, HY and Aoki-Nonaka, Y and Matsugishi-Nasu, A and Minato, Y and Warita, Y and Takahashi, N and Tabeta, K}, title = {Ferulic acid suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation via the inhibition of autoinducer-2 production and receptor activity.}, journal = {Archives of oral biology}, volume = {178}, number = {}, pages = {106365}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2025.106365}, pmid = {40782482}, issn = {1879-1506}, mesh = {*Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Coumaric Acids/pharmacology ; *Homoserine/analogs &amp; derivatives/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Lactones/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/drug effects ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of ferulic acid against periodontal pathogenic bacteria.<br><br>DESIGN: The cytotoxicity of ferulic acid was examined using the MTT assay on the human oral epithelial cell line Ca9-22. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2, and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903 were treated with ferulic acid. The inhibition of biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining. The inhibition of P. gingivalis autoinducer-2 (AI-2) production and receptor activity was evaluated by luminescence measurements using the sensor strain Vibrio harveyi BB170.<br><br>RESULTS: Ferulic acid did not exhibit any cytotoxicity on human oral epithelial cells. The MICs of ferulic acid against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were 1000 and 500&#x202f;&#xb5;g/mL, respectively. It did not show antibacterial activity against F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, and S. mitis, indicating the weak antibacterial activity of ferulic acid. However, ferulic acid significantly inhibited P. gingivalis biofilm formation at low concentrations below 1/8 MIC. It specifically inhibited AI-2 production from P. gingivalis below 1/8 MIC and suppressed the receptor activity of AI-2.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although ferulic acid showed weak antibacterial activity against periodontopathogenic bacteria, it had low cytotoxicity and inhibited P. gingivalis biofilm formation. Ferulic acid inhibited AI-2 production and receptor activity, suggesting that ferulic acid is an efficient quorum-sensing inhibitor for controlling P. gingivalis biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40782449, year = {2026}, author = {Li, H and Feng, Y and Lin, B and Zhang, S and Ren, Y and Yue, J}, title = {Polyurea-based multimodal interaction nanogels for synergistic bacterial biofilm eradication and prevention of re-colonization.}, journal = {Biomaterials}, volume = {325}, number = {}, pages = {123607}, doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123607}, pmid = {40782449}, issn = {1878-5905}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry ; Animals ; Nanogels ; *Polymers/chemistry ; Humans ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Mice ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Polyethyleneimine/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm eradication and prevention of re-colonization are critical for effective treatment of biofilm-associated infections. Although significant progress has been made in nanovehicle-assisted antimicrobial platforms for biofilm eradication, strategies to address re-colonization remain underdeveloped. In this study, we constructed a versatile antimicrobial delivery platform based on multimodal interaction polyurea nanogels (MIPN). MIPN demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and could effectively load various antimicrobials with high capacity due to the multiple intermolecular interactions between the antimicrobials and nanocarriers, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions. By incorporating self-synthesized quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) within MIPN, bacteria re-colonization was successfully prevented by blocking the quorum sensing pathway and disrupting surface-associated bacterial motilities. Furthermore, MIPN coloaded with QSI- and antibiotics showed a synergistic effect on biofilm eradication and re-colonization prevention, significantly enhancing the healing of biofilm-associated infections in chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid40778760, year = {2025}, author = {Kalinina, I and Wilson, D}, title = {Candida albicans Goliath cells pioneer biofilm formation.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e0342524}, pmid = {40778760}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; //University of Exeter/ ; }, mesh = {*Candida albicans/physiology/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Cell Adhesion ; Epithelial Cells/microbiology ; Hyphae/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Vagina/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening bloodstream infections. Indwelling medical devices, such as catheters, play a critical role in their progression, as C. albicans can colonize these devices and form biofilms, which can then seed the bloodstream, resulting in recurrent candidemia. Under conditions of zinc restriction, C. albicans forms enlarged Goliath cells. Here, we show that Goliath cells exhibit enhanced adhesion to host tissue under static conditions, particularly to vaginal and oral epithelial cell monolayers. Moreover, Goliath cells are fully capable of forming hyphae and damaging host tissue. Notably, the adhesion of Goliath cells to abiotic surfaces surpasses their adhesion to epithelia or endothelia, suggesting that Goliath cells may possess a unique advantage in colonizing indwelling medical devices, such as catheters within the circulatory system. We also show that the cell wall of Goliath cells has increased hydrophobicity compared with yeasts. In microfluidic channels mimicking the shear stress present in the circulatory system, yeast cells exhibit negligible adhesion to plastic surfaces, even at minimal flow rates. In contrast, Goliath cells demonstrate robust adherence to abiotic surfaces, maintaining attachment even under supraphysiological shear stress conditions. We show that biofilms formed by Goliath cells are more metabolically active and structurally denser in terms of the volume of hyphae. A high number of adhesive "pioneer" Goliath cells in the base of the biofilm significantly affects their architecture and anchors them to abiotic surfaces. These insights into Goliath cells' pathogenicity shed light on their potential role in colonization of medical devices.IMPORTANCEGoliath cells, known for their large size and stickiness to plastic, are triggered by limited access to the essential mineral zinc. They are a specialized cell type of Candida albicans, a fungus that causes skin, oral, and vaginal yeast infections as well as severe bloodstream infections. Medical devices like catheters can make these bloodstream infections worse because Candida forms biofilms on them, which results in continuous seeding of fungal cells into the bloodstream. We found that Goliath cells adhere to vaginal and oral tissue better than normal yeast cells. Surprisingly, they stick even better to abiotic surfaces than to mammalian cells. This suggests they might have an advantage in attaching to catheters during Candida bloodstream infection. When we simulated blood flow, regular yeast cells did not stick to plastic surfaces, but Goliath cells attach even at very high flow rates. This allowed them to form much thicker and active biofilms on these surfaces. Understanding how Goliath cells work can help us figure out better ways to prevent and treat infections caused by Candida albicans, especially those related to medical devices like catheters.}, }
@article {pmid40778403, year = {2025}, author = {Zuo, R and Fu, L and Pang, W and Kong, L and Weng, L and Sun, Z and Li, R and Qu, S and Li, L}, title = {Self-assembled and intestine-targeting florfenicol nano-micelles effectively inhibit drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, eradicate biofilm, and maintain intestinal homeostasis.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {101226}, pmid = {40778403}, issn = {2214-0883}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health crisis that requires innovative solutions. Emerging multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhimurium has raised concern for its effect on pathogenic infection and mortality in humans caused by enteric diseases. To combat these MDR Salmonella typhimurium pathogens, highly effective and broad-spectrum antibiotics such as flufenicol (FFC) need to be evaluated for their potent antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium. However, the low solubility and low oral bioavailability of flufenicol need to be addressed to better combat AMR. In this work, we develop a novel nano-formulation, flufenicol nano-micelles (FTPPM), which are based on d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate (TPGS)/poloxamer 188 (P188), for the targeted treatment of biofilms formed by drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in the intestine. Herein, FTPPM were prepared via a thin film hydration method. The preparation process for the mixed micelles is simple and convenient compared with other existing nanodrug delivery systems, which can further decrease production costs. The optimized FTPPM demonstrated outstanding stability and sustained release. An evaluation of the in vivo anti-drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium efficacy demonstrated that FTPPM showed a stronger efficacy (68.17 %) than did florfenicol-loaded TPGS polymer micelles (FTPM), flufenicol active pharmaceutical ingredients (FFC-API), and flufenicol commercially available medicine (FFC-CAM), and also exhibited outstanding biocompatibility. Notably, FTPPM also inhibited drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium from forming biofilms. More importantly, FTPPM effectively restored intestinal flora disorders induced by drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in mice. In summary, FTPPM significantly improved the solubility and oral bioavailability of florfenicol, enhancing its efficacy against drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium both in vitro and in vivo. FTPPM represent a promising drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium treatment for curbing bacterial resistance via oral administration.}, }
@article {pmid40772334, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, X and Wang, M and Yang, L and Li, G and Xu, L}, title = {Green-Synthesized Multifunctional Carbon Dots from a Natural Nucleoside for Synergistic Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Therapies.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {38}, pages = {e04348}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202504348}, pmid = {40772334}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {2025D04J0052//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou City/ ; 202002030089//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou City/ ; 241104218034882//Science and Technology Planning Project of Shaoguan City/ ; 31971314//National Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Carbon/chemistry ; Animals ; Mice ; *Green Chemistry Technology/methods ; *Quantum Dots/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {The pursuit of sustainable antimicrobial strategies to combat biofilm infections has become imperative in addressing the global crisis of antibiotic resistance. Here, a green-chemistry paradigm is reported for fabricating multicolor-emissive carbon dots (A-CDs) through a solvent-free, single-step solvothermal process using adenosine. Under dual-light irradiation, A-CDs displayed enhanced antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi through a triple-modal mechanism. RNA sequencing reveals that A-CDs combined with dual light irradiation disrupt bacterial metabolism, antioxidant systems, and cell wall integrity, effectively inhibiting bacterial proliferation and pathogenicity. A-CDs significantly inhibit biofilm formation and eliminate mature biofilms by destroying key components of extracellular polymeric substances and downregulating the key biofilm markers under laser light exposure. Its antibiofilm efficacy is further validated in a S. aureus biofilm-infected mouse model. Additionally, A-CDs exhibit high biocompatibility and minimal potential for resistance development over 25 days, making them a promising sustainable alternative to conventional antibiotics. These findings suggest that A-CDs can serve as an environmentally friendly, antibiotic-free solution for treating biofilm-related infections, offering broad clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid40771684, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, J and Fu, Q and Shao, X and Li, Y}, title = {Ultrasonic strategies for mitigating microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on medical surfaces: a mini review.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1558035}, pmid = {40771684}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Biofilm formation on medical surfaces poses significant challenges, leading to compromised device functionality and an increased risk of infections. Addressing this issue requires effective strategies that balance efficacy with safety. This mini-review examines the application of ultrasound as a promising approach for biofilm control in medical contexts. Drawing from recent studies, it explores the mechanisms by which ultrasound disrupts biofilms, highlighting its ability to break down extracellular polymeric matrices and enhance the efficacy of antimicrobials. The review also discusses practical considerations, including ultrasound parameter optimization, biocompatibility, and integration with other anti-biofilm strategies. While ultrasound has demonstrated potential in disrupting biofilms, further research is essential to refine these approaches, improve treatment outcomes, and ensure compatibility with medical applications. By advancing our understanding and application of ultrasonic techniques, this field holds promise for improving patient safety and enhancing medical device longevity.}, }
@article {pmid40769254, year = {2025}, author = {Zhuang, J and Ai, W and Wang, Q and Wang, H and Wu, B and Xu, X and Huang, T}, title = {Sludge reflux promotes biofilm formation in upflow membrane aerated biofilm reactor for partial nitritation: insight from computational fluid dynamics stimulation and experiments.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {437}, number = {}, pages = {133077}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133077}, pmid = {40769254}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Hydrodynamics ; *Water Purification/instrumentation/methods ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Biofilms ; *Nitrogen Compounds/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Achieving partial nitritation (PN) process using membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is a novel approach to provide nitrite for mainstream anammox, gained increasing interests. However, insufficient microbial-membrane attachment raises a challenge for biofilm formation in MABR-PN. This study employed computational fluid dynamics modeling to evaluate sludge volume fraction in biofilm formation zones, using liquid reflux and sludge reflux as comparative strategies for enhancing biomass attachment. The optimal performance was obtained in sludge reflux (5 min/4 h), with 40 % sludge volume fraction and the uniformity of sludge distribution in the biofilm formation zone was 80 %. Two bench-scale MABR were developed with liquid reflux (R1:400 % reflux) and sludge reflux (R2:5 min/4 h) under influent NH4[+]-N concentration of 50 ± 2 mg/L. The biofilm formation time in R2 was significantly shortened 30 % compared to R1, and the nitrite accumulation rate of R2 was significantly higher than that of R1 by 18.5 %. 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with observation revealed that the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-producing microorganism was enriched in biofilm of R2, meanwhile the abundance of the Nitrosomonas in R2_biofilm was significantly higher than flocs. Moreover, in R2, the abundance of key synthesis genes for EPS in biofilm was 2.4-fold higher than in flocs. The EPS concentration determination showed that R2_biofilm > R1_flocs > R1_biofilm > R2_flocs, confirmed that the high EPS-producing capacity in R2 biofilms could promote biofilm formation. Sludge reflux could promote the formation of MABR biofilm and enable rapid start-up of the PN process. Additionally, the energy consumption of R2 was only 2.5 % of R1.}, }
@article {pmid40769248, year = {2025}, author = {Sarosh, S and Ramaswami, S}, title = {The salinity tipping point: determining the impact of stepwise increase in salinity on nitrification and biofilm community structure in nitrifying packed bed biofilm reactors.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {437}, number = {}, pages = {133089}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133089}, pmid = {40769248}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Salinity ; *Nitrification ; *Water Purification ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; }, abstract = {Nitrification is a crucial process in wastewater treatment and is generally inhibited at high salinities. Although packed-bed biofilm reactors (PBBRs) are well-known to facilitate high nitrification rates (NRs ≥ 1 kg N·m[-3]·d[-1]), the influence of salinity on nitrifying PBBRs remains understudied. This study aims to investigate the effect of stepwise increment of salinity on nitrification process and biofilm community structure in high-rate nitrifying PBBRs. Five PBBRs operated at five different water up-flow velocities (1-20 m/h) and ammonia loading rate of about 1600 g N·m[-3]·d[-1] were systematically subjected to incremental salinity shifts from 0 to 35 ‰ over 340 days. All reactors exhibited remarkable resilience and efficiency, achieving nearly complete conversion of ammonia to nitrate, with ammonia-removals consistently >98 % and NRs ≈ 1570 g N·m[-3]·d[-1] for 0-20 ‰ salinities. However, a transient accumulation of NH4[+] and NO2[-] was observed at intermediate salinity levels of 25 ‰ and 30 ‰, with NRs dropping by about 40 %. Nevertheless, at 35 ‰, all reactors demonstrated exceptional nitrification performance, with efficiencies exceeding 95 % and NRs ≈ 1527 g N·m[-3]·d[-1]. Nitrosomonas emerged as the dominant ammonia-oxidizing genus, increasing in abundance from 2-7 % at 10 ‰ salinity to 9-21.3 % at 35 ‰. The nitrite-oxidizing community underwent a shift in dominance from Nitrospira (3-8 % at 10 ‰ to 0.65-2.3 % at salinity 35 ‰) to Phycisphaerales genus (which was undetected at 10-20 ‰ salinity, to 4.2-6.2 % and 15 % at higher salinity levels of 30 and 35 ‰). This study shows the possibility for realising efficient high-rate nitrification up to seawater-salinities using PBBRs, which is desirable across several sectors.}, }
@article {pmid40769225, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Q and Cao, X and Chen, M and Yue, X and Liu, L and Yang, R and Xu, B and Deng, H}, title = {Isolation, whole-genome analysis, and anti-biofilm activity of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae phage KP-BW9 and its lysin Lys-BW9.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {208}, number = {}, pages = {107960}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107960}, pmid = {40769225}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/virology/physiology/drug effects ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/virology/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Bacteriophages/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology/classification ; Escherichia coli/virology/drug effects ; Genome, Viral ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Base Composition ; Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have been classified as "urgent priority pathogens" due to their high drug resistance and wide spread. Among them, carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREco) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) are the main types. Phages are naturally occurring viruses that can specifically infect and lyse host bacteria, making them an effective alternative to antibiotics. This study isolated and identified a CREco phage, KP-BW9. The sequencing of phage KP-BW9 showed a genome size of 59665 bp, a GC content of 56.67 %, and encoded 79 predicted proteins. It has a latent period and a lysis period, with strong adaptability to the environment, and a lysis rate of 41.67 % for CREco. Both phage KP-BW9 and lysin Lys-BW9 could effectively lyse Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and significantly inhibit and eradicate the biofilm of their individual and mixed bacteria. As a novel anti-CRE phage, KP-BW9 offers an innovative solution for controlling multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid40768400, year = {2025}, author = {Hsu, CR and Huang, YL and Hsu, PH and Huang, CH and Huang, YC and Kao, MT and Ye, YW}, title = {A novel Klebsiella pneumoniae diguanylate cyclase contributes to intestinal cell adhesion, biofilm formation, iron utilization, and in vivo virulence by gastrointestinal infection.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2544882}, pmid = {40768400}, issn = {2150-5608}, mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity/enzymology/genetics ; Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; Virulence ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Mice ; *Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Intestines/microbiology ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacteremia/microbiology ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for various infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and liver abscesses. Multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infections pose a critical public health threat, often associated with high mortality rates. The emergence of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae has also raised global health concerns due to its invasive disease potential. Clinical studies suggest intestinal colonization by K. pneumoniae as a risk factor for subsequent infections, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a bacterial signaling molecule synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs), controls various cellular processes and is absent in higher organisms, making it an attractive target for antimicrobial development. In this study, we identified a novel DGC, designated as DgcG, in K. pneumoniae, which plays a pivotal role in gastrointestinal colonization and pathogenesis. Using genetic deletion and complementation analyses in a bacteremia and liver abscesses-inducing strain Ca0437, we observed that DgcG promoted intestinal adherence, biofilm formation, iron utilization, and in vivo virulence. RT-qPCR showed that DgcG regulated genes involved in type 3 fimbrial expression and iron transport. In a gastrointestinal infection model of female BALB/cByl mice, dgcG deletion significantly reduced host mortality and bacterial load in the liver, spleen, and intestines, underscoring its role in enhancing bacterial survival and dissemination. Additionally, dgcG gene was found highly conserved and prevalent among diverse K. pneumoniae isolates. These findings provide new insights into c-di-GMP-mediated virulence regulation in K. pneumoniae and highlight DgcG as a potential therapeutic target for controlling K. pneumoniae infections, especially amidst the growing global antimicrobial resistance crisis.}, }
@article {pmid40768344, year = {2025}, author = {Zou, Y and Liang, C and Tang, Z and Huang, Y and Liang, Q and Chen, L and Chen, J and Zhu, X}, title = {Biofilm-Responsive Nano-Antibiotics for Degradation of Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix and Reduction of Pathogenicity against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {19}, number = {32}, pages = {29702-29716}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c09764}, pmid = {40768344}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/pathogenicity ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Dextrans/chemistry/pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Animals ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a major threat to global public health, particularly due to its biofilm-associated refractory infections. The dense three-dimensional structure of the extracellular polymeric substances matrix (EPS) is a key factor contributing to the challenge of eradicating biofilm-associated infections. Therefore, in this study, ultrasmall cobalt selenide nanoparticles (CoSe NPs) were synthesized and modified with dextran (Dex), successfully obtaining dextran-functionalized cobalt selenide nanoparticles (Dex@CoSe NPs). In vitro experimental results showed that Dex@CoSe NPs not only disperse biofilm by degrading components of the extracellular polymeric substance matrix such as amyloid fibers and polysaccharides but also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote bacterial cell membrane rupture for enhanced bactericidal effects. Additionally, Dex@CoSe NPs reduce MRSA pathogenicity by down-regulating genes related to the quorum sensing system and ABC transporters. More importantly, Dex@CoSe NPs were shown to effectively alleviate both chronic wound infections and systemic infections caused by MRSA. This study thus provides strategic insights for developing ultrasmall nanoparticles specifically designed to combat biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40767295, year = {2025}, author = {Karhunen, PJ and Pessi, T and Hörkkö, S and Karhunen, V and Goebeler, S and Louhelainen, AM and Martiskainen, M and Haapaniemi, T and Lappeteläinen, J and Ijäs, T and Lyytikäinen, LP and Raitoharju, E and Sioris, T and Tuomisto, S and Huhtala, H and Wang, C and Monaco, C and Oksala, N and Lehtimäki, T and Laaksonen, R}, title = {Viridans Streptococcal Biofilm Evades Immune Detection and Contributes to Inflammation and Rupture of Atherosclerotic Plaques.}, journal = {Journal of the American Heart Association}, volume = {14}, number = {16}, pages = {e041521}, pmid = {40767295}, issn = {2047-9980}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Plaque, Atherosclerotic/microbiology/immunology ; Male ; Female ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; *Coronary Artery Disease/microbiology/immunology/pathology ; *Streptococcal Infections/immunology/microbiology ; *Inflammation/microbiology/immunology ; DNA, Bacterial ; Signal Transduction ; Immunity, Innate ; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism ; Macrophages/immunology ; *Coronary Vessels/microbiology/immunology/pathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacterial DNA from the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gut, and skin has been detected in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting a role in chronic inflammation linked to atherosclerosis. Chronic bacterial infections often form biofilms resistant to antibiotics and immune detection, giving rise to a new generation of virulent bacteria in suitable conditions. This study explores the role of the immune system in bacterial-induced inflammation of atherosclerotic plaques.<br><br>METHODS: Coronary plaques from 121 sudden death victims and endarterectomy samples from 96 surgical patients were analyzed using bacterial real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and genome-wide expression analysis. TLR (toll-like receptor) signaling was examined in bacterial-activated TLR cell lines.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the bacteria detected, oral viridans group streptococcal DNA was the most common, being found in 42.1% of coronary plaques and 42.9% of endarterectomies. Immunopositivity for viridans streptococci correlated with severe atherosclerosis (P<0.0001) in both series and death from coronary heart disease (P=0.021) or myocardial infarction (P=0.042). Viridans streptococci colonized the core of the atheroma as a biofilm unrecognized by macrophages of the innate immune system. In contrast, immunopositive streptococci that appeared to have originated from the biofilm infiltrated the ruptured fibrous cap of the atheroma in endarterectomy samples and coronary plaques and were detected by pattern-recognizing receptors and coexpressed with the adaptive immune response. Among the viridans streptococcal strains, TLR2 was the most activated bacterial-signaling pathway. Genome-wide expression analysis of endarterectomy samples showed upregulation of bacterial recognition pathways.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Latent chronic bacterial inflammation evades immune detection and may contribute to the pathogenesis of complicated atherosclerotic plaques and fatal myocardial infarction.}, }
@article {pmid40766083, year = {2025}, author = {Palma, F and Díaz-Navarro, M and Visedo, A and Sanz-Ruíz, P and Brandi, G and Schiavano, GF and Guembe, M}, title = {Assessment of the anti-biofilm effect of UV-C irradiation (254 nm) against healthcare associated infections related microorganisms.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1570334}, pmid = {40766083}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilm-related Multidrug Resistance (MDR) is a major problem in healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Hospital surface decontamination is essential to ensure the safety of patients and to eliminate the dissemination of MDR pathogens. New eco-friendly decontamination technologies, such as UV-C irradiation, are only gaining popularity now, but their use against the biofilm of common microorganisms causing HAI has not been properly assessed. We aimed to assess the efficacy of UV-C irradiation (254 nm) in a 2-phase study by assessing its anti-biofilm effect against sessile cells from microorganisms of hospital interest.<br><br>METHODS: The following strains were tested: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (ATCC 29213), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 43300), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, and Candida albicans (ATCC 14053), and a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. First, the tested strains' UV-susceptibility was evaluated through irradiation tests on plates using different UV doses, considering both planktonic and 24 h-biofilm states. Second, the anti-biofilm effect of UV-C was evaluated on stainless steel discs contaminated with a 24 h-biofilm of each strain.<br><br>RESULTS: With a UV dose of 946.7 mJ/cm[2], the UV-C irradiation on MSSA ATCC 29213, MRSA ATCC 43300, and MRSE biofilm showed a log10 reduction of 4.34 &#xb1; 0.70, 4.70 &#xb1; 0.60, and 4.85 &#xb1; 0.98, respectively, while C. albicans ATCC 14053 showed higher UV-resistance in 24 h-biofilm state, being the log10 reduction of 3.17 &#xb1; 0.08. Against Gram negative bacteria biofilm, a UV dose of 467.8 mJ/cm[2] was enough to achieve a microbial titer <1 CFU/mL. Regarding the 24 h-biofilm on discs, a log10 reduction >3 logs was achieved with all microorganisms applying a UV dose of 946.7 mJ/cm[2].<br><br>CONCLUSION: The application of UV-C irradiation could be a valid additional approach in the management of biofilm HAI.}, }
@article {pmid40765761, year = {2025}, author = {Daneshyar, F and Alikhani, MY and Tayebi, S and Abedi Firouzjaei, D}, title = {Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Chitosan-Arginine Nanoparticles and Sodium Fluoride against Streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {International journal of molecular and cellular medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {637-645}, pmid = {40765761}, issn = {2251-9637}, abstract = {Dental caries is among the most prevalent chronic diseases. It arises from bacterial biofilm formation on tooth surfaces due to metabolic activity. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a key pathogen implicated in the development of dental caries. As bacterial resistance to conventional treatments increases, there is a growing interest in using novel compounds that possess antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. This study evaluated the effect of chitosan-arginine nanoparticles (CS-Arg NPs) and sodium fluoride (NaF) on inhibiting S. mutans' growth. After synthesizing CS-Arg NPs, their size, morphology, and chemical structure were evaluated. The broth microdilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CS-Arg NPs and NaF. The combined antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of CS-Arg NPs and NaF was assessed using the checkerboard method. The CS-Arg NPs had an average size of 269.9 nm with a zeta potential of +38.3 mV. The MIC of S. mutans for CS-Arg NPs and NaF was 312 µg/mL and 625 µg/mL, respectively, and the MBC for these NPs and NaF was 625 µg/mL and 2500 µg/mL, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of the combination of CS-Arg NPs and NaF showed an additive effect (FICI = 1). The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of CS-Arg NPs and NaF, alone or in combination, on biofilm formation in the studied strain ranged from approximately 12% to 81%. This study demonstrated that CS-Arg NPs have antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against S. mutans, and their combination with NaF can enhance these antibacterial effects. These findings suggest that CS-Arg NPs and NaF, as a novel combination, could effectively develop oral hygiene products.}, }
@article {pmid40765753, year = {2025}, author = {Yalçın, S and Özel, S and Çamyar, D and Bonabian, EF}, title = {Candida albicans Impact on the Progression, Morphology, and Cellular Integrity of Biofilm Formation on the Surfaces of Implants; Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.}, journal = {International journal of molecular and cellular medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {620-636}, pmid = {40765753}, issn = {2251-9637}, abstract = {The capacity of Candida albicans to adhere to diverse oral substrates constitutes a pivotal preliminary phase in the formation of a pathogenic fungal biofilm. Yeast cells demonstrate a considerable ability to bind to host tissues, encompassing dental structures and mucosal surfaces, in addition to synthetic, non-biological materials such as dental appliances. Biomaterials utilized for the restoration of oral functionality are prone to biofilm formation, which can detrimentally affect oral health. Oral microorganisms can adhere to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces; however, in vivo investigations indicate that hydrophobic surfaces tend to accumulate minimal biofilm due to differential shear forces. Rough surfaces are observed to retain more biofilm compared to their smooth counterparts. The presence of biofilms on composite materials and glass-ionomer cement types results in surface degradation, consequently fostering additional biofilm development. While the leaching of residual monomers from composites has been shown to influence biofilm proliferation in vitro, the effect in vivo appears to be less consequential, likely attributable to the dilution and continual renewal of saliva. Furthermore, research has produced inconsistent findings regarding the influence of fluoride release from glass-ionomer cement types. A comparative analysis is conducted between biomaterial-associated infections in implants and devices situated in other anatomical regions and the formation of oral biofilms. The discourse critically evaluates alterations to biomaterials aimed at diminishing biofilm formation on implants and devices, taking into account their prospective applications within dentistry. The conclusion reached is that for dental applications, antimicrobial coatings that exterminate fungi upon contact are deemed more efficacious than those that gradually release antimicrobial agents.}, }
@article {pmid40765099, year = {2025}, author = {Bhattacharya, D and Gupta, J and Gupta, A and Nag, M and Lahiri, D and Mitra, D}, title = {In silico Analysis to Search for an Alternative Inhibitor of Biofilm Production by Helicobacter pylori.}, journal = {Current drug discovery technologies}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0115701638369494250723071458}, pmid = {40765099}, issn = {1875-6220}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic Resistance is a growing concern in the current world. Regarding this, Helicobacter pylori is known to be present in the digestive tracts of human beings. In some people, the infection leads to stomach cancer. With the increasing problem of Antibiotic resistance, reports show that drugs are no longer working with the same efficacy rate as they used to. The present work is a study of the two-component Acid-Response System (ArsRS) protein, one of the key pro-teins involved in biofilm formation by H. pylori.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, an overall bioinformatics analysis was conducted of the bioactive compound, along with some FDA-approved drugs, to identify potential novel treatments for diseases associated with H. pylori. The molecular docking studies have been done with common drugs that are used for the treatment of the infection caused by H. pylori as Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Tetracycline, Levofloxacin, Metronidazole, Omeprazole, and Rabeprazole. Another aspect of the current study was to investigate the potential for national compounds such as Quercetin, &#x3b1;-mangostin, Phytol, Liquiri-tin, and D-mannitol as an alternative therapeutic agent. ADMET Analysis and toxicity assessment were done to check the pharmacokinetics of the bioactive compounds. An in silico investigation of the H. pylori protein revealed its stability and compactness.<br><br>RESULTS: A Higher number of intra-protein interactions increases the stability of H. pylori protein. Liquiritin emerged as an active molecule that can be used for inhibiting H. pylori biofilms. The FDA-approved drug Clarithromycin showed the highest binding energy among the synthetic group.<br><br>DISCUSSIONS: The target protein's structural and sequential analysis demonstrated how the correct number of amino acids boosts the protein's stability. The ability of bioactive chemicals to function as medications is indicated by their drug-likeness characteristics. According to toxicity evaluation, they do not have any serious effects when they come into contact with people through the environment. Liquiritin and Clarithromycin were the two top compounds that appeared as the best inhibitors.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Bioactive compounds that can be used as drugs. This work will also be beneficial for the development of synthetic drugs.}, }
@article {pmid40764584, year = {2025}, author = {Kimijima, M and Narisawa, N and Hama, Y and Nakagawa-Nakamura, T and Ito, T}, title = {Isofloridoside: a novel inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and glucosyltransferase activity.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {343}, pmid = {40764584}, issn = {1756-0500}, support = {22K02143//the Grants-in-Aid for the Development of Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/enzymology/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Glucosyltransferases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Sucrose/pharmacology ; Melibiose/pharmacology ; Xylitol/pharmacology ; Galactose/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Isofloridoside, a galactose-containing heteroside derived from marine red algae, has potential applications as a sweetener because it can activate the sweetness receptors T1R2/T1R3. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isofloridoside on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, to evaluate its potential as a caries-preventing agent.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that S. mutans did not grow when isofloridoside was the sole carbon source. Isofloridoside inhibited sucrose-dependent biofilm formation by S. mutans in a concentration-dependent manner, similar to galactose and glucose, but unlike melibiose and galactose-containing disaccharides. Biofilm inhibition induced by isofloridoside was associated with inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity. Isofloridoside exhibited biofilm inhibition comparable to xylitol, an alternative sugar known to inhibit biofilm formation. The differential effects of isofloridoside and melibiose on biofilm formation may result from the structural differences that affect their interactions with S. mutans enzymes. These findings highlight the potential of galactose and its polysaccharides as regulators of S. mutans biofilm formation, and suggest that isofloridoside is a promising alternative sweetener for caries prevention.}, }
@article {pmid40764534, year = {2025}, author = {Tamrat, E and Asmare, Z and Geteneh, A and Sisay, A and Getachew, E and Kassanew, B and Dessale, M and Gashaw, Y and Jemal, A and Gashaw, M and Bazezew, A and Gedfie, S and Kassahun, W and Abebe, W and Dejazmach, Z and Misganaw, T and Ashagre, A and Nigatie, M and Damtie, AA and Alemu, BB and Tefera, Z and Mezgebu, B and Kumie, G and Kiros, M and Reta, MA}, title = {The global prevalence of biofilm-forming Enterococcus faecalis in clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {981}, pmid = {40764534}, issn = {1471-2334}, mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Prevalence ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/microbiology ; Global Health ; Cross Infection/microbiology/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). It exhibits a strong biofilm-forming ability, which contributes to treatment resistance and persistence. Despite its clinical relevance, the global prevalence of biofilm-forming E. faecalis remains poorly defined. This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of biofilm-forming E. faecalis in clinical isolates worldwide.<br><br>METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and institutional repositories for studies published between 2015 and 2024. A total of 56 studies involving 3,739 clinical isolates met the inclusion criteria. We used a random-effects model to estimate pooled prevalence and conducted subgroup analyses based on WHO region, continent, publication year, specimen type, and biofilm detection method. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses assessed heterogeneity and robustness. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and corrected with trim-and-fill analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The global pooled prevalence of biofilm-forming E. faecalis was 68.68% (95% CI: 61.33-76.02%), with significant heterogeneity (I&#xb2; = 99.30%). By WHO region, prevalence ranged from 57.93% (95% CI: 41.01-71.85%) in South-East Asia to 73.66% (95% CI: 63.40-83.92%) in the Eastern Mediterranean. By continent, South America (all from Brazil) showed the highest prevalence at 89.79% (95% CI: 73.02-106.56%). Studies from 2021 to 2024 reported higher prevalence (76.18%, 95% CI: 66.25-86.11%) than those from 2015 to 2020. Among specimens, urine showed the highest prevalence (80.47%, 95% CI: 61.17-99.77%). Among biofilm-positive isolates, 47.92% (95% CI: 39.34-56.51%) were strong producers. Meta-regression identified WHO region (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.005) and specimen type (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.043) as significant sources of heterogeneity. Egger's test indicated publication bias (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0066), but trim-and-fill analysis yielded a consistent adjusted prevalence of 68.08%.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Biofilm formation is highly prevalent in E. faecalis clinical isolates globally, with substantial regional and specimen-based variation. These findings highlight the urgent need for standardized biofilm detection protocols, improved infection prevention and control, tailored antibiotic stewardship, and the development of anti-biofilm therapies to mitigate biofilm-associated resistance and enhance patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40762829, year = {2025}, author = {Leite, DPSBM and de Oliveira, PRF and Oliveira, FCM and Melo-Santos, G and Maricato, G and Beraldo, KRF and Rodrigues, ALF and Damasceno, AAP and Oliveira, RHT and Fraga-Silva, TFC and Juliano, MA and Monteiro, FOB and Silva-Júnior, A and Mota, RA}, title = {Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production by Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus Sciuri in Inia araguaiaensis: surveillance under a one health perspective in the Amazon.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, pages = {271}, pmid = {40762829}, issn = {1573-7446}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Brazil/epidemiology ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance in natural environments poses an increasing threat to public health and biodiversity conservation. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in bacteria isolated from Inia araguaiaensis, an Amazonian endemic dolphin species. Skin lesion samples were collected from eight individuals in the Mocajuba region, Pará, Brazil. Bacterial isolation was performed on Brain Heart Infusion agar and Mannitol Salt agar. Species identification was carried out using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by disk diffusion following. Resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction, and biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet staining method. A total of 19 bacterial isolates were recovered, including Staphylococcus spp. (n = 14) and Mammaliicoccus sciuri (n = 5). The most frequently identified species were Staphylococcus aureus (4/19; 21.1%), S. warneri (4/19; 21.1%), and S. epidermidis (4/19; 21.1%). A high prevalence of penicillin resistance was observed (18/19; 94.7%), followed by resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (each 4/19; 21.1%), and gentamicin (3/19; 15.8%). Four isolates (4/19; 21.1%) exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. Genotypic screening revealed the presence of the blaZ gene in 8/19 isolates (44.4%), followed by mecA, msrA, and norC (each 2/19; 10.5%). The tetracycline resistance genes tetL and tetM were detected in 3/19 (15.8%) and 1/19 (5.3%) isolates, respectively. Biofilm formation was detected on 15/19 (78.9%) of the isolates, of which 4/15 (26.7%) were classified as strong producers, 1/15 (6.7%) as moderate, and 10/15 (66.7%) as weak producers. These findings support the recognition of river dolphins as potential sentinels for antimicrobial resistance in aquatic ecosystems and reinforce the importance of integrating microbiological monitoring into broader conservation efforts under the One Health perspective.}, }
@article {pmid40762578, year = {2025}, author = {Shahrour, H and Alves Ferreira, D and Fitzgerald-Hughes, D and O'Gara, JP and Coffey, A and O'Neill, E}, title = {Use of the bacteriophage-derived endolysin CHAPK-SH3blys as a potent novel treatment for biofilm-associated Staphylococcus aureus wound infections.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0071625}, pmid = {40762578}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {19374A01/HRBI_/Health Research Board/Ireland ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/drug therapy ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Bacteriophages ; Staphylococcus Phages ; Cell Line ; }, abstract = {The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus acute and chronic wound infections is associated with biofilm formation. This study investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of CHAPK-SH3blys, a bacteriophage-derived endolysin, against S. aureus strains implicated in chronic wound infections. CHAPK-SH3blys exhibited potent antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.9 µg/mL. Biofilm assays conducted under static and dynamic wound-like conditions showed a concentration-dependent reduction in biofilm metabolic activity, with up to a 4-log reduction in viable cells at concentrations 50 times the MIC. Further investigations revealed that CHAPK-SH3blys showed biocompatibility with human cell lines and did not induce an inflammatory response. Notably, prolonged exposure to sub-MIC levels did not lead to resistance development in S. aureus. These findings highlight CHAPK-SH3blys as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of biofilm-associated S. aureus wound infections.IMPORTANCESuccessful treatment of wound infections, which is most commonly caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, is compromised by bacterial colonization resulting in slime layer or biofilm formation in the wound bed. Associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and limited treatment options can also impair wound healing and further highlight the need for the development and use of novel antimicrobial therapies. This study explores the antibiofilm and antimicrobial effectiveness of a bacteriophage-derived endolysin named CHAPK-SH3blys against S. aureus strains implicated in chronic wound infections. Bacteriophage-derived endolysin represents novel antimicrobial agents, and in this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this agent in treating wound and biofilm- related infections under wound-like conditions in the laboratory without affecting the immune response or inducing antimicrobial resistance. Due to the urgent public health need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents to combat biofilm-associated infections, our study highlights CHAPK-SH3blys as a promising and exciting candidate for further therapeutic development.}, }
@article {pmid40762463, year = {2025}, author = {Le, VH and King, T and Wuerzberger, B and Bauer, OR and Carver, MN and Chan, TS and Henson, AL and Hubbard, GK and Kopadze, T and Patterson, CF and McGraw, SM and O'Hara, A and Yarkosky, EJ and LaMontagne, MG and Hotze, EM and Ferreira, RBR}, title = {Metabolites derived from bacterial isolates of the human skin microbiome inhibit Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0130625}, pmid = {40762463}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {P20 GM113117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 2320765//National Science Foundation/ ; P20GM113117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM103418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM103418//Kansas IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Skin/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/metabolism ; Bacillus/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/metabolism ; Skin Microbiome ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The human skin microbiome is a diverse ecosystem that can help prevent infections by producing biomolecules and peptides that inhibit growth and virulence of bacterial pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for diseases that range from acute skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening septicemia. Its ability to form biofilms is a key virulence factor contributing to its success as a pathogen as well as to its increased antimicrobial resistance. Here, we investigated the ability of bacterial skin commensals to produce molecules that inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identified 77 human skin microbiome bacterial isolates from Staphylococcus and Bacillus genera. Metabolites from cell-free concentrated media (CFCM) from 26 representative isolates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus strains. CFCM, derived from most of the isolates, inhibited biofilm formation to varying extents but did not inhibit planktonic growth of S. aureus. Size fractionation of the CFCM of three S. epidermidis isolates indicated that they produce different bioactive molecules. Cluster analysis, based on either MALDI-TOF mass spectra or whole-genome sequencing draft genomes, did not show clear clusters associated with levels of biofilm inhibition among S. epidermidis strains. Finally, similar biosynthetic gene clusters were detected in all S. epidermidis strains analyzed. These findings indicate that several bacterial constituents of the human skin microbiome display antibiofilm in vitro activity, warranting further investigation on their potential as novel therapeutic agents.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The skin is constantly exposed to the environment and consequently to numerous pathogens. The bacterial community that colonizes healthy skin is thought to play an important role in protecting us against infections. S. aureus is a leading cause of death worldwide and is frequently involved in several types of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections. Its ability to adhere to surfaces and produce biofilms is considered an important virulence factor. Here, we analyzed the activity of different species of bacteria isolated from healthy skin on S. aureus biofilm formation. We found that some species of Staphylococcus and Bacillus can reduce S. aureus biofilm formation, although a generally lower level of inhibitory activity was observed compared to S. epidermidis isolates. Among S. epidermidis isolates, strength of activity was dependent on the strain. Our data highlight the importance of mining the skin microbiome for isolates that could help combat skin pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40762038, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, S and Liu, H and Zhong, H and Li, S and Yu, X and Lu, Y and Tang, Y and Wang, C and Yuan, Z}, title = {Manufacture and application of antibacterial biofilm microneedles.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {13}, number = {33}, pages = {10118-10144}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01029b}, pmid = {40762038}, issn = {2050-7518}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Needles ; Humans ; Animals ; Bacteria/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms in chronic wounds establish drug-impermeable barriers through extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix formation. Versus surgical debridement and systemic approaches, microneedle systems have evolved as minimally invasive platforms exhibiting marked progress in biofilm management. Microneedles enhance contact area with bacterial biofilms by >13.74% versus traditional wound dressings, improving treatment outcomes. This review systematically examines recent therapeutic innovations in microneedle-mediated biofilm intervention between 2018 and 2025. Firstly, this paper systematically reviews the action mechanisms of solid, coated, hollow, soluble, and hydrogel microneedles against bacterial biofilms. It then discuss the advanced fabrication methods for antibiofilm systems. Antimicrobial mechanisms are innovatively classified into three modalities, physical disruption, chemical targeting, and bioactive regulation. The following sections present preclinical applications corresponding to each mechanistic category. These results provide a roadmap for clinical translation of microneedle antimicrobial technologies.}, }
@article {pmid40761286, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Zhang, D and Zhou, D and Zheng, S and Li, S and Hou, Q and Li, G and Han, H}, title = {A comprehensive review of the pathogenic mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: synergistic effects of virulence factors, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1619626}, pmid = {40761286}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. It can provoke a spectrum of clinical manifestations-ranging from postoperative wound infections, pressure ulcers, abscesses, and otitis media to life-threatening bacteremia and sepsis, especially in burn patients. Over the past decade, extensive research has elucidated its complex virulence repertoire, including exotoxins, proteases, and siderophores; the hierarchical Quorum Sensing (QS) networks; and its robust capacity for biofilm formation. In this review, we consolidate significant studies published since 2015 to develop a comprehensive framework elucidating the virulence mechanisms of P. aeruginosa. Beyond cataloging individual factors, we highlight how QS regulators coordinate toxin production and biofilm maturation, and how these processes converge to facilitate immune evasion. We further examine cross-talk between QS circuits (Las, Rhl, and Pqs), their response to environmental cues, and the modulatory role of host signals. Despite these advances, significant gaps remain: the spatiotemporal interplay among different virulence modules; the precise molecular triggers of biofilm dispersal; and the dynamics of bacterial-host immune interactions in vivo. Notably, targeting QS with small-molecule inhibitors has shown promise in attenuating pathogenicity, yet translating these findings into clinical therapies requires more nuanced understanding of resistance emergence and host microbiome effects. We propose that future investigations prioritize (1) the structural biology of QS receptors to guide rational inhibitor design; (2) single-cell and organ-on-a-chip models to dissect biofilm heterogeneity; (3) dual-omics approaches to map host-pathogen signaling crosstalk; and (4) environmental modulators-such as iron availability and shear stress-that fine-tune virulence expression. Such multidisciplinary efforts will underpin the development of next-generation anti-virulence therapies, ultimately improving prevention and treatment of P. aeruginosa infections and safeguarding public health.}, }
@article {pmid40761048, year = {2025}, author = {Sanda, ZS and Vural, DG and Birinci, A}, title = {Investigation of biofilm formation in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates by genotypic and phenotypic methods and effect of vancomycin and teicoplanin on biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {1133-1140}, doi = {10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.13543.1}, pmid = {40761048}, issn = {1011-601X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Teicoplanin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Genotype ; Phenotype ; Humans ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; }, abstract = {The pathogenicity factors of Staphylococcus aureus include biofilm production. In this study, the biofilm production abilities of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were investigated using genotypic and phenotypic methods. Additionally, the effect of glycopeptides on biofilm was examined. This study included 130 MRSA isolates. Biofilm was detected by the microtiter plate method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of glycopeptides was evaluated through the broth microdilution method. The biofilm inhibitor concentration (BIC) values were investigated in isolates with strong biofilm production. The mecA (methicillin resistance gene), icaA, and icaD (biofilm-associated genes) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction techniques. Eighty-one isolates (62.31%) formed biofilms, while thirty isolates (23.08%) exhibited strong biofilm formation. Thirty isolates had higher BIC90 values than MIC90 values. The mecA gene was confirmed in 125 (96.15%) isolates, the icaA gene in 96 (73.85%) isolates, and the icaD gene in 100 (76.92%) isolates. There was statistical significance between ica genes and the biofilm produced (p<0.05). In conclusion, increased biofilm formation due to the effect of ica genes increases the concentration values at which antibiotics act.}, }
@article {pmid40758696, year = {2025}, author = {Thavorasak, T and Santajit, S and Tunyong, W and Kong-Ngoen, T and Reamtong, O and Ampawong, S and Saelim, N and Srisai, T and Aiumurai, P and Pumirat, P and Chaicumpa, W and Indrawattana, N}, title = {CRISPR/Cas9-targeted smpB mutation revealing roles in biofilm formation, motility, and antibiotic susceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0329638}, pmid = {40758696}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics/drug effects/pathogenicity/physiology ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Mutation ; Animals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Virulence/genetics ; Gene Editing ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant pathogen and a major cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Its ability to survive in harsh environments and evade antibiotic treatments underscores the urgent need for new therapeutic targets. Emerging evidence suggests that the small protein B (SmpB) may also play broader roles in bacterial virulence, including regulation of biofilm formation, motility, and stress adaptation. However, the specific contributions of SmpB to these pathogenic traits in A. baumannii remain poorly defined. Addressing this knowledge gap is essential for evaluating SmpB as a potential antimicrobial target and developing new strategies to combat multidrug-resistant infections.<br><br>METHODS: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing was used to generate a targeted smpB mutant in A. baumannii. The smpB mutant was assessed for growth, biofilm formation, motility, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence. Biofilm was quantified via crystal violet staining and microscopy, while motility was examined using swimming, swarming, and twitching assays. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using disk diffusion. Virulence was tested in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify changes in protein expression associated with smpB disruption.<br><br>RESULTS: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing successfully introduced a C212T nucleotide substitution in the smpB gene, resulting in an A89G amino acid change. Growth curve analysis showed no significant difference between the wild-type and smpB mutant strains under nutrient-rich conditions. However, the mutant exhibited a significant reduction in biofilm formation (p = 0.0079) and impaired twitching motility, while swimming and swarming motility remained unaffected. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed increased sensitivity to ceftizoxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and gentamicin, alongside decreased susceptibility to cefepime, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. In the G. mellonella infection model, the smpB mutant showed reduced virulence, with 84% larval survival compared to 72% in the wild type (p = 0.4183). Proteomic analysis revealed downregulation of key stress response and virulence-associated proteins, including GroEL, DnaK, RecA, and PirA, while proteins involved in ribosome maturation and transcription, such as RimP and RpoA, were upregulated. STRING network analysis supported the broad regulatory role of SmpB in biofilm formation, motility, stress adaptation, and pathogenesis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SmpB is a key regulator of biofilm formation, twitching motility, antibiotic response, and virulence in A. baumannii. While not essential for growth under optimal conditions, smpB disruption impairs multiple pathogenic traits and alters stress-related proteomic pathways. These findings highlight the potential of SmpB as a novel antimicrobial target, offering a promising strategy to weaken bacterial virulence without promoting resistance. Targeting the trans-translation system may pave the way for innovative therapies against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.}, }
@article {pmid40758621, year = {2025}, author = {Castagnini, D and Palma, K and Jara-Wilde, J and Navarro, N and González, MJ and Toledo, J and Canales-Huerta, N and Scavone, P and Härtel, S}, title = {Super-resolution Imaging of Proteus mirabilis Biofilm by Expansion Microscopy.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {221}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/67932}, pmid = {40758621}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Proteus mirabilis/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Microscopy/methods ; }, abstract = {Accessing detailed visual information and quantitative data from microbiological samples using conventional optical microscopy is limited by the diffraction barrier. One solution to enhance resolution is Expansion Microscopy (ExM), an innovative and cost-effective super-resolution technique that physically enlarges samples by approximately four times their original size. For successful expansion, it is essential to homogenize the mechanical properties of the biological material. Biofilms are bacterial communities, adhering to a surface and embedded in an extracellular matrix they produce; they require ExM protocols to be adapted to accommodate their unique structural components. This article presents Proteus mirabilis biofilm ExM (PmbExM), a specialized variant of ExM that enables super-resolution visualization of P. mirabilis biofilms grown for 48 h. The protocol focuses on the targeted degradation of key structural components of samples through serial enzymatic digestions, optimized near their theoretical conditions. PmbExM utilizes a combination of enzymes, including α-amylase, cellulase, and lyticase glycoside-hydrolases for polysaccharide hydrolysis; mutanolysin for peptidoglycan hydrolysis; and proteinase K for protein hydrolysis. These digestion procedures are independent of the gelation process, allowing modifications to meet specific homogenization requirements in different biofilm models. This adaptability offers great potential for application across various bacterial species and growth conditions. ExM has been applied to different biofilm species with overall suboptimal expansion factors. In contrast, PmbExM achieves the theoretical maximum expansion factor of the standard acrylamide-acrylate ExM hydrogel, without significant distortion of morphology or topology. The aim of this work is to provide an accessible super-resolution protocol for visualizing the architecture, assembly, and cellular and intracellular features of P. mirabilis biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40757308, year = {2025}, author = {Peri̇z, &#xc7;D and Ulusoy, S and Kaya Kinaytürk, N}, title = {Molecular Docking and In Vitro Evaluation of Violacein-Alginate Beads for Targeted Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {29}, pages = {31827-31839}, pmid = {40757308}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Violacein, produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, exhibits significant antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. However, its poor aqueous solubility substantially limits its bioavailability. To overcome this constraint, violacein was encapsulated in sodium alginate beads, and its antibiofilm efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. Violacein-loaded alginate beads (VIABs) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Molecular docking analysis was further conducted to examine the interactions between violacein and the icaADBC proteins (UniProt accession: Q9RQP9, Q9RQP8, Q9RQP7, andQ9RQP6), which play a critical role in polysaccharide intercellular adhesin production during biofilm formation. The crude violacein extract displayed antibacterial activity, generating an inhibition zone of 12.3 ± 0.5 mm against S. aureus. The average particle sizes of dry alginate beads and violacein-loaded alginate beads were 0.97 ± 0.16 and 0.66 ± 0.11 mm, respectively. VIABs (20-5 mg/mL) significantly suppressed S. aureus biofilm formation by 77.4, 67.4, and 46.8%. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated strong binding affinities between violacein and the target proteins. Furthermore, violacein adhered to Lipinski's Rule of Five, suggesting favorable pharmacokinetic properties. These findings highlight the potential of VIABs as a promising therapeutic and food preservative agent due to their potent antibiofilm activity.}, }
@article {pmid40756206, year = {2025}, author = {Niazy, AA and Alrashed, MM and Niazy, AA}, title = {Effect of 5-fluorouracil on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: impact on virulence, biofilm formation, and bacterial growth.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1584479}, pmid = {40756206}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that poses a significant threat to public health due to its inherent and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics. This mini-review explores the antimicrobial potential of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent normally used in oncology, and currently under investigation for its bacteriostatic and antibiofilm effects against P. aeruginosa. 5-FU functions by inhibiting thymidylate synthase, disrupting nucleotide metabolism, and interfering with essential bacterial processes, such as quorum sensing. Studies in vitro have demonstrated its ability to inhibit biofilm creation and decrease virulence, but findings about its impact on preformed biofilms have been contradictory. Synergistic interactions between 5-FU and antibiotics, especially gentamicin, have shown promise in enhancing antibacterial effectiveness. The aim of this mini-review was to consolidate current findings, pinpoint research gaps, and suggest future directions for potentially repurposing 5-FU as an adjunctive treatment for P. aeruginosa. By placing the current evidence in context, we hope to guide further studies toward determining the clinical viability of 5-FU as a treatment option against this formidable pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid40755812, year = {2025}, author = {Jones, L and Hanrahan, N and Salta, M and Skovhus, TL and Thomas, K and Illson, T and Wharton, J and Webb, J}, title = {Evaluating biocide efficacy in mixed-species biofilms: insights from a dual anaerobic biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Npj Materials degradation}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {97}, pmid = {40755812}, issn = {2397-2106}, abstract = {Understanding biocide performance in mixed-species biofilms is critical to mitigating microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). In this study, a novel dual anaerobic biofilm reactor was used to evaluate glutaraldehyde efficacy under environmentally relevant conditions, using a complex microbial consortium from marine sediment. Despite biocide dosing, biofilms persisted and induced localized corrosion, indicating incomplete mitigation. Each biocide application led to an electronegative shift in E corr and a reduction in H 2 S concentration, suggesting partial suppression of microbial activity. Raman spectroscopy and profilometry revealed differences in corrosion product composition and pit morphology between biotic and abiotic systems. 16S rRNA sequencing showed enrichment of stress-tolerant genera, including Exiguobacterium and Serpentinicella, consistent with increased chemical tolerance. These findings highlight the limitations of conventional biocide strategies and demonstrate the need for adaptive, community-informed treatment approaches. The dual-reactor model provides a robust platform for future MIC standardization efforts and mechanistic investigation of biofilm resilience under anoxic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40755022, year = {2025}, author = {Kulshrestha, A and Gupta, P}, title = {Control of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus dual species interkingdom biofilm development via SAP5 inhibition.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {779-791}, pmid = {40755022}, issn = {1746-0921}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development/enzymology ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology/enzymology ; *Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; *Fungal Proteins/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; *Phenylacetates/pharmacology ; Hyphae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {AIM: Microbial biofilms, particularly polymicrobial ones formed by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, exhibit increased resistance to conventional treatment. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid on Secreted Aspartyl Protease 5, a key virulence factor involved in hyphal development and biofilm formation in Candida albicans, to investigate its therapeutic potential in inhibiting polymicrobial biofilms developed with Staphylococcus aureus.<br><br>MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: Biofilm formation was studied using a Biofilm Infection Simulator System and polymethylmethacrylate coupons. Biofilms were analyzed under untreated and 4-HPA-treated conditions. SAP5 proteinase activity on BSA was quantified in treated &amp; un-treated cultures.<br><br>RESULTS: 4-HPA treatment significantly restricted C. albicans hyphal growth, reducing S. aureus attachment. The biofilm decreased by over 78% in mono-species and 81% in polymicrobial cultures. The inhibition of SAP5 protease activity was 79% in mono-species and 65% in mixed cultures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: 4-HPA effectively reduces biofilm formation and SAP5 activity, highlighting its potential as a biofilm-specific therapeutic for polymicrobial infections.}, }
@article {pmid40752855, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, J and Xia, T and Xia, J and Gao, T and Zhang, G and Huang, P and Li, X}, title = {Biofilm-triggered interfacial assembly of dual-porphyrin heterojunctions for chemo-/sonodynamic treatment of pyomyositis.}, journal = {Acta biomaterialia}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {504-517}, doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.069}, pmid = {40752855}, issn = {1878-7568}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Porphyrins/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Ultrasonic Therapy ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) indicates advantages in combating antibiotics-resistant bacteria and deep tissue infections, but challenges remain in the development of highly efficient, infection-responsive, and biocompatible sonosensitizers. Herein, tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (TH) and tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) zinc porphyrin (ZnTC) are proposed to construct dual-porphyrin heterojunctions (TH/ZnTC), and their matched interface and strong interfacial electric field (IEF) enhance charge density and transfer for selective and efficient SDT. Specifically, metal organic frameworks were constructed through coordination of Fe[3+] and ZnTC and simultaneously loading TH to prepare TH@FeM. In infection sites with elevated glutathione, Fe[3+] is reduced to Fe[2+], triggering TH@FeM decomposition and TH/ZnTC self-assembly through π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions. IEF from ZnTC to TH drives the formation of S-scheme TH/ZnTC heterojunctions and greatly promotes efficient separation and transfer of the generated charges at the matched interface for efficient generation of reactive oxygen species. Meanwhile, GSH-reductive releases of Fe[2+] enable high Fenton reaction activity for chemodynamic therapy. After intravenous injection into a mouse pyomyositis model, the enhanced penetration and retention in the infected muscles implements up to 3.1-folds higher fluorescence intensities than those of the major tissues. Ultrasonication of TH@FeM fully destructs bacteria, downregulates inflammatory factor levels, promotes angiogenesis, and accelerates healing of infected muscles without significant pathological and functional changes in the main organs, leading to continuous decreases in clinical scores and full survival of pyomyositis mice. Thus, the concise design represents the first attempt to explore biofilm-responsive heterojunction formation for synergistic chemo-/sonodynamic therapies of bacterial infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nearly 80 % of chronic infections are linked to biofilm formation on living tissues. Extracellular polysaccharides produced by biofilms confer protection, making bacteria 10-1000 times more resistant to antibiotics compared to their planktonic counterparts, thus complicating treatment. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers promising advantages in addressing antibiotics-resistant bacteria and deep tissue infections, but challenges remain in the development of highly efficient, infection-responsive, and biocompatible sonosensitizers. Herein, we propose biofilm-responsive generation of dual-porphyrin heterojunctions with matched interface and strong interfacial electric field, which enhance charge density and transfer for selective and efficient SDT. The glutathione-responsive formation and charge transfer mechanisms were both theoretically calculated and experimentally validated. Furthermore, target accumulation and treatment efficacy were demonstrated in a pyomyositis model.}, }
@article {pmid40751169, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, X and Yao, M and Li, P and van der Hoek, JP and Zhang, L and Liu, G}, title = {Granular activated carbon (GAC)-driven microbial electron shuttle boosts denitrification and mitigates N2O in cold and carbon-limited biofilm system.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {178}, pmid = {40751169}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {52200077//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52261145702//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GZB20230691//Postdoctoral Fellowship Program (Grade B) of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2024HWYQ-040//Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program (Overseas)/ ; tsqn202408074//Taishan Scholars Young Expert Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Denitrification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Wastewater/microbiology ; Electron Transport ; Cold Temperature ; *Charcoal/chemistry ; *Bacteria/metabolism/genetics/classification ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Denitrification in wastewater treatment is severely limited under low-temperature and low-carbon ("dual-low") conditions, hindering sustainable nitrogen removal. Biofilm systems, though energy-efficient, suffer from reduced efficiency in such environments due to impaired interspecies electron transfer (IET). Granular activated carbon (GAC), a conductive mediator, offers potential to enhance IET between electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) and denitrifiers, yet its role in dual-low systems remains underexplored. This study investigates GAC's capacity to optimize biofilm functionality and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under these constraints.<br><br>RESULTS: Under dual-low conditions (4-6&#xb0;C, C/N&#x2009;=&#x2009;4), GAC increased denitrification efficiency by 19.4-21.9% and reduced N2O emissions by 10.6-22.9%. Metatranscriptomes revealed upregulation of denitrifying genes (e.g., nosZ) and electron transport pathways (e.g., omcB in Geobacter). FISH/SEM confirmed GAC-driven coacervates of EAMs and denitrifiers, linked by nanowires, enhancing direct electron transfer. Microbial diversity decreased, but functional redundancy improved, with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Geobacter sulfurreducens dominating. TOC removal rose under low temperatures, indicating enhanced carbon utilization.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: GAC fosters synergistic EAM-denitrifier partnerships, enabling efficient denitrification and GHG mitigation in cold and carbon-limited ("dual-low") biofilm systems, advancing sustainable wastewater management. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid40748998, year = {2025}, author = {Sahl, C and Andersson, A and Larsson, N and Paulsson, M and Shannon, O and Påhlman, LI}, title = {The cystic fibrosis pathogen Achromobacter xylosoxidans inhibits biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40748998}, issn = {1473-5644}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification ; *Achromobacter denitrificans/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; *Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; *Antibiosis ; }, abstract = {Background. Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two pathogens that cause persistent airway infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). The persistence of P. aeruginosa is partly due to a high capacity to form biofilms and the ability to exert antagonism against other bacteria. Loss of microbial diversity in conjunction with chronic P. aeruginosa colonization is strongly correlated with low lung function in CF. A. xylosoxidans and P. aeruginosa are frequently co-isolated in CF airway cultures. This study aims to investigate the reciprocal effects on growth inhibition and biofilm formation between P. aeruginosa and A. xylosoxidans in vitro.Method. Six isolates of A. xylosoxidans, isolated from three CF patients in early and late stages of a chronic infection, were cultured together with a CF isolate of P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation was assessed using a microtiter assay and crystal violet staining. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify species proportions in biofilms. Growth curves were performed to compare planktonic growth rates.Results. Three A. xylosoxidans isolates, all of which were from early-stage infections, inhibited biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. The inhibition was concentration-dependent and required the interaction of live bacteria during the early stages of biofilm development. The inhibitory effect was not caused by nutrient depletion of the planktonic cells. The selected A. xylosoxidans isolate had a stronger capacity to adhere to plastic surfaces compared to the P. aeruginosa isolate.Conclusions . A. xylosoxidans can inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in vitro. The observed effect requires active interactions between live cells during the attachment stage of biofilm formation, possibly due to differences in adhesion capacity.}, }
@article {pmid40748066, year = {2025}, author = {Fung, BL and Mullins, C and Rusch, DB and Musto, EG and van Kessel, JC and Visick, KL}, title = {Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal direct interactions between LitR and genes important for Vibrio fischeri physiology, including biofilm production.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {207}, number = {8}, pages = {e0004225}, pmid = {40748066}, issn = {1098-5530}, support = {R35 GM124698/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM130355/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM130355/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM124698/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology ; *Aliivibrio fischeri/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Quorum Sensing ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Bacteria can link gene expression to population density to promote group behaviors using quorum sensing. Quorum sensing controls a multitude of bacterial processes, such as virulence, motility, and biofilm formation. In Vibrio fischeri, the quorum-sensing-dependent transcription factor LitR inhibits biofilm formation. A previous study showed that LitR inhibits transcription (~1.4-fold) of the bcs locus, which comprises the genes responsible for producing the cellulose polysaccharide. However, beyond that, the mechanism of LitR-mediated inhibition of biofilm formation was unknown. Here, we find that LitR transcriptionally activates pdeV, which encodes a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase that indirectly promotes cleavage of the large adhesive protein LapV from the surface of V. fischeri, leading to biofilm dispersal. LitR also induces transcription of the gene for sensor kinase VF_A1016, which we determined to be important for biofilm inhibition. Like the loss of LitR, the loss of VF_A1016 increased bcs transcription (~1.6-fold). Through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we found that LitR directly binds to the VF_A1016 and pdeV regulatory region. In total, we identified 147 LitR-binding sites in the genome and confirmed transcriptional control over a subset of these putative regulatory targets. Specifically, we determined that LitR induces transcription of the genes encoding the diguanylate cyclase VF_1200 and the glyoxylate shunt protein AceB and inhibits expression of the putative transcription factor TfoY. These data expand our understanding of LitR-mediated regulation of genes involved in biofilm formation and the physiology of V. fischeri.IMPORTANCEBacteria can coordinate their behaviors on a population level using quorum sensing, a process that results in altered gene regulation. In Vibrio fischeri, the quorum-sensing-regulated transcription factor LitR inhibits the formation of biofilms, communities of attached and protected bacteria, by diminishing the production of cellulose. Here, we determined that LitR controls additional known or putative biofilm factors. We also identified other possible targets of LitR regulation by high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing. This work furthers our understanding of the established connection between quorum sensing and biofilm formation in V. fischeri strain ES114. These findings also have the potential to translate to known pathways in other Vibrios where quorum sensing and biofilm production are linked.}, }
@article {pmid40747489, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Yu, Y and Cui, Y and Jiang, L and Luo, Y and Xie, H and Hong, H}, title = {Oleum ocimi gratissimi as a promising natural preservative against fish spoilage bacteria through i006Ehibition of planktonic growth and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Food chemistry: X}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {102816}, pmid = {40747489}, issn = {2590-1575}, abstract = {Strategies to control spoilage bacteria and biofilm formation are essential for minimizing food losses. Although Oleum ocimi gratissimi (OG) effectively preserves chill-stored fish, its specific inhibitory mechanisms against fish-derived spoilage bacteria remain unclear. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of OG against Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas versuta, and Shewanella putrefaciens. OG exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2, 0.75, and 0.375 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 3, 4, and 3 mg/mL against these bacteria, respectively. At MIC levels, OG inhibited planktonic growth by disrupting cell membranes, inducing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) leakage, reducing ATPase activity, and altering cellular morphology. Biofilm formation was completely suppressed, with OG further diminishing metabolic activity and extracellular polysaccharide/protein. These findings elucidate the dual role of OG in inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation, highlighting its potential to enhance fish safety and shelf life by targeting biochemical and physiological pathways in spoilage bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40747426, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, X and Prasad, R and Saluja, S and Yang, Y and Yan, Q and Shuster, SO and Olson, R and Lin, C and Davis, CM and Jiang, X and Zhou, HX and Yan, J}, title = {Conformations and sequence determinants in the lipid binding of an adhesive peptide derived from Vibrio cholerae biofilm.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.07.14.664771}, pmid = {40747426}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Surface adhesion is critical to the survival of pathogenic bacteria both in natural niches and during infections, often via forming matrix-embedded communities called biofilms. We previously identified a 57-amino acid peptide (Bap1-57aa) as a key contributor to biofilm adhesion of the pandemic pathogen Vibrio cholerae to various surfaces including lipid membranes. Here, we combine biophysical, computational, and genetic approaches to elucidate the molecular mechanism. A central aromatic-rich motif anchors the peptide to lipid bilayers while peripheral pseudo repeats enhance binding through avidity. Surprisingly, the core motif undergoes a lipid-induced conformational transition into a β-hairpin, enabling robust membrane insertion. Moreover, the biofilm-derived peptide, conserved in several other Vibrio species, can adhere to model host surfaces and is sensitive to membrane curvature. Our results provide molecular insight into biofilm adhesion and may lead to new strategies for targeted biofilm removal and the design of bioinspired underwater adhesives.<br><br>TEASER: A short peptide from Vibrio cholerae binds lipids using a unique &#x3b2;-hairpin motif and contributes to host colonization.}, }
@article {pmid40746958, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Zhang, R and Wang, P and Zhang, W and Li, Z and Pang, X and Huang, F and Wang, S and Liu, X and Zhang, H}, title = {Biofilm-mediated resistance to berberine in Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1565714}, pmid = {40746958}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Berberine/pharmacology ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of biofilm-mediated resistance to berberine in Escherichia coli.<br><br>METHODS: The resistance of berberine against E. coli was induced by 1/2 MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). Biofilm formation was detected by crystal violet staining. The mRNA level was detected by RT-qPCR, and the gene csgD was determined. the csgD-overexpressed strain was constructed. We measured the MIC of berberine against E. coli, as well as biofilm formation and the expression of mRNA.<br><br>RESULTS: The MIC after berberine induction was more than 32 times than the MIC before induction. the biofilm was significantly increased at 24, 48 and 72 hours (p<0.01) after berberine induction. In addition, the amount of biofilm production at 24, 48 and 72 hours was 1.3, 1.51 and 1.98 times after berberine induction than that before induction, respectively. The expression of csgD gene was significantly increased (p=0.016) after induction compared with that before induction. the MIC of csgD-overexpressed strain was about 5.8 times that before induction. The expression of csgD gene was significantly increased (p=0.016), which was 5.8 times higher than that before induction. The MIC of csgD-overexpressed strain was 100 &#x3bc;g/mL. Biofilm formation in csgD-overexpressed strain was 2.9 times higher than that of the control. The expression of biofilm-related genes, bcsA, luxS and csgD, was 45, 22.5 and 1628 times higher than that of the control, respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Berberine might increase biofilm formation by inducing the expression of csgD gene, which might result in drug resistance in E. coli.}, }
@article {pmid40746480, year = {2025}, author = {Turbatmath, K and Sharma, S}, title = {Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition effects of royal jelly, chlorhexidine, and calcium hydroxide - An in vitro study.}, journal = {Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, pages = {607-612}, pmid = {40746480}, issn = {2950-4708}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pulp capping is a viable treatment option for management of deep carious lesions in pulp preservation with reduced remaining thickness of dentin. Traditionally, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and currently contemporary bioceramic pulp capping agents have been well researched in the dental domain and evidenced varying but promising success rates. However, there is a growing interest in exploring indigenous, innovative, alternative natural products derived from apiarian sources, which possess characteristics and properties which can potentiate predictable treatment outcome including antimicrobial properties. Hence, this study aims to compare the efficacy of indigenously developed apiarian products like royal jelly (RJ) with contemporary pulp capping agents in eradicating Streptococcus mutans biofilm, a predominant cariogenic microorganism.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: RJ was prepared at 4% concentration by dissolving 4 g of pure RJ in 100 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Ca(OH)2 was prepared by mixing 2 g of Dycal (Dentsply) in 100 mL of sterile water. Chlorhexidine (CHX) was used as a 2% gel formulation (Gluco-Chex, Cerkamed). DMSO was used as a solvent to ensure proper dispersion. Agar diffusion results: RJ (97.89%), CHX (72.95%), and Ca(OH)2 (78.19%). Biofilm assay: RJ (97.89%), CHX (72.95%), and Ca(OH)2 (78.19%). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was conducted with various tests such as zone of inhibition and biofilm viability assay. Data collection was done and statistical analysis was done using G*Power (P < 0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Agar diffusion: RJ showed the highest antimicrobial effect (97.89%), followed by CHX (72.95%) and Ca(OH)2 (78.19%). Biofilm assay: 4% RJ exhibited the highest inhibition (97.89%), outperforming CHX (72.95%) and Ca(OH)2 (78.19%).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings of this comparative evaluation support the potential of the innovation of indigenously developed apiarian pulp capping agent as an effective antimicrobial agent against S. mutans cariogenic biofilm. Further research is warranted to explore the optimal inhibitory concentration against dental biofilm and further evaluate their long-term clinical efficacy of this indigenous innovation and safety in dental practice as a pulp capping agent.}, }
@article {pmid40746247, year = {2025}, author = {Ferreira, TL and Sá, LGDAV and Cabral, VPF and Rodrigues, DS and Moreira, LEA and Souza, BO and Cavalcanti, BC and Magalhães, HIF and Lima, ISP and Leitão, AC and Moraes, MO and Andrade Neto, JB and Nobre Júnior, HV and da Silva, CR}, title = {Antibacterial activity of diazepam against planktonic and biofilm strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {846-856}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2540534}, pmid = {40746247}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Diazepam/pharmacology ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plankton/drug effects ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The aim was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of diazepam against methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and its possible mechanism of action. The broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of diazepam. A checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the interaction of diazepam with different antibiotics. Colorimetric assays with MTT were used to evaluate the effect of diazepam against the biofilms by MSSA and MRSA. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were used to evaluate the possible mechanism of action of diazepam against MRSA. Diazepam had a MIC of 256 µg/mL. It only had indifferent interactions with the analyzed antibiotics. Diazepam significantly reduced the viability of MSSA and MRSA biofilms. Diazepam caused fragmentation of bacterial DNA and carbonylation of proteins, resulting in reduced cell viability. Therefore, diazepam has in vitro antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm strains of MRSA and MSSA.}, }
@article {pmid40745039, year = {2025}, author = {Gheitasi, R and Weiss, D and Müller, MM and Sommer, K and Röll, D and Mosig, A and Pletz, MW and Makarewicz, O}, title = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated component PNAG stimulates the secretion of the immunomodulatory chemokine CXCL10 via Dectin-1 signaling.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1136}, pmid = {40745039}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {861323//EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Chemokine CXCL10/physiology ; *Lectins, C-Type/metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity/physiology ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Syk Kinase ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins ; Dectin-1 ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen associated with many infections. The key factor contributing to the virulence of S. aureus is its ability to form difficult-to-treat and recalcitrant biofilms. One of the major staphylococcal biofilms matrix compounds is poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG). In previous study, we observed an increased secretion of various cytokines and chemokines when immune cells were stressed by S. aureus biofilms. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of PNAG on the secretion of the CXCL10 chemokine subfamily by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes and studied the connection to the Dectin-1-Syk-CARD9 signaling pathway, as Dectin-1 is the major pattern recognized by polysaccharide structures. We showed that, in contrast to the major virulence factor surface protein A, PNAG primarily elevates the secretion of CXCL10. This secretion was interrupted by blocking the Dectin-1 receptor or tyrosine kinase Syk. PNAG exposure resulted in increased Dectin-1 and CARD9 expression as well as increased NF-κB and CXCL10 expression, which may be related to the long-term memory processes of T cells. We also showed that PNAG induces the formation of CD14 + CXCL10+ monocytes that can migrate to the site of infection, triggering an innate immune response against S. aureus. This study provides insights into the complex interaction of the staphylococcal biofilms matrix with immune chemotaxis and shows that immunologic processes leading to bacterial infections should be viewed in a more differentiated manner, as biofilms are the preferred formation of microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid40744290, year = {2025}, author = {Janež, N and Ladányi, M and Zaveršek, N and Čotar, P and Sebastijanović, A and Štrancar, J and Sabotič, J and Pajk, S}, title = {Synthesis and evaluation of lipophilic fluorescent probes for the labelling of Listeria and their impact on biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {107206}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107206}, pmid = {40744290}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Fluorescent Dyes/chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Listeria/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Staining and Labeling/methods ; Oxazines/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Biomass ; Coumarins/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; }, abstract = {Imaging bacterial biofilms using confocal fluorescence microscopy is used to study their structures, but its wider application is constrained by the limited availability of effective labelling tools. Small chemical fluorescent probes offer a versatile alternative to heterologous expression of fusion or reporter proteins, but data on their effects on biofilm formation are lacking. In this study, we synthesized a series of new lipophilic fluorescent probes based on Nile blue, Nile red and coumarin scaffold. We investigated them for the labelling of Listeria biofilms and determined their effects on the growth and biofilm biomass formation. The Nile red probe SP-AM 7 and the coumarin probe PAG 31 inhibited biofilm development and showed a strong bactericidal effect. The Nile blue probe PAG 19 had the least effect on the tested parameters, but labelled slowly, while the fast-labelling Nile red probe SP-AM 8 promoted biofilm formation. Both are suitable for use during biofilm growth, resulting in less variation in biomass-related measurements than probes added prior to imaging. In the 3D imaging-based measurements for selected probes, we found no difference in the total biomass formed compared to the control dye, but a redistribution of biomass in the 3D layers was observed. Other probes were found to be slow to label, leave traces of unused probes or interfere with attachment to the surface. Our results show that fluorescent probe labelling should be evaluated from chemical, physical and biological points of view to understand their reliability and credibility.}, }
@article {pmid40744271, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, Q and Tian, F and Wang, X and Lian, J and Zhang, X and Lin, X and Liu, Y}, title = {Proteomics reveals the role of the EamB transporter from Aeromonas hydrophila LP-2 in biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {321}, number = {}, pages = {105510}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2025.105510}, pmid = {40744271}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {*Aeromonas hydrophila/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Proteomics/methods ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Biofilms play a pivotal role in the survival and persistence of microorganisms, endowing them with heightened resistance to environmental stressors and antimicrobial agents. The EamB protein, which encodes an inner membrane transporter, acted as a negative regulator of biofilm formation, and the gene eamB deletion in the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila LP-2 resulted in a significant increase in biofilm formation. Proteomic analysis revealed a total of 616 differentially abundant proteins between the ΔeamB and wild-type (WT) strains, with 308 downregulated and 308 upregulated. RT-qPCR was employed to verify the stability and accuracy of the proteomics data. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that EamB is involved in critical bacterial biological processes, including flagellar assembly, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid degradation. Biofilm formation assays further revealed that supplementation with exogenous lysine significantly inhibited biofilm formation in the ΔeamB strain, conversely, exogenous cysteine and O-acetylserine obviously increased biofilm formation in the ΔeamB strain. These findings demonstrated that EamB may modulate bacterial biofilm formation in A. hydrophila through the regulation of amino acid metabolism. This finding provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying biofilm formation and highlights potential targets for the development of future antibacterial strategies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study elucidates the critical role of the eamB gene in Aeromonas hydrophila, a significant aquatic pathogen, by demonstrating its impact on biofilm formation and physiological traits. Through comparative proteomic analysis, we identified 616 differentially abundant proteins in the ΔeamB mutant, revealing its involvement in key metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism, flagellar assembly, and fatty acid degradation. Notably, eamB deletion enhanced biofilm formation, while exogenous amino acids like cysteine and O-acetylserine obviously increased biofilm formation in the ΔeamB strain. These findings highlight EamB as a regulator of biofilm formation, offering novel molecular insights into bacterial pathogenicity. This research advances our understanding of biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance and provides potential targets for developing strategies to mitigate infections caused by A. hydrophila in aquaculture and public health.}, }
@article {pmid40744180, year = {2025}, author = {Rashid, Z and Ali, SMA and Shahid, R and Rahman, A and Imran, M}, title = {Nano-active carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels infused with sodium deoxycholate functionalized permeosomes to combat biofilm producing resistant pathogens associated with chronic wounds.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {321}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {146383}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146383}, pmid = {40744180}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Hydrogels/chemistry ; *Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Deoxycholic Acid/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Tea Tree Oil/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {During the past decade, the incidence of chronic wounds has continued to rise due to the growing threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) biofilm-producing bacteria residing inside the convoluted architecture of skin. Herein, we have developed sodium deoxycholate functionalized liposomes (nano-permeosomes) loaded with tea tree oil (TTO) infused inside carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels (CMC-TTO-LP). Nano-permeosomes exhibited high encapsulation efficiency of TTO (91 % ± 0.36 %). SEM revealed the smooth and ultra-deformable morphology of nano-permeosomes. Nano-permeosomes exhibited an average size of 178.5 ± 6.42 nm with a zeta potential of -53.2 ± 7.03 mV. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of weak electrostatic interactions, including hydrophobic forces, among nano-permeosomes, TTO, and hydrogels. CMC-TTO-LP exhibited significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. CMC-TTO-LP exhibited high antioxidant activity (68 % ± 2.8 %), hemocompatibility, and cytocompatibility. Nano-permeosomes prevented the burst release and allowed sustained release kinetics of TTO from CMC-TTO-LP. Moreover, under ex vivo conditions, nano-active hydrogels exhibited high apparent permeability, average flux (42.9 ± 2.42 μL/cm[2]/h), and skin retention (24.94 ± 0.45 μL/cm[2]) of TTO across the dermal barrier of rabbit skin. Hence, these advanced nano-active hydrogels (CMC-TTO-LP) can potentially deliver TTO via the transdermal route and act as an appealing candidate in controlling chronic wound infections persisting due to MDR pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40743952, year = {2025}, author = {Bilal, H and Zhang, CX and Choudhary, MI and Shah, MR and Dej-Adisai, S and Liu, Y and Chen, ZF}, title = {Synthesis of thiosemicarbazide-based zinc complexes and evaluation of their inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation via targeting extracellular proteins.}, journal = {Journal of inorganic biochemistry}, volume = {272}, number = {}, pages = {113014}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.113014}, pmid = {40743952}, issn = {1873-3344}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Zinc/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Semicarbazides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Coordination Complexes/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; }, abstract = {Three new zinc(II) complexes with N-benzyl-2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide-methanol solvate (L), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and pyridine (py) as ligands, were synthesized and fully characterized. They are named as [Zn2(L)2Cl2)].CH3OH (1), [Zn(L)(phen)].CH3OH (2), and [Zn2(L)2(py)2] (3). Complex 1 and 3 are dinuclear structures. Complex 1 contains two L ligands; complex 3 also contains two L ligands in addition of two py as co-ligands, and complex 2 is mononuclear with one L and one phen as co-ligand. The in vitro antibacterial activities of complexes 1-3 were tested on five bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.56 to 64 μg/mL. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibited significantly stronger antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (S. aureus) than L, complex 3, and Vancomycin. The complexes 1 and 2 inhibited bacterial biofilm formation at concentrations from 0.5 to 10 μg/mL, higher than L, complex 3 and Vancomycin. Complexes 1 and 2 strongly interacted with extracellular proteins (ECPs) of bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, molecular docking (MD) studies have validated the interactions of L and complexes 1-3 with biofilm-associated proteins (Baps) and SARS-CoV-2 receptors, positioning these zinc(II) complexes as promising candidates for developing antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents.}, }
@article {pmid40743484, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and Li, Q and He, A and Dang, M and Zhang, Y and Wang, M and Sun, Q and Dai, Z and Ding, M and Zheng, J and Mou, Y and Xiu, W and Dong, H}, title = {Disrupting Biofilm Tolerance by Ionic Microbubble-Mediated Copper Ion Surge for Infection Clearance.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {19}, number = {31}, pages = {28624-28643}, pmid = {40743484}, issn = {1936-086X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Copper/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; Mice ; *Microbubbles ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Ions/chemistry/pharmacology ; Peritonitis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Bacterial infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria persist due to biofilm-mediated tolerance, which limits the efficacy of both antimicrobial agents and host immune defenses. Here, we develop ionic microbubbles (MB-CuTA) self-assembled by Fe3O4@CuTA nanoparticles to enhance copper ion-mediated antibiofilm therapy. Upon ultrasound activation, MB-CuTA undergoes inertial cavitation, disrupting biofilm integrity and generating a localized surge of copper ions. This process achieves a dual therapeutic effect: (1) disruption of bacterial metabolic homeostasis, thereby overcoming the intrinsic resistance of biofilms to conventional antimicrobial agents, and (2) activation of cellular immunity to effectively counteract bacterial immune evasion mechanisms. By breaking biofilm tolerance through both metabolic and immunological pathways, our strategy enables deep copper ion penetration in biofilms and effective infection clearance in both mouse implant infection and peritonitis infection models. Our approach introduces a biofilm tolerance disruption method through inducing bacterial cuproptosis-like death and cellular immunity activation, offering a promising strategy against biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid40742327, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, X and Xu, Z and Hu, G and Xie, J and Li, Y and Tao, L and Zhang, N and Xun, W and Miao, Y and Zhang, R and Shen, Q and Kost, C and Kovács, &#xc1;T}, title = {Presence of a biofilm beneficiary alters the evolutionary trajectory of a biofilm former.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {40742327}, issn = {1751-7370}, support = {276453029//German Research Foundation/ ; 504072468//German Research Foundation/ ; 468803810//German Research Foundation/ ; 438901283//German Research Foundation/ ; 2023ZB250//Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; GZB20230309//Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF/ ; 201906850104//China Scholarship Council/ ; 2023&#xa0;M747140//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 42307173//National Nature Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biological Evolution ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Microbial Interactions ; Phenotype ; Mutation ; }, abstract = {Biofilm evolution is typically studied in monocultures or in communities displaying mutualistic or exploitative interactions. However, in communities with fluctuating interactions, the influence of biofilm-beneficiary bacteria on the evolution of biofilm-founder bacteria remains less understood. Biofilm-beneficiary bacteria cannot form robust biofilms independently but can incorporate into the biofilm of biofilm-formers, thereby gaining the ability to colonize given niche. In this study, we demonstrate that the biofilm-former Bacillus velezensis SQR9 reproducibly diversified into biofilm-enhanced slimy and biofilm-weakened rough types, both in the presence and absence of a biofilm-beneficiary Stutzerimonas degradans XL272 (formerly Pseudomonas stutzeri), but with variable frequencies under the two conditions. The exopolysaccharide producer slimy types dominated B. velezensis populations in monoevolution, whereas the exploiter rough types, which exploit the exopolysaccharides produced by the slimy types, dominate in coculture evolution. Phenotypic changes in B. velezensis were linked to mutations in specific genes that regulate biofilm formation and sporulation, including ywcC, comA, comP, degS, degQ, and spo0F. A frameshift mutation in the cpsA gene of S. degradans increased its exopolysaccharide production in the dual-species biofilm, which served as shared resources and allow the B. velezensis exploiter (i.e. rough type) to outcompete the producer (i.e. slimy type) during coculture evolution. Additionally, longitudinal population sequencing and "replay" evolution experiments with the S. degradans mutant revealed that the cpsA mutation accelerated the fixation of the rough type within B. velezensis populations. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that interspecific interactions can adaptively favor exploiters within biofilm populations.}, }
@article {pmid40741807, year = {2025}, author = {Regalado Guerrero, MF and Iñiguez Gutiérrez, L and Gómez Sandoval, JR and Ramírez López, IG and Gutiérrez Silerio, GY and Chávez Maciel, JM and Guerrero Velázquez, C and Rodríguez Montaño, R}, title = {Dental biofilm in children with normal weight, overweight and obesity: a pilot study.}, journal = {Acta odontologica latinoamericana : AOL}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {49-58}, pmid = {40741807}, issn = {1852-4834}, mesh = {Humans ; Pilot Projects ; *Biofilms ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology ; Child ; Male ; Female ; *Overweight ; Body Mass Index ; *Pediatric Obesity ; Adolescent ; *Obesity ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Microorganisms attached to surfaces form intricate colonies known as biofilms. Dental plaque is the biofilm formed on the tooth surface, including the gingival sulcus. Plaque staining makes it easier to see which areas need more brushing time, and which have higher risk of periodontal disease or caries. Dental plaque is largely influenced by diet, becoming more and more dependent on diet related carbohydrates as it ages. Inadequate dental care and bad eating habits are frequently associated with the presence of visible bacterial plaque.<br><br>AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the percentage of dental plaque according to body mass index (BMI) and to identify whether the plaque is newly deposited, mature or acidified.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-five patients from the Pediatric Dentistry Clinics at the University of Guadalajara were evaluated. The percentage and type of plaque were identified using a disclosing gel. The percentage of plaque was compared among children with normal weight, overweight and obesity.<br><br>RESULTS: 14 children were normal weight, six were overweight, four were obese, and one was underweight. Average percentage of total plaque was 70.92%. The most predominant plaque was newly deposited (pink staining), followed by mature plaque (purple staining), and a lower percentage of acidified plaque (light blue staining).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of plaque indicates lack or inefficacy of tooth brushing, highlighting the importance of using plaque disclosure for diagnostic and educational purposes for children and parents.}, }
@article {pmid40741671, year = {2025}, author = {Biswas, K and Mercy, DJ and Girigoswami, A and Girigoswami, K}, title = {Exploring the inhibitory potentials of metal-doped graphene in combating biofilm formation: a review.}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40741671}, issn = {1865-7125}, abstract = {The emergence of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) has become a pressing need for the design of novel and potential anti-microbial and anti-biofilm agents. Nano-scaled materials have been designed in the research domain to curb the populous spread of microbial biofilms. In the context of nano-scaled materials, metal nanoparticles are of unique importance and have been studied in detail for the treatment of biofilm propagation and menace. The crucial aspects of metal nanoparticles and their complexation with graphene have been extensively understood at the molecular level in this review article. The molecular interplay between the various external stimuli, like pH, temperature, sound, mechanical stimuli, and different external factors, on biofilm regulation has been studied and accentuated in the paper. The effect of such external factors succumbing to the biofilm-producing microbes, to the potential inhibitory activities of such novel nano-composites has been unraveled in the present review. Understanding the methodology behind nanoscaled treatments and their molecular mechanisms could pave the way for novel biofilm targeting strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40741325, year = {2025}, author = {Benes, K and Liguori, M and Velikaneye, CJ and Kispert, S and Pishnyuk, A and Luzik, E and Sun, H and Xiao, D and Gu, H}, title = {Harnessing Biofilm-Mediated Plastic Biodegradation: Innovating Smart Material Design.}, journal = {ACS applied engineering materials}, volume = {3}, number = {7}, pages = {1915-1926}, pmid = {40741325}, issn = {2771-9545}, abstract = {The persistent environmental challenges posed by synthetic plastics, particularly petroleum-derived petropolymers, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), have intensified the need for innovative recycling methods. Traditional recycling techniques often rely on harsh conditions, raising environmental and economic concerns. Biofilm-mediated biodegradation has emerged as a promising alternative, operating under mild conditions such as room temperature, neutral pH, and atmospheric pressure. However, the interactions between biofilm-forming microorganisms and synthetic plastics and the roles of secreted enzymes in these processes remain incompletely understood. This review explores the current understanding of biofilm-mediated biodegradation(?)biodeterioration, biofragmentation, bioassimilation, and mineralization(?)and the biochemical and physical interactions that control these processes. We highlight the latest findings on the enhancement of petropolymer degradation by biofilms, focusing on the roles of oxidative and attachment enzymes and the environmental factors influencing degradation efficiency. Understanding these complex interactions can inform the design of next-generation enzyme-responsive polymers that are not only easier to degrade but can also serve as smart materials for diverse applications, such as antifouling coatings on metals. This perspective bridges critical knowledge gaps and provides insights into harnessing biofilm-mediated processes for sustainable material innovation.}, }
@article {pmid40739230, year = {2025}, author = {Cyris, M and Hach, G and Dörfer, CE and El-Sayed, KF and Graetz, C}, title = {Professional biofilm management during supportive periodontal therapy-a longitudinal observational study.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1277}, pmid = {40739230}, issn = {1472-6831}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; Male ; Longitudinal Studies ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Periodontitis/therapy ; Aged ; *Dental Polishing/methods ; Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Professional mechanical biofilm reduction represents the cornerstone measure during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Conventionally, rotating polishing rubber cups (RCs) and brushes with polishing paste or air-polishing (AP) devices using low-abrasive powders can be used. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of both methods in periodontitis patients in a university SPT setting.<br><br>METHODS: Patients diagnosed with periodontitis who attended regular SPT at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology at the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel campus, at least once a year between 2018 and 2023 were included. Clinical parameters such as number of teeth and pocket probing depth (PPD) were recorded at T1 (first documented SPT session) and T2 (last documented SPT session).<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 430 patients (AP/RC: n&#x2009;=&#x2009;152/n&#x2009;=&#x2009;278) with an average age of 60.7(11.5) years, were included. Most patients had Stage III (AP/RC: 56.6%/56.8%) and Grade B (AP/RC: 52%/64.4%) periodontitis. The treatment time was 77.9(21.0) min and did not differ between groups (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.378). No significant differences were found in the number of sites with PPD&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;4&#xa0;mm at T1 or T2 (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05). Sites with PPD&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;5&#xa0;mm differed significantly at T1 (AP: 8 [4-16], RC: 6 [3-12]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002) but not at T2 (AP: 6 [3-13], RC: 5.5 [3-11]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.104). No significant intergroup differences were notable regarding stability, improvement, or deterioration of sites with PPD&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;5&#xa0;mm over time. However, the AP group had significantly more multirooted teeth with Stage III furcation involvement regardless of bleeding on probing (BOP) at T1 (AP: 2 [1-5], RC: 1 [1-3]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.046) but not at T2. AP demonstrated a significant advantage in preventing deterioration of PPD&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;5&#xa0;mm in molars (AP: 48 [45.3%], RC: 62 [33.3%]; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.027).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Both methods of professional biofilm removal are similarly effective in terms of stabilizing or improving periodontal sites with PPD&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;5&#xa0;mm when performed regularly. However, in molars with furcation involvement, RC intervention showed more favorable outcomes compared to AP, particularly in preventing the deterioration of sites with PPD&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;5&#xa0;mm, in this study cohort treated in a specialized university-based SPT setting.<br><br>TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered in the DRKS-German Clinical Trials Register (https://www.drks.de) with the registration-ID DRKS00037021 (22/05/2025).}, }
@article {pmid40738923, year = {2025}, author = {Mekky, AE and Saied, E and Al-Habibi, MM and Shouaib, ZA and Hasaballah, AI and Rashed, ME and Khalel, AF and Alshammari, AN and Youssef, FS and Al-Shahat, AM and Alfaifi, MY and Elbehairi, SEI and Aufy, M and Selim, TA}, title = {Eco‑friendly biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from Amphimedon compressa with antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and insecticidal properties against diseases vectors.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {27845}, pmid = {40738923}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Gold/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Insecticides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Porifera/chemistry/metabolism ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Green Chemistry Technology ; Disease Vectors ; }, abstract = {Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are increasingly recognized for their potential in biology due to their excellent drug delivery capabilities and ease of synthesis. To create AuNPs using marine sponge Amphimedon compressa, we used several techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-visible spectroscopy results demonstrated the formation of stable AuNPs at a pH of 7, with a peak absorption at 564 nm. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that secondary metabolites featuring -OH functional groups acted as reducing agents in the production of AuNPs. Morphological analysis showed that the AuNPs were spherical, consistently shaped particles averaging 10-40 nm in diameter, with proven stability over time. The inhibition zones for the bacteria tested with the synthesized AuNPs varied from 26 to 31 mm. Both the AuNPs and the A. compressa extract displayed significant antioxidant activity, achieving DPPH radical scavenging percentages of 70.73% and 85.62%, respectively. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, the AuNPs showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, with hemolytic inhibition percentages of 4.8%, 10.2%, 12.8%, 14.9%, 19.5%, and 22.4% at increasing concentrations. Furthermore, both the crude extract and the synthesized AuNPs exhibited adulticidal activity against the house fly (Musca domestica) and the mosquito (Culex pipiens). The LC50 and LC90 values for the crude extract were 34.988 and 62.836 ppm for M. domestica, and 9.258 and 17.399 ppm for C. pipiens. For the AuNPs, the corresponding values were 8.545 and 15.157 ppm for M. domestica, and 7.573 and 14.074 ppm for C. pipiens. Adult mortality caused by the AuNPs extract reached 100.00% for both Musca domestica and Culex pipiens at a concentration of 6 ppm. Overall, M. domestica and C. pipiens were more sensitive to AuNPs than to the crude extract. Both the synthesized AuNPs and the crude extract caused a significant, dose-dependent reduction in fecundity and hatchability in M. domestica and C. pipiens. In conclusion, the marine sponge A. compressa serves as an effective biological source for the synthesis of AuNPs, which demonstrate significant antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and insecticidal activities, highlighting their potential in biomedical and environmental fields.}, }
@article {pmid40737320, year = {2025}, author = {Sonani, RR and Liu, Y and Xiang, J and Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V and Du, S and Chen, X and Krupovic, M and Egelman, EH}, title = {Tat-dependent bundling pilus of a halophilic archaeon assembles by a strand donation mechanism and facilitates biofilm formation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {31}, pages = {e2514980122}, pmid = {40737320}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {U24 GM116790/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; G20 RR031199/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; ANR-21-CE11-0001//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; R35 GM122510/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; GM122510//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; S10 RR025067/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Archaeal Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Fimbriae Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Twin-Arginine-Translocation System/metabolism ; *Halobacteriaceae/metabolism/physiology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Diverse extracellular filaments present on the surface of archaea mediate multiple key processes, such as motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Although several archaeal filament types have been characterized in considerable detail, many remain understudied, particularly those utilizing noncanonical secretion systems. Here, we describe the Tafi bundling pilus that facilitates biofilm formation in the haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2. Unlike previously characterized archaeal pili, Tafi is secreted via the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, which transports fully folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Structural analysis reveals that although Tafi pili assemble via a canonical strand-donation mechanism, the pilin subunit (TafE) adopts a distinct structural topology that sets it apart from the previously characterized Sec-dependent pilins that form bundling pili in archaea. Sequence analyses show that TafE homologs are also present in thermophilic archaea from different phyla, but Tat-signal sequences are exclusive to pilins of halophilic archaea. Nevertheless, we find that Tat signal peptides in haloarchaeal TafE-like pili were exchanged back to the Sec signal peptides on multiple independent occasions. These findings expand our understanding of the diversity and evolution of archaeal extracellular filaments and highlight the Tat pathway as a route for pilus assembly in halophilic archaea.}, }
@article {pmid40736269, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Koley, D}, title = {Analytical methods to study the complex dynamics of biofilm-biomaterial interfaces.}, journal = {Biointerphases}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1116/6.0004613}, pmid = {40736269}, issn = {1559-4106}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; Humans ; Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; *Bacteria ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Biofilm-biomaterial interfaces have an important role in biofilm development and pose a critical challenge in healthcare, contributing to device failures and chronic infections that affect patient outcomes and healthcare economics. This review explores the complex dynamics of these interfaces, from initial protein adsorption through mature biofilm development, highlighting how bacteria and materials are involved in bidirectional interactions that determine both infection progression and material degradation. It also examines different advanced analytical methods for characterizing these dynamic biofilm-biomaterial interactions, with particular emphasis on the recent developments in electrochemical techniques (ion-selective electrodes, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy) that enable real-time monitoring of critical parameters such as pH, oxygen gradients, and metabolic activities, providing unique insights into biofilm heterogeneity and localized chemical changes. In addition, the review explores future developments in sensor technology and standardized protocols needed to accelerate biomaterial innovation, potentially transforming our approach to implant-associated infections through responsive surfaces that adapt to microbial challenges.}, }
@article {pmid40736253, year = {2025}, author = {Holley, CL and Dhulipala, V and Le Van, A and Balthazar, JT and Oliver, VJ and Jerse, AE and Shafer, WM}, title = {Gentamicin induction of the gonococcal hicAB toxin-antitoxin-encoding system and impact on gene expression influencing biofilm formation and in vivo fitness in a strain-specific manner.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e0159525}, pmid = {40736253}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {R01 AI021150/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI021150/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI021150/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA138292/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; AI147609-05/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; IK6 BX005390/BX/BLRD VA/United States ; R01 AI147609/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Neisseria gonorrhoeae/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/drug effects/genetics ; Animals ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Gentamicins/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gonorrhea/microbiology/drug therapy ; Female ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The continued emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) isolates resistant to first-line antibiotics has focused efforts on understanding how alternative therapies, such as the expanded use of gentamicin (Gen), might counteract this global public health problem. Focusing on Gen as a viable alternative antibiotic for the treatment of gonorrheal infections, we used RNA-seq to determine if sub-lethal levels of Gen might impact gonococci on a transcriptional level. We found that sub-lethal Gen levels altered the expression of 23 genes in Ng strain FA19. Many of the differentially regulated genes were associated with known stress responses elaborated by Ng under different harmful conditions. We found that the transcripts of the hicAB operon, which encodes a putative HicA-HicB toxin-antitoxin system that is encoded by tandem genes with the prophage Ngo φ3, were increased in response to Gen. Although the loss of hicAB did not impact gonococcal susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial agents or harmful environmental conditions, it did reduce biofilm formation in Ng strains F62, FA1090, WHO X, and CDC200 but not that of strain FA19. Furthermore, in strain F62, but not FA19, loss of hicAB reduced the in vivo fitness of Ng during experimental lower genital tract infection of female mice. Furthermore, we found that expression of hicAB can influence levels of the norB transcript, which encodes the nitrate reductase shown previously to be upregulated in gonococcal biofilms. We propose that sub-lethal Gen has the capacity to influence gonococcal pathogenesis through the action of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: During antibiotic treatment, bacteria can be exposed to sub-lethal levels that could serve as a stress signal, resulting in changes in gene expression. The continued emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains of Ng has rekindled interest in expanded use of gentamicin (Gen) for the treatment of gonorrheal infections. We report that sub-lethal levels of Gen can influence levels of Ng transcripts, including that of the gonococcal hicAB-encoded toxin-antitoxin (TA) locus, which is embedded within an integrated prophage. Although the loss of this TA locus did not impact Ng susceptibility to Gen, it reduced the biofilm-forming ability of four of five Ng strains. Furthermore, in an examined strain in this group, we found that Ng fitness during experimental infection was negatively impacted. We propose that levels of the hicA-hicB transcripts can be increased by sub-lethal levels of an antibiotic used in the treatment of gonorrhea and that this could influence pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40733297, year = {2025}, author = {Di Girolamo, D and Badalamenti, N and Castagliuolo, G and Ilardi, V and Varcamonti, M and Bruno, M and Zanfardino, A}, title = {South Tyrol (Italy) Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. sativa Essential Oil: GC-MS Composition, Antimicrobial, Anti-Biofilm, and Antioxidant Properties.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40733297}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001//- NextGenerationEU; Project code CN_00000033/ ; }, mesh = {*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Italy ; *Apiaceae/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Pastinaca L. is a small genus belonging to the Apiaceae family, traditionally used for both nutritional and medicinal purposes. Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. sativa is a biennial plant widely distributed in Europe and Asia, with recognized ethnopharmacological relevance. In this study, the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of P. sativa subsp. sativa, collected in Alto Adige (Italy)-a previously unstudied accession-was analyzed by GC-MS, and the volatile profile has been compared with that of EOs previously studied in Bulgaria and Serbia. The EO was found to be rich in octyl acetate (38.7%) and octyl butanoate (26.7%), confirming that this species biosynthesizes these natural esters. The EO and its main constituents were tested to evaluate their antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, their biological potential was evaluated through antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant assays. This research work, in addition to evaluating possible chemotaxonomic differences at the geographical level of EOs of Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa, has been extended to the determination of the biological properties of this accession never investigated before, with the aim of acquiring a broader vision of biofilm and antibacterial properties.}, }
@article {pmid40732795, year = {2025}, author = {Alghuthaymi, MA}, title = {Antifungal Nanocomposites from Honeybee Chitosan and Royal Jelly-Mediated Nanosilver for Suppressing Biofilm and Hyphal Formation of Candida albicans.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {17}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732795}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {Candida albicans complications challenged researchers and health overseers to discover effectual agents for suppressing such yeast growth, biofilm formation and conversion to hyphal form. The nanomaterials and their composites provided extraordinary bioactivities and functionalities as antimicrobial preparations. The extraction of chitosan (BCt) from honeybee corpuses was achieved as an innovative biopolymer for nanocomposite formation. The green (bio)synthesis of nanosilver (AgNPs) was promisingly performed using royal jelly (RJ) as a mediator of synthesis. The RJ-synthesized AgNPs had an average diameter of 3.61 nm and were negatively charged (-27.2 mV). The formulated nanocomposites from BCt/RJ/AgNPs at 2:1 (F1), 1:1 (F2), and 1:2 (F3) ratios had average diameters of 63.19, 27.65, and 52.74 nm, where their surface charges were +33.8, +29.3, and -11.5 mV, respectively. The infrared (FTIR) analysis designated molecules' interactions, whereas the transmission microscopy emphasized the homogenous distribution and impedance of AgNPs within the biopolymers' nanocomposites. Challenging C. albicans strains with nanomaterials/composites pinpointed their bioactivity for suppressing yeast growth and biofilm formation; the F2 nanocomposite exhibited superior actions, with the lowest inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 125-175 mg/L, whereas the MIC ranges were 150-200 and 175-225 mg/L for F3 and F1, respectively. The different BCht/RJ/AgNP nanocomposites could entirely suppress the biofilm formation of all C. albicans strains. The scanning microscopy reflected the nanocomposite efficiency for C. albicans cell destruction and the complete suppression of hyphal formation. The application of generated BCht/RJ/AgNP nanocomposites is strongly recommended as they are effectual, natural and advanced materials for combating C. albicans pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40732790, year = {2025}, author = {Krivoruchko, A and Nurieva, D and Luppov, V and Kuyukina, M and Ivshina, I}, title = {The Lipid- and Polysaccharide-Rich Extracellular Polymeric Substances of Rhodococcus Support Biofilm Formation and Protection from Toxic Hydrocarbons.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {17}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732790}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {122031400671-1//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; 124020500028-4//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; FSNF-2025-0013//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are multifunctional biopolymers that have significant biotechnological potential. In this study, forty-seven strains of Rhodococcus actinomycetes were screened for EPS production and the content of its main components: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The Rhodococcus strains produced lipid-rich EPS (15.6 mg·L[-1] to 71.7 mg·L[-1]) with carbohydrate concentrations varying from 0.6 mg·L[-1] to 58.2 mg·L[-1] and low amounts of proteins and nucleic acids. Biofilms of R. ruber IEGM 231 were grown on nitrocellulose filters in the presence of n-hexane, n-hexadecane, or diesel fuel. The distribution of β-polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and proteins between cells and the extracellular matrix was examined using fluorescence microscopy. The observed release of β-polysaccharides into the biofilm matrix in the presence of n-hexane and diesel fuel was regarded as an adaptation to the assimilation of these toxic hydrocarbons by Rhodococcus cells. Atomic force microscopy of the dried EPS film revealed adhesion forces between 1.0 and 20.0 nN, while some sites were highly adhesive (Fa ≥ 20.0 nN). EPS biosynthetic genes were identified, with two glycosyltransferases correlating with an increase in carbohydrate production. The production of EPS by Rhodococcus cells exhibited strain-specific rather than species-specific patterns, reflecting a high genetic diversity of these bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40732751, year = {2025}, author = {Hegazy, EE and ElNaghy, WS and Shalaby, MM and Shoeib, SM and Abdeen, NSM and Fouda, MH and Elshora, OA and Elnaggar, MH and Elrefaey, W and Hagag, RY and Elhadidy, AA and Elsebaey, MA and Eltomey, MA and El Nakib, AM and Ageez, MN and Elnady, MS}, title = {Study of Class 1, 2, and 3 Integrons, Antibiotic Resistance Patterns, and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Hospital-Acquired Infections.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732751}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Cross Infection/microbiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Integrons/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; }, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate Staphylococcus aureus infections, raising concerns for global health. Understanding antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in these pathogens is essential for effective infection management. The current research aimed to assess antibiotic resistance patterns, biofilm formation, and the occurrence of integron classes 1, 2, and 3 in clinical S. aureus isolates. The disc diffusion method tested antibiotic susceptibility. MRSA strains were identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion, and the mecA gene by PCR. The D-test also assessed macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B. A microtiter plate assay assessed biofilm formation. By PCR, integron classes were examined. Of the 63 S. aureus isolates, 25 were MSSA and 38 were MRSA. Pus (39.5%) was the most prevalent clinical source of MRSA isolates, while blood (24%) was the predominant source of MSSA isolates. MRSA isolates were more resistant to clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and doxycycline than MSSA isolates. In total, 76.2% of the isolates produced biofilm. Biofilm-producing isolates were more resistant to cefoxitin and clindamycin. The isolates had 33.3% cMLSB resistance. The intI1 gene was found in 21 S. aureus isolates (33.3%), whereas the intI2 or intI3 genes were not detected. Our findings demonstrate the need for strict infection control to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40732174, year = {2025}, author = {Austin, KM and Frizzell, JK and Neighmond, AA and Moppel, IJ and Ryno, LM}, title = {L-Arabinose Alters the E. coli Transcriptome to Favor Biofilm Growth and Enhances Survival During Fluoroquinolone Stress.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732174}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {MCB-2226953//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; DBI-1828041//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; N/A//Oberlin College/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental conditions, including nutrient composition and temperature, influence biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Understanding how specific metabolites modulate these processes is critical for improving antimicrobial strategies. Here, we investigated the growth and composition of Escherichia coli in both planktonic and biofilm states in the presence of L-arabinose, with and without exposure to the fluoroquinolone antibiotic levofloxacin, at two temperatures: 28 and 37 °C. At both temperatures, L-arabinose increased the growth rate of planktonic E. coli but resulted in reduced total growth; concurrently, it enhanced biofilm growth at 37 °C. L-arabinose reduced the efficacy of levofloxacin and promoted growth in sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (25 ng/mL). Transcriptomic analyses provided insight into the molecular basis of arabinose-mediated reduced susceptibility of E. coli to levofloxacin. We found that L-arabinose had a temperature- and state-dependent impact on the transcriptome. Using gene ontology overrepresentation analyses, we found that L-arabinose modulated the expression of many critical antibiotic resistance genes, including efflux pumps (ydeA, mdtH, mdtM), transporters (proVWX), and biofilm-related genes for external structures like pili (fimA) and curli (csgA, csgB). This study demonstrates a previously uncharacterized role for L-arabinose in modulating antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated gene expression in E. coli and provides a foundation for additional exploration of sugar-mediated antibiotic sensitivity in bacterial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40732122, year = {2025}, author = {Carvalho, PLB and Pessan, JP and do Amaral, B and Troncha, AC and Sousa, SC and Monteiro, DR and Hosida, TY and Delbem, ACB and Sampaio, C}, title = {Impact of Different Regimens of Fluoridated Dentifrice Application on the pH and Inorganic Composition in an Oral Microcosm Biofilm Model.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732122}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {001//Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the pH, fluoride (F), and calcium (Ca) concentrations in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms following treatments with dentifrices applied at different amounts and F concentration. Human saliva was inoculated into McBain culture medium, and treatments were applied at 72/78/96 h (1 min). Fluoridated dentifrices containing 550 or 1100 ppm F (550F and 1100F, respectively) were used at the following combinations (intensities): (i-1) 550F/0.08 g or 1100F/0.04 g; (i-2) 550F/0.16 g or 1100F/0.08 g; (i-3) 550F/0.32 g or 1100F/0.16 g. A negative control (fluoride-free dentifrice-PLA) was also included. Biofilm F and Ca were measured with an ion-selective electrode and colorimetrically, respectively, while pH in the culture medium was measured with a pH electrode. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls' test (p < 0.05). F-dentifrices did not significantly alter pH compared to PLA, except for 1100F at i-3. Biofilm F levels at i-1 and i-2 were comparable, for both 550F and 1100F, while 1100F at i-3 led to the highest biofilm F concentration. All F-groups showed significantly higher Ca levels than PLA, especially at i-2 and i-3. In conclusion, the interplay between dentifrice amount and F concentration was more influential on the biofilm's inorganic composition and pH than either variable alone.}, }
@article {pmid40732107, year = {2025}, author = {Zheng, J and He, L and Wei, Y and Lu, J and Liu, X and Li, W}, title = {Cold Shock Proteins Balance Biofilm-Associated Antibiotic Resistance and Oxidative Vulnerability in Mycobacteria.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732107}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {32470034//National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants/ ; }, abstract = {Cold Shock Proteins (Csps) are multifunctional regulators critical for bacterial stress adaptation. While Csps are known to regulate biofilm formation and low-temperature growth in some species, their roles in mycobacteria remain unclear. Here, we explored the functions of three Csps (CspA1, CspA2, and CspB) in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We found that CspA1 promotes biofilm formation and isoniazid (INH) resistance but negatively affects oxidative stress resistance. In contrast, CspB promotes biofilm formation, whereas CspA2 appears functionally redundant in this process. Notably, CspB and CspA2 do not contribute redundantly to oxidative stress resistance. Proteomic analysis revealed that CspA1 significantly modulates the expression of key metabolic and stress-response proteins, including WhiB3 and KatG. Our findings establish CspA1 as a key regulatory factor in mycobacteria, linking metabolic adaptation to biofilm-associated drug resistance and oxidative defense.}, }
@article {pmid40732049, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, W and Xu, H and Zhang, M and Xu, B and Dai, B and Yang, C}, title = {The Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on the Growth, Biofilm, Motility and Quorum Sensing of Salmonella typhimurium.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732049}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2023YFD1302800//Caimei Yang/ ; }, abstract = {With 80% of bacterial infections occurring as biofilms, biofilm-related infections have evolved into a critical public health concern. Probiotics such as Bacillus licheniformis have emerged as promising alternatives, offering new avenues for effective treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of licheniformis against the growth, biofilm formation, motility, and quorum sensing (QS) of Salmonella typhimurium. Several experiments were conducted: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Bacillus licheniformis against Salmonella typhimurium was determined to be 0.5 mg/mL using the broth microdilution method. The inhibition zone of 100 mg/mL of B. licheniformis against Salmonella typhimurium was 19.98 ± 1.38 mm; the time-growth curve showed that B. licheniformis can effectively inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhimurium. In biofilm experiments, at the MIC of B. licheniformis, the inhibition rate of immature biofilm of Salmonella typhimurium was 86.9%, and it significantly reduced the production of biofilm components (EPS, e-DNA, and extracellular proteases) (p < 0.05). The disruption rate of mature biofilm by B. licheniformis at the MIC was 66.89%, and it significantly decreased the levels of biofilm components (EPS and e-DNA) (p < 0.5). Microscopic observation showed that both the MIC and 1/2 MIC of B. licheniformis could reduce the number of bacteria in the Salmonella typhimurium biofilm, which was not conducive to the formation and maintenance of the biofilm structure. Swimming/Swarming assays and QS experiments confirmed that B. licheniformis inhibits the motility of Salmonella typhimurium and the secretion of AI-1-type quorum sensing molecules and downregulates the AI-2 quorum sensing system by upregulating lsr gene expression. These findings suggest that B. licheniformis could be a potential antimicrobial agent and biofilm inhibitor.}, }
@article {pmid40732035, year = {2025}, author = {Borisova, D and Paunova-Krasteva, T and Strateva, T and Stoitsova, S}, title = {Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis: Mechanisms of Persistence, Adaptation, and Pathogenesis.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732035}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting autosomal recessive disorder affecting a large number of individuals in Europe. The disease arises from mutations in the CFTR gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, a chloride ion channel crucial for maintaining epithelial ion and fluid homeostasis. Dysfunctional CFTR disrupts mucociliary clearance, particularly in the respiratory tract, resulting in persistent bacterial colonization, chronic inflammation, and progressive pulmonary damage-ultimately leading to respiratory failure, the principal cause of mortality in CF patients. Early diagnosis and advances in therapy have substantially improved both survival and quality of life. A hallmark of CF pathology is the establishment of polymicrobial infections within the thickened airway mucus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the dominant pathogen in chronic CF lung infections and demonstrates a remarkable capacity for adaptation via biofilm formation, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion. Biofilms confer increased tolerance to antimicrobial agents and facilitate long-term persistence in hypoxic, nutrient-limited microenvironments. P. aeruginosa exhibits a wide range of virulence factors, including exotoxins (e.g., ExoU, ExoS), pigments (pyoverdine, pyochelin), and motility structures (flagella and pili), which contribute to tissue invasion, immune modulation, and host damage. During chronic colonization, P. aeruginosa undergoes significant genotypic and phenotypic changes, such as mucoid conversion, downregulation of acute virulence pathways, and emergence of hypermutator phenotypes that facilitate rapid adaptation. Persistent cells, a specialized subpopulation characterized by metabolic dormancy and antibiotic tolerance, further complicate eradication efforts. The dynamic interplay between host environment and microbial evolution underlies the heterogeneity of CF lung infections and presents significant challenges for treatment. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms driving persistence, hypermutability, and biofilm resilience is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies targeting chronic P. aeruginosa infections in CF.}, }
@article {pmid40731956, year = {2025}, author = {Counihan, KL and Tilman, S and Uknalis, J and Mukhopadhyay, S and Niemira, BA and Bermudez-Aguirre, D}, title = {Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Eight Different Salmonella Serotypes on Three Food-Contact Surfaces at Different Temperatures.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40731956}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {8072-41420-025//Agricultural Research Service/ ; 0500-00093-001-00-D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, abstract = {Salmonella spp. represent a food safety risk in the production chain because of their potential for biofilm development. This study examined the biofilm formation of eight Salmonella serotypes from diverse foodborne outbreaks on three food-contact surfaces, stainless steel, silicone, and nylon, at 10 °C and 37 °C. The effect of temperature was observed in slower biofilm formation at 10 °C with about 5-log (cfu/cm[2]) after 24 h, contrasting with 7-log (cfu/cm[2]) at 37 °C. The material also influenced biofilm formation, with the strongest biofilms on stainless steel at 10 °C and silicone at 37 °C. The serotypes producing the strongest biofilms were S. Enteritidis, S. Saint Paul, and S. Montevideo. The weakest serotypes were S. Senftenberg, S. Anatum, and the avirulent S. Typhimurium. The production of extra-polymeric substances was evident with S. Enteritidis. The biofilm index showed the highest value for low temperature, nylon, and silicone, and for S. Montevideo, S. Enteritidis, and S. Saint Paul. The whole-genome sequencing of each serovar suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the curli (csg) genes may have contributed to the strong biofilm-forming ability of S. Montevideo and S. Saint Paul and the weaker ability of S. Senftenberg. These results can help with the correct development of sanitizing interventions based on the Salmonella strain of concern.}, }
@article {pmid40728744, year = {2025}, author = {Weng, Y and Li, J and Xie, D and Peng, S and Wen, Y and Wan, J and Ma, D and Li, G and Zhang, W}, title = {ZIF-8-Based Composites for Enhanced Biofilm Penetration and Synergistic Antibacterial Therapy against Periodontal Pathogens.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {17}, number = {32}, pages = {45413-45428}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c06407}, pmid = {40728744}, issn = {1944-8252}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects/physiology ; *Periodontitis/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Metal-Organic Frameworks/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Porphyrins/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Chlorophyllides ; Dextrans/chemistry/pharmacology ; Imidazoles ; }, abstract = {Periodontitis is initiated by bacterial biofilms, and the removal of plaque is critical in preventing the onset and progression of periodontal diseases, including gingival inflammation, periodontitis, and even alveolar bone resorption. Clinically, mechanical methods are commonly used to remove plaque and calculus. However, conventional methods struggle to access certain regions, such as deep periodontal pockets, root furcations, and dentinal tubules. In these cases, antimicrobial agents are required to eradicate residual pathogenic microorganisms. This study designed a dextran-coated ZIF-8-based composite material (Ce6@ZIF-8/Dex) to enhance biofilm penetration and photodynamic antibacterial efficacy against periodontal pathogens. The photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), synergizes with zinc ions (Zn[2+]) from the zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) to achieve a combined antibacterial effect and reduce bacterial resistance to single antimicrobial agents. Dextran modification further improves the biofilm penetration capability of the ZIF-8 composite, enhancing its overall antibacterial efficiency. In vivo, Ce6@ZIF-8/Dex demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans. This study presents a promising antibacterial strategy for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.}, }
@article {pmid40728229, year = {2025}, author = {Haridas, A and Alidokht, L and Wang, Y and Mohsin, MS and Butler, C and Lanzarini-Lopes, M}, title = {Wavelength-Specific Biofilm Control from Internally UV-Emitting Glass Surfaces.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {59}, number = {31}, pages = {16743-16752}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c04103}, pmid = {40728229}, issn = {1520-5851}, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Glass ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {This study introduces a novel wavelength-specific approach to biofilm inhibition using UV-emitting glass (UEG). Microorganisms rapidly form biofilms on wetted surfaces, posing significant operational and health risks. UEGs offer a consumable-free alternative to traditional antifouling coatings through bottom-up UV irradiance, enhancing both oxidative and direct photolytic inhibition mechanisms. We evaluated UEG effectiveness by comparing log reduction values (LRV) and biofilm structural differences across different wavelengths, while detailing electrical power consumption calculations for comparison with other electrically driven biofilm inhibition technologies. The 265 nm UEG achieved the highest biofilm inhibition performance with >3 LRV and >95% visible biofilm reduction during 8-day submersion at 1.01 ± 0.55 mW/cm[2] power consumption. Notably, 365 and 310 nm UEGs achieved >0.4 and >1.9 LRV despite significantly lower germicidal benefits. The thickness of the established biofilm, however, was the same across all substrates. This research explores UEG's unique characteristics and evaluates energy requirements and biofilm inhibition efficiency across UV spectra. The developed methods significantly impact innovative, low-energy UV-emitting surface technology, which reduces energy use and environmental impact compared to traditional UV sources. These findings are crucial for the marine, water treatment, and healthcare industries where biofouling and infection control are essential.}, }
@article {pmid40727777, year = {2025}, author = {Melo, WC and Žalytė, E and Abouhagger, A and Lauciu̅tė, G and Straksys, A and Stirke, A}, title = {Photoactive Hydrogel-Based Therapy for Biofilm Disruption in Chronic Wound Infections.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {28}, pages = {30525-30533}, pmid = {40727777}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {This study presents a novel approach for treating chronic biofilm-associated infections by utilizing a gel-like hydrogel (HG1MB1) incorporating methylene blue (MB), a photosensitizer, to enhance photoinactivation of microbial biofilms. The key novelty of this work lies in the gel-like structure of HG1MB1, which significantly improves the penetration of MB into the deeper layers of the biofilm, promoting more effective disruption of the biofilm matrix. This improved uptake and interaction with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the biofilm leads to a reduction in EPS and breakdown of the biofilm structure. Additionally, the hydrogel's ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation enhances its antimicrobial efficacy. HG1MB1 also demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against both bacterial and fungal biofilms, suggesting its potential as an effective treatment for chronic infections.}, }
@article {pmid40727079, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Z and Liu, X and Mei, L and Guo, X and Gao, Y and Hao, Y}, title = {Fabrication of N-halamine coatings with long-lasting bacterial inhibition and bacterial biofilm disruption functions for invisible aligner applications.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {102112}, pmid = {40727079}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Enamel white spot lesions (WSLs) not only compromise the efficacy of orthodontic treatments but also pose risks to dental health. Although clear aligners offer the advantage of facilitating oral hygiene maintenance, their full-coverage crown design impedes the self-cleaning function of saliva, potentially leading to extensive white spot formation. This study pioneers the application of a PA@PEI-Cl coating to transparent aligners. A colloidal polymer formed via electrostatic interactions between phytic acid (PA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), combined with a broad-spectrum antibacterial N-halamine polymer, enables this coating to achieve synergistic antibacterial efficacy. The preparation protocols and reaction conditions were optimized in detail. Systematic experiments confirmed the stable adhesion of coating to aligners and the long-lasting antibacterial performance, enhancing the safety of orthodontic treatment. This simple and low-cost method is suitable for large-scale industrial production. It provides an innovative solution to enhance aligner functionality and demonstrates a significant clinical potential for preventing orthodontic complications.}, }
@article {pmid40727035, year = {2025}, author = {Purbo Sejati, B and Kusumaatmaja, A and Widiastuti, MG and Haniastuti, T}, title = {Clinical and microscopic evidence of biofilm formation on titanium miniplates applied in maxillofacial surgery: a case series analysis.}, journal = {Case reports in plastic surgery &amp; hand surgery}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {2535707}, pmid = {40727035}, issn = {2332-0885}, abstract = {Titanium miniplates, though biocompatible, often require removal due to infections (3-18%), primarily from Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilms, which resist antibiotics, drive persistent infections. We analyzed 10 infected miniplates via SEM, revealing dense polymicrobial biofilms, especially near screw holes. These structured microbial communities underscore the need for biofilm-targeted treatments to improve outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40726828, year = {2025}, author = {Manoharan, A and Whiteley, G and Kuppusamy, R and Jensen, S and Glasbey, T and Chen, Z and Moshkanbaryans, L and Moore, KH and Das, T and Manos, J}, title = {Combating biofilm formation and bacterial killing: N-acetylcysteine's efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in urinary catheters.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100296}, pmid = {40726828}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Uropathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant contributor to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs), distinguished by its unique biofilm-forming properties compared to other strains. Despite its clinical significance, optimized strategies for biofilm eradication in the bladder and on catheters remain limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to highlight the potent antibacterial and biofilm-inhibitory effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against uropathogenic P. aeruginosa. Additionally, we sought to investigate its effect against catheter obstruction caused by P. aeruginosa in a patient, and whether this phenomenon can be replicated in vitro to underscore the urgency of addressing this critical challenge. We demonstrated that uropathogenic P. aeruginosa form thick, mucoid biofilms in vitro that can heavily occlude catheters, with bacterial titres of between 10[8] and 10[11] CFU/cm, thus impairing catheter functionality. Furthermore, treatment with NAC significantly reduced viable bacteria by > 4log10 (p < 0.01), and inhibited biofilm formation and associated obstruction till experiment endpoint (96h). NAC also displayed significant bactericidal activity (p < 0.001) against P. aeruginosa and significantly impeded bacterial attachment and aggregation through modulation of colloidal forces and change in the structure of the bacterial cell surface, thus impairing the bacterium's ability to initiate biofilm development. Mechanistically, NAC alters the bacterial surface structure, disrupting biofilm-associated virulence. Hence our study found that NAC treatment physically disrupts uropathogenic P. aeruginosa biofilms and significantly alters its virulence. Our novel findings highlight the dual bactericidal and anti-biofilm properties of NAC in vitro, offering valuable insights into its potential application for preventing P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and catheter blockage in CA-UTI management.}, }
@article {pmid40726827, year = {2025}, author = {Dodia, H and Ojha, S and Chatterjee, P and Beuria, TK}, title = {10058-F4 Mediated inhibition of the biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100307}, pmid = {40726827}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern that undermines microbial disease treatment and prevention. WHO and World Bank's EcoAMR report predicts that AMR could cause 39 million deaths and $3.4 trillion in annual GDP losses by the year 2050. This is particularly critical with S. aureus, a cause of diverse infections like skin abscesses and pneumonia, where antibiotic resistance increases mortality and hinders treatment. Biofilms are one of the major causes of multi-drug resistance in S. aureus, and their inhibition can restore antibiotic sensitivity. In this study, through screening of the LOPAC drug library, we identified several compounds that exhibit biofilm inhibitory properties against multi-drug-resistant S. aureus without affecting its growth. The compound 10058-F4 was found to have the strongest anti-biofilm activity (>70 % inhibition) with minimal antibacterial effects (MIC 256 μg/mL); however, it showed no inhibitory effects on pre-existing biofilm. Further, the 10058-F4 treatment suppressed the expression of sarA, the biofilm master regulator, along with biofilm genes, such as icaA, fnb, nuc, and sspA. Additionally, the results showed that 10058-F4 synergistically enhanced the antibacterial activity of norfloxacin and tetracycline, indicating its potential use as an adjunct to the existing antibiotic treatments. While these findings suggest the potential of 10058-F4 for clinical use, further investigations are necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action and optimize its application in combination therapies.}, }
@article {pmid40726795, year = {2025}, author = {Schulte, AM and Schoenmakers, JWA and van Oosten, M and Jutte, PC and van Dijl, JM and Szymanski, W and Feringa, BL}, title = {Green-Light-Activatable Penicillin for Light-Dependent Spatial Control of Bacterial Growth, Biofilm Formation, and In Vivo Infection Treatment.}, journal = {ACS central science}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {1083-1093}, pmid = {40726795}, issn = {2374-7943}, abstract = {Our ability to prevent, treat, and cure bacterial infections is nowadays seriously threatened by the rise of (multidrug) antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and novel molecular approaches in the antibacterial arsenal are urgently needed. To fight the development of AMR, the field of photopharmacology aims to develop photoresponsive antimicrobials allowing for noninvasive activation of the drug only at the site needed, with spatiotemporal precision, reducing the bacterial exposure to the active antimicrobial in the environment. This study reports the development and application for the first time of a green-light-activatable variant of penicillin (Penicillin-PPG), designed through the incorporation of a photocleavable protecting group. Here, we demonstrate that Penicillin-PPG shows no antimicrobial activity in the dark, while it can be precisely activated through irradiation with green light. Furthermore, we show Penicillin-PPG's utility to spatially control bacterial growth, achieve light-dependent inhibition of biofilm formation, and showcase the unprecedented usage of a photoactivatable antimicrobial in vivo in a small animal infection model. Furthermore, we apply Penicillin-PPG in combination with a λ-orthogonally photocaged bioactive compound to achieve photocontrol over antimicrobial activity dependent on two distinct colors of light.}, }
@article {pmid40726005, year = {2025}, author = {Pereira da Silva, PDSL and Teixeira, MDS and de Araújo Rocha, A and Barros, RR and Gonçalves, LS and Tostes, MA}, title = {Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on fluoride-releasing materials used as pit and fissure sealants.}, journal = {European journal of oral sciences}, volume = {133}, number = {6}, pages = {e70034}, pmid = {40726005}, issn = {1600-0722}, support = {//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (CNPq)/ ; }, mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/physiology/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fluorides/chemistry/analysis ; Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Pit and Fissure Sealants/chemistry ; Composite Resins/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Compomers/chemistry ; *Cariostatic Agents/chemistry ; Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide ; }, abstract = {This in vitro study evaluated fluoride release and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on four types of dental sealants: a giomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, compomer, and a fluoride-free composite (control). Discs were prepared as per the manufacturers' instructions, and they were placed in tubes containing ultrapure water. Fluoride release was measured after 2, 7, and 30 days using ion chromatography, and biofilm formation was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A repeated-measures linear mixed model with log transformation and Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests was applied. The resin-modified glass ionomer showed the highest fluoride release, followed by the giomer, with increasing values over time. Compomer and the fluoride-free composite exhibited low, stable fluoride levels. SEM confirmed S. mutans biofilm on all materials. These findings highlight distinct fluoride release profiles and suggest that materials with higher fluoride release may offer improved long-term protection against cariogenic biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40725195, year = {2025}, author = {Ziental, D and Giuntini, F and Wysocki, M and Talarska-Kulczyk, P and Kubicka, A and Dlugaszewska, J and Sobotta, L}, title = {N-Methylpyridinium Porphyrin Complexes as Sensitizers for Sonodynamic Therapy Against Planktonic and Biofilm-Forming Multidrug-Resistant Microbes.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40725195}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {FENG.02.02-IP.05-0257/23//Foundation for Polish Science/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Porphyrins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Plankton/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Ultrasonic Therapy ; Photochemotherapy ; }, abstract = {Porphyrins play an extremely important role in both photodynamic (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). These techniques, which have a lot in common, are largely based on the interaction between the sensitizer and light or ultrasounds (US), respectively, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have the ability to destroy target cells. SDT requires the use of an appropriate frequency of US waves that are able to excite the chemical compound used. In this study, five porphyrin complexes were used: free-base meso-tetra(N-methyl-pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP) and its transition metal complexes containing zinc(II), palladium(II), copper(II), and chloride-iron(II). The sonodynamic activity of these compounds was studied in vitro. The obtained results confirm the significant relationship between the chemical structure of the macrocycle and its stability and ability to generate ROS. The highest efficiency in ROS generation and high stability were demonstrated by non-metalated compound and its complex with zinc(II), while complex with copper(II), although less stable, were equally effective in terms of ROS production. Antibacterial activity tests showed the unique properties of the tested compounds, including a reduction in the number of both planktonic and biofilm antibiotic-resistant microorganisms above 5 log, which is rare among sonosensitizers.}, }
@article {pmid40725050, year = {2025}, author = {Dervisbegovic, S and Bloch, S and Maierhofer, V and Behm, C and Rausch-Fan, X and Moritz, A and Schäffer, C and Andrukhov, O}, title = {Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Periodontal Host Cells and a Seven-Species Periodontitis Model Biofilm.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40725050}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Low-Level Light Therapy/methods ; Fibroblasts/radiation effects/microbiology/metabolism ; Gingiva/cytology/microbiology/radiation effects ; *Periodontitis/microbiology/radiotherapy/pathology ; Periodontal Ligament/cytology/radiation effects/microbiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Lasers, Semiconductor ; Cytokines/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is gaining attention as an effective adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment. This study evaluates the potential of LLLT to reduce bacterial load in a clinically relevant in vitro subgingival biofilm model and its impact on the inflammatory response. A subgingival biofilm model consisting of seven bacterial species was established. Primary human gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and periodontal ligament cells (PDLs) were cultured. Both biofilms and host cells were treated with the DenLase Diode Laser (980 nm) under various clinically relevant settings. The composition and structure of the seven-species biofilms were evaluated using quantitative PCR and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. The inflammatory response in host cells was analyzed by measuring the gene and protein expression levels of various inflammatory mediators. Laser treatment at power outputs ranging from 0.3 to 2 W had no significant effect on biofilm composition or architecture. LLLT, particularly at higher power settings, reduced the viability in both GFs and PDLs up to 70%. Gene expression levels of inflammatory mediators were only minimally influenced by laser treatment. However, LLLT significantly decreased the secretion of all examined cytokines. These findings suggest that LLLT with a 980 nm diode laser, under clinically relevant conditions, exerts anti-inflammatory rather than antimicrobial effects.}, }
@article {pmid40724036, year = {2025}, author = {Honegger, AL and Schweizer, TA and Achermann, Y and Bosshard, PP}, title = {Correction: Honegger et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Wound Irrigation Solutions in the Biofilm Microenvironment In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Antibiotics 2025, 14, 25.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40724036}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {There was an error in the original publication [...].}, }
@article {pmid40724019, year = {2025}, author = {Giammarino, A and Verdolini, L and Simonetti, G and Angiolella, L}, title = {Fungal Biofilm: An Overview of the Latest Nano-Strategies.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40724019}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: There is an increasing incidence of fungal infections in conjunction with the rise in resistance to medical treatment. Antimicrobial resistance is frequently associated with virulence factors such as adherence and the capacity of biofilm formation, which facilitates the evasion of the host immune response and resistance to drug action. Novel therapeutic strategies have been developed to overcome antimicrobial resistance, including the use of different type of nanomaterials: metallic (Au, Ag, Fe3O4 and ZnO), organic (e.g., chitosan, liposomes and lactic acid) or carbon-based (e.g., quantum dots, nanotubes and graphene) materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of nanoparticles of different synthesis and with different coatings on fungi of medical interest. Methods: Literature research was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, and the following terms were employed in articles published up to June 2025: 'nanoparticles' in combination with 'fungal biofilm', 'Candida biofilm', 'Aspergillus biofilm', 'Cryptococcus biofilm', 'Fusarium biofilm' and 'dermatophytes biofilm'. Results: The utilization of nanoparticles was found to exert a substantial impact on the reduction in fungal biofilm, despite the presence of substantial variability in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values attributable to variations in nanoparticle type and the presence of capping agents. It was observed that the MIC values were lower for metallic nanoparticles, particularly silver, and for those synthesized with polylactic acid compared to the others. Conclusions: Despite the limited availability of data concerning the stability and biocompatibility of nanoparticles employed in the treatment of fungal biofilms, it can be posited that these results constitute a significant initial step.}, }
@article {pmid40724001, year = {2025}, author = {Fontanot, A and Croughs, PD and Cortese, C and de Bruijn, ACJM and Falciani, C and Pini, A and Ellinger, I and Unger, WWJ and Hays, JP}, title = {Antimicrobial Peptides SET-M33L and SET-M33L-PEG Are Promising Agents Against Strong Biofilm-Forming P. aeruginosa, Including Multidrug-Resistant Isolates.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40724001}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {101073263//Horizon Europe MSCA/ ; }, abstract = {Background: The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) SET-M33L and SET-M33L-PEG were investigated against 10 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methods: Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) were evaluated against tobramycin, ceftazidime, and polymyxin B. Results: MICs and MBCs were 7- to 100-fold lower than tobramycin, and 10- to 300-fold lower than ceftazidime. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices showed an additive effect, while fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) indices showed synergistic effects (FBC < 0.5) for most isolates. Conclusion: SET-M33L and SET-M33L-PEG are promising antimicrobial agents against strong biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa, including MDR isolates.}, }
@article {pmid40723971, year = {2025}, author = {Tomusiak-Plebanek, A and Kozień, &#x141; and Gallienne, E and Florczyk, M and Ciesielski, S and Heczko, P and Strus, M}, title = {Transcriptomic Analysis of Biofilm Formation Inhibition by PDIA Iminosugar in Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40723971}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {2018/31/B/NZ6/02443//Polish National Science Center/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Iminosugars are natural or synthetic sugar analogues with a very broad spectrum of activities, including those against the most prominent bacterial pathogens, like P. aeruginosa or S. aureus. In a series of studies, we have demonstrated that one of the synthetic iminosugars, PDIA (beta-1-C-propyl-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-arabinitol), possesses the ability to suppress biofilm production by different pathogenic bacteria without inhibiting their growth. Thereby, PDIA is able to influence experimental skin infection caused by S. aureus. Methods: To elucidate molecular mechanisms by which PDIA impedes biofilm formation by S. aureus, a transcriptomic study was performed in which a biofilm-producing S. aureus strain was grown in the presence of PDIA for 24 and 48 h in comparison to a control without the iminosugar. The RNA was then isolated, converted into cDNA, sequenced, and data analysis was performed. Results: It appeared that PDIA caused the down-regulation of many bacteriophage genes responsible for the processes of bacterial cell lysis, and some genes responsible for cell wall degradation were also down-regulated. Among the 25 most upregulated genes were those representing the phosphotransferase system (PTS), which is required for carbohydrate uptake and control of carbon metabolism. The ranking of the most significant down-regulated genes after 24 h exposure to PDIA shows that they predominantly coded for both the synthesis and lysis of the peptidoglycan. Conclusions: We have shown here that the influence of PDIA on the expression of S. aureus genes is broad and affects many genes encoding metabolism and ribosomes.}, }
@article {pmid40723943, year = {2025}, author = {Bai, E and Tan, Q and Yi, X and Yao, J and Duan, Y and Huang, Y}, title = {Dual Redox Targeting by Pyrroloformamide A and Silver Ions Enhances Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40723943}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {82173688//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023SK2071//The science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province/ ; BP0820034//Chinese Ministry of Education 111 Project/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Dithiolopyrrolones (DTPs), such as holomycin and thiolutin, exhibit potent antibacterial activities. DTPs contain a disulfide within a unique bicyclic scaffold, which may chelate metal ions and disrupt metal-dependent cellular processes once the disulfide is reductively transformed to thiols. However, the contribution of the intrinsic redox mechanism of DTPs to their antibacterial activity remains unclear. Herein we used pyrroloformamide (Pyf) A, a DTP with a unique formyl substituent, as a prototype to study the antibacterial potential and mechanism against ESKAPE pathogens, in particular carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Methods: The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Pyf A were mainly assessed against clinical CRKP isolates. Propidium iodide staining, scanning electron microscopy, glutathione (GSH) quantification, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis were utilized to infer its anti-CRKP mechanism. The synergistic antibacterial effects of Pyf A and AgNO3 were evaluated through checkerboard and time-kill assays, as well as in vivo murine wound and catheter biofilm infection models. Results: Pyf A exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 4 μg/mL. It also showed potent anti-biofilm effects against CRKP. Pyf A disrupted the cell membranes of CRKP and markedly depleted intracellular GSH without triggering ROS accumulation. Pyf A and AgNO3 showed synergistic anti-CRKP activities in vitro and in vivo, by disrupting both GSH- and thioredoxin-mediated redox homeostasis. Conclusions: Pyf A acts as a GSH-depleting agent and, when combined with AgNO3, achieves dual-targeted disruption of bacterial thiol redox systems. This dual-targeting strategy enhances antibacterial efficacy of Pyf A and represents a promising therapeutic approach to combat CRKP infections.}, }
@article {pmid40723942, year = {2025}, author = {Rajeev, R and Kannan, P and Sundaram, S and Mohan, SB and Radjendirane, S and Harnathbhai, CJ and Subbaiyan, A and Naveenkumar, V and Mohanadasse, NQ and Savariraj, WR and Cull, CA and Amachawadi, RG}, title = {First Report of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from Canine Dermatological Infections: Unravelling Its Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Traits.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40723942}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: The present study was aimed at documenting S. maltophilia occurrence in dogs with skin ailments, investigating its virulence, biofilm-forming ability, antimicrobial susceptibility, and zoonotic potential to inform preventive and therapeutic strategies against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia infections. Methods: Skin swabs (n = 300) were collected from dogs with dermatological ailments. Isolation was performed using selective media and confirmed with molecular methods, validated by MALDI Biotyper. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and efflux activity assessment were conducted. Resistance genes related to sulfonamides, quinolones, and β-lactams were screened. Virulence was assessed by biofilm formation, motility, and virulence gene profiling. Results: In total, 15 S. maltophilia (5%) isolates were identified. All 15 isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, minocycline, and tigecycline, but resistant to cefpodoxime and aztreonam. The following resistance genes qnr (93.3%), blaOXA-48 (46.7%), blaKPC (33.3%), blaNDM (33.3%), blaCTX-M (20%), blaSHV (20%), and blaTEM (6.7%) were detected. All 15 isolates displayed high efflux activity. Overall, 9 isolates (60%) were strong biofilm producers, and 6 (40%) were moderate. Virulence genes such as virB, motA, rmlA, and fliC were present in all 15 isolates, with others varying in frequency. All isolates exhibited swimming motility. Heat map clustering showed diverse profiles, with no identical isolate patterns. Correlation analysis indicated positive associations between several antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Conclusions: This study underscores the zoonotic potential of S. maltophilia from dogs, advocating for a One Health approach to mitigate infection risks and limit the spread of virulent multidrug resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40723940, year = {2025}, author = {Oh, DK and Jo, DM and Kim, M and Jo, JB and Choi, JH and Choi, JM and Jeong, GJ and Jeong, SY and Khan, F and Kim, YM}, title = {Biofilm-Forming Lactic Acid Bacteria in Sausages: Isolation, Characterization, and Inhibition Using Eisenia bicyclis-Based Nanoparticles.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40723940}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {2024 Postdoctoral support project//Pukyong National University Industry-University Cooperation Foundation's/ ; RS-2025-00555808//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2025-02373103//Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Lactic acid bacteria produce biofilms in meat products that contribute to the products' deterioration, reduction in quality, and shortened shelf life. Although LAB are generally considered benign, certain strains create slime and cause significant drops in pH. The study's goal was to identify and characterize LAB strains from sausage products that are capable of biofilm formation, and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of E. bicyclis methanol extract, its ethyl acetate fraction, and phloroglucinol, as well as to synthesize AuNPs, and assess their efficacy in controlling biofilm formation. Methods: Slime or biofilm-producing LAB bacteria were isolated from commercial sausages and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Lactobacillus sakei S10, which can tolerate high salt concentrations and cold temperatures, was chosen as a representative strain. The isolates were subsequently tested for hemolytic activity, salt and temperature tolerance, and carbohydrate consumption patterns. To evaluate antibiofilm potential, marine-derived compounds from Eisenia bicyclis, such as phloroglucinol (PG), crude methanolic extracts, ethyl acetate fractions, and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) formulations, were tested in situ on sausage surfaces against L. sakei S10 and common pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). The biofilm-inhibitory effects of the extracts, PG, and PG-AuNPs were estimated using the colony-counting method. Results: The PG-AuNPs had an average particle size of 98.74 nm and a zeta potential of -29.82 mV, indicating nanoscale dimensions and considerable colloidal stability. Structural analysis confirmed their spherical form and crystalline structure, as well as the presence of phenolic groups in both reduction and stabilization processes. Among the studied treatments, the PG and PG-AuNPs had the strongest antibiofilm activities, dramatically lowering biofilm biomass, particularly for P. aeruginosa and L. sakei S10. However, the inhibitory effects were less prominent in in situ conditions than in in vitro testing, highlighting the complexity of real food matrices. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that polyphenolic compounds obtained from marine sources, particularly in nano-formulated forms, have a great deal of potential as natural antibiofilm products. Enhancing the microbiological safety of processed meat products and extending their shelf life could be accomplished through the application of these polyphenolic compounds in food packaging or surface treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40723931, year = {2025}, author = {Dimitrova, L and Zaharieva, MM and Tserovska, L and Popova, M and Bankova, V and Najdenski, H}, title = {Inhibition of the MRSA Biofilm Formation and Skin Antineoplastic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Roots and Aerial Parts Extracts from Geum urbanum L.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40723931}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {&#x2116;80-10-19/17.04.2018//Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"/ ; }, abstract = {Background: The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes skin and soft tissue infections that are associated with biofilm formation, and in immunocompromised patients can progress to surgical site infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and even death. Most antibiotics actively damage living, dividing cells on the surface of the biofilm, where there is a high concentration of nutrients and oxygen, while in the depths, where these factors are scarce, slowly growing cells remain. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the antibiofilm potential of ethyl acetate roots (EtOAcR) and aerial parts (EtOAcAP) extracts from the perennial Bulgarian plant Geum urbanum L. against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) NBIMCC 8327. Methods: The effects of both extracts on the expression of biofilm-related genes, icaA and icaD, were investigated. The cytotoxicity of EtOAcR and EtOAcAP on A-375 (human melanoma), A-431 (epidermoid skin cancer) and HaCaT (normal keratinocytes) cell lines, and the induction of apoptosis were determined. Finally, the in vivo skin irritation potential of the most active extract was studied. Results: Both tested extracts inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations that did not affect bacterial growth. Interestingly, the expression of icaA and icaD was upregulated, although the biofilm development was inhibited 72.4-90.5% by EtOAcAP and 18.9-20.4% by EtOAcR at sub-MICs. EtOAcAP extract showed a more favorable cytotoxic profile on non-tumorigenic cells and stronger antineoplastic activity (IC50 = 6.7-14.68 µg/mL) as compared to EtOAcR extract (IC50 = 8.73-23.67 µg/mL). Therefore, a skin irritation test was performed with the EtOAcAP extract at ten-times higher concentrations than the minimum inhibitory one, and, resultantly, the primary irritation index was equal to zero (no skin irritation observed). Conclusions: The EtOAcAP extract was proven to be an effective antistaphylococcal agent with favorable skin tolerance. The extract showed strong antineoplastic activity and antibiofilm effect at sub-MICs, which outlines new prospects for its development as a natural product for specific skin applications in medical practice.}, }
@article {pmid40723417, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, D and Jiao, F and Yang, Y and Dou, S and Yu, J and Yu, X and Zhou, Y and Xue, J and Li, X and Duan, H and Zhang, Y and Guo, J and Yang, W}, title = {Myricetin Potentiates Antibiotics Against Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Disrupting Biofilm Formation and Inhibiting Motility Through FimX-Mediated c-di-GMP Signaling Interference.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40723417}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {82460811//Yan Zhang/ ; 82160772//Wude Yang/ ; [QKHF-ZK(2021)G539]//Yan Zhang/ ; [QKHF-ZK(2023)G426]//Yan Zhang/ ; [QKHF-ZK(2022)G501]//Yuqi Yang/ ; [Gui Ke He Xue Shu Xin Miao [2023]-10]//Yan Zhang/ ; RP/CAI-01/2022//Jingjing Guo/ ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation is critical to antibiotic resistance and persistence. Targeting cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) signaling, a master biofilm formation and virulence regulator, presents a promising strategy to combat resistant bacterial infections. Myricetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid with documented antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, may enhance antibiotic efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of myricetin combined with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or cefdinir against both standard and drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Antibacterial activity, biofilm disruption, and motility inhibition were experimentally assessed, while molecular dynamic (MD) simulations elucidated myricetin's molecular mechanism of action. Our results suggested that myricetin synergistically potentiated all three antibiotics, reducing c-di-GMP synthesis by 28% (azithromycin), 57% (ciprofloxacin), and 30% (cefdinir). It enhanced bactericidal effects, suppressed biofilm formation, and impaired swimming, swarming, and twitching motility. Computational analyses revealed that myricetin binds allosterically to FimX very well, a key regulator in the c-di-GMP signaling pathway. Hence, myricetin may act as a c-di-GMP inhibitor, reversing biofilm-mediated resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and augmenting antibiotic efficacy. This integrated experimental and computational approach provides a framework for developing anti-virulence and antibiotic combination therapies against recalcitrant Gram-negative pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40722953, year = {2025}, author = {Athanasopoulou, S and Panagiotidou, E and Spanidi, E and Gkika, M and Georgiou, D and Anagnostopoulos, AK and Ganos, C and Chinou, I and Beletsiotis, E and Gardikis, K}, title = {Propolis Extract with Activity Against Cutibacterium acnes Biofilm Targeting the Expression of Virulence Genes.}, journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40722953}, issn = {2076-3921}, abstract = {Acne is a highly prevalent skin condition with multifactorial pathophysiology, where Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) overgrowths generate inflammation. C. acnes can grow and adhere, through the formation of biofilms, to almost any surface, which enables chronic infections. Acne treatment with antibiotics can induce topical antimicrobial resistance, impair microbiome biodiversity and cause cutaneous dysbiosis. In this study, we assess the effect of a standardized propolis extract (PE) from Greece against C. acnes, whilst maintaining skin's microbiome biodiversity, and we investigate its effect against genes related to the attachment and colonization of C. acnes, as well as against biofilm formation. The extract has been chemically characterized by GC-MS and was additionally tested for its antioxidant properties by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and its regulatory activity on the expression of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory genes in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). The suggested efficacy of PE in targeting pathogenic C. acnes biofilm, via downregulation of virulence genes, represents an alternative strategy to modulate the behavior of skin microbiota in acne, paving the way for next-generation acne-targeting products.}, }
@article {pmid40721921, year = {2025}, author = {Stindlova, M and Peroutka, V and Zdenkova, K and Lencova, S}, title = {Assessing metabolic activity of yeast biofilm-forming cells on nanofibrous materials using MTT assay.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40721921}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {23-05154S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; A2_FPBT_2024_023//Vysok&#xe1; &#x160;kola Chemicko-technologick&#xe1; v Praze/ ; }, abstract = {Nanofibrous materials (NMs), widely used in medical and food industry applications, are highly susceptible to colonisation by microorganisms, including yeasts. Although yeasts can form dense biofilms, methods for studying their metabolic activity remain limited. This study is the first to apply the MTT assay, a standardised method for assessing cell metabolic activity, to evaluate the metabolic activity of yeast biofilm-forming cells on electrospun NMs. First, the biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on NMs electrospun from polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyamide (PA) was examined. Then, key parameters of the MTT assay were systematically evaluated: (i) the addition of glucose to the MTT solution, (ii) the presence of menadione in the MTT solution, and (iii) the incubation time with the MTT solution. The addition of glucose was not proven necessary; however, in some cases, it may help distinguish the number of metabolically active cells. Based on this study, we recommend incubation with an MTT solution containing menadione for 2 h. To verify the protocol, colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration was employed as a reference method. As differences between the results of these two methods were observed, the MTT assay should be complemented by other standardised methods. Nevertheless, the refined protocol offers a solid basis for investigating interactions between NMs and yeasts.}, }
@article {pmid40716557, year = {2025}, author = {Kandaswamy, K and Balasubramanian, S and Panda, SP and Chaitanya, MVNL and Marisetti, AL and Nadeem, A and Shazly, GA and Pugazh, S and Deepak, P and Thiyagarajulu, N and Guru, A and Subramaniyan, J and Arockiaraj, J}, title = {Thermo stable ZnO NPs/Asiatic acid nanocomposites for acidogenic neutralization, anti-biofilm, and enamel protection in dental enamel reinforcement.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {106001}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106001}, pmid = {40716557}, issn = {1879-176X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Zinc Oxide/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Dental Enamel/drug effects/microbiology ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Dental Caries/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Humans ; Animals ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Dental caries, a pervasive oral health issue, is driven by Streptococcus mutans-mediated biofilm formation and acidogenesis, culminating in enamel demineralization and structural degradation. This study evaluates the efficacy of thermostable ZnO NPs/AA nanocomposites in suppressing S.mutans acid production, disrupting its biofilm matrix, and strengthening enamel integrity, with an emphasis on its potential as a novel dental healthcare material.<br><br>METHODS: This study encompassed the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles functionalized with Asiatic acid (ZnO NPs/AA) using a co-precipitation method. The physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs/AA were characterized using FE-SEM with EDS, XRD, FT-IR, and UV-DRS, confirming structural integrity and functional modifications. Thermal stability was assessed via TGA and DSC, demonstrating robust performance suitable for biomedical applications. The antibacterial activity, anti-biofilm efficacy of ZnO NPs/AA including, extracellular polymeric substance inhibition, and acidogenic activity modulation were evaluated through microdilution methods, biofilm biomass quantification assays, Congo red binding studies, and pH analysis. In ex-vivo studies, ZnO NPs/AA treated sectioned tooth enamel was exposed to S. mutans to evaluate its effects. The mechanical properties, including microhardness and surface morphology, were analyzed using Vickers microhardness testing and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Additionally, the controlled release kinetics of Asiatic acid were analyzed under physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 5.0) conditions to elucidate its pH-responsive drug delivery potential.<br><br>RESULTS: A precisely synthesized ZnO NPs/AA with a sheet-assembled flower-like structure was observed through SEM analysis, while its composition and functionalization were further confirmed by FTIR and UV-DRS. Thermal stability was validated through TGA and DSC analyses, establishing ZnO NPs/AA as a highly thermally stable material for biomedical applications. ZnO NPs/AA exhibited remarkable multi-functional properties, including potent antibacterial activity, leading to an 85.25 % reduction in S. mutans biofilm biomass and an 81 % inhibition of EPS production. pH modulation studies demonstrated effective neutralization of acidogenic activity, maintaining a near-neutral pH (7.01 at 48 h), significantly outperforming ZnO NPs and the untreated control. Enamel treated with ZnO NPs/AA following exposure to S.mutans showed a 72.6 % increase in microhardness and a 80.93 % reduction in surface roughness, highlighting its ability to combat S.mutans induced demineralization and acid formation, thereby preserving the enamel integrity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study establishes ZnO NPs/AA as a promising biomaterial with potent antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and enamel-protective properties. These findings highlight ZnO NPs/AA as a promising and innovative approach for mitigating enamel demineralization and combating biofilm-associated dental challenges.<br><br>CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ZnO NPs/AA is a promising therapeutic option for protecting enamel, combating S. mutans biofilm damage, and improving dental health due to its stability, durability, and pH-responsive drug release.}, }
@article {pmid40715914, year = {2025}, author = {Khongrin, K and Aiamsung, M and Rasri, N and Tien-Iam-Arnan, P and Chirasavinuprapand, P and Poonsawat, N and Kitnak, S and Choowongkomon, K and Tabtimmai, L}, title = {Domain antibody-displayed phages as a novel biofilm-targeted therapy for Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {2391-2404}, pmid = {40715914}, issn = {1618-1905}, support = {KURDI (FF (KU) 16.66)//KURDI (FF (KU) 16.66)/ ; grant number B36G660005//the NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources &amp; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/virology/physiology/drug effects/genetics ; *Staphylococcal Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Humans ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic patients promotes Staphylococcus aureus colonization and biofilm formation, contributing to persistent infection and poor wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Biofilms hinder antibiotic penetration and promote resistance, highlighting the need for targeted anti-biofilm strategies. In this study, domain antibody-displaying M13 phages were developed to selectively target S. aureus biofilms. Among the selected clones, A7-displayed phage showed the strongest binding to S. aureus based on indirect ELISA and exhibited potent, dose-dependent inhibition of biofilm formation without affecting bacterial viability. This non-bactericidal, anti-virulence effect was associated with a significant reduction in staphyloxanthin production, a pigment linked to oxidative stress resistance. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis further revealed that A7 and C1 downregulated the expression of icaA, a key gene involved in biofilm matrix synthesis. Despite its efficacy, checkerboard synergy testing showed that combining A7-displayed phage with ampicillin resulted in an antagonistic interaction (FICI > 4), suggesting that A7 is most effective as a standalone anti-biofilm agent. Target identification using far-western blotting and MS/MS analysis revealed that A7 binds specifically to a cadmium-transporting ATPase, and molecular docking analysis showed A7 interaction with the C-terminal helical domain of CadA, potentially affecting cadmium efflux and oxidative stress homeostasis. This disruption may underlie the observed biofilm inhibition. These findings establish A7-displayed phage as a promising, non-cytotoxic biotherapeutic targeting S. aureus biofilms, offering a novel strategy for DFU management and other chronic infections where conventional antibiotics fall short.}, }
@article {pmid40720462, year = {2025}, author = {Kainat, S and Sohail, M and Rafique, S and Mustafa, M and Ejaz, U}, title = {Prevalence of multidrug-resistant biofilm-forming pathogens in diabetic foot ulcers and antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles.}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {1055-1065}, doi = {10.3855/jidc.21000}, pmid = {40720462}, issn = {1972-2680}, mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetic Foot/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Adult ; *Nanoparticles ; Aged ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Prevalence ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are the main devastating complications for diabetic patients. The involvement of multidrug-resistant microorganisms with the ability to produce biofilms in DFUs renders them difficult to treat. Nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative and promising technology in the therapy of diabetic foot lesions. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the prevalence of drug resistance and biofilm-forming pathogens in DFU and the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles against these pathogens.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: A total of 111 adults with diabetic foot ulcers were randomly included. The clinical parameters and data of the classification and grading of the wound, along with microbiological factors, were analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: Nanoparticles were synthesized from Withania coagulans and Fagonia cretica. The results showed that the majority of patients were male (76%), with an average age of 54 years. The majority of ulcers were polymicrobial (56%), while Staphylococcus aureus (21.2%) was the predominant pathogen. A significant increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (76.5%), extended-spectrum &#x3b2;-lactamase (ESBL) producers (55.8%), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (46%), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (18.1%) was observed. Gram-negative isolates (31%), particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, exhibited strong biofilm formation activity compared to gram-positive (6%) and fungal isolates (24%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The tested nanoparticles showed significant antimicrobial activity against strong biofilm forming bacterial and fungal isolates. Controlling certain extrinsic and metabolic parameters and comprehensively evaluating nanoparticle-based therapeutics can serve as powerful tools in curing chronic diabetic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid40720392, year = {2025}, author = {Solis, AJ and Zucchi, P and Romo, JA}, title = {Biofilm Assay for Clostridioides difficile with Applications for Drug Discovery.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {221}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/67913}, pmid = {40720392}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/physiology ; *Drug Discovery/methods ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Clostridium Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Clostridioides difficile is a gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen able to take advantage of a dysbiotic microbiota environment to proliferate, secrete toxins, and damage the intestinal epithelium. A subset of C. difficile infection (CDI) patients will experience antibiotic (15%-30%) or fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) (<10%) treatment failure. Therefore, the development of additional therapeutic interventions is of critical importance. The role of C. difficile biofilms in recurrence is unclear. However, biofilms in other organisms are responsible for chronic and relapsing disease, suggesting this could also be the case in recurrent CDI. We hypothesize that biofilms of C. difficile present a valuable therapeutic target. The goal of the protocol presented here is to adapt a biofilm formation assay for the identification of repositionable compounds with activity against established C. difficile biofilms. The protocol refines a robust and reproducible assay for forming biofilms, couples it to a metabolic assay, and applies it to drug discovery. This protocol outlines the biofilm formation assay, biomass and metabolic activity readouts, drug susceptibility testing, drug screening of a repositioning library, and representative results.}, }
@article {pmid40720043, year = {2025}, author = {Alharbi, YR and Srivastava, S and Alsalhi, H and Almohimeed, K and Alduraibi, M and Nabil, A}, title = {Antimicrobial efficacy of blueM gel and calcium hydroxide against F. nucleatum and E. faecalis biofilm: an ex-vivo study.}, journal = {The Saudi dental journal}, volume = {37}, number = {7-9}, pages = {34}, pmid = {40720043}, issn = {1013-9052}, abstract = {Endodontic treatment failure can result from persistent bacteria, inadequate cleaning and sealing of root canals, and missed canals. The resilience of bacteria such as F. nucleatum and E. faecalis within the root canal system is a significant cause of failed endodontic treatment. Calcium hydroxide (CaOH), a widely utilized intracanal medicament, has demonstrated antimicrobial properties. However, its ability to consistently achieve culture-negative root canals after chemo-mechanical procedures remains inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of CaOH and BlueM gel against F. nucleatum and E. faecalis biofilms using dentin discs. Sterilized dentin discs were prepared from extracted human teeth. F. nucleatum and E. faecalis were grown on these discs and then treated with either CaOH or BlueM gel. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by quantifying colony-forming unit counts. BlueM gel demonstrated significantly greater antimicrobial efficacy than CaOH against both F. nucleatum and E. faecalis biofilms. Both agents exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against the biofilms. BlueM gel showed superior antimicrobial effectiveness against endodontic pathogens such as F. nucleatum and E. faecalis compared to CaOH.}, }
@article {pmid40719899, year = {2025}, author = {Cokgor, E and Soylu, D and Ozyildiz, G and Topuz, E and Zengin, GE and Güven, D and Pala-Ozkok, I and Insel, G}, title = {Evaluation of Nutrient and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Removal Using a Pilot-Scale Novel Hybrid Biofilm Process.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {2487-2497}, pmid = {40719899}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {117Y087//T&#xdc;B&#x130;TAK, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Nitrogen ; Pilot Projects ; Phosphorus ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Wastewater ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Sewage/microbiology ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a promising and cost-effective treatment technology for efficient nutrient removal. In this study, a pilot-scale novel MBBR-based hybrid biofilm system, integrating suspended and attached growth biomass, was operated to treat real domestic wastewater. The system included a reactive primary sedimentation step designed to capture particulate organic matter and redirect both sludge and effluent through distinct treatment pathways to enhance overall nutrient and micropollutant removal. The patented hybrid system was operated for 6 months, and 79, 84, and 90% removal efficiencies were achieved for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. Except diclofenac (32%), naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and mefenamic acid (70%, 96%, 70% and 75%) were efficiently removed. Specifically, ketoprofen and mefenamic acid removals were markedly improved in the hybrid biofilm system compared to the full-scale conventional Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) plant. The population dynamics were also monitored via molecular analysis on the sludge samples, differentiating the microbial community in MBBR and conventional BNR. Results showed that an abundance shift in the community structure at the species level between the two sludge structures of MBBR and conventional BNR. Acinetobacter sp. (35%) and uncultured Arcobacteraceae sp (22%) were found to be the dominant species in the hybrid system.}, }
@article {pmid40719575, year = {2025}, author = {Mphande, K and LaSarre, B and Gleason, ML and Beattie, GA}, title = {Type I Fimbriae Promote the Virulence of Serratia ureilytica Strains that Cause Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease While Impeding Biofilm Formation In Vitro.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {115}, number = {12}, pages = {1610-1618}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-05-25-0165-R}, pmid = {40719575}, issn = {0031-949X}, mesh = {*Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Virulence ; *Cucurbita/microbiology ; *Serratia/pathogenicity/genetics/physiology ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics/physiology ; Phloem/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD) is an emerging phloem disease in the United States that causes yield losses of up to 100% in squash, pumpkin, and watermelon. CYVD is caused by a group of closely related strains of Serratia ureilytica, a species comprising entomopathogenic, phytopathogenic, clinical, and environmental strains. One genomic trait distinguishing CYVD-causing S. ureilytica strains from non-CYVD S. ureilytica strains is the presence of a specific type I fimbrial locus, which we found to be uniquely plasmid-borne in CYVD strains. We investigated the contribution of this fim locus to CYVD by comparing the virulence of the wild-type CYVD strain Z07 to a deletion mutant Z07Δfim that lacked the entire seven-gene fim locus. Infection assays with these strains showed that this locus contributes to virulence on squash (Cucurbita pepo) and does so by contributing to a higher probability of developing large populations in planta. Moreover, the Z07Δfim mutant formed larger biofilms than the wild type in vitro, suggesting that these type I fimbriae interfere with biofilm formation. These results support a model in which biofilm development following S. ureilytica plant infection negatively impacts virulence, such as by restricting the number of sites accessed in the phloem tissue, thereby impeding spread and limiting colonization.}, }
@article {pmid40719318, year = {2025}, author = {Gomes, BPFA and Lopes, ABS and Aveiro, E and Louzada, LM and Godoi-Junior, EP and Fagundes, PIG and Alves-Silva, EG and Moura-Filho, AAL and Arruda-Vasconcelos, R and Bronzato, JD}, title = {Effectiveness of the iVac System Compared to Conventional Irrigation and Ultrasonic Activation in Reducing Microbial Biofilm, Lipopolysaccharides and Apical Extrusion.}, journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {598-608}, pmid = {40719318}, issn = {1747-4477}, support = {15/23479-5//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 17/25242-8//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 19/19300-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 21/13871-6//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 17/25090-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 303852/2019-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 421801/2021-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 164905/2020-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 2036/17//Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, &#xe0; Pesquisa e Extens&#xe3;o, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, mesh = {*Lipopolysaccharides/analysis ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Root Canal Irrigants/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; *Therapeutic Irrigation/methods/instrumentation ; Humans ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; Sodium Hypochlorite/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Root Canal Preparation/methods/instrumentation ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Tooth Apex/microbiology ; }, abstract = {This in vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of irrigation techniques (IT)-conventional irrigation (CI), ultrasonic activation (UA), and iVac system (IA)- using 2.5% NaOCl and saline in reducing Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in root canals and intratubular dentine. It also assessed the reduction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and apical extrusion. Lower premolar roots were contaminated and divided based on IT and irrigants, with saline as control. Microbiological and LPS samples were collected before and after IT. The apical extrusion volume was determined. Results showed that when NaOCl was used, there was no statistical difference between the ITs regarding CFU reduction and between UA and IA regarding LPS reduction. When saline was used, IA was the most effective technique in reducing CFU and LPS. Regarding apical extrusion, IA caused the lowest irrigant extrusion. In conclusion, IA reduced the levels of LPS, microorganisms and apical extrusion.}, }
@article {pmid40718444, year = {2025}, author = {Majidi Fard, Z and Irani Mavi, N and Akbari, S and Erfani, Y and Eghtedari, S}, title = {Investigation of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Extract on the Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Clinical Samples.}, journal = {Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {e160772}, pmid = {40718444}, issn = {1726-6890}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii is a hospital-acquired opportunistic pathogen, with biofilm formation playing a crucial role in its multidrug resistance. Given the rise in antibiotic resistance, herbal medicines, including peppermint (Mentha piperita), have gained attention for their potential antibacterial properties.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of peppermint extract on biofilm formation in A. baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 25 A. baumannii strains were isolated from clinical samples at the Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran. Their biofilm-forming ability and antibiotic susceptibility against nine antibiotics were assessed using the disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of peppermint extract was evaluated by well diffusion, with its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) compared to ciprofloxacin. Synergistic effects between the extract and ciprofloxacin were analyzed, followed by a time-kill assay. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of PgaA and AbaI genes linked to biofilm formation.<br><br>RESULTS: The study found that 88% of A. baumannii strains exhibited strong biofilm formation. Peppermint extract effectively inhibited biofilm formation, with MIC values ranging from 1.5 to 6 mg/mL (mean MIC: 3.75 &#xb1; 1.38 mg/mL) and MBC values equivalent to their respective MIC concentrations. For ciprofloxacin, the MIC for all samples was greater than 2048 mg/mL. No significant synergistic effect was observed between peppermint extract and ciprofloxacin. Both PgaA (involved in biofilm matrix synthesis) and AbaI (quorum sensing-related autoinducer synthase) genes were present in all tested strains.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Peppermint extract demonstrates biofilm-inhibitory properties against A. baumannii, suggesting its potential as an alternative therapeutic approach for combating biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40717689, year = {2025}, author = {Rios de Oliveira, J and Rodero, CF and Nunes, GP and Sales, LS and Delbem, ACB and Chorilli, M and Brighenti, FL and Giro, EMA}, title = {Bioadhesive liquid crystal system containing citral: effect against cariogenic biofilm and on dental enamel.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {809-826}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2536605}, pmid = {40717689}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Acyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Dental Enamel/drug effects/microbiology ; Cattle ; *Liquid Crystals/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; *Dental Caries/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Monoterpenes/pharmacology/chemistry ; Hardness ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the effects of a bioadhesive liquid crystal system containing citral on cariogenic biofilm and enamel demineralisation. Citral (C) at 10× and 15× the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was incorporated into the formulation (F) (30% oleic acid, 50% alkoxylated cetyl alcohol, and 20% aqueous dispersion of poloxamer 1%), FC1 and FC2, respectively. Both formulations underwent physicochemical characterisation, including polarised light microscopy, rheology, adhesive strength, and citral release. For biofilm and enamel demineralisation analyses, polymicrobial biofilms were cultivated for 4 days on bovine enamel blocks and treated with the formulations (n = 14/group). Analyses included pH measurement, total bacteria, aciduric bacteria, and mutans streptococci quantification. Enamel demineralisation was assessed via surface hardness loss (SH%) and integrated hardness loss (KHN × µm). Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, with significance set at 5%. FC1 and FC2 exhibited Newtonian fluid characteristics, releasing 22.9% and 40.7% of citral, respectively, over 24 h. FC2 released citral near the MIC between 1-3 h. FC2 treatment showed antimicrobial activity in biofilms, maintained pH levels closer to neutrality for longer periods, and reduced SH% and KHN × µm values. Thus, FC2 demonstrated adequate physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy, and the ability to reduce enamel mineral loss under cariogenic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40715142, year = {2025}, author = {Brandquist, ND and Kielian, T}, title = {Immune dysfunction during S. aureus biofilm-associated implant infections: opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {144}, pmid = {40715142}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {P01 AI083211/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI174381/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI169788//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Staphylococcus aureus/immunology/physiology/genetics ; *Staphylococcal Infections/immunology/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Animals ; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of biofilm infections, particularly on implanted medical devices. Biofilms are heterogeneous bacterial communities contained in a self-produced matrix that are poorly cleared by the immune system. This review discusses mechanisms employed by the biofilm, such as alterations in bacterial metabolism and toxin production, to induce immune dysfunction by highlighting recent bacterial single-cell sequencing studies. Additionally, the role of immune recognition and metabolism in biofilm containment is examined with an emphasis on the role of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and how responses are tailored to distinct tissue niches. We also address emerging evidence revealing the importance of the infection microenvironment, host genetic variability, and bacterial heterogeneity in shaping immune responses during S. aureus biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid40713092, year = {2025}, author = {Roy, D and Gagnon, M}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Dairy: A Food Safety Concern-Introduction.}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {108}, number = {8}, pages = {8098-8100}, doi = {10.3168/jds.2025-27015}, pmid = {40713092}, issn = {1525-3198}, }
@article {pmid40712960, year = {2025}, author = {Qi, R and Chen, S and Wang, C and Fan, X and Wang, Y}, title = {Effects of particle size and biofilm pre-coating on phosphorus adsorption and capping performance by ZnAlLa-NO3-LDHs@quartz sand for internal phosphorus control in three lake sediments.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {122420}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122420}, pmid = {40712960}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Phosphorus/chemistry/analysis ; *Biofilms ; Adsorption ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Particle Size ; *Lakes/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Sand/chemistry ; Hydroxides/chemistry ; }, abstract = {This study systematically evaluates phosphorus (P) adsorption and capping performance of core-shell ZnAlLa-NO3-layered double hydroxides (LDHs)@quartz sand (QS) materials, focusing on the influence of particle size and biofilm pre-coating in their practical application for lake management. In 24 h adsorption experiments (adsorbent dosage: 1.0 g/L), 200 mesh LDHs@QS (QSL) exhibited a significantly higher P adsorption capacity (Qm, 9.58 mg/g) than 20 mesh QSL (2.31 mg/g), as derived from the Langmuir model. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that phosphate adsorption by LDHs involved inner-sphere complexation, ion exchange, and chemical adsorption. In a 14 d capping experiment, P release reduction was primarily determined by material type rather than particle size or initial sediment P levels. Specifically, LDH-based materials, with or without biofilm (QSLB: 88.3% and QSL: 91.3%), significantly outperformed the original QS (70.4%). Total P flux even reversed to negative values, particularly in the QSLB treatments, which exhibited the lowest proportion of loosely bound P (1.8%), compared to 3.5% for QSL and 13.1% for QS. Principal component analysis revealed that QSLB had minimal disturbance to overlying water and sediment properties relative to the blank control, highlighting its environmental compatibility. Moreover, nitrate-intercalated LDHs functioned as a slow-release oxidant, enhancing the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of overlying water, demonstrating their multifunctional potential for long-term internal P control. This study lays a groundwork for customizing core-shell LDH-based capping materials for efficient and environmentally friendly remediation of eutrophic water bodies.}, }
@article {pmid40712941, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, S and Zhang, X and Guo, T and Li, H and Liu, W and Chen, Z and Wang, X and Ren, B and Guo, J}, title = {Engineered iron-sulfur carriers for efficient mixotrophic and sulfur autotrophic denitrification in low carbon to nitrogen ratio municipal wastewater: Mechanisms of biofilm enhancement and electron transfer promotion.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {436}, number = {}, pages = {133020}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133020}, pmid = {40712941}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Sulfur/metabolism/chemistry ; *Denitrification ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Carbon ; *Wastewater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Iron/chemistry ; Autotrophic Processes ; Electron Transport ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Water Purification/methods ; Oxidation-Reduction ; }, abstract = {Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) offers a sustainable solution for nitrogen removal in low carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) municipal wastewater, yet its efficiency and startup time pose significant challenges. To overcome these, we developed iron-sulfur-modified carriers (FeS@MC) and integrated them into an in-situ sequencing batch reactor (S-Fe-SBR), which successfully achieved rapid startup (16 days) of SAD under low C/N conditions. The mechanisms revealed that FeS@MC's hierarchical porous structure promoted biofilm colonization and selective enrichment of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g.,Thiobacillus). FeS@MC stimulated extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion to amplify sulfur oxidation gene expression (soxA: 126 % enrichment). Moreover, FeS@MC enhanced microbial electron transfer capacity, nitrate reductase activity and synergistically boosted denitrification kinetics, establishing a robust mixotrophic denitrification pathway for high total nitrogen removal efficiency. Our findings propose a novel carrier design paradigm by leveraging iron-sulfur carriers' dual role to optimize biofilm functionality and redox balance, promoting sustainable SAD application in carbon-constrained wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40712341, year = {2025}, author = {Wackernagel, LM and Kikhney, J and Kruis, T and Menzel, P and Schneider-Reigbert, M and Grubitzsch, H and Gogolok, J and Sander, LE and Kurth, F and Moter, A and Lingscheid, T}, title = {Biofilm-associated Achromobacter xylosoxidans prosthetic valve infective endocarditis.}, journal = {International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM}, volume = {320}, number = {}, pages = {151664}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2025.151664}, pmid = {40712341}, issn = {1618-0607}, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Achromobacter denitrificans/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; *Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology/diagnosis ; *Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology/diagnosis/drug therapy ; *Heart Valve Prosthesis/microbiology/adverse effects ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology/diagnosis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Aged, 80 and over ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Gram-negative bacteria is a rare but increasingly recognized emerging infectious disease. Achromobacter xylosoxidans, a Gram-negative non-fermenting opportunistic bacterium, has rarely been associated with IE and its biofilm potential in vivo is unknown.<br><br>METHODS: Specimens from a patient with A. xylosoxidans IE were obtained during cardiac surgery. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for visualization of microorganisms within heart valve tissues in combination with 16S rRNA gene PCR and sequencing (FISHseq) for correlation with prior blood culture isolates and to establish a definite diagnosis. The infected prosthetic valve had been implanted six months before. Following implantation, the patient developed relapsing bacteremia with A. xylosoxidans over three months, despite repeated adequate antibiotic treatment.<br><br>RESULTS: Conventional microbiological analysis of the explanted valve yielded no bacterial growth and prior imaging by repeated positron emission tomography and transesophageal echocardiography did not reveal evidence of infective endocarditis. FISHseq detected A. xylosoxidans in the heart valve samples and demonstrated numerous microorganisms, including FISH-positive, metabolically active bacteria, within in-vivo-grown biofilms. The genomic profile of A. xylosoxidans LB-23-519-25 confirmed the presence of resistance genes commonly found in this intrinsically multidrug-resistant species, which, together with biofilm formation, explains the observed therapeutic failure.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Valve culture and imaging failed to identify this case of Gram-negative bacteria IE correctly, but diagnosis of definite IE was eventually established via FISHseq according to the 2023 Duke-ISCVID Criteria. The biofilm-forming potential of A. xylosoxidans and its implications for the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy should be considered in future patients.}, }
@article {pmid40711350, year = {2025}, author = {Fan, L and Liu, K and Yang, J and Kandegama, WMWW and Wang, P}, title = {From Spiropyran to a Circadian-Responsive Photochromic Supramolecular System for Sustainable Crop Protection: Enhanced Photostability, Biofilm Disintegration, and Foliar Adhesion.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {64}, number = {37}, pages = {e202507179}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202507179}, pmid = {40711350}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {2022YFD1700300//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; GCC[2023]008//Innovation Program for High-level Talents of Guizhou Province/ ; ZK[2022]017//Guizhou Provincial S&amp;T Project/ ; Guidakechuangtuan[2023]03//Research and Innovation Team of Guizhou University/ ; Guidazhuanjihe[2024]02//Natural Science Special Project of Guizhou University/ ; 82404431//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22467025//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Indoles/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Nitro Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Benzopyrans/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Leaves/microbiology/drug effects ; Photochemical Processes ; Molecular Structure ; Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring ; Macrocyclic Compounds ; Imidazolidines ; Cucurbit(n)urils ; }, abstract = {Biofilms establish protective sanctuaries that shield resident bacteria, facilitating resistance. Despite extensive efforts, current chemicals for biofilm eradication remain insufficient, with the reliance on single-structure antimicrobials further exacerbating resistance. Photoisomerizable spiropyran derivatives reversibly transition between conformational states, alternately exerting antimicrobial activity against pathogens and potentially mitigating resistance. However, the biofilm-eradicating potential of spiropyran derivatives remains unverified, while their application is hindered by limited fatigue resistance, suboptimal foliar affinity, and reliance on UV-induced isomerization, all of which are incompatible with sustainable agriculture. Herein, we present a supramolecular strategy to fabricate SpA6(MC)⊂CB[8], a self-assembled complex of the spiropyran derivative SpA6 and cucurbit[8]uril, offering day-night cycle isomerization, enhanced photostability, potent biofilm disruption, improved foliar adhesion, and high antibacterial activity. Notably, neither ambient light nor darkness attenuates its potency, enabling persistent antibacterial activity across diverse molecular configurations. In vivo studies demonstrate its superior dual protective/curative efficacy (54.73%/49.60%) at 200 µg mL[-1] against bacterial leaf blight, surpassing thiazole copper (37.63%/33.58%) and bismerthiazol (31.20%/25.59%) without compromising safety, while extended indications reveal its enhanced efficacy (78.99%/63.50%) against citrus canker, outperforming thiazole copper (59.50%/41.42%). This work establishes a paradigm for developing light-responsive supramolecular agrochemicals that combine structural dynamism with enhanced functionality, offering sustainable solutions against plant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40711288, year = {2025}, author = {Xue, Y and Shi, F and Zhou, B and Shi, Y and Luo, W and Zhu, J and Yang, Y and Chen, S and Qin, T and Peng, D and Yin, Y}, title = {Biofilm Formation, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Analysis of Human and Avian Origin Klebsiella pneumoniae from Jiangsu, China.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40711288}, issn = {2306-7381}, support = {32172942//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BE2022774//Key Research and Development Program of Social Development of Jiangsu Province/ ; CX(23)3071//Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province/ ; BK20240045//Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; LYKJ[2024]16//Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project of Jiangsu Province/ ; yzuxk202004//Yangzhou University Interdisciplinary Research Foundation for Veterinary Medicine Discipline of Targeted Support/ ; D18007//111 Project/ ; PAPD//a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; }, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae, a zoonotic pathogen of global concern, poses significant threats to both veterinary and public health. Here, a comparative study characterized 14 clinical isolates (7 avian-derived, 7 human-derived) from Jiangsu, China, through integrated genomic and phenotypic analyses. Firstly, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed distinct epidemiological patterns: the same ST type in avian isolates was circulating between different species and different regions, whereas it was not found in human isolates. In addition, hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) phenotypes confirmed by string test were exclusive to two human isolates (KP15, KP20). Secondly, biofilm detection demonstrated 78.6% (11/14) of isolates possessed biofilm-forming capacity, with cellulose but not curli as the predominant matrix component. Human-derived KP15 and KP20 had the strongest biofilm formation ability in all isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling identified serious multidrug resistance in both avian and human isolates. Virulence gene analysis revealed striking disparities, with human isolates harboring 10-20 virulence factors (median 15) versus 6-7 (median 6.5) in avian counterparts. Finally, functional pathogenesis assessments demonstrated human-derived strains exhibited stronger epithelial cell adhesion (2-fold higher) and invasion (1.97-fold higher) in Calu-3 cell models and paradoxically showed reduced macrophage phagocytosis (2.85-fold lower at 2 h) for immune escape. In vivo models confirmed dose-dependent mortality, with human isolates demonstrating higher lethality in both Galleria mellonella and mice. Virulence gene burden positively correlated with mortality outcomes. These findings delineate critical host adaptation differences in Klebsiella pneumoniae populations and provide empirical evidence for pathogen transmission dynamics at the human-animal interface.}, }
@article {pmid40710169, year = {2025}, author = {Strenge, JT and Smeets, R and Geffken, M and Beikler, T and Stuermer, EK}, title = {Effect of Mouth Rinsing and Antiseptic Solutions on Periodontitis Bacteria in an In Vitro Oral Human Biofilm Model.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40710169}, issn = {2304-6767}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: The formation of oral biofilms in periodontal pockets and around dental implants with induction of periodontitis or peri-implantitis is an increasing problem in dental health. The intelligent design of a biofilm makes the bacteria embedded in the biofilm matrix highly tolerant to antiseptic therapy, often resulting in tooth or implant loss. The question therefore arises as to which mouthwashes have eradication potential against oral biofilm. Methods: A human oral biofilm model was developed based on donated blood plasma combined with buffy coats, inoculated with oral pathogenic bacterial species found in periodontal disease (Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mitis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis). Over a span of 7 days, we tested different mouth rinsing and antiseptic solutions (Chlorhexidine, Listerine[®], NaOCl, Octenisept[®], and Octenident[®]) covering the matured biofilm with 24 h renewal. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as a control. Bacterial growth patterns were detected via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after 2, 4, and 7 days of treatment. Results: While all groups showed initial bacterial reduction, the control group demonstrated strong regrowth from day 2 to 4. Listerine showed a near-significant trend toward bacterial suppression. Additionally, strain-specific efficacy was observed, with Octenisept[®] being most effective against Streptococcus mitis, Octenident[®] and NaOCl showing superior suppression of Actinomyces naeslundii, and Listerine[®] outperforming other solutions in reducing Fusobacterium nucleatum. Donor-specific, individual variability further influenced treatment outcomes, with distinct trends in bacterial suppression and regrowth observed across donors. Conclusions: These findings underscore the complexity of biofilm-associated infections and highlight the importance of targeted therapeutic approaches for managing bacterial biofilms. In this experiment, the donor-specific outcomes of the antimicrobial effects of the solutions may indicate that genetic predisposition/tolerance to oral infections appears to play a critical role in the control of oral biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40708751, year = {2025}, author = {Cheng, P and Li, Z and Liu, L and Li, R and Zhou, J and Luo, X and Mu, X and Sun, J and Ma, J and A, X}, title = {Characterization and antimicrobial activity of a novel lytic phage vB_SmaS_QH16 against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: in vitro, in vivo, and biofilm studies.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1610857}, pmid = {40708751}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/virology/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Mice ; *Bacteriophages/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure/genetics/classification ; Host Specificity ; Genome, Viral ; *Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Sewage/virology ; Phage Therapy ; Bacteriolysis ; Open Reading Frames ; Moths/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an important opportunistic pathogen resistant to multiple antibiotics, necessitates alternative therapies. Phages, with their high specificity and bacteriolytic ability, are emerging as promising antibiotic alternatives. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel lytic phage targeting S. maltophilia and to evaluate its antibacterial potential.<br><br>METHODS: A novel lytic phage, vB_SmaS_QH16, was isolated from hospital sewage using S. maltophilia no.981 as the host. Phage morphology was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and genome sequencing and annotation were performed. Host range, efficiency of lysis (EOP), optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), one-step growth curves, and physicochemical stability were also determined. Biofilm inhibition and eradication were assessed using crystal violet staining, MTT assays, and acridine orange fluorescence microscopy. Using Galleria mellonella and mouse infection models, the in vivo anti-infective effects of phages were evaluated.<br><br>RESULTS: Phage vB_SmaS_QH16, a member of the class Caudoviricetes, has a 43,500 bp genome with 64 open reading frames (ORFs) and no virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny-related genes. It exhibits a broad host range, lysing 47.95% (35/73) of tested S. maltophilia strains. The optimal MOI was 0.01, with an average burst size of 37.69 PFU/cell. The phage is stable at 4-50 &#xb0;C and pH 3.0-11.0 but is highly sensitive to UV light. It effectively inhibits biofilm formation and eradicates mature biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. In vitro, the phage significantly suppresses bacterial growth, though resistant mutants emerge over time. In vivo, vB_SmaS_QH16 increases the survival rates of larvae and mice, with a higher MOI offering better protection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Phage vB_SmaS_QH16 shows therapeutic potential against S. maltophilia infections, characterized by a broad host range, efficient lytic capability, and biofilm-disrupting activity. Its stability and safety further support its clinical application potential. Future research should explore its biofilm disruption mechanisms and monitor resistance development. Additionally, since its efficacy has been validated in mammalian models, further studies can focus on advancing its clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid40708560, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, J and An, N and Zhang, L and Duan, Z and Li, J}, title = {The effect of the biofilm-forming Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F3-2 on improving lipid accumulation in vitro.}, journal = {Food &amp; function}, volume = {16}, number = {16}, pages = {6401-6410}, doi = {10.1039/d5fo02121a}, pmid = {40708560}, issn = {2042-650X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Probiotics/pharmacology ; Mice ; Animals ; Humans ; *Lipid Metabolism ; 3T3-L1 Cells ; HT29 Cells ; *Lactiplantibacillus plantarum/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Adipocytes/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Obesity correlates with gut microbiota dysbiosis, with beneficial microbial intervention emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity-associated metabolic disorders. In previous studies, we screened Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F3-2 (L. plantarum F3-2) with the ability to inhibit lipid accumulation, but its biofilm-forming capacity and consequent impacts on probiotic functionality remain uncharacterized. Based on this, this study characterized the biofilm formation capacity of L. plantarum F3-2, analyzing its structural organization along with extracellular matrix composition. Comparative evaluation between planktonic and biofilm-states was performed using in vitro models to assess differential responses in gastrointestinal tolerance and probiotic functionality. Results revealed L. plantarum F3-2 as a robust biofilm-forming strain, developing biofilms approximately 11 μm thick after 24 h of cultivation, with extracellular polysaccharides identified as the primary extracellular matrix component. In vitro assays showed that biofilm-state L. plantarum F3-2 exhibited superior gastrointestinal tolerance, HT-29 cell adhesion, and 3T3-L1 adipocyte lipid accumulation inhibition compared to planktonic cells. These results provide a foundation for developing high-efficacy L. plantarum F3-2 probiotic products targeting adipogenesis suppression.}, }
@article {pmid40708487, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, L and Sriram, G and Chew, RJJ and Tan, KS}, title = {Limosilactobacillus reuteri-Fusobacterium nucleatum Interactions Modulate Biofilm Composition and Immunogenicity.}, journal = {Journal of periodontal research}, volume = {60}, number = {10}, pages = {1006-1017}, pmid = {40708487}, issn = {1600-0765}, support = {A-0002964-00-00//BioGaia/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fusobacterium nucleatum/immunology/physiology ; *Limosilactobacillus reuteri/immunology/physiology ; Humans ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology/physiology ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Fibroblasts/microbiology ; Epithelial Cells/microbiology ; Monocytes/microbiology/immunology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Microbial Interactions/immunology ; }, abstract = {AIM: The interactions between Limosilactobacillus reuteri and oral bacteria are poorly understood. This study seeks to characterize how two strains of L. reuteri coaggregate with Fusobacterium nucleatum, determining the impact on the biofilm composition and immunogenicity.<br><br>METHODS: A series of in&#xa0;vitro experiments was conducted using L. reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, and Porphyromonas gingivalis W50. The coaggregation between individual strains of L. reuteri, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis was evaluated using the tube coaggregation assay and confocal microscopy. Biofilm compositions were determined by confocal microscopy and culture. The effect of coaggregation on the immunogenicity of L. reuteri-F. nucleatum aggregates were evaluated using periodontal ligament fibroblasts, oral epithelial cells, and monocytes.<br><br>RESULTS: Both L. reuteri DSM and PTA strains demonstrated coaggregation with F. nucleatum. This interaction reduced the amount of F. nucleatum in biofilm by 1000-fold. Additionally, the coaggregation between L. reuteri and F. nucleatum lowered its immunogenicity. Furthermore, the coaggregation of L. reuteri with F. nucleatum led to a 50% reduction in the amount of P. gingivalis present in the biofilm.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates novel mechanisms through which L. reuteri can exert its effects as a probiotic. The coaggregation with L. reuteri modulates the immunogenicity of F. nucleatum and impairs its ability to serve as the bridging species, altering the biofilm composition, thus limiting the extent of dysbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40707616, year = {2025}, author = {Ravindran, S and Radha, R and Terro, T and Diab, R and Khodja, A and Al-Sayah, MH}, title = {Photoactivated carbon dots immobilized on cellulose for antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {27020}, pmid = {40707616}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Khodja_A_CAS-URG23//American University of Sharjah,United Arab Emirates/ ; Khodja_A_CAS-URG23//American University of Sharjah,United Arab Emirates/ ; Khodja_A_CAS-URG23//American University of Sharjah,United Arab Emirates/ ; FRG23-C-S64//American University of Sharjah/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Cellulose/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Carbon/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Quantum Dots/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Pathogenic bacterial infections represent a major threat to human health, which is worsened by the rise of antibiotic resistance stemming from misuse. Carbon dots (CCM-PBA-NH2) were synthesized and examined for their potential as photo-activated antimicrobial agents to address this issue. Various characterization methods were employed to investigate the structure and morphology of the CCM-PBA-NH2 carbon dots (CDs). Techniques including UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR, zeta potential analysis, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and TEM were utilized to assess their physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, surface functionalities and charge distribution. These carbon dots exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They effectively prevented biofilm formation and disrupted preformed biofilms while displaying low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells at concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL. The antibacterial properties of carbon dots were also evaluated on cellulose and oxidized cellulose fiber surfaces, where a significant reduction in bacterial growth was noted. CD-modified oxidized cellulose displayed strong adhesion, positioning carbon dots as a promising candidate for use in antimicrobial materials, including wound dressings and sterilization tools. Combining carbon dots with biocompatible carriers, like cellulose, presents a versatile and effective strategy for fighting bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid40707565, year = {2025}, author = {Sivakumar, L and John Durai Kumar, JV and Madhavan, S and Mina Parvesh, KU and Arunagiri, SK and Rajadesingu, S and Sugumar, S and Jayaraman, N and Leela, KV and Karthik, A and Malik, T and Punniyakotti, P}, title = {Isolation and identification of bacteriophage against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and their biofilm Inhibition studies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {26964}, pmid = {40707565}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/ultrastructure ; Sewage/virology ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; *Myoviridae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm development plays a crucial role in causing serious health concerns in the medical sector. The adhesion of germs on living and non-living surfaces can lead to damage as well as diseases in humans, and other animals. To address this problem, researchers focus exclusively on bacteriophage therapy. In the present study, lytic phage with 10[10] PFU/mL was isolated from hospital sewage samples by targeting Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The morphological study of the isolated phage was examined under high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) by using 2% of uranyl acetate as a negative staining, which revealed that the isolated phage belonged to the Myoviridae family. Bacterial turbidity assay showed reduced optical density (OD) in 0.01 multiplicity of infection (MOI) and no growth in 0.1 and 1.0 MOI phage concentration which was compared with control (without phage-treated E. coli cells). The phage-host interaction was investigated using an HR-TEM after treating the phage for 30 min, which showed the lytic cycle of the phage. Further, the E. coli biofilm was assessed using a microplate reader after 24 and 48 h on 96 titer plates with crystal violet staining to confirm the inhibition efficiency of phage-treated biofilm quantitatively (83%). Then the compound and fluorescence microscopy were used for qualitative measurement of inhibition activity. Further, the biofilm formation of E. coli on a coverslip surface was analysed using scanning electron microscopy, comparing samples treated with 0.1 MOI of phage to untreated controls. About 10% of countable cells only present over the phage-treated surface (90% of biofilm inhibition). The outcome of this study revealed that phage treatment effectively suppressed the E. coli biofilm development, and it can be used as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for the control of biofilm formation on surfaces specifically in hospital environments.}, }
@article {pmid40706838, year = {2025}, author = {Cui, S and Yang, R and Zhu, Y and Hou, J and Shi, Y and Xu, M and Yang, L and Chen, X}, title = {Comammox-based simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in mainstream membrane-aerated biofilm reactor - A modeling study.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {122423}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122423}, pmid = {40706838}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Nitrification ; *Denitrification ; *Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; *Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study applied a novel complete ammonium oxidation (comammox)-inclusive biological nitrogen removal (BNR) model to simulate total nitrogen (TN) removal and nitrous oxide (N2O) production in mainstream membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) performing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The results were compared with those from a conventional comammox-exclusive BNR model under the same operational conditions. The findings revealed that the MABR involving the functionality of comammox bacteria capable of two-step nitrification demonstrated superior TN removal performance compared to the MABR performing the conventional ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)-based SND. Although comammox bacteria cannot produce N2O directly, the unexpected functional shift of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria from an N2O sink in the MABR with AOB-based SND to an N2O source in the MABR with comammox-based SND resulted in even higher N2O production factors in the latter driven by the abundant nitrite/nitrate supply provided by comammox bacteria performing two-step nitrification under specific conditions (e.g., O2 surface loading ≥ 3.53 g-O2/m[2]/d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) ≥ 0.7 d). By precisely regulating operational conditions (e.g., O2 surface loading = 3.16 g-O2/m[2]/d, influent C/N ratio = 6, HRT = 0.60 d, and steady-state biofilm thickness = 300 μm), the MABR performing comammox-based SND could achieve efficient TN removal (e.g., 81.3 %) with minimal N2O production/emissions (e.g., 0.06 %). This study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing comammox-based SND in MABR and provided critical insights for advancing further research and design/control of sustainable BNR systems.}, }
@article {pmid40706793, year = {2025}, author = {Li, K and Chen, Z and Hao, W}, title = {Electrochemical-oxidative dualism: Decoupling the acute effects of lake water-aged tire wear particles on periphytic biofilm-mediated denitrification.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {383}, number = {}, pages = {126876}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126876}, pmid = {40706793}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Denitrification ; *Lakes/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Microplastics ; Nitrates ; }, abstract = {As emerging microplastic pollutants, tire wear particles (TWPs) have unclear photochemical impacts on aquatic nitrogen cycles. This study investigated how three types of TWPs-mechanically generated via rolling (R-TWPs), sliding (S-TWPs), and low-temperature crushing (C-TWPs)-and their aged counterparts (AC-, AR-, AS-TWPs) influenced nitrate reduction in periphytic biofilms. Aging in lake water altered the surface properties of TWPs: AC- and AR-TWPs accumulated inorganic ions and organic coatings, while AS-TWPs facilitated microbial colonization. Aged TWPs exhibited enhanced electron exchange capacity (EEC) and elevated levels of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). However, neither fresh nor aged TWPs altered nitrate removal, denitrification gene abundance (nirK, nirS), or microbial community structure in a dose-dependent manner; their impacts showed no simple correlation with EEC or EPFRs. Under illumination, TWPs acted as electron shuttles, transferring photogenerated electrons. Quenching hydroxyl radicals (·OH) revealed a strong positive correlation between EEC (specifically, electron donating and accepting capacities) and nitrate removal rates (r = 0.928-0.957, p < 0.01). Variance partitioning analysis identified EPFRs as promoters (contribution: 0.16) and ·OH as inhibitors (contribution: -0.18) of denitrification. At concentrations of 1.0-50.0 mg L[-1] over 7 days, TWPs exerted paradoxical effects on urban river nitrogen cycling. This paradox arose from synergistic interactions between surface-active components (e.g., carbon black, zinc oxide) and photosensitive moieties (e.g., EPFRs, redox functional groups). This work highlights the dual role of photoactive TWPs in modulating aquatic nitrogen cycles and underscores the necessity of evaluating their photochemical reactivity and oxidative stress effects when assessing microplastic pollution in urban water systems.}, }
@article {pmid40706551, year = {2025}, author = {Das, RP and Pradhan, AK}, title = {Unveiling key hub genes in E. coli biofilm formation: An in silico approach integrating differential gene expression, biosurfactant targeting, MD simulation and MM-PBSA free energy calculations.}, journal = {Computational biology and chemistry}, volume = {119}, number = {}, pages = {108596}, doi = {10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2025.108596}, pmid = {40706551}, issn = {1476-928X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/drug effects/physiology ; *Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Thermodynamics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli is a critical factor in antibiotic resistance and persistent infections, posing significant challenges to public health. In this study, we evaluated the biofilm inhibition potential of two novel biosurfactants, BG2A and BG2B, targeting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the maturation stages of biofilm development. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed significant transcriptional changes in biofilm-associated pathways, with pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses identifying key biological processes. Protein-protein interaction (PPi) network analysis and hub gene identification pinpointed critical regulatory nodes, such as ibpA, ybeD, and ycjF, which play pivotal roles in biofilm maturation and stability. Molecular docking studies demonstrated strong binding affinities, due to its higher binding energy and stable hydrogen bonding networks. These findings were further corroborated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which demonstrated complex stability through low RMSD and RMSF values. Binding free energy calculations using the Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) approach highlighted substantial van der Waals and electrostatic contributions to binding. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) and free energy landscape (FEL) analyses provided insights into the conformational dynamics of the ligand-protein complexes. Taken together, this in silico study suggests that BG2A and BG2B hold promise as potential inhibitors of E. coli biofilm maturation. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to experimentally validate their therapeutic potential and establish their efficacy in clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid40705114, year = {2025}, author = {Joshi, SR and Bhattacharjee, K}, title = {Purification and Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptide from an Epilithic Bacterium Streptomyces sp. AL50 with Activity Against Biofilm Forming Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {9}, pages = {407}, pmid = {40705114}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Streptomyces/chemistry/metabolism/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology/enzymology ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; Coagulase/metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is increasingly recognized as a promising new avenue in addressing the challenge of antibiotic resistance, offering a notable alternative to traditional antibiotic molecules. The current research focuses on extracting and characterizing AMP named as AMP1 from epilithic bacterial isolate Streptomyces sp. AL50, an area that has so far remained underexplored. The AMP1 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Subsequent analysis using Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed major band with molecular mass of approximately 10.83 kDa. The peptide demonstrated potent activity against Staphylococcus epidermis MTCC3615, with MIC value of 4 μg/mL. Remarkably, the peptide retained its activity up to 70 °C temperature and within a pH range of 6.0-8.0. However, its activity was abolished by proteinase K, trypsin, and papain, while pepsin, lipase, and α-amylase had no effect. Furthermore, AMP1 displayed notable capabilities in inhibiting and eradicating biofilms. These results indicate that AMP1 hold significant potential as antibiotic candidates for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid40702692, year = {2026}, author = {Kriechbaumer, LK and Deininger, C and Planitzer, A and Mitterer, M and Happak, W and Nürnberger, S and Marko, P and Filipp, S and Thalhammer, G and Frenzel, S and Hruby, L and Korn, G}, title = {Laser Disinfection Acts as Biofilm-Disrupter in Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI).}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {e70035}, pmid = {40702692}, issn = {1554-527X}, mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Biofilms/radiation effects ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Laser Therapy ; *Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Infections after joint arthroplasties represent a devastating and progressively escalating complication with increased morbidity and mortality. The eradication of biofilms from infected implants is still an unsolved challenge. The erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser, which delivers high-energy light for rapid tissue ablation, may offer an advancement. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this laser in removing biofilms from infected implant surfaces. In this prospective study, 31 patients with 33 early postoperative or acute hematogenous periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) were treated with our modified procedure of debridement, antibiotics, laser irradiation and implant retention (DALIR). Biofilm removal was compared between mechanical cleansing alone and the additional use of Er:YAG laser light. Therefore, swab cultures from the implants were taken at three distinct occasions: post-arthrotomy, after mechanical cleansing with a fluid disinfectant (LavaSurge), and after additional Er:YAG laser irradiation. The success rate of the DALIR procedure was compared with a prior group (n = 34) that underwent DAIR procedures without the Er:YAG laser at our clinic. The implementation of the laser system in our DAIR procedure was uncomplicated. The additional Er:YAG laser therapy significantly reduced viable microorganisms on implant surfaces (9.1%) compared to mechanical cleaning alone (42.4%; p < 0.01). The healing rate in our cohort was 78.1%, a substantial improvement over the previous rate of 44.1% (p < 0.01). Therefore, we recommend the use of Er:YAG laser irradiation as an additional tool for surface disinfection of metal implants in PJIs whenever a DAIR procedure seems to be beneficial. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06440564. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2B.}, }
@article {pmid40702445, year = {2025}, author = {Hamed, SM and Abdel-Daim, A and Tadros, SA and Zafer, MM}, title = {Filamentous prophages in the genomes of Acinetobacter baumannii from egypt: impact on biofilm formation and the potential to induce enterotoxicity.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {449}, pmid = {40702445}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Acinetobacter baumannii/virology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Prophages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Animals ; Egypt ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; Virulence ; Mice ; Caco-2 Cells ; Genome, Viral ; }, abstract = {Filamentous phages (FPs) have been recently isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii. While FPs are known to modulate the virulence of some Gram-negative pathogens, their role in A. baumannii has not been fully explored. This study analyzed 18 clinical isolates of A. baumannii from global clones (GC), with draft genomes generated by Illumina sequencing. All isolates were screened for filamentous prophage (FPP) genomes using the Zonula occludens toxin (Zot)-coding gene as a marker. Nine out of the 18 isolates were found to carry zot genes. The complete sequences of four FPPs were predicted. FPPs were exclusively found within GC1, GC7, and GC9 strains. Among the A. baumannii genomes deposited in the NCBI genomic database, FPPs were found to be disseminated in 42 Pasteur STs spanning at least six GCs, most commonly GC1. The impact of FPs on biofilm formation in A. baumannii was investigated using crystal violet assay. None of the zot-negative isolates formed strong biofilms, while six (66.6%) zot-positive isolates did. The biofilm indices of zot-positive isolates were significantly higher compared to zot-negative isolates. The potential enterotoxicity of the zot-positive strains was also assessed using in silico and experimental methods. The cytotoxic effect of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) on Caco-2 cells was measured by the MTT assay. Cells treated with CFSs from zot-positive strains exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity than those treated with CFSs from zot-negative strains. Upon injecting the CFS of a zot-positive strain intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice, severe diarrhea was observed within 6 h. Histological examination of the intestinal tissue 24 h post-injection revealed significant changes. In conclusion, this study suggests that FPPs are widely disseminated in A. baumannii GCs and may enhance biofilm formation and enterotoxicity, potentially contributing to the pathogen's virulence.}, }
@article {pmid40701417, year = {2025}, author = {Qin, L and Lin, Z and Kong, W and Xu, Y and Xie, J and Chen, S and Xiong, J and Wang, Y and Zhu, H and Wang, S}, title = {Resilience of microalgal-bacterial biofilm for saline wastewater treatment under sulfamethoxazole stress: Insights from microbial physiological and ecological responses.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {436}, number = {}, pages = {133019}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133019}, pmid = {40701417}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Wastewater/microbiology/chemistry ; *Microalgae/drug effects/physiology ; *Sulfamethoxazole/pharmacology ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Water Purification/methods ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Bacteria/drug effects/metabolism ; Ammonia ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {The emerging antibiotics in mariculture wastewater has challenged conventional biological treatment processes, but the impact of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on saline microalgal-bacterial symbiotic systems and the underlying microbial response mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the resilience of a microalgal-bacterial symbiotic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBS-MBBR) treating saline wastewater under SMX stress, focusing on nitrogen removal performance, microbial physiological activities, and ecological interactions. The ammonia removal efficiency remained stable (>99.0%) at 0.1-1 mg/L SMX but decreased to 62.3% at 5 mg/L SMX. Elevated SMX inhibited microbial respiration, but enhanced extracellular polymer substances synthesis and intracellular antioxidant activities. Microbial community analysis revealed that 0.1-1 mg/L SMX promoted the enrichment of denitrifer (Denitromonas), while 5 mg/L SMX suppressed nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira). SMX exhibited differential impacts to distinct nitrogen metabolic functions. Furthermore, microalgal-bacterial consortia exhibited enhanced cooperative interactions under SMX stress. This study provides theoretical support to stabilize engineering mariculture wastewater treatment processes.}, }
@article {pmid40701414, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, CY and Yu-Xia,  and Huo, JH and Nie, CL and Zhang, KX and Liang-Feng,  and Su, XL and Song, Z and Yi, GP and Sun, FY}, title = {Integrating methane conversion with multi-pathway nitrogen removal for wastewater in membrane-enabled stratified biofilm: System development and microbial dynamics.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {436}, number = {}, pages = {133021}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133021}, pmid = {40701414}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Methane/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; *Wastewater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Water Purification/methods ; Denitrification ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Nitrification ; }, abstract = {Global demands for energy-neutral wastewater treatment drive innovation in sustainable nitrogen removal. A single-biofilm membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) was constructed for efficient aerobic methane oxidation coupled with simultaneous ammonia oxidation and denitrification (AME-AOD). Through meticulous refinement in aspects such as membrane materials and gas-to-feed ratios, the best-performing biofilm achieved a high total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of 97 % ± 2 %. The system ultimately reduced TN from 51.6 ± 0.7 mg l[-1] to approximately 5 mg l[-1] within 16 h with a methane conversion efficiency of 30.0 ± 0.9 mg-CH4/mg-N. From startup, the biofilm supported stable coexistence of aerobic and anoxic processes, with gene abundances related to nitrification and denitrification increasing by 1.6-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After long-term operation, ecological niche differentiation enabled coexistence and synergistic interaction of methanotrophs, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), denitrifiers, and nitrifiers within each layer of the biofilm. Overall, this study offers a new strategy to advance sustainable mainstream nitrogen removal in wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40701385, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Ma, J and Li, Z and Xie, J and Zhang, Y and Yu, M and Xia, Y and Gong, W and Zhang, K and Wang, G and Zhong, Q and Tian, J and Li, H and Xie, W}, title = {C4-HSL drives rapid biofilm formation in low-temperature aquaculture effluent: strengthening structural stability of biofilm and improving nitrogen removal efficiency.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {122408}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122408}, pmid = {40701385}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Aquaculture ; Wastewater ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Quorum Sensing ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *4-Butyrolactone/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Cold Temperature ; }, abstract = {During the centralized discharge of winter aquaculture wastewater, low temperature (≤15 °C) and low C/N ratio (≤5) result in delayed initiation of the biofilm process and decreased nitrogen removal efficiency.The quorum sensing (QS) communication system serves as the core mechanism regulating biofilm formation. This study examined how adding N-butyyl-L-homo-serine lactone (C4-HSL) affects the start-up and nitrogen removal in sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBR) operated at 14 °C with a C/N ≤ 5. Biofilm adhesion tests showed that C4-HSL levels between 400 and 1200 ng/L notably boosted initial adhesion, peaking at 700 ng/L with a 57.5 % increase over the control. The SBBR results indicated that a high concentration of C4-HSL (700-1000 ng/L) effectively removed TN and COD, achieving a TN removal rate of 91.62 %, which was three times that of the control. C4-HSL enhances low-temperature biofilm nitrogen removal by remodeling the structure of functional microbial communities and enriching bacteria along with functional genes involved in biofilm formation and nitrification-denitrification. Additionally, C4-HSL specifically upregulated the abundance of flagella assembly and biofilm matrix synthesis genes (such as virD4, yegE) and quorum sensing-related genes (such as rpfB, bapA), promoting the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances. This drove the transition of biofilm structure from a loose state to a highly organized one, accelerating the maturation of biofilm adhesion and prolonging the stabilization period of the biofilm by 15-20 days. This study revealed the influence of C4-HSL on the initiation mechanism of low-temperature biofilm process from the perspective of quorum sensing regulation, providing a theoretical basis and technical pathway for developing aquaculture effluent treatment technologies based on quorum sensing regulation.}, }
@article {pmid40700432, year = {2025}, author = {Hope, JA and Kleinteich, J and Gerbersdorf, SU}, title = {Benthic biofilm structure and function under abrupt flow changes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {e0327216}, pmid = {40700432}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Bacteria ; Biomass ; Hydrodynamics ; }, abstract = {Sediment accumulation reduces the capacity of dammed systems worldwide, therefore understanding sediment stability and transport within a reservoir is fundamental for sustainable management. Fluctuating hydrodynamics can alter the physical disturbance exerted on the sediment bed and can lead to substantial resuspension of bottom sediments and benthic biofilms. Removal of the biofilm can drastically alter the biochemical environment in the bed, and its ability to stabilize underlying sediments as microphytobenthic and bacteria communities are removed. In this experiment, an 8-week long hydraulic flume experiment was conducted to examine the response, adaptation and functionality of biofilms exposed to abrupt increases in flow typical of flow managed systems. Water and resuspended sediment from an oligotrophic reservoir in Germany, were used to develop biofilms on inserted flume cartridges. Developed biofilms were haphazardly distributed across two flow treatments: high bed shear stress (0.7 Pa) or low bead shear stress (0.1 Pa) for 28 days. Biochemical changes and biostabilization potential (adhesiveness) were examined over this period. Microphytobenthic biomass and composition, bacterial community diversity and extracellular polymeric carbohydrates/proteins were all initially altered by the abrupt increase in flow as the biofilm was stripped away. Biochemical properties largely recovered by the end of the experimental period (28-days) with recovery time and the degree of re-establishment dependent on the initial biofilm condition. However, sediment beds exposed to higher flows remained less stable, suggesting this functional role of the biofilm may take longer to reestablish itself after periods of higher flow. Findings suggest flow management has the potential to alter biofilm development and highlight the importance of protein content and microphytobenthic biomass in the recovery of biostabilization, Microphytobenthic diversity and carbohydrate content had less influence in the recovery of biostabilization. The findings may be useful to reservoir managers to manipulate flow to allow stable benthic biofilms to improve water quality and/or reduce infilling.}, }
@article {pmid40699552, year = {2025}, author = {Sasoon, A and Nikkhahi, F and Javadi, A and Sabzi, S and Deilamani, MO and Kiaheyrati, N and Karampour, A and Peymani, A and Fardsanei, F}, title = {Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli From Poultry Farms and Clinical Samples.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {e70510}, pmid = {40699552}, issn = {2053-1095}, support = {IR.QUMS.REC.1400.439//Medical Microbiology Research Center,Qazvin university of Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Chickens ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Poultry ; Farms ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli affects human health through intestinal and extraintestinal infections. Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) contributes to colibacillosis in poultry and can develop public health risks. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm-producer strains are challenges in infection control options.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles as well as biofilm formation assay in E. coli isolates from clinical and poultry samples.<br><br>METHODS: In the study, 42 E. coli isolates were collected and confirmed from clinical and poultry sources. The isolates were evaluated for pathotypes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. PCR was utilized to identify antimicrobial resistance genes associated with fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and beta-lactams. Biofilm formation was evaluated using a 96-well microtiter plate.<br><br>RESULTS: Three clinical isolates, including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), were identified as pathogenic strains. The highest rates of resistance were recorded against tylosin (100%), neomycin (92.85%), tetracycline (85.7%), ampicillin (73.8%), doxycycline (71.4%), ciprofloxacin (64.28%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (64.28%) and enrofloxacin (57.1%). The most prevalent resistance genes detected as blaTEM and gyrA/B (97.6% and 76.1%, respectively). The overall prevalence of blaCTX, sul1, sul2, tetA and tetB genes were 21.4%, 45.2%, 11.9%, 33.3% and 7.1%, respectively. The qnrB, qnrB4 and qnrS genes were absent in the clinical samples, whereas present in poultry isolates. All isolates were biofilm producers, and 96.4% of poultry isolates had strong biofilm formation capacity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The alarming levels of resistance genes and biofilm formation of isolates in the present study emphasize the need for antibiotic management practices and further research on resistance transmission dynamics in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid40698934, year = {2025}, author = {Adams, CO and Campbell, JA and Zhang, B and Cleaver, L and Bier, SB and Mayoral, J and White, RC and Garnett, JA and Cianciotto, NP}, title = {Erratum for Adams et al., "Legionella pneumophila type II secretome reveals a polysaccharide deacetylase that impacts intracellular infection, biofilm formation, and resistance to polymyxin- and serum-mediated killing".}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {e0203425}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.02034-25}, pmid = {40698934}, issn = {2150-7511}, }
@article {pmid40698813, year = {2025}, author = {Hidrosollo, JH and Liao, H-W and Yap, CH and James, JJ and Lu, J-J and Tai, Y-H and Wei, C and Thuy, TTD and Chin, SP and Tay, ST and Chee, CF and Kao, CY}, title = {Indolenine-substituted pyrazole derivative 4e inhibits planktonic Staphylococcus lugdunensis growth and biofilm formation by disrupting purine biosynthesis and compromising cell wall and membrane integrity.}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy}, volume = {69}, number = {9}, pages = {e0019925}, pmid = {40698813}, issn = {1098-6596}, support = {113-2628-B-A49-011-MY3//National Science and Technology Council/ ; IIRG003C-19FNW//Universiti Malaya/ ; ST029-2020//Universiti Malaya/ ; RU001B-2021//Universiti Malaya/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; *Cell Wall/drug effects/metabolism ; Mice ; *Staphylococcus lugdunensis/drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Purines/biosynthesis ; Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Larva/microbiology/drug effects ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Plankton/drug effects ; *Indoles/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus lugdunensis is an emerging nosocomial pathogen responsible for biofilm-related infections. Here, we explored the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of the novel indolenine derivative 4e against S. lugdunensis and investigated its mechanisms of action. Its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were assessed against oxacillin-resistant S. lugdunensis CGMH-SL131 using in vitro and in vivo models, including human cell lines, Galleria mellonella larvae, and mice. Mechanistic insights were explored via untargeted metabolomics. 4e exhibited bacteriostatic activity against a panel of gram-positive bacteria, with a 1× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 µg/mL. Scanning electron microscope observations of cells treated with 0.5% SDS and 1× MIC 4e displayed signs of cell shape distortion, including complete shrinkage and bursting. 4e effectively inhibited biofilm formation by 54.3% at 1.56 µg/mL, and the minimum biofilm inhibition concentration 80% (MBIC80) was 3.125 µg/mL. In addition, 70.3% of 1-day preformed biofilms were dispersed at 1× MBIC80. 4e exhibited low cytotoxicity (>85% survival) in HaCaT, H10975, and Caco-2 cells at 1× MIC. When administered 1 hour post-infection, 4e (3.125 mg/kg) improved larval survival to 90%, matching tigecycline (2 mg/kg), whereas untreated larvae had only 20% survival after 7 days. In C57BL/6 mice, 4e (2.5 mg/kg) reduced kidney bacterial loads from 10[7] to 5.3 × 10[4] CFU. Untargeted metabolomics suggests that 4e's antibacterial and antibiofilm effects result from disrupting purine biosynthesis and compromising cell wall and membrane integrity. These findings highlight 4e as a promising new antibiofilm agent and potential alternative treatment for biofilm-related infections caused by S. lugdunensis and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus species.}, }
@article {pmid40698666, year = {2025}, author = {Ellepola, K and Bhatt, L and Chen, L and Han, C and Jahanbazi, F and Klie, RF and Lagunas Vargas, F and Mao, Y and Novakovsky, K and Sapkota, B and Pesavento, RP}, title = {Correction to "Nanoceria Aggregate Formulation Promotes Buffer Stability, Cell Clustering, and Reduction of Adherent Biofilm in Streptococcus mutans".}, journal = {ACS biomaterials science &amp; engineering}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {5122-5123}, doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01014}, pmid = {40698666}, issn = {2373-9878}, }
@article {pmid40697940, year = {2025}, author = {Nemchenko, U&#x41c; and Belkova, NL and Klimenko, ES and Smurova, NE and Zugeeva, RE and Sinkov, VV and Savilov, ED}, title = {Genetic potential for biofilm formation of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Vavilovskii zhurnal genetiki i selektsii}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {594-599}, doi = {10.18699/vjgb-25-62}, pmid = {40697940}, issn = {2500-0462}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of nosocomial respiratory tract infections and plays an important role in lower respiratory tract infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Biofilms, which are organized cell clusters, ensure the survival of microorganisms in unfavorable environmental conditions and contribute to the chronicity of infection and the formation of persistent forms. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic ability and genetic potential for biofilm formation in clinical strains of P. aeruginosa persisting in patients with CF against the background of constant intake of antimicrobial drugs. Bacteriological, genetic, and bioinformatic methods were used to characterize five P. aeruginosa strains obtained from patients with CF. Phenotypically, all strains were classified as moderately biofilm-forming, while the biofilm formation coefficient varied from 2.10 to 3.15. Analysis of draft genomes revealed differences in the representation of some genes or individual loci of three of the four known signaling pathways (cAMP/Vfr, Gac/Rsm, and c-di-GMP) that have been described in P. aeruginosa genomes and are related to the regulation of biofilm formation. In addition, differences in the representation of genes such as frzE, tcpE, and rcsC are shown. Of undoubted interest is the analysis of genes such as pppA, icmF, clpV1, trpE, trpG, and stp1, which are used for extended multilocus typing PubMLST and differed in the structure of loci in all analyzed strains. These genes can be used to identify clinical strains of P. aeruginosa and to characterize their biofilm-forming properties. Thus, genes potentially participating in both biofilm formation and regulation have been characterized in the genomes of clinical P. aeruginosa strains that persist for a long time in patients receiving continuous antibiotic therapy. Characterization of the genetic potential for biofilm formation makes it possible to search for reliable genetic markers of this process in order to monitor the evolution of the pathogen as a result of long-term persistence in the host organism.}, }
@article {pmid40697188, year = {2025}, author = {Asensio, NC and Rendón, JM and González López, JJ and Tizzano, SG and Martín Gómez, MT and Burgas, MT}, title = {Time-resolved dual transcriptomics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation in cystic fibrosis.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100301}, pmid = {40697188}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms cause severe infections in the airways of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) that are difficult to eradicate, even with intensive antibiotic therapy. The main goal of this study was to define the dual transcriptional response associated with the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilms in a polarized lung epithelium monolayer. We analyzed the dual response of healthy and CF epithelium after infection with P. aeruginosa isolates from acute and chronic infections. Our results show that strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from chronic infections specifically increase the expression of secretion systems of type I, III and VI to hijack the host response. Conversely, strains associated with acute illness use ABC transporters to counteract the antimicrobial response. In return, a distinctive expression pattern in the CF epithelium, including a high degree of cytokine secretion and keratinization, is largely observed in acute infections. Our results show that both host and pathogen genomic backgrounds contribute to the outcome of infection and specific transcriptional signatures could be used in the diagnosis, particularly in CF patients.}, }
@article {pmid40696645, year = {2025}, author = {Alharbi, NK and Elmanakhly, AR and Alhomrani, M and Alamri, AS and Mosbah, RA and AbdElrahman, M and El-Tarabili, RM and Alshehri, F and Bendary, MM}, title = {A cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study of biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {104}, number = {29}, pages = {e43346}, pmid = {40696645}, issn = {1536-5964}, mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/microbiology ; Egypt/epidemiology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Male ; Female ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cross Infection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; }, abstract = {There is growing concern regarding biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to the sudden rise in infection rates and associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, epidemiological studies, including molecular typing and correlation analysis, are essential for understanding this pathogen. This cross-sectional study investigated epidemiological factors and correlations in MRSA isolates. A total of 300 clinical samples were collected between January and March 2023 from 2 healthcare facilities, including various sample types such as sputum, blood, urine, pus, wound swabs, and other body fluids. This study employed various phenotypic and genotypic methodologies, including adherence assays using standard microtiter plates, the Congo red agar method, antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiling, and multi-locus sequence typing. Among 300 clinical samples from 2 healthcare facilities in Egypt, 94 MRSA isolates were confirmed as biofilm producers. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 8 distinct sequence types (ST8, ST80, ST239, ST15, ST22, ST113, ST398, ST984), found in surgical unit samples across both facilities. Notably, ST22-MRSA was present in all departments, indicating its widespread nature and potential for cross-departmental transmission. ST239-MRSA, the most prevalent strain (22.3%), was found in all departments except burn units. Alarmingly, 95.7% of isolates exhibited multidrug-resistant patterns. However, resistance to vancomycin and imipenem was low among biofilm-producing isolates. The high diversity of MRSA strains suggests multiple sources of infection rather than a single origin. Although most isolates were unrelated, the presence of 2 ST80 isolates in sputum samples from the same unit underscores the importance of targeted infection control within and between hospital areas. ST8-MRSA strains carrying the vanA gene were predominantly identified in body fluid samples, highlighting the need for regular testing in such cases. The diversity of MRSA strains across hospital departments indicates a complex infection landscape with no single source. Although certain genetic markers are linked to specific sequence types, they are not reliable indicators of MRSA clonality. These findings emphasize the need for strict infection control measures and regular testing, particularly for ST8-MRSA in body fluids.}, }
@article {pmid40695750, year = {2025}, author = {Driscoll, DA and Khilnani, T and Coates, T and Premkumar, A and Nishtala, SN and Bostrom, MPG and Carli, AV}, title = {The Majority of Studies Investigating Biofilm in Orthopedics Score Poorly Using a Standardized Measure of Quality: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {1865-1874}, doi = {10.1002/jor.70034}, pmid = {40695750}, issn = {1554-527X}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Humans ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Animals ; *Orthopedics/standards ; }, abstract = {The development of bacterial biofilm is central to the pathogenesis of periprosthetic joint infections following arthroplasty. Consequently, biofilm research in orthopedic surgery has expanded. This study assessed the quality of current orthopedic literature pertaining to the study of biofilm and identified the most commonly used study designs and techniques. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and adapted for Embase and the Cochrane Library. Studies were stratified into in vitro, in vivo (animal), and clinical (human) studies. Studies were included if they evaluated biofilm in an orthopedic context. Clinical studies were included if biofilm was confirmed by a quantification or visualization. Studies were assessed based on study design, biofilm quantification and visualization techniques and quality using the MIABiE score, a standardized tool in appraising biofilm studies. Of 258 studies identified; 65 studies were included after screening. There were 35 studies (50.7%) that evaluated techniques for biofilm treatment, 14 studies (20.3%) evaluated materials for prevention of biofilm formation, and 20 studies (29.0%) investigated descriptive biofilm properties unrelated to treatment or prevention. In vitro studies were most common (62.3%, n = 43). Biofilm quantification techniques were used in 83.0% of studies (n = 57), while only 29 studies (42.0%) used visualization techniques. Most studies (n = 55, 84.6%) were classified as low-quality based on MIABiE.}, }
@article {pmid40695646, year = {2025}, author = {Ghezzi, B and Artesani, L and Giovati, L and Croci, S and Valotti, F and Mergoni, G and Manfredi, M}, title = {Biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts and formation of microbial biofilm on 3D-printed dental resin restorations.}, journal = {Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {1266-1276}, doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2025.07.012}, pmid = {40695646}, issn = {1879-0097}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Fibroblasts ; *Gingiva/cytology/microbiology ; Candida albicans/physiology ; Streptococcus sanguis ; Surface Properties ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Composite Resins/chemistry ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; *Dental Restoration, Permanent ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Dental Materials/chemistry ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the interaction dynamics among two commercially available 3D printed resins (V and R) presenting different surface topographies and human gingival fibroblasts, as well as oral microorganisms.<br><br>METHODS: 3D-printed samples of two commercial resins underwent various polishing treatments. Surfaces characteristics and biological interactions were analyzed with contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), cellular viability assays, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The formation of mono- and polymicrobial biofilms of Streptococcus sanguinis and Candida albicans on the resins was evaluated through SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).<br><br>RESULTS: AFM and SEM analyses revealed significant differences in surface roughness and hydrophilicity among the treatments. Both the resins demonstrated good biocompatibility, however one altered fibroblastic morphology, a finding supported by the differential expression of IT&#x3b1;-6 and IL-6 genes. Variations in the total biomass of S. sanguinis and C. albicans were observed between untreated controls and treated surfaces.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: The V resin exhibited superior performance in reducing microbial adhesion and promoting favorable interactions with human gingival fibroblasts in its commercial form, outperforming R resin.}, }
@article {pmid40692686, year = {2025}, author = {Fabrizio, G and Cavallo, I and Sivori, F and Truglio, M and Kovacs, D and Francalancia, M and D'Agosto, G and Trento, E and Prignano, G and Mastrofrancesco, A and Ruzič-Sabljič, E and Pimpinelli, F and Di Domenico, EG}, title = {Genomic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm-forming Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii from patients with erythema migrans.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1619660}, pmid = {40692686}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Borrelia burgdorferi Group/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology/classification ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Bacterial ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Lyme Disease/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Azithromycin/pharmacology ; *Erythema Chronicum Migrans/microbiology ; Ceftriaxone/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are the leading causes of Lyme borreliosis (LB) in Europe. Persistent LB forms may involve biofilms, potentially contributing to antibiotic tolerance.<br><br>METHODS: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on 7 B. afzelii and 5 B. garinii isolates from erythema migrans skin biopsies. Biofilms were analyzed for extracellular DNA (eDNA) content and biomass. A phenol red metabolic assay assessed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline.<br><br>RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis revealed B. afzelii and B. garinii formed distinct clades, while B. burgdorferi B31 clustered separately. Core genome analysis showed 38.9% of genes were shared between B. afzelii and B. garinii, decreasing to 26.1% with B. burgdorferi. The cloud genome expanded from 34.4% to 53.4% with the addition of B. burgdorferi. No antimicrobial resistance genes were detected. Surface adhesion gene profiles exhibited significant variation across species, suggesting potential functional differences in host adaptation. B. afzelii and B. garinii species exhibited biofilms, with biomass correlating significantly with eDNA production. MIC values were 0.25 &#x3bc;g/mL (amoxicillin, ceftriaxone), 0.125 &#x3bc;g/mL (azithromycin), and 0.5 &#x3bc;g/mL (doxycycline), with no significant interspecies differences. However, MBIC values were considerably higher: 2 &#x3bc;g/mL (amoxicillin, azithromycin), 16 &#x3bc;g/mL (ceftriaxone), and 32 &#x3bc;g/mL (doxycycline).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilms in B. afzelii and B. garinii significantly reduce antibiotic efficacy, particularly ceftriaxone and doxycycline. These in vitro findings highlight the need for targeted therapeutic strategies and suggest biofilms may impact treatment outcomes in LB.}, }
@article {pmid40691778, year = {2025}, author = {Sudheer, A and Taj, Z and Nidhin, IK and Chattopadhyay, I}, title = {Unraveling the Transcriptomic Adaptations of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm to the Post-Biotic Impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {133}, number = {7}, pages = {e70054}, doi = {10.1111/apm.70054}, pmid = {40691778}, issn = {1600-0463}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/genetics/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Transcriptome ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Lactiplantibacillus plantarum/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Mouth Neoplasms/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a multifactorial disease influenced by microbial dysbiosis and biofilm-induced chronic inflammation. Streptococcus mutans, a principal pathogen, aggravates OSCC by fostering an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via biofilm development and virulence-related metabolic alterations. This work investigated the post-biotic effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in reducing S. mutans-related OSCC by obstructing bacterial adhesion, biofilm integrity, and virulence gene expression. GC-MS research revealed that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. plantarum contains the bioactive metabolite 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DTP), which demonstrates significant antibacterial and anti-tumor activities. The new antimicrobial peptide Plpl_18 exhibited substantial biofilm inhibition and reduction of bacterial viability. Transcriptomic research indicated that S. mutans 890 treatment with DTP and Plpl_18 downregulated essential biofilm-associated genes (gtfB, gtfC), disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, and initiated a metabolic transition towards lactose utilization. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) validated persistent interactions between DTP and Plpl_18 with bacterial virulence factors and OSCC-related proteins (p38, NF-κB), underscoring their therapeutic potential. This research offers innovative perspectives on probiotic biofilm suppression methods and identifies DTP and Plpl_18 as potential options for targeted treatments against S. mutans-induced OSCC. Subsequent investigations into clinical applications may facilitate the development of novel antibacterial interventions and cancer treatment methodologies.}, }
@article {pmid40691756, year = {2025}, author = {Yousef, A and Abu-Elghait, M and Rizk, MS and Abdel-Hamid, MS and Salem, SS and El-Sherbiny, GM}, title = {Combatting biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis clinical strains from the oral cavity using biogenic Se-NPs: molecular docking simulation and cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cancer cells.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {446}, pmid = {40691756}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Humans ; *Mouth/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Hep G2 Cells ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are one of the primary causes of pathogenic activity in the oral environment; they adhere to both natural and artificial oral surfaces, causing cariogenic processes that result in dental decay and significantly reducing the lifespan of dental restoratives and prostheses; they can also affect the tissues surrounding teeth, causing gingival inflammation; persistent biofilms can cause damage to the alveolar bone, which in extreme cases may result in tooth loss; our study aims to isolate clinical isolates that are resistant to multiple drugs, before disarming them by suppressing the formation of biofilms. Klebsiella pneumoniae A11(K. pneumoniae) and Bacillus subtilis A33 (B. subtilis) clinical isolates were determined, and the most potent clinical isolates were identified as the most virulent strains for further investigations using 16 S rDNA PCR sequencing, with accession numbers PP995146 and PP995148 respectively. Synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) were analyzed using FTIR Spectroscopy, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) of the [Se-NPs] solution revealed that it contained 88.49% selenium and 11.51% carbon, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to TEM images, the average size of Se-NPs was 45.4 nm, and their shape was nearly spherical. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of biogenic Se-NPs were 0.25 mg/mL for K. pneumoniaeA11 and 0.125 mg/mL for B. subtilisA33, with inhibition zones of 11-14 mm. Se-NPs significantly reduced biofilm formation at 0.125 and 0.25 mg/mL (p < 0.05), by 85.08% in K. pneumoniae A11 and 75.45% in B. subtilis A33. A synergistic effect with azithromycin was observed, with fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values of 0.502 and 0.253, respectively. Molecular interactions showed Se-NPs forming hydrophobic contacts in K. pneumoniae LuxS Synthase (Asp52, Asp132; binding energy - 3.9020 kcal/mol) and B. subtilis AbbA (His3, Met4, Arg5; -4.2489 kcal/mol). Se-NPs had an IC50 of 2.12 ± 0.02 µg/mL on HepG2 cells.}, }
@article {pmid40691687, year = {2025}, author = {Dashtizadeh, Z and Jookar Kashi, F}, title = {Comparison of anti-biofilm and cytotoxic activity of Ag/AgO, Ag/Ag2O, and Ag/AgCl nanocomposites synthesized using stem, leaf, and fruit pericarp of Prunus mahaleb L.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {26450}, pmid = {40691687}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; *Silver Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Prunus/chemistry ; Fruit/chemistry ; Animals ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Stems/chemistry ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Artemia/drug effects ; Green Chemistry Technology ; Oxides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant-derived biomolecules provides an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable approach with minimal environmental impact. The present study investigates the green synthesis of silver-based nanocomposites (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts from various anatomical parts of the stem, leaf, and fruit pericarp of Prunus mahaleb L., to assess their physicochemical properties, antibiofilm performance, and cytotoxic potential. Unlike conventional single-part plant synthesis, our multi-part approach introduces a diverse array of phytoconstituents, enhancing nanoparticle stability, morphological homogeneity, and functional bioactivity. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks at 426.00 nm, 414.00 nm, and 426.50 nm for Ag/AgO, Ag/Ag2O, and Ag/AgCl nanocomposites, respectively, indicating successful nanoparticle formation. FT-IR confirmed the presence of functional groups involved in reduction and stabilization. XRD patterns validated the crystalline nature of the nanocomposites, with Ag/AgO displaying the smallest crystallite size. SEM analyses showed spherical morphologies with average sizes of 43.55 nm (stem), 45.44 nm (leaf), and 61.66 nm (fruit pericarp), consistent with EDX-determined silver contents of 9.01%, 42.34%, and 18.25%, respectively. In bioactivity assays, Ag/AgO and Ag/Ag2O nanocomposites demonstrated moderate biofilm inhibition and exhibited pronounced cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality assay (LC50 = 28 ± 0.42 µg/ml and 28 ± 0.40 µg/ml, respectively). In contrast, the Ag/AgCl nanocomposite synthesized from the fruit pericarp extract showed strong anti-biofilm activity, with inhibition percentages reaching up to 145.71%, though it exhibited lower cytotoxicity (LC50 > 300 µg/ml). These results demonstrate the potential of P. mahaleb-mediated nanocomposites as promising candidates for biomedical applications, particularly in the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents.}, }
@article {pmid40690841, year = {2025}, author = {Li, ZY and Li, M and Zhang, XN and Zheng, K and Xiao, HB and Wang, AJ and Sun, YL}, title = {Mechanisms linking triclocarban biotransformation to functional response in sulfur-metabolism biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {496}, number = {}, pages = {139255}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139255}, pmid = {40690841}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Sulfur/metabolism ; *Carbanilides/metabolism ; Biotransformation ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {Triclocarban (TCC), a persistent antimicrobial compound widely present in municipal wastewater, poses potential risks to biological nitrogen removal processes. However, the potential risks posed by TCC to advanced treatment processes-particularly sulfur-metabolism biofilm reactor-remain poorly understood and require further elucidation. This study investigated the impact of TCC on sulfur-metabolism biofilm base on sulfur-metabolism biofilm reactor, focusing on nitrogen removal performance, TCC transformation pathways, and microbial community dynamics. The results showed that sulfur-metabolism biofilm maintained stable nitrogen removal efficiency under trace TCC (≤ 25 μg/L) stress with nitrate removal improved from 93 % to 98 %, whereas performance declined significantly at 100 μg/L, reducing nitrate removal to 81.8 ± 3.9 % and increasing effluent NO2[-]-N and N2O-N by 6.0- and 28.0-fold, respectively. Functional predictions via FAPROTAX suggested TCC-induced alterations in sulfur and nitrogen metabolic pathways. In addition, TCC and its transformation intermediates (MCC, DCC, NCC, 3,4-DCA, 4-CA) accumulated in the biofilm. Network analysis revealed syntrophic interactions between sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Sulfurisoma and Sulfuritalea) and hydrogenase-rich TCC degraders (e.g., Unclassified Chloroflexi). These findings highlight the potential of sulfur-metabolism biofilm to achieve simultaneous nitrogen removal and micropollutant transformation in low-carbon, sulfur-rich wastewater environments, offering a sustainable solution for advanced wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid40690791, year = {2025}, author = {David, H and Nithya, K and Shankar Salian, L and Dandela, R and Suresh, D and Amali, AJ and Solomon, AP}, title = {Exploring the Potential of Covalent Organic Frameworks to Combat Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Persistence.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {7715-7727}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c00559}, pmid = {40690791}, issn = {2576-6422}, mesh = {*Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Materials Testing ; *Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Metal-Organic Frameworks/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Particle Size ; Surface Properties ; Molecular Structure ; *Triazines/chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The recent advancements in nanotechnology have brought about significant improvements and transformations in the field of biomedicine, particularly in the areas of biodetection, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging. Among the various materials being developed, porous crystalline polymers have shown great promise for these applications. Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have been attractive because of their very high porosity, extended surface area, and thermal stability, making them very promising in the development of antimicrobial and antifungal therapies. In the present study, we successfully synthesized and characterized the Covalent Triazine Framework (CTF) to examine its potential as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans. The synthesized CTF-III has very low levels of toxicity and demonstrates antifungal activity with MIC values ranging between 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL against various strains of C. albicans. Furthermore, CTF-III effectively eliminates established biofilms at concentrations as low as 0.2 mg/mL. Moreover, CTF-III exhibits impressive efficacy in targeting persister cells within the biofilms, which are highly resistant to conventional antifungal treatments available in the market. CTF-III is a promising material for improving biological applications, such as coatings for medical devices and drug delivery systems, due to its stability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. Additionally, this material has the potential to lead to the development of antifungal agents and help address the challenges posed by emerging resistance to antifungals.}, }
@article {pmid40690260, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Wu, J and Zheng, T and Zhang, D and Lin, J}, title = {Sanguinarine hydrogel accelerates wound healing in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections by suppressing biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf184}, pmid = {40690260}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {2022YFD1801104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 00109015//China Agricultural University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Benzophenanthridines/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Hydrogels/pharmacology ; *Isoquinolines/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Skin and ear infections are common in small animals, primarily caused by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius biofilms are associated with poor prognosis, and rising antibiotic resistance threatens public health, making the development of new antibacterial agents imperative. Sanguinarine (SAN) is a plant-derived alkaloid with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumour effects. The antibacterial potential of SAN against S. pseudintermedius merits further investigation.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of SAN hydrogel against clinically isolated S. pseudintermedius were determined as 1.25 and 5&#xa0;mg mL-1, respectively. Phenol-sulfuric acid and XTT assays demonstrated that SAN hydrogel significantly delayed biofilm formation (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) by suppressing exopolysaccharide synthesis and biofilm metabolic activity. Live/dead fluorescent staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed its potent disruptive effects on mature biofilms, inducing bacterial lysis and death, while reducing biofilm thickness and extracellular matrix. In a murine skin infection model, SAN hydrogel (2.5/5&#xa0;mg mL-1) exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), accelerated wound healing, and reduced bacterial load (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001) and IL-6 levels (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001) in skin tissues. No significant hepatorenal toxicity was observed within the tested concentration range.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The SAN hydrogel demonstrates antimicrobial and bactericidal activities against S. pseudintermedius, effectively suppressing biofilm formation and holding promise as a therapeutic candidate for skin infections caused by this pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid40689791, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, T and Wang, Y and Zhu, Q and Xi, H and Liu, M-f and Liu, P and Bai, Y and Yuan, L and Zhao, R and Sheng, Y-y and Dai, Q}, title = {Sub-inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin enhance Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation by a sarA-dependent mechanism.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0152125}, pmid = {40689791}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {2021B723//The Science and Technology Program of Jiangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Fosfomycin/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Trans-Activators/metabolism/genetics ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus readily forms biofilms, which contribute to antimicrobial resistance and the persistence of chronic infections. This study investigates the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin on S. aureus biofilm formation and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we demonstrated that fosfomycin at 1 µg/mL significantly enhanced biofilm biomass by 1.82- to 4.27-fold and led to denser biofilm structures. Adhesion assays further revealed that fosfomycin significantly promoted the initial attachment of S. aureus to solid surfaces, a critical early step in biofilm development. Phenotypic analyses showed increased production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, enhanced bacterial aggregation, and accelerated autolysis, resulting in elevated extracellular DNA release. Enzymatic disruption experiments indicated that, in addition to PIA and eDNA, proteins also play an important role in fosfomycin-enhanced biofilm formation. RT-qPCR revealed significant upregulation of key biofilm-associated genes, including icaA, icaB, fnbA, fnbB, emp, cidA, and the global regulator sarA. Notably, deletion of sarA abolished fosfomycin-induced promotion of both adhesion and biofilm formation, while complementation restored the phenotype, confirming a sarA-dependent mechanism underlying the fosfomycin-mediated enhancement of biofilm formation. These findings suggest that sub-inhibitory concentrations of fosfomycin promote S. aureus biofilm formation via sarA-mediated regulation, involving increased PIA synthesis, eDNA release, and protein-dependent matrix components. This mechanism may contribute to treatment failure and the development of persistent, antibiotic-resistant infections.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is a major factor in the persistence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Although fosfomycin is increasingly used to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, its sub-inhibitory effects on biofilm formation have not been fully elucidated. Our study reveals that low-dose fosfomycin can significantly enhance S. aureus biofilm formation through a sarA-dependent mechanism. This finding raises concerns about the potential risks of sub-optimal dosing and highlights the need for careful evaluation of treatment strategies to avoid promoting persistent infections and resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40688374, year = {2025}, author = {Shah, F and Muhammad, N and Haq, IU and Rehman, A and Rahman, H and Allahyani, M and Almehmadi, M and Alshamrani, MA and Qasim, M}, title = {Ciprofloxacin resistance and bile-induced biofilm enhancement in Salmonella paratyphi A isolates.}, journal = {New microbes and new infections}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {101602}, pmid = {40688374}, issn = {2052-2975}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Salmonella paratyphi A is a significant human pathogen responsible for paratyphoid fever which affects millions globally, particularly in regions with limited clean water and sanitation access.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: The blood samples were cultured on MacConkey agar and identified by biochemical tests and an API 20E kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed according to CLSI guidelines using different antibiotics and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for ciprofloxacin were determined using agar dilution. The biofilm-forming ability of isolates was performed, and the effect of bile salts on biofilm production was also tested. Extracellular polysaccharides from select isolates were extracted and analyzed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to characterize their chemical properties.<br><br>RESULTS: The highly infected age group with S. paratyphi A was 21-40 and showed 42&#xa0;% prevalence. All the isolates showed resistance to nalixidic acid and 22&#xa0;% isolates to ciprofloxacin. The isolates dose-dependent inhibition with different MIC values for ciprofloxacin in the range of 8&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/ml to 1024&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/ml. The isolates showed variations in biofilm formation, most of them were moderate biofilm producers, around 32&#xa0;% and 28&#xa0;% of the isolates were strong biofilm producers. Additionally, we observed that bile salts treatment increase the biofilm forming ability of isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the prevalence and alarming rate of ciprofloxacin resistance among clinical Salmonella paratyphi A isolates. The biofilm formation analysis revealed that a significant proportion of S. paratyphi A isolates produced biofilms, which may contribute to their resistance and pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40686839, year = {2025}, author = {Wiradiputra, MRD and Khuntayaporn, P and Thirapanmethee, K and Wanapaisan, P and Chomnawang, MT}, title = {Genomic insights into biofilm-associated virulence in extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100434}, pmid = {40686839}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a notorious nosocomial pathogen known for its resistance to multiple antimicrobials, with biofilm formation contributing to its persistence in hospital environments. This study characterized biofilm-associated virulence genes in extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii isolates from two distinct lineages, ST2 and ST25, to understand their roles in biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. From 135 non-repetitive multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates collected across Thailand, 15 XDR isolates (14 ST2 and 1 ST25) were selected for further analysis. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify biofilm-associated genes and sequence polymorphisms. Biofilm formation and motility phenotypes were assessed, and gene expression analysis was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Most isolates (66.7 %) were moderate biofilm formers, and 80 % exhibiting higher biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 19606. Notably, isolates with lower antimicrobial resistance profiles (i.e., relatively more susceptible among XDRs) tended to produce stronger biofilms. Significant variations in key biofilm genes were observed. Specifically, the abaIR quorum-sensing system was absent in 33.3 % of isolates. All ST2 strains carried bap type-2 with 4-11 BC repeats, while ST25 harboured bap type-3. ompA variants also showed lineage specificity (variant V1 in ST2 and V3 in ST25). All isolates harboured type 1 secretion system (T1SS) operon, however an ISAba1 insertion in the tolC in ST25 may impair protein secretion. Additionally, a nonsense mutation at codon 57 (TTA→TAA) in pilA was identified in all ST2 isolates, potentially accounting for the lack of twitching motility. These findings highlight the substantial genetic and phenotypic variability in biofilm-associated genes among XDR A. baumannii, providing insights into their persistence in healthcare settings.}, }
@article {pmid40684587, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, J and Xu, Y and Zhang, X and Lan, F and Cao, Y and Liu, Y and Wang, R and Yang, Y}, title = {Degradation of thiamphenicol by electroactive biofilm coupled with N-MnO2 modified layer double hydroxides as cathode in microbial fuel cell.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {391}, number = {}, pages = {126649}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126649}, pmid = {40684587}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Electrodes ; Biofilms ; Manganese Compounds/chemistry ; Hydroxides/chemistry ; Oxides/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {N-doped MnO2 composite NiAl-Layer double hydroxides (N-MnO2@NiAl-LDH) with a ping-pong chrysanthemum like structure was prepared by hydrothermal method as a cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in previous study, which demonstrating excellent catalytic performance. This study investigated the power generation performance and the degradation of thiamphenicol (TAP) in N-MnO2@NiAl-LDH-cathode MFC. After the addition of TAP, the maximum power density generated by N-MnO2@NiAl-LDH-cathode MFC was 537.83 mW/m[2], which was 5.1 times higher than control MFC. The degradation rate of TAP by N-MnO2@NiAl-LDH-cathode was 81.62 %, which was 2.7 times higher than that of unmodified MFC, the degradation efficiency was significantly improved. Microorganisms were significantly affected by TAP, the abundance of electroactive bacteria (Pseudomonas) decreased, while bacteria related to the biodegradation of TAP (Sphingopyxis, Aridibacter, Norank_ Minicenantales, Petrimonas, etc.) were enriched. The modification of N-MnO2@NiAl-LDH reduced the internal resistance of MFC and accelerated the electron transfer rate, the large specific surface area provided more active sites for electrons, allowing more electrons to be transferred to the cathode. Under the reduction effect of electrons, chlorine atoms of TAP were gradually removed. Meanwhile, a large number of degrading bacteria were attached to the cathode, the dechlorination products underwent C-C bond cleavage and benzene ring opening under the biodegradation of degrading bacteria. The combined effect of electron reduction and microbial oxidation promoted the efficient degradation of TAP.}, }
@article {pmid40684128, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Huang, S and Du, J and Huang, J and Huang, X}, title = {In vitro evaluation of tolerance ability of cross-kingdom biofilm towards oral dynamic fluctuations.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1216}, pmid = {40684128}, issn = {1472-6831}, support = {2021J01802//Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics ; *Candida albicans/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics ; Coculture Techniques ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Oxidative Stress ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the resilience of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) cross-kingdom biofilms in response to environmental stresses.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The growth kinetics of S. mutans, C. albicans, and their co-culture in planktonic form were assessed using a BioScreen system. Biofilms were established on 96-well plates for a duration of 48&#xa0;h, after which microbial counts were determined. The biofilms were then subjected to different stress conditions, including oxidative, acid, osmotic, and heat stress, for 2&#xa0;h. The survival and structural integrity of the biofilms were evaluated through colony-forming unit (CFU) counting and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of genes concerning matrix formation, acid tolerance, oxidative tolerance were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey's test (&#x3b1;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Co-culturing S. mutans and C. albicans resulted in an extended logarithmic growth phase compared to monocultures. Dual-species biofilm had higher microorganism counts after biofilm formation, displayed higher surviving cells, and a more complex structure after exposure to various stresses when compared to monospecies biofilm (p<0.05). The transcriptional levels of genes concerning matrix formation (gtfB, gtfC, ftf, bcr1, hwp1), acid tolerance (atpD, fabM, phr1), oxidative tolerance (nox, sodA, sod1, and trx1) were upregulated in dual-species biofilm (p<0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Dual-species biofilm present higher tolerance to various stresses in the oral cavity. The upregulation of genes involved in matrix formation and stress tolerance may partially account for this increased resilience.}, }
@article {pmid40683738, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Xiao, L and Ji, J and Hassani, D and Wu, Y and Niu, H and Dong, Q}, title = {Transcriptomic analysis of mature biofilm and planktonic cells of Listeria monocytogenes under nutritional stress.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {104859}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.104859}, pmid = {40683738}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Plankton/genetics/metabolism/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes can adhere to various surfaces and form biofilms under environments with reduced nutrients, resulting in persistent contamination of products. In the present study, RNA sequencing was utilized to establish complete transcriptome profiles of L. monocytogenes in both the planktonic state (TF) and the biofilm state (TB), cultured in TSB-YE, as well as in the planktonic (dTF) and biofilm (dTB) states, cultured in a 10-fold dilution of TSB-YE (dTSB-YE). In our lab, MRL300083 (Lm83) was identified as the strain with the highest biofilm formation in dTSB-YE. There were 1, 6, and 3 significantly enriched pathways in TF vs. dTF, TB vs. dTB, TF vs. TB, respectively (padj < 0.05), indicating that these pathways or genes might be critical for bacterial survival. However, no significantly enriched pathway was found in dTF vs dTB. Interestingly, in both planktonic and biofilm states, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in flagellar assembly were exclusively up-regulated (padj < 0.05), indicating that flagellar synthesis was increased under nutritional stress. In biofilm-associated cells cultured in dTSB-YE, the DEGs involved in pathways including flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, fructose and mannose metabolism, and the phosphotransferase system (PTS) were significantly up-regulated (padj < 0.05). Compared to the planktonic state, bacteria in the biofilm state can mobilize various programs to resist adverse environments. RNA-Seq results were confirmed by RT-qPCR. This study has initially explored the underlying mechanisms of enhanced biofilm formation and environmental resistance of L. monocytogenes in biofilms under nutrient stress, which may help reveal or resolve L. monocytogenes persistence in food processing environments.}, }
@article {pmid40683732, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, M and Man, Y and Yang, R and Wang, Y and Yan, D and Mei, L and Qi, J and Dai, R and Xiong, G and Shao, L}, title = {The effect and mechanism of sublethal injury by lactic acid on Salmonella Typhimurium planktonic and biofilm cells.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {104852}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.104852}, pmid = {40683732}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Lactic Acid/pharmacology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Plankton/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism/chemistry ; Wastewater/microbiology ; Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen present in the food and environment, which could survive as sublethally injured form during treatment. The effects of sublethal injury by lactic acid (LA) on S. Typhimurium planktonic and biofilm cells in broth, food manufacturing wastewater, and aqueous solution were investigated in this study. Meanwhile, the changes of physiological properties including intracellular pH, enzyme activity, and membrane integrity were also determined to elucidate the formation mechanism of sublethally injured cells. The sublethal injury was examined using dual plate count method, and further verified with laser scanning confocal microscopy analysis. A higher injury ratio was observed for planktonic cells compared to biofilm cells, while the addition of glucose and whey protein remarkably decreased the injury ratio of planktonic S. Typhimurium, which revealed that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) offered a protective effect against the damage from LA. Polysaccharides and proteins in EPS decreased after exposure to LA. The intracellular pH reduced during the formation of sublethally injured cells, which depressed the activity of intracellular enzymes and promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The damage to cytoplasmic membrane during the formation of injured cells was assessed with morphological observation, membrane potential and integrity assays, which demonstrated that LA exerted more severe injuries to planktonic cells compared to biofilm cells.}, }
@article {pmid40683729, year = {2025}, author = {Pegueros-Valencia, CA and Lucero-Mejía, JE and Hernández-Iturriaga, M and Godínez-Oviedo, A}, title = {Assessing Salmonella enterica biofilm formation in frequent scenarios of chicken handling in domestic kitchen environments.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {132}, number = {}, pages = {104849}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.104849}, pmid = {40683729}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Chickens/microbiology ; *Salmonella enterica/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Food Handling/instrumentation ; Food Microbiology ; *Meat/microbiology ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Cooking ; Cooking and Eating Utensils ; }, abstract = {Home kitchens are major sources of foodborne illnesses. This study evaluated Salmonella enterica biofilm formation (BF) in common chicken handling scenarios in domestic kitchens (CHSDK). An online survey identified the most frequent CHSDK. Based on the results, three S.enterica (Anatum, Saintpaul, and Typhimurium) were assessed for their attachment on plastic, glass, and stainless-steel surfaces with chicken residues, with or without raw chicken microbiota (RCM), at 25 °C. BF was evaluated by measuring pathogen growth and biopolymer production over three days. Survey results showed plastic was the predominant material for cutting boards (47.8 %), and cookware was used for raw (40.3 %) and cooked (59.6 %) chicken, followed by glass,21.5 %, and 31.2 %, respectively. Knives (79.1 %) were the main utensils for cutting raw chicken. Regarding the attachment, S.enterica strains were significantly lower in the presence of RCM (2.3 ± 0.7 logCFU/cm[2]) compared to its absence (5.4 ± 0.4logCFU/cm[2]) (p < 0.05). A full-factorial ANOVA showed that strain, surface, RCM, and the RCM-surface interaction significantly affected both, pathogen growth within biofilms and biopolymer production (p < 0.05). The interaction showed that the greatest difference in pathogen growth occurred on stainless steel, with 1.31 ± 0.73logCFU/cm[2] in the absence and 0.23 ± 0.76 logCFU/cm[2] in the presence of RCM. For biopolymer, the largest difference was on glass, 0.52 ± 0.26 and 0.37 ± 0.15 OD595nm. Anatum had the highest attachment, Typhimurium the greatest growth, and Saintpaul the highest biopolymer production, regardless of the surface and presence/absence of RCM. These findings suggest that S.enterica can persist in biofilms under CHSDK, highlighting the risk of cross-contamination not only through immediate contact, but also through BF over time.}, }
@article {pmid40683499, year = {2025}, author = {Xiu, L and Li, Q and Tian, Q and Li, Y and Pengsakul, T and Lin, G and Yan, Q and Huang, L}, title = {sRNA-enriched outer membrane vesicles of Vibrio alginolyticus: Decisive architects of biofilm assembly.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {320}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {146102}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146102}, pmid = {40683499}, issn = {1879-0003}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio alginolyticus/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane/metabolism ; *Extracellular Vesicles/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Biofilms robustly defend bacteria by impeding antimicrobial entry, and protecting against environmental stress and immune responses, thereby enhancing host colonization. Overcoming the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of biofilm infections is critical, given their clinical significance and resistance to standard treatments. Recent investigations have illuminated the pivotal role of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in biofilm formation. This study delves into the OMVs secreted by Vibrio alginolyticus, a zoonotic species and the second largest class of pathogenic Vibrio. We successfully extracted, purified, and characterized OMVs from V. alginolyticus. Our data reveal that these OMVs not only facilitate biofilm formation but are also enriched with small RNAs (sRNAs). Bioinformatics analyses suggest that these sRNAs, characterized by distinct secondary structures and targeting various regulatory genes, may be integral to the biofilm formation process. To verify this, we constructed sRNA-deficient mutants and OMVs, then evaluated their effects on bacterial physiology, including growth, motility, extracellular matrix production, and biofilm development. Our findings demonstrate that sRNA cargos play a crucial role in these processes and modulate gene expression associated with biofilm formation. This study highlights the significant role of OMVs delivering sRNAs in regulating bacterial biofilm formation, offering new insights into bacterial pathogenesis and resistance mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid40683475, year = {2025}, author = {Zheng, P and Li, Y and Cheng, Y and Wang, J and Wang, Y and Mu, Y and Shen, J}, title = {Mechanistic insights into enhanced volatile pyridine biodegradation through shortcut pyridine-N transformation in counter-diffusion biofilms by regulating biofilm stratification and microbial spatial interactions.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {436}, number = {}, pages = {133010}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133010}, pmid = {40683475}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Pyridines/metabolism ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism ; *Microbial Interactions ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Denitrification ; Wastewater ; Nitrification ; }, abstract = {Air pollution and nitrogen contamination residues remain challenges in the conventional biological treatment of industrial wastewater containing volatile organic compounds. In this study, counter-diffusion biofilms were integrated with shortcut nitrification-denitrification technology to enhance pyridine biodegradation through shortcut pyridine-N transformation (EPB-SPNT), with emphasis on biofilm stratification and microbial spatial interactions. Results showed that the removal efficiency of pyridine and total nitrogen reached 100 % and 91.24 ± 0.75 %, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and metagenomic analysis revealed that aerobic pyridine-degrading bacteria (APDB, Alicycliphilus) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB, Nitrosomonas) were located in the aerobic layer, while anoxic pyridine degrading-denitrifying bacteria (APD-DB, Paracoccus) were enriched in the anoxic layer. Biofilm stability was mainly attributed to the lower hydrophilicity of protein secondary structure. The EPB-SPNT process was driven by the spatial cooperation among APDB, AOB, and APD-DB. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the EPB-SPNT in counter-diffusion biofilms through the regulation of microbial stratification and interactions.}, }
@article {pmid40683408, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, J and Zhou, C and Jiang, G and Wang, Y and Pan, L and Jia, X and Tu, X and Li, W and Wang, C}, title = {Engineering an Escherichia coli with performance-enhanced switch utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 system as living quorum quencher for biofilm formation inhibition.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {122383}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122383}, pmid = {40683408}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology ; *Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Genetic Engineering ; }, abstract = {Quorum quenching (QQ) of signal molecules plays a critical role in disrupting bacterial communication, thereby suppressing biofilm formation. However, the wild-type QQ bacteria lacks the regulatory capacity to modulate gene expression levels. In this study, the QQ gene aiiO and reporter gene GFP were chromosomally integrated into Escherichia coli BW25113 using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system. The performance-enhanced switch in the engineering bacteria (EB) allowed it to express aiiO weakly without the inducer isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and express aiiO strongly with IPTG, and 1.00 mM IPTG induction enhanced EB's QQ activity by 2.34-fold. In activated sludge systems, the inoculation of EB reduced biofilm formation by 18.56 % versus controls after 168 h, with the performance-enhanced switch enhancing inhibition to 24.72 %. EB reduced biofilm thickness by 22.96 %, total microbial biomass by 57.68 %, and significantly decreased extracellular polymeric substances secretion and adhesion strength of the biofilm (maximum reductions: 29.88 % and 34.31 %, respectively) across all sampling points versus controls. 1.00 mM IPTG addition sustainedly intensified these biofilm-inhibitory effects by EB, demonstrating the genetic switch's persistent functionality under environmentally relevant conditions. Furthermore, the genetically modified strain exhibited minimal environmental impact according to standardized assessments. Therefore, this study successfully constructed an implementable strategy for engineering bacteria-mediated biofilm control, with demonstrated applicability in complex environmental systems.}, }
@article {pmid40682093, year = {2025}, author = {Muguerza-Guevara, K and Cortés-Acha, B and García-García, M and Figueiredo, R and Soler-Ollé, A and Blanc, V and Valmaseda-Castellón, E}, title = {In vivo analysis of early biofilm development and cell viability on implant-mimicking abutments at 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1201}, pmid = {40682093}, issn = {1472-6831}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Dental Abutments/microbiology ; Female ; Male ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Time Factors ; Surface Properties ; Microbial Viability ; Cell Survival ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The microbiota associated with peri-implant diseases has been described, though information about biofilm formation and development on dental implants remains scarce.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To analyze and compare biofilm formation and distribution at 24&#xa0;h, 48&#xa0;h and 7&#xa0;days on experimental abutments simulating dental implants in peri-implant healthy patients.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experimental abutments with micro-threads and a modified rough surface were placed in healthy dental implants of 10 patients. Instructions were given not to clean the abutments for the duration of the study. Exclusion criteria included the use of antiseptics or antibiotics 30&#xa0;days prior to recruitment or during the study period. After 24&#xa0;h, 48&#xa0;h and 7&#xa0;days, the abutments were removed and stained using LIVE/DEAD stain, and two sides (buccal and palatal/lingual) and two areas (supragingival and subgingival) were assessed, with measurement of the mean biofilm covering area.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-nine experimental abutments placed in 10 patients were assessed. The total mean biomass coverage areas were 9.3%, 16.2% and 16.8% at 24&#xa0;h, 48&#xa0;h and 7&#xa0;days, respectively, with significant differences being observed between 24&#xa0;h and the subsequent timepoints (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Significantly greater supragingival biofilm coverage was observed at 7&#xa0;days in comparison with the subgingival zone (21.85% versus 11.7%; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm coverage on healthy dental implants increases progressively during the first 48&#xa0;h and then stabilizes. The biofilm is mainly composed of live cells in the supragingival and subgingival areas. After 7&#xa0;days, the supragingival areas show significantly greater biofilm coverage.}, }
@article {pmid40680862, year = {2025}, author = {Atanaskovic, M and Dilparic, A and Zlatović, M and Senerovic, L}, title = {Novel polygalacturonase PG-BG31 prevents biofilm formation and increases antibiotic efficacy against catheter-associated Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Journal of biotechnology}, volume = {406}, number = {}, pages = {179-189}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiotec.2025.07.011}, pmid = {40680862}, issn = {1873-4863}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polygalacturonase/pharmacology/metabolism/genetics ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Animals ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Escherichia coli is a leading cause of urinary tract infections, which are particularly problematic in catheterized patients due to the formation of biofilms that are resistant to standard treatments. Here we investigated a novel polygalacturonase (PG-BG31) from Pedobacter sp. BG31 and its anti-biofilm properties against E. coli isolates originating from the urine of UTI patients. The enzyme was heterologously expressed and biochemically characterized using polygalacturonic acid as substrate. The enzyme showed strong biofilm inhibition with BIC50 values between 2 and 5 µg/mL, which varied depending on the E. coli strain. It outperformed enzymes commonly used in E. coli biofilm studies, including proteinase K, DNase and cellulase. When used as a pretreatment, it significantly improved the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim by reducing biofilm formation by 4 log (99.99 %) at lower antibiotic concentrations. Polygalacturonase PG-BG31 works optimally at temperatures of 25 °C - 42 °C and a slightly acidic pH value (pH 5.0 - 6.0), which corresponds to the environment in urine. In addition, the enzyme showed no toxicity to cells in culture or C. elegans. These results suggest that polygalacturonase has the potential for the development of anti-biofilm strategies for catheter-related urinary tract infections.}, }
@article {pmid40679553, year = {2025}, author = {Kashi, M and Chegini, Z and Khoshbayan, A and Shariati, A and Farahani, A}, title = {Natural compounds for colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm control: eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {735}, pmid = {40679553}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {402000031//khomein university of medical sciences/ ; }, }
@article {pmid40679474, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Gao, Y and Shi, C and Liu, X}, title = {Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of gut catabolites of quercetin 4'-glucoside on Listeria monocytogenes and their effects on membrane integrity and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf183}, pmid = {40679474}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {SKL202402//State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing &amp; Safety Control/ ; }, mesh = {*Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Quercetin/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cell Membrane/drug effects ; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/pharmacology/metabolism ; Glucosides/pharmacology ; Phenylacetates/pharmacology/metabolism ; Onions/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Listeria monocytogenes is the well-known foodborne pathogen that requires critical control in the human body. 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (OPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) are gut catabolites of quercetin 4'-glucoside in onion, their antibacterial effects would help to control the risk of L. monocytogenes. Here, we investigate their antibacterial activity, action at the transcript level and effects on membrane and biofilm to better control L. monocytogenes.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: RNA sequencing data revealed that the OPAC and DOPAC treatments to L. monocytogenes led to the identification of enormously differently expressed genes in cellular components (membrane) and phosphotransferase system pathway at their 1/2 MIC (7.805&#xa0;mM&#x2009;l-1). DOPAC exhibited more obviously damaged in membrane (max 33.94%) and biofilm (max 88.2%) than that of OPAC which may be related to their different effects on cell hydrophobicity, mobility and morphology.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings provided a credibly inhibitory mechanism of OPAC and DOPAC on L. monocytogenes, offering the theoretical basis for potential applications on the other kinds of phenolic acids that would possess similar structures in food industry.}, }
@article {pmid40678935, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, S and Zhou, Z and Jin, Y and Ding, H and Jiang, F and Shen, Z}, title = {Light-mediated activation of nitric oxide and antibacterial polymers for anti-biofilm applications.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {13}, number = {31}, pages = {9452-9464}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01132a}, pmid = {40678935}, issn = {2050-7518}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism/chemistry/pharmacology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Polymers/chemistry/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Light ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms remain a major challenge in treating persistent infections due to their dense extracellular matrix and inherent antibiotic resistance. Herein, we propose a light-responsive nanoparticle system (PNO@Ir) that integrates a nitric oxide (NO) donor polymer (PNO) with the photosensitizer fac-Ir(ppy)3. Upon green light irradiation, NO release and activation of primary amine-containing antibacterial polymers are triggered via a dual mechanism involving triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) and photoinduced electron transfer (PeT). Under mildly acidic and hypoxic conditions, protonation of the exposed amines induces nanoparticle reorganization, leading to surface charge reversal and enhanced bacterial affinity. Both in vitro and in vivo studies, including a murine wound infection model, demonstrate that this cascade-activation strategy disrupts methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. This work presents a synergistic and spatiotemporally controllable platform for NO delivery and antibacterial polymer activation, offering significant potential for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.}, }
@article {pmid40678045, year = {2025}, author = {Mondal, S and Melzi, A and Zecchin, S and Cavalca, L}, title = {Quorum sensing in biofilm-mediated heavy metal resistance and transformation: environmental perspectives and bioremediation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1607370}, pmid = {40678045}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Quorum sensing is a fundamental mechanism of bacterial cell-to-cell communication that enables microbial communities to adapt to environmental stresses. Although the role of quorum sensing in biofilm formation and heavy metal resistance has been studied across various bacterial species, significant research gaps remain regarding the specific quorum sensing-regulated metabolic pathways involved in heavy metal resistance and transformation, as well as their functional roles in bioremediation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the connection between quorum sensing and heavy metal resistance and transformation, considering both cellular and ecological perspectives. It highlights recent advancements in understanding quorum sensing-regulated biofilm dynamics and identifies a lack of knowledge related to quorum sensing-mediated heavy metal resistance in natural ecosystems. Furthermore, innovative quorum sensing-based strategies for optimizing bioremediation are explored. By emphasizing the ecological and practical implications of quorum sensing-driven bioremediation, this review aims to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable approaches for mitigating heavy metal pollution.}, }
@article {pmid40677408, year = {2025}, author = {Li, W and You, F and Yang, J and Gu, D and Li, Y and Zhang, X and Miao, L and Sun, W}, title = {Antimicrobial peptide-targeted photodynamic therapy for preventing periodontal plaque biofilm formation through the disruption of quorum sensing system.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {101970}, pmid = {40677408}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {Owing to high rates of antibiotic resistance, the elimination of periodontal plaque biofilms has become a significant clinical challenge. In this context, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a novel antimicrobial treatment option. However, this therapeutic strategy suffers from drawbacks such as the insufficient generation of reactive oxygen species and the lack of targeted biofilm clearance, which greatly hinder its clinical application. Here, a multifunctional MOF-based nanocomposite (ICG@Uio-66-UBI) was developed by modifying MOFs (Uio-66-NH2) with an antimicrobial peptide (UBI29-41) to enhance PDT efficiency. Our findings showed that the UBI29-41 targets EPS and selectively binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on bacterial surfaces via electrostatic interactions, enabling precise delivery of ICG-generated ROS under 808-nm near-infrared irradiation, which disrupts bacterial membranes and inhibits biofilm formation. Subsequently, UBI29-41 blocks LPS-TLR4 binding, suppressing NF-κB signaling and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, the nanocomposite significantly downregulates the LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system, reducing AI-2 synthesis and virulence gene expression, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation. In vivo studies confirmed the platform's efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation and preventing collagen degradation in gingival tissue. By synergistically combining targeted antimicrobial action, anti-inflammatory effects, and QS modulation, ICG@Uio-66-UBI represents a breakthrough in precision periodontal therapy, offering a potent solution for biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40676918, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, J and Li, M and Luo, Y and Deng, Y and Li, J and Liang, K}, title = {Antibacterial Bio-heterojunctions Targeting Biofilm for Caries Treatment.}, journal = {Journal of dental research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {245-255}, doi = {10.1177/00220345251347918}, pmid = {40676918}, issn = {1544-0591}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dental Caries/therapy/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Photochemotherapy/methods ; Rats ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Phototherapy has become pivotal in the management of dental caries, recognized for its controllable, nonresistant, and antibacterial properties. However, photoresponsive materials applied in fluid-filled oral cavities present challenges-specifically, retaining them within cariogenic biofilms is difficult, and when such agents are carried away, it diminishes the effectiveness of phototherapy. . Additionally, the lack of targeting efficiency for cariogenic biofilms and on-demand release mechanisms results in decreased bioavailability, leading to unsatisfactory antibacterial efficacy and potential side effects. To address the dilemma, a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based MXene/CuS (MCH) bio-heterojunction is elaborated and activated by the cariogenic biofilm microenvironment to exert efficient sterilization and biofilm elimination effects for rescuing dental caries. In this intelligent system, HA initiates accurate anchors by targeting hyaluronidase (HAase) derived from the cariogenic biofilm microenvironment, and the encapsulated MXene/CuS (MC) bio-heterojunction is released on demand as the HAase-triggered reaction intensifies within the biofilms. Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the liberated MC is endowed with exceptional photosensitive attributes, simultaneously generating thermal energy and reactive oxygen species to perform synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy. In vitro results display that in cariogenic biofilms, the HA layer of MCH can react with HAase and undergo degradation, while maintaining a sufficient on-demand release of MC even under fluid rinsing. Subsequently, MCH and NIR irradiation combat bacteria and biofilm infection effectively through phototherapy physical mechanisms. Also, in vitro results demonstrate that oral cells perform normal extended morphology and considerable proliferation trends after MCH treatment. In addition, in vivo experiments authenticate that the MCH + NIR group shows excellent antibacterial efficacy, and micro-computed tomography analysis and the modified Keyes score calculation indicate more intact enamel with no caries observed on rat molars. This pioneering approach heralds a promising avenue for the application of cariogenic biofilm microenvironment-activated photoresponsive materials in the domain of dental caries prevention and treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40676445, year = {2025}, author = {de Lima, GC and de Cassia Orlando Sardi, J and de Figueiredo, LC and Bueno-Silva, B and Fonseca, MA and Dudu-Silva, G and de Carvalho, FPP and Rodrigues, JA}, title = {Antibacterial activity of a bioactive composite resins containing surface pre-reacted glass in a complex multispecies subgingival biofilm.}, journal = {Odontology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40676445}, issn = {1618-1255}, support = {PROEX #88882.357502/2012-01//CAPES - Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of three S-PRG composite resins on the microbial profile of subgingival multispecies biofilm. A 96-well cell plate was employed to cultivate a 39-species biofilm associated with periodontitis over 7 days. Cylindrical specimens with 2 mm high and 2 mm diameters were prepared of each bioactive tested group (Beautifil II, Beautifil LS, Beautifil Bulk-Shofu) and for a control non-bioactive group (Z350 XT-3M ESPE). Furthermore, these specimens were immersed in the well plate to allow biofilm formation, and after growing for 7 days, the formed biofilm was removed and composition evaluated. The metabolic biofilm activity was evaluated by colorimetric assay, and the microbial profile evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridization. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney tests to evaluate each bacteria counts and ANOVA followed by T test to evaluate the proportion among complexes groups. A statistically significant reduction was observed on the counts of biofilm bacterial specie: Streptococcus gordoni, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Tannerella forsythia, Neisseria mucosa, Selenomonas noxia and Streptococcus mutans for one or more bioactive composite resin compared to Z350XT (p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the proportion of Yellow, Orange bacterial complexes, and others oral bacteria tested between the control and bioactive groups. Bioactive groups showed a statistically significant reduction in total counts of bacteria. The incorporation of S-PRG glass into the bioactive composite resin reduced periodontopathogenic biofilm growth.}, }
@article {pmid40675481, year = {2025}, author = {Gagnon, M and Jean, S and de Toro-Martín, J and LaPointe, G and Guévremont, &#xc9; and Dufour, S and Roy, D}, title = {Biofilm Formation in Dairy: A Food Safety Concern-Insights into the prevalence of Pseudomonadota and yeasts on milking system surface biofilms.}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {108}, number = {8}, pages = {8141-8156}, doi = {10.3168/jds.2024-26016}, pmid = {40675481}, issn = {1525-3198}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Animals ; Milk/microbiology ; Dairying ; *Yeasts ; Food Safety ; Cattle ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biofilms pose major challenges to milk quality and safety, yet their composition in the dairy environment remains under-characterized. This study investigated the prevalence and composition of biofilms on milking system surfaces in commercial dairy farms, focusing on Pseudomonadota, a dominant phylum in raw milk. We sampled bulk tank raw milk (BTRM), tap water, and milking equipment surfaces after cleaning from 20 dairy farms in Québec, Canada, using S1 milk agar, specifically designed to target Pseudomonadota through a culturomics approach. A total of 474 colonies were selected and identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Results demonstrated the presence of multispecies biofilms, within the phylum of Pseudomonadota, including potential spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the study revealed a significant presence of yeasts (42% of the isolates), predominantly Candida parapsilosis. Biofilms were predominantly detected in milk pipelines and milking machines (milk pipeline: 5.42 log gene copy number/swab; milking machine: 5.16 log gene copy number/swab), with greater bacterial loads quantified by quantitative PCR in fall than spring or summer. Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed that the microbial composition of biofilms differed from that of BTRM (classification error rate: 0.23 and area under the curve: 0.95), although several species were shared, such as Candida parapsilosis and P. aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Tap water was not identified as a major contamination source of Pseudomonadota for dairy biofilms as only 2 species were shared across water, BTRM, and biofilm samples (Pantoea agglomerans and Serratia liquefaciens). The presence of these biofilms, harboring potentially pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, poses a challenge to milk quality and safety. These findings provide data on the diversity of culturable Pseudomonadota and yeasts in biofilms on dairy farms and highlight the need for improved sanitation practices to mitigate microbial contamination in milk production.}, }
@article {pmid40674911, year = {2025}, author = {Xue, Y and Li, L and Deng, M and Song, K and Wu, F and Terada, A}, title = {Insights into freshwater lake abiotic and biotic carrier biofilm nitrogen transformation and N2O emission patterns: A [15]N isotope tracing study.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {286}, number = {}, pages = {124209}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124209}, pmid = {40674911}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; *Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; *Lakes/microbiology/chemistry ; Denitrification ; Nitrification ; }, abstract = {Lake biofilms play pivotal roles in nitrogen cycling; however, the influence of carrier type on their nitrogen transformation processes remains inadequately understood. In this study, we employed [15]N isotope tracing, selective inhibition experiments, and microbial community analysis to investigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emission patterns in biofilms formed on biotic (hydrophyte) and abiotic (rocks and plastics) carriers. Our results revealed that biotic carrier biofilms predominantly generated NO2[-] via denitrification, contributing 99.39 % of nitrogen transformation, whereas abiotic carrier biofilms primarily produced NO2[-] through nitrification. Moreover, nitrogen loss in biotic carrier biofilms was mainly attributed to denitrification, while in abiotic carrier biofilms, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) accounted for 70.5 % of nitrogen loss. Environmental parameters, particularly temperature and oxidation-reduction potential, significantly modulated nitrogen transformation processes in both biofilm types. Nitrification-related N2O production showed no significant difference between the two biofilm types, denitrification-related N2O potentials were substantially higher in biotic carrier biofilms, with greater N2O production (157.78 vs 84.94 μg N/h/gMLVSS) and reduction rates (150.70 vs 83.36 μg N/h/gMLVSS), resulting in increased net N2O emissions. Microbial community analysis indicated that abiotic carrier biofilms harbored higher relative abundances of Chloroflexi and Dadabacteria, whereas abiotic carrier biofilms could show enhanced nitrite oxidation and nitrate reduction activities. These findings offer novel insights into carrier-dependent nitrogen cycling mechanisms and bear significant implications for managing N2O emissions from lake ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid40673141, year = {2025}, author = {Li, S and Zhang, D and Zhang, X and Ma, X and Zheng, S and Zhou, D and Hou, Q and Li, G and Han, H}, title = {Genomic epidemiology and anti-biofilm mechanisms of Lactobacillus in ST11 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in China.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1619621}, pmid = {40673141}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The ST11 clone of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has emerged as a major public health threat, driving hospital outbreaks across China and contributing to chronic infections through robust biofilm formation. The scarcity of effective treatment options poses a critical challenge to clinical management.<br><br>METHODS: To address this issue, we conducted an integrated genomic epidemiological and metabolomic study of ST11 CRKP isolates collected from 13 hospitals in eastern and central China between 2014 and 2020. A total of 2,805 clinical isolates were screened, and 334 ST11 strains were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and whole-genome sequencing. Biofilm formation was assessed through microtiter plate assays, while co-culture experiments with Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus gasseri were performed to evaluate anti-biofilm activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and non-targeted metabolomics were used to explore structural and metabolic changes.<br><br>RESULTS: Genomic analysis revealed alarming resistance rates exceeding 90% to &#x3b2;-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides among ST11 isolates. Distinct regional distributions of capsular types were observed, with K64 predominant in the east and K47 more common in central China. Biofilm assays showed that 97.6% (326/334) of isolates were biofilm producers. Co-culture with L. fermentum and L. gasseri significantly reduced biofilm biomass by 41.3-58.7% (p < 0.001), and SEM confirmed biofilm structural disruption. Metabolomic analysis revealed that L. fermentum disrupted purine biosynthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism, while L. gasseri inhibited folic acid synthesis (FDR = 0.017) and the phosphotransferase system.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study reveals critical insights into the clonal spread and biofilm-associated metabolic vulnerabilities of ST11 CRKP. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus-based interventions and pave the way for novel probiotic-assisted and plasmid-targeted strategies against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40672401, year = {2025}, author = {Rikvold, PD and Møllebjerg, A and Raittio, EJ and Nielsen, SM and Johnsen, KK and Lund, MB and Jørgensen, MR and Meyer, RL and Schlafer, S}, title = {The effect of multiple-enzyme treatment on in situ oral biofilm formation in healthy participants.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100298}, pmid = {40672401}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Novel approaches for the prevention of biofilm-mediated oral diseases aim to control dental biofilms rather than eradicating bacteria in the mouth. One such approach is the use of enzymes that specifically target and degrade the dental biofilm matrix and thereby facilitate biofilm removal. Matrix-degrading enzymes have consistently shown promising results in vitro, but data on in situ-grown oral biofilms are limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined treatment with mutanase, beta-glucanase and DNase on in situ biofilm formation and removal, microbial biofilm composition and biofilm pH. Biofilms from healthy participants were grown for 48 or 72 h on lower-jaw splints and enzyme or control-treated during (3x/day, 30 min) or after growth (30 min). Under the tested conditions, enzyme treatment had no significant effect on biofilm formation or removal compared to control, as assessed by optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy. Likewise, enzymatic treatment did not induce significant changes in the microbial composition of the biofilms that were dominated by Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Veillonella and Fusobacterium species. The biofilm pH response to a sucrose challenge was assessed using confocal microscopy-based pH ratiometry, and the average biofilm pH was not significantly different between the intervention groups. Under the conditions employed in this study, the tested enzymes had no significant impact on in situ grown biofilms. The treatment regimen, the biofilm composition, or the analytical methods employed may explain the difference to previous results. Further studies are warranted to assess the therapeutic potential of multi-enzyme treatment for dental biofilm control.}, }
@article {pmid40672331, year = {2025}, author = {Griend, JAV and Nottage, HC and Mehle, A and Mandel, MJ}, title = {RtmR is a membrane-embedded RRM-family RNA-binding protein that regulates biofilm formation.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40672331}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R35 GM148385/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI055397/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The animal symbiont Vibrio fischeri has served as a model organism for molecular processes underlying bacterial group behaviors, including quorum sensing and biofilm development. Here, using a genetic approach to identify negative regulators of biofilm formation in V. fischeri, we identified a membrane-bound RNA-binding protein, RtmR (VF_2432), that acts as an inhibitor of the symbiosis polysaccharide (SYP) biofilm. Membrane localization of the protein seems to be required for protein stability, as truncation of the transmembrane helices led to an inability to detect the protein. The conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs in RtmR's cytoplasmic RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain are required for function, and we demonstrate binding to RNA substrates. Identification of RtmR RNA ligands was conducted with a CLIP-seq approach that revealed a large interactome. One transcript identified was that of the biofilm regulatory histidine kinase RscS. We found that RtmR biofilm inhibition depends on RscS activity and that RtmR negatively regulates levels of RscS. Overall, this work characterizes a novel type of bacterial RNA-binding protein.}, }
@article {pmid40672011, year = {2025}, author = {Matias Regis, WF and Ruliglésio Rocha, F and Araújo Lima, R and Panariello, B and Duarte, S and da Cunha Costa, A and Nogueira Brilhante, RS and Azevedo Rodrigues, LK}, title = {Insights Into the Role of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in Dental Biofilm Formation and Cariogenicity: A Literature Review.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {e86159}, pmid = {40672011}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Dental caries is a widespread chronic disease that affects a large proportion of both adults and children globally. Streptococcus mutans is widely recognized as the primary pathogen responsible for dental caries, while Candida albicans frequently coexists with it, often forming a synergistic relationship. Despite this, the specific virulence mechanisms of these microorganisms, both individually and in coaggregation, as well as their collective impact on cariogenic potential, remain incompletely understood. This comprehensive review aims to examine both original and review articles addressing the virulence characteristics of these species, both independently and in coaggregation, and to assess how these interactions contribute to tooth demineralization, polysaccharide production, and the expression of virulence genes. The research reviewed here provides valuable insights into the physiological interactions between the two species, showing that these interactions lead to increased acid production within their coexisting biofilm, which enhances the cariogenic potential. These insights could guide future studies aimed at developing targeted strategies for preventing or mitigating dental caries.}, }
@article {pmid40669416, year = {2025}, author = {Carpenter, RE}, title = {Candida tropicalis in the diabetic urinary tract: Biofilm resistance, genomic plasticity, and public health implications.}, journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {117005}, doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117005}, pmid = {40669416}, issn = {1879-0070}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Candida tropicalis/genetics/drug effects/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/epidemiology/drug therapy ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics ; *Candidiasis/microbiology/epidemiology/drug therapy ; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Public Health ; *Diabetes Complications/microbiology/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Virulence/genetics ; }, abstract = {Fungal urinary tract infections (fUTIs) are emerging as a public health concern, notably in South Asia, where a convergence of ecological, genetic, and clinical factors underlies a rising burden of antifungal-resistant disease. This review synthesizes epidemiological, mechanistic, and genetic evidence implicating Candida tropicalis as a dominant uropathogen in South Asia's diabetic and immunocompromised populations. We examine the shift from Candida albicans to non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, driven by selective antifungal pressure and nosocomial transmission. Emphasis is placed on the virulence and adaptability of C. tropicalis, which forms biofilms, adapts metabolically under glycosuric and hypoxic conditions, and expresses antifungal resistance genes such as ERG11, CDR1, MDR1, and FKS1. Concurrently, South Asian host populations exhibit genetic variants-e.g., in TLR4, CLEC7A, CYP2C19-that impair fungal recognition, immune clearance, and antifungal pharmacokinetics, creating a syndemic landscape. We detail biofilm-mediated resistance mechanisms, epigenetic regulation of virulence genes, and the role of environmental sensing pathways in adaptive pathogenesis. Furthermore, the review delineates clinical challenges posed by biofilm-associated infections, delayed diagnostics, and resistance underestimation. Finally, we propose a suite of public health and clinical recommendations-including biofilm-specific diagnostics, antifungal stewardship programs, pharmacogenomic screening, and national surveillance-to mitigate the escalating burden of drug-resistant candiduria. This integrative perspective bridges molecular pathogenesis and systems-level responses, offering a strategic roadmap for clinicians and policymakers to address C. tropicalis-driven fUTIs in South Asia and other high-risk regions.}, }
@article {pmid40668268, year = {2025}, author = {Govindarajan, DK and Mohanarangam, M and Kadirvelu, L and Sivaramalingam, SS and Jothivel, D and Ravichandran, A and Periasamy, S and Kandaswamy, K}, title = {Biofilms and oral health: nanotechnology for biofilm control.}, journal = {Discover nano}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {114}, pmid = {40668268}, issn = {2731-9229}, abstract = {Dental biofilms are complex microbial communities enclosed by a self-produced extracellular matrix, leading to dental caries, periodontitis, and other oral diseases. These biofilms are often resistant to conventional antibiotics and result in persistent infections that negatively impact oral health. Recent advances in nanotechnology have demonstrated nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic alternative for controlling dental biofilms. In addition, such nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical properties such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, enhanced reactivity, and ability to penetrate biofilm structures. Therefore, this review explores the potential of various nanoparticles, such as silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide, in disrupting biofilm formation and removal of pathogenic oral biofilm forming bacteria. Additionally, this review critically examines various strategies for surface functionalization of nanoparticles to enhance their antimicrobial efficacy and biofilm-targeting capabilities. Furthermore, the article also presents various applications of dental materials coated with nanoparticles in preventing biofilm adhesion and growth. In essence, this review article will provide collective information on various approaches in using nanoparticles to reduce the risk of recurrent oral infections and enhance overall dental health.}, }
@article {pmid40668257, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Xu, X and Wu, W and Gao, J and Li, Y}, title = {Expression and characterization of three alginate lyases from Vibrio sp. E: targeting kelp hydrolysis and biofilm disruption.}, journal = {Preparative biochemistry &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {235-246}, doi = {10.1080/10826068.2025.2525209}, pmid = {40668257}, issn = {1532-2297}, mesh = {*Polysaccharide-Lyases/genetics/metabolism/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Vibrio/enzymology/genetics ; Hydrolysis ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Kelp/metabolism/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/drug effects ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Seawater/microbiology ; Enzyme Stability ; }, abstract = {A marine bacterial strain, Vibrio sp. E, capable of producing alginate lyases, was isolated from seawater. Three alginate lyase genes from this strain were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzymes, designated AlyE1, AlyE2, and AlyE3, exhibited optimal activity at pH 9.0 and high pH stability, retaining over 80% of their initial activity across a pH range of 6.0 to 10.0. They retained more than 50% activity at 4 °C and over 30% at 100 °C. AlyE1 and AlyE3 demonstrated thermo-tolerance, recovering the majority of of their initial activity after heat treatment (>80 °C, <120 min) and cooling (>80 °C, >10 min). All three enzymes exhibited strong NaCl tolerance but were not NaCl-dependent. They were characterized as bifunctional and endolytic lyases, which was effective in kelp (Laminaria japonica) hydrolysis and in disrupting Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40666857, year = {2025}, author = {Varner, E and Meyer, M and Whalen, J and Wang, YH and Rodriguez, C and Malik, I and Mullett, SJ and Gelhaus, SL and DePas, WH}, title = {Intracellular glutamine fluctuates with nitrogen availability and regulates Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40666857}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R01 AI170607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD032141/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation allows pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to adhere to household plumbing systems and has been observed in vivo during human infection. Glucose drives NTM aggregation in vitro, and ammonium inhibits it, but the regulatory systems controlling this early step in biofilm formation are not understood. Here, we show that a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources have similar impacts on aggregation in the model NTM Mycobacterium smegmatis as glucose and ammonium, suggesting that the response to these nutrients is general and likely sensed through downstream, integrated signals. Next, we performed a transposon screen in M. smegmatis to uncover these putative regulatory nodes. Our screen revealed that mutating specific genes in the purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis pathways caused an aggregation defect, but supplementing with adenosine and guanosine had no impact on aggregation either in a purF mutant or WT. Realizing that the only genes we hit in purine or pyrimidine biosynthesis were those that utilized glutamine as a nitrogen donor, we pivoted to the hypothesis that intracellular glutamine could be a nitrogen-responsive node affecting aggregation. We tested this hypothesis in defined M63 medium using targeted mass spectrometry. Indeed, intracellular glutamine increased with nitrogen availability and correlated with planktonic growth. Furthermore, a garA mutant, which has an artificially expanded glutamine pool in growth phase, grew solely as planktonic cells even without nitrogen supplementation. Altogether these results establish that intracellular glutamine controls M. smegmatis aggregation, and they introduce flux-dependent sensors as key components of the NTM biofilm regulatory system.}, }
@article {pmid40666249, year = {2025}, author = {Eslami, H and Fakhrzadeh, V and Nazari, E and Katebi, K and Alinejad, M}, title = {Cold Plasma Treatment for Candida Biofilm on Resin Base Dentures: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of lasers in medical sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e10}, pmid = {40666249}, issn = {2008-9783}, abstract = {Introduction: Candida biofilm on resin base dentures is a common problem among denture wearers, leading to denture stomatitis and associated complications. Cold plasma treatment has been proposed as a novel and promising approach to eradicate Candida biofilm. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cold plasma treatment for Candida biofilm on resin base dentures. Methods: This systematic review study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The main objective was to investigate whether cold plasma treatment could reduce the number of Candida cells in dentures compared to other disinfection methods or controls. In September 2024, an electronic search was performed without any limitation on the publication start date in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases. English in vitro studies, focusing on acrylic denture bases using cold plasma treatment as the intervention, were included. The selected articles were assessed using the QUIN risk-of-bias tool for in vitro studies conducted in dentistry. Results: Initially, 259 papers were identified, and 164 remained after removing duplicates. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 21 papers remained. Ten articles were not related to dentures, and 11 studies were included. All of these articles demonstrated a medium risk of bias and were case-control in vitro studies. The evidence currently available suggests that cold plasma exhibits antimicrobial efficacy against denture candidiasis; however, its application is not without limitations. Conclusion: Based on the findings of in vitro studies, cold plasma shows promise as an effective tool for disinfecting dentures. Notably, significant reductions in the Candida cell count can be achieved within a reasonable treatment duration, although the existing data present variable results.}, }
@article {pmid40665503, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Dong, B and He, Q and Tan, X and Li, Y and Zhao, K and Xu, X and Zeng, J}, title = {Baicalein of Scutellaria baicalensis inhibits Mycobacterium abscessus biofilm formation to restore the antibiotics susceptibility.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, pages = {735-750}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2531139}, pmid = {40665503}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Flavanones/pharmacology ; *Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Mycobacterium abscessus/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Mycobacterium abscessus is resistant to traditional anti-TB medications and most currently available antibiotics, its strong biofilm formation may contribute to the resistance and make the situation even worse. In this study, Scutellaria baicalensis extract significantly inhibited the planktonic growth as well as the biofilm formation of M. abscessus. Baicalein, the principal active element in S. baicalensis extract, inhibited the biofilm formation instead of the planktonic growth and reduced extracellular matrix lipids in M. abscessus biofilm. The synergistic effects of baicalein in combination with clinical drugs were investigated, the baicalein effectively restored the susceptibility of M. abscessus to the investigated drugs in the biofilm growth. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 98 genes were upregulated and 19 genes were downregulated after baicalein treatment, genes involved in the fatty acid synthesis pathway were validated by RT-qPCR. Therefore, the extract of S. baicalensis and its monomer baicalein might serve as potential innovative adjuvant agents for the prevention and treatment of M. abscessus biofilm formation in chronic infections.}, }
@article {pmid40664591, year = {2025}, author = {Çakmak, G and Czapek, NA and Weber, AR and Molinero-Mourelle, P and Eick, S and Schimmel, M}, title = {Effects of hydrothermal aging on surface properties and biofilm formation of CAD-CAM materials used for complete arch implant-supported prostheses: An in vitro study.}, journal = {The Journal of prosthetic dentistry}, volume = {134}, number = {4}, pages = {1206.e1-1206.e7}, doi = {10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.06.018}, pmid = {40664591}, issn = {1097-6841}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Surface Properties ; *Computer-Aided Design ; *Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported ; In Vitro Techniques ; Zirconium/chemistry ; *Dental Materials/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Titanium/chemistry ; Polymethyl Methacrylate/chemistry ; Streptococcus gordonii/growth &amp; development ; Benzophenones ; Chromium Alloys/chemistry ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Different computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials have been used to fabricate complete arch implant-supported prostheses (CAISPs), but studies comparing their surface properties and biofilm formation are limited.<br><br>PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the water contact angle, surface roughness, and biofilm formation of CAD-CAM materials used for CAISPs and to assess the effect of hydrothermal aging.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy disk-shaped specimens were fabricated (&#xd8;5&#xd7;2 mm) from titanium (Ti), 55-V anodized Ti (Ti5 55&#xa0;Hz), 65-V anodized Ti (Ti5 65&#xa0;Hz), cobalt chromium (Co-Cr), zirconia (Zir), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) (n=10). The water contact angle, surface roughness, and initial biofilm formation (CFU) were measured before and after hydrothermal aging and Streptococcus gordonii growth curves were evaluated. Mixed ANOVA with corrections was used to assess the effects of hydrothermal aging and material type (&#x3b1;=.05).<br><br>RESULTS: Before aging, Co-Cr had the highest water contact angle (P<.05), excluding PEEK (P=.114). PEEK had the highest roughness (P&#x2264;.004). The biofilms (CFU) formed on PEEK, PMMA, and Ti were higher than on Ti5 55&#xa0;Hz, Ti5 65&#xa0;Hz, Co-Cr, and Zir (P&#x2264;.034). After aging, Ti had the lowest water contact angle. PMMA, PEEK, and Zir had the highest roughness (P<.001). Co-Cr and Zir had more CFU counts than PEEK (P=.024; P=.049). Eluates from aged materials did not affect Streptococcus gordonii growth.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Material type and hydrothermal aging affected surface properties and biofilm formation. Before aging, Co-Cr had the highest water contact angle (except PEEK), while, after aging, Ti had the lowest. PEEK, Zir, and PMMA showed higher roughness than metals. Biofilm formation was greater on Ti, PMMA, and PEEK before aging, but, after aging, PEEK exhibited less biofilm than Zir and Co-Cr.}, }
@article {pmid40664002, year = {2025}, author = {Saranholi, TL and Sampaio, NCFM and Miot, HA and Dantas, STA and Rall, VLM and Abbade, LPF}, title = {A randomized clinical trial of silver hydrofiber dressing versus collagenase ointment for venous ulcer: analysis of biofilm-producing bacteria and bacterial clonality.}, journal = {Anais brasileiros de dermatologia}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {501162}, pmid = {40664002}, issn = {1806-4841}, mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Female ; Male ; *Varicose Ulcer/microbiology/therapy/drug therapy ; Middle Aged ; Ointments ; Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; *Collagenases/therapeutic use/administration &amp; dosage ; *Bandages ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; Bacterial Load ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Time Factors ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Silver Compounds/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Superficial infection in venous ulcers (VU) hinders healing.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the action of hydrofiber dressing with silver (HAg) compared to collagenase ointment (Col) in VU.<br><br>METHODS: Randomized controlled clinical trial in which patients with VU with superficial infection were randomized to the intervention (HAg) or comparison (Col) group. After 30 days (T30), the primary outcomes evaluated were: rate of ulcers without signs of superficial infection, decrease in bacterial load, presence of biofilm-producing bacteria, and bacterial clonality.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (56 ulcers) were included &#x2012; 18 patients (28 ulcers) in the HAg group and 16 (28 ulcers) in the Col group. There was a reduction in ulcers with superficial infection in both groups over time but with no differences (p = 0.422). There was no decrease in total bacterial load over time (p = 0.054) or between the groups (p = 0.113). There was a reduction in the rate of ulcers with biofilm-forming bacteria over time (p = 0.047) but no differences between groups (p = 0.558). Regarding the clonality of Staphylococcus aureus, 92.8% of ulcers in the HAg group and 85% in the Col group, the clones identified at T0 were the same at T30 (p = 0.553). There was no change in the identity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in any ulcer in either group.<br><br>STUDY LIMITATIONS: Short follow-up time.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Both interventions improved the clinical and some microbiologic characteristics, but there was no difference between both interventions. In addition, most ulcers showed indistinguishable genetic profiles of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa between T0 and T30, with no difference between the groups.}, }
@article {pmid40663300, year = {2025}, author = {Habibi, A and Pakpour Roudsari, M and ZiaZiabari, SM}, title = {Quercetin-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation via downregulation of Coa and Hla genes.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {107}, pmid = {40663300}, issn = {2191-0855}, abstract = {The research investigated the effects of that magnetic nanoparticles coated with the plant-based flavonoid quercetin have on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles proceeded through co-precipitation and further involved quercetin coating using a dextran stabilizer. A combined product of these materials received the chemical name Fe3O4@Dex-QT. The study included multiple analytical tests such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) together with cellular and molecular assays. Biofilm detection experiments showed that 95% of studied microorganisms had moderate-to-strong biofilm formation abilities. The examined strains that formed biofilms exhibited complete biofilm inhibition at a minimum concentration of 512 μg/mL. Post-treatment with Fe3O4@Dex-QT nanoparticles, the Coa and Hla genes were expressed at 30 and 20% levels respectively, as determined through RT-PCR analysis. The research uncovered that Fe3O4@Dex-QT nanoparticles demonstrate successful antibacterial properties against S. aureus strains, making them viable for substituting conventional antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid40662906, year = {2025}, author = {Dubey, M and Gahlot, P and Vellanki, BP and Kazmi, AA}, title = {Post-anoxic integrated biofilm activated sludge wastewater treatment process for emerging contaminant removal.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {174-188}, pmid = {40662906}, issn = {0273-1223}, support = {DST/TM/INDO-UK/2K17/66(C)//Department of Science and Technology, Government of India/ ; NE/R003548/1//UK Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Sewage/microbiology ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Bioreactors ; Anaerobiosis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Water Purification/methods ; Polyvinyl Alcohol/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; }, abstract = {The study investigates the role of redox conditions and food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio on emerging contaminants (ECs) attenuation in a laboratory-scale system. A Modified Ludzack Ettinger process integrated with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel-based biofilm reactor following the anaerobic tank was employed. Twenty ECs covering a wide range of physico-chemical properties were monitored across four treatment zones - aerobic, PVA, anoxic, and anaerobic reactors to understand the role of different redox conditions in removing ECs. Overall, the system achieved an average EC removal of 87%, with 9 out of 20 compounds removed by >80% and between 50 and 80%. The ECs removal contribution followed the trend: aerobic (42.7%) > PVA (33.4%) > anoxic (25.7%) > anaerobic (19.3%). The analysis revealed higher solid-water partition coefficients (Kd) in the settled sludge compared to the treatment reactors, with values varying based on the compound's chemical properties. The mass balance analysis showed biodegradation as the primary removal mechanism. Of the total EC mass load of 3.68, 0.5 and 0.022 g d[-1] was detected in the final effluent and sludge, respectively. Importantly, a strong negative correlation (r[2] = 0.83) was observed between the F/M ratio and EC removal efficiency, highlighting its critical role in process optimization.}, }
@article {pmid40662148, year = {2024}, author = {Al-Oebady, MAH}, title = {Study of the antagonistic relationship between gene expression biofilm of Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus that cause otomycosis.}, journal = {Current medical mycology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40662148}, issn = {2423-3439}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Various species of microorganisms interact in a variety of ecological niches and can lead to infection. A biofilm of one or more species may form during the infectious process. Otomycosis can be brought on by etiologic agents, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. This study aimed to survey the antagonistic relationship between the gene expression biofilms of A. niger and S. aureus in the context of otomycosis-related biofilm formation.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined single-species biofilms of A. niger and S. aureus, as well as mixed-species biofilms of A. niger-S. aureus, over 24 and 48 h. Expression of A. niger biofilm-related genes (eng1, xynB, exo, eglA, eglB, and eglC) was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Impact of S. aureus on the gene expression of A. niger was evaluated and compared to the gene expression of A. niger alone, which served as the control.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm formation assays showed that A. niger biofilm formation was significantly inhibited when co-cultured with S. aureus, with optical density values dropping from 0.56 (alone) to 0.15 at 24 h and 0.05 at 48 h. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of A. niger biofilm-related genes, namely eng1, xynB, exo, eglA, eglB, and eglC, increased significantly in single-species biofilms, reaching 2.5, 3, 1.5, 3.5, 2, and 1.7, respectively, at 24 h and 3.5, 4, 2, 4.2, 3, and 2, respectively at 48 h. However, in co-culture with S. aureus, their gene expression was markedly reduced to 0.8, 0.5, 0.4, 0.9, 0.6, 0.5, respectively, at 24 h and 0.5, 1, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6. , and 0.3, respectively, at 48 h, demonstrating a strong inhibitory effect of S. aureus on A. niger biofilm formation and gene expression.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study described the antagonistic relationship between S. aureus and A. niger on the gene expression biofilm that causes otomycosis, as well as the antibiosis relationship between the two during in vitro biofilm formation. These findings provide new insights into the complex interactions between these microorganisms during infection and may have implications for understanding and managing otomycosis.}, }
@article {pmid40660910, year = {2025}, author = {Singh, S and Adhikari, S and Varshney, N and Rani, C and Kumar, A and Kumar, R and Jha, HC}, title = {Overcoming antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori: the roles of collateral sensitivity and biofilm dynamics.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {80}, number = {9}, pages = {2433-2441}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkaf233}, pmid = {40660910}, issn = {1460-2091}, support = {EMR/2017/001637//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; BMI/12(82)/2021//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; SB/S2/RJN-132/20/5//DST/ ; SR/FST/LS-I/2020/621//DST-FIST/ ; SR/FST/PSI-225/2016//DST-FIST/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Helicobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) poses a significant challenge to eradication strategies. This study investigates the role of biofilm formation in AMR and explores the potential of collateral sensitivity (CS) as a therapeutic approach to optimize treatment regimens.<br><br>METHODS: Two H. pylori clinical isolates (HJ1 and HJ9) were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility using broth microdilution assays. Biofilm formation was characterized through crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. CS profiling was conducted by generating adaptive-resistant strains through serial exposure to sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations, and susceptibility testing using disk diffusion assays.<br><br>RESULTS: &#x2022;&#x2003;The antibiotic-resistant strain HJ1 exhibited enhanced biofilm formation over time compared to HJ9, with Raman microspectroscopy revealing significant biochemical alterations in its extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).&#x2022;&#x2003;CS profiling demonstrated reciprocal susceptibility changes; resistance to tetracycline increased levofloxacin susceptibility in HJ1, while resistance to rifampicin increased amoxicillin susceptibility in HJ9.&#x2022;&#x2003;The findings suggest that strategic antibiotic cycling, leveraging CS relationships, may enhance treatment efficacy and limit resistance development.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm formation plays a critical role in H. pylori AMR, reinforcing the challenge of eradication. CS profiling indicates that resistance acquisition can be exploited therapeutically to enhance antibiotic efficacy. Integrating CS-based treatment strategies with biofilm-disrupting interventions may provide a novel approach of overcoming multi-drug resistance in H. pylori. Further research is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning CS and biofilm-mediated resistance to refine treatment strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40660416, year = {2025}, author = {Grosche, A and Selci, M and Smedile, F and Giovannelli, D and Borin, S and Le Bris, N and Vetriani, C}, title = {The chemosynthetic biofilm microbiome of deep-sea hydrothermal vents across space and time.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {88}, pmid = {40660416}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {OCE 1948623//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial biofilms colonize mineral and biological substrates exposed to fluid circulation at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, providing a biologically active interface along redox boundaries. Since many biofilms at deep-sea vents are associated with invertebrates, microbial distribution and abundance are not only constrained by local fluid geochemistry, but also through host-microbe interactions. This study examined the spatial distribution and diversity of established microbial biofilm communities collected from three distinct biological regimes characteristic of the East Pacific Rise (9°50 N, 104°17 W) vent system, as well as newly established biofilms on experimental microbial colonization devices. Transcripts from 16S rRNA-based amplicon sequencing revealed that Campylobacterota of the Sulfurimonas and Sulfurovum genera dominated newly-formed biofilms across all biological regimes. Statistical analyses using environmental chemistry data from each sampling site suggest that community composition is significantly impacted by biofilm age, temperature and sulfide concentration ranges, and to a lesser extent, locality. Further, metatranscriptomic analyses were used to investigate changes in community gene expression between seafloor and subseafloor biofilms. Our findings revealed differences in the type and abundance of transcripts related to respiratory pathways, carbon fixation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Overall, this study provides a novel conceptual framework for evaluating biofilm structure and function at deep-sea vents by showing a transition from a niche-specific pioneer microbial community in newly-formed biofilms, to a complex population of increased diversity in established biofilms and by identifying key changes in gene expression in taxonomically similar biofilms during the transition from the shallow subseafloor to the seafloor.}, }
@article {pmid40659635, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Z and Li, M and Xie, Q and Liu, Y and Huang, J and Zeng, Q and Li, X and Rao, K and Ning, J and Zhao, M and Li, B and Li, F and Liu, H and Zhou, S and Shu, B and Yang, B and Zheng, J and Liao, Y}, title = {Eradicating fungal biofilm-based infections by ultrasound-assisted semiconductor sensitized upconversion photodynamic therapy.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {6499}, pmid = {40659635}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {82322042, 82102444, 82272248//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects ; Animals ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Male ; Semiconductors ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Candidiasis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Ruthenium/chemistry ; Nitriles/chemistry ; Humans ; Ultrasonic Waves ; }, abstract = {Fungal biofilms, as self-produced extracellular polymeric substances that resist antifungal agents and immune defense, represent a major cause of treatment failure and recurrent infections. Therefore, it is of great importance to eradicate fungal biofilms to achieve efficient therapy. This study develops a synergistic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-enhanced strategy to eradicate Candida albicans biofilms by designing ultrasound-light dual-responsive nanohybrids (UCNP@CR). The system integrates thulium-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with carbon nitride-coated surfaces (g-C3N4) and polypyridine ruthenium complex (Ru) photosensitizers. In treatment, the dense fungal biofilm can be effectively loosened under ultrasound stimulation while ultrasound simultaneously triggers ROS production of UCNP@CR, collectively promoting irreversible destruction of biofilm and inward penetration of photosensitizer. Moreover, UCNP@CR exhibits strong fungal adhesion, while its g-C3N4-mediated enhanced metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) process of Ru under near-infrared light irradiation amplifies ROS generation, which leads to efficient eradication of fungal biofilms. As in vivo experimental evidence, UCNP@CR exhibits excellent antifungal efficacy in treating fungal biofilm-infected wounds in immunosuppressed male mice under ultrasound-light stimulation. These findings establish the ultrasound-assisted, ROS-enhanced synergistic strategy as a promising approach against fungal biofilm infections and provide diverse perspective for managing other biofilm-related infectious diseases.}, }
@article {pmid40659148, year = {2025}, author = {Zou, Y and Qu, Y and Zhang, Y and Yu, Q}, title = {Multifunctional antibiofilm materials: surface engineering and nanotherapeutic strategies for biofilm prevention and eradication.}, journal = {Acta biomaterialia}, volume = {203}, number = {}, pages = {155-180}, doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.029}, pmid = {40659148}, issn = {1878-7568}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms, as structured microbial communities embedded within self-produced extracellular polymeric substances, present formidable challenges in clinical and healthcare environments due to their intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial treatments and ability to evade host immune responses. Addressing these resilient structures requires the development of advanced antibiofilm materials through multifunctional approaches. This review conducts a comprehensive examination of contemporary antibiofilm strategies, structured around two primary objectives: biofilm formation prevention and established biofilm eradication. The first section systematically analyzes surface engineering strategies aimed at preventing biofilm formation on medical implants and devices, focusing on three principal coating approaches: anti-adhesive, bactericidal, and biofilm-disruptive coatings. The second section delves into therapeutic interventions, predominantly nanoplatform-based, designed to target mature biofilms by disrupting their structural integrity and killing the embedded bacterial cells. Special emphasis is placed on the design principles and fabrication techniques of multifunctional antibiofilm coatings and nanoplatforms that integrate multiple antibiofilm mechanisms, accompanied by representative case studies. The concluding perspectives identify critical research gaps and propose integrated frameworks to facilitate the practical implementation of antibiofilm technologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review critically evaluates contemporary biofilm management approaches through two complementary paradigms: proactive inhibition of biofilm colonization and precise targeting of mature biofilms. By presenting foundational insights into the design of antibiofilm coatings and therapeutic nanoplatforms, this review highlights innovative multifunctional systems that synergistically combine diverse antibiofilm mechanisms, offering valuable perspectives for the biomaterials research community. Ultimately, this review advances the rational development of biofilm-responsive materials and delineates a strategic pathway to expedite the translation of antibiofilm innovations into medical and environmental applications, thereby addressing the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40657914, year = {2025}, author = {Fung, BL and Musto, EG and Mugambi, LK and Lange, ML and Tepavcevic, J and Visick, KL}, title = {A single point mutation is sufficient to drive syp-dependent biofilm formation and promote colonization by Vibrio fischeri.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {207}, number = {8}, pages = {e0013125}, pmid = {40657914}, issn = {1098-5530}, support = {R35 GM130355/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM130355/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Aliivibrio fischeri/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Point Mutation ; Symbiosis ; Operon ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic colonization by Vibrio fischeri relies on the syp gene cluster, which encodes proteins predicted to synthesize and export a polysaccharide, SYP, that functions in cell-cell adherence. In strain ES114, four two-component sensor kinase/phosphatases, including central regulator SypF and the nitric oxide/HnoX-controlled HahK, dictate the activities of two response regulators, SypG and SypE, which in turn control SYP production. Here, we report that a single nucleotide change (C/A) upstream of the hnoX-hahK operon caused a substantial 80-fold increase in its transcription. While a search for negative regulators yielded Zur (zinc uptake regulator), loss of Zur only modestly (approximately threefold) increased transcription. We found instead that the C/A change engendered a new transcriptional start site. Furthermore, the C/A change was sufficient to robustly promote syp-dependent biofilm formation dependent on HahK and SypG but only partially dependent on the central regulator SypF. Rather, the residual biofilm formation in the absence of SypF relied on the luminescence regulator LuxU. Consistent with its ability to produce syp-dependent biofilms, a ΔsypF mutant that carried the C/A-hahK allele outcompeted its ΔsypF parent for squid colonization. Finally, bioinformatic analyses of the hnoX promoter region in various V. fischeri isolates revealed that most contained G or C nucleotides lacking in ES114, indicating an evolutionary divergence between different isolates. Together, these findings uncover the ability of HahK to signal through both SypF and LuxU to induce syp-dependent biofilm formation and host colonization, thus advancing our understanding of the regulators that control syp-dependent biofilm formation by V. fischeri.IMPORTANCEBiofilms promote the attachment of bacteria to each other and to surfaces. For Vibrio fischeri, biofilm formation dependent on the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) locus promotes colonization of its symbiotic host. Multiple two-component regulators, including the central sensor kinase SypF and nitric oxide/HnoX-controlled sensor kinase HahK, induce SYP production. Here, we identify a C/A change in the hnoX-hahK regulatory region that substantially increases its transcription and SYP-dependent biofilm formation. We further determined that HahK signals through both SypF and the luminescence regulator LuxU to promote biofilm formation and host colonization. Our findings thus provide insight into the regulatory crossover between two major pathways, quorum sensing-controlled luminescence and biofilm formation, in V. fischeri.}, }
@article {pmid40657461, year = {2025}, author = {Al Ghaithi, A and Husband, J and Al Bimani, A and Al Kindi, M and Al Maskari, S}, title = {Biofilm-Induced Bone Degradation in Osteomyelitis: Insights from a comprehensive ex vivo pathogen interaction study.}, journal = {Sultan Qaboos University medical journal}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {98-104}, pmid = {40657461}, issn = {2075-0528}, mesh = {Humans ; *Osteomyelitis/physiopathology/microbiology/complications ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Oman ; Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Bone and Bones/microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods ; Aged ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Osteomyelitis, characterised by bone inflammation due to microbial infection, presents significant healthcare challenges. While the protective role of biofilm in bacterial immunity and persistence is well-documented, its direct impact on bone degradation in osteomyelitis remains inadequately characterised. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the direct effects of biofilm-forming pathogens on human bone, providing new insights into the mechanisms of bone destruction associated with osteomyelitis.<br><br>METHODS: Bone sections were collected from patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between January 2021 and December 2022. The samples were then inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus to simulate in vitro bone infection. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyse the bacterial interaction with bone tissue.<br><br>RESULTS: Biofilm-forming pathogens directly contributed to bone degradation, as evidenced by SEM images showing marked trabecular destruction. Raman analysis showed a significant increase in the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio in inoculated samples (61.9%) compared to controls (47%). Additionally, mineral content decreased in inoculated samples, and the carbonate-to-amide I ratio reduced by 47% in inoculated samples and by 80% in controls. The inoculated samples exhibited an 82% shift in collagen cross-linking compared to a 72% shift in controls.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This research enhances the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying bone destruction in osteomyelitis and underscores the intricate role of biofilm in disease progression. These findings highlight the importance of biofilm in bone degradation and its potential implications for infection management.}, }
@article {pmid40655753, year = {2025}, author = {Soni, M and Mishra, S and Ratre, MS and Kazmi, S and Aditi, S and Singh, S}, title = {Study on the Influence of Different Peri-Implant Mucosa Cleaning Protocols on Microbial Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Journal of pharmacy &amp; bioallied sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {S1396-S1398}, pmid = {40655753}, issn = {0976-4879}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The accumulation of microbial biofilm around dental implants remains a significant concern in maintaining peri-implant health. Ineffective cleaning of the peri-implant mucosa can result in peri-implantitis, jeopardizing implant longevity. This study evaluates the influence of different peri-implant mucosa cleaning protocols on microbial biofilm formation.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients with dental implants were included in this randomized controlled trial. Participants were divided into three groups (n = 20 per group) based on the cleaning protocol: Group 1 (manual brushing with soft bristles), Group 2 (ultrasonic cleaning), and Group 3 (air polishing). Biofilm accumulation was assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months using the Plaque Index (PI) and microbial colony-forming units (CFU). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA to determine significant differences between groups.<br><br>RESULTS: At the end of the study, Group 3 (air polishing) demonstrated the least biofilm accumulation, with a mean PI score reduction of 70% compared to baseline. Group 2 (ultrasonic cleaning) showed a 50% reduction, whereas Group 1 (manual brushing) exhibited a 30% reduction. Microbial analysis revealed the lowest CFU counts in Group 3 (1500 &#xb1; 200 CFU), followed by Group 2 (3200 &#xb1; 300 CFU) and Group 1 (5000 &#xb1; 400 CFU). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the groups at 1 and 3 months.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Air polishing proved to be the most effective peri-implant mucosa cleaning protocol for reducing microbial biofilm formation, followed by ultrasonic cleaning. Manual brushing alone showed limited efficacy in controlling biofilm. Implementing efficient cleaning protocols is crucial for preventing peri-implant diseases and enhancing implant success.}, }
@article {pmid40655374, year = {2025}, author = {Abdulghani, M and Zore, G}, title = {Optimization of in vitro Biofilm Growth of Candida albicans.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {1361-1365}, pmid = {40655374}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {Candida albicans cells growing under biofilm form exhibit exceptional resistance towards anti-fungal agents and host immune responses. In this report, we have investigated variables that affect C. albicans biofilm development. Our observations suggest that factors like inoculum density, adhesion time and media composition play important roles in regulating biofilm formations and inoculum density of 1 × 10[7] cells/mL, adhesion for 90 min, and RPMI 1640 were the optimal conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40654487, year = {2025}, author = {Tseng, CF and Sung, CC and Yang, YT and Chen, FN and Mine, Y and Chiang, YC and Lin, ZC and Fang, ML and Chen, HM and Kok, SH and Peng, TY}, title = {Impacts of surface characteristics on biological responses and biofilm formation of 3D-printed denture base resins: An in vitro study.}, journal = {Journal of dental sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {1716-1722}, pmid = {40654487}, issn = {2213-8862}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: With advancements in digital technology, fully digital workflow for complete denture fabrication using 3D-printed denture base resin (DBR) has gained increasing clinical acceptance in recent years. However, the surface characteristics, biocompatibility, and biofilm formation of 3D-printed DBR materials remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated and analyzed these aspects.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disk-shaped DBR specimens (&#xd8; 2.5 mm, 3 mm thick) were fabricated using packed (PA), milled (ML), and 3D-printed (3D) processes. All specimens were ground with silicon carbide sandpaper (#600) and ultrasonically cleaned. Surface microtopography and sub-micron roughness were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, while a goniometer was used to measure contact angles to calculate the surface energy. Human gingival fibroblasts and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were cultured on the specimens to assess the cytotoxicity and biofilm formation. Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level set to 0.05.<br><br>RESULTS: Microscopic imaging revealed that the 3D group exhibited a more uniformly distributed texture, while it also had the lowest surface roughness (0.85 &#x3bc;m). Additionally, the PA group had the most hydrophobic surface (82.47&#xb0;) and the highest surface free energy (46.08 mN/m). Notably, no group showed cytotoxic effects after 72 h of testing. In addition, the 3D group demonstrated the lowest biofilm formation after both 24 h and 72 h of microbial culture.<br><br>CONCLUSION: 3D-printed DBRs exhibited the lowest surface roughness, maintaining non-cytotoxic and superior resistance to microbial adhesion, suggesting their potential for complete denture fabrication, easy maintenance of oral hygiene, and long-term clinical performance.}, }
@article {pmid40654368, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Li, H and Liu, L and Song, Y and Zhang, L and Miao, J and Jiang, J and Tian, H and Liu, C and Peng, F and Tu, Y}, title = {Alginate lyase immobilized Chlamydomonas algae microrobots: minimally invasive therapy for biofilm penetration and eradication.}, journal = {Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {3259-3272}, pmid = {40654368}, issn = {2211-3835}, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms can make traditional antibiotics impenetrable and even promote the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, non-antibiotic strategies to effectively penetrate and eradicate the formed biofilms are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate the development of self-propelled biohybrid microrobots that can enhance the degradation and penetration effects for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in minimally invasive strategy. The biohybrid microrobots (CR@Alg) are constructed by surface modification of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CR) microalgae with alginate lyase (Alg) via biological orthogonal reaction. By degrading the biofilm components, the number of CR@Alg microrobots with fast-moving capability penetrating the biofilm increases by around 2.4-fold compared to that of microalgae. Massive reactive oxygen species are subsequently generated under laser irradiation due to the presence of chlorophyll, inherent photosensitizers of microalgae, thus triggering photodynamic therapy (PDT) to combat bacteria. Our algae-based microrobots with superior biocompatibility eliminate biofilm-infections efficiently and tend to suppress the inflammatory response in vivo, showing huge promise for the active treatment of biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40654161, year = {2025}, author = {McConnell, G and Rooney, LM and Sandison, ME and Hoskisson, PA and Baxter, KJ}, title = {A simple silicone elastomer colonization model highlights complexities of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus interactions in biofilm formation.}, journal = {Journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40654161}, issn = {1473-5644}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Silicone Elastomers ; *Microbial Interactions ; Humans ; Coculture Techniques ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Introduction. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) significantly contribute to the burden of antimicrobial resistance. A major factor in HAIs is the colonization of indwelling medical devices by biofilm-forming opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms frequently co-infect, resulting in synergistic interactions with enhanced virulence and resistance to treatment.Hypothesis/Gap statement. C. albicans and S. aureus readily form dual-species biofilms on silicone elastomers, a commonly used medical device material, yet the colonization phenotypes of these organisms on such surfaces remain poorly understood.Aim. We aimed to develop a simple, optically tractable model to mimic the colonization of indwelling medical devices to investigate C. albicans and S. aureus biofilm formation.Methodology. The system utilizes discs of a silicone elastomer embedded in agar, reflecting device-associated conditions and enabling high-resolution imaging of biofilms formed by C. albicans and S. aureus co-cultures.Results. Initial results using the silicone elastomer colonization model reveal robust biofilm formation. These biofilms exhibited morphological differences between dual-species biofilms formed by S. aureus co-cultures with either yeast- or hyphal-form C. albicans, indicating the impact of differing C. albicans cell morphotypes in biofilm-associated medical device colonization on silicone elastomers. Quantification of biofilm formation by crystal violet staining provided further validation of the system.Conclusion. These findings underscore the importance of developing tools for biofilm study which more closely resemble the infectious microenvironment, with our work detailing such a system which can be employed in further study to improve strategies against device-related HAIs.}, }
@article {pmid40653503, year = {2025}, author = {Rosado-Rosa, JM and Parmar, D and Rubakhin, SS and Shrout, JD and Sweedler, JV}, title = {D-Amino acids affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and quorum sensing molecules in lung infection models developed under a cystic fibrosis environment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {25328}, pmid = {40653503}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R01 AI113219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD032242/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; S10OD032242//Office Of The Director, National Institutes Of Health/ ; R01AI113219//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly infects immunocompromised patients, including those with cystic fibrosis (CF). These infections are difficult to treat due to a variety of factors including the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to resist to antibiotic treatment in part due to formation of biofilms. D-amino acids have known biofilm-disruption and antibacterial properties in some bacteria including P. aeruginosa. However, this treatment remains underexplored especially for inhibiting biofilm biomass production under CF environments. We explore the effects of six individual D-amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, glutamic acid, serine, and proline) on the quorum sensing signaling and biofilm biomass production of two strains: PAO1 and the CF isolate FRD1. The D-amino acid causing the most significant decrease in biofilm mass and a decrease in quorum sensing molecules was D-aspartic acid. Meanwhile D-glutamic acid and D-serine had the opposite effects with an increase in biofilm mass and increase in quorum sensing molecule abundance. D-proline also showed a decrease in quorum sensing signaling with a decrease in biofilm biomass. P. aeruginosa had a lower or delayed quorum sensing response in the presence of D-aspartic acid and the absence of its L- counterpart at 48 h, a potential therapeutic route to explore.}, }
@article {pmid40653072, year = {2025}, author = {Xiao, P and Su, Y and Kong, W and Lv, G and Wu, F and Liu, Q and Zhao, C}, title = {Eco-friendly biofilm dispersion: Biosurfactant-metal complexes efficiently disrupt adhesion architecture of sulfate-reducing bacteria.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {122343}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122343}, pmid = {40653072}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Copper/chemistry/pharmacology ; Corrosion ; *Surface-Active Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Glycolipids/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to provide a new possibility to inhibit microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and microbial resistance problems prevalent in the oilfield industry. The study focused on the preparation of composite nanoparticles by using rhamnolipids as stabilizers and doping them with copper-based nanoparticles and utilizing the functional synergy of both to inhibit the MIC. The antibacterial and corrosion inhibition properties of the prepared composites against mixed sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) enriched in oilfield production water were investigated. The antibacterial and corrosion inhibition effects of the composite nanoparticles were superior to those of the copper-based nanoparticles at the same concentration. Antibacterial experiments showed that the synthesized composites significantly inhibited the growth of SRB and disrupted their cellular structure. In corrosion inhibition experiments, an effective corrosion inhibition effect against SRB corrosion on X65 carbon steel corrosion was observed, with the corrosion inhibition rate reaching 75.3 %, the biofilm thickness was reduced by 75.4 %, and the depth of corrosion pits was reduced by 87.5 %. The corrosion inhibition mechanism mainly includes the synergistic destruction of cell structure by rhamnolipids and copper-based nanoparticles, which affects metabolic activities, reduces bacterial adhesion on the carbon steel surface and inhibits the formation of biofilm. Therefore, the composite have the potential to act as effective corrosion inhibitors.}, }
@article {pmid40653001, year = {2025}, author = {Pudipeddi, A and Bijle, MN and Yiu, C}, title = {Effect of arginine-based synbiotics on multispecies biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of dentistry}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {105974}, doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105974}, pmid = {40653001}, issn = {1879-176X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Arginine/pharmacology ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/genetics ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Streptococcus sanguis/drug effects ; *Synbiotics ; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/physiology ; Streptococcus gordonii/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Streptococcus/drug effects ; Durapatite/chemistry ; Anaerobiosis ; Humans ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of arginine (Arg)-based synbiotics on multispecies biofilm.<br><br>METHODS: In vitro biofilms (Streptococcus mutans UA159, S. gordonii DL1, S. sanguinis DSS-10) were grown on HA discs under anaerobic conditions (37&#xb0;C, 5 % CO&#x2082;, 24 h) and treated with: (1) Arg (0.25 %, 0.5 % w/v.), (2) Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LRG) at 10&#x2077; CFU/mL, or (3) their combinations, 2&#xd7; daily for 3 days. At 96 h, biofilm matrix components (exoproteins, eDNA, and carbohydrates) and microbial viability (confocal microscopy and PMA-qPCR) were quantified. Relative gene expression analysis was also conducted with species-specific genes (gtfB, sagP, arcA, argG, argH).<br><br>RESULTS: For carbohydrates, no significant difference was identified among treatment groups (p>0.05). Protein content for 0.5 % Arg+LRG was significantly lower than LRG (p<0.05). The lowest eDNA content was observed in LRG (p<0.05); while eDNA content of 0.5 % Arg+LRG, was similar to 0.5 % Arg and control (p>0.05). Using confocal imaging, the highest proportion of live cell was found in 0.5 % Arg+LRG (p<0.05), followed by 0.25 % Arg+LRG, 3-D biofilm imaging demonstrated increased biomass with smoother architecture in biofilms treated with 0.5 % Arg+LRG (p<0.05). 0.5 % Arg+LRG significantly enhanced growth of commensal streptococci (S. gordonii, S. sanguinis) compared to monotherapies and control, while also reducing viability of S. mutans compared to control (p<0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of S. mutans virulence (gtfB) and upregulation of commensal metabolism (sagP, arcA) for 0.5 % Arg+LRG (p<0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The 0.5 % Arg+LRG synbiotics uniquely integrates ecological modulation by regulating biochemical matrix components, promoting commensal enrichment and suppressing cariogenic pathogens.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A deliverable Arg-LRG synbiotics for caries prevention addresses a global public health priority. This strategy aligns with microbial homeostasis principles, presenting a novel paradigm for caries prevention. The Arg-LRG synbiotics can counter the limitations of fluorides to establish a diverse oral microbiome, imparting an ecologically driven approach to caries prevention.}, }
@article {pmid40652427, year = {2025}, author = {Abdulkareem, ZA}, title = {Zataria multiflora essential oil: a potent agent with antibacterial, anti-NorA efflux pump and anti-biofilm activity against ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {2181-2192}, pmid = {40652427}, issn = {1678-4405}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Cattle ; *Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Female ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; *Lamiaceae/chemistry ; *ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins/genetics/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Bovine mastitis is a prevalent and economically significant disease in dairy cattle, leading to reduced milk production and quality. Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent of bovine mastitis, often complicating treatment due to its ability to develop antibiotic resistance. This resistance is frequently mediated by efflux pumps, such as the NorA pump. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Zataria multiflora essential oil (EO) to inhibit biofilm formation and disrupt the NorA efflux pump in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis.The plant EO was extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and its composition was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of the EO were assessed against 7 clinical ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. The NorA efflux pump inhibitory (EPI) potential of the EO was assessed using the checkerboard assay against S. aureus norA overexpressed (SA1199B strain) and clinical isolates. Then, the expression of the norA gene at sub-minimum inhibitory (sub-MICs) concentrations levels was also determined. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the Z. multiflora essential oil was assessed using the MTT assay on the Vero cell line. The potent antibacterial activity of Z. multiflora EO against clinical and standard strains was found, with MIC values ranging from 0.25 to 64 µg.ml[- 1]. The tested EO demonstrated significant anti-biofilm activity at MIC/2 and MIC/4 concentrations. In all clinical and norA overexpressed strains, Z. multiflora EO had a total or partial synergistic effects with ciprofloxacin and ethidium bromide with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) < 2, indicating EPI activity. At MIC/2 and MIC/4 concentrations, Z. multiflora EO significantly downregulated the norA gene (P < 0.01). Z. multiflora EO showed no significant cytotoxicity towards human cells at MIC and 2MIC concentrations. In conclusion, Zataria multiflora EO exhibited promising antibacterial, anti-biofilm and EPI properties against ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Moreover, it showed no significant cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells, suggesting its potential as a safe and effective therapeutic agent for bovine mastitis. Further investigations are warranted to explore its efficacy in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid40651738, year = {2025}, author = {da Silva, JSSC and Barbaresco, MJ and Rocha, RM and Eliseu, MGFR and de Andrade, M and Dias, LD and Naves, PLF}, title = {Chlorhexidine combined with curcumin-mediated photodynamic treatment effectively inhibits biofilm formation by clinical Candida isolates from the oral cavity.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {54}, number = {}, pages = {104709}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104709}, pmid = {40651738}, issn = {1873-1597}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Curcumin/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Photosensitizing Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Chlorhexidine/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *Candida/drug effects ; *Mouth/microbiology/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Antifungal Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) in combination with curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy (CUR-PDT) against clinical Candida spp. isolates. Seven strains were analyzed, including Candida albicans (Ca2, Ca4, CaATCC 10,231) and Candida krusei (Ck7, Ck8, Ck11, Ck12), previously characterized for their biofilm-forming ability using the crystal violet assay after 48 h of incubation in BHIS medium at 35.5 °C, with an initial inoculum of approximately 1-5 × 10[5] CFU/mL. Antifungal activity was assessed through the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) under both irradiated and non-irradiated conditions using blue LED light at 450 nm (20 and 100 J/cm[2]). CHX alone exhibited MBIC50 values ranging from 3.71 to 14.84 µM. CUR showed no inhibitory activity in the absence of light, with no measurable MIC or MBIC50 values. Upon irradiation, CUR exhibited MBIC50 values ranging from 4 to 64 µM, depending on the strain and light dose. The combined CHX + CUR treatment under 100 J/cm[2] irradiation demonstrated a pronounced additive effect, reducing MBIC50 values to 0.625 µM for all strains except Candida albicans Ca2, which required 1.25 µM. This combination achieved biofilm inhibition rates exceeding 90 % (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that CHX combined with CUR-PDT under high-dose irradiation significantly enhances biofilm inhibition in Candida spp., supporting its potential as a promising antifungal strategy for the management of biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40651442, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, ZH and Chen, C and Ye, KY and Peng, SM and Tan, JY and Sun, ZF and Wu, KK and Wang, W and Xing, DF and Wang, AJ and Ren, NQ and Zhao, L}, title = {Bromate-reducing capability of nitrate/nitrite-dependent methane driven membrane biofilm reactors.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {286}, number = {}, pages = {124184}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124184}, pmid = {40651442}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Nitrates/metabolism ; *Methane/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Nitrites/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Bromates/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Membranes, Artificial ; Water Purification/methods ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {Bromate (BrO3[-]) contamination poses a significant environmental and health risk, often coexisting with nitrate pollution in water sources. As a sustainable wastewater treatment strategy, methane-driven removal of oxidized contaminants removal has emerged as a promising low-carbon solution. However, interactions between bromate and nitrate reduction remain poorly understood. This study investigates two methane-based membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) enriched with either nitrate (MBfR-W1) or nitrite (MBfR-W2) as electron acceptors. Both MBfRs achieved near-complete bromate removal at a maximum reduction rate of 5.6 ± 0.1 mg BrO3[-]-Br L[-1]·d[-1] while simultaneously eliminating nitrate or nitrite when present. Notably, nitrate and nitrite consistently outcompeted bromate as preferred electron acceptors, yet MBfR-W2 demonstrated greater resilience to dynamic operational changes and higher bromate loads, suggesting benefits from nitrite pre-enrichment. Unexpectedly, under high influent concentrations, nitrate and nitrite appeared to enhance bromate reduction, suggesting regulatory stimulation. Microbial community analysis revealed a dominance of heterotrophic denitrifiers (Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum, Stenotrophomonas) rather than classical methanotrophs, indicating alternative methane oxidation pathways. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate, were continuously produced from methane and consumed, serving as key intermediates linking methane oxidation to electron acceptor reduction. It was hypothesized that methane was initially converted into complex carbon intermediates, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which were then fermented into SCFAs. These findings highlight the central role of methane-derived SCFAs in facilitating multi-contaminant removal and offer new insights into methane-based denitrification processes relevant for sustainable water treatment design.}, }
@article {pmid40651377, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Wu, Y and Chen, L and Zheng, X and Long, M and Chen, Y}, title = {Double-edged sword of microbial self-adaptive mechanisms in biofilm systems under non-antibiotic bisphenol stress: Promoting contaminant degradation and antibiotic resistance genes propagation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {496}, number = {}, pages = {139201}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139201}, pmid = {40651377}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Phenols/metabolism ; *Sulfones/metabolism ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Benzhydryl Compounds ; Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; Bisphenol S Compounds ; }, abstract = {Biofilm systems demonstrate significant potential for the efficient degradation of persistent organic pollutants and serve as a crucial reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) due to the widespread misuse of antibiotics. However, the role of biofilm systems under non-antibiotic bisphenol stress in contaminant removal and ARGs dissemination remains uncertain. This research investigates the removal performance of bisphenol S (BPS) as a representative bisphenol and its impact on ARG dynamics in biofilm systems. The results indicate that biofilm systems can achieve nearly 100 % BPS removal, accompanied by a 17.1 % enrichment in the relative abundance of ARGs. Hydrogen bonding with -6.9 kJ/mol binding energy played a major role in the interactions between the hydroxyl groups of BPS and the biofilm. This interaction promotes the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances, which provide habitats for mobile genetic elements (MGEs), leading to 64.3 % enrichment in their abundance. Meanwhile, microbial communities shift towards BPS-degrading microorganisms and are also potential ARG hosts. Additionally, the presence of BPS triggers microbial self-adaptive mechanisms, including SOS responses, quorum sensing, and two-component systems, enhancing bisphenol degradation pathways for BPS removal. Unfortunately, these activated microbial adaptation mechanisms lead to ARG proliferation by increasing membrane permeability, enhancing biofilm formation, and improving microbial connectivity.}, }
@article {pmid40649776, year = {2025}, author = {Grychowska, K and Klesiewicz, K and Pęgiel, J and Kuziak, A and Skiba-Kurek, I and Canale, V and Krzysiek-Mączka, G and Ptak-Belowska, A and Piska, K and Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk, P and Krzyżek, P and Brzozowski, T and Zajdel, P and Karczewska, E}, title = {New Quipazine Derivatives Active Against Drug-Resistant Oncogenic Helicobacter pylori Strains with Biofilm.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {40649776}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {N42/DBS/000078, N42/DBS/000346//Jagiellonian University Medical College Statutory Funds/ ; qLIFE Priority Research Area under the program "Excellence Initiative Research University"//Jagiellonian University/ ; }, mesh = {*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Animals ; Helicobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Clarithromycin/pharmacology ; Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is regarded as a significant risk factor for gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. However, the increasing resistance of H. pylori strains has resulted in low eradication rates and ineffective treatments. Herein, we report on identification of a new quipazine derivative-compound 9c (N-(3-chlorobenzyl)-2-(piperazin-1-yl)quinolin-4-amine), which displayed antibacterial properties (MIC range 2-4 µg/mL) against H. pylori CagA-positive reference strains associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, including metronidazole-resistant ATCC 43504, clarithromycin-resistant ATCC 700684 and susceptible J99 strain, as well as clinical, multidrug-resistant isolate (3CML, resistant to clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin). Compound 9c showed bacteriostatic activity (MBC/MIC ratio > 4), demonstrated antibiofilm-forming properties and prevented auto-aggregation of microbial cells. It also displayed an additive effect in ½ MIC (2 µg/mL) when administered with clarithromycin and/or metronidazole. Compound 9c had no impact on gut microbiota reference strains of S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and L. paracasei as well as no hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes. Finally, by reducing the viability of the SNU-1 human gastric cancer cell line (IC50 = 3.28 μg/mL), compound 9c might offer important implications regarding the oncogenic characteristics of cagA+ H. pylori strains.}, }
@article {pmid40649229, year = {2025}, author = {Shea, A and Bernards, MT}, title = {A Review of Recent Progress in Synthetic Polymer Surface Coatings for the Prevention of Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {40649229}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {80NSSC22M0240/NASA/NASA/United States ; 80NSSC22M0120/NASA/NASA/United States ; 80NSSC20M0108/NASA/NASA/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polymers/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry/pharmacology ; Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Bacterial adhesion and the subsequent formation of biofilms and biofouling have significant economic and health impacts across all sectors. They are especially impactful in industrial corrosion, healthcare, food processing, agriculture, and waste and drinking water. Synthetic polymers that resist bacterial adhesion are adaptable to a wide range of applications in all of these fields. While there are many bacteria-resistant polymers, some of the best performing include polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(oxazoline) (POZ), and zwitterionic polymers, with zwitterionic polymers showing the most promise with reductions in bacteria adhesion up to 99% over controls. This review summarizes the demonstrated bacterial resistance performance of these polymer coatings based on literature published over the last ten years. It also identifies the front runners for preventing bacterial adhesion while providing the critical next steps for widespread adoption of this technology.}, }
@article {pmid40644949, year = {2025}, author = {Taj, MI and Guan, P and Ding, Y and Zheng, X and Kong, W and Wang, X}, title = {Antibacterial activity and mechanism of novel phage endolysin lysSEP21 against dual-species biofilm of Salmonella and Escherichia coli and its application in food preservation.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {111337}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111337}, pmid = {40644949}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/virology/genetics ; *Salmonella/drug effects/physiology/virology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Bacteriophages/enzymology/chemistry ; *Food Preservation/methods ; *Viral Proteins/pharmacology ; Food Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Biofilms of Salmonella and Escherichia coli promote drug resistance and pathogenicity, as their multi-lipid structures hinder the eradication of these bacteria. Phage lytic proteins provide viable treatment strategies to eradicate biofilms. In this context, the antibiofilm efficacy of phage endolysin lysSEP21 was investigated against both species. Results of antibacterial activity showed the potent minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤0.025 mg/mL, resulting in substantial 80 % lytic effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. The membrane disruption mechanism was further confirmed with increased release of β-lactamase and β-galactosidase from periplasm and cytosol, indicating effective degradation of outer and inner membranes (OM, IM), respectively. Furthermore, larger reductions up to 3.68 log10 CFU/mL were quantified in 1 h treated groups, leading to a ≥ 90 % reduction in biofilm-mass after 6 h. The viability of 36-42 h mature biofilm eradication was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in a dead/live cell staining. Importantly, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that lysSEP21 significantly suppressed the relative gene expressions of key biofilm-regulating and virulence genes in Salmonella and E. coli. Moreover, this endolysin exhibited robust MDR Salmonella inhibition across food matrices, with reductions between 0.93 and 3.12 log10 CFU/mL. Altogether, lysSEP21 efficiently degraded mature biofilms and decontaminated food surfaces. Its application represents a remarkable advancement in food safety interventions and provides an exceptional strategy to mitigate public health risks associated with Salmonella and E. coli biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40644847, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, H and Jiang, H and Yin, J and Wang, T and Zeng, W and Lin, D and Xu, B and Bai, L and Liang, H and Ng, HY}, title = {Biofilm response in potential difference-enhanced membrane-aerated biofilm systems for accelerated antibiotic removal and ARG mitigation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {124154}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124154}, pmid = {40644847}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Electrodes ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; }, abstract = {A membrane-aerated bio-cathode configuration was engineered, leveraging counter-diffusion biofilm architecture to physically segregate oxygen from cathode reactions. This design minimized electron diversion to oxygen (a competing terminal electron acceptor), thereby optimizing electron allocation for antibiotic co-metabolism. Further, the biofilms self-regulation and the molecular dynamics (MD) mechanism of antibiotic/antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) reduction were simultaneously investigated. At 80 V/m potential difference, anode biofilms exhibited enhanced protein secretion (2.31-fold increase versus controls), which mitigated SMX-induced static quenching of tyrosine-like fluorophores by shifting to dynamic quenching mechanisms. Concurrent cathode analyses revealed substantial ARG suppression, with sul1 (-1.25 log2) and sul2 (-1.22 log2) reductions attributed to host genus inactivation (Nitrateductor, Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium abundance undetectable). MD simulations elucidated critical interaction mechanism: Reduced polar solvation energy (ΔGPB=-31.363 kJ/mol) promoting Sul1-encoded protein and SMX interactions strengthened, enhancing resistance sustainability under ARGs reduction. Besides, Flavin mononucleotide activation promoted SMX degradation via Cytochrome P450, likely driving rapid SMX removal under electric fields, with a 1.5-fold SMX removal rate enhancement versus conventional MABR.}, }
@article {pmid40643714, year = {2025}, author = {Sahu, A and Jain, S and Junghare, M and Mishra, A and Ruhal, R}, title = {Biofilm-dispersal patterns in ESKAPE pathogens.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {9}, pages = {194}, pmid = {40643714}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation is now universal behavior of microbes to protect themselves from harsh environment. For ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter) pathogens it is one of the strategies to deal with antibiotic tolerance. Biofilms formation involves following major steps initial adhesion of planktonic cells, microcolony formation, biofilm maturation, and finally dispersal. In recent, interest of researchers to understand biofilm dispersal is considered important as it can make us to recognize infection dynamics, antibiofilm strategies, bacterial ecology and antibiotic resistance. A widely supported strategy for combating biofilms involves promoting their dispersal followed by the application of antibiotic therapy to enhance treatment efficacy. But different molecular studies regarding transition of bacteria to biofilms and back to dispersal have highlighted unique physiology and phenotype which might impact treatment strategies. For example, enzymatic degradation using Dispersin B or DNase I have been shown to decrease biofilm mass by over 70% in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa models, significantly increasing antibiotic susceptibility. Similarly, in E. faecalis, combining proteases with antibiotics has demonstrated up to 3-log reductions in viable biofilm cells. Thus, we discuss how native dispersal cues helps the cells in biofilms to decide for dispersal, while how matrix degradation-based dispersal can develop antibiofilm strategies. Considering ESKAPE as priority pathogens and known for biofilm formation hence we discuss patterns of dispersal focused on them only. We believe dispersing biofilms by targeting biofilm matrix components have much potential for future treatments as signaling cues may generate virulent phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid40643025, year = {2025}, author = {Mori, M and Fassi, EMA and Villa, F and Milano, EG and Forlani, F and Cappitelli, F and Ratti, A and Meneghetti, F and Roda, G and Grazioso, G and Villa, S}, title = {Nature-Inspired Compounds Targeting Escherichia coli WrbA as Biofilm-Modulating Agents: Computational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation.}, journal = {Archiv der Pharmazie}, volume = {358}, number = {7}, pages = {e70049}, pmid = {40643025}, issn = {1521-4184}, support = {//This study was supported by funds from the University of Milan-Piano di sostegno alla Ricerca 2023-LINEA 2. A.R. was supported by a young scientist fellowship from the UNIMI GSA-IDEA project./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Drug Design ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Chromans/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilms pose significant challenges in multiple settings due to their resistance to conventional treatments. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel class of nature-inspired 5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-4-one derivatives as binders of WrbA, a potential target for biofilm modulation. Using a structure-based computational approach, a small library of analogs with varied amide moieties was developed and synthesized. The evaluation of their binding affinity to WrbA demonstrated good-to-excellent Kd values, as confirmed by microscale thermophoresis (MST). Antibiofilm assays against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus revealed different modulating effects on biofilm formation, conceivably linked to ROS production. These findings emphasize the importance of ROS levels in biofilm, as well as the pivotal role of WrbA as a target in its regulation.}, }
@article {pmid40642828, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, DX and Liang, J and Yan, J and Ma, ZW and Li, HL and Xu, Y and Zhang, Y and Yin, Q}, title = {Butenolide synergises with vancomycin to eradicate pre-formed biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus by interfering with energy-associated metabolism.}, journal = {Biofouling}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, pages = {721-734}, doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2531136}, pmid = {40642828}, issn = {1029-2454}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Vancomycin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *4-Butyrolactone/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms significantly contribute to persistent infections and the emergence of drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Integrating conventional antibiotics with antibiofilm agents represents a promising strategy for combating biofilm-associated infections. This study systematically investigated the antibiofilm activity and underlying mechanisms of butenolide (BU) against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with a focus on the synergistic effects between BU and vancomycin (VAN). BU exhibited dual antibiofilm activities by efficiently preventing biofilm formation and eradicating established biofilms. Phenotypic characterisation revealed that 200 μg/mL of BU suppressed extracellular DNA production and autoaggregation of MRSA, leading to a significant reduction in biofilm thickness, biovolume, and coverage by up to 30%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. Transcriptome and quantitative-PCR analyses showed that BU treatment downregulated the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism. Notably, BU exhibited promising synergistic and additive effects with VAN in eradicating pre-formed biofilms, achieving synergy or additivity in five out of six S. aureus clinical strains tested, with a minimal fractional inhibitory concentration index as low as 0.375. These results highlight the potential of BU as an effective antibiofilm agent for preventing S. aureus-related infections.}, }
@article {pmid40640705, year = {2025}, author = {Hammouda, ZK and Wasfi, R and Abdeltawab, NF}, title = {Fexofenadine HCl enhances growth, biofilm, and lactic acid production of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium longum: implications for allergy treatment.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {430}, pmid = {40640705}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Terfenadine/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; *Limosilactobacillus reuteri/drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; *Bifidobacterium longum/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology/metabolism ; *Lactic Acid/metabolism/biosynthesis ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Caco-2 Cells ; Hypersensitivity/drug therapy/microbiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It is evident that various drugs influence the gut microbiota, yet the precise mechanism driving these effects remain ambiguous. Considering the growing recognition of gut microbiota's role in health and disease, it is important to explore how commonly used drugs, such as antihistamines, may alter microbial composition and function. Histamine, an essential interkingdom signaling molecule, shapes bacterial virulence, biofilm formation, and immune regulation. However, the effects of antihistamines on bacterial colonization are mostly unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of antihistamine exposure on critical factors which affect the pathogenicity and colonization of selected gut bacterial species, such as growth, biofilm formation, and adherence to cell lines, at intestinal concentrations. If antihistamines influence bacterial metabolism or composition, they may consequently affect Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) production, which could have downstream effects on gut homeostasis and immune function. Specifically, we examined the impact of three antihistamines - fexofenadine HCl, cyproheptadine HCl, and desloratadine -on bacteria from the four dominant gut phyla: Bifidobacterium longum, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results showed that cyproheptadine HCl and desloratadine inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria, whereas fexofenadine HCl promoted the growth of all species except B. longum. Furthermore, cyproheptadine HCl and desloratadine reduced the biofilm-forming capacity of these bacterial species and altered their effects on adherence to Caco-2/HT-29 cell lines aligning with changes in cell surface hydrophobicity: increased cell surface hydrophobicity correlated with greater bacterial adherence to surfaces. In contrast, fexofenadine HCl enhanced biofilm formation and adherence of B. longum and L. reuterii in Caco-2/HT-29 co-cultures. It also led to increased production of lactic and propionic acids, with a statistically significant increase observed in acetic acid levels (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: In summary, our findings suggest that fexofenadine HCl, unlike cyproheptadine HCl and desloratadine, supports the growth, and colonization of probiotic bacteria such as L. reuteri and B. longum with potential anti allergic benefits, and enhancing their SCFA production. Conversely, cyproheptadine HCl and desloratadine suppressed bacterial growth, hinting at potential antimicrobial properties that may warrant exploration for drug repurposing.}, }
@article {pmid40639982, year = {2025}, author = {}, title = {Correction to "Bacterial Diversity of Marine Biofilm Communities in Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) by Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches".}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, pages = {e70135}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70135}, pmid = {40639982}, issn = {1462-2920}, }
@article {pmid40639189, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, R and Zhao, H and Zhao, Y and Jin, L and Huang, H and Ren, H}, title = {Interaction effects in microbiota-filter media-pharmaceutical in biofilm-based reactors: a case study of anoxic biofilters.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {202}, number = {}, pages = {109669}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2025.109669}, pmid = {40639189}, issn = {1873-6750}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Filtration ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis ; Wastewater ; }, abstract = {The removal of micropollutants, particularly pharmaceuticals, from wastewater remains a significant challenge due to their persistence and complex degradation mechanisms. Biofilm-based systems offer a promising solution due to their high microbial diversity and metabolic versatility. However, interactions between the microbiota and pharmaceuticals in these reactors remain inadequately explored. This study represented a pioneering investigation into the interactions among microbiota, filter media and pharmaceuticals in anoxic biofilters under the stress of mixed-pharmaceuticals. Under autotrophic conditions, microbial community exhibited improved adaptability to pharmaceutical stress with minimal differentiation. Introduction of pharmaceuticals increased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks, with autotrophic biofilters showing a higher proportion of positive correlations. Community assembly was primarily driven by drift, nevertheless, pharmaceuticals shifted community towards increased deterministic assembly, especially enhancing homogeneous selection (HoS) in autotrophic bio-ceramic filters (34.59 %), HoS drove community succession, with deterministic processes shaping taxonomic shifts. Thiobacillus was identified as a keystone taxon in autotrophic filters, demonstrating high abundance, strong competitive ability, and emerged as a pivotal genus contributing to biofilm homogenization and stability. Positive correlations were identified between pharmaceutical molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors/acceptors and removal rates (p ≤ 0.05), resulting in preferred adsorption of pharmaceuticals with high molecular weight by filter media. Therefore, this study proposed the interaction mechanism of "pharmaceuticals preferred adsorption - biofilm homogenization - carbon and nitrogen co-metabolism", which underscored its significance in optimizing biofilm-based processes for precise design and regulation of the microbiota in biofilm reactors.}, }
@article {pmid40638652, year = {2025}, author = {Romero, AI and Surkov, S and Wirsén, P and Brookes, G and Bergström, L and Tejbrant, J and Dhamo, E and Wilks, S and Bryant, C and Andersson, J}, title = {LubriShieldTM-A permanent urinary catheter coating that prevents uropathogen biofilm formation in vitro independent of host protein conditioning.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {e0328167}, pmid = {40638652}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Urinary Catheters/microbiology ; *Urinary Tract Infections/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; Humans ; *Catheter-Related Infections/prevention &amp; control/microbiology ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, with biofilm formation playing a key role in its pathogenesis. Indwelling medical devices introduce ideal pathways inside the body for pathogens and feature surfaces conducive to biofilm development, often leading to severe clinical infections recalcitrant to antimicrobials. When bacteria and fungi switch to biofilm mode of growth, they produce a matrix in the form of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This creates a unique environment for growing virulent colonisers and persisting cells while forming a shielding barrier against immune system attacks, antimicrobial agents and mechanical removal by fluid shear forces. To address this challenge, LubriShieldTM - a novel permanent coating - was invented and evenly applied to both internal and external surfaces of indwelling urinary Foley catheters. Without releasing active substances, it effectively prevented pathogens from producing biofilm. The superhydrophilic coating, incorporating a proprietary anti-fouling ligand, significantly inhibited colonising uropathogens from forming biofilm for up to 14 days in artificial urine medium without microbial killing (up to 99% reduction, P < 0.001). In a glass bladder flow model, LubriShieldTM still significantly reduced biofilm formation by 83% (P < 0.0001). Importantly, LubriShield™ maintained its antibiofilm efficacy even after conditioning with fibrinogen, a host-derived protein known to promote bacterial attachment (P = 0.007). RNA-seq analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes associated with microbial EPS formation on the coated surfaces. Additionally, microorganisms adhering to LubriShieldTM coated catheters showed a 78% increased susceptibility to antibiotics compared to those on uncoated catheters (P = 0.004).}, }
@article {pmid40638419, year = {2025}, author = {Borges, MHR and Miranda, LFB and Malheiros, SS and Silva, AG and Calazans Neto, JV and Santos, MAD and Rangel, EC and Barão, VAR and Nagay, BE}, title = {The role of citric acid in denture cleansing: Effects on biofilm reduction and corrosion resistance of Co-Cr alloys.}, journal = {Brazilian oral research}, volume = {39}, number = {}, pages = {e070}, pmid = {40638419}, issn = {1807-3107}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Citric Acid/chemistry/pharmacology ; Corrosion ; Materials Testing ; Surface Properties/drug effects ; *Denture Cleansers/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Chromium Alloys/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Time Factors ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Hardness ; Analysis of Variance ; Wettability ; }, abstract = {This in vitro study evaluated the effects of citric acid (CA) on surface properties, biofilm removal, and electrochemical performance of Co-Cr alloys compared to common denture cleansers. Co-Cr discs were divided into five groups based on the decontamination solution: NaCl 0.9% (control), Corega Tabs®, Periogard®, and 10% CA. The surface was characterized at baseline in terms of morphology, topography, and chemical and phase composition. Surface properties, including microhardness, wettability, and roughness, were assessed before and after exposure to each solution. Microbial viability, metabolic activity, and morphology of the polymicrobial biofilm were assessed after treatment to evaluate the efficacy of the decontamination solutions. Electrochemical and morphological evaluations were performed to assess the impact of each solution on the alloy's corrosion process. No significant changes in microhardness were observed (p > 0.05). Decontamination solutions significantly increased surface hydrophilicity (p < 0.05) and roughness, though Ra values remained below the threshold for bacterial colonization. All denture cleansers significantly reduced biofilm viability compared to NaCl (p < 0.05), with no viable colonies post-treatment. The CA group showed a significant reduction in bacterial metabolic activity compared to NaCl and Periogard® (p < 0.05), indicating superior biofilm disruption. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that CA maintained a stable Cr-oxide passive layer, evidenced by nobler OCP values and lower icorr and corrosion rates compared to Periogard® (p < 0.05). SEM images revealed pitting corrosion in all groups, except CA. These findings suggest that CA is a promising and safer alternative for denture care, offering effective antimicrobial action while preserving the electrochemical integrity of Co-Cr alloys.}, }
@article {pmid40637730, year = {2025}, author = {Enggardipta, RA and Akizuki, M and Sekine, K and Hamada, K and Sumitomo, T and Yumoto, H}, title = {Antibacterial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic and biofilm forms.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf174}, pmid = {40637730}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {21K09896//JSPS/ ; }, mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; *Chitosan/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Plankton/drug effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; }, abstract = {AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as a root canal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic and biofilm forms.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: CNPs synthesized using high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan via modified ionic gelation were characterized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and CNPs antibacterial activity against mature biofilms were evaluated via crystal violet (CV) staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM), adenosine triphosphate assay, colony-forming unit counting, and live/dead staining. CNPs showed spherical morphology [size&#xa0;=&#xa0;137.1 and 343&#xa0;nm, polydispersity index&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.12 and 0.14, and zeta potential&#xa0;=&#xa0;43.45 and 42.49&#xa0;mV (LMW and HMW, respectively)]. CNPs significantly reduced biofilm biomass and E. faecalis viability compared to negative control (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) in biofilm formation. In mature biofilms, CV staining and SEM showed no biofilm biomass reduction in CNP groups. However, other assays revealed significantly lower E. faecalis viability in CNP groups than in the negative control (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). HMW and LMW CNPs exhibited similar antibacterial properties.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: CNPs, regardless of molecular weight, exhibited antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis by decreasing biofilm formation and bacterial viability.}, }
@article {pmid40636486, year = {2025}, author = {Muturi, P and Mbae, C and Kibet, E and Njoroge, P and Kavai, SM and Ideke, D and Jepchirchir, J and Gunn, JS and Kariuki, S}, title = {Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in rarely reported Salmonella enterica serovars from patients presenting with gastroenteritis in Nairobi, Kenya.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1628784}, pmid = {40636486}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are a significant global public health concern, causing approximately 150 million illnesses and 60,000 deaths annually, with majority of the cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to identify and characterize uncommon non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars isolated from patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms in the Mukuru area of Nairobi, Kenya. Sixteen less common NTS serovars (excluding Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis) were identified from 25 patients, with 1 isolate from blood and 24 from stool samples. The most common serovar was S. Newport, isolated from 6 of the 25 patients, followed by S. Breda (2 patients), S. Eastbourne (2 patients), S. Orion (2 patients) and 12 other serovars, each isolated from a single individual. These serovars displayed diverse antigenic profiles, grouped into 9 distinct serogroups. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and in vitro biofilm formation of the isolates were also assessed. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in three S. Newport strains: two sequence type 31 (ST31) isolates carried the bla TEM-1 and tet(A) resistance genes, while one ST166 isolate carried bla TEM-1, tet(A), aph(6)-Id, and sul2. Biofilm formation varied among the serovars and was enhanced by cholesterol while inhibited by bile. Strong biofilm formation was observed in S. Breda, S. Hann, and S. Eastbourne, whereas S. Chicago and S. Kentucky formed weak biofilms. This study highlights the diversity of NTS serovars circulating in Nairobi and emphasizes on the importance of localized studies in addressing regional variations in NTS epidemiology. To effectively mitigate the burden of NTS infections and curb the spread of AMR, sustained genomic surveillance, the development of advanced diagnostic tools for emerging S. enterica infections, and the implementation of integrated public health interventions are essential.}, }
@article {pmid40634492, year = {2025}, author = {Kissmann, AK and Mildenberger, V and Krämer, M and Alpízar-Pedraza, D and Martell-Huguet, EM and Perez-Erviti, JA and Cetinkaya, A and Pietrasik, J and Otero-Gonzalez, AJ and Firacative, C and Rodríguez, A and Ständker, L and Weil, T and Stenger, S and Rosenau, F}, title = {Anti-biofilm peptides can rescue fluconazole and amphotericin B efficacies against Candida albicans.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {24593}, pmid = {40634492}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Amphotericin B/pharmacology ; *Fluconazole/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects ; Candidiasis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans infections are a global health thread and challenge healthcare environments due to acquired resistances against prominent antifungals like amphotericin B and fluconazole, which additionally have severe adverse effects. The peptide Pom-1 originally isolated from the freshwater mollusk Pomacea poeyana, and its derivatives Pom-1 A-F have proven their potential against biofilms of clinical C. albicans isolates and were suspected to act without candidolytic pore-formation. Here, Pom-1 and its derivatives were shown to act as neutralizing antimicrobial peptides (nAMPs) inhibiting cell-cell interactions and hence biofilm formation. Combining Pom-1 nAMPs with fluconazole and amphotericin B restored their efficacy against resistant C. albicans isolates. Addition of Pom-1 nAMPs allowed to reduce required concentrations to 10-50% below their described effective therapeutic doses. This opens doors not only to mitigate adverse effects of fluconazole and amphotericin B therapies, but also towards novel combination therapies against C. albicans as a severe re-emerging pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid40633700, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, X and Zhou, Y and Zhang, L and Benally, C and Liu, Y}, title = {Enhanced biofilm formation and municipal wastewater treatment efficiency using granular activated carbon modified bio-ball carriers in moving bed biofilm reactor.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {435}, number = {}, pages = {132947}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132947}, pmid = {40633700}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Wastewater/microbiology/chemistry ; *Water Purification/methods/instrumentation ; *Charcoal/chemistry ; Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; Biomass ; Sewage/microbiology ; Carbon ; Nitrification ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; }, abstract = {This study introduces a novel enhancement to biological wastewater treatment by integrating Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) with plastic bio-balls in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) configuration treating municipal sewage. The resulting GAC-MBBR system demonstrated significantly improved treatment efficiency, achieving 81.8 % carbon and 74.9 % nitrogen removal under high loading conditions-outperforming the conventional plastic-MBBR (64.5 % and 62.7 %, respectively). The macroporous structure of GAC provided increased surface area, promoting superior biofilm growth and microbial retention. Enrichment of key functional genera, including Zoogloea, Thauera, Nitrospira, and Nitrosomonas, was observed, indicating enhanced nitrification potential. Additionally, greater biomass accumulation on GAC carriers underscored their effectiveness in supporting microbial aggregation. These findings suggest that incorporating GAC into MBBR systems offers a promising strategy to optimize biofilm development and improve nutrient removal in wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40633486, year = {2025}, author = {Sroor, FM and El-Sayed, AF and Abdelraof, M}, title = {Design, synthesis, and antimicrobial activity of new thiourea-uracil derivatives: Anti-biofilm, ROS, DHFR, computational and SAR studies.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {108719}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108719}, pmid = {40633486}, issn = {1090-2120}, mesh = {Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; *Thiourea/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Design ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Aspergillus niger/drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Uracil/pharmacology/chemistry ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; *Folic Acid Antagonists/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; }, abstract = {A new series of thiourea derivatives bearing uracil ring was synthesized. The reaction of 5-amino uracil with isothiocyanate derivatives afforded the corresponding thiourea-uracil derivatives in excellent yields. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized thiourea-uracil derivatives was successfully determined against different pathogen types. Interestingly, some derivatives such as TUU-05 and TUU-08 show a potent impact on microbial proliferation with a notable MIC value, particularly in the case of Aspergillus niger (7.5 ± 2.11 μg/mL). Accordingly, compound TUU-08 was considered a promising antimicrobial agent that could release elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and inhibit the bacterial Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) enzyme at lower IC50 (7.29 ± 0.02 μM) compared with methotreaxat (IC50 = 6.55 ± 0.05 μM). Molecular docking analyses revealed that the most active compounds TUU-01, TUU-02, and TUU-08 exhibited strong binding affinities and targeted interactions with key antimicrobial-associated enzymes: Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular docking analyses revealed that the most active compounds TUU-01, TUU-02, and TUU-08 exhibited strong binding affinities and targeted interactions with key antimicrobial-associated enzymes: Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Computational ADMET profiling further indicated that TUU-01, TUU-02, and TUU-08 adhered to Pfizer's drug-likeness criteria, displaying favorable physicochemical properties, high predicted oral bioavailability and low toxicity risks. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborated the stability of these interactions, particularly for TUU-02, which showed RMSD values of 0.35-0.55 nm (A. niger), 0.25-0.35 nm (C. albicans), 0.20-0.25 nm (P. aeruginosa), and 0.18-0.25 nm (S. aureus), alongside moderate structural flexibility (RMSF: 0.10-0.9 nm). Additional metrics-including solvent-accessible surface area (SASA: 200-230 nm[2], 85-95 nm[2], 125-135 nm[2], 130-140 nm[2]) and radius of gyration (Rg: 2.2-2.4 nm, 1.80-1.90 nm, 1.55-1.60 nm, 1.80-1.90 nm) highlighted the compactness and solvent interaction profiles of the complexes.}, }
@article {pmid40632501, year = {2025}, author = {Thakur, V and Chalana, A and Gupta, A and Kaur, IP and Sharma, P and Capalash, N}, title = {Dual-species biofilm of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are susceptible to colistin-rifamycin combination therapy.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf171}, pmid = {40632501}, issn = {1365-2672}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Coculture Techniques ; Humans ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Drug Synergism ; Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Co-infections by MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae pose daunting challenges in healthcare settings. This study aimed at investigating the biofilm formation potential of their co-culture and evaluating the effect of combination therapy.<br><br>METHOD: Spatial distribution of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae in co-cultured biofilm was analysed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and mCherry-tagged strains and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The antibiotic combination was selected through checkerboard assay and its antibiofilm activity was assessed against the co-culture of MDR strains.<br><br>RESULTS: Cell-free supernatant of K. pneumoniae enhanced the planktonic and biofilm growth of A. baumannii. Co-culture of these pathogens revealed interspersed growth in close proximity and significantly higher biofilm than their monocultures (P-value&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01). Synergistic combination of colistin (MIC/8) and rifamycin (MIC/4) at Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) killed both the pathogens in monoculture within 3&#xa0;h. However, the co-culture exhibited enhanced resistance requiring 24&#xa0;h for complete eradication. Biofilm formation was inhibited by 77% at 2&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;FIC. Whereas the preformed biofilm was eradicated by 40% at 3&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;FIC (1/4th of minimum biofilm eradication concentration). CLSM confirmed structural disruption of the biofilm matrix post-treatment at 3&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;FIC, with reduction in biofilm thickness from 7 to 4&#xa0;&#xb5;m.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Acinetobacter baumannii and K. pneumoniae co-exist harmoniously, forming enhanced biofilms in co-cultures. Colistin-rifamycin combination proved highly effective against these dual-species biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40632065, year = {2025}, author = {Astrada, A and Nakagami, G and Kashiwabara, K and Sanada, H}, title = {Biofilm detection-based wound management in diabetic foot ulcers: a randomised controlled trial.}, journal = {Journal of wound care}, volume = {34}, number = {7}, pages = {514-524}, doi = {10.12968/jowc.2024.0051}, pmid = {40632065}, issn = {0969-0700}, mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetic Foot/therapy/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Double-Blind Method ; *Wound Healing ; Indonesia ; Aged ; Bandages ; Adult ; Wound Infection ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of wound blotting-guided biofilm management in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and to compare it to standard of care (SoC).<br><br>METHOD: This double-blinded, randomised controlled trial was conducted at an outpatient clinic in Pontianak City, Indonesia in September-November 2017 and June 2018-November 2019. Adults with diabetes with at least a two-week DFU located below the knee were included. Patients in the control group received SoC followed by the application of any appropriate dressings. Patients in the intervention group in addition to SoC also received additional wound cleansing according to the wound blotting result and antimicrobial dressing. Wound treatment was performed weekly for three weeks. Primary and secondary objectives were: the reductions in total depth; maceration; inflammation/infection; size; tissue type; type of wound edge; tunnelling/undermining (DMIST) score; and percentage of biofilm removal.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 162 participants were recruited. There were significant differences in the total DMIST score at week 3 (p<0.01) between groups and biofilm percentage reduction at week 1 (p=0.01) and week 2 (p=0.03).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings of this RCT showed that the intervention could significantly improve DFU healing and maximise biofilm elimination, especially after two weeks of treatment. A further study with a longer period of intervention, such as 12 weeks, is suggested to further evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention.}, }
@article {pmid40631632, year = {2025}, author = {Long, HZ and Tang, W and Huang, MY and Yang, GB and Hu, XB and Liu, YT and Mo, XX and Lin, J and Chen, WM and Liu, J}, title = {Discovery of Dual-Acting Biofilm Inhibitors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the Coupling of 3-Hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-ones with N-Phenylamide QS Inhibitors.}, journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {68}, number = {14}, pages = {14756-14781}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00909}, pmid = {40631632}, issn = {1520-4804}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis/therapeutic use ; Animals ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; *Pyridones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Drug Discovery ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is prevalent in hospital infections and strongly complicates the treatment for its propensity to cause biofilm-associated resistance. Herein, a series of novel dual-acting biofilm inhibitors were designed and synthesized by coupling 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-ones with N-phenylamides quorum sensing inhibitors. The hit compound 19l (IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.06 μM) demonstrated significant biofilm inhibition compared to previously reported 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one derivatives in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that there was a decreased production of virulence regulated by quorum sensing system and a lack of iron acquisition under the treatment of 19l, which led to the inhibition of biofilm. More importantly, 19l demonstrated significant antibacterial synergistic effects in the mice wound infection model, enhancing the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and tobramycin by 1000-fold and 200-fold, respectively. Therefore, our study highlighted the clinical application potential of dual-acting biofilm inhibitory strategies and 19l may be a potent antibacterial synergist to combat P. aeruginosa infections.}, }
@article {pmid40631600, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Z and Lv, X and Kong, L and Nawaz, S and Che, C and Chen, Z and Yin, H and Huang, C and Bao, Y and Jiang, W and Han, X}, title = {The c-di-GMP Metabolic Gene pdeN Interacts with LacY and ManZ to Modulate Biofilm Formation in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli.}, journal = {Advanced biology}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {e00190}, doi = {10.1002/adbi.202500190}, pmid = {40631600}, issn = {2701-0198}, support = {U22A20518//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32072829//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32302883//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22ZR1475800//Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology/metabolism/pathogenicity ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; *Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Chickens ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP), a ubiquitous secondary messenger, affects multiple biological characteristics, including biofilm formation in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). C-di-GMP is synthesized by diguanylate cyclase harboring a GGDEF domain and degraded by phosphodiesterase harboring either an EAL or an HD-GYP domain. However, the roles of PdeN, encoding a CSS-EAL domain, are uncharacterized. In this study, it is demonstrated that lacking pdeN significantly promotes biofilm formation and reduces the motility of the clinically isolated APEC O2 serotype strain DE17. In addition, macrocolony morphotypes showed that the ΔpdeN strain exhibits increasing production of curli fibers and cellulose, which is consistent with the results of RNA-seq and qPCR. Further exploration shows that lactose permease LacY and mannose permease subunit ManZ interact with PdeN. Infection experiments show that lacking pdeN significantly reduced the release of LDH in HD-11 cells and adhesion capacity to DF-1 cells. In conclusion, c-di-GMP metabolic gene pdeN involves biofilm formation and pathogenicity of APEC. Besides, it interacts with LacY and ManZ. Those results provide a basis for the prevention and control of APEC from the perspective of biofilm and carbohydrate metabolism.}, }
@article {pmid40629382, year = {2025}, author = {Song, JX and Scales, BS and Nguyen, M and Westberg, E and Witalis, B and Urban-Malinga, B and Oberbeckmann, S}, title = {Close encounters on a micro scale: microplastic sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their potential effects on associated biofilm communities.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {84}, pmid = {40629382}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {BONUS (Art 185), 03F0775A//European Union and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; BONUS (Art 185), 03F0775A//European Union and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; BONUS (Art 185), 03F0775A//European Union and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; Vinnova, 2017-00001//Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems/ ; Vinnova, 2017-00001//Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems/ ; BONUS-BB/MICROPOLL/06/2017//National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (NCBR)/ ; BONUS-BB/MICROPOLL/06/2017//National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (NCBR)/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Within systems as dynamic as the aquatic environment, it is crucial to address the impacts of an ever-growing network of emerging pollutants at their intersection. With previous research having demonstrated the capacity of microplastics (MPs) to sorb persistent organic pollutants, we ask in our study how different plastic polymers that are found throughout aquatic systems interact with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and how this intersection of pollutants might impact the bacterial communities that form on MP surfaces. We performed an in situ incubation experiment at different sites along the Baltic Sea coast and through a PAH and 16S amplicon analysis, we investigated the sorption patterns of different substrates and their potential impacts on associated biofilm communities.<br><br>RESULTS: PAH sorption patterns of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and aquaria stone were found to be dictated predominantly by substrate type and secondly by incubation site. While PE showed a general positive trend of sorption, stone rather leached PAHs into the environment, whereas the PAH levels of PS remained relatively unchanged following incubation. These sorption patterns correlated significantly with the composition of biofilm communities observed on all three substrate types after a 6-week incubation period. Strong correlations between specific PAHs and bacterial taxa indicate a direct relationship between these factors. Elevated levels of specific 3- and 4-ring PAHs on PE and PS coincided with higher proportions of specific taxa reportedly capable of hydrocarbon utilisation as well as a reduced diversity among biofilm communities.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings in our study highlight the importance of investigating contaminants such as MPs holistically, including any associated substances, to fully understand how they impact surrounding ecological systems as they traverse the different compartments of the aquatic ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid40627907, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, PP and Shen, XX and Chen, YC and Zheng, QW and Ye, ZW and Guo, LQ and Zou, Y and Lin, JF}, title = {MR-10 peptide from Cordyceps militaris enhances thermotolerance in Lacticaseibacillus paracasei R21 by preserving membrane integrity and promoting biofilm formation.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {300}, number = {}, pages = {128266}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128266}, pmid = {40627907}, issn = {1618-0623}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Thermotolerance/drug effects ; *Cordyceps/chemistry ; *Peptides/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Cell Membrane/drug effects ; *Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Hot Temperature ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Cell Wall/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Protein hydrolysates derived from the mycelium of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) have shown potential as thermoprotective agents for lactobacilli. To identify the peptides responsible for this effect, albumin and glutenin were separately extracted from C. militaris and hydrolyzed. Results showed that glutenin peptides in the 5-10 kDa range provided optimal protection for Lacticaseibacillus paracasei R21 (L. paracasei R21) during exposure to 65°C for 20 min. A 1 % concentration of these peptides increased viable L. paracasei R21 counts by 2.05 log CFU/mL compared to unsupplemented conditions. Among the five peptides identified by LC-MS/MS, MR-10 (MAVNLVPFPR) exhibited the strongest thermoprotective effect. Adding 0.5 % MR-10 during heating increased cell survival by 0.89 log CFU/mL. Structural analysis of L. paracasei R21 cells exposed to 65°C revealed progressive damage to the membrane, cell wall, and DNA, with membrane damage identified as the main cause of cell death. MR-10 significantly improved cell survival by preserving membrane integrity and morphology, as observed via inverted fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Multi-omics analyses revealed that MR-10 participates in peptide transport via ABC transporters, promotes biofilm formation, and boosts fatty acid synthesis. Collectively, these processes reinforce membrane stability and protect cells from heat stress.}, }
@article {pmid40626868, year = {2025}, author = {Bowden, LC and Sithole, ST and Walton, EC and Han Chen, J and Sorensen, JJ and Bowden, AE and Jensen, BD and Berges, BK}, title = {Copper-coated carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube surfaces effectively inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, pages = {e0105325}, pmid = {40626868}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Copper/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; }, abstract = {Implant-associated infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are a growing problem for healthcare systems. Implant materials that resist bacterial colonization may help reduce infection rates and severity. This research examined the effect of a copper-coated carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube surface (Cu-CICNT). We have previously shown that CICNT without copper has an anti-biofilm effect, and copper has long been known to have anti-bacterial properties. Bacterial biofilms were grown in a droplet on the Cu-CICNT surface, and a control consisting of copper deposited on a relatively flat, non-nanotube-structured surface. The Cu-CICNT surface was highly effective at reducing biofilm formation, reducing recoverable S. aureus bacteria by 99.9999% in 12 hours (a 6.3-log reduction). This effect was confirmed in both a methicillin-resistant and a methicillin-sensitive isolate of S. aureus. The Cu-CICNT surface was also highly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resulting in a 6.9-log reduction in adherent bacteria. The Cu-CICNT surface was more effective at inhibiting biofilm formation than the flat copper-coated titanium, indicating a synergistic effect between the CICNT topography and copper. The concentration of copper ions in growth media was low after exposure to Cu-CICNT (6.2 ppm), and media with this amount of supplemented copper had only a small effect on biofilm reduction, as did conditioned media previously exposed to Cu-CICNT. Our findings suggest that the antibacterial effect is likely due to contact killing of bacteria on the textured copper surface.IMPORTANCEOrthopedic implants and devices are becoming increasingly common. Unfortunately, as their use increases, so does the prevalence of implant-associated infections. These infections are most commonly caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus infections are particularly difficult to treat because they form biofilms resistant to antibiotics and the host immune system. In this research, we used a carbon nanotube-based surface combined with a thin film of copper to produce a surface coating that could be used on implants to prevent bacterial infection. The combination of the surface topography with the copper coating resulted in over a 6-log reduction in the number of adherent bacteria, preventing the formation of a bacterial biofilm. This reduction in adherent bacteria is likely due to the surface killing effects of the bacteria on contact. The potential applications of such a surface could help reduce infection burden, improve patient quality of life, and reduce stress on healthcare systems.}, }
@article {pmid40626561, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, D and Beles, M and Saha, A and Procházková, I and Dienstbier, A and Držmíšek, J and Čapek, J and Čurnová, I and Hot, D and Petráčková, D and Večerek, B}, title = {Global analysis of the Hfq-mediated RNA interactome discovers a MicA homolog that affects the cytotoxicity, biofilm formation, and resistance to complement of Bordetella pertussis.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {53}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {40626561}, issn = {1362-4962}, support = {CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004575//JAC/ ; 23-05634S//European Union/ ; RVO61388971//Czech Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Bordetella pertussis/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Host Factor 1 Protein/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; 5' Untranslated Regions ; *RNA, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics ; }, abstract = {Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, strictly human re-emerging respiratory pathogen and the causative agent of whooping cough. The requirement of the RNA chaperone Hfq for the virulence of B. pertussis suggests that Hfq-dependent small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are involved in the virulence of this pathogen. To identify their potential mRNA targets, we applied a method combining experimental and computational approaches called RIL-seq. The majority of putative mRNA targets, including several virulence factors, interact with two sRNAs, CT_433 and CT_521, suggesting that these sRNAs may represent central riboregulatory nodes of B. pertussis. Furthermore, our data suggest that CT_532 sRNA can base pair with the 5'UTR region of ompA mRNA encoding outer membrane protein BP0943 (OmpA) and that CT_532, RNase III and Hfq are involved in the control of ompA expression. The CT_532 sRNA shares 60% identity with the E. coli sRNA MicA and its expression is also modulated by Hfq and stress conditions such as heat and cold shocks. Overall, these results suggest that CT_532 represents a MicA homolog. Importantly, the mutant lacking the first 22 nucleotides of CT_532 exhibits reduced cytotoxicity towards human macrophages and impaired biofilm production but increased resistance to complement compared to the wild type strain.}, }
@article {pmid40626069, year = {2025}, author = {Ullah, S and Chen, Y and Wu, C and Abbas, Y and Zhong, Y and Chen, X and Tan, J and Cheng, H and Li, L}, title = {Mechanistic insights and therapeutic innovations in engineered nanomaterial-driven disruption of biofilm dynamics.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {15}, number = {29}, pages = {23187-23222}, pmid = {40626069}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Bacteria employ biofilm formation as a survival strategy, characterized by the self-assembly of cells into 3D architectures encapsulated in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that results in reduced antibiotic efficacy, increased tolerance, and emergence of multidrug resistance phenotypes. To overcome this challenge, persistent efforts are directed toward developing cutting-edge approaches and agents that rejuvenate antibiotic efficacy, mitigate biofilm formation, and eradicate biofilm-associated bacterial infections. Within this framework, nanotechnology has emerged as a pivotal tool for developing innovative functional materials with tailored attributes, exhibiting substantial potential in addressing the global health challenge of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections. This updated review article provides a comprehensive overview, commencing with a thorough analysis of biofilm formation and its implications, followed by a critical evaluation of cutting-edge strategies derived from recent research advancements. Our discussion encompasses novel strategies, including traditional nanomaterials, micro-nanobubbles, multifunctional nanozyme-mimetic platforms, artificial phage-like structures, and sophisticated nano-microrobotic systems. Each strategy is assessed for its potential to effectively target biofilms, enhance antimicrobial penetration, and restore antibiotic susceptibility. We anticipate that this timely review will inform and inspire innovative research directions, focusing on the rational design and application of advanced nanomaterials for targeted biofilm modulation and efficacious treatment, thereby advancing healthcare solutions.}, }
@article {pmid40625053, year = {2025}, author = {Rosado-Rosa, JM and Sweedler, JV}, title = {Bacterial biofilm sample preparation for spatial metabolomics.}, journal = {The Analyst}, volume = {150}, number = {15}, pages = {3257-3268}, pmid = {40625053}, issn = {1364-5528}, support = {R01 AI113219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Metabolomics/methods ; *Biofilms ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; }, abstract = {Spatial metabolomics using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become an important approach to study the surface of biological systems. MSI can probe bacterial metabolic processes through the direct analysis of bacterial colonies. In this review, we explore recent advancements made for bacterial metabolomics of primary and secondary metabolites using MSI, focusing on improvements in agar-based sample preparation and the use of membranes for improved sample preparation. The application of derivatization agents on bacterial samples enhances select metabolite signals and can aid analyte identification. Implementing dual imaging or multi-omics techniques also aids in identifying analytes and elucidating metabolic pathways active during the host-microbe interactions. Finally, we explore improvements towards robust three-dimensional protocols for whole colony MSI analysis. These advances enhance MSI analysis of bacterial samples and pose promising avenues for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid40624943, year = {2025}, author = {Rahman, MA and Akter, S and Md Ashrafudoulla,  and Chowdhury, MAH and Yoon, HJ and Ha, SD}, title = {Biofilm-microplastic interactions in food safety: mechanisms, risks, and control strategies.}, journal = {Critical reviews in food science and nutrition}, volume = {65}, number = {34}, pages = {9092-9110}, doi = {10.1080/10408398.2025.2517825}, pmid = {40624943}, issn = {1549-7852}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Food Safety ; *Food Contamination/prevention &amp; control/analysis ; Humans ; *Microplastics ; Food Microbiology ; Food Packaging ; *Plastics ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {The pervasive use of plastics in the food industry has led to significant microplastic contamination, heightening food safety concerns. Microplastics not only infiltrate food systems but also provide optimal substrates for biofilm formation due to their hydrophobic and rough surface properties, which enhance microbial attachment. These biofilm-microplastic complexes protect embedded bacteria from disinfection efforts and facilitate the dissemination of pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes, posing substantial risks to human health. This review investigates the mechanisms of biofilm formation on various plastic materials and elucidates how these interactions contribute to antimicrobial resistance and contamination in food systems. It also evaluates preventive and remedial strategies, including the development of alternative packaging materials, advanced cleaning protocols, and detection techniques for monitoring biofilm-microplastic complexes. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate contamination risks and enhance food safety and security. By integrating recent findings and proposing innovative strategies, this review aims to guide future research and inform policy development, supporting safer and more sustainable food production practices.}, }
@article {pmid40624613, year = {2025}, author = {El-Bouseary, MM and Eliwa, D and Farghali, MH and Ragab, AE}, title = {Investigating the potential antibacterial, anti-biofilm, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of Aspergillus niger endophyte isolated from cucumber leaves: in vitro and in vivo study.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {420}, pmid = {40624613}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Aspergillus niger/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry/genetics ; *Endophytes/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Cucumis sativus/microbiology ; Humans ; Animals ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Mice ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Endophytic fungi are a vast inventory of bioactive compounds, offering potent, cost-effective, renewable, and low-toxicity alternatives for therapeutic applications. The current investigation focused on the endophytic fungus Aspergillus niger, which was isolated for the first time from Cucumis sativus (cucumber) leaves and subjected to comprehensive evaluation, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and in vitro wound healing potential. 18 S rRNA gene sequencing was utilized to identify A. niger after isolation, and the fungus was cultivated on Asian rice to produce fungal metabolites. The high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-HRESI-MS/MS) was then used to elucidate its phytochemical profile.<br><br>RESULTS: Fingerprint compounds detected in the ethyl acetate of the endophyte A. niger (ANM) revealed 15 compounds that are mainly pyrones and quinones in nature, including citric acid, nigerasperone A, aspernigrin A, aspinonene, campyrone B, aurasperone F, and plastoquinone-3. The ANM showed a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus clinical isolates (MIC values ranging from 32 to 512&#xa0;&#xb5;g/mL) and a significant reduction in biofilm formation, where the total number of biofilm producers, S. aureus isolates, decreased from 19 to 6 after treatment with &#xbd; MIC of ANM. Furthermore, ANM-treated WI38 human fibroblast cells displayed a wound closure percentage of 99.68% &#xb1; 0.02 compared to 83.37% &#xb1; 0.05 for the control cells. Additionally, the ANM demonstrated potential in promoting wound healing, particularly in infected wounds, through its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-regenerating properties.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight A. niger as a valuable source of natural therapeutics. Additional research is needed to explore its key active components and potential side effects.}, }
@article {pmid40623484, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, J and He, Q and Lai, L and Zhang, Z and Huang, G and Li, G and Kong, X and Chen, J and Tang, L and Ding, W and Chen, L and Ding, W}, title = {TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the inhibitory mechanism of CD-g-CS against the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus xylosus.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {107831}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107831}, pmid = {40623484}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Proteomics/methods ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *beta-Cyclodextrins/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Computational Biology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Proteome/analysis ; }, abstract = {Chitosan-grafted β-cyclodextrin (CD-g-CS) serves as an excipient combining drug delivery capacity with antimicrobial activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that the CD-g-CS nanoformulations have significant inhibitory effects on bacterial biofilms, although the mechanism of action remains unclear. Consequently, the present study used tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics coupled with quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the mechanism underlying CD-g-CS-mediated inhibition of Staphylococcus xylosus (S. xylosus) biofilm formation at the protein level. The results showed that 903 proteins were identified to be altered in S. xylosus treated with CD-g-CS, of which 430 were down-regulated and 500 were up-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) have different molecular functions and are involved in different molecular pathways. CD-g-CS affected the functional pathways of S. xylosus in terms of ribosomes, phosphotransferase system (PTS), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and nitrate respiration. These pathways affected the stability and morphology of biofilms, which in turn interfere with biofilm formation. These results provide a critical excipients for future development of anti-biofilm pharmaceutical formulations, offering novel solutions to combat biofilm infections.}, }
@article {pmid40623322, year = {2025}, author = {da Cruz Nizer, W and Adams, M and Allison, K and Beaulieu, C and Overhage, J}, title = {Extracellular DNA enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm resistance to sodium hypochlorite stress.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2025-0051}, pmid = {40623322}, issn = {1480-3275}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; *DNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits high pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance, largely due to its ability to form robust biofilms. In addition to the exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel, extracellular DNA (eDNA) is an important matrix component in P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms. It has been shown previously that eDNA is involved in biofilm initiation and integrity as well as antibiotic resistance; however, its involvement in resistance to oxidative stressors such as the widely used disinfectant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is less explored. Here, we examined the function of eDNA in NaOCl resistance of P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms. Using different biofilm assays in combination with a PAO1 ∆pslA pelF double mutant, which lacks the exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel, and a Tn-bfmR mutant, which exhibits increased eDNA amounts in biofilms, we were able to show that eDNA contributes to NaOCl resistance in P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms, in particular when exopolysaccharides are absent. Interestingly, NaOCl was more effective after DNase treatment against ∆pslA pelF biofilms. These findings indicate that the protective function of eDNA in biofilm resistance is matrix composition-dependent and becomes more pronounced in the absence of Psl and Pel.}, }
@article {pmid40623113, year = {2025}, author = {Palma, CSD and Haller, DJ and Tabor, JJ and Igoshin, OA}, title = {Changes in Spo0A~P pulsing frequency control biofilm matrix deactivation.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {e1013263}, pmid = {40623113}, issn = {1553-7358}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacillus subtilis/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Models, Biological ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Computational Biology ; DNA Replication ; }, abstract = {Under starvation conditions, B. subtilis survives by differentiating into one of two cell types: biofilm matrix-producing cells or sporulating cells. These two cell-differentiation pathways are activated by the same phosphorylated transcription factor - Spo0A~P. Despite sharing the activation mechanism, these cell fates are mutually exclusive at the single-cell level. This decision has been shown to be controlled by the effects of growth rate on gene dosage and protein dilution in the biofilm matrix production network. In this work, we explore an alternative mechanism of growth rate-mediated control of this cell fate decision. Namely, using deterministic and stochastic modeling, we investigate how the growth-rate-dependent pulsing dynamics of Spo0A~P affect biofilm matrix deactivation and activation. Specifically, we show that the Spo0A~P pulsing frequency tunes the biofilm matrix deactivation and activation probability. Interestingly, we found that DNA replication is the cell cycle stage that most substantially contributes to the deactivation of biofilm matrix production. Finally, we report that the deactivation of biofilm matrix production is not primarily regulated by the effects of growth rate on gene dosage and protein dilution. Instead, it is driven by changes in the pulsing period of Spo0A~P. In summary, our findings elucidate another mechanism governing biofilm deactivation during the late stages of starvation, thereby advancing our understanding of how bacterial networks interpret dynamic transcriptional regulatory signals to control stress-response pathways.}, }
@article {pmid40621917, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, Q and Shen, X and Luo, X and Zhang, M and Li, X and Ji, S and Zhang, Y and Lu, R}, title = {Impact of intestinal bacteria on biofilm formation, motility, virulence, and gene expression in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0078925}, pmid = {40621917}, issn = {2165-0497}, support = {2024JQ036//Nantong University Special Research Fund for Clinical Medicine/ ; No. 2023JQ011//Nantong University Special Research Fund for Clinical Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {*Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Virulence/genetics ; Humans ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/growth &amp; development/physiology/genetics ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Vibrio Infections/microbiology ; Coculture Techniques ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a foodborne pathogen, is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. In contrast, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli is a common commensal bacterium residing in the human gut. Despite their co-occurrence during infection, the interaction between these two species remains poorly understood. This study revealed that V. parahaemolyticus outcompetes E. coli under co-culture conditions, demonstrating superior growth efficiency and competitive dominance. Co-cultivation stimulated biofilm formation in both species, with E. coli culture supernatant specifically enhancing biofilm development in V. parahaemolyticus. Nevertheless, V. parahaemolyticus dominated mixed microbial colonies. Additionally, co-cultivation reduced V. parahaemolyticus cell adhesion and swimming motility but heightened its cytotoxicity. RNA-seq analysis identified 629 differentially expressed genes in co-cultured V. parahaemolyticus compared to monocultured cells, including 290 upregulated and 339 downregulated genes. Genes related to flagella and type III secretion system 1 were downregulated, while those for exopolysaccharides, type IV pili, and type VI secretion system 2 were upregulated. Notably, eight genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism showed significant changes, with seven being upregulated. Additionally, 22 putative transcriptional regulators exhibited differential expression, indicating tightly coordinated gene expression during interspecies interactions. These findings illuminate the dynamic interplay between V. parahaemolyticus and gut commensals, providing insights into pathogen behavior in polymicrobial environments. This work lays the groundwork for future studies on gut microbiota-pathogen interactions and their implications for infectious disease mechanisms.IMPORTANCEThis study reveals critical insights into the interplay between the gut commensal bacterium E. coli and the foodborne pathogen V. parahaemolyticus, offering novel perspectives on how gut microbiota influence pathogen behavior. V. parahaemolyticus outcompetes E. coli in co-culture, highlighting its adaptability and potential to disrupt gut microbial balance during infection. The E. coli culture supernatant enhances V. parahaemolyticus biofilm formation. Co-cultivation reduces V. parahaemolyticus motility but increases cytotoxicity. RNA-seq analysis identified 629 differentially expressed genes, including those associated with downregulated flagellar/T3SS1 systems and upregulated exopolysaccharide/T6SS2 pathways. These findings advance our understanding of gut microbiota-pathogen dynamics and could inform strategies to mitigate V. parahaemolyticus infections by targeting interspecies signaling or virulence pathways.}, }
@article {pmid40621032, year = {2025}, author = {Radha, R and Fawad, A and Ravindran, S and Boltaev, G and Philip, S and Al-Sayah, MH}, title = {Enhanced Antimicrobial and Biofilm-Disrupting Properties of Gallium-Doped Carbon Dots.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {27559-27574}, pmid = {40621032}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance continues to be a global health threat caused by microbial biofilms, yet carbon dots (CDs) offer a promising countermeasure. Doping CDs with metals or nonmetals further enhances their properties while maintaining biocompatibility. This work reports the sonochemical synthesis of gallium-boronic acid carbon dots (Ga-BACDs) under conditions (20 kHz, 2000 W, 60% amplitude, 60 °C, and 60 min), achieving significant gallium incorporation. Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence analyses reveal characteristic CD absorbance peaks at 286 and 355 nm and strong emission at 397-400 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectral changes on Ga-BACDs suggest successful incorporation of gallium and confirm Ga-H/Ga-O-C (2000-2600 cm[-] [1]) and Ga-O/Ga-O-Ga (400-700 cm[-] [1]) vibrations. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy data indicate the retention of the amorphous carbon framework with enhanced local ordering. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate morphological alterations compared to BACDs with a particle mean diameter of 8.6 ± 4.1 nm. The gallium doping in Ga-BACDs was quantified as 3.66 ppm by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that Ga is chemically integrated inside the carbon dot framework. The zeta potential shifts from -32.5 mV (BACDs) to -23.3 mV (Ga-BACDs), evidencing surface charge modulation. The antimicrobial activity of Ga-BACDs was tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains; the presence of gallium contributed to improved bioactivity at 37 °C. HR-SEM images of Ga-BACD-treated bacteria presented significant structural damage, membrane rupture, and surface irregularities. Ga-BACDs inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations as low as 2.5 mg/mL and efficiently eradicated preformed biofilms, highlighting their promise for preventing biofilm-associated infections. MTT assays on normal human brain cells confirm the biocompatibility of Ga-BACD-coated cellulose discs and CD solution (0.1 mg/mL), supporting the safe use of Ga-BACD-modified fibers. Overall, our findings highlight Ga-BACDs as metal-doped carbon nanoparticles, with strong potential for novel antibacterial treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40620934, year = {2025}, author = {Kyei, L and Campbell, R and Menegatti, C and Mevers, E}, title = {The Nobilamides: Potent Biofilm Inhibitors Produced by the Microbiota of Moon Snail Egg Masses.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {26791-26798}, pmid = {40620934}, issn = {2470-1343}, support = {R35 GM146740/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilm infections have become increasingly challenging to treat as bacteria living in a biofilm state are more resistant to antibiotics and protected from the host immune response. Eradicating biofilm infections generally requires treatment with high doses of antibiotics for prolonged periods; however, the rise in antibiotic resistance further challenges these treatments. Unfortunately, there are no approved drugs that inhibit or disrupt biofilm formation. Here, we leveraged our library of bacteria associated with moon snail egg masses found in Puerto Rico, using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, to discover biofilm inhibitors. Analysis of a chemical fraction library revealed a set of peptides in fractions exhibiting potent inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the isolation of lipopeptides, the nobilamides, which were previously shown to possess antibacterial activity and TRPV1 antagonist properties but were never evaluated in a biofilm inhibition assay. A thorough evaluation of the biofilm inhibition activity of A-3302-B and A-3302-A revealed they potently inhibit biofilm formation with IC50 of 161 ± 85 and 598 ± 66 nM, respectively. Interestingly, nobilamide A and B, linear analogs, are 500-fold less active than their cyclic analogs.}, }
@article {pmid40620779, year = {2025}, author = {Jemel, I and Krayem, N and Jlidi, H and Ben Bacha, A and Alonazi, M and Charguia, R and Alzahrani, AA and Aifa, S and Mnif, S}, title = {Structural insights and biomedical potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: antibacterial activity, anti-biofilm and cancer cell inhibition.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {e19608}, pmid = {40620779}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; MCF-7 Cells ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Pomegranate/chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance and cancer has driven the search for new therapeutic agents, with plant-based biosynthesis of nanoparticles emerging as a promising approach. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from plant extracts have gained attention for their potential biomedical applications.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer properties of AgNPs derived from Teucrium polium (Tp), Teucrium marum (Tm), and Punica granatum (Pg).<br><br>METHODS: AgNPs were synthesized using plant extracts and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antibacterial activity was assessed against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The anti-biofilm efficacy was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.<br><br>RESULTS: XRD confirmed the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of AgNPs, with peaks at (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes. Crystallite sizes were smaller than their hydrodynamic diameters, suggesting surface modifications affecting DLS measurements. DLS analysis indicated monodisperse size distributions for Tp-AgNPs and Tm-AgNPs, while Pg-AgNPs showed a broader range. The biosynthesized silver AgNPs from different plants exhibit unique physicochemical properties, as evidenced by their distinct UV-vis absorption spectra, and show potential for optical and optoelectronic applications. FTIR spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of specific functional groups on the surface of biosynthesized AgNPs, indicating the role of plant extracts as reducing and capping agents, and revealed variations in binding sites and molecular interactions. Among the synthesized nanoparticles, Tp-AgNPs exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy, particularly against Staphylococcus epidermis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, though slightly less potent than chloramphenicol. Tp-AgNPs also showed the strongest inhibition of biofilm formation, followed by Tm-AgNPs, with Pg-AgNPs being the least effective. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that Tm-AgNPs had the highest anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells, with Tp-AgNPs exhibiting comparable effects.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings underscored the potent antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer properties of Tp-AgNPs and Tm-AgNPs, making them promising candidates for biomedical applications. Further studies are needed to assess their clinical safety and therapeutic potential.}, }
@article {pmid40620637, year = {2025}, author = {Doan, TM and Vu, CTB and Truong, PTL and Pham, VK and Chotprasert, N}, title = {Analysis of the Mechanical and Biofilm-Inhibitory Antimicrobial Properties of a Dental Tissue Conditioner Incorporating Ocimum Gratissimum Essential Oil: An In Vitro Study.}, journal = {International journal of dentistry}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {9994172}, pmid = {40620637}, issn = {1687-8728}, abstract = {Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the tensile bond strength (TBS) and biofilm-inhibitory antimicrobial properties of tissue conditioners combined with Ocimum gratissimum essential oil (EO) at varying concentrations. Materials and Methods: The original tissue conditioner was used as the control, while the experimental groups consisted of tissue conditioners incorporating O. gratissimum EO at concentrations of 1% and 2% (v/v) in the liquid component. The TBS between the tissue conditioner and denture base acrylic resin was measured using a universal testing machine. To evaluate biofilm-inhibitory antimicrobial properties, cylindrical specimens infused with EO were prepared and incubated with Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The crystal violet assay was utilized to quantify microbial biofilm formation. Results: The incorporation of O. gratissimum EO into tissue conditioners significantly increased the TBS on day 1 (p < 0.05) but showed no effect by day 7 post-polymerization (p > 0.05). Additionally, tissue conditioners containing 1% EO exhibited biofilm-inhibitory antimicrobial properties on day 1 (p < 0.05), whereas those with 2% EO demonstrated biofilm-inhibitory antimicrobial activity on both days 1 and 3 postinoculation (p < 0.05). By day 5 and 7, EO-infused tissue conditioners no longer exhibited biofilm-inhibitory antimicrobial properties (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Tissue conditioners infused with O. gratissimum EO effectively reduced the formation of biofilms by C. albicans and S. mutans in a dose-dependent manner on days 1 and 3. As tissue conditioners are typically replaced every 3-7 days, O. gratissimum EO can be incorporated as an additive to lower the formation of biofilms by C. albicans and S. mutans without compromising the TBS of the tissue conditioner to denture base acrylic resin.}, }
@article {pmid40620488, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, S and Song, X and Zheng, X and Cheng, C and Jin, J and Xie, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {FliA regulates the antibacterial activity of plantaricin BM-1 against Escherichia coli K-12 through the LuxS/AI-2 quorum-sensing-mediated biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1606567}, pmid = {40620488}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Plantaricin BM-1 is a class IIa bacteriocin active against Escherichia coli. However, the mode of action of class IIa bacteriocins against gram-negative bacteria remains unclear. In this study, the regulatory role of sigma factor FliA (σ[28]) in the antibacterial mechanism of plantaricin BM-1 against E. coli K-12 BW25113 is evaluated.<br><br>METHODS: The fliA-complemented strain of E. coli JW1907, namely E. coli ReJW1907, was constructed through &#x3bb;-Red homologous recombination. The effects of plantaricin BM-1 on E. coli growth, cell morphology, and membrane integrity were investigated using growth curves, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. The biofilm formation ability of E. coli was evaluated using crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs).<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The inhibition rate (I%) of plantaricin BM-1 (3.75 mg/mL) against E. coli JW1907 (89.22 &#xb1; 1.13%) at the 8th h of culture was significantly higher than that of E. coli BW25113 (70.36 &#xb1; 6.30%) and ReJW1907 (74.75 &#xb1; 4.99%). The biofilm biomass produced by E. coli BW25113 (OD595 nm = 0.343 &#xb1; 0.056) was significantly reduced to 0.227 &#xb1; 0.04 after fliA deletion, and was recovered to its original level (0.358 &#xb1; 0.027) after fliA complement. A total of 205 DEGs were identified between E. coli BW25113 and JW1907. Among these, four DEGs (fliZ,wza, lsrR, and pgaA) were enriched in the biofilm formation pathway. Further analysis revealed eight up-regulated DEGs (lsrKRBDCAFG), which were significantly enriched in the LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system. After the deletion of any gene from lsrKRBDCAFG, the I% of plantaricin BM-1 against E. coli BW25113 (70.77 &#xb1; 7.01%) was significantly increased to 80.68-90.06%, with its biofilm production (0.254 &#xb1; 0.014) reduced to 0.135-0.188. In conclusion, FliA modulates biofilm formation through the LuxS/AI-2 QS system, thereby regulating the antibacterial activity of plantaricin BM-1. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the bacteriostatic mechanism of class IIa bacteriocins against gram-negative bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40620215, year = {2025}, author = {Chaudhary, PK and Saini, D and Srivastava, AK and Prasad, R}, title = {Assessment of antifungal and anti-biofilm potential of essential oil active constituents alone and in combinatorial mode of limonene and linalool against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis.}, journal = {Natural product research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2526731}, pmid = {40620215}, issn = {1478-6427}, abstract = {Opportunistic Candidiasis is rising among immunocompromised and elderly patients, with increasing antifungal resistance. This study evaluated five essential oil-derived compounds against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Limonene showed the strongest antifungal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of 32-64 µg/mL. Similarly, biofilm inhibition/eradication concentration (BIC/BEC) was found in followed the order: limonene > linalool > 1,8-cineole = 2-undecanone = borneol. Notably, the combination of limonene and linalool showed additive effects, with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values of 0.79 for C. albicans and 0.98 for C. tropicalis. This combinatorial approach, investigated for the first time, showed no significant cytotoxicity on human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines. A co-culture model of Candida spp. and HaCaT cells was developed to study host-pathogen interactions and antifungal efficacy. Results highlight EO-ACs, especially limonene and linalool, as promising alternatives against resistant Candida infections.}, }
@article {pmid40619937, year = {2025}, author = {Deshmukh-Reeves, E and Shaw, M and Bilsby, C and Gourlay, CW}, title = {Biofilm Formation on Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Culture Data and Sampling Method.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e70032}, pmid = {40619937}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//This study was supported by an industrial CASE studentship between University of Kent and ICU Medical Inc./ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Tracheostomy/instrumentation/adverse effects ; *Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation/adverse effects ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Trachea/microbiology ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/microbiology ; Equipment Contamination ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation on tracheal tubing is a key risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Endotracheal tube microbiology has been systematically reviewed, but tracheostomy tube profiles have not. Analysis of the tube-associated microbiome is not standardised, and sampling methods are varied. We compared the reported microbiomes of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes and examined the impact of sampling by tracheal aspiration or direct culture. We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Knowledge for clinical microbiology studies from 2000-2024, extracting tubing type, sampling method, and the most prevalent genera identified. Genera were compared by Spearman's rank correlation and pairwise analyses by Šidák's test. Extraction from 49 studies identified 30 genera. Pseudomonas was the most prevalent in all conditions followed by Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Acinetobacter. 25 studies performed tracheal aspiration, and 22, direct culture. Two studies used both methods. Correlation was observed between endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, and aspirates and direct cultures (Spearman's rho = 0.69; 0.59). Pseudomonas were more prevalent in tracheostomy tubes (p < 0.0001). Coagulase-positive Staphylococci were more common in tracheal aspirates, and coagulase-negative Staphylococci in direct culture. The microbial profiles of endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes are comparable, with Pseudomonas being the most common coloniser. Our analyses suggest that tracheal aspiration can effectively identify the constituents of biofilms without requiring tube removal, making it a valuable tool for clinical researchers to analyse or monitor biofilms before extubation or device failure using existing microbiology procedures.}, }
@article {pmid40619752, year = {2025}, author = {Jiang, Q and Huang, Y and Xu, B and Yu, D and Chen, Y and Wang, X}, title = {Engineering Injectable, Adhesive, and Drug-Free Hydrogel for Efficient Acute Otitis Media Treatment by Biofilm Disruption and Immune Modulation.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {e2502562}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202502562}, pmid = {40619752}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {JYJC202231//Cross Disciplinary Research Fund of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine/ ; 82371144//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 14DZ2260300//Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases/ ; }, mesh = {*Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Otitis Media/drug therapy/immunology/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology ; Chitosan/chemistry/pharmacology ; Acute Disease ; Injections ; }, abstract = {Acute otitis media (AOM) is a prevalent pediatric bacterial infection that is conventionally managed with prolonged oral antibiotic regimens. However, the therapeutic efficacy of this approach is increasingly compromised by the emergence of antibiotic resistance and bacterial biofilms. This study presents a novel multifunctional hydrogel, synthesized through the cross-linking of quaternary chitosan (QCS) with protocatechualdehyde (PA), to address these challenges. The QCS-PA hydrogel exhibits robust antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), effectively disrupting bacterial membranes and biofilms in vitro. For the in vivo studies using S. aureus-induced and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced AOM animal models, the hydrogel significantly reduces bacterial burden within middle ear fluid and disrupts biofilms adhering to the middle ear mucosa. A single intratympanic administration of the hydrogel further demonstrates pronounced anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, evidenced by the suppression of inflammatory cell infiltration, the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and the polarization of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Transcriptome analyses reveal the downregulation of key inflammatory genes and associated signaling pathways, especially interleukin 17 (IL-17)-mediated inflammation signaling. Collectively, these findings establish the specific QCS-PA hydrogel as an efficient drug-free biomaterial for AOM therapy, offering multifunctional biofilm disruption and immune modulation without reliance on conventional antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid40619677, year = {2025}, author = {Asokan-Sheeja, H and Das, D and Nguyen, JN and Xu, J and Mukut, MTH and Chau, TH and Buonomo, JA and Hong, Y and Dong, H}, title = {pH-Responsive Peptide-Polymer Hydrogel for Biofilm Disruption.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {6415-6425}, pmid = {40619677}, issn = {2576-6422}, support = {R01 HD097330/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R21 HD107324/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Hydrogels/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Materials Testing ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Particle Size ; *Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Surface Properties ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemistry/pharmacology ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Biofilm formation presents a significant challenge in chronic infections as it enables bacteria to resist conventional antibiotics and thrive in various areas of the body. The treatment is further hurdled by the acidic environment of biofilms due to anaerobic glycolysis of bacteria and the accumulation of acidic byproducts. Therefore, there is a need for the development of antimicrobial materials that can selectively and preferentially eradicate biofilms in the acidic environment. Toward this aim, this study explores the use of acid-responsive double-network peptide-polymer hydrogels encapsulated with antimicrobial peptides to effectively target and disrupt biofilms. The hydrogel consists of two essential components: a self-assembling peptide nanofiber containing a non-natural ionic amino acid, which imparts pH responsiveness in the weakly acidic range, and a 4-arm PEG polymer that forms covalent bonds with the peptide nanofiber, enhancing the hydrogel's mechanical strength. Upon acidification, peptide nanofibers disassemble, causing an increased pore size of the hydrogel and release of encapsulated antimicrobials to the biofilm site. We expect that, by leveraging the unique properties of the double network self-assembled peptide-PEG hydrogels and the pH-triggered release mechanism, this innovative hydrogel approach may offer a more targeted, effective, and safer treatment option against biofilm-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40619315, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, T and Song, Y and Xu, H and Liu, Y and He, H and Zhou, M and Jin, C and Yang, M and Ai, Z and Su, D}, title = {Corrigendum to "Study on the mechanism of reducing biofilm toxicity and increasing antioxidant activity in vinegar processing phytomedicines containing pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins" [J. Ethnopharmacol. 290 (2022) 115112].}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {356}, number = {}, pages = {120211}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2025.120211}, pmid = {40619315}, issn = {1872-7573}, }
@article {pmid40619038, year = {2025}, author = {Li, W and Fan, Y and Zhu, W and Liang, Z and Nie, S}, title = {CsrR modulates biofilm formation of ST-17 GBS through the regulation of a novel adhesion factor, BapB.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {107873}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107873}, pmid = {40619038}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; Bacterial Adhesion/genetics ; *Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Humans ; Gene Deletion ; Fibronectins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Laminin/metabolism ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The hypervirulent ST-17 clone of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal invasive meningitis. The link between GBS biofilm formation and the ST-17 lineage is established, and the inhibition of GBS biofilm formation by CsrR involves the regulation of adhesins. However, the specific adhesins involved in biofilm formation in ST-17 GBS strains are unknown.<br><br>HYPOTHESIS/GAP STATEMENT: CsrR inhibits biofilm formation of ST-17 GBS through the regulation of specific adhesins.<br><br>AIMS: To identify the adhesins contributing to biofilm formation in the ST-17 lineage.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: Comparative proteomics analyses of a strong biofilm-forming ST-17 strain and its csrR deletion mutant (&#x394;csrR) were performed to identify the specific proteins involved in biofilm formation in ST-17 GBS. qPCR and biofilm formation assays were used to validate the proteomics analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: A novel biofilm-associated protein, BapB, absent in non-biofilm-forming ST-17 GBS strains (e.g., COH1), was identified. Biofilm production was significantly attenuated in the bapB deletion mutant (&#x394;bapB), reducing GBS adherence to fibronectin and laminin.<br><br>CONCLUSION: BapB plays a crucial role in biofilm formation. It may be a potential target for design of new therapeutic approaches against GBS.}, }
@article {pmid40618423, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, C and Wang, S and Niu, W and Liu, F and Xie, W and Li, G and Kong, D and Wang, X}, title = {Synergistic effects of borneol and zwitterionic coating on enhanced antimicrobial and anti-biofilm performance.}, journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces}, volume = {255}, number = {}, pages = {114929}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114929}, pmid = {40618423}, issn = {1873-4367}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Camphanes/pharmacology/chemistry ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology/chemistry ; Surface Properties ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; }, abstract = {Infections caused by microorganisms on the surfaces of medical implants and devices represent a significant challenge in the field of medicine. At present, a considerable number of antimicrobial coatings have been developed with the objective of preventing bacterial contamination. However, the problem of mold contamination is often underestimated. To address this issue, a bi-molecular composite coating was developed using sulfobetaine and borneol unites, which enabled the modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Furthermore, by modifying the ratio of sulfobetaine and borneol groups, the coating can simultaneously demonstrate anti-bacterial, anti-mold adhesion and anti-biofilm properties. Notably, the bi-molecular polymer coating exhibited a synergistic effect in inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation. Subsequent in vivo subcutaneous implantation in mice confirmed its favorable biocompatibility. Therefore, this approach offers novel insights into the development of antimicrobial adhesion coatings for medical device surfaces, particularly those need to prevent biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40616995, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, H and Chen, L and Liu, J and Tang, X and Chen, C and Sheteiwy, MS and Yu, J and Wang, X and Han, J and Wu, Y and Dionysiou, DD}, title = {Periphytic biofilm (PB) in paddy field: A natural cadmium barrier for rice (Oryza sativa L.) safe production through physiological detoxification and gene regulation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {495}, number = {}, pages = {139136}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139136}, pmid = {40616995}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Oryza/drug effects/growth &amp; development/genetics/metabolism ; *Cadmium/toxicity/metabolism ; *Soil Pollutants/toxicity/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects ; Plant Roots/metabolism/drug effects ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Periphytic biofilm (PB) is ubiquitous in paddy fields and has significant impacts on the behavior of cadmium at the soil-water interface. However, its effects on rice growth and Cd accumulation remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted pot and field experiments to explore how PB affects rice growth and Cd migration pathways. Results showed that PB promoted rice growth and alleviated the toxic effects to rice in Cd-polluted soil, reducing Cd accumulation in rice shoot, root, and grain under both pot and field trials. PB treatment reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, particularly superoxide dismutase in rice leaves, which indicated less Cd-induced damage in rice leaves. Furthermore, PB enhanced the formation of iron/ manganese plaque around rice roots by 21-34 % under Cd-polluted soil, and increased the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of rice root significantly. These were further verified by transcriptomic analyses that the expression of Cd-uptake associated genes such as OsCDT9, LCT, and HMA5 of rice plants in PB treatment was down-regulated, while nutrient uptake-related genes including OsISC12, OsGLU, and OsHAK7 were up-regulated. This study not only expands our understanding of Cd biogeochemistry in paddy ecosystem, but also provides a promising in situ approach to reducing Cd migration from soil to rice grain.}, }
@article {pmid40616449, year = {2025}, author = {Alsanea, A and Bounaga, A and Lyamlouli, K and Zeroual, Y and Boulif, R and Zhou, C and Rittmann, B}, title = {Sulfate Reduction in the Hydrogen-Based Membrane Biofilm Reactor Receiving Calcium Reduced Phosphogypsum Water.}, journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering}, volume = {122}, number = {10}, pages = {2701-2708}, doi = {10.1002/bit.70015}, pmid = {40616449}, issn = {1097-0290}, support = {//This study was supported by the OCP Group's Situation Innovation within the framework of 500 [AS81]./ ; }, mesh = {*Calcium Sulfate/metabolism/chemistry ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Sulfates/metabolism ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Calcium/metabolism ; *Hydrogen/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; }, abstract = {Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct of phosphate mining, contains sulfate that can be leached and converted to elemental sulfur, thus offering a sustainable opportunity to recover sulfur (S) as a step toward a circular economy. Calcium, at ~15 mM in PG leachate, creates inorganic precipitation that interferes with biological sulfate reduction, the first step of S recovery. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of using cation-exchange to lower the calcium concentration in water-leached PG (PG water) delivered to a H2-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) employed to reduce sulfate to sulfide. A high sulfate flux (1 gS/m[2]-day) and 65% sulfate reduction were achieved despite a high pH (10) resulting from base production during sulfate reduction. However, soluble sulfide was only 20% of the reduced S, possibly due to precipitation of sulfide, iron, and phosphate, and alkalinity analysis revealed possible formation of polysulfides. Shallow metagenomics of the biofilm documented that Desulfomicrobium was the dominant sulfate-reducing bacterium, while Thauera, a mixotroph capable of sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation, also was an important genus. The metagenomics also revealed the presence of methanogens and acetogens that competed for H2 and CO2. Although calcium removal from PG water improved sulfate reduction and reduced inorganic precipitation in the H2-MBfR, soluble sulfide generation must be improved by supplying sufficient CO2 to moderate pH increase due to sulfate reduction and by controlling the H2-delivery capacity to limit methanogens and acetogens.}, }
@article {pmid40615463, year = {2025}, author = {Halim, B and Waturangi, DE and Yulandi, A}, title = {Control of biofilm from single and multispecies bacteria associated with food spoilage using metabolite of Streptomyces sp. KP110 and Pseudomonas fluorescens JB 3B.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {23956}, pmid = {40615463}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas fluorescens/metabolism/chemistry ; *Streptomyces/metabolism/chemistry ; *Food Microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacillus cereus/drug effects ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Food spoilage bacteria are responsible for food spoilage and often fabricate biofilms on various surfaces. Naturally, biofilms are constructed by multiple bacterial species. These biofilms are more difficult to control compared to single species biofilms. Effective multispecies biofilm treatments are necessary in the food industry. This research evaluated antibiofilm activities of Streptomyces sp. KP110 and Pseudomonas fluorescens JB 3B metabolites. Prior to this research, the two antibiofilm crude extracts had shown significant results against various single species biofilms, including Bacillus, Shewanella, Vibrio, etc. The crude extracts also showed quorum-quenching activities, further asserting the antibiofilm potential. This research further characterized these antibiofilm crude extracts against multispecies biofilms, as well as assessing the duration of biofilm formation inhibition. The food spoilage bacteria used in this study are Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Shewanella putrefaciens. Both crude extracts showed antibiofilm activities with better results against Gram-negative bacteria. The metabolites are also considered nontoxic, meaning they are potential candidates for industrial purposes. The dominant active compounds of Streptomyces sp. KP110 are ticlopidine and hexadecanoid acid, while Pseudomonas fluorescens JB 3B are phenol and indole.}, }
@article {pmid40614681, year = {2025}, author = {Ko, BS and Park, SG and Rhee, MS}, title = {Synergistic antifungal effect of naturally-derived antimicrobials with penetration enhancer against Candida albicans biofilm at 5 °C and 22 °C.}, journal = {Journal of infection and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {102882}, doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102882}, pmid = {40614681}, issn = {1876-035X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Synergism ; Cymenes ; *Propylene Glycol/pharmacology ; *Caprylates/pharmacology ; Monoterpenes/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Cold Temperature ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilms of fungi such as Candida albicans (C. albicans) can survive even at cold temperatures and are generally difficult to eradicate with well-known antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to develop a novel synergistic technique against C. albicans biofilms using low concentrations of propylene glycol (PG), as a penetration enhancer. It helps naturally-derived antimicrobials [caprylic acid (CA) and carvacrol (CAR)] permeate C. albicans biofilms and cell membranes within short times even in cold environments.<br><br>METHODS: C. albicans biofilms formed on stainless steel coupons were treated with antifungal complexes (PG, CA and CAR at 0.6-1.2&#x202f;mM) for 1 or 5&#x202f;min at 5 and 22&#xb0;C. PG was selected as the highest fungicidal efficacy, as well as its odourless, colourless nature and excellent solubility compared to other penetration enhancers (isopropyl citrate, laurocapram). To visualize cell damage by antifungal complex, treated biofilms at 5&#xb0;C and 22&#xb0;C were examined using the confocal microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: Each substance (PG, CA, CAR), when applied alone to C. albicans biofilms for 5&#x202f;min, showed less than 0.50&#x202f;log reduction at both 5 and 22&#xb0;C. C. albicans biofilm was completely eradicated by PG +&#x202f;CA +&#x202f;CAR (all 1.2&#x202f;mM) after 5&#x202f;min at 5 and 22&#xb0;C (> 6.20&#x202f;log reduction), but treatment mixtures without PG were incompletely eliminated after 1&#x202f;min at 5&#xb0;C (1.75&#x202f;log reduction) and 22&#xb0;C (3.75&#x202f;log reduction). Based on the visualization of biofilms, PG +&#x202f;CA +&#x202f;CAR (all 1.2&#x202f;mM) resulted in remarkable membrane disruption and cell detachment from stainless steel coupons in contrast to the other treatment conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study indicates that trace amounts of developed antifungal complex could be an effective way to inactivate fungal biofilms on the surfaces of the medical and healthcare field even at cold temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid40614494, year = {2025}, author = {Mol, Z and Waegenaar, F and Pluym, T and Vermeir, P and Van Langenhove, H and De Gusseme, B and Boon, N and Walgraeve, C and Demeestere, K}, title = {Effect of biofilm, temperature and type of source water on the formation of haloanisoles in a pilot drinking water distribution system.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {124078}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124078}, pmid = {40614494}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; Temperature ; Water Supply ; Pilot Projects ; Odorants ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Taste and odor deviations in tap water affect many consumers and cause a preference for bottled water. However, since tap water is more sustainable than bottled water, these issues should be solved and prevented rapidly. Haloanisoles (HAs) have a very low odor threshold concentration (sub ng.L[-1]) and are of considerable concern since they are mainly formed in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Understanding their formation and influencing factors is a crucial aspect of addressing these odor problems. Therefore, this study uses a DWDS pilot to closely mimic the complex situation in real DWDS and investigates the (microbial) formation of six HAs regarding biofilm cell density and composition, temperature, and type of source water. Ten to thirty times higher formation was observed when a stable biofilm (5 months, 10 times more biomass) was present, compared to a young biofilm (2 weeks). With a spiked halophenol (HP) concentration of 0.1 mg.L[-1], the HA concentrations produced by a young biofilm were already within the OTC range. The mature biofilm contained a higher variety of HA-producing microorganisms and more O-methyltransferase genes to convert the precursors (HPs) into HAs. Higher temperatures (24 °C instead of 16 °C) increased the formation of each HA by a factor of 2 to 4, although still low HP-HA conversion ratios were observed (0.2 %). Regardless of the temperature and the type of source water, a clear pattern is observed in the type of HAs formed, with 2,3,4-trichloroanisole being the most abundant. This study finally investigated the effectiveness of flushing to mitigate these odorous compounds in DWDS and concludes that their partitioning between the biofilm and water phase affects the performance of flushing procedures.}, }
@article {pmid40614422, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, CE and Messer, LF and Wattiez, R and Matallana-Surget, S}, title = {The invisible threats of sunscreen as a plastic co-pollutant: Impact of a common organic UV filter on biofilm formation and metabolic function in the nascent marine plastisphere.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {495}, number = {}, pages = {139103}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139103}, pmid = {40614422}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Sunscreening Agents/toxicity ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; *Plastics ; Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Polyethylene ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Microbiota/drug effects ; Cinnamates ; }, abstract = {Plastic debris in marine environments serves as a substrate for microbial colonisation, forming biofilms known as 'plastispheres'. Also accumulated on plastic debris are co-pollutants including UV-protective organic UV-filters from sunscreens, which likely interact with this niche through their lipophilicity. Despite their widespread use and environmental accumulation, the influence of UV-filters on plastisphere composition and function has never been investigated. This study therefore investigates, for the first time, how co-pollution - specifically by an organic UV-filter - impacts the composition and function of marine plastisphere communities. To achieve this, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was incubated with marine microbial communities for six days to cultivate a nascent plastisphere, which was then exposed to 5 mg/L of EthylHexyl MethoxyCinnamate (EHMC); the most used organic UV-filter in sunscreens, and a prevalent marine pollutant. Metagenomic analyses revealed that EHMC favoured the growth of bacterial generalists Pseudomonas and Psychromonas while reducing pollutant-degrading genera like Marinomonas. Analysis of 3070 proteins revealed a consistent upregulation of proteins used for biofilm maintenance by Pseudomonas with EHMC exposure, including the considerable upregulation of outer membrane porin F (OprF) which regulates exopolymeric substance (EPS) production. Additionally, proteins thought to indicate a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration were frequently expressed after exposure to EHMC. This may have selected against the obligate aerobes Marinomonas and Pseudoalteromonas, contributing to the observed shift in community composition. These findings underscore the importance of considering chemical co-pollutants in plastisphere research as we now begin to discover how ecologically significant, and potentially harmful microbial genera are affected by this interaction.}, }
@article {pmid40612733, year = {2025}, author = {Ansari, M and Kazemi, M and Mohammadi Sichani, M and Karbasizade, V}, title = {The inhibitory effect of the methanolic extract and the essence of Anvillea garcinii on expression of the genes related to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {470-479}, pmid = {40612733}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic bacterium whose virulence is attributed to its extracellular compounds and biofilm-forming ability. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the methanolic extract (AGME) and the essential oil (AGEO) of Anvillea garcinii on the growth and the biofilm formation of S. aureus.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AGME and AGEO against S. aureus ATCC 6538 were assessed using the microbroth dilution method and the Crystal Violet Staining Assay, respectively. The expression levels of sarA, spa, and icaA, genes involved in biofilm formation, were analyzed using real-time PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: AGME and AGEO inhibited S. aureus growth at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 1 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml, respectively. AGME exhibited a 72% inhibition of biofilm formation at &#xbc; MIC, whereas AGEO showed no significant antibiofilm activity. AGME downregulated the expression of sarA, a key regulator of biofilm formation, as well as spa, and icaA genes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that A. garcinii essential oil (AGEO) exhibits significant antimicrobial activity, while its methanolic extract (AGME) effectively inhibits biofilm formation in S. aureus. These findings suggest the potential application of AGEO and AGME as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. Further investigations on their efficacy against other bacterial pathogens are recommended.}, }
@article {pmid40612720, year = {2025}, author = {Abed, HS and Hosseini, SM and Jassim, ZM}, title = {Immunological and molecular detection of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {376-381}, pmid = {40612720}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections. It is associated with high morbidity and healthcare costs, especially when appropriate antibiotic treatment is delayed. Antibiotic selection for patients with P. aeruginosa infections is challenging due to the bacteria's inherent resistance to many commercially available antibiotics. This study investigated antibiotic-resistance genes in isolated bacteria, which play a key role in disease pathogenesis.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 samples out of the 140 samples collected from urinary tract infections (UTIs) cases between December 15[th], 2022, and April 15[th], 2023, were included in the study. Identification of bacterial isolates was based on colony morphology, microscopic examination, biochemical tests, and the Vitek-2 system. Antibiotic resistance genes; Aph(3)-llla, ParC, Tet/tet(M), and aac(6&#xb4;)-Ib-cr were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).<br><br>RESULTS: The obtained results were based on bacterial identifications of 81 clinical samples. Only 26 (32%) of these isolates were P. aeruginosa, 21 (26%) were Escherichia coli, and 18 (22.2%) were other bacteria. These isolates were used to detect four genes including tet(M), Aph(3)-llla, Par-c, and aac(6&#xb4;)-Ib-cr. Four types of primers were used for PCR detection. The results showed that 11/14 (78.57%) carried the tet(M) gene, 10/14 (71.42%) carried the Aph(3)-llla gene, 14/14 (100%) carried the Par-c gene, and 10/14 (71.42%) of the isolates carried the aac(6&#xb4;)-Ib-cr gene. The biofilm formation examining the esp gene, showed that 9 (64.28) isolates carried this gene.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The inability of antibiotics to penetrate biofilms is an important factor contributing to the antibiotic tolerance of bacterial biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40611953, year = {2025}, author = {Jarzynka, S and Koryszewska-Bagińska, A and Nowikiewicz, T and Szczepańska, A and Olędzka, G and Szymankiewicz, M}, title = {Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage before breast reconstruction: antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence genes-a single center in vitro observation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1610739}, pmid = {40611953}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in patients undergoing mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction present significant therapeutic challenges. Studies suggest that S. aureus may be transmitted from nasal carriage, potentially leading to postoperative infections. However, knowledge regarding the potential pathogenicity of S. aureus nasal carriage strains in women undergoing breast reconstruction in Poland remains limited. This study aimed to characterize S. aureus isolates obtained from screening nasal swabs.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 33 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were analyzed. These strains exhibited a high prevalence of genes encoding adhesion and antibiotic resistance. The most frequently detected virulence genes included sarA (100%), an activator of protein A; cna (100%), encoding collagen adhesin; blaZ (100%), associated with &#x3b2;-lactamase production; the icaADBC operon (82-100%), responsible for extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and intracellular adhesion; and bap (36%), encoding a surface-associated biofilm protein.<br><br>RESULTS: Most isolates (79-100%) demonstrated a strong capacity for biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production, confirmed by independent methods. Notably, all strains (100%) remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin at increased exposure levels. RAPD analysis revealed low genetic diversity among the isolates.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that S. aureus isolates from nasal carriers undergoing breast implantation exhibit antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and harbor multiple virulence genes. Early detection of S. aureus colonization via nasal swab screening may be crucial for managing infection risk in patients undergoing breast reconstruction.}, }
@article {pmid40609853, year = {2025}, author = {Carstensen, S and Suss, PH and Ortis, GB and Estrela, R and Costa, ER and Moreira, FL and Martins, TC and Telles, JP and Tuon, FF}, title = {Transcriptional evaluation of functional genes of resistance, biofilm and quorum sensing in CTX-M15 ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae after meropenem concentration based on serum level.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {176}, number = {7}, pages = {104304}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2025.104304}, pmid = {40609853}, issn = {1769-7123}, mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Meropenem/pharmacology/blood ; *beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/blood ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects/genetics ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infections. Resistance to carbapenems, particularly meropenem, is increasingly reported and often linked to β-lactamase production, porin alterations, and efflux pump overexpression. However, the immediate transcriptional response of clinical isolates to meropenem remains poorly characterized.<br><br>AIM: To investigate the transcriptomic response of a CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae clinical isolate to clinically relevant meropenem exposure and identify potential non-enzymatic resistance and survival mechanisms.<br><br>METHODS: A meropenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae isolate was recovered from a bacteremic patient and confirmed to carry CTX-M-15, SHV-182, and OXA-1 &#x3b2;-lactamase genes. Time-kill assays were performed using serum-level meropenem concentrations. RNA was extracted at multiple time points (0, 10, 30, and 60&#xa0;min) post-exposure, followed by RNA-sequencing. Differential gene expression was analyzed using DESeq2. Resistance genes were identified via genome sequencing and annotated using CARD and VFDB databases.<br><br>RESULTS: Meropenem exhibited a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect, with full inhibition sustained only at serum-level concentrations. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant upregulation of genes linked to biofilm formation (e.g., osmB, lipoproteins), efflux pumps (mepA, acrB), and cell wall remodeling (murJ, lpoB). No differential expression was observed for blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, or blaSHV-182. The transcriptional regulator ompR was induced, suggesting membrane permeability adjustments.<br><br>CONCLUSION: K. pneumoniae rapidly activates adaptive stress responses under meropenem exposure, primarily through biofilm-related genes, efflux pumps, and membrane remodeling rather than increased &#x3b2;-lactamase expression. These findings underscore the complexity of antimicrobial tolerance mechanisms and may inform novel therapeutic strategies targeting transcriptional plasticity in multidrug-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40608147, year = {2025}, author = {Cieślik, M and Wójcicki, M and Migdał, P and Grygiel, I and Bajrak, O and Orwat, F and Górski, A and Jończyk-Matysiak, E}, title = {Fighting biofilm: bacteriophages eliminate biofilm formed by multidrug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei on urological catheters.}, journal = {Medical microbiology and immunology}, volume = {214}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, pmid = {40608147}, issn = {1432-1831}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Enterobacter/virology/physiology/drug effects/genetics ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Urinary Catheters/microbiology ; Humans ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Silver ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) is a prevalent nosocomial pathogen associated with various human infections, which currently comprises several species, including Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter hormaechei. Strains capable of producing biofilm on various biotic and abiotic surfaces pose a particular threat. Therefore, we focused on three E. hormaechei strains in whose genomes the presence of the biofilm-related genes: fimA, csgA, csgD, and sdiA was confirmed. Kinetic of biofilm formation by these strains on urological catheters depended on the catheter material (silicon or latex), temperature (24 °C or 37 °C) and incubation time. The ability of phages to disrupt biofilm formation was assessed and found to be the most effective when phages were applied at an early stages of this process. Moreover, destruction of existing biofilm by bacteriophages and/or silver or copper nanoparticles was strain-dependent. Incubation with Enterobacter-specific bacteriophages enabled, in some cases, almost complete eradication of three-day biofilms attached to urological catheters. In genomes of two Enterobacter-specific bacteriophages the presence of regions encoding proteins with lytic activity were identified (6 regions in Entb_43 phage and 4 regions in Entb_45 phage genomes, respectively). These results highlight the threat of biofilm-related infections, but also indicate the multifaceted anti-biofilm activity of bacteriophages, which should be considered for useful in clinical practice.}, }
@article {pmid40607807, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, G and Palalay, J-JS and Sanfilippo, JE and Yang, JQ}, title = {Flagellum-driven motility enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by altering cell orientation.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {7}, pages = {e0082125}, pmid = {40607807}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {R35GM155443/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM155443/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 2236497//National Science Foundation/ ; 2150796//National Science Foundation/ ; 2209591//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/genetics ; *Flagella/physiology ; Movement ; Bacterial Adhesion ; }, abstract = {Bacterial motility plays a crucial role in biofilm development, yet the underlying mechanism remains not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the flagellum-driven motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances biofilm formation by altering the orientation of bacterial cells, an effect controlled by shear stress rather than shear rate. By tracking wild-type P. aeruginosa and its non-motile mutants in a microfluidic channel, we demonstrate that while non-motile cells align with the flow, many motile cells can orient toward the channel sidewalls, enhancing cell surface attachment and increasing biofilm cell density by up to 10-fold. Experiments with varying fluid viscosities further demonstrate that bacterial swimming speed decreases with increasing fluid viscosity, and the cell orientation scales with the shear stress rather than shear rate. Our results provide a quantitative framework to predict the role of motility in the orientation and biofilm development under different flow conditions and viscosities.IMPORTANCEBiofilms are ubiquitous in rivers, water pipes, and medical devices, impacting the environment and human health. While bacterial motility plays a crucial role in biofilm development, a mechanistic understanding remains limited, hindering our ability to predict and control biofilms. Here, we reveal how the motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogen, influences biofilm formation through systematically controlled microfluidic experiments with confocal and high-speed microscopy. We demonstrate that the orientation of bacterial cells is controlled by shear stress. While non-motile cells primarily align with the flow, many motile cells overcome the fluid shear forces and reorient toward the channel sidewalls, increasing biofilm cell density by up to 10-fold. Our findings provide insights into how bacterial transition from free-swimming to surface-attached states under varying flow conditions, emphasizing the role of cell orientation in biofilm establishment. These results enhance our understanding of bacterial behavior in flow environments, informing strategies for biofilm management and control.}, }
@article {pmid40606280, year = {2025}, author = {Pan, J and Albarrak, A and Hicks, J and Williams, D and Williamson, A}, title = {Influence of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase, Lig E, on Neisseria gonorrhoeae microcolony and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100292}, pmid = {40606280}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhoea, is known to form biofilms rich in extracellular DNA on human cervical cells. Biofilm formation is conducive to increased antimicrobial resistance and evasion of the host immune system, potentially causing asymptomatic infections. Using plate-based assays we have previously shown that disruption of a potential extracellular DNA ligase, Lig E, in N. gonorrhoeae impacts biofilm formation. In this research, we further explored this phenotype using confocal and scanning electron microscopy to directly visualise the morphology of microcolony and biofilm formation. Biofilm growth on artificial surfaces and on 3-dimensional human vaginal epithelial tissue was evaluated for strains where lig E was either disrupted or overexpressed. Results demonstrated that Lig E was important for the formation of robust, compact N. gonorrhoeae microcolonies, as well as extensive biofilms on artificial surfaces. The lig E deletion strain also had the highest tendency to be retained on the surface of epithelial tissues, with decreased invasion and damage to host cell layers. These findings support a role for Lig E to be secreted from N. gonorrhoeae cells for the purpose of inter-cell adhesion and biofilm formation. We suggest that Lig E strengthens the extracellular matrix and hence microcolony and biofilm formation of N. gonorrhoeae by ligation of extracellular DNA.}, }
@article {pmid40606170, year = {2025}, author = {Slater, FC and Fish, KE and Boxall, JB}, title = {Similarity of drinking water biofilm microbiome despite diverse planktonic water community and quality.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1567992}, pmid = {40606170}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The impact of drinking water quality, in particular the planktonic microbiome, on the bacterial and fungal community composition of biofilms in drinking water infrastructure is explored. Understanding drinking water biofilms is critical as biofilms can degrade water quality and potentially present a public health risk if pathogens are released. Biofilms were developed for 12 months in three state-of-the-art pipe loop facilities installed at water treatment works and hence supplied by distinct treated drinking water and unique planktonic bacterial and fungal microbiomes. Each pipe loop had identical physical conditions, including pipe diameter, material and hydraulic regime (shear stress and turbulence). Despite the different bulk-waters, the bacterial and fungal community composition of the biofilm within each loop were remarkably similar, although in different quantities. The similarity between the biofilms from unique systems, with significantly different planktonic microbiomes, suggests shared selective pressures across the different sites which are independent of the varying water qualities, including planktonic community. This suggests that taking a global view of biofilm microbiome management is potentially feasible and that approaches controlling material or hydraulics may be best way to do this.}, }
@article {pmid40604707, year = {2025}, author = {Kensche, A and Pohl, C and Basche, S and Dürasch, A and Henle, T and Hannig, M and Hannig, C}, title = {Bovine milk and milk protein- promotor or inhibitor of bacterial biofilm formation at the tooth surface?.}, journal = {BMC oral health}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {992}, pmid = {40604707}, issn = {1472-6831}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate if mouthrinses with different types of bovine milk or milk protein isolates influence the initial bacterial colonization of the tooth surface.<br><br>METHODS: From 8 subjects, different biofilm samples were collected in situ on bovine enamel slabs: after 3&#xa0;min of pellicle formation, mouthrinses with homogenized UHT-milk (0.3% and 3.5% fat), homogenized fresh milk (3.5% fat), non-homogenized milk 3.8%, 30% UHT-cream or a 3% micellar casein isolates containing preparation were performed, followed by a continued intraoral slab exposure for 8&#xa0;h overnight. As control, no rinse was adopted. Afterwards, bacterial adhesion was quantified by DAPI staining and bacterial viability was determined by BacLight LIVE/DEAD-staining. Extracellular polysaccharides were visualized by Concanavalin A/Alexa-Fluor 594-staining. Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test followed by Bonferroni-Holm correction.<br><br>RESULTS: After 8&#xa0;h of intraoral biofilm formation, 1.62*10[6]&#xb1;1.68*10[6] bacteria/cm[2] were quantified in the control samples. Viability staining showed a distribution of 35% vital to 65% avital bacteria. None of the applied mouthrinses showed a significant change (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.01) in bacterial colonization. A tendency to reduce bacterial colonization in situ was observed for non-homogenized milk and casein micelles.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Mouthrinsing with bovine milk and milk protein isolates had no significant impact on initial biofilm formation at the tooth surface. Clearly, it does not increase bacterial colonization.}, }
@article {pmid40604387, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, Y and Deng, H and Xu, Z and Yu, Z and Xiang, Y and Wen, Z and Han, S and Chen, Z and Hou, T}, title = {Repurposing AZD-5991 for inhibiting growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus by disrupting the cell membrane and targeting FabI.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {393}, pmid = {40604387}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {NS2024007, NS2023008, NSZD2024023, NSZD2024032, NS2022046, NS2024001Z, NS2024038//Shenzhen Nanshan District Scientific Research Program of the People's Republic of China/ ; NS2024007, NS2023008, NSZD2024023, NSZD2024032, NS2022046, NS2024001Z, NS2024038//Shenzhen Nanshan District Scientific Research Program of the People's Republic of China/ ; NS2024007, NS2023008, NSZD2024023, NSZD2024032, NS2022046, NS2024001Z, NS2024038//Shenzhen Nanshan District Scientific Research Program of the People's Republic of China/ ; 82172283//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022A1515110096, 2024A1515013276//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; SMZ202303037//Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzen Municipality/ ; JCYJ20220530141614034, JCYJ20240813114503005//Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality of basic research funds/ ; SZXK06162//Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Staphylococcus aureus infections have emerged as a global public health threat. Two key factors—drug resistance and biofilm formation—substantially impair the efficacy of the antimicrobial treatment for S. aureus infections using conventional antibiotics. Consequently, discovering novel antimicrobial agents with potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity has become a hotspot in recent years. Herein, the research first reported the remarkable inhibitory activity of AZD-5991, a selective Mcl-1 inhibitor, against S. aureus. The MIC50 and MIC90 values of AZD-5991 against S. aureus were 12.5 µM, and significant growth inhibition was observed at a subinhibitory concentration of 1/2 × MIC. Additionally, AZD-5991 exhibited bactericidal activity and a robust capacity for inhibiting S. aureus biofilm formation, with minimal cytotoxicity toward host cell lines. Membrane permeability assays revealed that AZD-5991 compromised S. aureus cell membrane integrity, while bacterial phospholipid components were found to neutralize the antibacterial activity of AZD-5991. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing and proteomic analysis were also applied to gain insights into the possible impact of AZD-5991 on the fatty metabolism of S. aureus. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of AZD-5991 was remarkably declined by exogenous fatty acids linoleic acid (C18:2Δ9,12) and arachidonic acid (C20:4Δ5,8,11,14). Lastly, the biolayer interferometry assay supported the direct interaction of AZD-5991 with FabI, a key protein essential for bacterial growth and fatty acid metabolism. Conclusively, this study demonstrates that AZD-5991 inhibits S. aureus planktonic growth and biofilm formation by disrupting cell membrane integrity and targeting FabI. These findings position AZD-5991 as a promising novel antibiotic candidate for treating S. aureus infections resistant to traditional clinical antibiotics.<br><br>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-025-04104-2.}, }
@article {pmid40604381, year = {2025}, author = {Veisi, M and Hosseini-Nave, H and Tadjrobehkar, O}, title = {Biofilm formation ability and swarming motility are associated with some virulence genes in Proteus mirabilis.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {388}, pmid = {40604381}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Proteus mirabilis/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity/isolation &amp; purification ; *Virulence Factors/genetics ; Humans ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Virulence/genetics ; Proteus Infections/microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is one of the frequent causes of urinary tract infection in humans. This pathogen armed by diverse virulence associated factors. Biofilm formation and swarming motility are two surface living behaviors of P. mirabilis and their association with virulence associated genes was investigated in the present study. Biofilm formation ability and swarming motility were evaluated by microtiter plate assay and top-agar travel tracking in 91 P. mirabilis isolates respectively. The polymerase chain reaction method was used for screening of 10 virulence associated genes. Association of virulence associated genes with biofilm formation ability and also swarming motility was analyzed statistically. The zapA (100%) and hlyA (41.8%) genes had maximum and minimum frequency respectively. Forty-one, 35 and 15 isolates were categorized as weak, intermediate and strong biofilm producers respectively. While, 11%, 38.5% and 50.5% of isolates were grouped as weak, intermediate and strong swarmers respectively. Adhesin encoding genes such as mrpA were more prevalent in strong biofilm producers in comparison to the other isolates. Reversal association of rsmA gene with swarming motility was detected. The frequency of hlyA gene was associated directly with swarming motility and in opposite way with biofilm formation. Reverse correlation of biofilm formation ability and swarming motility was estimated. Based on the study findings it is hypothesized that P. mirabilis benefited from adhesins such as MR/P fimbriae for production of biofilm and successful colonization and then they shift from biofilm formers to strong swarmers in order to reach deeper urinary organs and HlyA toxin is used to overcome the immune system cells. However, it has to confirmed trough future studies.}, }
@article {pmid40603841, year = {2025}, author = {Hendricks, AL and More, KR and Devaraj, A and Buzzo, JR and Robledo-Avila, FH and Partida-Sanchez, S and Bakaletz, LO and Goodman, SD}, title = {Author Correction: Bacterial biofilm-derived H-NS protein acts as a defense against Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs).}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {126}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-025-00761-3}, pmid = {40603841}, issn = {2055-5008}, }
@article {pmid40603704, year = {2025}, author = {Prado, A and Veiga, FF and de Oliveira Brito, R and da Cruz Alves Pereira, E and Negri, M and Svidzinski, TIE}, title = {Biofilm formation efficiency by Candida species isolated from gastric mucosa of intragastric balloon patient under extremely low pH.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40603704}, issn = {1874-9356}, support = {code 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 406645/2022-1//Instituto Nacional de Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia da Criosfera/ ; 3128262023-0//Instituto Nacional de Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia da Criosfera/ ; }, abstract = {This study characterized biofilms formed by Candida albicans and C. tropicalis isolated from the gastric mucosa biopsies of an intragastric balloon (IGB) patient user. Both were cultivated to form single and mixed artificial biofilms at pH 2.5 and 5.5 for 24 and 48 h. The biofilms were assessed for biochemical, metabolic, and ultrastructural properties. Yeast counts in monospecies C. albicans and C. tropicalis biofilms were higher than their respective levels in mixed biofilms across both pH values. Single C. tropicalis biofilms exhibited greater metabolic activity at both time points than C. albicans and mixed biofilms. While there were no notable pH or time-dependent differences in C. albicans and C. tropicalis monospecies biofilm formation, mixed biofilms displayed significantly higher biomass at pH 2.5. Ct also demonstrated pronounced filamentation within 24 h at pH 5.5. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cellular damage in mixed biofilms at pH 2.5; although, the biofilm structure was well developed within 24-48 h. Our findings indicate that yeasts isolated from IGB patients can form mono and polymicrobial biofilms under harsh conditions, with both species demonstrating biofilm viability at pH 2.5. Notably, C. tropicalis exhibited increased competitiveness in mixed biofilms under these conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40603621, year = {2025}, author = {Kushwaha, M and Dalal, N and Chaudhary, S and Ahmed, A and Makharia, GK and Singh, AK and Kumar, A}, title = {Colorectal cancer biofilm composition reveals distinct bacterial species signature.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, pages = {159}, pmid = {40603621}, issn = {1432-0614}, support = {Core grant//National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/microbiology ; Male ; Female ; India ; Middle Aged ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Aged ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Colon/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Escherichia coli/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Adult ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Human colon hosts a highly organized protective microbial ecosystem in the form of biofilms, increasingly recognized as key contributors to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression through microbial dysbiosis and complex host-microbiota interactions. In India, CRC ranks among the top ten cancers, with an age-standardized incidence rate of approximately 6.3 per 100,000 in males and 3.7 per 100,000 in females highlighting a higher risk in men, late-stage diagnosis, inadequate screening, and treatment limitations, particularly in urban populations. This study aims to explore the microbial composition of colonic biofilms from the Indian cohort of colorectal cancer patients from New Delhi, which is witnessing a rise in the incidence of CRC. Colorectal biopsies were taken from tumors (n = 15) and adjacent non-tumor tissues (n = 15) at the Gastrointestinal Department of AIIMS, New Delhi, India. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed to determine the bacterial population in the biofilm. The workflow included microtomy, deparaffinization, tissue permeabilization, and hybridization with bacterial 16S rDNA probes, and the detected signals were visualized by confocal microscopy. The results showed quite different microbial patterns and tumor-associated biofilms were found to have an increased density of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacteroides fragilis, while Fusobacterium nucleatum and E. coli (pks[+]) with a pks[+] genomic island encoding the genotoxin colibactin were seen less often. These results confirm significant dysbiosis and the formation of invasive biofilms in CRC tissues. Understanding the composition of these biofilms may facilitate the development of targeted strategies to restore microbial balance and reduce CRC risk both in the Indian and global population. KEY POINTS: • Tumor-associated biofilms show distinct microbial dysbiosis in Indian CRC patients. • Enrichment of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacteroides fragilis was observed at tumor site. • Insights into biofilm composition may aid to targeted interventions for CRC risk reduction.}, }
@article {pmid40603427, year = {2025}, author = {Xia, M and Cao, S and Liu, Z and Zhao, J and Yuan, Y and Ni, J and Guo, Z and Wang, W and Yin, H and Zou, Z}, title = {Multifunctional nano-delivery system based on DNase I and photodynamic therapy for combatting enterococcus faecalis biofilm infections.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {23343}, pmid = {40603427}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {62175261//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021-I2M-1-058//Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; *Deoxyribonuclease I/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; Liposomes/chemistry ; Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; Chlorophyllides ; *Porphyrins/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Persistent or refractory apical periodontitis is primarily caused by microbial retention, as conventional root canal treatment often fails to eliminate infections completely, and systemic antibiotic therapy is insufficient to achieve effective concentrations for eradicating bacterial biofilms within root canals. This highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutics offering safe and effective antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach for root canal disinfection. However, commonly used photosensitizers such as Ce6 suffer from poor water solubility and strong aggregation tendencies, resulting in limited penetration into infected sites. In this study, we developed a DNase I-Lip@Ce6 nanodelivery system by combining deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) with liposome-encapsulated Ce6. The liposomal carrier facilitated efficient delivery of Ce6 into target bacterial cells, while DNase I degraded extracellular DNA in the biofilm matrix, weakening its protective barrier. This synergistically enhanced Ce6 penetration and therapeutic efficacy, leading to the successful eradication of planktonic Enterococcus faecalis and in vitro biofilms. This strategy offers a novel approach for the precision treatment of persistent oral infections and holds strong potential for clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid40602894, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Zhuo, W and He, T and Peng, Z and Mou, Y and Wan, M and Pan, X and Li, Y and Yang, Z}, title = {Insights into microbial actions on hydraulic concrete structures: Effects of ammonia and sulfate on community structure, function and biofilm morphology.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {430-442}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2024.12.027}, pmid = {40602894}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Ammonia ; *Construction Materials/microbiology ; *Sulfates ; Corrosion ; }, abstract = {Microbial corrosion of hydraulic concrete structures (HCSs) has received increasing research concerns. However, knowledge on the morphology of attached biofilms, as well as the community structures and functions cultivated under variable nutrient levels is lacking. Here, biofilm colonization patterns and community structures responding to variable levels of ammonia and sulfate were explored. From field sampling, NH4[+]-N was proven key factor governing community structure in attached biofilms, verifying the reliability of selecting target nutrient species in batch experiments. Biofilms exhibited significant compositional differences in field sampling and incubation experiments. As the nutrient increased in batch experiments, the growth of biofilms gradually slowed down and uneven distribution was detected. The proportions of proteins and β-d-glucose polysaccharides in biofilms experienced a decrease in response to elevated levels of nutrients. With the increased of nutrients, the mass losses of concretes exhibited an increase, reaching a highest value of 2.37 % in the presence of 20 mg/L of ammonia. Microbial communities underwent a significant transition in structure and metabolic functions to ammonia gradient. The highest activity of nitrification was observed in biofilms colonized in the presence of 20 mg/L of ammonia. While the communities and their functions remained relatively more stable responding to sulfate gradient. Our research provides novel insights into the structures of biofilms attached on HCSs and the metabolic functions in the presence of high level of nutrients, which is of significance for the operation and maintenance of hydraulic engineering structures.}, }
@article {pmid40602889, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, X and Jin, C and Zhang, C and Li, P and Huang, JJ and Wu, J and Wu, J and Hu, Z}, title = {Mixotrophic Chlorella pyrenoidosa biofilm with enhanced biomass production, microalgal activity, and nutrient removal from nutrient-rich wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {366-377}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2024.06.017}, pmid = {40602889}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Chlorella/physiology ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Biofilms ; Biomass ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Microalgae/physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; Nutrients ; }, abstract = {Microalgae possess significant advantages in nitrogen and phosphorus removal from nutrient-rich wastewater that are highly efficient and independent of the C/N ratio. However, challenges such as low biomass productivity, high variability in nutrient removal under different trophic types, and difficulty in harvesting biomass limits the large-scale application of microalgae wastewater treatment. This study attempted to employ mixotrophic microalgae biofilm to address these issues. The biomass production, microalgal activity, and nutrient removal of Chlorella pyrenoidosa biofilms with different trophic types were compared for nutrient-rich wastewater treatment. The results showed that the biomass productivity of the mixotrophic microalgal biofilm (0.215 g/(L·d)) was 2.3, 8.6, and 6.0 times higher than that of photoautotrophic microalgal biofilm, heterotrophic microalgal biofilm, and photoautotrophic suspended microalga, respectively. Additionally, the dehydrogenase activity (DHA), indicating microalgal activity, of the mixotrophic biofilm was 2.3 and 16.5 times higher than that of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic biofilms, respectively. Meanwhile, the mixotrophic biofilm removed 96.0 % of NH4[+]-N and 99.2 % of PO4[3-]-P, more efficient than that with other types of biofilms and suspended microalgae. In an open-ended air-lift photobioreactor, the mixotrophic microalgal biofilm produced biomass at 0.12 g/(L·d) and removed 90.0 % of NH4[+]-N and 97.6 % of PO4[3-]-P. This study suggests that the mixotrophic microalgal biofilm shows promise in treating nutrient-rich wastewater and producing microalgal biomass for value-added products.}, }
@article {pmid40602447, year = {2025}, author = {Xue, Y and Yan, A}, title = {Capsaicin inhibits the biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae by targeting the transcriptional regulator SdiA.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {107860}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107860}, pmid = {40602447}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Capsaicin/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Trans-Activators/metabolism/genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions/drug effects ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Pneumonia, particularly when caused by the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, presents a major global health challenge. This gram-negative bacterium is a notable pathogen in healthcare-associated infections, leading to severe conditions such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and the bloodstream infections, mainly in immunocompromised subjects. The bacterium's ability to resist multiple antibiotics complicates the treatment, posing a major concern in hospital settings. Capsaicin, one the major capsaiciniods present in Capsicum plants, is known for the bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties, though detailed studies on effects of capsaicin on biofilm in K. pneumoniae is not thoroughly investigated. Preliminary analyses indicate that capsaicin can inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae at MIC (256 μg/ml). Capsaicin effectively inhibits biofilm development (72.65 ± 3.23 %) and reduces the metabolic activity (46.64 ± 4.31 %) of biofilms. Furthermore, exopolysaccharide production was diminished along with the eradication of established biofilm by capsaicin. Treatment of capsaicin decreased the cell surface hydrophobicity and induced the intracellular ROS production. The transcription level of biofilm and QS-related genes were also downregulated in presence of capsaicin. Computational analysis revealed that capsaicin interacts with transcriptional regulator SdiA with binding energy -5.6 kcal/mol. Molecular simulations validated the stability of SdiA-capsaicin complex under physiological conditions. The complex was mainly stabilized by the van der Waals forces. This study shows the potential of capsaicin in managing pneumonia complications, particularly those caused by K. pneumoniae. The findings suggest that capsaicin may serve as a promising agent in development of new therapeutic drug to combat bacterial infections associated with biofilm and antibiotic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40602446, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, V and Nayakvadi, S and Prakash, K and Revanasiddappa, ST and Ranjitha, G and Pavan Kalyan, N and Chauhan, M}, title = {Isolation, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm gene analysis of MRSA in clinical and sub-clinical bovine mastitis.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {107851}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107851}, pmid = {40602446}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {Animals ; *Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; Cattle ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; India ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Milk/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Micrococcal Nuclease/genetics ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant public health concern due to its zoonotic potential, multidrug resistance, and persistence in livestock environments. This study aimed to isolate and characterize MRSA from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases in dairy cows in the rural regions of North Bengaluru, India. A total of 133 milk samples from mastitis-affected cows were analysed, revealing that 48.8 % (65/133) exhibited coagulase-positive colonies on Mannitol Salt Agar. Of these, 28 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus via detection of the nuc gene and among them, 16 isolates (12 %) were positive for the mecA gene, confirming MRSA. Subclinical mastitis accounted for the majority of MRSA isolates (87.5 %) suggesting that asymptomatic carrier of the pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates showed high resistance to cefoxitin (75 %) and penicillin (68.75 %), with highest sensitivity observed against chloramphenicol (93.75 %), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.5 %), and linezolid (87.5 %). Among MRSA isolates, 62.5 % exhibited multidrug resistance. Molecular screening for biofilm and adhesion-associated virulence genes revealed that all MRSA isolates harboured cna and clfA, while 93.75 % were positive for fnbpA and eno, and 81.25 % for icaA and ebps. The agrI gene was present in 56.25 % of isolates, indicating regulatory variability in biofilm-associated gene expression. These findings highlight the emerging role of MRSA in bovine mastitis, especially in subclinical infections, and emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance, responsible antimicrobial usage, and biosecurity interventions in dairy farming to mitigate the spread of drug-resistant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40602346, year = {2025}, author = {Hansen, S and Thomsen, K and Mattsson, AH and Comstedt, P and Moser, C and Ciofu, O}, title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine identified by the AI-immunology™ platform improves outcomes in a murine biofilm lung infection model.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {61}, number = {}, pages = {127416}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127416}, pmid = {40602346}, issn = {1873-2518}, mesh = {Animals ; *Pseudomonas Infections/prevention &amp; control/immunology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Mice ; *Pseudomonas Vaccines/immunology/administration &amp; dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lung/microbiology/immunology ; Female ; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; }, abstract = {The Gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered by WHO as a "priority pathogen" for which new antibacterial strategies are urgently needed due to antimicrobial resistance development. In addition, P. aeruginosa is a cause of difficult to treat chronic infections due to its ability to form biofilms. Therefore, pseudomonal vaccines have been proposed as alternative strategies to combat these infections for the last 50 years, however, no vaccines are available on the market for human use. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of a vaccine composed of seven antigens, identified using EDEN™ (Efficacy Discriminative Educated Network) - a proteome-wide in silico antigen prediction model within AI-Immunology™ platform - in improving outcomes in a murine model of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection. The primary endpoint was quantitative bacteriology (Colony forming units - CFU) in the lungs of immunized animals compared to control animals. The secondary endpoints were clinical signs (a clinical score), body temperature and weight loss. Mice immunized with the heptavalent combination vaccine had a significantly 1.2 log10 lower lung CFU compared to the control group. Furthermore, the vaccinated mice presented significantly fewer clinical signs of infection, had less reduction in body temperature and weight loss as, compared to control mice. There was a statistically significant correlation between the lung bacteriology and secondary endpoints. Antibodies against all seven antigens were measured by ELISA confirming their immunogenicity. The encouraging results obtained in this, and previous studies provide a proof-of-concept that EDEN™ is a useful tool in identifying vaccine antigens against P. aeruginosa and possibly other problematic pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40601387, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, Y and Zhou, W and Chen, W and Xiao, Y}, title = {Penicillin-susceptible ST398 with strong biofilm-forming ability poses a significant threat to osteoarticular infections.}, journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, pages = {2295-2304}, doi = {10.1093/jac/dkaf208}, pmid = {40601387}, issn = {1460-2091}, support = {82402626//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021YFC2300300//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; LQN25H200008//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Female ; *Penicillins/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology/classification ; Phylogeny ; Male ; China/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Aged ; Epithelial Cells/microbiology ; A549 Cells ; Adult ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Osteoarticular infections (OAIs), primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus (both MSSA and MRSA), pose significant clinical challenges due to their heterogeneity and complexity.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and bacterial features of S. aureus strains isolated from OAI patients treated at a major tertiary hospital in China over a 9-year period, with a focus on biofilm formation and colonization potential.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 178 S. aureus isolates (56.8% MSSA and 43.2% MRSA) were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing, antibiotic susceptibility testing, biofilm formation assays and phylogenetic analysis. A murine nasal colonization model and in vitro adhesion assays using A549 human epithelial cells were employed to evaluate colonization and adherence capabilities.<br><br>RESULTS: Penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (PSSA) showed a significant rise during the study period, particularly within clonal complex ST398, which exhibited enhanced biofilm-forming capabilities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed minimal transmission events, suggesting independent cases. Comparative genetic analysis demonstrated distinct human-adaptive features in MRSA and MSSA-ST398 strains. PSSA-ST398 strains exhibited superior biofilm formation and increased adherence to human epithelial cells and murine nasal cavities compared with penicillin-resistant counterparts, indicating a potential advantage in colonization and persistence.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Penicillin-susceptible ST398 strains, particularly those with strong biofilm-forming capabilities, which increase their persistence in clinical settings, complicating treatment and eradication efforts, represent a significant threat to OAIs. Despite being penicillin-susceptible, these strains may still pose challenges due to their biofilm-mediated resistance and potential for chronic infection.}, }
@article {pmid40601177, year = {2025}, author = {Şensoy Gün, B and Gurbanov, R and Tunalı, B}, title = {Biofilm-inhibiting ZnO@Eggshell nanocomposites: green synthesis, characterization, and biomedical potential.}, journal = {Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, pages = {1447-1468}, pmid = {40601177}, issn = {1572-8773}, mesh = {*Zinc Oxide/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Green Chemistry Technology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; *Egg Shell/chemistry ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Humans ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; Mice ; }, abstract = {This study explored the eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, optimization, and biomedical potential of zinc oxide-eggshell (ZnO@ES) nanocomposites using Althaea officinalis flower extract. HPLC analysis identified pink flower extract as the highest in quercetin (88.452 ppm), making it the optimal choice for synthesis. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed ZnO nanostructures (384 nm peak), while characterization analyses using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques validated their successful incorporation within the eggshell matrix. The hemocompatibility of ZnO@ES nanocomposites was assessed through hemolysis tests, which demonstrated low hemolytic activity (<5%), ensuring blood compatibility. Antimicrobial assays against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans revealed significant inhibitory effects, particularly with ZnO@ES4. Agar well diffusion tests showed that while eggshell alone lacked antimicrobial activity, ZnO@ES2 formed inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, whereas ZnO@ES4 was effective against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus. Biofilm inhibition tests further demonstrated that ZnO@ES2 and ZnO@ES4 significantly reduced E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms, with ZnO@ES4 being more effective. MTT cytotoxicity assays using L929 fibroblast cells confirmed biocompatibility, with ZnO@ES2 enhancing cell proliferation. By repurposing eggshell waste, this study promotes a circular economy approach, transforming an abundant biowaste into value-added biomaterials. The green synthesis method eliminates the need for toxic chemicals, ensuring an environmentally friendly and sustainable clean production process. These findings support the development of antimicrobial and biocompatible nanocomposites with biomedical applications.}, }
@article {pmid40600172, year = {2025}, author = {Fujii, A and Akatsu, T and Souno, H and Kawano, S and Minegishi, Y and Ota, N}, title = {Enhanced dominance of nitrate-reducing bacteria using a combination of nitrate and erythritol in in vitro cultured oral biofilm.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2526069}, pmid = {40600172}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Oral nitrate-reducing bacteria are associated with good oral health, with inorganic nitrate specifically promoting the growth of these beneficial bacteria. Sugar alcohols affect the composition of oral microbiota, potentially impacting oral health. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of nitrate and sugar alcohols on nitrate-reducing bacteria and nitrate metabolism in oral microbiota cultured in vitro.<br><br>METHODS: Species-level microbial analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of DNA extracted from the supragingival plaque-derived biofilm cultured under micro-aerobic conditions for 48&#x2009;h with nitrate and/or sugar alcohols was conducted. Nitrate metabolites, lactate, and pH in culture supernatants were also measured.<br><br>RESULTS: The combined addition of nitrate and erythritol, but not xylitol or sorbitol, significantly increased the relative abundance of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Neisseria subflava, which are nitrate-reducing bacteria. This shift was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in Streptococcus oralis, which simultaneously induced an increase in the nitrate-reducing capacity and a decrease in lactate production and acidification from sugar metabolism.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The combination of nitrate and erythritol serve as a preventive and therapeutic approach for periodontitis or dental caries by promoting the growth of oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria. However, human clinical studies are required to clarify these beneficial effects.}, }
@article {pmid40599649, year = {2025}, author = {Xander, C and Martinez, EE and Toothman, RG and Gardner, CL and Qiu, J and Snedeker, J and Bender, MH and Hlubb, C and Burke, CW and Bozue, JA and Mlynek, KD}, title = {Treatment of bacterial biothreat agents with a novel purified bioactive lactoferrin affects both growth and biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1603689}, pmid = {40599649}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Lactoferrin/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/administration &amp; dosage ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Mice ; *Burkholderia/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Cattle ; *Biological Warfare Agents ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Disease Models, Animal ; Francisella tularensis/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Burkholderia pseudomallei/drug effects ; Female ; }, abstract = {Lactoferrin is known to exhibit broad spectrum activity against a multitude of bacteria, fungi, and viruses due to its multi-functional mode of action. Recently, Lactea Therapeutics and its affiliates have developed a novel, patent-pending technology to purify naturally derived bovine lactoferrin (Lactea Lf) for use as a medical countermeasure that was not previously available. To assess the efficacy of Lactea Lf against biothreat pathogens, we performed biofilm inhibition assays and generated dose-response curves against Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei, and Francisella tularensis for proof-of-principle studies. Here, we show that Lactea Lf can significantly inhibit biofilm and decrease the overall growth in a dose dependent manner for all Burkholderia species tested. Of note, Lactea Lf was found to completely inhibit biofilm formation by virulent B. pseudomallei without observing complete growth inhibition. The growth of F. tularensis was also significantly inhibited when cultured in the presence of Lactea Lf and appeared more sensitive to treatment when compared to B. pseudomallei. Based on these results, a pneumonic infection model using the F. tularensis LVS strain was performed prophylactically administering Lactea Lf and continuing treatment post challenge. No protection was observed in this model which prompted biodistribution studies using fluorescent tagged Lactea Lf. These experiments revealed that therapeutic material was mainly confined to the NALT region following intranasal delivery and then quickly dispersed or inactivated suggesting that future formulation and delivery method could be addressed to increase in vivo treatment efficacy. Taken together, these data support that Lactea Lf is a potentially new candidate for further studies as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial medical countermeasure with efficacy against several high priority biodefense-related bacterial pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40599458, year = {2024}, author = {Armoon, M and Babapour, E and Mirnejad, R and Babapour, M and Taati Moghadam, M}, title = {Evaluation of icaA and icaD Genes Involved in Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Sources Using Reverse Transcriptase PCR.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {1329-1335}, pmid = {40599458}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is recognized for its capacity to generate biofilms, which facilitate bacterial adhesion to diverse substrates and present a significant challenge to therapeutic intervention. The process of biofilm formation is dependent on the icaABCD operon, with the icaA and icaD genes playing a pivotal role in this intricate process. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of these genes in the biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates sourced from clinical settings. A total of 100 S. aureus isolates were collected from clinical sources and subsequently subjected to DNA and RNA extraction using a commercial kit from Kiagen Co. To transcribe the RNA samples into cDNA, a commercial kit from Kiagen Co. was employed. The capacity to produce phenotypic and molecular biofilm formation was then measured using the microtiter plate method and PCR, respectively. The expression levels of the icaA and icaD genes were determined via RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). The results indicated that 95% (95%) of the isolates were capable of producing biofilm, with 16 (16%) producing weak, 64 (64%) producing medium, and 15 (15%) producing strong biofilms. Furthermore, the icaA gene was detected in 72% of the isolates, while the icaD gene was detected in 58%. Of these isolates, 70 (97.2%) expressed the icaA gene, and 53 (73.6%) expressed the icaD gene. Conversely, four isolates (5.5%) that possessed the icaA gene but lacked the icaD gene did not form biofilm. One strain did not express either of the genes. The presence of either the icaA or icaD gene is crucial for the development of biofilm. However, further investigation is necessary to fully comprehend the intricacies of biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40599435, year = {2024}, author = {Soltani Borchaloee, A and Moosakazemi Mohammadi, LS and Khosh Ravesh, R and Allameh, SF and Tabatabaie Poya, FS and Fatehi, MA}, title = {Prevalence of Biofilm and Efflux Pump Genes Expression by PCR and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, pages = {1281-1286}, pmid = {40599435}, issn = {2008-9872}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterium that is postulated to be the result of its plasmid-borne and intrinsic resistance to a number of pharmaceutical agents. This study examined the potential for biofilm formation, the distribution of the pslD, pelF, and algD genes, and the expression of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump genes. Furthermore, the study examined the pattern of antibiotic resistance in multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from a range of clinical samples. A total of 76 strains of P. aeruginosa were obtained for this investigation from a range of clinical specimens. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was evaluated using the disk agar diffusion method. In conclusion, the term "multi-drug resistance" (MDR) is used to describe a specific pattern of resistance. The isolates were evaluated for the presence of three pivotal biofilm genes and their antimicrobial resistance patterns against ten standard antibiotic disks. The data were analyzed using version 25 of the SPSS statistical software. The examination of the isolates revealed that the most antibiotic sensitivity was associated with polymyxin, piperacillin, and ciprofloxacin. Additionally, the prevalence of biofilm-producing genes, specifically pslD, pelF, and algD, was determined to be 68.4%, 80.3%, and 69.7%, respectively. The prevalence of MexAB-OprM efflux genes in the examined isolates was 89.5% for the mexA gene, 90.8% for the mexB gene, and 90.8% for the oprM gene. The majority of the isolates in this investigation exhibited the presence of efflux pump genes, as evidenced by the findings. Furthermore, a robust correlation was identified between a select number of efflux genes and biofilm formation or the antibiotics tetracycline, meropenem, amikacin, and polymyxin B.}, }
@article {pmid40599327, year = {2025}, author = {Vijay, D and Bedi, JS and Dhaka, P and Singh, R and Singh, J and Arora, AK and Gill, JPS}, title = {Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm forming ability of Escherichia coli in milk, animal handlers and slurry samples from dairy herds of Punjab, India.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1553468}, pmid = {40599327}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli serves as an indicator for monitoring the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the human, animal, and environmental interface. The present study employs a 'One Health' framework to determine the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the AMR profile and biofilm forming ability of E. coli isolates from milk, hand swabs and slurry samples of 405 dairy herds in Punjab, India. An overall prevalence of E. coli was 34.3% (139/405) (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.39) from pooled milk samples, 9.1% (37/405) (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.12) from the hand swabs of animal handlers and 64.4% (261/405) (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.69) in the slurry samples. Multidrug resistance (resistance to 3 or more classes of antimicrobials) was exhibited by 24.4% (34/139) of E. coli isolates from milk, 40.5% (15/37) from hand swabs, 60.5% (158/261) from slurry samples. Moreover, of the E. coli isolates, 11.51% (16/139) from milk, 24.32% (09/37) from hand swabs and 31.42% (82/261) from slurry samples were resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial classes. On molecular characterisation, 19.4% (27/139) of E. coli isolates from milk, 37.8% (14/37) from hand swabs, and 33.3% (87/261) from slurry samples harboured various genes. Principal component analysis and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices highlighted varying β-lactamase (ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase) gene distributions across samples, with milk exhibiting the highest diversity. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant protective effect of milk hygiene scores against E. coli occurrence (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.13-0.26, p < 0.001), while linear regression demonstrated a significant negative association between milk hygiene scores and the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index (p = 0.02). Biofilm assays revealed that 19.2% of isolates were strong biofilm formers, with a strong association (p < 0.01) between biofilm formation potential and MAR index. The multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were predominantly moderate biofilm producers, with 23.5% (milk), 20% (hand swabs), and 24.1% (slurry) classified as strong biofilm formers. The study findings underscore the need for One Health-integrated strategies to holistically address AMR challenges at the dairy-environment interface.}, }
@article {pmid40599100, year = {2025}, author = {Sadiq, SI and Ghafil, JA}, title = {Polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticle improving the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ceftriaxone and reducing the biofilm formation in vitro.}, journal = {Polimery w medycynie}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {31-37}, doi = {10.17219/pim/203765}, pmid = {40599100}, issn = {0370-0747}, mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; *Ceftriaxone/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Polyhydroxybutyrates/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System/chemistry/pharmacology ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Cephalosporin Resistance/drug effects ; Third Generation Cephalosporins/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticles (PHB-NPs) represent a promising strategy for addressing the growing threat of bacterial resistance to antibiotics - a major concern in global public health. Despite their potential, there is a noticeable gap in the current literature regarding their ability to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotic therapies.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the synergistic effect of PHB-NPs in enhancing the antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone (CRO) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a particular focus on mitigating key virulence factors such as biofilm formation and adhesion.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticles were synthesized using the pH gradient and sonication method. The antibacterial activity of PHB-NPs, CRO and the combined formulation (PHB-NP-CRO) was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing and the well diffusion method. Additionally, the effects of these formulations on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on an abiotic surface (polystyrene) and bacterial adhesion to human oral mucosal epithelial cells (OMECs) were evaluated.<br><br>RESULTS: The diameters of the prepared PHB-NPs ranged from 15 nm to 34 nm, with an average size of 28.2 &#xb1;6.3 nm. All P. aeruginosa isolates were capable of biofilm production. A negative correlation was observed between the diameter of the CRO inhibition zones and the extent of biofilm formation among the 20 isolates. The MICs for PHB, PHB-NPs, CRO, and the combined formulation (PHB-NP-CRO) were 2,000, 1,000, 250, and 62.5 &#x3bc;g/mL, respectively. Sub-MIC concentrations (as low as 1/32 MIC) of both CRO and PHB-NP-CRO exhibited significant inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion to human OMECs (p < 0.050).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The combination of PHB-NPs with CRO significantly enhances the antibacterial activity of CRO against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of both PHB-NP-CRO and CRO alone effectively reduce the bacterium's ability to form biofilms and adhere to biotic surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid40598247, year = {2025}, author = {Vodianyk, A and Poniatovskyi, V and Shyrobokov, V}, title = {Biofilm formation on different types of central venous catheters in vitro.}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {267}, pmid = {40598247}, issn = {1756-0500}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects ; *Central Venous Catheters/microbiology ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects ; *Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the intensity of biofilm formation on different types of central venous catheters in vitro by clinical isolates of bloodstream infection pathogens in Ukraine.<br><br>METHODS: Four clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumonia, four clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and four clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from patients from Ukrainian tertial level children`s hospitals during 2023 with bloodstream infections including central line associated blood stream infections. Capacity to form biofilms was assessed using microtiter plate assay and ability to form biofilms in vitro was evaluated on three types of catheters: 1st catheter- surface from medical polyvinyl chloride; 2nd- surface from long-chain polymer based on methacrylate, polyethylene glycol and antiseptic polymeric biguanide; 3rd- silicon surface impregnated with an antimicrobial combination of chlorhexidine acetate and chlorhexidine. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to assess biofilm formation on the surface of catheters.<br><br>RESULTS: Clinical isolates of K pneumonia had similar intensity of biofilm formation on different types of catheters: 1st catheter type- intensity of biofilm formation 0.30-0.34 OD; 2nd catheter type- 0.28-0.37 OD; 3rd catheter type- 0.32-0.37. Clinical isolates of S. aureus form biofilms on all types of catheters by biofilm formation on first type of catheter was lower compared to third type: 1st catheter type- 0.26-0.38 OD; 2nd catheter type- 0.3-0.4 OD; 3rd catheter type- 0.31-0.4 OD (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05 comparing with 1st catheter). Clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa had the highest ability to form biofilms on catheters. The ability to form biofilms was the most prominent of 3rd types of catheters: 1st catheter type- intensity of biofilm formation 0.38-0.66 OD; 2nd catheter type- 0.44-0.6 OD; 3rd catheter type- 0.54-0.91 OD (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05 comparing with 1st and 2nd catheter).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: P.aeruginosa clinical strains form stronger biofilms compared to other bacteria on all types of catheters. All clinical isolates were able to form biofilm on catheter after 24&#xa0;h incubation however intensity of biofilm formation by S.aureus and P.aeruginosa on catheters from medical polyvinyl chloride was lower than on other types. There was no difference in biofilm formation on different types of catheters by K.pneumonia strains in vitro.}, }
@article {pmid40597263, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, Y and Chen, Z and Mao, X and Qu, D and Zhai, D and Li, N and Zhou, S and Xue, X and Li, M}, title = {A novel tetrahedral framework nucleic acid-based antibiotic delivery system: overcoming biofilm barriers to combat chronic infections.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {465}, pmid = {40597263}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82002187, 82273978, 82202575//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20240314//Youth Talent Support Program of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Association Project/ ; 2022JQ-813//the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province/ ; 2023-YBSF-629//Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project/ ; LHJJ24YX19//Xijing Innovation Research Institute - Joint Innovation Fund/ ; TZKN-CXTD-10//Shaanxi TCM Innovation Project/ ; 2024QCY-KXJ-058//the Foundation of Shaanxi province Qin Chuangyuan Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Mice ; *Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Polymyxin B/pharmacology/chemistry ; Liposomes/chemistry ; *Nucleic Acids/chemistry ; Female ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Overcoming bacterial biofilm barriers to enhance the efficacy of antibiotics remains a major therapeutic challenge, necessitating the development of efficient and biocompatible drug delivery systems. While framework nucleic acids (FNAs) have emerged as promising candidates for overcoming biological barriers, their biofilm penetration efficiency and mechanistic interactions require systematic exploration. This study evaluates the biofilm-penetrating capacity of FNAs with distinct topological configurations (linear, triangular, and tetrahedral), investigates their antibiotic delivery performance in biofilm-infected models, and elucidates the structure-dependent interactions between FNAs and bacteria.<br><br>RESULTS: DNA tetrahedron (Td) demonstrated superior biofilm penetration, exhibiting 44-fold and 11-fold stronger fluorescence intensity at a biofilm depth of 20&#xa0;&#x3bc;m compared to linear and triangular counterparts, respectively, while maintaining structural stability. The optimized polymyxin B-loaded Td (PMB@Td, with a PMB: Td ratio of 10:1) enhanced biofilm permeability by 6-fold relative to free PMB. PMB@Td outperformed conventional liposome-encapsulated PMB (PMB@Lipo), achieving half-maximal biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC50) of 12.8 &#xb5;M versus 16.3 &#xb5;M for PMB@Lipo. In murine models of biofilm- associated skin and pulmonary infections, PMB@Td effectively controlled bacterial burden and mitigated inflammatory responses without observable toxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that the tetrahedral topology facilitated efficient diffusion within the biofilm matrix and enhanced Td adhesion to bacterial membranes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work establishes Td as a robust nanoplatform for overcoming biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance. The topology-dependent interactions provide critical design principles for engineering next-generation nanocarriers against biofilm-associated chronic infections, with significant translational potential in antibiofilm therapy.}, }
@article {pmid40595697, year = {2025}, author = {Marra, D and Rizzo, M and Caserta, S}, title = {Microfluidics unveils role of gravity and shear stress on Pseudomonas fluorescens motility and biofilm growth.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {122}, pmid = {40595697}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {I-2021-03382//European Space Agency/ ; I-2021-03382//European Space Agency/ ; I53D24000060005//Agenzia Spaziale Italiana/ ; I53D24000060005//Agenzia Spaziale Italiana/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Pseudomonas fluorescens/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Stress, Mechanical ; *Microfluidics/methods ; *Gravitation ; }, abstract = {Biofilm proliferation in confined environments is a challenge in biomedical, industrial, and space applications. Surfaces in contact with fluids experience varying bulk stresses due to flow and gravity, factors often overlooked in biofilm studies. This research quantifies the combined effect of gravity and shear stress on Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 motility and biofilm growth. Using a rectangular-section microfluidic channel under laminar flow, we compared top and bottom surfaces, where gravity either pulls bacteria away or pushes them toward the surface. Results revealed an asymmetric bacterial distribution, leading to varying surface cell densities and contamination levels. We also analyzed spatial reorganization over time and classified bacterial motility under flow. Findings show that external mechanical stresses influence both motility and biofilm morphology, impacting biocontamination patterns based on shear stress and gravity direction. This study provides insights into biofilm control strategies in diverse environments.}, }
@article {pmid40595693, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Huang, F and Lin, H}, title = {Berberine chloride hydrate impairs Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation via inhibiting sortase A activity.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, pmid = {40595693}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {No. 81970928//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/enzymology/physiology/genetics ; *Aminoacyltransferases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; *Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism/genetics ; Dental Caries/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Berberine/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Dental Enamel/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Dental caries is a biofilm-associated chronic progressive disease, results from the dissolution of mineralized tooth tissue by acidic generated from bacterial sugar fermentation. S. mutans, a prominent pathogen of dental caries, is acknowledged for its role in cariogenic biofilm formation, utilizing Sortase A (SrtA) to catalyse surface proteins, thus promoting biofilm formation. In our previous studies, the inhibitory effect of the berberine chloride hydrate (BH) on S. mutans biofilms was confirmed. Here, we further investigate the influence of BH on S. mutans biofilm-induced bovine enamel caries model and explore the effect of BH on S. mutans SrtA activity. We found that BH inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation in bovine enamel model, leading to a reduction in demineralization. Furthermore, we identified and characterized SrtA, which might catalyze SpaP of S. mutans to form fibrillar amyloid aggregates. Our findings showed that BH inhibited SrtA activity by binding to essential amino acid residues LEU-111, MET-123, and ARG-213. BH inhibited amyloid fibers formation by downregulating the expression of srtA gene, thus disrupting S. mutans biofilm formation. Taken together, our study provides new insight into the mechanism of antibiofilm activity of BH and reveals great potential for anticaries clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid40595622, year = {2025}, author = {Liao, C and Liu, Q and Luo, G and Luo, Y and Yao, D and Wang, Q and Zhang, J and Wu, Y and Jin, J and Xu, D and Lu, W}, title = {Human neutrophil α-defensin HNP1 interacts with bacterial OmpA to promote Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {5629}, pmid = {40595622}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {82030062//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82202529//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; ZD2021CY001//Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission)/ ; 2021M690666//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2022T150129//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*alpha-Defensins/metabolism/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/physiology/drug effects/pathogenicity/metabolism ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; *Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/immunology/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Neutrophils/metabolism ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is the causative agent of a wide range of nosocomial and community-acquired infections that remain extremely difficult to treat due largely to its antibiotic resistance contributed, in part, by biofilm formation. We find that the prototypic human neutrophil α-defensin HNP1, present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from Acinetobacter baumannii-infected patients, promotes Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation through interactions with the bacterial outer membrane protein OmpA. As a result of HNP1-enhanced biofilm formation, Acinetobacter baumannii becomes more tolerant to antibiotics and more readily colonizes host cells and tissues. These unexpected findings contrast the protective roles HNP1 plays in innate immunity against microbial infection, showcasing an example of the host-pathogen arms race where a host defense peptide is exploited by a microbe for pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40595376, year = {2025}, author = {Watchaputi, K and Songdech, P and Jayasekara, C and Puttarak, P and Lamping, E and Cannon, RD and Soontorngun, N}, title = {Yeast-derived glycolipids disrupt Candida biofilm and inhibit expression of genes in cell adhesion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {20405}, pmid = {40595376}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {28074//King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi's Postdoctoral Fellowship in fiscal year 2024 under KIRIM Research Project/ ; 27802//King Mongkut's university of Technology Thonburi: KMUTT partnering initiative grant fiscal year 2023 under KIRIM/ ; 27802//King Mongkut's university of Technology Thonburi: KMUTT partnering initiative grant fiscal year 2023 under KIRIM/ ; N42A650315//National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi for Mid-Career Researcher grant/ ; 6620864//Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation of Fiscal Year 2023/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycolipids/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Cell Adhesion/drug effects/genetics ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Candida albicans is a leading fungal pathogen in humans, responsible for infections that span from mucosal surfaces to severe systemic diseases. This study aimed to investigate potential ability of yeast-derived glycolipids from Meyerozyma guilliermondii as an antifungal against Candida albicans biofilms. Glycolipid extract (64 µg/mL) reduced metabolic activity by 50% in both immature and mature biofilms, while biofilm mass was reduced at higher concentrations of 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively. Adhesion, a key step in biofilm formation, decreased by over 50% when cells were treated with glycolipids (16 µg/mL). Gene expression analysis indicated that glycolipids downregulated key adhesion-related gene ACE2, confirming their role in disrupting C. albicans adhesion. Importantly, structural changes in C. albicans biofilms, including reduced hyphal production and wrinkled cell surfaces, were observed under SEM. Nocodazole, a cell cycle synchronizer, arrested cells in the G2/M phase, enhancing glycolipid's effects on lowing expression of biofilm-related genes. Lipidomics analysis also revealed a compound with same mass as sophorolipid. Furthermore, purification glycolipid fraction revealed two main forms: lactonic and acidic, compared to standards. Acidic fraction showed superior antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activity with low toxicity. These findings highlight the potential of yeast-derived glycolipids for biopharmaceutical applications, particularly in treating Candida biofilms.}, }
@article {pmid40595324, year = {2025}, author = {Baseri, M and Naseri, A and Radmand, F and Hamishehkar, H and Memar, MY and Ebrahimi, A and Asnaashari, S and Kouhsoltani, M}, title = {Effect of nano liposomal herbal extracts against biofilm formation and adherence of streptococcus mutans.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {21917}, pmid = {40595324}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {64554//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Dental Caries/microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Dental caries results from the colonization of oral microorganisms, such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), and their adherence to teeth is the initial step in this process. Therefore, blocking the attachment to the enamel surface would lead to inhibition of biofilm formation. We investigated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-attachment effects of nano-liposomal herbal extracts, including Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora; Z. multiflora), Summer savory (Satureja hortensis; S. hortensis), and Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra; BRSOR), against biofilm formation and adherence of S. mutans. S. mutans strain ATCC 35,668 was cultured, and aqueous extracts were prepared. An antibacterial assessment was conducted using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method by the broth microdilution method. Nanoliposomes of Z. multiflora (Z-NLP) and S. hortensis (S-NLP) were prepared and characterized. Anti-biofilm assay was performed using the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) test. Finally, the effects of nanoliposomal herbal extracts were evaluated against S. mutans attachments to glass and enamel surfaces. The aqueous extract of BRSOR did not exhibit an antibacterial effect, and therefore, it was abandoned from further consideration in the work. No significant difference was observed between the herbal extracts and the control groups in MIC. Extract-loaded nanoliposomes demonstrated a significantly higher anti-biofilm effect compared to aqueous extracts. Among the study groups, only Z-NLP had a similar attachment level to enamel with Chlorhexidine 0.2%. According to the results, Z-NLP showed a significant effect on the attachment of S. mutans to enamel, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40595152, year = {2025}, author = {Ibrahim, SI and Parambil, AM and Jha, N and Tomar, AK and Rajamani, P and Jian, X and Priyadarshini, E and Chuxiao, S}, title = {Targeting ESKAPE pathogens with ZnS and Au@ZnS Core-Shell nanoconjugates for improved biofilm control.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {21407}, pmid = {40595152}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {# 2024bsh001//Postdoctoral Research start-up Fund, Lishui Peoples Hospital/ ; CZ.10.03.1/00/22_003/0000048//Researcher Excellence For Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries (REFRESH) Project, European Union/ ; # 2022SJZC074 &amp; 2022SJZC079//Municipal Public Welfare Self-financing Technology Application Research Project of Lishui/ ; # 2022SJZC074 &amp; 2022SJZC079//Municipal Public Welfare Self-financing Technology Application Research Project of Lishui/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Gold/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Zinc Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; Quantum Dots/chemistry ; *Sulfides/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Nanoconjugates/chemistry ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections and implant-related complications caused by biofilm-forming pathogens from the ESKAPE group, as identified by the World Health Organization (WHO), underscores the urgent need for innovative anti-biofilm strategies. Their occurrence on medical implants &amp; prosthetic devices, as well as nosocomial infections in co-morbid patients, has become a global concern in the healthcare sector. In response, we investigated the efficacy of as-synthesized ZnS quantum dots (ZnS QD) and novel Au@ZnS nanoconjugates (Au@ZnS NC) against a spectrum of ESKAPE pathogens. The present study aimed to elucidate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy, focusing on Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes pathogens. The novel synthesis and application of ZnS QD and Au@ZnS core-shell NC demonstrate exceptional anti-biofilm efficacy, stability, and solubility in aqueous environments. Utilizing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, tube dilution, and biofilm formation assay, we noticed a significant reduction in biofilm formation and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production upon treatment with Au@ZnS NC, even at low concentrations. Further investigations, including cell permeability assay, reactive oxygen species analysis, and comet analysis, demonstrated that the Au@ZnS NC induced oxidative stress, destabilizing cell structure, macromolecule destruction, and DNA strand breakage. Notably, Au@ZnS nanoconjugates effectively inhibited biofilm formation within 24 h across all tested strains, outperforming ZnS quantum dots. This research highlights the potential of Au@ZnS nanoconjugates to revolutionize infection control on medical devices and implants, offering a promising solution to the global healthcare challenge posed by biofilm-forming pathogens as we also observed minimal bacterial colonization on Au@ZnS treated urinary catheters.}, }
@article {pmid40594258, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, L and Wen, S and Yu, L and Li, H and Wang, F and Deng, X}, title = {Characterizations of sulfate-reducing bacteria biofilm formed on N80 carbon steel in artificial shale gas field produced water.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {22388}, pmid = {40594258}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Steel/chemistry ; Corrosion ; *Sulfates/metabolism ; *Carbon/chemistry ; *Oil and Gas Fields/microbiology ; Temperature ; *Bacteria/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The corrosion of steel caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been a big trouble resulting in the service failure of engineering equipment, and SRB biofilm is the direct reason leading to the corrosion acceleration. In this work, SRB biofilms formed on N80 carbon steel in an artificial shale gas field produced water with different test conditions were characterized carefully by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), fluorescence microscope, and three-dimensional stereoscopic microscope. Results demonstrate that test time, temperature, and initial SRB cell concentration can influence the growth and surface morphology of biofilm, and test time and temperature are primary factors. There is a highest corrosion rate of 0.100 ± 0.005 mm/y on the seventh day due to the high biological activity, and then corrosion rates gradually decline with time. The formed biofilms at different time have a similar morphology and the contents of elemental S in biofilms are high also suggesting SRB corrosion. Temperature can influence the biological activity of SRB, and then affect the formation of SRB biofilms. SRB has a higher biological activity at 20 and 37 °C than that of at 60 and 80 °C. The influence of initial SRB cell count differences on biofilm is weak.}, }
@article {pmid40594086, year = {2025}, author = {Leifels, M and Cheng, D and Cai, J and Nadhirah, N and Mohidin, AF and Santillan, E and Woo, Y and Hill, E and Wu, SW and Boon, N and Favere, J and Whittle, AJ and Wuertz, S}, title = {Biofilm detachment significantly affects biological stability of drinking water during intermittent water supply in a pilot scale water distribution system.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {22408}, pmid = {40594086}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {3S85419//the FWO Flanders/ ; 3S85419//the FWO Flanders/ ; S006221N//FWO-SBO Biostable project/ ; S006221N//FWO-SBO Biostable project/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; *Water Supply ; *Water Microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Pilot Projects ; Flow Cytometry ; Water Quality ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Intermittent service provision (IWS) in piped drinking water distribution systems is practiced in countries with limited water resources; it leads to stagnant periods during which water drains completely from de-pressurized pipes, increasing the likelihood of biofilm detachment upon reconnection when water is supplied to the consumer and thus affecting water quality. Our study examines the impact of uninterrupted or continuous water supply (CWS) and IWS on microbial communities and biofilm detachment, using data from three 30-day experiments conducted in an above-ground drinking water testbed with 90-m long PVC pipes containing residual monochloramine. Flow cytometry (FCM) revealed a significant increase in total and intact cell concentrations when water was supplied intermittently compared to CWS, and the microbial alpha-diversity was significantly higher in CWS sections by both 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and phenotypic fingerprinting of flow cytometry data. Nitrate levels in the water were significantly higher during initial intermittent flow due to the activity of nitrifying bacteria in biofilms exposed to stagnant water in pipes. Overall, biofilm detachment significantly affects the biological stability of drinking water delivered through IWS compared to CWS. We developed a novel biofilm detachment potential index derived from FCM data to estimate the minimum amount of water needed to be discarded before microbial cell counts and community composition return to baseline levels.}, }
@article {pmid40593407, year = {2025}, author = {Abdelhakeem, E and Attia, H and Hashem, MM and Khalek, MAA and Badr-Eldin, SM and Adel, IM}, title = {Innovative Antimicrobial Nanofibers: Natural Integrations for Enhanced Wound Healing and Biofilm Disruption.}, journal = {AAPS PharmSciTech}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {181}, pmid = {40593407}, issn = {1530-9932}, mesh = {*Nanofibers/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; Polyurethanes/chemistry ; Drug Liberation ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; }, abstract = {Wound infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria present a substantial challenge in healthcare. Nanofibers, particularly when infused with natural extracts, are emerging as promising platforms for antimicrobial applications. This study investigates the potential of Anastatica hierochuntica extract-loaded electrospun nanofibers prepared with thermoplastic polyurethane for combating infections and promoting wound healing. Electrospinning was utilized to prepare nanofibers infused with Anastatica hierochuntica extract, resulting in uniform rod-shaped structures confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilicity of the nanofibers was assessed through water contact angle (WCA) measurements and swelling tests. Mechanical properties, including strain and stress were evaluated to determine suitability for drug delivery. The formulation with optimal properties, designated as NF20, underwent further investigation. Drug release profiles were analyzed over 72 h, and antimicrobial efficacy was tested against various pathogens, with comparisons made to Silymarin as a standard. A biofilm study evaluated the anti-virulence activity, while wound healing assays assessed the optimized extract loaded nanofibers potential in fostering tissue repair. The extract-loaded nanofibers exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity, with a WCA of 43.1 ± 0.6° and swelling of 216.67 ± 2.36% after 1 h. NF20 demonstrated superior mechanical properties, with strain and stress values of 67.6% and 0.0486 N/mm[2], respectively. The sustained release profile indicated 73.40 ± 1.31% release after 72 h. Antimicrobial tests revealed significant reductions in minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration against key pathogens. The biofilm study confirmed extract loaded nanofiber's efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation and disrupting established biofilms. These findings underscore the potential of the extract-loaded nanofiber composed of thermoplastic polyurethane as innovative wound dressings that enhance antimicrobial properties, promote accelerated healing and support tissue regeneration.}, }
@article {pmid40593004, year = {2025}, author = {Johnson, MP and Al Bataineh, MT and Sreedharan, SP and Jelinek, HF and Hughes, MP}, title = {Vm and ζ-potential of Candida albicans corelate with biofilm formation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {22475}, pmid = {40593004}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FSU-2022-020//Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/physiology ; *Membrane Potentials ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Microbial biofilms are known to defend against the host's immune system and provide resistant to antimicrobial medications. Biofilms can form on various human organ systems spanning the gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary organ systems. Conditions caused by the yeast Candida albicans can range from irritating thrush, to systemic and life-threatening candidiasis. Initial contact between organism and surface is mediated electrically, with subsequent interactions developed biochemically. Since different cells have different electrical characteristics, we hypothesised that alteration in these properties may align with different strains' propensity for biofilm formation. We used three strains of C. albicans with different tendencies for biofilm formation and filament phenotype (the most filamentous strain nrg1 Δ/Δ, the least filamentous ume6 Δ/Δ, and wildtype DK318), we investigated the passive electrical properties, membrane potential Vm and ζ-potential at two conductivities. Results suggest Vm and ζ-potential correlate with a cell's ability to form biofilms, suggesting correlation between membrane potential, ζ-potential and biofilm formation. Understanding this relationship may suggest potential routes to future prevention of biofouling and biofilm-related illness.}, }
@article {pmid40592250, year = {2025}, author = {Hatamian, G and Noghabi, ZS and Shakeri, A and Ebrahimipour, G and Fazly Bazzaz, BS and Soheili, V}, title = {Chalcone derivatives against biofilm production of Streptococcus mutans by glucosyltransferase C inhibition.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {777}, number = {}, pages = {152273}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152273}, pmid = {40592250}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/enzymology ; *Glucosyltransferases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Humans ; *Chalcones/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Chalcone/pharmacology/chemistry/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Dental caries remain an unresolved public health issue. Streptococcus mutans, a principal microorganism in the mouth, is closely associated with the onset and progression of dental caries. S. mutans adheres to tooth surfaces and synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides via the enzyme glucosyltransferase (Gtf), utilizing sucrose and forming biofilms. GtfC is linked to soluble and insoluble glucan synthesis, a significant factor in the adhesion of S. mutans to tooth surfaces and bacterial cell aggregation within biofilms. Chalcones, primary precursors for flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis, have demonstrated notable therapeutic efficacy in treating various diseases, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of six chalcone derivatives on GtfC, the prevention of biofilm formation by S. mutans, and the assessment of the cytotoxicity of these derivatives. To predict interactions between chalcone derivatives (5a, 5b, 5d, 5h, NME2, and BA) and GtfC, molecular docking was employed. The effectiveness of chalcone derivatives in inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation and evaluating the potential of the compounds to destroy biofilms was assessed using a colorimetric method, with dye absorbance measured by an ELISA reader. The same method was applied for cytotoxicity assessment. All chalcone derivatives inhibited the growth of S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius, exhibiting antibiofilm properties against S. mutans. Compounds 5a, 5b, 5d, and NME2 successfully eradicated the S. mutans biofilm. All compounds demonstrated low cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells. The results indicate that compound 5a exhibited the strongest effect among the six chalcone derivatives, showing effectiveness at lower concentrations in all assays, including MBIC and MBEC tests.}, }
@article {pmid40590993, year = {2025}, author = {Chaudhary, N and Ahmad, I and Samreen,  and Althubiani, AS}, title = {Prevalence of Biofilm-Forming, ESβLs and Metallo-β-lactamase Producing Gram-Negative MDR Bacteria in the Domestic and Hospital Wastewater of Aligarh City.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {8}, pages = {354}, pmid = {40590993}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism ; *Wastewater/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Hospitals ; *Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification/enzymology/physiology/classification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Prevalence ; Humans ; India ; }, abstract = {Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria are a major contributor to antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitals and communities. The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and biofilm formation complicates chemotherapy. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) biofilm-forming, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESβL) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MβL) producers in wastewater, which pose a public health threat. During 2022-2023, 117 enteric/Gram-negative isolates were isolated using selective culture techniques. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed via disc diffusion assay. ESβL and MβL production was confirmed through phenotypic and PCR-based methods. Biofilm formation was determined using a microtiter plate assay. Biofilms developed on glass coverslips were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Isolates with bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, and bla-NDM-1 genes were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A total of 93.16% of isolates were resistant to multiple drug classes (≥ 4), with the increased resistance to ampicillin (100%) and the lowest to gentamicin (12.82%). Biofilm assays indicated that 32.48% of MDR strains formed strong biofilms, 31.62% moderate, and 35.90% weak. β-lactamase activity appeared in 58.97% of isolates, with 56.41% confirmed as ESβL producers. PCR detection in ESβL-positive strains showed 84.61% carried CTX-M, 46.15% SHV, and 53.84% NDM-1 genes. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified selected MDR strains as Escherichia coli (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1), Salmonella sp. (1), Enterobacter sp. (1), Citrobacter sp. (1), and Proteus sp. (1). The findings reveal the prevalence of biofilm-forming, ESβL, and MβL-producing Gram-negative pathogens in Aligarh's wastewater, underscoring the need for effective treatment to reduce public health risks from MDR bacteria and AMR genes.}, }
@article {pmid40589528, year = {2025}, author = {Zareshahrabadi, Z and Sahmeddini, S and Meimandinezhad, M and Tondari, A and Zomorodian, K}, title = {Influence of Filler Content and Polishing on Candida and Streptococci Biofilm Formation in Resin-Based Composites: An In Vitro Evaluation.}, journal = {The Canadian journal of infectious diseases &amp; medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {5734405}, pmid = {40589528}, issn = {1712-9532}, abstract = {Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of filler content and polishing of resin-based composites on in vitro biofilm formation of Candida and Streptococci species. Materials and Methods: Specimens of four commercially available resin-based composites including Z100, P60, Z250, and Z350, with different filler amounts and volumes, were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each group was divided into polished and unpolished specimens, which were then placed in a 24-well tissue culture plate with microbial suspension and incubated. The XTT technique was used to evaluate biofilm formation. Results: Z250 resin-based composites, which had the highest percentage of filler (68%), had the highest biofilm metabolic activity. A significantly less microbial biofilm metabolic activity was noted on P60 polished resin-based composites than on unpolished groups (p < 0.001). Polishing procedures reduce biofilm metabolic activity. Streptococcus salivarius produced the least biofilm metabolic activity among the Streptococcal species (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between Candida species in the biofilm metabolic activity. Conclusion: The results revealed that the amount of filler in resin-based composites had a major impact on the biofilm metabolic activity. Therefore, resin-based composites with a minimized excess resin matrix, minimized filler amount, and smoother surfaces might be more useful in reducing biofilm metabolic activity and secondary caries. These findings may be useful for modifying novel resin-based composite formulations to improve oral health and patient wellbeing.}, }
@article {pmid40586542, year = {2025}, author = {Bruno, JS and Heidrich, V and Restini, FCF and Alves, TMMT and Miranda-Silva, W and Knebel, FH and Cóser, EM and Inoue, LT and Asprino, PF and Camargo, AA and Fregnani, ER}, title = {Dental biofilm serves as an ecological reservoir of acidogenic pathobionts in head and neck cancer patients with radiotherapy-related caries.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0025725}, pmid = {40586542}, issn = {2379-5042}, mesh = {Humans ; *Dental Caries/microbiology/etiology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Head and Neck Neoplasms/radiotherapy/complications ; Male ; Female ; *Microbiota ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Adult ; *Radiotherapy/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Radiotherapy-related caries (RRC) is an aggressive and debilitating oral toxicity that affects half of the patients who undergo radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. However, the etiology of RRC is not fully established, and there are no clinically validated methods for preventing it. To gain a better understanding of the risk factors and the microbiome's role in causing RRC, we compared clinicopathological characteristics, oncological treatment regimens, oral health condition, and the oral microbiota at three different oral sites of radiotherapy-treated patients with (RRC+) and without radiotherapy-related caries (RRC-). We observed no significant differences between these groups in the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment regimens. However, RRC+ patients were older and had poorer oral health conditions at the start of the radiotherapy treatment, with a lower number of teeth and a higher proportion of rehabilitated teeth. RRC+ patients had lower microbiota diversity and the dental biofilm of RRC+ patients displayed striking alterations in microbiome composition compared to RRC- patients, including enrichment of acidogenic species and altered metabolic potential, with a higher abundance of genes linked to energy-related pathways associated with the synthesis of amino acids and sugars. We also compared the microbiota of RRC+ tissue with conventional caries tissue, revealing lower bacterial diversity and enrichment of Lactobacillaceae members in RRC+. The insights into the irradiated oral microbiota enhance the understanding of RRC etiology and highlight the potential for microbial-targeted therapies in its prevention and treatment.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: This study focuses on a dedicated collection of diverse oral sites to comprehensively investigate microbial differences between patients who develop RRC and those who do not. RRC is a severe oral disease that profoundly impacts on the oral health and overall quality of life of cancer survivors. Leveraging shotgun metagenomics, we characterize the unique microbial variations in in vivo irradiated dental biofilms, unveiling novel insights into the microbial ecology of radiotherapy-treated patients. Furthermore, this research integrates extensive data on oral health and oncological profiles, providing a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between oral microbial communities and the outcomes of radiotherapy-induced toxicity.}, }
@article {pmid40585315, year = {2025}, author = {Bhaumik, R and Beard, A and Harrigan, O and Ramos-Hegazy, L and Mattoo, S and Anderson, GG}, title = {Role of SMF-1 and cbl pili in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm formation.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100253}, pmid = {40585315}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen. It causes many healthcare-associated infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis, and catheter-related urinary tract infections. It also affects individuals with cystic fibrosis, exacerbating their lung condition. S. maltophilia often causes pathogenesis through the formation of biofilms. However, the molecular mechanisms S. maltophilia uses to carry out these pathogenic steps are unclear. The SMF-1 chaperone/usher pilus has been thought to mediate S. maltophilia attachment. To confirm this role, we created an isogenic deletion of the smf-1 pilin gene and observed a defect in biofilm compared to wild type. We also discovered an additional chaperone/usher pilus gene cluster: cbl. Mutation of cbl also affects biofilm levels. Intriguingly, through transmission electron microscopy studies, we found suggestive evidence that the mutation of one pilus (e.g. smf) is not phenotypically compensated by another (e.g. cbl). Additionally, infection of Galleria mellonella larvae revealed increased virulence of an smf-1 deletion mutant and an smf-1 cbl double deletion mutant. Together, these studies show that pili have an important role in switching between acute and chronic infections in conducting S. maltophilia virulence. Understanding their activity may help identify therapeutic targets for this pathogen.}, }
@article {pmid40585314, year = {2025}, author = {Coenye, T and Goeres, DM and Kjellerup, BV and Kovács, &#xc1;T}, title = {A guide to publishing in Biofilm: how to avoid a desk rejection.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100282}, pmid = {40585314}, issn = {2590-2075}, }
@article {pmid40585313, year = {2025}, author = {Rajasekharan, SK and Angelini, LL and Kroupitski, Y and Mwangi, EW and Chai, Y and Shemesh, M}, title = {Mitigating Candida albicans virulence by targeted relay of pulcherriminic acid during antagonistic biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100244}, pmid = {40585313}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {The antagonistic biofilms formed by probiotic Bacilli may significantly mitigate persistent strains of Candida albicans, which are often involved in severe oral, vulvovaginal or systemic infections in humans. Here, we report on a spatiotemporal antagonistic activity mediated through pulcherriminic acid (PA) production by biofilm-forming B. subtilis, which is subsequently transported to the extracellular environment and binds ferric iron to form red-coloured pigment pulcherrimin. We show that the pulcherrimin building-up is targeted towards the C. albicans macrocolony via B. subtilis biofilm branching and successive PA relay. Furthermore, biofilm-forming B. subtilis cells demonstrate robust hyphal colonization that results subsequent eradication of C. albicans. Besides, extracted pulcherrimin mitigates C. albicans biofilm formation and yeast-to-hyphae (Y-H) transition. We further find that the mode of hyphal colonization could be regulated via SpoA-SinI pathway, while pulcherrimin relay is connected to surfactin production machinery. We assume therefore that the pulcherrimin relay for iron hijacking, in parallel to the direct hyphal colonization by biofilm-forming Bacilli, may provide a promising platform for developing therapeutic concepts to overcome antibiotic persistence in pathogenic yeasts.}, }
@article {pmid40584603, year = {2024}, author = {Abrantes, PMDS and Chesnay Stuurman, K and Arthur Klaasen, J and Joyce Africa, CW}, title = {Monitoring of Candida biofilm inhibition by Galenia africana using real-time impedance-based technology.}, journal = {Current medical mycology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40584603}, issn = {2423-3439}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Yeasts of the Candida genus are responsible for localized and disseminated infections, especially in immunocompromised populations. These infections are exacerbated by the rapid increase in drug-resistant strains, which limits treatment options and increases patient morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the utilization of easily accessible natural products as alternatives to conventional medicines has gained interest. South Africa is home to a rich biodiverse natural flora of which many are known for their antimicrobial activity, including the antifungal effects of their plant extracts. Galenia africana (kraalbos) is a local indigenous plant found to have various traditional uses, including the treatment and prevention of various human infections.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the activity of G. africana against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata preformed biofilm formation and its antibiofilm activity were tested using the xCELLigence system, which monitors biofilm formation in real time using impedance.<br><br>RESULTS: Presence of G. africana resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in Candida biofilms and was found to be effective in the prevention of Candida biofilm formation and disruption of the existing Candida biofilms.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The xCELLigence impedance-based system proved to be an effective tool for medication screening. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported study to use real-time monitoring of a medicinal plant on microbial biofilm formation.}, }
@article {pmid40583555, year = {2025}, author = {Dinelli, RG and Shibli, JA and Tolentino, PHMP and Aguiar-da-Silva, LD and Brugnera-Junior, A and Piattelli, A and Bueno, MR and Dos Santos, NR and Figueiredo, LC and Bueno-Silva, B}, title = {5-Aminolevulinic Acid Gel Associated with Light-Emitting Diode Modulates the in Vitro Subgingival Multispecies Oral Biofilm.}, journal = {Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {373-378}, doi = {10.1089/photob.2025.0014}, pmid = {40583555}, issn = {2578-5478}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/radiation effects ; *Aminolevulinic Acid/pharmacology ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Humans ; Gels ; *Gingiva/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Objective: This study assessed the impact of a 5% combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) (Aladent) in a multispecies in vitro biofilm model subgingival pathogens. Methods: The 33-species biofilm model was established in the Calgary Biofilm Device during a duration of 7 days. The biofilm treatments comprised various groups: control, light-emitting diode (LED), Aladent (ALADA), and Aladent with LED (ALAD+L), administered on day 6. The Aladent was in contact with the biofilm for 45 min before to the 7-min LED treatment. The LED (λ = 630 nm, power ≈ 380 mW/cm[2]) was placed 2 mm from the biofilm. Subsequently, during 7 days of biofilm formation, the metabolic activity of the biofilms was assessed utilizing triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and the presence of 33 bacterial species was evaluated through DNA-DNA hybridization. Results: The findings indicated that the ALAD+L treatment was the sole intervention demonstrating a statistically significant reduction (∼70%) in the metabolic activity of the biofilms relative to the control group. Moreover, ALAD+L markedly diminished the overall biofilm count and the average counts of five bacterial species: S. intermedius, V. parvula, A. israelii, P. gingivalis, and E. saburreum. Conclusion: The integration of the photosensitizer Aladent with LED application significantly diminished metabolic activity and bacterial species count in the multispecies subgingival biofilm model, indicating substantial promise for the treatment of peri-implantitis.}, }
@article {pmid40582537, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, D and He, J and Zhang, X and Liu, Y and Yang, Y and Yin, L and Luan, S and Tang, H}, title = {Biofilm penetrating and disrupting polymers to effectively treat endotracheal-tube-associated biofilm infections.}, journal = {Acta biomaterialia}, volume = {202}, number = {}, pages = {559-572}, doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2025.06.053}, pmid = {40582537}, issn = {1878-7568}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Mice ; *Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/drug therapy/microbiology/pathology ; *Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Polymers/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Female ; }, abstract = {Endotracheal-tube-associated biofilm infections (ETTABIs) are directly responsible for most of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), one of the most frequent ICU-acquired infections with up to 13% mortality rates. Herein, we report a new type of biofilm penetrating and disrupting polymers that can be readily used to effectively treat the ETTABIs. A series of mixed-charge brush polymers with dextran main-chains and random copolypeptide side-chains (e.g., Dex-GnEm) were synthesized by a combination of ring-opening polymerization and side-chain or end-group modifications. The effects of α-amino-acid residue compositions, cationic species, and brush-like topological structures on antibiofilm activities were revealed. The top-performing polymer, namely Dex-G15E15 with equivalent guanidinium-modified L-lysine and L-glutamic acid residues showed efficient biofilm penetrating activity significantly outperforming its cationic polymer counterpart. It also showed potent biofilm disrupting activity that over 90% biofilm can be readily eradicated within 24 h. The majority of the bacteria in the biofilms were killed by a membrane disruption mechanism. In addition, Dex-G15E15 could eradicate biofilms formed in endotracheal tubes, inhibit lung infections, and reduce inflammatory responses in a mouse endotracheal intubation model. This work provides a promising antibiofilm reagent candidate to efficiently treat ETTABIs and VAP. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Endotracheal-tube-associated biofilm infections (ETTABIs) present a major challenge in critical care settings, driving persistent infections, antimicrobial resistance, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Conventional antimicrobial strategies often fail to penetrate biofilms or inadvertently promote bacterial adaptation. Herein, we developed a biofilm penetrating and disrupting polymer to effectively treat ETTABIs. The polymer with brush-like structure and mixed-charge side-chain showed potent biofilm eradication efficacy by efficient penetrating the biofilm, disrupting both biofilm EPS and bacterial membranes, outperforming conventional antibiotics (e.g., ceftazidime, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin) and linear or brush-like cationic polymers. It also showed potent inhibition of lung infections and reduction of inflammatory responses in a mouse endotracheal intubation model, making it a promising candidate to combat the ETTABIs.}, }
@article {pmid40581610, year = {2025}, author = {Pattini, VC and de Assis, LR and de Almeida, MTG and Regasini, LO and van der Mei, HC}, title = {2-hydroxy-dibenzylideneacetone as a multifunctional coating inhibiting biofilm formation of Candida albicans.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf155}, pmid = {40581610}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {//University of Groningen/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Humans ; Polystyrenes ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Hyphae/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Glass ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Keratinocytes/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; }, abstract = {AIM: Candida albicans emerges as an opportunistic fungus among nosocomial infections, which can include sepsis, bloodstream infections, and infections associated with medical devices. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of 2-hydroxy-dibenzylideneacetone, a monocarbonyl curcuminoid, as an antifouling coating against C. albicans.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Polystyrene (hydrophobic) and glass (hydrophilic) were used to study the influence of a curcuminoid coating on biofilm formation. Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy spectra indicated a successful curcuminoid coating on both surfaces. Atomic-force-microscopy data showed that the curcuminoid coating on polystyrene decreased the adhesion strength of C. albicans but had minimal effect on glass. Hyphal growth, a key virulence factor, was significantly reduced on both coated surfaces. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced on coated polystyrene, but not on glass. Gene expression revealed downregulation of adhesion and biofilm-related genes (HWP1, ALS3, ALS5). Exposure of a 48-h biofilm to curcuminoid decreased the metabolic activity of the biofilm. The curcuminoid coating was biocompatible and non-cytotoxic against human oral keratinocytes and human gingival fibroblasts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the potential of a curcuminoid coating to prevent C. albicans adhesion, reduce hyphal and biofilm formation, and reduce metabolic activity of biofilms, highlighting its potential use as an antifouling coating against Candida-associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40581597, year = {2025}, author = {Tran, PN and Michalczyk, AA and Catubig, RA and Glasson, J and Puelles, JS and Ghorbani, M and Somers, AE and Forsyth, M and Ackland, ML}, title = {Corrosion of AISI 1030 mild steel is influenced by bacteria type, oxygen availability, and biofilm formation under controlled laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf154}, pmid = {40581597}, issn = {1365-2672}, support = {DP180101465//Australian Research Council/ ; //Deakin University School of Life and Environmental Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Corrosion ; *Steel/chemistry ; *Oxygen/metabolism ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Bacillus subtilis/physiology/metabolism ; Enterobacter cloacae/physiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {AIM: Bacteria are reported to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the corrosion of metal. To investigate this, we measured corrosion of AISI 1030 mild steel by four species of bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lelliottia WAP21, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterobacter cloacae in cultures with normal and restricted access to O2.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy, three-dimensional profilometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry were used to measure corrosion. Under aerobic conditions, all four bacterial strains protected the metal surface from pit formation compared with abiotic cultures, most likely through the formation of a biofilm that restricting oxygen access. In contrast, in low-oxygen environments, bacteria caused greater surface corrosion and biofilm formation. Specifically, Lelliottia WAP21 caused corrosion pits more than 10 times deeper than those in abiotic cultures and 18-fold more Fe release relative to abiotic controls. Biofilm structures varied with oxygen availability, with each bacterial strain producing distinct biofilms with different elemental composition compared with the abiotic corrosion products. The O2 utilization in the presence of metal may be related to bacterial metabolic activities including biofilm formation. The presence of Fe was metabolically favourable for bacteria and stimulated growth particularly in low O2 conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings show species-specific effects of bacteria on corrosion, where bacterial activity can either enhance or inhibit corrosion depending on oxygen availability.}, }
@article {pmid40580700, year = {2025}, author = {Xiong, S and Zhang, N and Sun, H and Zhang, M and Li, X and Luo, X and Zhang, Y and Lu, R}, title = {LtrA is critical for biofilm formation and colonization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on food-related surfaces.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {111327}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111327}, pmid = {40580700}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Animals ; Food Microbiology ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Food Contamination/analysis ; }, abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading causative agent of seafood-associated acute gastroenteritis. The formation of biofilms is one of the key reasons for its resistance to adverse environments and its persistence in seafood. Investigating the regulatory mechanisms of biofilm formation is beneficial for the development of new intervention methods to reduce V. parahaemolyticus contamination during seafood processing and storage. In this study, we identified a global regulator, LtrA (VPA0519), which is involved in regulating biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus. The deletion of ltrA led to a significant alteration in the transcription levels of 706 genes, including those associated with type III and VI secretion systems and biofilm formation. LtrA positively regulated biofilm formation by enhancing the production of exopolysaccharides, extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA, and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), as well as by decreasing swimming and swarming motility. The deletion of the ltrA gene also led to a reduction in the metabolic activity of biofilm cells but did not affect the production of capsular polysaccharide. Furthermore, the deletion of the ltrA gene resulted in a decrease in the biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus on the surfaces of shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii), crab (Portunus trituberculatus), polypropylene plastic, glass, and stainless steel. The findings in this study extend our understanding of the roles of LtrA and the genetic determinants involved in biofilm formation by V. parahaemolyticus.}, }
@article {pmid40578698, year = {2025}, author = {Shao, S and Liu, J and Pan, D and Wu, X}, title = {New insight on nitrogen and phosphorus removal of moving bed biofilm reactor driven by ferromanganese binary oxide: Performances and mechanisms.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {435}, number = {}, pages = {132891}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132891}, pmid = {40578698}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Phosphorus/isolation &amp; purification ; *Biofilms ; *Nitrogen/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Oxides/chemistry ; Manganese ; *Water Purification/methods ; Manganese Compounds ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Wastewater/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The moving bed biofilm reactor with different iron-manganese ratios was developed to treat the simulated domestic wastewater with a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The result showed that NH4[+]-N and NO3[-]-N of 96 ± 2 % and 55 ± 5 %, 97 ± 1 % and 34 ± 6 %, and 40 ± 5 % and 75 ± 4 % were removed in phases II-IV, and phosphorus removal included adsorption of biological iron and manganese oxides and biological removal. Ferromanganese binary oxide stimulated the extracellular polymeric substances secretion, and dissolved organic matter accelerated the iron-manganese redox cycling. Furthermore, fate of manganese and iron was explored, indicating that location of iron-manganese redox cycling was mainly outside the cells. Specific mechanism of iron-manganese redox cycling driven nitrogen and phosphorus removal was clarified including biofilm community. In conclusion, iron-manganese redox cycling reduced the reactive oxygen species level, and Proteobacteria and Planctomycetota were the dominant genera for nutrient, Fe(II), and Mn(II) removal. This study provides a novel method for efficient removal of nutrients.}, }
@article {pmid40578390, year = {2025}, author = {Copeland, R and Yunker, PJ}, title = {Biofilm vertical growth dynamics are captured by an active fluid framework.}, journal = {Physical biology}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {40578390}, issn = {1478-3975}, support = {R35 GM138354/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Models, Biological ; Hydrodynamics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteria/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Bacterial biofilms, surface-attached microbial communities, grow horizontally across surfaces and vertically above them. Although a simple heuristic model for vertical growth was experimentally shown to accurately describe the behavior of diverse microbial species, the biophysical implications and theoretical basis for this empirical model were unclear. Here, we demonstrate that this heuristic model emerges naturally from fundamental principles of active fluid dynamics. By analytically deriving solutions for an active fluid model of vertical biofilm growth, we show that the governing equations reduce to the same form as the empirical model in both early- and late-stage growth regimes. Our analysis reveals that cell death and decay rates likely play key roles in determining the characteristic parameters of vertical growth. The active fluid model produces a single, simple equation governing growth at all heights that is surprisingly simpler than the heuristic model. With this theoretical basis, we explain why the vertical growth rate reaches a maximum at a height greater than the previously identified characteristic length scale. These results provide a theoretical foundation for a simple mathematical model of vertical growth, enabling deeper understanding of how biological and biophysical factors interact during biofilm development.}, }
@article {pmid40578100, year = {2025}, author = {Xia, Z and Ng, HY and Hu, J and Bae, S}, title = {Enhanced sulfamethoxazole removal by co-substrate supplementation in membrane-aerated biofilm photoreactor treating mariculture wastewater: multi-omics insights into performance, microbial mechanisms and antibiotic resistance genes.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {124073}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124073}, pmid = {40578100}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Wastewater ; *Sulfamethoxazole ; *Biofilms ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Bioreactors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Aquaculture ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water Purification ; Multiomics ; }, abstract = {The widespread overuse of antibiotics in mariculture poses significant environmental and health risks. Membrane-aerated biofilm photoreactor (MABPR), leveraging membrane aeration and microalgal-bacterial functionality, has demonstrated potential for nitrogen and antibiotic removal from wastewater. However, its application for antibiotic risk control under the high salinity and low organic strength typical of mariculture effluents remains largely unexplored. Co-metabolism, facilitated by co-substrate addition, has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing antibiotic mitigation under environmental stresses. Yet, its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms in MABPR are not well understood. This study evaluated the effectiveness of external co-substrate (sodium acetate) supplementation for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal and control of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in MABPR treating mariculture effluents. Results demonstrated that MABPR could achieve considerable SMX removal from mariculture wastewater. Concurrently, the addition of co-substrate developed an active "energy conservation-metabolic enzyme machinery" in MABPR, significantly upregulating the expression of metabolic enzymes and energy conservation pathways (up to 8.25-fold upregulation than control), with microalgae as the primary contributors, thereby fostering metabolic functions and activities. This enhancement significantly improved SMX removal efficiencies by 41.1 %-80.6 %, while also enhancing system resilience even under high SMX loading. Concurrently, co-substrate supplementation alleviated oxidative stress, reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by approximately 14 %. Total ARG abundance decreased by 14.2-20.4 % under the co-substrate-amended condition. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that co-substrate addition significantly upregulated antioxidant defense systems while suppressing gene expression involved in the SOS response and conjugative transfer. These transcriptomic changes showed significant correlation with the ARG abundance reductions, suggesting that co-substrate supplementation likely restricts ARG dissemination by modulating cellular stress responses. Our findings not only highlight the potential of external co-substrate supplementation for antibiotic risk mitigation during mariculture wastewater treatment, but also provide unique insights into the co-substrate-mediated underlying regulatory mechanisms for antibiotic risk control in MABPR.}, }
@article {pmid40575777, year = {2025}, author = {Almutairy, B}, title = {Flavonoid-mediated biofilm inhibition and toxicological evaluation of Atriplex laciniata against multidrug-resistant MRSA.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1577052}, pmid = {40575777}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbugs threaten the efficacy of antibiotics, so new drug formulations from synthetic or natural sources are needed to combat antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections. Traditional herbs are often considered alternatives for treating AMR and MDR infections. The present study involves evaluations of the efficacy and safety of Atriplex laciniata aqueous (AL-Aq-Ext) and flavonoid-rich (AL-Flv-Ext) extracts against MDR MRSA strains. The efficacies of the extracts against MRSA were tested for bacterial viability and biofilm inhibition through the MTT assay, OD600 nm measurements, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for morphological observations, and amyloid-staining Congo-red phenotypic method. The safety of each extract was evaluated through comprehensive toxicological assessments, including acute toxicity, tissue biocompatibility, vital organ toxicity, and relative hemolysis. The results indicate MRSA cell viability at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 512 μg/mL for AL-Aq-Ext and 256 μg/mL for AL-Flv-Ext. At these MICs, the extracts also exhibited bactericidal effects with zones of inhibition of 22 mm for AL-Aq-Ext and 20 mm for AL-Flv-Ext, which are comparable to the 25 mm for vancomycin. Both extracts showed more than 90% biofilm inhibition, which were confirmed through OD600 nm measurements, morphological detection based on reduction in fluorescence intensities via CLSM, and phenotype by the Congo-red amyloid-staining assay. The time-kill kinetics assays indicated prolonged bactericidal effects lasting approximately 73 h against MRSA. In terms of safety, acute toxicity studies were conducted by administering MIC doses of AL-Aq-Ext and AL-Flv-Ext orally to mice over 10 d, which revealed 100% survival rates and no immediate adverse effects. Histopathological analysis of the vital organs (liver and kidneys) showed no tissue damage, confirming the absence of acute organ toxicity; hemolysis assays demonstrated no red blood cell lysis at any tested concentration, indicating excellent blood compatibility. These findings demonstrate that A. laciniata extracts (AL-Aq-Ext and AL-Flv-Ext) are rich in flavonoids, safe, biocompatible, and suitable for further pharmacological development, with promising potential for preclinical and clinical trials. However, the present study is limited to acute toxicity and short-term exposure evaluations; hence, future research should focus on identifying specific bioactive compounds, evaluating the long-term toxicities, studying the pharmacokinetics, assessing the efficacies in disease models, and investigating potential immunogenicity and drug interactions to fully establish the therapeutic potential of the extracts.}, }
@article {pmid40575738, year = {2025}, author = {Behshood, P and Tajbakhsh, E}, title = {Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in MRSE Isolated from Iranian patients.}, journal = {Caspian journal of internal medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {225-232}, pmid = {40575738}, issn = {2008-6164}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilms are organized communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix that adheres to surfaces and can have both beneficial and detrimental effects in various environments. These biofilms have been linked to severe infections in humans. We investigated the association between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted through data medical data bases using a combination of mesh terms. The data were analyzed using STATA meta-analysis software, and a random effects model was employed to determine the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI).<br><br>RESULTS: Our findings revealed that the prevalence of MRSA was 61.75% (95% CI: 35.6-99.1). The cumulative rate of biofilm formation in MRSE strains was reported to be 83.4% (95% CI: 47.8-99.4). Among the biofilm-related genes, the SdrG gene exhibited the highest frequency (98%), followed by the atlG gene with a frequency of 84%.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Out of the seven, three documented a positive association. Given the propensity of MRSE strains to form biofilms, it is crucial to implement preventive measures against infections caused by these strains.}, }
@article {pmid40575561, year = {2025}, author = {Shinde, RA and Adole, VA and Patil, RH and Khairnar, BB and Jagdale, BS and Almutairi, TM and Patel, H and Islam, MS and Ahmad, I and Kumar, AR and Selvaraj, S and Pawar, TB and Alam, M}, title = {Harnessing thiazole chemistry for antifungal strategies through an experimental and computational chemistry approach: anti-biofilm, molecular docking, dynamics, and DFT analysis.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {15}, number = {27}, pages = {21838-21858}, pmid = {40575561}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {This study reports the design, synthesis, and evaluation of four novel (E)-2-(2-(1-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(aryl)thiazole derivatives (4a-4d) as potential anti-biofilm agents against Candida albicans. The compounds were structurally characterized by FT-IR, [1]H NMR, [13]C NMR, and HRMS spectral techniques. Biofilm inhibition assays revealed that derivatives 4a-4c suppressed over 50% of biofilm formation at a concentration of 12.5 μg mL[-1], although exopolysaccharide production remained largely unaffected. Molecular docking indicated strong binding affinities toward lanosterol 14α-demethylase, with 4a achieving the highest docking score (-8.715 kcal mol[-1]) through hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Stability of the 4c-protein complex was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, supported by RMSD and flexibility analyses. An in-depth computational analysis was also performed on the most active thiazole derivative, compound 4c. DFT and NBO analyses of 4c indicated favourable geometry and key electron delocalization, while ELF, LOL, NCI, and RDG studies highlighted the role of non-covalent interactions in stabilizing the molecular framework. Additionally, the ADME profile of 4c demonstrated favourable pharmacokinetic properties, including high gastrointestinal absorption and a moderate lipophilicity index, highlighting its potential as a lead antifungal scaffold.}, }
@article {pmid40570495, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Niu, Z and Chen, M and Ma, Y and Wang, Y and Sun, Y and Zhang, Y}, title = {Characterization of phthalate esters (PAEs) in urban water supply system: PAE-degrading bacteria existed in the pipeline biofilm.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {124055}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124055}, pmid = {40570495}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Phthalic Acids/metabolism ; Water Supply ; *Biofilms ; Esters ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Drinking Water ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {The water supply system is a crucial infrastructure related to the people's livelihood. To enhance the performance of pipelines, additives are commonly added to the plastic pipes. Among these, phthalate esters (PAEs), a type of emerging contaminants, have been proven to be released from plastic pipes to water. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of PAEs in drinking water supply systems, isolated PAE-degrading bacteria and explored their characteristics. Firstly, a total of six PAEs were detected throughout the process from raw water to tap water, and the concentrations of Σ6PAEs in tap water at three sampling sites were all higher than those in the finished water. Secondly, using PAEs as the sole carbon source, four strains of PAE-degrading bacteria were isolated from the simulated pipeline biofilm. Within 12 h, the degradation rates of these four strains towards Σ4PAEs (initial concentration: 1 mg/L) were 34.83 % - 56.54 %. Thirdly, considering the presence of multiple carbon sources, residual chlorine, and other bacteria, the behavior of the isolated PAE-degrading bacteria in the actual pipeline environment was examined. It showed that PAE-degrading bacteria preferentially used other carbon sources in tap water rather than PAEs, and the residual chlorine inhibited the bacteria's ability to degrade PAEs. Moreover, despite the presence of other bacteria from the biofilm, the PAE-degrading bacteria still became the dominant bacteria. Consequently, this study demonstrated the feasibility of PAE degradation by bacteria isolated from the pipeline biofilm, which was helpful for understanding the biochemical degradation process of PAEs in drinking water supply systems.}, }
@article {pmid40570492, year = {2025}, author = {Li, N and Liu, Y and Wan, H and Long, L and Xing, J and Shao, S and Liu, G and van der Meer, WGJ}, title = {Nature-inspired water purification: Integrating riverbank filtration and biofilm-regulating nanofiltration.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {124077}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124077}, pmid = {40570492}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Water Purification/methods ; *Filtration/methods ; *Rivers ; Membranes, Artificial ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; *Nanotechnology ; Phosphorus ; }, abstract = {Nanofiltration (NF) is an effective method for removing various emerging pollutants in drinking water. However, its conventional application, primarily adapted from desalination practices, faces challenges such as stringent pretreatment requirements, high energy consumption, and severe membrane fouling. To address these issues, we modified the NF process by transitioning from the traditional spiral-wound configuration to a submerged flat-sheet configuration and incorporating riverbank filtration (RBF) as a pretreatment. Experimental results demonstrated that the RBF-NF system could selectively remove natural organic matter (60.6 %) and various trace organic compounds (30.7 %-68.0 %), without the losses of beneficial ions. Additionally, the RBF-NF system reduced the risk of microbial regrowth in treated water by effectively lowering assimilable organic carbon and phosphorus levels, with removal of 52.1 % and 35.0 %, respectively. More importantly, a membrane biofilm naturally developed on the NF membrane surface over a 6-month filtration period, which facilitated the self-cleaning of the NF by biodegrading foulants and loosening the fouling cake structure. This resulted in stabilized filtration without an increase in transmembrane pressure, highlighting the potential for cleaning-free and low-maintenance operation. Additionally, the RBF-NF process reduced energy consumption by 94.6 % and carbon emissions by 87.4 % compared to traditional NF processes, primarily through the reduction of driving pressure and the elimination of crossflow. These findings demonstrate that RBF-NF is an efficient, chemical-free, and nature-based water treatment technology with significant operational and environmental benefits.}, }
@article {pmid40570060, year = {2025}, author = {}, title = {Correction to 'TasA Fibre Interactions Are Necessary for Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Structure'.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {188}, doi = {10.1111/mmi.70004}, pmid = {40570060}, issn = {1365-2958}, }
@article {pmid40568169, year = {2025}, author = {Holley, CL and Dhulipala, V and Van, AL and Balthazar, JT and Oliver, VJ and Jerse, AE and Shafer, WM}, title = {Gentamicin induction of the gonococcal hicAB toxin-antitoxin encoding system and impact on gene expression influencing biofilm formation and in vivo fitness in a strain-specific manner.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.06.11.659166}, pmid = {40568169}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The continued emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) isolates resistant to first-line antibiotics has focused efforts on understanding how alternative therapies such as expanded use of gentamicin (Gen) might counteract this global public health problem. Focusing on Gen as a viable alternative antibiotic for treatment of gonorrheal infections, we used RNA-Seq to determine if sub-lethal levels of Gen might impact gonococci on a transcriptional level. We found that sub-lethal Gen levels altered expression of 23 genes in Ng strain FA19. Many of the differentially regulated genes were associated with known stress responses elaborated by Ng under different harmful conditions. We found that the transcripts of the hicAB operon, which encodes a putative HicA-HicB toxin-antitoxin system that is encoded by tandem genes with the prophage Ngo φ3, were increased in response to Gen. While loss of hicAB did not impact gonococcal susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial agents or harmful environmental conditions it did reduce biofilm formation in Ng strains F62, FA1090, WHO X and CDC200 but not that of strain FA19. Further, in strain F62, but not FA19, loss of hicAB reduced the in vivo fitness of Ng during experimental lower genital tract infection of female mice. Further, we found that expression of hicAB can influence levels of the norB transcript, which encodes the nitrate reductase shown previously to be upregulated in gonococcal biofilms. We propose that sub-lethal Gen has the capacity to influence gonococcal pathogenesis through the action of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: During antibiotic treatment bacteria can be exposed to sub-lethal levels that could serve as a stress signal resulting in changes in gene expression. The continued emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of Ng has rekindled interest in expanded use of gentamicin (Gen) for treatment of gonorrheal infections. We report that sub-lethal levels of Gen can influence levels of Ng transcripts including that of the gonococcal hicAB -encoded toxin-antitoxin (TA) locus, which is embedded within an integrated prophage, While loss of this TA locus did not impact Ng susceptibility to Gen it reduced the biofilm forming ability of 4/5 Ng strains. Further, in an examined strain in this group we found that Ng fitness during experimental infection was negatively impacted. We propose that that levels of the hicA-hicB transcripts can be increased by sub-lethal levels of an antibiotic used in treatment of gonorrhea and that this could influence pathogenicity.}, }
@article {pmid40567056, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, J and Huang, W and Liu, S and Cui, Z and Huang, B and Tian, J and Zhang, W}, title = {Supramolecular Nanoplatform for Biofilm Eradication and Anti-inflammatory by Phototherapies and Macrophage Repolarization.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {14}, number = {23}, pages = {e2501162}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202501162}, pmid = {40567056}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {52333014//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Macrophages/drug effects/metabolism ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; Mice ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Photochemotherapy ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Photothermal Therapy ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Biofilm dispersion and persistent inflammation are key challenges in treating bacterial infections. Phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have emerged as promising approaches for treating bacterial infections. However, several challenges continue to impede the treatment effectiveness, particularly, the inevitable inflammatory side effects. Herein, a supramolecular nanoplatform (R-AuSTP-Be) is developed for precise targeting to bacterial infection sites, effective antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory for infected wound healing. R-AuSTP-Be can neutralize bacterial exotoxins for remodeling bacteria microenvironment, and disperse biofilms by precise phototherapies with dual-mode bacteria targeting by glycoprotein covalent bonding and electrostatic attraction. Meanwhile, R-AuSTP-Be reshapes the inflammatory environment by down-regulating M1 macrophage expression and up-regulating M2 macrophage expression. The excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of R-AuSTP-Be provide a competitive strategy for treating bacterial infectious diseases.}, }
@article {pmid40565706, year = {2025}, author = {Seres-Steinbach, A and Szabó, P and Bányai, K and Schneider, G}, title = {Effect of Temperature, Surface, and Medium Qualities on the Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes and Their Influencing Effects on the Antibacterial, Biofilm-Inhibitory, and Biofilm-Degrading Activities of Essential Oils.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {40565706}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {2024-2.1.1-EK&#xd6;P//The Hungarian Ministry of Culture and Innovation/ ; SA-27/2021//E&#xf6;tv&#xf6;s Lor&#xe1;nd Research Network/ ; RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001//Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; }, abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen with a high tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, making its control in the food chain a particular challenge. Essential oils have recently been considered as potential antilisterial agents. In this study, the antilisterial effects of 57 EOs were tested on 13 different L. monocytogenes. Thirty-seven EOs were found to be effective in a strain and temperature-dependent manner. At 37 °C, all EOs were effective against at least one strain of L. monocytogenes. However, at 14 °C and 23 °C, 12 EOs, such as Minth, Nutmeg, Neroli, Pepperminth, etc., became drastically ineffective. The efficacy of the EOs increased at the lowest temperature, as only four EOs, such as Dill seed, Juniper, lemon eucalyptus, and sandalwood, were found to be ineffective at 4 °C. Ajowan and thyme were the only EOs that were antibacterial against each strain at all temperatures tested (4, 14, 23, 37 °C). Biofilm-inhibition tests with 57 EOs, performed on polystyrene plates with different surface qualities and stainless steel, using 0.1% and 0.5% final concentrations, showed the outstanding inhibitory abilities of ajowan, geranium, Lime oil, melissa, palmarosa, rose geranium, sandalwood, and thyme. Fennel, lemon eucalyptus, and chamomile had the potential to inhibit biofilm formation without affecting live bacterial cell counts. Ajowan, geranium, thyme, and palmarosa reduced the biofilm to the optical density of 0.0-0.08, OD: 0.0-0.075, 0.0-0.072, and 0.0-0.04, respectively, compared to the bacterium control 0.085-0.45. The mature antibiofilm eradication ability of the EOs revealed the outstanding features of ajowan, geranium Lime, melissa, palmarosa, rose geranium, and thyme by suppressing the established biofilm to one tenth. The different sensitivities of the isolates and the temperature-dependent antilisterial effect of the tested EOs have to be taken into account if an EO-based food preservation technology is to be implemented, as several L. monocytogenes become resistant to different EOs at medium temperature ranges such as 14 °C and 23 °C.}, }
@article {pmid40563396, year = {2025}, author = {Wilkinson, D and Váchová, L and Palková, Z}, title = {Hostile Environments: Modifying Surfaces to Block Microbial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40563396}, issn = {2218-273X}, support = {LasApp CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004573//European Union and the state budget of the Czech Republic/ ; RVO 61388971//Czech Academy of Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Humans ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Since the first observations of biofilm formation by microorganisms on various surfaces more than 50 years ago, it has been shown that most "unicellular" microorganisms prefer to grow in multicellular communities that often adhere to surfaces. The microbes in these communities adhere to each other, produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) that protects them from drugs, toxins and the host's immune system, and they coordinate their development and differentiate into different forms via signaling molecules and nutrient gradients. Biofilms are a serious problem in industry, agriculture, the marine environment and human and animal health. Many researchers are therefore investigating ways to disrupt biofilm formation by killing microbes or disrupting adhesion to a surface, quorum sensing or ECM production. This review provides an overview of approaches to altering various surfaces through physical, chemical or biological modifications to reduce/prevent microbial cell adhesion and biofilm development and maintenance. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and the challenges faced by researchers in this field.}, }
@article {pmid40561859, year = {2025}, author = {Meenatchi, R and Priya, PS and Appikatla, NS and Mohanakrishna, R and Kesavan, D and Leema, JTM and Nair, SSD and Gupta, S and Yadav, P and Narayanane, S and Balachandran, KRS and Rangamaran, VR and Verma, P and Kumar, AG and Vinithkumar, NV and Pasupuleti, M and Gopal, D and Arockiaraj, J}, title = {Harnessing a deep-sea EAL-domain enzyme for quorum quenching and biofilm control in food pipelines.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {441}, number = {}, pages = {111326}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111326}, pmid = {40561859}, issn = {1879-3460}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Listeria monocytogenes/physiology/drug effects ; *Vibrio/enzymology/physiology/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Food Microbiology ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/drug effects/physiology ; Acyl-Butyrolactones/metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study explores the potential of quorum-quenching (QQ) enzymes from deep-sea bacteria to disrupt bacterial communication and biofilm formation. Among 21 psychrophilic marine isolates, Vibrio sp. strain SAT06 showed broad-spectrum QQ activity by degrading both short (C6-HSL) and long-chain (3-O-C12-HSL) acyl homoserine lactones. The QQ enzyme, identified as an EAL-domain-containing protein, exhibited high activity under refrigerated conditions (0-15 °C) and alkaline pH, further enhanced by Mg[2+] and Ca[2+] ions. Enzyme kinetics confirmed its hydrolytic activity against C6-HSL and 3-O-C12-HSL, validated by HPLC and acidification assays. SAT06 enzyme significantly reduced biofilm thickness (40-60 %) in Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. It downregulated the agrA gene, a key regulator of biofilm formation in Gram-positive bacteria, and modified antibiotic resistance, restoring susceptibility in resistant pathogens. Mechanistically, the enzyme acts via lactone ring hydrolysis and modulates intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels, as demonstrated by qualitative Congo red assays, thereby inhibiting quorum sensing-regulated biofilm formation and motility. The cold-active and stable nature of SAT06 under food processing conditions underscores its potential as an effective biofilm control agent. Future work may focus on enhancing enzyme durability through nanocoating for industrial deployment. This study also establishes a proof-of-concept for the SAT06 enzyme as a functional anti-biofilm surface coating within a model food-grade pipeline system.}, }
@article {pmid40560268, year = {2025}, author = {Dakheel, KH and Rahim, RA and Al-Obaidi, JR and Razali, N and Neela, VK and Hun, TG and Yusoff, K}, title = {Proteomic analysis reveals phage-driven metabolic shifts and biofilm disruption in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, pages = {230}, pmid = {40560268}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {FRGS/1/2015/SGOS/UPM/01/2//Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/virology/metabolism/physiology/genetics ; Proteomics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Proteome/analysis ; *Staphylococcus Phages/physiology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; }, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms pose a severe risk to public health, showing resistance to standard antibiotics, which drives the need for novel antibacterial strategies. Bacteriophages have emerged as potential agents against biofilms, especially through their phage-encoded enzymes that disrupt the biofilm matrix, enhancing bacterial susceptibility. In this study, two bacteriophages, UPMK_1 and UPMK_2, were propagated on MRSA strains t127/4 and t223/20, respectively. Biofilms formed by these strains were treated with phages at specified concentrations, followed by protein extraction and analysis. Comparative proteomic profiling was performed using one-dimensional and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, with protein identification facilitated by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS spectrometry, to observe biofilm degradation effects. Proteomic analysis revealed that phage treatment induced significant changes in biofilm protein expression, particularly with upregulated ribosome-recycling factors and elongation factors linked to enhanced protein synthesis, reflecting a reactivation of amino acid metabolism in the treated biofilms. This was marked by upregulated intracellular proteases like CIpL, which play a role in protein refolding and degradation, critical for phage progeny production and biofilm disruption. Phage treatment demonstrated notable effects on the metabolic and protein synthesis pathways within MRSA biofilms, suggesting that phages can redirect bacterial cellular processes to favour biofilm breakdown. This indicates the potential of bacteriophages as a viable adjunct to traditional antimicrobial approaches, particularly in combating antibiotic-resistant infections like MRSA. The study underscores the efficacy of bacteriophages as anti-biofilm agents, offering a promising strategy to weaken biofilms and combat antibiotic resistance through targeted disruption of bacterial metabolic pathways and biofilm integrity.}, }
@article {pmid40559585, year = {2025}, author = {Panariello, B and Dias Panariello, F and Misir, A and Barboza, EP}, title = {An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40559585}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; *Mouth/microbiology ; *Vaping/adverse effects ; Dysbiosis ; Oral Health ; }, abstract = {E-cigarettes, a form of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS), have gained significant popularity, particularly among adolescents who often view vaping as a "cool" lifestyle choice. This growing trend has spurred extensive research on the effects of ENDS on both oral and systemic health. By synthesizing data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses, this umbrella review offers a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of e-cigarettes on oral biofilm accumulation and microbiota composition. A systematic search was conducted up to 12 March 2025, across PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Ten studies met the eligibility criteria. The quality of the selected papers, as assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool, ranged from moderate to high. The findings of this review suggest that e-cigarette use may contribute to dysbiosis in the oral microbiota and foster biofilm accumulation, thereby increasing the risk of oral diseases such as periodontitis, peri-implantitis, oral candidiasis, and caries. The findings also highlight the need for further research into the long-term effects of e-cigarette use on oral health. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251025639).}, }
@article {pmid40559574, year = {2025}, author = {Kaczorek-Łukowska, E and Foksiński, P and Małaczewska, J and Wójcik, R and Szyryńska, N}, title = {The Effects of Low Concentrations of Nisin on Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Dairy Cattle.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40559574}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {Funded by the Minister of Science under "the Regional Initiative of Excellence Program//Funded by the Minister of Science under "the Regional Initiative of Excellence Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Nisin/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Female ; Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is one of the aetiological agents of mastitis in dairy cattle. Their biofilms are relevant for human and veterinary medicine. It has been shown that some antibiotics at low concentrations can stimulate the production of biofilms, but there is little information on the effects of low concentrations of nisin, which is considered a therapeutic agent and has been added to food products for years as a biopreservative. In our study, we used Staphylococcus aureus strains (n = 28) isolated from dairy cattle. The MIC of nisin were determined using the broth microdilution method. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results, the following concentrations were selected for further analyses: nisin at 39, 19, 9 IU/mL; nisin in combination with tetracycline at 39 IU/mL + 0.06 μg/mL, 18 IU/mL + 0.06 μg/mL, and 9 IU/mL + 0.06 μg/mL; and tetracycline alone at 0.06 μg/mL. The biofilm-forming capacity was determined via crystal violet staining in 96-well plates, icaD gene expression was determined using the 2-ΔΔCt method, and microscopic evaluation was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. Results: The MICs were 156 IU/mL (46%) and 312 IU/mL (43%) for most strains. Due to large statistical deviations, there were no statistically significant changes in the biofilm-forming capacity or icaD gene expression despite a visible increasing trend. Despite the absence of statistically significant differences, it was observed that for all concentrations analysed biofilm formation was noticeably greater for both nisin alone and for tetracycline and its mixtures than for untreated cells. Conclusions: In our opinion, the effects of nisin, especially at low concentrations, on biofilm structure show a certain worrying trend that may pose a future threat.}, }
@article {pmid40559544, year = {2025}, author = {Wełna, J and Napiórkowska-Mastalerz, M and Cyrankiewicz, M and Bogiel, T and Kwiecińska-Piróg, J}, title = {Characteristic of Virulence and Parameters of Mixed Biofilm Formed by Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Strains Isolated from Infected Chronic Wounds.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40559544}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {WF PDB 839//Nicolaus Copernicus University/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity/genetics ; *Proteus mirabilis/drug effects/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity/genetics ; Virulence ; Humans ; *Wound Infection/microbiology ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Quorum Sensing ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Proteus Infections/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {A biofilm is a group of bacterial cells in the polysaccharide matrix bonded to the surface (biotic or abiotic). Clinicians now realize that most infections are biofilm-related. Biofilm infections are often induced by more than one bacterial species. The aim of this study is to characterize a mixed biofilm composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis strains. Forty-six isolates derived from chronic wound infections were cultivated to establish mature biofilms. The biofilm biomass and cell viability were measured by colorimetric assays. P. aeruginosa strains were tested for the presence of virulence and biofilm-related genes. The quorum sensing assay using the biosensor strain was also performed. A mixed biofilm of P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis was visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Four groups of P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis pairs, also visualized with fluorescence microscopy, were distinguished based on the biofilm biomass growth and metabolic activity loss. The exoY gene observed among P. aeruginosa isolates was connected to the metabolic activity loss of the biofilm. Generally, the interactions between P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis species are not uniform. It is crucial to further research the interactions between microorganisms in biofilms. This may provide information on the mechanisms of biofilm formation in the complicated chronic wound environment.}, }
@article {pmid40559149, year = {2025}, author = {Barrera-Ortega, CC and Rodil, SE and Silva-Bermudez, P and Delgado-Cardona, A and Almaguer-Flores, A and Prado-Prone, G}, title = {Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance.}, journal = {Dentistry journal}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40559149}, issn = {2304-6767}, abstract = {Objectives: This study aimed to compare in vitro the protective effect of two enamel remineralizing agents, a varnish containing β-tricalcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (β-TCP-F) and a paste containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (CPP-ACP-F), on artificially demineralized human enamel. Methods: A total of 120 human third molar enamel specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 30 each): Group I (healthy enamel, control), Group II (initially demineralized, lesioned enamel), Group III (demineralized enamel and treated with β-TCP-F), and Group IV (demineralized enamel and treated with CPP-ACP-F). Groups II-IV underwent, for 15 days, a daily pH cycling regimen consisting of 21 h of demineralization under pH 4.4, followed by 3 h of remineralization under pH 7. Groups III and IV were treated with either β-TCP-F or CPP-ACP-F, prior to each 24 h demineralization-remineralization cycle. Fluoride ion release was measured after each pH cycle. Surface hardness, roughness, wettability, and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation were assessed on days 5, 10, and 15 after a daily pH cycle. Results: CPP-ACP-F treatment showed a larger improvement in surface hardness (515.2 ± 10.7) compared to β-TCP-F (473.6 ± 12.8). Surface roughness decreased for both treatments compared to initially lesioned enamel; however, the decrease in roughness in the β-TCP-F group only reached a value of 1.193 μm after 15 days of treatment, a significantly larger value in comparison to healthy enamel. On the other hand, the decrease in roughness in the CPP-ACP-F treatment group reached a value of 0.76 μm, similar to that of healthy enamel. Contact angle measurements indicated that wettability increased in both treatment groups (β-TCP-F: 71.01°, CPP-ACP-F: 65.24°) compared to initially lesioned samples in Group II, reaching WCA values similar to or smaller than those of healthy enamel surfaces. Conclusions: Both treatments, β-TCP-F and CPP-ACP-F, demonstrated protective effects against enamel demineralization, with CPP-ACP-F showing superior enhancement of surface hardness and smoother enamel texture under in vitro pH cycling conditions. β-TCP-F varnish and CPP-ACP-F paste treatments counteracted surface modifications produced on human healthy enamel by in vitro demineralization.}, }
@article {pmid40558967, year = {2025}, author = {Arantes, BBA and Cabral, AKLF and Dos Santos, KS and Mendonça, MB and Dos Santos, RC and Bugalho, BCM and Fernandes, LS and Martinez, LR and Fusco-Almeida, AM and Mendes-Giannini, MJS}, title = {Characterization of Biofilm Formation by the Dermatophyte Nannizzia gypsea.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40558967}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {R01 AI187391/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 2023/035561//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 311923/2023-2//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 9794/2023//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 431455/2018-0//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; }, abstract = {Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection that affects the skin, hair, and nails, impacting approximately 25% of the global population. Nannizzia gypsea is a geophilic fungus that can cause infections in humans and animals. Several studies have been conducted regarding its virulence, or ability to cause disease. This species may produce keratinolytic enzymes and form biofilms, which can increase resistance to treatment. Thus, this study focuses on investigating the biofilm formation of N. gypsea isolated from canine dermatophytosis using an ex vivo hair model, its biofilm extracellular matrix macromolecular contents, and the expression of genes involved in the colonization of keratinized surfaces. The biofilm was analyzed for metabolic activity using the XTT reduction assay, crystal violet staining to measure biofilm biomass, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the presence of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA in the biofilm extracellular matrix. The virulence genes subtilisin 7, fungalysin (extracellular metalloproteinase), and efflux pump (Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Protein 2) were evaluated by qPCR, comparing the planktonic and biofilm phenotypes. N. gypsea formed a robust biofilm, which matured after 5 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of an extensive extracellular matrix. In the hair model, the characteristic ectothrix parasitism of the species is observable. The gene expression analysis revealed a higher expression of all evaluated genes in the biofilm form compared to the planktonic form. Thus, N. gypsea exhibits a biofilm characterized by a robust extracellular matrix and high gene expression of factors related to pathogenesis and resistance.}, }
@article {pmid40558939, year = {2025}, author = {Nikoomanesh, F and Sedighi, M and Bourang, MM and Rafiee, M and Santos, ALSD and Roudbary, M}, title = {Exploring the Antifungal Potential of Lawsone-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Disruption.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40558939}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {The incidence of fungal infections is significantly rising, posing a challenge due to the limited class of antifungal drugs. There is a necessity to combat emerging resistant fungal infections by developing novel antifungal agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of lawsone (LAW), a natural component extracted from herbal medicine, and LAW-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LAW-MSNs) on growth, biofilm formation, and expression of ALS1 and EPA1 genes contributing to cell adhesion of Candida spp. Twenty C. albicans and twenty C. glabrata isolates, including ten fluconazole-resistant and ten fluconazole-susceptible isolates, were examined. The findings of the study indicated that LAW and LAW-MSNs inhibited Candida isolates growth at MIC range of 0.31->5 µg/mL and significantly reduced biofilm formation in C. albicans and C. glabrata. Moreover, both LAW and LAW-MSNs downregulated the expression of the adhesion genes ALS1 and EPA1 in C. albicans and C. glabrata. Based on the obtained findings, LAW emerged as a promising antifungal candidate. However, the nano-formulation (LAW-MSNs) improved its antifungal properties.}, }
@article {pmid40558165, year = {2025}, author = {Amin, I and Abdelkhalek, A and El-Demerdash, AS and Pet, I and Ahmadi, M and Abd El-Aziz, NK}, title = {Cellulose Nanocrystal/Zinc Oxide Bio-Nanocomposite Activity on Planktonic and Biofilm Producing Pan Drug-Resistant Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens and Turkeys.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40558165}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Background/Objectives:Clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of poultry, and it has the potential to induce cholangiohepatitis and necrotic enteritis (NE). The poultry industry suffers significant financial losses because of NE, and treatment becomes more challenging due to resistant C. perfringens strains. Methods: The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of cellulose nanocrystals/zinc oxide nanocomposite (CNCs/ZnO) were assesses against pan drug-resistant (PDR) C. perfringens isolated from chickens and turkeys using phenotypic and molecular assays. Results: The overall prevalence rate of C. perfringens was 44.8% (43.75% in chickens and 58.33% in turkeys). Interestingly, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. perfringens isolates revealed the alarming PDR (29.9%), extensively drug-resistant (XDR, 54.5%), and multidrug-resistant (MDR, 15.6%) isolates, with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) indices ranging from 0.84 to 1. All PDR C. perfringens isolates could synthesize biofilms; among them, 21.7% were strong biofilm producers. The antimicrobial potentials of CNCs/ZnO against PDR C. perfringens isolates were evaluated by the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, and the results showed strong antimicrobial activity of the green nanocomposite with inhibition zones' diameters of 20-40 mm and MIC value of 0.125 µg/mL. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited a great antibiofilm effect against the pre-existent biofilms of PDR C. perfringens isolates in a dose-dependent manner [MBIC50 up to 83.43 ± 1.98 for the CNCs/ZnO MBC concentration (0.25 μg/mL)]. The transcript levels of agrB quorum sensing gene and pilA2 type IV pili gene responsible for biofilm formation were determined by the quantitative real time-PCR technique, pre- and post-treatment with the CNCs/ZnO nanocomposite. The expression of both genes downregulated (0.099 ± 0.012-0.454 ± 0.031 and 0.104 ± 0.006-0.403 ± 0.035, respectively) when compared to the non-treated isolates. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CNCs/ZnO nanocomposite's antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against PDR C. perfringens isolated from chickens and turkeys.}, }
@article {pmid40558146, year = {2025}, author = {Mulat, M and Banicod, RJS and Tabassum, N and Javaid, A and Karthikeyan, A and Jeong, GJ and Kim, YM and Jung, WK and Khan, F}, title = {Multiple Strategies for the Application of Medicinal Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Controlling Microbial Biofilm and Virulence Properties.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40558146}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {RS-2023-00241461 and RS-2021-NR060118//Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education/ ; }, abstract = {Biofilms are complex microbial communities encased within a self-produced extracellular matrix, which plays a critical role in chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. These enhance pathogen survival and virulence by protecting against host immune defenses and conventional antimicrobial treatments, posing substantial challenges in clinical contexts such as device-associated infections and chronic wounds. Secondary metabolites derived from medicinal plants, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, have gained attention as promising agents against biofilm formation, microbial virulence, and antibiotic resistance. These natural compounds not only limit microbial growth and biofilm development but also disrupt communication between bacteria, known as quorum sensing, which reduces their ability to cause disease. Through progress in nanotechnology, various nanocarriers such as lipid-based systems, polymeric nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles have been developed to improve the solubility, stability, and cellular uptake of phytochemicals. In addition, the synergistic use of plant-based metabolites with conventional antibiotics or antifungal drugs has shown promise in tackling drug-resistant microorganisms and revitalizing existing drugs. This review comprehensively discusses the efficacy of pure secondary metabolites from medicinal plants, both as individuals and in nanoformulated forms or in combination with antimicrobial agents, as alternative strategies to control biofilm-forming pathogens. The molecular mechanisms underlying their antibiofilm and antivirulence activities are discussed in detail. Lastly, the current pitfalls, limitations, and emerging directions in translating these natural compounds into clinical applications are critically evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid40555950, year = {2025}, author = {Liang, Z and Zhao, Y and Ji, H and Li, Z}, title = {Algae-bacteria symbiotic biofilm system for low carbon nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater: A review.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, pages = {218}, pmid = {40555950}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Wastewater/microbiology/chemistry ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Water Purification/methods ; *Microalgae/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Bacteria/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; Denitrification ; Sewage/microbiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {The treatment of municipal wastewater has become a significant challenge due to its intricate composition and low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. In order to meet the discharge standards, a large amount of energy is consumed. In this context, the incorporation of microalgae into the conventional activated sludge process has become a promising strategy for low-carbon denitrification. This study aims to integrate research on algal-bacterial symbiotic systems with biofilm technology to enhance energy-efficient nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment. Through comprehensive analysis, this paper elucidates (1) the developmental dynamics of algal-bacterial symbioses, (2) the process of combining algal-bacterial symbiotic systems with biofilm systems, (3) the fundamentals and operational determinants of algal-bacterial symbiotic membrane systems, and (4) the potential applications in sustainable water treatment. The proposed hybrid system demonstrates significant potential for carbon-neutral wastewater treatment through synergistic pollutant degradation, offering an innovative approach to address critical challenges in environmental sustainability and water resource management.}, }
@article {pmid40552900, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, J and Esnal, JPP and Jin, L and Wu, Q and Duan, C and Pan, Y and Lauridsen, TL}, title = {New Insights Into Epiphytic Biofilm Formation, Composition, and Their Role in Submerged Macrophyte Decline Under Environmental Pollution.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {e70121}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70121}, pmid = {40552900}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {32471620, 32071537//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202301BF070001-024//Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects, China/ ; 202203AC100002//Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Environmental Pollution ; *Plants/microbiology ; Bacteria/growth &amp; development ; Lakes/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Over evolutionary time, submerged macrophytes and their epiphytic biofilms have developed complex interactions, particularly mutualistic interactions. However, environmental pollution can alter biofilms, potentially shifting their influence from supportive to neutral or even inhibitory. This change may be one of the significant driving factors for the decline of submerged macrophytes, yet a systematic review of this phenomenon is still lacking. To this end, we examine the formation and composition of epiphytic biofilms, summarize their effects on submerged macrophyte growth in freshwater lakes, and discuss how they mediate plant changes under increasing exposure to environmental pollution. Epiphytic biofilms, composed of complex biotic and abiotic components, influence submerged macrophytes by modifying light conditions and gas exchange, modulating nutrient competition and antioxidant responses, and releasing allelopathic substances; the magnitude of these effects varies with the biofilm's composition. Environmental pollution might favor resistant or fast-growing species that better compete for nutrients, impair light capture and gas exchange, and release harmful allelopathic substances. This diminishes the beneficial effects of epiphytic biofilms on submerged macrophytes, sometimes even resulting in detrimental impacts. This review examines how environmental pollution alters epiphytic biofilm composition and influences submerged macrophyte communities, providing novel insights into the dynamics of submerged macrophyte communities.}, }
@article {pmid40552168, year = {2025}, author = {Shatri, AMN and Bere, SK and Bouman, D and Mumbengegwi, DR}, title = {Antimicrobial, Time-Kill Kinetics, and Biofilm Inhibition Properties of Diospyros lycioides Chewing Stick Used in Namibia Against Enterococcus faecalis.}, journal = {Journal of tropical medicine}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {7544856}, pmid = {40552168}, issn = {1687-9686}, abstract = {Background: Medicinal plants are used in Namibia for oral hygiene and to treat oral diseases. Validating the content and efficacy of medicinal chewsticks used in communities helps to provide proof of concept of medicinal plants used as a complementary/alternative medicine for oral diseases. Aim: This study presents the first report on quantified phytoconstituents, antimicrobial, time-kill kinetics, and biofilm inhibition properties of Diospyros lycioides organic and aqueous extracts against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Dry plant materials were ground into powder and macerated in methanol and distilled water. Different phytoconstituents were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and DPPH free radical scavenging. An antibacterial assay was performed using the agar well diffusion method and a resazurin 96-well-based assay. Kill-time assay was done at various concentrations over 4 h. Biofilm inhibition was done using the crystal violet method. Results: Higher total flavonoid, total phenol contents, and free radical scavenging abilities were reported in methanol twig extracts. Inhibition zones of 28 ± 0.82 mm, with MICs of 15.6 ± 0.00 μg/mL, are reported against E. faecalis. The bactericidal endpoint of D. lycioides organic extracts for E. faecalis was reached after 4 h of incubation at 8 × MIC (124.8 μg/mL). These were comparable to the positive control, gentamicin. The organic extracts showed ≥ 50% biofilm inhibition against root canal-infecting E. faecalis at concentrations between 7.8 and 500 μg/mL, indicating strong biofilm inhibition. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that D. lycioides crude extracts have promising antibacterial properties and can eradicate E. faecalis biofilms in root canal treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40550731, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Z and Liu, B and Chen, W and Liu, D and Li, L and Ren, Y and Wang, W and Yuan, H and Pang, H and Zhang, Z and Liao, B and Lu, J}, title = {Corrigendum to "Enhancing sewer low-loss transportation by food waste microencapsulation treatment: Dual suppression of organic leaching and biofilm architecture-function for mitigating hazardous gases and blockage risks" [Water Research Volume 282 (2025) 123749].}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {284}, number = {}, pages = {123998}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123998}, pmid = {40550731}, issn = {1879-2448}, }
@article {pmid40550367, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, M and Feng, Q and Qin, F and Wu, Y and Duan, H and Fu, S and Guo, R}, title = {Enhanced denitrification and fouling control in hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor using novel flat membrane module.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {435}, number = {}, pages = {132848}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132848}, pmid = {40550367}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Denitrification ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Hydrogen ; *Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Water Purification/methods ; }, abstract = {In hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactors (H2-MBfR), the most critical concerns revolve removal rate and membrane fouling. This study introduces a novel flat membrane module to enhance denitrification efficiency and the operational stability of MBfR. The membrane module featured an additional layer of polyester material on outer side of the membrane. Experimental results demonstrated that membrane fouling occurred after one week, while the flocking layer extended the fouling-free operation to over eight weeks, representing an eightfold improvement at least. Low temperature and high loading were observed to impact the denitrification efficiency, although it maintained around 50 % without nitrite accumulation. Following the removal of operational disturbances, the MBfR rapidly restored with removal efficiencies reaching 93.8 % to 100 %. As the MBfR operated, microbial analysis revealed a decrease in microbial diversity, and differential expression levels of denitrification genes. The novel membrane module contributed to improving fouling control and removal flux.}, }
@article {pmid40549774, year = {2025}, author = {Şenel, K and Uzun, I and Alqawasmi, R}, title = {An in vitro evaluation of biofilm removal from simulated root canals using sodium hypochlorite irrigation solution at various temperature settings.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {e0325431}, pmid = {40549774}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; *Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology/drug effects ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology ; Temperature ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Molar/microbiology ; X-Ray Microtomography ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation solution at various temperatures is common for removing biofilms in root canals and the isthmus. Numerous studies have examined the impact of temperature on biofilm removal in extracted teeth. However, this study aimed to assess the effect of needle irrigation using NaOCl solution heated to different temperatures on the structure of E. faecalis biofilm in artificial teeth produced by 3D printing technology.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The isthmus in the mesial canals of 55 artificial tooth samples, which were produced from the 3D model obtained by micro-CT of the mandibular first molars, was evaluated. The standard strain E. faecalis ATCC 19433 was used to infect artificial tooth specimens. The samples were divided into a control group and four experimental groups receiving sodium hypochlorite solutions at 21&#xb0;C, 45&#xb0;C, 60&#xb0;C, and 150&#xb0;C. Following irrigation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging was conducted at varying magnifications to visualize the remaining biofilm areas in the root canals and the isthmus. The ImageJ program quantified biofilm areas in the isthmus region. Statistical analyses, including Shapiro-Wilks, Kruskal Wallis H, and t-tests, were conducted on the measurements. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results did not differ between the control and 21 &#xb0;C groups (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05). However, removal areas were larger in the 45&#xb0;C, 60&#xb0;C, and 150&#xb0;C groups than in the control group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). No difference was observed in the biofilm removal efficiency in different isthmus regions (p&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05). The findings revealed that an increase in temperature enlarged the removal areas.}, }
@article {pmid40549683, year = {2025}, author = {Nishizawa, M and Saleh, B and Marcucio, R and Morioka, K}, title = {A Unique Mouse Model for Quantitative Assessment of Biofilm Formation on Surgical Implants in Subcutaneous Abscess.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {220}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/68067}, pmid = {40549683}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Mice ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *Abscess/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Prostheses and Implants/microbiology ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology ; Female ; }, abstract = {To develop a novel biomaterial with antibacterial properties for orthopedic surgical procedures, establishing an experimental animal model of implant-related infections that closely mimics the pathological state is crucial. Additionally, a quantitative comparison with control samples is required to assess biofilm formation on materials. However, current animal models, which involve implanting each individual with a single material, may yield inconsistent outcomes due to the heterogeneity of infection status among subjects. Furthermore, accurately quantifying biofilm formation on materials in vivo remains challenging, and the findings may lack reliability. To address these issues, this study demonstrated a unique mouse model of implant-related infection that enables the simultaneous incubation of two implants with bacteria in an enclosed environment within a single mouse, forming an encapsulated subcutaneous abscess. A mature air pouch was initially created beneath the skin of the back. Two stainless steel wires were connected and placed into the pouch, followed by the inoculation of Xen 36, a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus. By 14 days after inoculation, a subcutaneous abscess had formed around the wires. The biofilm was completely removed from the surface of each wire, and the dissolved bacterial suspensions were accurately measured using optimized methods to assess biofilm formation on the implant, determine colony-forming units, and perform quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. By leveraging the lux operon of the bioluminescent bacteria, the relative expression levels of luxA and 16S rRNA were used to determine the bacterial load within the biofilm on each wire. This optimized comparative analytical approach enables precise assessments of biofilm formation on two wires under uniform infection conditions within a single mouse model and may facilitate the advancement of biomaterials with antibacterial properties.}, }
@article {pmid40546280, year = {2025}, author = {Abban, MK and Ayerakwa, EA and Isawumi, A}, title = {Biofilm and surface-motility profiles under polymyxin B stress in multidrug-resistant KAPE pathogens isolated from Ghanaian hospital ICUs.}, journal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)}, volume = {250}, number = {}, pages = {10350}, pmid = {40546280}, issn = {1535-3699}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Polymyxin B/pharmacology ; Ghana ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Enterobacter/drug effects/physiology ; Hospitals ; }, abstract = {The threat of antimicrobial resistance in Ghana is increasing with the recent emergence of KAPE pathogens (K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) from the hospital environment. As opportunistic pathogens, KAPE leverage the formation of biofilms and swarms to survive stringent environmental conditions. As research continues to investigate approaches that bacteria employ to exacerbate infection, this study explored biofilm and swarm formation in MDR KAPE pathogens under polymyxin B stress emerging from Ghanaian hospitals. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of KAPE pathogens to conventional antibiotics and polymyxin B was investigated via antibiotic disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Biofilm inhibition and eradication assays, swarm motility and a resazurin-based metabolic assay were used to profile bacterial phenotypic characteristics under polymyxin B stress. The strains exhibited resistance to the tested antibiotics with a high level of resistance to polymyxin B (PMB) (≥512 μg/mL). Additionally, the strains formed biofilms and bacterial swarms at 37°C. In the presence of PMB (≥512 μg/mL), KAPE pathogens formed swarms with no significant reduction in bacterial swarms at 1,048 μg/mL. Biofilm was observed for all strains with PMB neither inhibiting nor eradicating at high PMB (2048 μg/mL). Additionally, there were no significant differences in the phenotypic and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical and environmental KAPE pathogens from Ghanaian ICUs. Overall, the study established that clinical and environmental KAPE pathogens from Ghanaian ICUs exhibit adaptive phenotypic and resistance characteristics that could potentially enhance bacterial survival during host colonization and infection. This could undermine treatment strategies and pose public health challenges in Ghana.}, }
@article {pmid40544938, year = {2025}, author = {Thibodeau, AJ and Mouchet, F and Nguyen, VX and Pinelli, E and Barret, M}, title = {Experimental assessment of antibiotic resistance in a Biofilm - Grazer system.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {382}, number = {}, pages = {126682}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126682}, pmid = {40544938}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; Animals ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Xenopus laevis ; Larva ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; France ; Rivers/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, with environmental compartments such as soil, water, and biofilms playing key roles in the dissemination and persistence of resistance genes. In this study, we explored the dynamics of AMR within a controlled Biofilm-Grazer system using Xenopus laevis larvae and biofilms A and B collected from two distinct rivers in Occitanie, France (collected respectively upstream from the large city of Toulouse and downstream from a wastewater treatment plant). The objective of the study was to investigate bacterial interactions between gut microbiota and biofilms, as well as the modulation of ARG (Antibiotic Resistance Gene) abundance and diversity over a 12-day period. Results showed a decrease of resistome in Xenopus gut microbiota feeding on both biofilms compared to feeding on commercial feed. In addition, an increase of resistome of Biofilm B compared to Biofilm A was observed. Procruste analysis and Pearson's correlations revealed a link between bacterial communities changes and ARG abundances in biofilms. Rhodobacter genus could be an ARG host shared between compartments. Furthermore, bacterial immigration predominantly occurred from the gut to the biofilms, with both biofilms acting as reservoirs for ARGs. Notably, Biofilm B, collected from a more polluted river, demonstrated a higher relative abundance of aac3-IVa resistance genes in the gut microbiota of larvae, compared to Biofilm A and a higher immigration rate from biofilm to gut. These findings highlight the complexity of interactions between biofilm communities and the gut microbiota, which may influence AMR dissemination.}, }
@article {pmid40543864, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, P and Yan, X and Chen, L and Li, X and Yang, H and Miao, Y and Zhao, F}, title = {Electroactive biofilm enhances synergistic degradation of sulfamethoxazole and roxarsone in actual livestock wastewater: extracellular electron transfer drives metabolic network remodeling.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {284}, number = {}, pages = {122173}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122173}, pmid = {40543864}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Sulfamethoxazole/metabolism ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Animals ; *Roxarsone/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Livestock ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; }, abstract = {Livestock wastewater is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and diverse antibiotics. A major challenge in its anaerobic treatment is the effective degradation and thorough removal of coexisting antibiotic contaminants. In this study, an external voltage was applied to establish an electroactive biofilm, thereby enhancing the co-metabolic degradation of sulfamethoxazole and roxarsone. Application of +0.6 V (Ag/AgCl) increased the 72 h TOC removal efficiency to 52.1 %. At the same time, sulfamethoxazole and roxarsone removal efficiencies reached 90.8 % and 100 %, respectively. The results from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and density functional theory calculations revealed sulfamethoxazole degradation pathways: N-O bond cleavage and hydroxylation. Roxarsone degradation primarily involved nitro group reduction and C-As bond cleavage. The pharmacophore of sulfamethoxazole was effectively removed, and inorganic arsenic from roxarsone degradation was efficiently immobilized. Toxicity analysis confirmed that the electroactive biofilm notably reduced toxic intermediate accumulation. Elevated concentrations of NADH and ATP in the electroactive biofilm indicated enhanced microbial substrate metabolism and generation of more electron donors. The higher absolute abundance of the sulfamethoxazole degradation gene (SadABC) in the electroactive biofilm indicated that sulfamethoxazole degrading enzyme (sadABC) gained more electrons. Microbiome analysis revealed the upregulation of genes linked to extracellular electron transfer, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, nitro-reduction, and sulfate reduction pathway, confirming the electroactive biofilm enhances substrate metabolism and co-metabolic antibiotic degradation. Electroactive biofilm offers a viable strategy for antibiotic removal in livestock wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40543823, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, H and Jiang, H and Jin, L and Yin, J and Zeng, W and Wang, T and Cheng, Y and Wang, J and Bai, L and Liang, H}, title = {Self-corroding microelectrolysis enhanced membrane aeration electroactive biofilm for antibiotic and antibiotic resistance gene reduction.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {435}, number = {}, pages = {132855}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132855}, pmid = {40543823}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Microelectrodes ; *Membranes, Artificial ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Electrodes ; }, abstract = {A three-dimensional bioelectrochemical system was developed by coupling self-corrosive Fe/C microelectrodes with a membrane-aerated electroactive biofilm reactor (IC-MAEBR) to enhance antibiotic and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) reduction. The IC-MAEBR significantly enriched aromatic proteins as dominant fluorescent components in cathode biofilms, while exhibiting an elevated α-helix to (β-sheet + random coil) (62.8%), enhanced biofilm density. Besides, the coordinated action of applied potential and microelectrolysis reduced sul1 and sul2 abundances in cathode biofilms by -2.6 log2 and -1.6 log2, respectively, primarily through host microorganism inactivation. Although higher potential differences (0.75 V) narrowed SMX removal difference between membrane-aerated electroactive biofilm reactors (MAEBR) and IC-MAEBR, IC-MAEBR demonstrated superior performance at lower potentials (0.5 V), achieving rapid SMX degradation within 12 h and maintained accelerated removal kinetics even post-discharge cycles, outperforming MABR and MAEBR by 4.2 μg/L/h and 9.7 μg/L/h, respectively. This study provides new insights into microelectrolysis enhanced electroactive-biofilm in antibiotics and ARGs removal.}, }
@article {pmid40543395, year = {2025}, author = {Pu, Y and Feng, F and Hou, Y and Hou, S and Guo, Z and Zhu, C and Chen, S}, title = {Impact of yeast extract on bacterial metabolism and nickel microbiologically influenced corrosion: Insights into medium optimization and biofilm electron transfer mechanism.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {166}, number = {}, pages = {109027}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2025.109027}, pmid = {40543395}, issn = {1878-562X}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Nickel/chemistry/metabolism ; Corrosion ; Electron Transport/drug effects ; *Desulfovibrio vulgaris/metabolism/physiology/drug effects ; Bacterial Lysates ; }, abstract = {Yeast extract (YE) serves as a complex nutrient source and plays a pivotal role in the formation and development of microbial biofilms. This work elucidates the critical role of YE in modulating the metabolic activity of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, characteristics of passive films, and the associated microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) behavior of nickel (Ni). The presence of YE suppresses corrosion processes linked to extracellular electron transfer (EET) by reducing the necessity for D. vulgaris to directly extract electrons from Ni. In the absence of YE, a greater number of D. vulgaris cells adhere to the Ni surface, forming biofilms with an increased reliance on EET from Ni, thereby exacerbating localized corrosion. This is evidenced by increased weight loss, deeper pitting, and elevated localized corrosion current density, establishing a clear correlation between YE availability and the mitigation of EET-mediated MIC. Meanwhile, YE mitigates EET-driven corrosion by regulating the biofilm structure, facilitating the formation of a protective layer, and modifying the passive film on Ni. A key implication of this work is the reconsideration of YE as a universal nutrient in MIC research, emphasizing the need for caution when using YE in MIC studies that focus on EET-driven mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid40542899, year = {2025}, author = {Saci, S and Houali, K and Schena, R and Issad, HA and Mourabiti, F and Sebbane, H and Saoudi, B and De Martino, L and Nocera, FP}, title = {Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from Algerian poultry: associations between antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {232}, pmid = {40542899}, issn = {1573-7446}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Algeria/epidemiology ; *Poultry Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Chickens ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virulence/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Phenotype ; Genotype ; }, abstract = {Avian colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), represents a major threat to the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses. This study aimed to characterize selected biofilm-producing APEC strains isolated from diseased chickens in the Tizi-Ouzou region of Algeria and to explore potential associations between antimicrobial resistance and the presence of virulence factors. Twenty-four confirmed biofilm-producing E. coli isolates were analyzed for serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence gene profiles. While none belonged to the O157 serogroup, all isolates demonstrated concerning resistance profiles, with high rates observed for tetracycline (83.3%), ampicillin (75%), and ciprofloxacin (62.5%). Notably, 40% of the strains exhibited biofilm-forming capability, predominantly showing weak to moderate production levels.Virulence gene profiling revealed traT, bcsA, and csgA as nearly ubiquitous (95.8%), with fimH present in 83.3% of isolates. Intermediate prevalence was noted for iutA (62.5%), fliC (45.8%), and agn43 (33.3%), while fyuA (29.2%) and several other virulence markers (kpsMT II, papC, cnf1, ibeA) occurred at lower frequencies (< 10%). Statistical analysis identified significant correlations between virulence gene content and phenotypic characteristics, including a positive association between virulence gene number and biofilm intensity (p < 0.05). Moreover, the fimH gene showed a strong positive correlation with resistance to the antibiotic nalidixic acid. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (cefotaxime, cefepime, aztreonam) was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with papC and ibeA, but negatively correlated with csgA. These findings underscore the complex interplay between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Algerian biofilm-producing APEC strains, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance programs and tailored intervention strategies. This study provides critical baseline data for developing effective control measures against colibacillosis poultry production systems.}, }
@article {pmid40542494, year = {2025}, author = {Olivan-Muro, I and Guío, J and Alonso-Tolo, G and Sevilla, E and Fillat, MF}, title = {Towards the control of biofilm formation in Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC7120: novel insights into the genes involved and their regulation.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {247}, number = {4}, pages = {1805-1825}, pmid = {40542494}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {PID2019-104889GB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades (Espa&#xf1;a)/ ; E35_20R Biolog&#xed;a Estructural//Gobierno de Arag&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Anabaena/genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; *Nostoc/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Cyanobacteria are major components of biofilms in light-exposed environments, contributing to nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation and global biogeochemical processes. Although nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria have been successfully used in biofertilization, the regulatory mechanisms underlying biofilm formation remain poorly understood. In this work, we have identified 183 novel genes in Anabaena sp. PCC7120 potentially associated with exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis and biofilm formation, unveiling conserved and novel regulatory connections shared with phylogenetically distant bacteria. Anabaena possesses homologues of two-component systems such as XssRS and ColRS from Xanthomonas spp., and AnCrpAB from Methylobacillus, suggesting that these homologues play essential or advantageous roles in biofilm formation across diverse bacterial lineages. Additionally, Anabaena features homologues of several proteins exhibiting the GG-secretion motif typical of small proteins required for biofilm formation in unicellular cyanobacteria. A wide array of biofilm-related genes in Anabaena, including major gene clusters participating in the synthesis and translocation of EPS and key regulatory proteins involved in the control of biofilms in other bacteria are modulated by ferric uptake regulator proteins. These findings link the control of biofilm formation in Anabaena to environmental cues such as metal availability, desiccation and nitrogen levels, providing new insights to improve the use of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial biofilms in sustainable agriculture and environmental management.}, }
@article {pmid40541930, year = {2025}, author = {Ranava, D and Lander, SM and Kuan, SY and Winkelman, JD and Prindle, A and Yap, MF}, title = {A promiscuous Bcd amino acid dehydrogenase promotes biofilm development in Bacillus subtilis.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {112}, pmid = {40541930}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {R35GM147170/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; NSF 2239567//National Science Foundation/ ; R01GM121359/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; F31GM143907/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM147170/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; W911NF-19-1-0136//Army Research Office/ ; R01 GM121359/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 2018-68055//David and Lucile Packard Foundation/ ; F31 GM143907/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI150986/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 2019-A-06953//Pew Charitable Trusts/ ; }, mesh = {*Bacillus subtilis/enzymology/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/enzymology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/metabolism/genetics ; Glutamate Dehydrogenase/metabolism/genetics ; NAD/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) resides at the crossroads of nitrogen and carbon metabolism, catalyzing the reversible conversion of L-glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonium. GDH paralogs are ubiquitous across most species, presumably enabling functional specialization and genetic compensation in response to diverse conditions. Staphylococcus aureus harbors a single housekeeping GDH (GudB), whereas Bacillus subtilis encodes both a major and a minor GDH, GudB and RocG, respectively. In an unsuccessful attempt to identify an alternative GDH in S. aureus, we serendipitously discovered previously unrecognized GDH activity in two metabolic enzymes of B. subtilis. The hexameric Val/Leu/Ile dehydrogenase Bcd (formerly YqiT) catabolizes branched-chain amino acids and to a lesser extent glutamate using NAD[+] as a cofactor. Removal of gudB and rocG unmasks the dual NAD(P)[+]-dependent GDH activity of RocA, which otherwise functions as a 3-hydroxy-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Bcd homologs are prevalent in free-living and obligate bacteria but are absent in most, if not all, staphylococci. Despite low sequence homology, Bcd structurally resembles the GudB/RocG family and can functionally compensate for the loss of GudB in S. aureus. Bcd is essential for the full maturation of biofilms. B. subtilis lacking GDHs exhibits severe impairments in rugose architecture and colony expansion of biofilms. This study underscores the importance of metabolic redundancy and highlights the critical role of substrate promiscuity in GDHs during biofilm development.}, }
@article {pmid40541129, year = {2025}, author = {Yawen, Z and Tiantian, S and Yangyang, S and Yiling, L and Siyue, L and Yu, W and Xiao, G and Bolei, L and Biao, R and Lei, C}, title = {Dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate inhibits the growth of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and the formation of osteoclast.}, journal = {Archives of oral biology}, volume = {177}, number = {}, pages = {106331}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2025.106331}, pmid = {40541129}, issn = {1879-1506}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Methacrylates/pharmacology ; *Osteoclasts/drug effects ; *Root Canal Filling Materials/pharmacology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Biomass ; Flow Cytometry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial ability on the dual-species biofilm formed by C. albicans and E. faecalis and osteoclysis inhibition of DMAEM.<br><br>DESIGN: DMAEM monomer was used to evaluate the antmicrobial ability on the dual-species biofilm of C. albicans and E. faecalis by biomass quantification, Scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy scanning, and RT-qPCR. The biosafty and inhibition ability on the dual-species biofilm and osteoclysis of the experimental root canal sealers containing DMAEM was tested by biomass quantification, Cell Counting kit-8, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, flow cytometry analysis, and RT-qPCR.<br><br>RESULTS: The biomass of the dual-species biofilm formed by C. albicans and E. faecalis was significantly decreased by 26.3-51.3&#x202f;% under 8-256&#x202f;&#x3bc;g/mL DMAEM. 8&#x202f;&#x3bc;g/mL DMAEM could reduce E. faecalis's survival rate to 77.4&#x202f;% (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001) and down-regulated its virulence gene expression. Meanwhile, the mycelium count proportion of C. albicans in the dual-species biofilm was reduced from 50&#x202f;% to 0&#x202f;% (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.0001). The experimental sealers with DMAEM content could also decrease the survival rate of C.albicans and E.faecalis in the dual-species biofilm. Moreover, the elution of experimental root canal sealers containing &#x2264;&#x202f;2.5&#x202f;% DMAEM was biosafe and improved 81.0&#x202f;% (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05) osteoclastic inhibition compared with it of unmodified sealers at least.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The antimicrobial ability on the dual-species biofilm formed by C. albicans and E. faecalis and osteoclastic inhibition of DMAEM suggested its potential clinical application of DMAEM in the treatment of periapical inflammation.}, }
@article {pmid40540859, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, S and Li, Y and Jiang, L and Cao, M and Xing, Z and Dong, D and Fang, L}, title = {Insights on the characteristics of plastic surface degradation and biofilm microorganisms: Exploring the impacts of three aerobic composting (AC) as well as UV irradiation and cycles of freeze-thaw (CFTs).}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {495}, number = {}, pages = {138960}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138960}, pmid = {40540859}, issn = {1873-3336}, mesh = {*Composting ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Plastics/chemistry/radiation effects/metabolism ; *Biofilms ; Freezing ; Aerobiosis ; Surface Properties ; Soil Microbiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Soil/chemistry ; Fertilizers ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Fungi/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Organic fertilizers applied to soil often contain significant amounts of plastics, which typically undergo a process of aerobic composting (AC) that induces specific physical and chemical changes on their surfaces. In this study, we simulated the environmental actions of AC source plastic film under typical soil environmental exposure, exploring how AC affects the response of plastics to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and cycles of freeze-thaw (CFTs). The results showed that varying composting conditions significantly impacted the fungal and bacterial community structures on the plastic surface; and plastic degradation under AC present various surface properties, including embrittlement, wear, corrosion, and reduced transparency, with specific yellowing and breakage, and strong microbial adhesion. UV exposure exacerbated the degradation of plastics sourced from AC. Plastics subjected to both AC and UV displayed significant changes after experiencing intense stress from CFTs. The structures of polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) were severely disrupted, resulting in the formation of powder or debris. Moreover, PLA and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) showed slightly reduced yellowing and unsaturation, while releasing total dissolved solids (TDS), micro/nanoplastics and additives. This study highlights the distinct characteristics of plastic pollution originating from AC processes associated with organic fertilizer land-use.}, }
@article {pmid40539790, year = {2025}, author = {Adams, CO and Campbell, JA and Zhang, B and Cleaver, L and Bier, SB and Mayoral, J and White, RC and Garnett, JA and Cianciotto, NP}, title = {Legionella pneumophila type II secretome reveals a polysaccharide deacetylase that impacts intracellular infection, biofilm formation, and resistance to polymyxin- and serum-mediated killing.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {e0139325}, pmid = {40539790}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {MR/R017662/1, MR/W000814/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; F31 AI172194/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; CC1078/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; T32 AI007476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI007476, AI172194//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; AI043987, AI175460//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R21 AI175460/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI043987/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Legionella pneumophila/drug effects/enzymology/genetics/physiology ; *Polymyxins/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Amidohydrolases/metabolism/genetics ; *Type II Secretion Systems/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Blood Bactericidal Activity ; }, abstract = {Prior analyses suggested that the type II secretion system (T2SS) of Legionella pneumophila secretes ≥47 proteins beyond its 26 known substrates. Upon examination of mutants of wild-type strain 130b that lack those exoproteins most conserved across the Legionella genus, we discovered that protein "06635" majorly promotes L. pneumophila replication within amoebae. Immunoblotting, proteomics, and whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed that 06635 exists in culture supernatants and on the bacterial outer surface and does so in a T2SS-dependent manner. Bioinformatic analyses identified 06635 as a novel member of the carbohydrate esterase family 4, whose members deacetylate bacterial surface polysaccharides, peptidoglycan, chitins, and/or xylans. Given 06635's T2SS-dependent secretion, low-level amino acid similarity to known peptidoglycan deacetylases, and the unaltered lysozyme resistance of a 06635 mutant, we pursued the hypothesis that 06635 deacetylates a polysaccharide on L. pneumophila's surface. Supporting this, the 06635 mutant exhibited increased binding to both wheat germ agglutinin (i.e., more surface N-acetylglucosamine) and antibodies that recognize acetylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of isolated mutant vs wild-type LPS confirmed that 06635 promotes LPS deacetylation. Thus, we designated 06635 as PdaA, for polysaccharide deacetylase A. Compatible with its altered surface, the pdaA mutant showed greater autoaggregation, increased biofilm formation, and heightened sensitivity to both polymyxin and human serum. Thus, we hypothesize that, following its secretion via the T2SS, PdaA deacetylates LPS, and perhaps other moieties, impacting many significant processes. While defining PdaA, we identified many more putative substrates of the L. pneumophila T2SS, bringing the size of the T2SS output to approximately 120.IMPORTANCELegionella pneumophila is the principal cause of Legionnaires' disease, an increasingly common form of pneumonia. Although prior work demonstrated that the bacterium utilizes its type II protein secretion system (T2SS) to survive in aquatic environments and to cause lung infection, the full scope and impact of this Legionella secretion system is still relatively underappreciated. By utilizing an expanded proteomic approach and testing newly made mutants in a wide range of assays, we have determined that the L. pneumophila type II secretome encompasses approximately 120 proteins, and among these proteins is a novel polysaccharide deacetylase (PdaA) that modulates the L. pneumophila surface and lipopolysaccharide, impacting intracellular infection, biofilm formation, and resistance to both antibiotics and human serum. Moreover, since T2SSs and homologs of PdaA were found in many other bacteria, our findings should also have implications for understanding other infectious diseases and environmental processes.}, }
@article {pmid40539031, year = {2025}, author = {Jordana-Lluch, E and Escobar-Salom, M and Torrens, G and Barceló, IM and Estévez, M&#xc1; and González-Alsina, A and Iglesias, A and Pont-Antona, PJ and Macià, MD and Albertí, S and Williams, P and Cosío, BG and Juan, C and Oliver, A}, title = {Corticosteroids modulate biofilm formation and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, journal = {Biofilm}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100289}, pmid = {40539031}, issn = {2590-2075}, abstract = {Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs commonly administered to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and similar lung pathologies, in which persistent infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequent. However, their therapeutic value is debatable because of their adverse impact on host immunity. The aim of this work was to determine the impact of budesonide and fluticasone propionate on P. aeruginosa biology. We found that these corticosteroids attenuated its intrinsic pro-inflammatory properties (reduction of IL-8 release compared to controls ca. 15 % (budesonide) and 50 % (fluticasone propionate)) and cellular invasiveness (25 % and 40 % respectively). Corticosteroids enhanced P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in a time/dose-dependent manner (around 1.6-fold for the highest concentration, with this increase occurring more readily in sputum media)) and stimulated the release of extracellular DNA (2-fold increase), a key component of the biofilm matrix. Regarding the mechanisms involved, our results suggest that corticosteroids diffuse through P. aeruginosa's membrane influencing its fluidity and triggering cell envelope stress signalling pathways, as shown by an initial increase in mucA (σ[22] regulon) expression, outer membrane vesicle release and accumulation of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Changes in the levels of this intracellular signalling molecule, responsible for the switch from planktonic to biofilm lifestyle, may explain some of the phenotypes observed. In conclusion, our data, first obtained with type strains and proved to be reproducible when using COPD clinical isolates, suggest that corticosteroids could mediate a faster acquisition of the phenotypic characteristics associated with P. aeruginosa long-term adaptation to the chronic lung niche without undergoing mutation.}, }
@article {pmid40538224, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, S and Xin, Q and Ma, Z and Gao, W and Cheng, J and Liu, Y and Huang, Y and Zhang, H and Yang, Y and Lin, X and Zheng, L and Xu, X and Ding, C and Li, J}, title = {Self-Assembled Photothermal Particles Boost Synergistic Biofilm Eradication and Remineralization in Early Dental Caries Treatment.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {21}, number = {33}, pages = {e2503224}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202503224}, pmid = {40538224}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {2022YFC2405905//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 52373295//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U22A20158//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52473311//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; RD-03-202409//Interdisciplinary Innovation Project of West China Hospital of Stomatology/ ; sklpme 2023-2-02//State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering/ ; 2024NSFSC0241//Sichuan Science and Technology Program/ ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Dental Caries/therapy/microbiology ; *Tooth Remineralization/methods ; Humans ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Dental caries, driven by dietary habits and microbial biofilms, remains a significant global health issue. In situ biomimetic remineralization is considered a promising method, but its low efficiency is a key challenge. Additionally, the interference of cariogenic bacteria further exacerbates the problem. In this study, self-assembled photothermal particles (PAEB) with light-boosted synergistic biofilm eradication and remineralization properties for caries treatment are reported. Composed by polyaspartic acid-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (Pasp-ACP) and ε-poly-L-lysine/baicalein (EPL-BC), PAEB enable efficient light-to-heat conversion under near-infrared light exposure due to polymerization and stacking of baicalein. The localized hyperthermia, accompanied with EPL-BC disrupts bacterial membranes and eradicates biofilm by more than 99%, which is seven times higher than the non-radiation group (12.86%) and ≈21 times higher than the fluoride group (4.35%). Meanwhile, the releasing of calcium and phosphate ions is accelerated for rapid remineralization, with highest hardness recovery (1.96 GPa) of all groups, comparable to untreated healthy enamel. Moreover, in vivo microbiome analysis confirms that PAEB selectively reduces the abundance of cariogenic Streptococcus spp. while maintaining overall microbial diversity and oral ecological balance, presenting a promising solution for non-invasive dental caries treatment. This photothermal-enhanced strategy gives a reference for the design of bioactive therapeutic dental materials.}, }
@article {pmid40538014, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, X and He, G and Liu, B and Liu, J and Wang, Y and Han, Y and Jia, R}, title = {The Influence of SDM on the Performance of the EGSB-Two-Stage A/O Biofilm Process for Pig Wastewater Treatment and Mechanism Investigation.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, pages = {e70127}, doi = {10.1002/wer.70127}, pmid = {40538014}, issn = {1554-7531}, support = {2023TZXD019//Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province/ ; 2023TSGC0079//Shandong Province Science and Technology Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) Innovation Capacity Enhancement Project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Swine ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Wastewater ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Sewage/microbiology ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {To address the treatment of pig wastewater containing high levels of organic matter, this study investigated the impact of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) on the performance and underlying mechanisms of an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) combined with a two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O) biofilm process. The reactor demonstrated robust organic loading tolerance (up to 12,195 mg/L COD) while maintaining stable treatment performance, achieving > 95% COD removal efficiency and 70%-80% ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) elimination. Systematic analysis of sludge microstructure and microbial consortia was conducted through integrated techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing. The introduction of SDM induced significant restructuring of microbial architecture and population dynamics, with Proteobacteria (21.73%-89.74%), Firmicutes (5.54%-33.53%), Chloroflexi (1.22%-23.07%), Bacteroidetes (2.48%-12.23%), and Synergistetes (15.64%-26.86%) emerging as dominant phyla. Notably, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes demonstrated superior resistance under the reaction process. Concurrently, microbial analysis revealed a significant enrichment of nitrogen-phosphorus-removing genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas during the reaction process, establishing that these bacterial taxa play a central role in the biodegradation of organic pollutants. Therefore, the microorganisms exhibited adaptability to high-load antibiotic-containing environments, substantiating the hybrid reactor's potential for livestock and poultry breeding wastewater treatment. SUMMARY: The presence of antibiotics reduces the removal of conventional pollutants by the combined process. Antibiotics cause changes in microbial population structure. EGSB-two-stage A/O combination process can effectively treat high organic load wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40537365, year = {2025}, author = {Li, CH and Chao, WH and Wu, PC and Fan, CH}, title = {Remote biofilm dislodgment using focused acoustic vortex.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {107423}, pmid = {40537365}, issn = {1873-2828}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; *Acoustics ; *Ultrasonic Waves ; *Sonication ; }, abstract = {Biofilms constitute a major challenge in treating implant-associated and chronic infections due to their structural resilience and drug resistance, particularly as implant demand rises due to aging populations. Conventional methods are often invasive, complex, and costly, while focused ultrasound (FUS) poses risks related to biocompatibility and tissue damage. Distinguished by its helical phase structure and rotational energy distribution, focused acoustic vortex (FAV) theoretically generates stronger rotational forces and acoustic streaming than FUS under identical acoustic conditions. This study investigates the feasibility of FAV technique for biofilm removal. Biofilms in vitro model were established using Escherichia coli, and a 2-MHz custom-built ultrasound transducer was employed to generate either FAV or FUS. Results indicated that FAV activation generated a centripetal vortical flow with rapid rotation, which was adjustable via acoustic pressure and duty cycle. Conversely, FUS generated solely outward acoustic streaming, exhibiting a flow velocity 43.6 % lower than that of FAV. At 1.75 MPa, implementing a 10 % duty cycle and a 180 s treatment, FAV removed 97 % of the biofilm, whereas FUS removed only 7 %. To achieve a comparable removal rate (95.8 %), FUS required 4 MPa for 10 minutes. Streaming velocity (R[2] = 0.99) exhibited a strong correlation with biofilm removal, while inertial cavitation (R[2] = 0.19) exhibited a weak correlation; thus, the former was identified as the primary contributing mechanism. Importantly, FAV treatment resulted in minimal thermal elevation (<5 °C) and no significant reduction in cell viability, demonstrating its biosafety under the applied acoustic parameters. Synergistic tests with antibiotics further suppressed biofilm regrowth for up to 72 h, reducing bacterial concentration by 91 %. Future work will focus on in vivo biofilm models and assessing the safety and efficacy of combined treatments to advance clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid40535507, year = {2025}, author = {Alshehri, T and Alkhalifah, I and Alotaibi, A and Alsulaiman, AF and Al Madani, A and Almutairi, B and Balhaddad, AA}, title = {The impact of Caralluma munbyana extracts on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.}, journal = {Frontiers in dental medicine}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1575161}, pmid = {40535507}, issn = {2673-4915}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Caralluma plants have a wide range of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to assess the antibacterial effect of water, methanol, and ethanol extracts of Caralluma munbyana against Streptococcus mutans biofilms.<br><br>METHODS: Three extracts of C. munbyana were prepared using water, methanol, and ethanol. Multiple concentrations ranging between 2.93 and 93.75&#x2005;mg/ml were achieved, alongside a control group with no extract, and incubated with an overnight culture of S. mutans. In the following day, the total absorbance was measured at 595&#x2005;nm. Then, the biofilms were fixed and stained with 0.5% crystal violet to measure the biofilm absorbance at 490&#x2005;nm. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were applied to identify which specific concentrations differed from the control.<br><br>RESULTS: C. munbyana methanol and ethanol extracts significantly affected the total absorbance of S. mutans (P&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.001) at 46.87 and 93.75&#x2005;mg/ml. For biofilm inhibition, C. munbyana water extract was effective (P&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.001) in reducing the biofilm growth at 23.44 (1.34&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.08), 46.87 (1.31&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.15), and 93.75 (1.04&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.07)&#x2005;mg/ml when compared to the control (1.58&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.11). More reduction was observed among methanol and ethanol extracts, as C. munbyana methanol extract significantly (P&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.001) inhibited the S. mutans biofilm growth at 23.44 (0.99&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.15), 46.87 (0.12&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.02), and 93.75 (0.09&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.01)&#x2005;mg/ml. Similarly, C. munbyana ethanol extract's biofilm inhibition was observed at the concentrations of 23.44 (0.45&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.12), 46.87 (0.10&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.02), and 93.75 (0.09&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.04)&#x2005;mg/ml.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that C. munbyana possesses antibacterial properties against S. mutans biofilms, particularly through its methanol and ethanol extracts.}, }
@article {pmid40535265, year = {2025}, author = {Abdelrazek, HM and Ghozlan, HA and Sabry, SA and Abouelkheir, SS}, title = {Retraction notice to "Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) as a key player in the production of oil-based paint against biofilm and other activities" [Heliyon 10 (2024) e29758].}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e43267}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e43267}, pmid = {40535265}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29758.].}, }
@article {pmid40533735, year = {2025}, author = {Dias-Souza, MV and Haq, IU and Pagnin, S and Veiga, AA and Dos Santos, VL}, title = {Liposome-encapsulated antibiotics and biosurfactants: an effective strategy to boost biofilm eradication in cooling towers.}, journal = {Microbial cell factories}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {135}, pmid = {40533735}, issn = {1475-2859}, mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Liposomes/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Glycolipids/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Meropenem/pharmacology ; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/drug effects ; Biosurfactants ; }, abstract = {An excessive amount of water is needed for cooling towers in oil refineries to cool the machinery. However, water has been observed to favor microbial growth and biofilms significantly. The microbial biofilms are usually treated with synthetic biocides, which are ineffective and generate toxic by-products harmful to the environment. This study explores using rhamnolipid and free or encapsulated antimicrobials in liposomes to control several bacterial species exhibiting low antimicrobial susceptibility in planktonic and biofilm forms. The antimicrobial efficacy of rhamnolipid was evaluated through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, showing values between 0.244 and 31.25 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition assays revealed that rhamnolipid significantly reduced biofilm viability, performing comparably to meropenem and more effectively than chloramphenicol. Liposomes were produced with initial diameters of 100 and 200 nm, and encapsulation efficiencies were 56.7% for rhamnolipid, 47.3% for meropenem, and 31.25% for chloramphenicol. Among the formulations, 100 nm rhamnolipid-loaded liposomes exhibited the highest antibiofilm efficacy, achieving up to 92% biofilm reduction in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 94 (p < 0.01). Meropenem liposomes of 100 nm also performed better than their 200 nm counterparts, with up to 85% reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms (p < 0.05). No significant size-dependent differences were observed for chloramphenicol liposomes, with maximum inhibition around 60% at both sizes. Long-term stability and antibiofilm activity were evaluated exclusively for S. maltophilia 94 over 90 days of refrigerated storage (4 °C). Dynamic light scattering revealed significant vesicle size increases over time for both formulations (p < 0.05), yet their antibiofilm activity remained stable. Rhamnolipid liposomes (100 nm) maintained significantly higher efficacy than 200 nm vesicles throughout the period (p < 0.01). Meropenem liposomes retained considerable activity, though a moderate decrease was noted after 60 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at days 0 and 90 confirmed the antimicrobial impact of liposomal treatments: biofilms showed disrupted architecture, reduced extracellular matrix, and evident morphological damage to bacterial cells, supporting quantitative results. These findings demonstrate that liposome-encapsulated rhamnolipids and antibiotics are effective against resilient biofilms. The successful formulation and long-term stability of rhamnolipid liposomes highlight their potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for industrial biofilm control, reducing reliance on conventional biocides and minimizing environmental impact.}, }
@article {pmid40533450, year = {2025}, author = {Romero, M and Luckett, J and Dubern, JF and Figueredo, GP and Ison, E and Carabelli, AM and Scurr, DJ and Hook, AL and Kammerling, L and da Silva, AC and Xue, X and Blackburn, C and Carlier, A and Vasilevich, A and Sudarsanam, PK and Vermeulen, S and Winkler, DA and Ghaemmaghami, AM and Boer, J and Alexander, MR and Williams, P}, title = {Combinatorial discovery of microtopographical landscapes that resist biofilm formation through quorum sensing mediated autolubrication.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {5295}, pmid = {40533450}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {EP/P029868/1//RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)/ ; BB/R012415/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; EP/X001156/1//RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)/ ; 103884/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; EP/N006615/1//RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)/ ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015;676338//EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)/ ; EP/K005138/1//RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)/ ; 103882/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Quorum Sensing/physiology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/genetics/drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Biofouling/prevention &amp; control ; Glycolipids/metabolism ; 4-Butyrolactone/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology/metabolism ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Surface Properties ; Female ; Polymers/chemistry ; Ligases ; Transcription Factors ; }, abstract = {Bio-instructive materials that intrinsically inhibit biofilm formation have significant anti-biofouling potential in industrial and healthcare settings. Since bacterial surface attachment is sensitive to surface topography, we experimentally surveyed 2176 combinatorially generated shapes embossed into polymers using an unbiased screen. This identified microtopographies that, in vitro, reduce colonization by pathogens associated with medical device-related infections by up to 15-fold compared to a flat polymer surface. Machine learning provided design rules, based on generalisable descriptors, for predicting biofilm-resistant microtopographies. On tracking single bacterial cells we observed that the motile behaviour of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is markedly different on anti-attachment microtopographies compared with pro-attachment or flat surfaces. Inactivation of Rhl-dependent quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa through deletion of rhlI or rhlR restored biofilm formation on the anti-attachment topographies due to the loss of rhamnolipid biosurfactant production. Exogenous provision of N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone to the rhlI mutant inhibited biofilm formation, as did genetic complementation of the rhlI, rhlR or rhlA mutants. These data are consistent with confinement-induced anti-adhesive rhamnolipid biosurfactant 'autolubrication'. In a murine foreign body infection model, anti-attachment topographies are refractory to P. aeruginosa colonization. Our findings highlight the potential of simple topographical patterning of implanted medical devices for preventing biofilm associated infections.}, }
@article {pmid40533040, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, IH and Shin, JH and Jeong, SB and Hwang, GB and Park, CW and Jung, JH}, title = {Compact and cost-effective autofluorescence sensor for real-time environmental biofilm monitoring.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {283}, number = {}, pages = {122171}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122171}, pmid = {40533040}, issn = {1096-0953}, mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis/physiology ; *Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/economics/methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {Biofilms, microbial communities embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), exhibit strong resistance to antimicrobial agents and physical cleaning, making their removal challenging. As persistent sources of contamination, biofilms pose significant challenges in industrial, medical, and environmental sectors. This study presents the development of compact, cost-effective sensor module for real-time biofilm monitoring under ambient light conditions. Using Staphylococcus epidermidis as a model biofilm, autofluorescence properties were analyzed, identifying 285 nm as the optimal excitation wavelength. Five sensor modules were evaluated for sensitivity, linearity, and cost efficiency, leading to the selection of the most suitable photodetector. A prototype was constructed by integrating a 285 nm LED, a photodetector, and a lock-in amplifier (LIA) to minimize environmental light interference. The compact sensor module (90 × 90 × 32 mm) demonstrated stable fluorescence detection under ambient light levels up to 200 lux. This study advances biofilm detection beyond laboratory-based methods, enabling real-time monitoring and management in industrial and everyday environments.}, }
@article {pmid40532644, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, Y and Chen, H and Deng, J and Yang, X and Shi, H and Li, Q}, title = {Flagellin deficiency drives multi-drug resistance in Salmonella through biofilm adaptation and efflux pump activation.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {307}, number = {}, pages = {110607}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110607}, pmid = {40532644}, issn = {1873-2542}, mesh = {*Flagellin/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Salmonella/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Gene Deletion ; Animals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Salmonella remains a leading foodborne pathogen of global public health concern. Of particular clinical relevance is the monophasic variant of S. Typhimuri