@article {pmid31227931, year = {2019}, author = {Wickham, P and Singh, L and Pandey, P and Lesmeister, S and Gilbert, P and Kwong, M and Caudill, J and O'Brien, J and Biswas, S and Teh, S}, title = {Development of extraction and detection method for fluridone in water and sediment by HPLC-UV.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {90}, doi = {10.1186/s13568-019-0807-4}, pmid = {31227931}, issn = {2191-0855}, abstract = {Fluridone is widely used as a herbicide for controlling invasive aquatic plants such as hydrilla in surface water bodies. When applied on surface waters fluridone can attach to bed sediment, requiring rigorous extraction methods prior to analysis. Currently, very limited information exists in terms of fluridone residue detection in delta sediment. In this study, we researched fluridone detection in both water and sediment. To extract fluridone from sediment, here we have tested two extraction methods: (1) a rotavapor method (RM); and (2) a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method (QM). The extraction results of RM were compared with those of QM. To quantify fluridone concentrations in extracts, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detector was used. HPLC separation was achieved using an Allure C18 5 µm 150 × 4.6 mm column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40, v/v). The UV detector was operated at 237 nm. The method was tested and validated using a series of water and sediment samples taken from Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California. The average recovery of fluridone was 73% and 78% using RM and QM respectively. The proposed method can be used for testing fluridone in water and sediment samples.}, }
@article {pmid31227552, year = {2019}, author = {He, J and Dai, Q and Qi, Y and Su, P and Huang, M and Ke, C and Feng, D}, title = {Bacterial nucleobases synergistically induce larval settlement and metamorphosis in the invasive mussel Mytilopsis sallei.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01039-19}, pmid = {31227552}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Marine bacterial biofilms have long been recognized as potential inducers of larval settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates, but few chemical cues from bacteria have been identified. Here, we show that larval settlement and metamorphosis of an invasive fouling mussel Mytilopsis sallei could be induced by biofilms of bacteria isolated from its adult shells and other substrates from the natural environment. One of the strains isolated, Vibrio owensii MS-9 showed strong inducing activity which was attributed to the release of a mixture of nucleobases, including uracil, thymine, xanthine, hypoxanthine and guanine into seawater. In particular the synergistic effect of hypoxanthine and guanine was sufficient for the inducing activity of V. owensii MS-9. The presence of two or three other nucleobases could enhance to some extent, the activity of the mixture of hypoxanthine and guanine. Furthermore, we determined that bacteria producing higher concentrations of nucleobases were more likely to induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of M. sallei The present study demonstrates that bacterial nucleobases play an important role in larval settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates. This provides new insights into our understanding of the role of environmental bacteria in the colonization and aggregation of invasive fouling organisms, and of the metabolites used as chemical mediators in cross-kingdom communication within aquatic systems.Importance Invasive species are an increasingly serious problem globally. In aquatic ecosystems, invasive dreissenid mussels are well-known ecological and economic pests because they appear to effortlessly invade new environments and foul submerged structures with high-density aggregations. To efficiently control the exotic mussel recruitment and colonization, the need to investigate the mechanisms of substrates selection for larval settlement and metamorphosis is apparent. Our work is one of very few to experimentally demonstrate that compounds produced by environmental bacteria play an important role in larval settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Additionally, this study demonstrates that bacterial nucleobases can be used as chemical mediators in cross-kingdom communication within aquatic systems, which will enhance our understanding of how microbes induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of dreissenid mussels, and furthermore, may allow the development of new methods for application in antifouling.}, }
@article {pmid31222417, year = {2019}, author = {Herlihy, AT and Sifneos, JC and Lomnicky, GA and Nahlik, AM and Kentula, ME and Magee, TK and Weber, MH and Trebitz, AS}, title = {The response of wetland quality indicators to human disturbance indicators across the United States.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {296}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-019-7323-5}, pmid = {31222417}, issn = {1573-2959}, abstract = {We analyzed data from 1138 wetland sites across the conterminous United States (US) as part of the 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA) to investigate the response of indicators of wetland quality to indicators of human disturbance at regional and continental scales. The strength and nature of these relationships in wetlands have rarely been examined over large regions, due to the paucity of large-scale datasets. Wetland response indicators were a multimetric index of vegetation condition (VMMI), percent relative cover of alien plant species, soil lead and phosphorus, and water column total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Site-level disturbance indices were generated from field observations of disturbance types within a circular 140-m radius area around the sample point. Summary indices were calculated representing disturbances for ditching, damming, filling/erosion, hardening, vegetation replacement, and vegetation removal. Landscape-level disturbance associated with agricultural and urban land cover, roads, and human population were based on GIS data layers quantified in 200, 500, and 1000-m circular buffers around each sample point. Among these three buffer sizes, the landscape disturbance indicators were highly correlated and had similar relationships with the response indictors. Consequently, only the 1000-m buffer data were used for subsequent analyses. Disturbance-response models built using only landscape- or only site-level disturbance variables generally explained a small portion of the variance in the response variables (R2 < 0.2), whereas models using both types of disturbance data were better at predicting wetland responses. The VMMI was the response variable with the strongest relationship to the disturbances assessed in the NWCA (national model R2 = 0.251). National multiple regression models for the soil and water chemistry and percent alien cover responses to disturbance indices were not significant. The generally low percentage of significant models and the wide variation in predictor variables suggests that stressor-response relationships vary considerably across the diversity of wetland types and landscape settings found across the conterminous US. Logistic regression modeling was more informative, resulting in significant national and regional models predicting site presence/absence of alien species and/or the concentration of lead in wetland soils above background.}, }
@article {pmid30999100, year = {2019}, author = {Cano-Rocabayera, O and de Sostoa, A and Coll, L and Maceda-Veiga, A}, title = {Managing small, highly prolific invasive aquatic species: Exploring an ecosystem approach for the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {594-604}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.460}, pmid = {30999100}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Cyprinodontiformes ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Introduced Species/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Invasive exotic species threaten native biodiversity worldwide and their management is on the agenda of an increasing number of countries. We explored the potential of an ecosystem approach for the natural control of Gambusia holbrooki, which is among the most pernicious and widely distributed fish invaders. Individual-based linear mixed models were used to identify the ecosystem factors (conspecific density, environment and piscivorous birds) that most influenced life-history variation in male and female G. holbrooki (N = 654). All traits (body condition, growth, length, gonad weight, offspring size and number, real and potential fertility) were associated with at least one ecosystem factor from the 18 water bodies surveyed in north-eastern Spain. Models for female reproductive traits had the highest fit (R2 = 0.89) and those for body condition in both sexes the lowest (0.12). The life history of G. holbrooki was mostly affected by its density; increasing offspring number at the expense of offspring size at the sites with the highest fish density. Weaker effects on G. holbrooki life history were observed for the abundance of piscivorous birds and water-quality conditions, including turbidity and nutrient concentrations. Although effects were not consistent between traits, outputs supported that G. holbrooki has a wide tolerance to changes in water quality. Therefore, actions based solely on environmental changes within the range tested probably will fail in reducing the proliferation of G. holbrooki, especially if its body condition improved at the most naturalised sites. Overall, this study suggests that the management of G. holbrooki using ecologically sound treatments is likely to be very difficult in stagnant waters. Preventing new introductions and direct removal once established are the most appropriate actions for the management of this small, highly prolific fish invader.}, }
@article {pmid30995584, year = {2019}, author = {Sun, H and Jiang, J and Cui, L and Feng, W and Wang, Y and Zhang, J}, title = {Soil organic carbon stabilization mechanisms in a subtropical mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {502-510}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.122}, pmid = {30995584}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Carbon ; *Carbon Cycle ; Climate Change ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Introduced Species ; Microbiota ; Soil/chemistry ; *Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems are one of the most productive ecosystems in terrestrial ecosystems, playing an important role in global carbon (C) cycling. The anaerobic condition in coastal wetland usually impedes the decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the intrinsic stabilization mechanisms of SOC other than environmental factors are poorly understood in coastal wetland. In this paper, we investigated the relative contribution of mineral association and chemical compounds in maintaining the stabilization of SOC in the mangrove/salt marsh ecotone, and how the microbial community is involved in the stabilization. From NMR spectroscopy, we found that the SOC molecular structure of Spartina. alterniflora soils is simpler than that in mangrove forest, indicating an increased SOC decomposition with invasion of S. alterniflora. On the contrary, the molecular structure of SOC in mangrove forest was dominated by recalcitrant aromatic C. Meanwhile, the larger fractions of silt/clay content in S. alterniflora and the transitional community were corresponding to higher percentage of mineral organic carbon (MOC), which suggest that the SOC in S. alterniflora vegetated soil was mainly protected by the mineral association. The transitional community contained highest MOC content probably due to both physical protection of mineral association and recalcitrant C input from adjacent mangroves. We also found that the fraction of SOC and its chemical structure of functional groups were associated with microbial communities. This study revealed the occurrence of different SOC stabilization mechanisms between mangroves and salt marshes. The knowledge gained may help to make predictions about future SOC dynamics as the different stabilization processes may response to climate change or human activities differently.}, }
@article {pmid28623270, year = {2017}, author = {Rondoni, G and Ielo, F and Ricci, C and Conti, E}, title = {Behavioural and physiological responses to prey-related cues reflect higher competitiveness of invasive vs. native ladybirds.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {3716}, pmid = {28623270}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cues ; Female ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; *Predatory Behavior ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Understanding the traits that might be linked with biological invasions represents a great challenge for preventing non-target effects on local biodiversity. In predatory insects, the ability to exploit habitats for oviposition and the physiological response to prey availability differs between species. Those species that respond more readily to environmental changes may confer to their offspring a competitive advantage over other species. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the invasive Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) makes better use of information from a plant-prey (Vicia faba - Aphis fabae) system compared to the native Oenopia conglobata. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays revealed that both species used olfactory cues from the system, but H. axyridis exhibited a more complete response. This species was also attracted by plants previously infested by aphids, indicating the capacity to exploit volatile synomones induced in plants by aphid attack. Oocyte resorption was investigated when different olfactory stimuli were provided under prey shortage and the readiness of new oogenesis was measured when prey was available again. H. axyridis exhibited higher plasticity in oogenesis related to the presence/absence of plant-aphid volatiles. Our results support the hypothesis that H. axyridis is more reactive than O. conglobata to olfactory cues from the plant-prey system.}, }
@article {pmid31220393, year = {2019}, author = {Falaschi, M and Manenti, R and Thuiller, W and Ficetola, GF}, title = {Continental-scale determinants of population trends in European amphibians and reptiles.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14739}, pmid = {31220393}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {The continuous decline of biodiversity is determined by the complex and joint effects of multiple environmental drivers. Still, a large part of past global change studies reporting and explaining biodiversity trends have focused on a single driver. Therefore, we are often unable to attribute biodiversity changes to different drivers, since a multi-variable design is required to disentangle joint effects and interactions. In this work, we used a meta-regression within a Bayesian framework to analyze 843 time-series of population abundance from seventeen European amphibian and reptile species over the last 45 years. We investigated the relative effects of climate change, alien species, habitat availability, and habitat change in driving trends of population abundance over time, and evaluated how the importance of these factors differs across species. A large number of populations (54%) declined, but differences between species were strong, with some species showing positive trends. Populations declined more often in areas with a high number of alien species, and in areas where climate change has caused loss of suitability. Habitat features showed small variation over the last 25 years, with an average loss of suitable habitat of 0.1% / year per population. Still, a strong interaction between habitat availability and the richness of alien species indicated that the negative impact of alien species was particularly strong for populations living in landscapes with less suitable habitat. Furthermore, when excluding the two commonest species, habitat loss was the main correlate of negative population trends for the remaining species. By analyzing trends for multiple species across a broad spatial scale, we identify alien species, climate change, and habitat changes as the major drivers of European amphibian and reptile decline. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31220167, year = {2019}, author = {Krabbe, BA and Arnan, X and Lannes, P and Bergstedt, CE and Larsen, RS and Pedersen, JS and Shik, JZ}, title = {Using nutritional geometry to define the fundamental macronutrient niche of the widespread invasive ant Monomorium pharaonis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0218764}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0218764}, pmid = {31220167}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The emerging field of nutritional geometry (NG) provides powerful new approaches to test whether and how organisms prioritize specific nutritional blends when consuming chemically complex foods. NG approaches can thus help move beyond food-level estimates of diet breadth to predict invasive success, for instance by revealing narrow nutritional niches if broad diets are actually composed of nutritionally similar foods. We used two NG paradigms to provide different, but complementary insights into nutrient regulation strategies and test a hypothesis of extreme nutritional generalism in colony propagules of the globally distributed invasive ant Monomorium pharaonis. First, in two dimensions (protein:carbohydrates; P:C), M. pharaonis colonies consistently defended a slightly carbohydrate-biased intake target, while using a generalist equal-distance strategy of collectively overharvesting both protein and carbohydrates to reach this target when confined to imbalanced P:C diets. Second, a recently developed right-angled mixture triangle method enabled us to define the fundamental niche breadth in three dimensions (protein:carbohydrates:lipid, P:C:L). We found that colonies navigated the P:C:L landscape, in part, to mediate a tradeoff between worker survival (maximized on high-carbohydrate diets) and brood production (maximized on high-protein diets). Colonies further appeared unable to avoid this tradeoff by consuming extra lipids when the other nutrients were limiting. Colonies also did not rely on nutrient regulation inside their nests, as they did not hoard or scatter fractions of harvested diets to adjust the nutritional blends they consumed. These complementary NG approaches highlight that even the most successful invasive species with broad fundamental macronutrient niches must navigate complex multidimensional nutritional landscapes to acquire limiting macronutrients and overcome developmental constraints as small propagules.}, }
@article {pmid31219681, year = {2019}, author = {Ryo, M and Jeschke, JM and Rillig, MC and Heger, T}, title = {Machine learning with the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach discovers novel pattern in studies on biological invasions.}, journal = {Research synthesis methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jrsm.1363}, pmid = {31219681}, issn = {1759-2887}, abstract = {Research synthesis on simple yet general hypotheses and ideas is challenging in scientific disciplines studying highly context-dependent systems such as medical, social, and biological sciences. This study shows that machine learning, equation-free statistical modeling of artificial intelligence, is a promising synthesis tool for discovering novel patterns and the source of controversy in a general hypothesis. We apply a decision tree algorithm, assuming that evidence from various contexts can be adequately integrated in a hierarchically nested structure. As a case study, we analyzed 163 articles that studied a prominent hypothesis in invasion biology, the enemy release hypothesis. We explored if any of nine attributes that classify each study can differentiate conclusions, as classification problem. Results corroborated that machine learning can be useful for research synthesis, as the algorithm could detect patterns that had been already focused in previous narrative reviews. Compared with the previous synthesis study that assessed the same evidence collection based on experts' judgement, the algorithm has newly proposed that the studies focusing on Asian regions mostly supported the hypothesis, suggesting that more detailed investigations in these regions can enhance our understanding of the hypothesis. We suggest that machine learning algorithms can be a promising synthesis tool especially where studies (i) reformulate a general hypothesis from different perspectives, (ii) use different methods or variables, or (iii) report insufficient information for conducting meta-analyses.}, }
@article {pmid31218361, year = {2019}, author = {Tognetti, PM and Mazia, N and Ibáñez, G}, title = {Seed local adaptation and seedling plasticity account for Gleditsia triacanthos tree invasion across biomes.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz077}, pmid = {31218361}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phenotypic plasticity and local adaption can contribute to the success of invasive species. While the former is an environmentally induced trait, the latter involves a selection process to filter the best genotype for a location. We examined the evidence for phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation for seed and seedling traits of the invasive tree Gleditsia triacanthos, with three origins distributed along an approx. 10° latitude gradient across three biomes.<br><br>METHODS: In sub-tropical forests, dry woodlands and secondary temperate grasslands in Argentina, we harvested seeds from clusters of neighbouring trees (i.e. families) distributed within 15-20 km in each origin (biome). We manipulated the environmental conditions relevant to each biome, assuming that propagule availability did not represent an ecological barrier. In growth chambers, we evaluated seed imbibition and seed germination under different light, temperature and water potential. In a 2 year common garden, we evaluated the impact of resident vegetation removal on seedling survival and growth.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Mean time to complete seed imbibition differed among origins; seeds from temperate grasslands reached full imbibition before seeds from dry woodlands and sub-tropical forests. Germination was always >70 %, but was differentially affected by water potential, and light quantity (dark-light) and quality (red-far red) among origins, suggesting local adaptation. In the common garden, vegetation removal rather than origin negatively affected seedling survival and enhanced seedling growth. Vegetation removal increased basal diameter, leaves per plant and spine number, and reduced the height:basal diameter ratio.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that local adaptation in seed germination traits and plastic changes in seedling allometry (e.g. height:diameter) may allow this tree to respond over the short and long term to changes in environmental conditions, and to contribute to shape G. triacanthos as a successful woody invader. Overall, our study revealed how local adaptation and plasticity can explain different aspects of tree invasion capacity across biomes.}, }
@article {pmid31218119, year = {2019}, author = {Srėbalienė, G and Olenin, S and Minchin, D and Narščius, A}, title = {A comparison of impact and risk assessment methods based on the IMO Guidelines and EU invasive alien species risk assessment frameworks.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6965}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6965}, pmid = {31218119}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {A comparative analysis of two risk assessment (RA) frameworks developed to support the implementation of the international Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) and European Regulation on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) was performed. This analysis revealed both differences and similarities between the IMO Risk Assessment Guidelines (IMO, 2007) and EU Regulation supplement on RA of IAS (EU, 2018) in RA approaches, key principles, RA components and categories of IAS impacts recommended for assessment. The results of this analysis were used to produce a common procedure for the evaluation of the bioinvasion risk and impact assessment methods intended to support international, regional and/or national policy on IAS. The procedure includes a scoring scheme to assess compliance with the key principles, RA components and categories of bioinvasion impacts taken into account by the methods. In these methods the categories of impacts on human health and economy are underrepresented comparing with impacts on environment.}, }
@article {pmid31217580, year = {2019}, author = {Redding, DW and Pigot, AL and Dyer, EE and Şekercioğlu, ÇH and Kark, S and Blackburn, TM}, title = {Location-level processes drive the establishment of alien bird populations worldwide.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1292-2}, pmid = {31217580}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {Human-mediated translocation of species to areas beyond their natural distribution (which results in 'alien' populations1) is a key signature of the Anthropocene2, and is a primary global driver of biodiversity loss and environmental change3. Stemming the tide of invasions requires understanding why some species fail to establish alien populations, and others succeed. To achieve this, we need to integrate the effects of features of the introduction site, the species introduced and the specific introduction event. Determining which, if any, location-level factors affect the success of establishment has proven difficult, owing to the multiple spatial, temporal and phylogenetic axes along which environmental variation may influence population survival. Here we apply Bayesian hierarchical regression analysis to a global spatially and temporally explicit database of introduction events of alien birds4 to show that environmental conditions at the introduction location, notably climatic suitability and the presence of other groups of alien species, are the primary determinants of successful establishment. Species-level traits and the size of the founding population (propagule pressure) exert secondary, but important, effects on success. Thus, current trajectories of anthropogenic environmental change will most probably facilitate future incursions by alien species, but predicting future invasions will require the integration of multiple location-, species- and event-level characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid29675652, year = {2018}, author = {Lin, CJ and Wang, L and Wolkowicz, GSK}, title = {An Alternative Formulation for a Distributed Delayed Logistic Equation.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, pages = {1713-1735}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-018-0432-4}, pmid = {29675652}, issn = {1522-9602}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Logistic Models ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Population Dynamics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Population Growth ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {We study an alternative single species logistic distributed delay differential equation (DDE) with decay-consistent delay in growth. Population oscillation is rarely observed in nature, in contrast to the outcomes of the classical logistic DDE. In the alternative discrete delay model proposed by Arino et al. (J Theor Biol 241(1):109-119, 2006), oscillatory behavior is excluded. This study adapts their idea of the decay-consistent delay and generalizes their model. We establish a threshold for survival and extinction: In the former case, it is confirmed using Lyapunov functionals that the population approaches the delay modified carrying capacity; in the later case the extinction is proved by the fluctuation lemma. We further use adaptive dynamics to conclude that the evolutionary trend is to make the mean delay in growth as short as possible. This confirms Hutchinson's conjecture (Hutchinson in Ann N Y Acad Sci 50(4):221-246, 1948) and fits biological evidence.}, }
@article {pmid31213206, year = {2019}, author = {Kroth, N and Cozzer, GD and de Carvalho, G and Cassol, AS and Breaux, J and Lutinski, JA and Busato, MA and Roman Junior, WA and Dos Santos, JJ and Albeny-Simões, D}, title = {Oviposition preferences of the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae): an urban environment bioassay.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1017/S000748531900021X}, pmid = {31213206}, issn = {1475-2670}, abstract = {The establishment of an invasive species depends on reproductive success and dispersion capability in the new environment. One of the striking examples of invasion in urban environments is the mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae). The success of this species is primarily attributed to its ability to colonize urban environments, and some of the important adaptive strategies associated with this ability is the preference for humans as a blood source and intense occupation of residential (indoor) environments. This study evaluated the effects of location (indoor vs. outdoor) and water nutrient level (% organic matter) on the oviposition preference of A. aegypti in an urban environment. We used oviposition choice experiments to evaluate mosquito oviposition in containers holding 1:1 vs 1:0 ratios of water: organic matter placed indoors and outdoors. Eggs were sampled once per week for nine weeks. Our results revealed a strong oviposition preference for outdoor containers, with a significant preference for containers with higher concentrations of organic matter during the fifth to ninth weeks. However, mosquitoes occupying indoor environments did not prefer to lay eggs in containers with lower levels of organic matter. A better understanding of the preferences of A. aegypti regarding the nutrient level and location of oviposition containers can increase our understanding of the behavioral factors allowing mosquitoes to utilize anthropogenic environments.}, }
@article {pmid31212913, year = {2019}, author = {Kapantaidaki, DE and Evangelou, VI and Morrison, WR and Leskey, TC and Brodeur, J and Milonas, P}, title = {Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Genetic Diversity in North America and Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10060174}, pmid = {31212913}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {690952//H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions/ ; 2016-51181-25409//USDA NIFA SCRI CAP/ ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive species in North America and Europe that damages many different host plants. Substantial work has been conducted on the genetic diversity and invasion pathways of H. halys in some of the countries where it has been found, based on mitochondrial sequences. The main objective of the present study was to further explore the genetic diversity of invasive populations of H. halys exploiting both mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We used two molecular markers: the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene, an ideal standardized molecular marker for distinguishing closely related species, and the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1), because only a few sequences of H. halys exist to this point in global databases. We used specimens from eight populations from Greece, Italy, Canada, and the US. Among the 14 haplotypes retrieved based on the mtCOI gene, two of them (H162-H163) were detected for the first time. These two haplotypes were found in specimens from Canada, Italy, and the US. Concerning the ITS1 region, 24 haplotypes were identified, with 15 being unique for a sampled population. In Greece and the US, 14 and 12 haplotypes were found, respectively, with 7 and 6 of them being unique for Greece and the US, respectively. Our analysis of the nuclear genes of H. halys indicates high genetic diversity of the invading populations in North America and Europe.}, }
@article {pmid30696964, year = {2019}, author = {Marris, E}, title = {Drones unleashed against invasive rats in the Galapagos.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {565}, number = {7741}, pages = {543-544}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00176-z}, pmid = {30696964}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecuador ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; Morals ; Pest Control/ethics/*instrumentation/*methods ; Rats ; Rodenticides/*administration &amp; dosage ; }, }
@article {pmid31210722, year = {2019}, author = {Neumann, KM and Pinter-Wollman, N}, title = {Collective responses to heterospecifics emerge from individual differences in aggression.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {801-808}, doi = {10.1093/beheco/arz017}, pmid = {31210722}, issn = {1045-2249}, abstract = {Variation in individual behavior among group members impacts collective outcomes. The ability of both individuals and groups to outcompete others can determine access to resources. The invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, dominates resources and displaces native species. To determine how access to resources by groups of L. humile is impacted by their behavioral composition, we first determined that L. humile workers consistently vary in aggressive behavior. We then asked if variation in aggression within a group influences the group's ability to access a resource in the presence of cues of a native species, Tapinoma sessile. We found that the behavioral composition of L. humile groups impacted the groups' collective response to cues of T. sessile. Group behavior was the result of mostly additive, rather than synergistic, combinations of the behaviors of the group members. The behavior of groups that contained 50% highly aggressive and 50% low-aggression individuals was similar to the average of the behaviors of groups of all highly aggressive and groups of all low-aggression individuals. Uncovering the mechanisms that allow social invasive species to dominate the ecological communities they invade can inform the mitigation of invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31209600, year = {2019}, author = {Donnelly, A and Yu, R}, title = {Temperate deciduous shrub phenology: the overlooked forest layer.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-019-01743-9}, pmid = {31209600}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {101x368//University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Research Growth Initiative/ ; }, abstract = {Temperate deciduous shrub phenology plays a pivotal role in forest ecology by regulating the timing of suitable habitat and food of a range of organisms as well as influencing the timing and duration of the carbon uptake period especially in early spring and late autumn when trees are leafless. However, given the overwhelming influence of canopy trees on forest ecosystem functioning, shrubs are often ignored in ecosystem modeling. Isolating the shrub contribution to C flux or satellite-derived forest phenology is challenging. In addition, since shrubs are more likely to be invasive than trees, future changes to shrub species composition are likely, with consequent implications for both over- and understory species composition and ecosystem functioning. Surprisingly, given their multifaceted role, our review revealed that studies on temperate deciduous shrub phenology are limited with the majority focusing on managing invasive shrubs in USA forests. In addition, results of some studies using a large number of species from a range of geographical locations suggested that, in general, invasive shrubs leafed out earlier and retained leaves longer than native species. However, this may not be directly applicable to local conditions with a smaller range of locally adapted species. Therefore, in order to fully understand the role of shrub phenology in temperate deciduous forests, in terms of invasive species, response to climate change and subsequent influence on C balance it will be necessary to establish phenological monitoring sites in which both tree and shrub phenology are recorded concurrently across a range of geographical locations.}, }
@article {pmid31209552, year = {2019}, author = {McLeod, LJ and Hine, DW}, title = {Using Audience Segmentation to Understand Nonparticipation in Invasive Mammal Management in Australia.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01176-5}, pmid = {31209552}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Invasive mammals threaten agriculture, biodiversity, and community health. Yet many landholders fail to engage in control activities recommended by experts. We surveyed a representative sample of 731 Western Australian rural landholders. The survey assessed landholders' participation in a range of activities to control invasive mammals, as well as their capabilities, opportunities, and motivation for engaging in such activities. We found that over half of our respondents had not participated in any individual or group activities to control invasive mammals during the previous 12 months. Using latent profile analysis, we identified six homogeneous subgroups of nonparticipating landholders, each with their distinct psycho-graphic profiles: Unaware, Unskilled, and Unmotivated, Aware but Unskilled and Doubtful, Unskilled and Time Poor, Disinterested, Skilled but Dismissive, and Capable but Unmotivated. Our results indicate that engagement specialists should not treat nonparticipating landholders as a single homogeneous group. Nonparticipators differ considerably in terms of their capabilities, opportunities, and motivations, and require targeted engagement strategies informed by these differences.}, }
@article {pmid31209471, year = {2019}, author = {Martinez, KA and Fridley, JD and Oguchi, R and Aiba, M and Hikosaka, K}, title = {Functional shifts in leaves of woody invaders of deciduous forests between their home and away ranges.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpz065}, pmid = {31209471}, issn = {1758-4469}, abstract = {Temperate forests are widely invaded by shade-tolerant shrubs and trees, including those of Eastern North America (ENA). However, it remains unknown whether these invaders are 'pre-adapted' for success in their new ranges due to unique aspects of their evolutionary history, or whether selection due to enemy release or other post-introduction processes have driven rapid evolution in the invaded range. We sampled leaf traits of populations of woody understory invaders across light gradients in their native range in Japan and in their invaded ENA range to examine potential phenotypic shifts related to carbon gain and nitrogen use between ranges. We also measured leaf traits in three co-occurring ENA native shrub species. In their invaded range, invaders invested significantly less in leaf chlorophyll content (both per unit leaf mass and area) compared to native range populations of the same species, yet maintained similar rates of photosynthesis in low light. In addition, compared to ENA natives, ENA invaders displayed greater trait variation in response to increasing light availability (forest edges, gaps), giving them a potential advantage over ENA natives in a variety of light conditions. We conclude that, for this group of species, newly evolved phenotypes in the invaded range are more important than preadaptation for their success as shade-tolerant forest invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31207933, year = {2019}, author = {Jacobus, LM and Macadam, CR and Sartori, M}, title = {Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and Their Contributions to Ecosystem Services.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10060170}, pmid = {31207933}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {This work is intended as a general and concise overview of Ephemeroptera biology, diversity, and services provided to humans and other parts of our global array of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The Ephemeroptera, or mayflies, are a small but diverse order of amphinotic insects associated with liquid freshwater worldwide. They are nearly cosmopolitan, except for Antarctica and some very remote islands. The existence of the subimago stage is unique among extant insects. Though the winged stages do not have functional mouthparts or digestive systems, the larval, or nymphal, stages have a variety of feeding approaches-including, but not limited to, collector-gatherers, filterers, scrapers, and active predators-with each supported by a diversity of morphological and behavioral adaptations. Mayflies provide direct and indirect services to humans and other parts of both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of cultural services, they have provided inspiration to musicians, poets, and other writers, as well as being the namesakes of various water- and aircraft. They are commemorated by festivals worldwide. Mayflies are especially important to fishing. Mayflies contribute to the provisioning services of ecosystems in that they are utilized as food by human cultures worldwide (having one of the highest protein contents of any edible insect), as laboratory organisms, and as a potential source of antitumor molecules. They provide regulatory services through their cleaning of freshwater. They provide many essential supporting services for ecosystems such as bioturbation, bioirrigation, decomposition, nutrition for many kinds of non-human animals, nutrient cycling and spiraling in freshwaters, nutrient cycling between aquatic and terrestrial systems, habitat for other organisms, and serving as indicators of ecosystem health. About 20% of mayfly species worldwide might have a threatened conservation status due to influences from pollution, invasive alien species, habitat loss and degradation, and climate change. Even mitigation of negative influences has benefits and tradeoffs, as, in several cases, sustainable energy production negatively impacts mayflies.}, }
@article {pmid30877440, year = {2019}, author = {Schoener, E and Zittra, C and Weiss, S and Walder, G and Barogh, BS and Weiler, S and Fuehrer, HP}, title = {Monitoring of alien mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Austria.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {5}, pages = {1633-1638}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-019-06287-w}, pmid = {30877440}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/*anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/virology ; Animals ; Arbovirus Infections/transmission ; Arboviruses/growth &amp; development ; Austria ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Italy ; Oviposition/*physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Systematic, continuous mosquito surveillance is considered the most reliable tool to predict the spread and establishment of alien mosquito species such as the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), Japanese bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus), and the transmission risk of mosquito-borne arboviruses to humans. Only single individuals of Ae. albopictus have been found in Austria so far. However, it is likely that the species will be able to establish populations in the future due to global trade and traffic as well as increasing temperatures in the course of global climate change. In summer 2017, a project surveilling the oviposition of newly introduced Aedes mosquitoes, using ovitraps, was set up by means of citizen scientists and researchers and was performed in six federal provinces of Austria-Tyrol, Carinthia, Vienna, Lower Austria, Styria, and Burgenland. Eggs of Ae. albopictus were identified in Tyrol during the months August and September, while Ae. japonicus was found in Lower Austria, Styria, and Burgenland. In Vienna and Carinthia, all ovitraps were negative for Aedes eggs; however, Ae. japonicus was found for the first time in Vienna in July 2017 during routine sampling of adult mosquitoes. With this project, we demonstrated the benefits of citizen scientists for ovitrap-based mosquito surveillance. The finding of Ae. albopictus eggs in Northern Tyrol is not yet a proof of the establishment of a self-sustaining population, although it indicates the ongoing introduction of this species along main traffic routes from Italy, where this mosquito is well established. The risk of establishment of the tiger mosquito in the Lower Inn Valley is therefore a given and informing the public about preventive measures to hinder and delay this development is highly recommended.}, }
@article {pmid31207075, year = {2019}, author = {Rendon, D and Hamby, KA and Arsenault-Benoit, AL and Taylor, CM and Evans, RK and Roubos, CR and Sial, AA and Rogers, M and Petran, A and Van Timmeren, S and Fanning, P and Isaacs, R and Walton, V}, title = {Mulching as a cultural control strategy for Drosophila suzukii in blueberry.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5512}, pmid = {31207075}, issn = {1526-4998}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fruit growers largely depend on chemical control to reduce populations of the economically damaging invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). Drosophila suzukii is susceptible to high temperatures and low humidity; therefore, it may be possible to implement cultural control practices that create microclimates unfavorable for its development and survival. In addition to other fruit production benefits, in-row mulches may impede the development of D. suzukii immatures when larvae leave the fruit to pupate in the soil. This study compared the effects of different mulches (black polypropylene fabric weedmats, sawdust, and wood chips) on temperature and relative humidity (RH), and on adult emergence of D. suzukii from larvae in blueberries and pupae, both above and below the ground surface in blueberry plantings (Vaccinium corymbosum L.).<br><br>RESULTS: Across regions, both lower larval survival and longer periods with high suboptimal temperatures occurred above the ground in comparison to buried below the ground, regardless of mulch type. Fewer D. suzukii adults emerged from larvae on weedmat mulch at one site, but there was no effect of mulch type on temperature, RH, or D. suzukii emergence at most sites. The relationships between temperature, RH, and the emergence of adults from larvae and pupae varied by region. Natural infestation by D. suzukii in blueberries was lower over weedmat compared to wood-based mulches at one site. Greenhouse experiments showed that larvae burrowed to pupate underneath sawdust mulch, but were unable to pupate underneath a weedmat mulch.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although weedmats may not modify temperatures or RH enough to consistently affect D. suzukii emergence, they can reduce field suitability for D. suzukii by providing a barrier that prevents larvae from reaching favorable pupation microhabitats underground. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31207021, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, Z and van Kleunen, M}, title = {Common alien plants are more competitive than rare natives but not than common natives.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13320}, pmid = {31207021}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {201606100049//China Scholarship Council/ ; }, abstract = {Success of alien plants is often attributed to high competitive ability. However, not all aliens become dominant, and not all natives are vulnerable to competitive exclusion. Here, we quantified competitive outcomes and their determinants, using response-surface experiments, in 48 pairs of native and naturalised alien annuals that are common or rare in Germany. Overall, aliens were not more competitive than natives. However, common aliens (invasive) were, despite strong limitation by intraspecific competition, more competitive than rare natives. This is because alien species had higher intrinsic growth rates than natives, and common species had higher intrinsic growth rates than rare ones. Strength of interspecific competition was not related to status or commonness. Our work highlights the importance of including commonness in understanding invasion success. It suggests that variation among species in intrinsic growth rates is more important in competitive outcomes than inter- or intraspecific competition, and thus contributes to invasion success and rarity.}, }
@article {pmid31206825, year = {2019}, author = {Hayward, MW and Callen, A and Allen, BL and Ballard, G and Broekhuis, F and Bugir, C and Clarke, RH and Clulow, J and Clulow, S and Daltry, JC and Davies-Mostert, HT and Fleming, PJS and Griffin, AS and Howell, LG and Kerley, GIH and Klop-Toker, K and Legge, S and Major, T and Meyer, N and Montgomery, RA and Moseby, K and Parker, DM and Périquet, S and Read, J and Scanlon, R and Seeto, R and Shuttleworth, C and Somers, MJ and Tamessar, CT and Tuft, K and Upton, R and Valenzuela-Molina, M and Wayne, A and Witt, RR and Wüster, W}, title = {Should the Compassionate Tail Wag the Conservation Dog?.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13366}, pmid = {31206825}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity even if compassionate conservationists do no harm to individuals of the exotic species. The positions taken by so-called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the general publics' limited understanding of conservation problems. Article impact statement: Compassionate conservation has an arbitrary focus on mammals, lacks compassion, and offers ineffective conservation solutions This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31206531, year = {2019}, author = {Rodríguez-Rey, M and Consuegra, S and Börger, L and Garcia de Leaniz, C}, title = {Improving Species Distribution Modelling of freshwater invasive species for management applications.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0217896}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0217896}, pmid = {31206531}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems rank among the most endangered ecosystems in the world and are under increasing threat from aquatic invasive species (AIS). Understanding the range expansion of AIS is key for mitigating their impacts. Most approaches rely on Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to predict the expansion of AIS, using mainly environmental variables, yet ignore the role of human activities in favouring the introduction and range expansion of AIS. In this study, we use five SDM algorithms (independently and in ensemble) and two accuracy measures (TSS, AUC), combined with a null modelling approach, to assess the predictive performance of the models and to quantify which predictors (environmental and anthropogenic from the native and introduced regions) best explain the distribution of nine freshwater invasive species (including fish, arthropods, molluscs, amphibians and reptiles) in a large island (Great Britain), and which species characteristics affect model performance. Our results show that the distribution of invasive species is difficult to predict by SDMs, even in cases when TSS and AUC model accuracy values are high. Our study strongly advocates the use of null models for testing SDMs performance and the inclusion of information from the native area and a variety of both human-related and environmental predictors for a more accurate modelling of the range expansion of AIS. Otherwise, models that only include climatic variables, or rely only on standard accuracy measures or a single algorithm, might result in mismanagement of AIS.}, }
@article {pmid31203755, year = {2019}, author = {Sunday, J and Bennett, JM and Calosi, P and Clusella-Trullas, S and Gravel, S and Hargreaves, AL and Leiva, FP and Verberk, WCEP and Olalla-Tárraga, MÁ and Morales-Castilla, I}, title = {Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1778}, pages = {20190036}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0036}, pmid = {31203755}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Linking variation in species' traits to large-scale environmental gradients can lend insight into the evolutionary processes that have shaped functional diversity and future responses to environmental change. Here, we ask how heat and cold tolerance vary as a function of latitude, elevation and climate extremes, using an extensive global dataset of ectotherm and endotherm thermal tolerance limits, while accounting for methodological variation in acclimation temperature, ramping rate and duration of exposure among studies. We show that previously reported relationships between thermal limits and latitude in ectotherms are robust to variation in methods. Heat tolerance of terrestrial ectotherms declined marginally towards higher latitudes and did not vary with elevation, whereas heat tolerance of freshwater and marine ectotherms declined more steeply with latitude. By contrast, cold tolerance limits declined steeply with latitude in marine, intertidal, freshwater and terrestrial ectotherms, and towards higher elevations on land. In all realms, both upper and lower thermal tolerance limits increased with extreme daily temperature, suggesting that different experienced climate extremes across realms explain the patterns, as predicted under the Climate Extremes Hypothesis. Statistically accounting for methodological variation in acclimation temperature, ramping rate and exposure duration improved model fits, and increased slopes with extreme ambient temperature. Our results suggest that fundamentally different patterns of thermal limits found among the earth's realms may be largely explained by differences in episodic thermal extremes among realms, updating global macrophysiological 'rules'. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen'.}, }
@article {pmid31200311, year = {2019}, author = {Kiss, T and Nagy, J and Fehérváry, I and Vaszkó, C}, title = {(Mis) management of floodplain vegetation: The effect of invasive species on vegetation roughness and flood levels.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {686}, number = {}, pages = {931-945}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.006}, pmid = {31200311}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Floodplains are prone to plant invasions, which increase their roughness and decrease their flood conveyance capacity. In recent decades, extremely high floods have occurred in the Tisza River (Hungary) without an increase in discharge. This could be partly explained by land cover changes, as plough fields and pastures have been replaced by forest plantations and invasive plants have become widespread in the Tisza River floodplain. The aims of the present research were (1) to evaluate long-term land cover changes from the point of view of floodplain roughness, (2) to calculate vegetation density with and without the invasive shrub Amorpha fruticosa, and (3) to model (HEC-RAS) the flood conveyance in the case of unmanaged and managed vegetation (eliminating invasive plants). The study was carried out at three floodplain sections of the Tisza and Maros rivers, Hungary. In the eighteenth century, wetlands (61-93%) covered the studied floodplain areas, but as a result of mid-nineteenth-century channel regulation works, pastures and plough fields (42-72%) became widespread, and riparian forests (8-19%) appeared. In the late twentieth century, poplar plantations (43-86%) replaced pastures and plough fields and provided a perfect habitat for invasive plants. As a result of these land cover changes, the mean vegetation roughness of the floodplains increased from 0.021-0.032 (1783) to 0.066-0.092 (2017). However, at-site measurements indicate considerably higher vegetation roughness values (0.093-0.134) when the invasive Amorpha is also considered. Invasive species clearance could decrease the vegetation roughness by 86%. Based on our modelled data, peak flood stages could be decreased by 13-34 cm after the clearance of invasive plants. However, these values are influenced by the floodplain slope and characteristics of the modelled flood wave. The management of longer floodplain sections would have a considerable effect on flood stages, while the clearance of smaller patches would not have this effect.}, }
@article {pmid31200182, year = {2019}, author = {Osunkoya, OO and Froese, JG and Nicol, S}, title = {Management feasibility of established invasive plant species in Queensland, Australia: A stakeholders' perspective.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {246}, number = {}, pages = {484-495}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.052}, pmid = {31200182}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Managing and monitoring invasive alien species (IAS) is costly, and because resources are limited, prioritization decisions are required for planning and management. We present findings on plant pest prioritization for 63 established invader species of natural and grazing ecosystems of Queensland, Australia. We used an expert elicitation approach to assess risk (species occurrence, spread, and impact) and feasibility of control for each IAS. We elicit semi-quantitative responses from diverse expert stakeholders to score IAS on three management approaches (biocontrol, chemical and mechanical) in relation to cost, effectiveness and practicality, and incorporate uncertainty in expert inputs and model outputs. In the process, we look for promising management opportunities as well as seek general trends across species' ecological groups and management methods. Stakeholders were cautiously optimistic about the feasibility of managing IAS. Taking into consideration all factors, the overall feasibility of control was uncorrelated with the stakeholders' level of confidence. However, within individual management criterion, positive trend was observed for the same bivariate traits for chemical control, and negative trends for biocontrol and mechanical controls. Utility and confidence in IAS management options were in the order: chemical > biocontrol = mechanical, with practicality and effectiveness being the main driver components. Management feasibility differed significantly between IAS life forms but not between habitats invaded. Lastly, we combined IAS risk assessment and management feasibility scores to create a risk matrix to guide policy goals (i.e. eradication, spread containment, protection of sensitive sites, targeted control, site management, monitoring, and limited action). The matrix identifies promising species to target for each of these policy outcomes. Overall, our general approach illustrates (i) the importance of understanding the feasibility of IAS control actions and the factors that drive it, and (ii) demonstrates how quantifying management feasibility can be used to enhance traditional risk assessment rankings to improve policy outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid31197316, year = {2019}, author = {Georges-Filteau, J and Hamelin, RC and Blanchette, M}, title = {Mycorrhiza: Genotype Assignment using Phylogenetic Networks.}, journal = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btz476}, pmid = {31197316}, issn = {1367-4811}, abstract = {MOTIVATION: The genotype assignment problem consists of predicting, from the genotype of an individual, which of a known set of populations it originated from. The problem arises in a variety of contexts, including wildlife forensics, invasive species detection, and biodiversity monitoring. Existing approaches perform well under ideal conditions but are sensitive to a variety of common violations of the assumptions they rely on.<br><br>RESULTS: In this paper, we introduce Mycorrhiza, a machine learning approach for the genotype assignment problem. Our algorithm makes use of phylogenetic networks to engineer features that encode the evolutionary relationships among samples. Those features are then used as input to a Random Forests classifier. The classification accuracy was assessed on multiple published empirical SNP, microsatellite or consensus sequence datasets with wide ranges of size, geographical distribution and population structure and on simulated datasets. It compared favorably against widely used assessment tests or mixture analysis methods such as STRUCTURE and Admixture, and against another machine-learning based approach using PCA for dimensionality reduction. Mycorrhiza yields particularly significant gains on datasets with a large average FST or deviation from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Moreover, the phylogenetic network approach estimates mixture proportions with good accuracy.<br><br>AVAILABILITY: Mycorrhiza is released as an easy to use open-source python package at github.com/jgeofil/mycorrhiza.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.}, }
@article {pmid31195967, year = {2019}, author = {Tian, X and Ohtsuki, H and Urabe, J}, title = {Evolution of asexual Daphnia pulex in Japan: variations and covariations of the digestive, morphological and life history traits.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {122}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-019-1453-9}, pmid = {31195967}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {16H02522//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several genetic lineages of obligate parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex, a common zooplankton species, have invaded Japan from North America. Among these, a lineage named JPN1 is thought to have started colonization as a single genotype several hundred to thousand years ago and subsequently produced many genotypes in Japan. To examine the phenotypic variations due to ecological drivers diverging the genotypes in new habitats, we measured heritability and variation in 17 traits, including life history, morphology and digestive traits, and the genetic distance among the D. pulex JPN1 genotypes in Japan.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that most of the traits measured varied significantly among the genotypes and that heritability was highest in the morphological traits, followed by the digestive and life history traits. In addition, 93% of the variation in these traits was explained by the first three components in the principal component analysis, implying that variation of these heritable traits is not random but rather converged into a few directions. These relations among traits revealed the potential importance of predation pressures and food conditions as factors for diverging and selecting different genotypes. However, the magnitude of the difference in any single trait group did not correlate with the genetic distance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the divergent traits evolved within D. pulex JPN1 lineage without genetic recombination, since their ancestral clone invaded Japan. Large variations and covariations of the phenotypic traits, irrespective of the genetic distance among the genotypes, support the view that the invasive success of D. pulex JPN1 was promoted by a genetic architecture that allowed for large phenotypic variations with a limited number of functionally important mutations without recombination.}, }
@article {pmid31195362, year = {2019}, author = {Njokweni, SG and Weimer, PJ and Warburg, L and Botes, M and van Zyl, WH}, title = {Valorisation of the invasive species, Prosopis juliflora, using the carboxylate platform to produce volatile fatty acids.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {288}, number = {}, pages = {121602}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121602}, pmid = {31195362}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Biomass derived from low-value, high-volume invasive plant species is an attractive, alternative feedstock to produce biofuels and biochemicals. This study aimed to use the carboxylate platform to valorize the invasive leguminous shrub, Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite), by utilizing in vitro rumen fermentations without chemical pretreatment to produce volatile fatty acids. The three fractions of the mesquite: leaves (ProL), stems (ProS) and branches (ProB) were compared regarding chemical composition, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility at 7 time points and VFA production after 72 h with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a reference. NDF digestibility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ProL (35.8%) than ProS (30.4%) and ProB (20.9%) compared to SCB (21.9%). VFA concentrations from 20 g biomass L-1 showed significant differences with 8.07, 6.71 and 6.51 g L-1 for ProL, ProS and ProB respectively, while SCB yielded 4.02 g L-1. These concentrations were comparable with other platforms that employ chemically pretreated biomass for VFA production.}, }
@article {pmid31193357, year = {2019}, author = {Muniz, DR and Garcia, JS and Braga, TC and de Fátima, Â and Modolo, LV}, title = {Pre-emergence application of (thio)urea analogues compromises the development of the weed species Bidens pilosa, Urochloa brizantha, and Urochloa decumbens.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {95-102}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2019.01.017}, pmid = {31193357}, issn = {2090-1232}, abstract = {Invasive species (weeds) contribute to great losses in crop productivity, and one of the strategies for controlling their distribution in the field involves the use of herbicides. However, the development of new formulations for the control of weeds is challenged by environmental issues, increases in the resistance of weeds to herbicides, and poor selectivity of herbicides towards invasive species. Here, by using pre-emergence experiments, we assessed the phytotoxicity of two (thio)urea analogues (2A10 and 2B2) against the weed species Bidens pilosa (a dicot), Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa decumbens (monocots). Similar to diuron (400 µM), which is a commercial urea analogue herbicide, the urea analogue 2A10 (>200 µM) was lethal to B. pilosa. Although 2A10 failed to disrupt the germination of U. brizantha seeds, this compound (≥600 µM) inhibited the accumulation of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids and resulted in the development of seedlings that presented relatively short roots and small, chlorotic leaves. Moreover, the thiourea analogue 2B2 (≥600 µM) reduced the germination percentage of U. decumbens seeds and delayed their germination, and at a concentration of 800 µM, this analogue impaired root growth and blocked the formation of lateral roots. The presence of an oxygen atom in the urea moiety of the 2A10 structure is critical for its marked activity against B. pilosa seeds, as 2B2 bears a sulphur atom instead and marginally inhibits seed germination. Neither 2A10 nor 2B2 was toxic to the non-weed species Lactuca sativa (lettuce; a dicot), and the latter even exerted beneficial effects by stimulating leaf expansion. Therefore, the evaluated (thio)urea analogues are promising for the design and development of new phytotoxic compounds for the pre-emergent control of the spread of B. pilosa (2A10) or the post-emergence control of U. brizantha (2A10) and U. decumbens (2B2).}, }
@article {pmid31193289, year = {2019}, author = {Cybulska, A and Kornacka, A and Moskwa, B}, title = {The occurrence and muscle distribution of Trichinella britovi in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in wildlife in the Głęboki Bród Forest District, Poland.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {149-153}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.05.003}, pmid = {31193289}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an introduced, invasive species in Europe. Literature data show that raccoon dogs act as a reservoir of many dangerous parasites, including nematodes of the genus Trichinella. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of Trichinella spp. infection in raccoon dogs collected from the Głęboki Bród Forest District between 2013 and 2016, and to evaluate their distribution in the muscle tissue of the host. The larvae of Trichinella spp. were detected in 45 raccoon dogs (39.82%), and all of them were identified as T. britovi. No mixed infection was observed. The intensity of infection ranged from 0.02 to 622.92 larvae per gram (LPG), and the highest mean was observed in the tongue and lower forelimb in both examined sexes. The raccoon dog may play a significant role as a reservoir of T. britovi in the wildlife in the examined area.}, }
@article {pmid31096347, year = {2019}, author = {Mouton, TL and Matheson, FE and Stephenson, F and Champion, PD and Wadhwa, S and Hamer, MP and Catlin, A and Riis, T}, title = {Environmental filtering of native and non-native stream macrophyte assemblages by habitat disturbances in an agricultural landscape.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {1370-1381}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.277}, pmid = {31096347}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; *Introduced Species ; Invertebrates/*classification/growth &amp; development ; New Zealand ; Rivers/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Understanding how inter-specific variation in functional traits affects native and non-native species responses to stream disturbances, is necessary to inform management strategies, providing tools for biomonitoring, conservation and restoration. This study used a functional trait approach to characterise the responses of macrophyte assemblages to reach-scale disturbances (measured by lack of riparian shading, altered hydromorphology and eutrophication), from 97 wadeable stream sites in an agriculturally impacted region of New Zealand. To determine whether macrophyte assemblages differed due to disturbances, we examined multidimensional assemblage functional structure in relation to eleven functional traits and further related two functional diversity indices (entropy and originality) to disturbances. Macrophyte assemblages showed distinct patterns in response to disturbances, with riparian shading and hydromorphological conditions being the strongest variables shaping macrophyte functional structure. In the multidimensional space, most of the non-native species were associated with disturbed conditions. These species had traits allowing faster colonisation rates (higher number of reproductive organs and larger root-rhizome system) and superior competitive abilities for resources (tall and dense canopy, heterophylly and greater preferences for light and nitrogen). In addition, lack of riparian shading increased the abundance of functionally distinct species (i.e. entropy), and eutrophication resulted in the growth of functionally unique species (i.e. originality). We demonstrated that stream reach-scale habitat disturbances were associated to a dominance of more productive species, equating to a greater abundance of non-native species. This, can result in a displacement of native species, habitat alterations, and changes to higher trophic level assemblages. Our results suggests that reach-scale management efforts such as the conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation that provides substantial shading and hydromorphologically diverse in-stream habitat, would have beneficial direct and indirect effects on ecosystem functioning, and contribute to the mitigation of land-use impacts.}, }
@article {pmid31096340, year = {2019}, author = {Carolus, H and Muzarabani, KC and Hammoud, C and Schols, R and Volckaert, FAM and Barson, M and Huyse, T}, title = {A cascade of biological invasions and parasite spillback in man-made Lake Kariba.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {1283-1292}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.307}, pmid = {31096340}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Vectors ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Fasciola hepatica ; Gastropoda/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Lakes/*parasitology ; Parasites/classification/growth &amp; development ; Phylogeny ; Ruminants ; Zimbabwe ; }, abstract = {Parasite spillback, the infection of a non-indigenous organism by a native parasite, is a highly important although understudied component of ecological invasion dynamics. Here, through the first analysis of the parasite fauna of lymnaeid gastropods of Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe). We illustrate how the creation of an artificial lake may lead to a cascade of biological invasions in which an invasive aquatic plant promotes the proliferation of invasive gastropods, which in turn alters the epidemiology of trematodiases of potential medical and veterinary importance. Using a new multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR assay, we assessed the prevalence of Fasciola sp. infections in the gastropod populations. Both gastropod hosts and trematode parasites were identified using DNA barcoding. We provide the first record of the invasive North-American gastropod Pseudosuccinea columella in Lake Kariba. This species was found at 14 out of 16 sampled sites and its abundance was strongly positively correlated with the abundance of the invasive South-American water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). About 65% of the P. columella specimens analysed were infected with a hitherto unknown Fasciola species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate close affinity to Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, which cause fasciolosis, an important liver disease affecting both ruminants and humans. In addition, another non-native Lymnaeid species was found: a Radix sp. that clustered closely with a Vietnamese Radix species. Radix sp. hosted both amphistome and Fasciola trematodes. By linking an invasion cascade and parasite spillback, this study shows how both processes can act in combination to lead to potentially important epidemiological changes.}, }
@article {pmid30019849, year = {2019}, author = {Rojas, TN and Vergara-Tabares, DL and Valdez, DJ and Ponzio, MF and Peluc, SI}, title = {Food supplementation by an invasive fleshy-fruited shrub sustains body condition of a native frugivorous bird during winter.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {259-269}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12353}, pmid = {30019849}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Weight ; Cortisone/blood ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Fruit ; Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Seasons ; Songbirds/blood/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Birds tend to adjust their behavior and physiology to changes in food availability in their environment. Seasonal fluctuation of food resources may act as an energetic challenge, augmenting hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) activity, leading to an increase in corticosterone concentrations and promoting the metabolism of energy stores. Plant invasions may alter seasonal food fluctuations by providing a food supply during scarce seasons. This could attenuate the energetic challenge, reducing HPA axis activity and the metabolism of reserves. Using a system with seasonal fluctuation in food availability, we tested if fruit supplementation by the invasive fleshy-fruited Pyracantha angustifolia during the season of native fruit scarcity decreases the consumption of energy stores through activity attenuation of the HPA axis. We measured changes in body condition and circulating corticosterone (CORT) concentration in Turdus chiguanco occurring at sites both invaded and not invaded by P. angustifolia over 3 time periods that correspond to the periods prior to, during and after highest fruit production of the plant. Fruit scarcity in the ecosystem appears as an energetic challenge for T. chiguanco, given that body mass, fat score and residuals of body mass/tarsus length decreased during winter in a site not invaded by the exotic shrub. Conversely, the presence of the invasive plant seemed to attenuate the metabolism of energetic reserves, as we did not record changes in body condition in birds inhabiting the invaded site. Unexpectedly, plasma CORT concentration did not vary between sites or periods. Further evaluation is required to elucidate how enhanced body condition, resulting from the consumption of a fleshy-fruited invasive plant, affects survivorship and reproductive performance in T. chiguanco.}, }
@article {pmid29735984, year = {2018}, author = {Donovan, GH and Gatziolis, D and Longley, I and Douwes, J}, title = {Vegetation diversity protects against childhood asthma: results from a large New Zealand birth cohort.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {358-364}, doi = {10.1038/s41477-018-0151-8}, pmid = {29735984}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Asthma/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Biodiversity ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Coniferophyta ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Introduced Species ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; *Plants ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Ulex ; }, abstract = {We assessed the association between the natural environment and asthma in 49,956 New Zealand children born in 1998 and followed up until 2016 using routinely collected data. Children who lived in greener areas, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index, were less likely to be asthmatic: a 1 s.d. increase in normalized difference vegetation index was associated with a 6.0% (95% CI 1.9-9.9%) lower risk of asthma. Vegetation diversity was also protective: a 1 s.d. increase in the number of natural land-cover types in a child's residential meshblock was associated with a 6.7% (95% CI 1.5-11.5%) lower risk. However, not all land-cover types were protective. A 1 s.d. increase in the area covered by gorse (Ulex europaeus) or exotic conifers, both non-native, low-biodiversity land-cover types, was associated with a 3.2% (95% CI 0.0-6.0%) and 4.2% (95% CI 0.9-7.5%) increased risk of asthma, respectively. The results suggest that exposure to greenness and vegetation diversity may be protective of asthma.}, }
@article {pmid31188494, year = {2019}, author = {Mize, EL and Erickson, RA and Merkes, CM and Berndt, N and Bockrath, K and Credico, J and Grueneis, N and Merry, J and Mosel, K and Tuttle-Lau, M and Von Ruden, K and Woiak, Z and Amberg, JJ and Baerwaldt, K and Finney, S and Monroe, E}, title = {Refinement of eDNA as an early monitoring tool at the landscape-level: Study design considerations.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e01951}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1951}, pmid = {31188494}, issn = {1051-0761}, abstract = {Natural resource managers use data on the spatial range of species to guide management decisions. These data come from survey or monitoring efforts that use a wide variety of tools. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a surveillance tool that uses genetic markers for detecting species and holds potential as a tool for large-scale monitoring programs. Two challenges of eDNA-based studies are uncertainties created by imperfect capture of eDNA in collection samples (e.g., water field samples) and imperfect detection of eDNA using molecular methods (e.g., quantitative PCR). Occurrence models can be used to address these challenges, thus we use an occurrence model to address two objectives: First, determine how many samples were required to detect species using eDNA; Second, examine when and where to take samples. We collected water samples from three different habitat types in the Upper Mississippi River when both Bighead Carp and Silver Carp were known to be present based on telemetry detections. Each habitat type (backwater, tributary, and impoundment) was sampled during April, May and November. Detections of eDNA for both species varied across sites and months, but were generally low, 0 - 19.3% of samples were positive for eDNA. Overall, we found that eDNA-based sampling holds promise to be a powerful monitoring tool for resource managers, however, limitations of eDNA-based sampling include different biological and ecological characteristics of target species such as seasonal habitat usage patterns as well as aspects of different physical environments that impact the implementation of these methods such as water temperature. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31183689, year = {2019}, author = {Thorn, JPR}, title = {Adaptation &quot;from below&quot; to changes in species distribution, habitat and climate in agro-ecosystems in the Terai Plains of Nepal.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01202-0}, pmid = {31183689}, issn = {1654-7209}, abstract = {Recent land-use and climatic shifts are expected to alter species distributions, the provisioning of ecosystem services, and livelihoods of biodiversity-dependent societies living in multifunctional landscapes. However, to date, few studies have integrated social and ecological evidence to understand how humans perceive change, and adapt agro-ecological practices at the landscape scale. Mixed method fieldwork compared observed changes in plant species distribution across a climatic gradient to farmers' perceptions in biodiversity and climate change in rice-cultivated farms. In contrast to the global context, farmers in the Terai Plains of Nepal are acutely aware of high levels of change observed in the last 10 years, and incrementally adapt as new invasive species emerge (93%), the incidence and severity of pest/diseases increase (66%), genetic diversity of indigenous varieties erodes (65%), forest habitats diminish (98%), irrigation water declines (60%), and wildlife ranges shift. Twenty-five changes in climate were reported by 97.5% of farmers to reduce provisioning services and food self-sufficiency, and increase exposure to waterborne pathogens, heat stress, and human or livestock mortality. The study illustrates the need for financial and institutional supports at all levels to strengthen agro-ecological practices, upscale Information Communication Technology for extension services, clarify tenure agreements, and safeguard natural ecosystems to slow biodiversity loss. Existing incentives to conserve, restore, or sustainably manage ecosystems offer lessons for other societies undergoing rapid change.}, }
@article {pmid31180605, year = {2019}, author = {Requena-Mullor, JM and Maguire, KC and Shinneman, DJ and Trevor Caughlin, T}, title = {Integrating anthropogenic factors into regional-scale species distribution models - a novel application in the imperiled sagebrush biome.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14728}, pmid = {31180605}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Species distribution models (SDM) that rely on regional-scale environmental variables will play a key role in forecasting species occurrence in the face of climate change. However, in the Anthropocene, a number of local-scale anthropogenic variables, including wildfire history, land-use change, invasive species, and ecological restoration practices can override regional-scale variables to drive patterns of species distribution. Incorporating these human-induced factors into SDMs remains a major research challenge, in part because spatial variability in these factors occurs at fine scales, rendering prediction over regional extents problematic. Here, we used big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) as a model species to explore whether including human-induced factors improves the fit of the SDM. We applied a Bayesian hurdle spatial approach using 21,753 data points of field-sampled vegetation obtained from the LANDFIRE program to model sagebrush occurrence and cover by incorporating fire history metrics and restoration treatments from 1980 to 2015 throughout the Great Basin of North America. Models including fire attributes and restoration treatments performed better than those including only climate and topographic variables. Number of fires and fire occurrence had the strongest relative effects on big sagebrush occurrence and cover, respectively. The models predicted that the probability of big sagebrush occurrence decreases by 1.2% (95% CI; -6.9%, 0.6%) when one fire occurs and that increasing fires from zero to at least one fire would decrease cover by 44.7% (95% CI; -47.9%, -41.3%). Restoration practices increased the probability of big sagebrush occurrence but had minimal effect on cover. Our results demonstrate the potential value of including disturbance and land management along with climate in models to predict species distributions. As an increasing number of datasets representing land use history become available, we anticipate that our modeling framework will have broad relevance across a range of biomes and species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31179179, year = {2019}, author = {Jean Baptiste, A and Macario, PA and Islebe, GA and Vargas-Larreta, B and Pool, L and Valdez-Hernández, M and López-Martínez, JO}, title = {Secondary Succession under invasive species (Pteridium aquilinum) conditions in a seasonal dry tropical forest in southeastern Mexico.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6974}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6974}, pmid = {31179179}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The role of invasive species in ecosystem functioning represents one of the main challenges in ecology. Pteridium aquilinum is a successful cosmopolitan invasive species with negative effects on the ecological mechanisms that allow secondary succession. In this study, we evaluated the influence of P. aquilinumon secondary succession under different disturbances in a seasonal dry forest of the Yucatán Peninsula. We determined species richness, composition and the relative importance value in four sampling units. Fabaceae followed by Asteraceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Verbenaceae were the most species rich families. A dissimilarity analysis determined significant differences in beta diversity between sampling units. With a generalized linear model we found that species richness was best explained by site conditions, followed by calcium and soil organic matter. Also, the generalized linear model showed that abundance resulted in a strong correlation with site conditions and soil characteristics. Specific soil conditions related to phosphoro and calcium were also detected as beneficiary to the successional processes. Our results suggest that applying fire restriction and periodic cutting of the bracken fern, this can increase a higher diversity of species.}, }
@article {pmid31178882, year = {2019}, author = {Mir, SH and Rashid, I and Hussain, B and Reshi, ZA and Assad, R and Sofi, IA}, title = {Silicon Supplementation of Rescuegrass Reduces Herbivory by a Grasshopper.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {671}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00671}, pmid = {31178882}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The theory of coevolution suggests that herbivores play an important role in the diversification and composition of plant communities. A prevalent idea holds that grasses and grazing animals participated in an evolutionary &quot;arms race&quot; as grassland ecosystems started spreading across the continents. In this race, besides other things, silicification in the form of phytoliths occurred in the grasses, and the graminivorous herbivores responded through specialized mandibles to feed on plants rich in phytoliths. It is important to understand whether these mandibles equip the herbivores in different environments or the grasses can augment their defense by channelizing their energy in high resource milieu. Here we used rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus; Family: Poaceae), an alien species of South America, to understand the mechanism of resistance offered by this species against a local insect herbivore (Oxya grandis; Family: Acrididae), graminivorous grasshopper, in different silicon-rich environments. We used different concentrations of silicon and observed the types of phytoliths formed after Si amendments and studied the effect of phytoliths on mandible wear of the grasshopper. Silicon concentrations increased ca. 12 fold in the highest supplementation treatments. The results reveal that higher foliar silica concentration in Si-rich plants did not result in changing the morphology of the phytoliths; still the leaf tissue consumption was lower in higher Si treatments, perhaps due to mandibular wear of the grasshoppers. The study opens a new dimension of investigating the role of Si amendments in reducing herbivory.}, }
@article {pmid31172253, year = {2019}, author = {Gaudard, CA and Robertson, MP and Bishop, TR}, title = {Low levels of intraspecific trait variation in a keystone invertebrate group.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04426-9}, pmid = {31172253}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {The trait-based approach to ecology promises to provide a mechanistic understanding of species distributions and ecosystem functioning. Typically, trait analyses focus on average species trait values and assume that intraspecific variation is small or negligible. Recent work has shown, however, that intraspecific trait variation can often contribute substantially to total trait variation. Whilst many studies have investigated intraspecific variation in plants, very few have done so for invertebrates. There is no research on the level of intraspecific trait variation in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), despite the fact that there is a growing body of literature using ant morphological trait data and demonstrating that these insects play important roles in many ecosystems and food webs. Here, we investigate the intraspecific variability of four commonly used ant morphological traits from 23 species from the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa. In total, we measured 1145 different individuals and made 6870 trait measurements. Intraspecific variation accounted for only 1-4% of total trait variation for each of the four traits we analysed. We found no links between intraspecific variation, phylogeny and elevation. On average, six individuals generated robust species means but under biased sampling scenarios 20 individuals were needed. The low levels of intraspecific morphological variation that we find suggest that the approach of using mean species traits is valid, in this fauna at least. Regardless, we encourage ant trait ecologists to measure greater numbers of individuals, especially across gradients, to shed further light on intraspecific variation in this functionally important group of insects.}, }
@article {pmid31170618, year = {2019}, author = {Nicholls, S}, title = {Impacts of environmental disturbances on housing prices: A review of the hedonic pricing literature.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {246}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.144}, pmid = {31170618}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {The global environment is susceptible to many types of change, including alterations to the world's climate. Climate change has been linked to a host of modifications to the natural environment, including the increasing frequency and severity of disturbances such as pest outbreaks, invasions by non-native species, and wildfire. These in turn pose substantial risks to human wellbeing and health. Estimates of the direct and indirect costs of these events are important prerequisites to well-rounded cost-benefit analyses of preventative or control measures, themselves essential components of appropriate education, policy and management responses. This review brings together the evidence with respect to the impacts of disturbances such as pests, invasive species and wildfire on residential property values as measured using the hedonic pricing method. It demonstrates that whilst most disturbances have the expected negative or an insignificant house price impact, in some cases disturbances can lead to housing price rise. The possible causes and implications of these unanticipated positive price responses are discussed. Broader consequences of all directions of price impact are also considered, in particular for the development and implementation of polices designed to prevent the occurrence or spread of disturbances, or at a minimum mitigate their negative effects.}, }
@article {pmid31169454, year = {2019}, author = {Sakla, AJ and Detwiler, JT and Caballero, IC and Kelehear, C and Criscione, CD}, title = {Recognizing the Causes of Parasite Morphological Variation to Resolve the Status of a Cryptogenic Pentastome.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {432-441}, pmid = {31169454}, issn = {1937-2345}, abstract = {Exotic species can threaten biodiversity by introducing parasites to native hosts. Thus, it is critical to identify if the same parasite species infects both native and exotic hosts. However, developmental- or environmental-induced morphological variation may render species identification ambiguous. Our study reports a range expansion in the southern United States of the pentastome Raillietiella indica from the Mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, as well as a host expansion into the green anole, Anolis carolinensis, in the anole's native range. Species identification was based on sequence data and male spicule shape. In agreement with a study from Australia, we found that much of the morphological variation in hook measurements, the primary diagnostic traits of raillietiellid pentastomes, was due to development. Here, we explicitly link this developmental variation to instar stage by incorporating experimental infection data obtained from the literature. We also show that the various hook traits are themselves highly correlated and, thus, likely not independent. Taking instar stage and correlated hook variables into account, we directly controlled for development on a composite hook size measurement. Using a large sample size from H. turcicus, we did not find any consistent effects of potential factors (host sex, host snout-vent-length, or parasite intensity) that may result in environmental-induced variation in relative hook size (corrected for body length). However, relative male spicule size tended to be negatively correlated with parasite intensity. In contrast, both pentastome body length and relative hook size significantly varied among host species whereas relative male spicule size was not significantly different among host species. Our study independently supports the conclusions that developmental- and host-induced morphological variations need to be accounted for to accurately identify pentastome species.}, }
@article {pmid31168619, year = {2019}, author = {DuRant, SE and Willson, JD and Carroll, RB}, title = {Parental effects and climate change: Will avian incubation behavior shield embryos from increasing environmental temperatures?.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icz083}, pmid = {31168619}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {A major driver of wildlife responses to climate change will include non-genomic effects, like those mediated through parental behavior and physiology (i.e., parental effects). Parental effects can influence lifetime reproductive success and survival, and thus population-level processes. However, the extent to which parental effects will contribute to population persistence or declines in response to climate change is not well understood. These effects may be substantial for species that exhibit extensive parental care behaviors like birds. Environmental temperature is important in shaping avian incubation behavior, both of which interact to determine the thermal conditions embryos are exposed to during development, and subsequently avian phenotypes and secondary sex ratios. In this paper, we argue that incubation behavior may be an important mediator of avian responses to climate change, we compare incubation strategies of two species adapted to different thermal environments nesting in extreme heat, and we present a simple model that estimates changes in egg temperature based on these incubation patterns and predicted increases in maximum daily air temperature. We demonstrate that the predicted increase in air temperature by 2100 in the central United States will increase temperatures eggs experience during afternoon off-bouts, and the proportion of nests exposed to lethal temperatures. To better understand how species and local adaptations and behavioral-plasticity of incubation behavior will contribute to population responses to climate change, comparisons are needed across more avian populations, species, and thermal landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid29317757, year = {2018}, author = {Johansson, ML and Dufour, BA and Wellband, KW and Corkum, LD and MacIsaac, HJ and Heath, DD}, title = {Human-mediated and natural dispersal of an invasive fish in the eastern Great Lakes.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {120}, number = {6}, pages = {533-546}, pmid = {29317757}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Great Lakes Region ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Ontario ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; }, abstract = {The globally invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) was introduced to the Great Lakes around 1990, spreading widely and becoming the dominant benthic fish in many areas. The speed and scope of this invasion is remarkable and calls into question conventional secondary spread models and scenarios. We utilized nine microsatellites to identify large-scale genetic structure in Round Goby populations in the eastern Great Lakes, and assessed the role of colonization vs. secondary transport and dispersal in developing this structure. We identified three clusters, corresponding with Lake Huron, eastern Lake Erie, and western Lake Erie plus eastern Lake Ontario, along with three highly divergent populations. Bottleneck analysis identified founder effects in two divergent populations. Regression analyses of isolation by distance and allelic richness vs. distance from the initial invasion site were consistent with limited migration. However, some populations in eastern Lake Erie and Lake Ontario showed anomalously low genetic distance from the original site of colonization, consistent with secondary transport of large numbers of individuals via ballast water. We conclude that genetic structure of Round Goby in the Great Lakes principally resulted from long-distance secondary transport via ballast water with additional movement of individual via bait buckets and natural dispersal. The success of Round Gobies represents an interesting model for colonization characterization; however, those same attributes present significant challenges for conservation and fisheries management. Current management likely prevents many new species from arriving in the Great Lakes, but fails to address the transport of species within the lakes after they arrive; this is an issue of clear and pressing importance.}, }
@article {pmid30529381, year = {2019}, author = {Fox, EGP and Wu, X and Wang, L and Chen, L and Lu, YY and Xu, Y}, title = {Queen venom isosolenopsin A delivers rapid incapacitation of fire ant competitors.}, journal = {Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {77-83}, doi = {10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.428}, pmid = {30529381}, issn = {1879-3150}, mesh = {Alkaloids/*toxicity ; Animals ; Ant Venoms/chemistry/*toxicity ; Ants/*drug effects ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Fire ant venom contains insecticidal alkaloids named 'solenopsins'. Whilst species-specific differences are reported, little attention has been given to caste-specific venom adaptations. The venom of fire ant queens has remained particularly poorly studied, though studies have shown it to be strikingly similar across different species, in being primarily composed of the alkaloid isosolenopsin A, regardless of the chemical configuration in workers. We predict that this is the evolutionary outcome of stabilising selection, implying that a shared mechanism is responsible for the conserved venom composition among fire ant queens. The present investigation tests whether venom plays a role in nest founding, when queens must succeed in isolation in the field against competitor species. Here, we report that fire ant queen venom and isosolenopsin A are faster to incapacitate alien ants than the venom of fire ant workers. Representative sympatric competitor ant species were selected and exposed on their heads to the venom of workers and queens of the invasive fire ant species Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata. Queen venom was found to incapacitate rival foragers quicker than worker venom. The effects were reproduced using synthetic solenopsins, establishing that solenopsin A analogues are particularly effective contact neurotoxins. Overall, the venom of S. invicta is more lethal than of S. geminata, regardless of the incapacitation speed. We believe these are fundamental aspects of the chemical ecology of the invasive ants which remain overlooked, and emphasise the need for further studies into the venom biology of founding queens.}, }
@article {pmid29949436, year = {2018}, author = {Battonyai, I and Voronezhskaya, EE and Obukhova, A and Horváth, R and Nezlin, LP and Elekes, K}, title = {Neuronal Development in the Larvae of the Invasive Biofouler Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Special Attention to Sensory Elements and Swimming Behavior.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {234}, number = {3}, pages = {192-206}, doi = {10.1086/698511}, pmid = {29949436}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Dreissena/*cytology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Larva ; Nervous System/growth &amp; development ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology ; *Swimming ; }, abstract = {Although understanding of the neuronal development of Trochozoa has progressed recently, little attention has been paid to freshwater bivalves, including species with a strong ecological impact, such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Therefore, an important question might concern how the developing nervous system is involved in the formation of the rapid and successful invasive behavior of this species. Our aim was to reveal the neuronal development of trochophore and veliger larvae of Dreissena, with special attention to the organization of sensory structures and their possible involvement in detecting environmental cues. After applying serotonin and FMRFamide immunocytochemistry, the first serotonin immunoreactive sensory elements appeared 16-18 hours after fertilization, whereas the first FMRFamide immunoreactive sensory cell was seen only at 32 hours of development (trochophore stage). Later, sensory elements were found in three parts of the larval body, including the apical organ, the posterior region, and the stomach. Although differences in the timing of appearance and the morphology of cells were observed, the two signaling systems showed basic similarity in their organization pattern until the end of the veliger stage. Pharmacological, physiological, and quantitative immunocytochemical investigations were also performed, suggesting the involvement of both the serotoninergic system and the FMRFamidergic system in sensomotor processes. Manipulation of the serotonin synthesis by para-chloroplenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophane, as well as application of increased salinity, influenced larval swimming activity, both accompanied by changes in immunofluorescence intensity. We concluded that these two early sensory systems may play an important role in the development of settlement competency of this biofouling invasive bivalve, Dreissena.}, }
@article {pmid29471482, year = {2018}, author = {Rainey, T and Occi, JL and Robbins, RG and Egizi, A}, title = {Discovery of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Parasitizing a Sheep in New Jersey, United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {757-759}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy006}, pmid = {29471482}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/*physiology ; New Jersey/epidemiology ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Sheep, Domestic ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {We report the discovery of large numbers of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Ixodida: Ixodidae) infesting a sheep in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. All life stages were found on the sheep, which had no history of travel outside the country. H. longicornis is native to East Asia, and there are invasive populations in Australia, New Zealand and several Pacific islands, where this tick is a major livestock pest. It is currently unknown whether the New Jersey collections represent a limited or established population, but because this species could present a significant threat to human and animal health in the United States, vigilance is encouraged.}, }
@article {pmid29452383, year = {2018}, author = {Ibañez-Justicia, A and Teekema, S and den Hartog, W and Jacobs, F and Dik, M and Stroo, A}, title = {The Effectiveness of Asian Bush Mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) Control Actions in Colonised Peri-urban Areas in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {673-680}, pmid = {29452383}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Aedes/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Cities ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development ; *Mosquito Control ; Netherlands ; }, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald)) is an invasive mosquito species in Europe. In 2012, it was for the first time detected in the Netherlands, in the municipality of Lelystad. After further research, thousands of specimens were found in the surrounding peri-urban areas of the city. A targeted mosquito control campaign began in 2015 with the objective of reducing populations in locations with the highest concentrations of Ae. japonicus breeding sites: allotment garden complexes. Mosquito control consisted of source reduction combined with application of the larvicide Vectomax in breeding sites. At eight complexes, mosquito control effectiveness has been systematically measured by sampling larvae from breeding sites. Six measurements were performed between 2015 and 2016. Results show that the effectiveness of mosquito control actions was similar in all treated allotment gardens and resulted in a significant reduction in Ae. japonicus larval abundance. Rain barrels at the allotments represent the most frequent breeding site in Lelystad, but every water filled artificial container is a potential breeding site for the species. Ae. japonicus was not found in the samples taken in other allotment gardens in the province of Flevoland; however, the collection methodology used proven to be effective in detecting this species when it has newly colonized surrounding areas. Targeted mosquito control actions at the breeding sites are crucial for successful reduction of populations of an invasive mosquito species, and systematic measurements of the effectiveness, is in this case, the base to understand the dynamics of Ae. japonicus populations after mosquito control.}, }
@article {pmid31163025, year = {2019}, author = {Kolimenakis, A and Bithas, K and Latinopoulos, D and Richardson, C}, title = {On lifestyle trends, health and mosquitoes: Formulating welfare levels for control of the Asian tiger mosquito in Greece.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {e0007467}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007467}, pmid = {31163025}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {The expansion of urban ecosystems and climate change, both outcomes of massive lifestyle changes, contribute to a series of side effects such as environmental deterioration, spread of diseases, increased greenhouse gas emissions and introduction of invasive species. In the case of the Athens metropolitan area, an invasive mosquito species-the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)-has spread widely in the last decade. This spread is favoured within urban environments and is also affected by changing climatic trends. The Asian tiger mosquito is accompanied by risks of mosquito-borne diseases, greater nuisance levels, and increased expenses incurring for its confrontation. The main aims of this paper are (i) to estimate the various costs associated with their control of this invasive species, as well as its health and nuisance impacts, (ii) to evaluate the level of citizens' well-being from averting these impacts and (iii) to record citizens' and experts' perceptions regarding alternative control measures. Evidence shows that experts tend to place a high value on mosquito control when associated with serious health risks, while citizens are more sensitive and concerned about the environmental impacts of control methods. The synthesis of results produced by the current study could act as a preliminary guide for the estimation of societal welfare from the confrontation of similar problems in the context of a complex ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid31160985, year = {2019}, author = {Matsumoto, Y and Takagi, T and Koda, R and Tanave, A and Yamashiro, A and Tamate, HB}, title = {Evaluation of introgressive hybridization among Cervidae in Japan's Kinki District via two novel genetic markers developed from public NGS data.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {5605-5616}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5131}, pmid = {31160985}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Hybridization and backcrossing of native populations with introduced species can lead to introgression and genetic alteration. In this study, we evaluated introgression in 43 deer from a potential hybrid zone around Okinoshima Island, Kinki District, Japan. This region witnessed the migration of a hybrid population (cross between the Formosan sika deer [Cervus nippon taiouanus] and other deer species) that could potentially breed with the native Japanese sika deer (C. n. centralis). We used an existing genetic marker for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and two novel markers for nuclear DNA, developed using publicly available next-generation sequencing data. We identified one mainland deer with a mitochondrial haplotype identical to that of the Formosan sika deer as well as nuclear heterozygous sequences identical to those of Formosan and Japanese sika deer. This suggests that the mainland deer is a hybrid offspring of the Okinoshima population and native deer. However, only Japanese sika deer sequences were found in the other 42 samples, indicating limited introgression. Nevertheless, hybridization pre- and postintroduction in the Okinoshima population could cause multispecies introgression among Japanese sika deer, negatively affecting genetic integrity. We developed a simple test based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to detect introgression in natural populations. Our method can accelerate genetic monitoring of Japanese sika deer in Kinki District. In conclusion, to prevent further introgression and maintain genetic integrity of Japanese sika deer, we recommend establishing fences around Okinoshima Island to limit migration, besides a continued genetic monitoring of the native deer.}, }
@article {pmid30160996, year = {2018}, author = {Mueck, K and Deaton, LE and Lee, A and Guilbeaux, T}, title = {Physiology of the Apple Snail Pomacea maculata: Aestivation and Overland Dispersal.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, pages = {43-51}, doi = {10.1086/698817}, pmid = {30160996}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Desiccation ; *Introduced Species ; Louisiana ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Apple snails, in the genus Pomacea, have gained considerable notoriety for their impact on invaded habitats. Louisiana is currently under invasion by Pomacea maculata, which represents a potential threat to the state's valuable plants and cash crops. Insight into the physiology of the invasive snail may assist in developing control measures and enhance our understanding of the processes of adaptation and coevolution that accompany introductions. This paper addresses the capacity, extent, and means by which aquatic apple snails in Louisiana tolerate aerial exposure, as well as the factors that contribute to desiccation tolerance in P. maculata. Invasive P. maculata in Louisiana survived about 10 months of aestivation before 50% mortality was incurred, during which body mass was reduced by only about 30%; mortality and loss of body mass were positively correlated during aestivation. Size affects the loss of body mass in snails under 20 grams. Relative humidity interfered with the induction of aestivation, but it did not significantly affect the loss of body mass. Invasive apple snails in Louisiana also demonstrated the inclination and ability to sustain travel for at least three hours over dry land, at a rate of two meters per hour. The results of this study show that P. maculata is well adapted for survival in the absence of water. The ability to sustain travel over land and to endure long periods of aerial exposure suggests that the dry-down of infested bodies of water would not significantly impact populations of P. maculata in Louisiana.}, }
@article {pmid30160995, year = {2018}, author = {Cadierno, MP and Saveanu, L and Dreon, MS and Martín, PR and Heras, H}, title = {Biosynthesis in the Albumen Gland-Capsule Gland Complex Limits Reproductive Effort in the Invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1086/699200}, pmid = {30160995}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Exocrine Glands/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Reproduction/physiology ; Snails/*physiology ; }, abstract = {High fecundity often contributes to successful invasives. In molluscs, this may be facilitated by the albumen gland-capsule gland complex, which in gastropods secretes the egg perivitelline fluid that nourishes and protects embryos. The biochemistry of the albumen gland-capsule gland complex and its relationship with fecundity remain largely unknown. We addressed these issues in Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822), a highly invasive gastropod whose fecundity and reproductive effort exceed those of ecologically similar gastropods. We evaluated the dynamics of its major secretion compounds (calcium, polysaccharides, and total proteins) as well as the gene expression and stored levels of perivitellins during key moments of the reproductive cycle, that is, before and after first copulation and at low, medium, and high reproductive output. Copulation and first oviposition do not trigger the onset of albumen gland-capsule gland complex biosynthesis. On the contrary, soon after an intermediate reproductive effort, genes encoding perivitellins overexpressed. A high reproductive effort caused a decrease in all albumen gland-capsule gland complex secretion components. Right after a high reproductive output, the albumen gland-capsule gland complex restored the main secretion components, and calcium recovered baseline reserves; but proteins and polysaccharides did not. These metabolic changes in the albumen gland-capsule gland complex after multiple ovipositions were reflected in a reduction in egg mass but did not compromise egg quality. At the end of the cycle, egg dry weight almost doubled the initial albumen gland-capsule gland complex weight. Results indicate that albumen gland-capsule gland complex biosynthesis limits a constantly high reproductive output. Therefore, lowering fecundity by targeting biosynthesis could effectively reduce the rate of this species' spread.}, }
@article {pmid29040730, year = {2018}, author = {Alto, BW and Wiggins, K and Eastmond, B and Ortiz, S and Zirbel, K and Lounibos, LP}, title = {Diurnal Temperature Range and Chikungunya Virus Infection in Invasive Mosquito Vectors.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {217-224}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx182}, pmid = {29040730}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya virus/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Extremities/virology ; Female ; Florida ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Saliva/virology ; *Temperature ; }, abstract = {Climate strongly influences the geographic distribution and timing of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. Environmental temperature affects phenotypic traits of mosquitoes including vector competence for arboviruses mediated by changes in infection, extrinsic incubation period and in rates of transmission. Most experiments, however, are done at constant temperatures. In nature, mosquitoes are more likely to experience daily fluctuations in temperature. Here we compare disseminated infection (leg infection) and saliva infection of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Florida following oral exposure to an Asian genotype of chikungunya virus emergent in the Americas. We evaluated experimentally the effect of variable temperature regimens on disseminated infection and saliva infection of these Aedes species. Each of three temperature regimes had approximately the same average temperature (27-28°C), but differed in the magnitude of the diurnal temperature range (DTR). The large DTR was 8.0°C (range 23-31°C) and the small DTR was 4.0°C (range 26-30°C) which approximate ranges in different locations of Florida during July-October when risk of transmission is highest. The constant temperature was set at 27°C. Testing three geographic populations of each mosquito species, significant effects on disseminated infection were detected for an interaction between temperature regime and geographic population for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. There were no significant treatment effects of temperature, geographic population, or temperature by geographic population interaction on saliva infection for either mosquito species. Constant temperature resulted in a higher viral load in the saliva of Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti, compared to conditions where the temperature fluctuated.}, }
@article {pmid28887483, year = {2017}, author = {Uddin, MDN and Robinson, RW}, title = {Responses of plant species diversity and soil physical-chemical-microbial properties to Phragmites australis invasion along a density gradient.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {11007}, pmid = {28887483}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Chemical Phenomena ; *Introduced Species ; Plants/*classification ; Poaceae/*growth &amp; development ; Population Density ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Victoria ; }, abstract = {The invasion of ecosystems by strongly colonising plants such as Phragmites australis is viewed as one of the greatest threats to plant diversity and soil properties. This study compared a range of diversity measures including soil properties and mycorrhizal potential under different degrees of Phragmites density among three populations in coastal wetland, Victoria, Australia. Species richness, evenness and Shanon-Wiener index had significantly higher values in low degree of Phragmites density in all populations. Higher densities had the lowest diversity, with Shannon-Wiener index = 0 and Simpson's index = 1 indicating its mono-specificity. Significant alterations in soil properties associated with different degrees of Phragmites density were noticed. These had interactive effects (population × density) on water content, dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass (C, N and P) but not on pH, electrical conductivity, phenolics, organic carbon, and spore density. Furthermore, the study elucidated decrease of competitive abilities of native plants, by interfering with formation of mycorrhizal associations and biomass. Overall, our results suggest that significant ecological alterations in vegetation and soil variables (including mycorrhizal potential) were strongly dependent on Phragmites density. Such changes may lead to an important role in process of Phragmites invasion through disruption of functional relationships amongst those variables.}, }
@article {pmid31158305, year = {2019}, author = {Germain, RM and Jones, NT and Grainger, TN}, title = {Cryptic dispersal networks shape biodiversity in an invaded landscape.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02738}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2738}, pmid = {31158305}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Species interact with the physical world in complex ways, and life-history strategies could cause species to differ in how they experience the connectedness of the same landscape. As a consequence, dispersal limitation might be present but not captured by distance-based measures of connectivity. To test these ideas, we surveyed plant communities that live on discrete patches of serpentine habitat embedded within an invaded nonserpentine habitat matrix. Species in these communities differ in dispersal mode (gravity, animal, or wind); thus we used satellite imagery to quantify landscape features that might differentially influence connectivity for some dispersal- mode groups over others (surface streams, animal paths). Our data yielded two key insights: first, dispersal limitation appeared to be absent using a conventional distance-based measure of connectivity, but emerged after considering forms of landscape connectivity relevant to each dispersal mode. Second, the landscape variables that emerged as most important to each dispersal mode were generally consistent with our predictions based on species' putative dispersal vectors, but also included unexpected interactive effects. For example, the richness of animal-dispersed species was positively associated with animal connectivity when patches were close in space, but when patches were isolated, animals had a strong negative effect. This finding alludes to the reduced ability of animals to disperse seeds between suitable patches in invaded landscapes because of increased inter-patch distances. Real landscapes include complex spatial flows of energy and matter, which, as our work demonstrates, sets up ecological opportunity for organisms to differ in how they disperse in a common landscape.}, }
@article {pmid31157944, year = {2019}, author = {Benkwitt, CE and Wilson, SK and Graham, NAJ}, title = {Seabird nutrient subsidies alter patterns of algal abundance and fish biomass on coral reefs following a bleaching event.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14643}, pmid = {31157944}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Royal Society/ ; //Fondation Bertarelli/ ; }, abstract = {Cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies play a key role in the structure and dynamics of recipient communities, but human activities are disrupting these links. Because nutrient subsidies may also enhance community stability, the effects of losing these inputs may be exacerbated in the face of increasing climate-related disturbances. Nutrients from seabirds nesting on oceanic islands enhance the productivity and functioning of adjacent coral reefs, but it is unknown whether these subsidies affect the response of coral reefs to mass bleaching events or whether the benefits of these nutrients persist following bleaching. To answer these questions, we surveyed benthic organisms and fishes around islands with seabirds and nearby islands without seabirds due to the presence of invasive rats. Surveys were conducted in the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, immediately before the 2015-2016 mass bleaching event and, in 2018, two years following the bleaching event. Regardless of the presence of seabirds, relative coral cover declined by 32%. However, there was a post-bleaching shift in benthic community structure around islands with seabirds, which did not occur around islands with invasive rats, characterized by increases in two types of calcareous algae (crustose coralline algae [CCA] and Halimeda spp.). All feeding groups of fishes were positively affected by seabirds, but only herbivores and piscivores were unaffected by the bleaching event and sustained the greatest difference in biomass between islands with seabirds versus those with invasive rats. By contrast, corallivores and planktivores, both of which are coral-dependent, experienced the greatest losses following bleaching. Even though seabird nutrients did not enhance community-wide resistance to bleaching, they may still promote recovery of these reefs through their positive influence on CCA and herbivorous fishes. More broadly, the maintenance of nutrient subsidies, via strategies including eradication of invasive predators, may be important in shaping the response of ecological communities to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31156691, year = {2019}, author = {Tóth, VR and Villa, P and Pinardi, M and Bresciani, M}, title = {Aspects of Invasiveness of Ludwigia and Nelumbo in Shallow Temperate Fluvial Lakes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {647}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00647}, pmid = {31156691}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The relationship between invasive plant functional traits and their invasiveness is still the subject of scientific investigation, and the backgrounds of transition from non-native to invasive species in ecosystems are therefore poorly understood. Furthermore, our current knowledge on species invasiveness is heavily biased toward terrestrial species; we know much less about the influence of allochthonous plant traits on their invasiveness in aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, we present the results of a study on physiological and ecological traits of two introduced and three native macrophyte species in the Mantua lakes system (northern Italy). We compared their photophysiology, pigment content, leaf reflectance, and phenology in order to assess how the invasive Nelumbo nucifera and Ludwigia hexapetala perform compared to native species, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, and Trapa natans. We found L. hexapetala to have higher photosynthetic efficiency and to tolerate higher light intensities than N. nucifera and the native species especially at extreme weather conditions (prolonged exposure to high light and higher temperatures). Chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids content of both allochthonous species were substantially higher than those of native plants, suggesting adaptive response to the ecosystem of Mantua lakes system. Higher variability of recorded data in invasive species was also observed. These observations suggest advanced photosynthetic efficiency of the invasive species, especially L. hexapetala, resulting in faster growth rates and higher productivity. This was supported by the evaluation of seasonal dynamics mapped from satellite remote sensing data. This study provides empirical evidence for the relationship between specific plant physiological traits and invasiveness of aquatic plant species, highlighting the importance of trait studies in predicting ecosystem-level impacts of invasive plant species.}, }
@article {pmid31155422, year = {2019}, author = {Frost, CM and Allen, WJ and Courchamp, F and Jeschke, JM and Saul, WC and Wardle, DA}, title = {Using Network Theory to Understand and Predict Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.012}, pmid = {31155422}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Understanding and predicting biological invasions is challenging because of the complexity of many interacting players. A holistic approach is needed with the potential to simultaneously consider all relevant effects and effectors. Using networks to describe the relevant anthropogenic and ecological factors, from community-level to global scales, promises advances in understanding aspects of invasion from propagule pressure, through establishment, spread, and ecological impact of invaders. These insights could lead to development of new tools for prevention and management of invasions that are based on species' network characteristics and use of networks to predict the ecological effects of invaders. Here, we review the findings from network ecology that show the most promise for invasion biology and identify pressing needs for future research.}, }
@article {pmid30727994, year = {2019}, author = {Andriantsoa, R and Tönges, S and Panteleit, J and Theissinger, K and Carneiro, VC and Rasamy, J and Lyko, F}, title = {Ecological plasticity and commercial impact of invasive marbled crayfish populations in Madagascar.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, doi = {10.1186/s12898-019-0224-1}, pmid = {30727994}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Madagascar ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) is a monoclonal, parthenogenetically reproducing freshwater crayfish species that has formed multiple stable populations worldwide. Madagascar hosts a particularly large and rapidly expanding colony of marbled crayfish in a unique environment characterized by a very high degree of ecological diversity.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we provide a detailed characterization of five marbled crayfish populations in Madagascar and their habitats. Our data show that the animals can tolerate a wide range of ecological parameters, consistent with their invasive potential. While we detected marbled crayfish in sympatry with endemic crayfish species, we found no evidence for the transmission of the crayfish plague pathogen, a potentially devastating oomycete. Furthermore, our results also suggest that marbled crayfish are active predators of the freshwater snails that function as intermediate hosts for human schistosomiasis. Finally, we document fishing, farming and market sales of marbled crayfish in Madagascar.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a paradigm for the complex network of factors that promotes the invasive spread of marbled crayfish. The commercial value of the animals is likely to result in further anthropogenic distribution.}, }
@article {pmid29228245, year = {2018}, author = {Vajda, EA and Webb, CE and Toi, C and Clancy, JC and Perez Cruz, J and Garcia, J and Baradi, C}, title = {New Record of Wyeomyia mitchellii (Diptera: Culicidae) on Guam, United States.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {477-480}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx222}, pmid = {29228245}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Culicidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Guam ; Introduced Species ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; }, abstract = {Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) was recovered for the first time on Guam, United States of America, in 2017. Larval specimens were collected from water-filled axils of bromeliads during a larval survey carried out in a residential neighborhood of the Chalan Pago/Ordot area. Native to the New World, Wy. mitchellii has likely made its way to the Pacific Islands through the possibly illegal import of ornamental bromeliads. While this mosquito does not represent a significant threat to public health, this finding highlights the vulnerability of the Pacific Islands to the introduction of exotic species, including mosquito species that may increase public health risks.}, }
@article {pmid31148329, year = {2019}, author = {Fey, SB and Vasseur, DA and Alujević, K and Kroeker, KJ and Logan, ML and O'Connor, MI and Rudolf, VHW and DeLong, JP and Peacor, S and Selden, RL and Sih, A and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Opportunities for behavioral rescue under rapid environmental change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14712}, pmid = {31148329}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Laboratory measurements of physiological and demographic tolerances are important to understanding the impact of climate change on species diversity; however, it has been recognized that forecasts based solely on these laboratory estimates overestimate risk by omitting the capacity for species to utilize microclimatic variation via behavioral adjustments in activity patterns or habitat choice. The complex, and often context-dependent nature, of microclimate utilization has been an impediment to the advancement of general predictive models. Here, we overcome this impediment and estimate the potential impact of warming on the fitness of ectotherms using a benefit/cost tradeoff derived from the simple and broadly documented thermal performance curve and a generalized cost function. Our framework reveals that, for certain environments, the cost of behavioral thermoregulation can be reduced as warming occurs, enabling behavioral buffering (e.g., the capacity for behavior to ameliorate detrimental impacts) and &quot;behavioral rescue&quot; from extinction in extreme cases. By applying our framework to operative temperature and physiological data collected at an extremely fine spatial scale in an African lizard, we show that new behavioral opportunities may emerge. Finally, we explore large-scale geographic differences in the impact of behavior on climate-impact projections using a global dataset of 38 insect species. These multiple lines of inference indicate that understanding the existing relationship between thermal characteristics (e.g., spatial configuration, spatial heterogeneity, and modal temperature) is essential for improving estimates of extinction risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31143945, year = {2019}, author = {Ebbenga, DN and Burkness, EC and Hutchison, WD}, title = {Evaluation of Exclusion Netting for Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Management in Minnesota Wine Grapes.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz143}, pmid = {31143945}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), an economically damaging invasive species of numerous fruit crops, was first detected in Minnesota in 2012. High fecundity, and short generation times facilitated a rapid rise in the global pest status of D. suzukii, particularly in North America and Europe. To date, the majority of crop injury research has focused on fruit crops such as blueberries, raspberries, and cherries. However, little is known regarding the impact of D. suzukii on the wine grape industry in the upper Midwest region of the United States. Field trials were conducted in Minnesota during the summers of 2017-2018 to examine season-long phenology of D. suzukii in wine grape vineyards and wineries, and to assess the efficacy of exclusion netting for control of D. suzukii. Four treatments were evaluated, 1) open plot check (control), 2) open plot treated with an insecticide, 3) exclusion netting, and 4) exclusion netting, with artificial infestations of D. suzukii adults. Exclusion netting was applied at véraison and removed at harvest. On each sample date, 20 berries (10 intact and 10 injured) were collected from each plot for dissection. The number of larvae and adults were recorded for each berry to determine infestation levels. As shown by mean larval infestations and injured berries across treatments, exclusion netting provided a significant reduction in the level of D. suzukii infested berries when compared with the untreated check. These results indicate that exclusion netting could provide an effective alternative management strategy for D. suzukii in wine grapes.}, }
@article {pmid31143535, year = {2019}, author = {Androsiuk, P and Koc, J and Chwedorzewska, KJ and Górecki, R and Giełwanowska, I}, title = {Retrotransposon-based genetic variation of Poa annua populations from contrasting climate conditions.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6888}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6888}, pmid = {31143535}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: Poa annua L. is an example of a plant characterized by abundant, worldwide distribution from polar to equatorial regions. Due to its high plasticity and extraordinary expansiveness, P. annua is considered an invasive species capable of occupying and surviving in a wide range of habitats including pioneer zones, areas intensively transformed by human activities, remote subarctic meadows and even the Antarctic Peninsula region.<br><br>Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the utility of inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers for assessing the genetic variation of P. annua populations representing contrasting environments from the worldwide range of this species. The electrophoretic patterns of polymerase chain reaction products obtained for each individual were used to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation between populations.<br><br>Results: iPBS genotyping revealed a pattern of genetic variation differentiating the six studied P. annua populations characterized by their different climatic conditions. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the greatest genetic variation was recorded among populations, whereas 41.75% was observed between individuals within populations. The results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and model-based clustering analysis showed a clear subdivision of analyzed populations. According to PCoA, populations from Siberia and the Kola Peninsula were the most different from each other and showed the lowest genetic variability. The application of STRUCTURE software confirmed the unique character of the population from the Kola Peninsula.<br><br>Discussion: The lowest variability of the Siberia population suggested that it was subjected to genetic drift. However, although demographic expansion was indicated by negative values of Fu's FS statistic and analysis of mismatch distribution, it was not followed by significant traces of a bottleneck or a founder effect. For the Antarctic population, the observed level of genetic variation was surprisingly high, despite the observed significant traces of bottleneck/founder effect following demographic expansion, and was similar to that observed in populations from Poland and the Balkans. For the Antarctic population, the multiple introduction events from different sources are considered to be responsible for such an observation. Moreover, the results of STRUCTURE and PCoA showed that the P. annua from Antarctica has the highest genetic similarity to populations from Europe.<br><br>Conclusions: The observed polymorphism should be considered as a consequence of the joint influence of external abiotic stress and the selection process. Environmental changes, due to their ability to induce transposon activation, lead to the acceleration of evolutionary processes through the production of genetic variability.}, }
@article {pmid31142287, year = {2019}, author = {Cohen, P and Privman, E}, title = {Speciation and hybridization in invasive fire ants.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {111}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-019-1437-9}, pmid = {31142287}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {2013408//US-Israel Binational Science Foundation/ ; 646/15, 2140/15, 2155/15//Israel Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A major focus of evolutionary biology is the formation of reproductive barriers leading to divergence and ultimately, speciation. Often, it is not clear whether the separation of populations is complete or if there still is ongoing gene flow in the form of rare cases of admixture, known as isolation with migration. Here, we studied the speciation of two fire ant species, Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri, both native to South America, both inadvertently introduced to North America in the early twentieth century. While the two species are known to admix in the introduced range, in the native range no hybrids were found.<br><br>RESULTS: We conducted a population genomic survey of native and introduced populations of the two species using reduced representation genomic sequencing of 337 samples. Using maximum likelihood analysis over native range samples, we found no evidence of any gene flow between the species since they diverged. We estimated their time of divergence to 190,000 (100,000-350,000) generations ago. Modelling the demographic history of native and introduced S. invicta populations, we evaluated their divergence times and historic and contemporary population sizes, including the original founder population in North America, which was estimated at 26 (10-93) unrelated singly-mated queens.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for complete genetic isolation maintained between two invasive species in their natïve range, based, for the first time, on large scale genomic data analysis. The results lay the foundations for further studies into different stages in the formation of genetic barriers in dynamic, invasive populations.}, }
@article {pmid29551097, year = {2018}, author = {Lopes, RJ and Correia, J and Batalha, H and Cardoso, GC}, title = {Haemosporidian parasites missed the boat during the introduction of common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) in Iberia.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {11}, pages = {1493-1498}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018000331}, pmid = {29551097}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Genetic Variation ; Haemosporida/genetics/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Passeriformes/*parasitology ; Portugal ; Prevalence ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Exotic species can experience fast expansion in new environments, especially if they left their pathogens behind (Enemy Release hypothesis) or brought novel pathogens to the native competitors (Novel Weapon hypothesis). Common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) are native to sub-Saharan Africa and invaded west Iberia since the 1960s. Past haemosporidian parasite surveys at four locations in Portugal showed that waxbills can be infected with parasites, though with very low prevalence. However, it is not known if this pattern generalizes across their distribution range, or if there are geographic differences in parasite prevalence. It is also not discussed if this is a case of Enemy Release, as opposed to waxbills being also little parasitized in their native range. We screened 617 waxbills in 23 sites in Portugal and detected nine parasite lineages, most of them only known to the Palearctic. Only ten individuals were parasitized, and there was no significant geographical pattern on the prevalence. Overall, this population shows very low prevalence of haemosporidians (1.6% prevalence), which contrasts with significantly higher prevalence in native grounds, as compiled from the literature. These data support Enemy Release as the most likely hypothesis, which may have been important for their success as an exotic species.}, }
@article {pmid31140148, year = {2019}, author = {Assour, HR and Behm, JE}, title = {First Occurrence of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the Caribbean Island of Curaçao.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-019-00699-0}, pmid = {31140148}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {858.14.040//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NL)/ ; }, abstract = {The predatory ladybird species, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), is native to Asia and Australia but has established populations outside its native range, most recently on the eastern and northern coast of South America. Here, we report for the first time the identification of the introduced ladybird beetle, C. sexmaculata, to the Caribbean islands, specifically the island of Curaçao. Although C. sexmaculata is typically considered beneficial and used as a means of biological control in continental ecosystems, due to its high predatory and reproductive ability, it has the potential to cause major ecological impacts as an invader to sensitive Caribbean island ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid31139001, year = {2019}, author = {Robertson, DR and Domínguez-Dominguez, O and Aroyo, YML and Mendoza, RM and Simões, N}, title = {Reef-associated fishes from the offshore reefs of western Campeche Bank, Mexico, with a discussion of mangroves and seagrass beds as nursery habitats.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {843}, number = {}, pages = {71-115}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.843.33873}, pmid = {31139001}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A series of small emergent coral reefs and shallow, submerged coralliferous banks are scattered along the western edge of Campeche Bank (southwest Gulf of Mexico), 150-200 km offshore from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Here a reasonably comprehensive, annotated checklist of reef-associated fishes for one reef, Cayo Arcas (expanded from 162 to 209 species) is presented, with preliminary checklists of such fishes from three other emergent reefs (Cayo Arenas, Triángulo Oeste, Triángulo Este) and four submerged bank reefs (Banco Obispo Norte, Banco Obispo Sur, Banco Nuevo and Banco Pera). During 2017-18 a total of 260 species was observed or collected from those reefs, and previous studies and georeferenced museum records in the global aggregator Fishnet2 added another 101 shallow-living species recorded on or adjacent to those reefs. Some coral-reef fishes are thought to be strongly dependent on seagrass and mangrove areas as nursery habitats for maintenance of their local populations on reefs near to those habitats. The abundance of a number of such &quot;nursery&quot; species on these Campeche reefs indicates otherwise, as there are no seagrass- or mangrove habitats for reef fishes within ~ 150 km of the study reefs. Other isolated Caribbean-area reefs that lack mangroves and, in some cases, seagrasses, also support many such nursery species of reef-fishes.}, }
@article {pmid28771819, year = {2017}, author = {Bueno, CG and Marín, C and Silva-Flores, P and Aguilera, P and Godoy, R}, title = {Think globally, research locally: emerging opportunities for mycorrhizal research in South America: First international mycorrhizal meeting in South America, 'Mycorrhizal symbiosis in the southern cone of South America', Valdivia, Chile, 6-9 March 2017.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {215}, number = {4}, pages = {1306-1309}, doi = {10.1111/nph.14709}, pmid = {28771819}, issn = {1469-8137}, mesh = {Chile ; Congresses as Topic ; Crops, Agricultural/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Introduced Species ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Research ; }, }
@article {pmid31134712, year = {2019}, author = {Zettlemoyer, MA and Schultheis, EH and Lau, JA}, title = {Phenology in a warming world: differences between native and non-native plant species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13290}, pmid = {31134712}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//Michigan State University AgBioResearch/ ; 2124//Kellogg Biological Station/ ; DEB 1637653//NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program/ ; }, abstract = {Phenology is a harbinger of climate change, with many species advancing flowering in response to rising temperatures. However, there is tremendous variation among species in phenological response to warming, and any phenological differences between native and non-native species may influence invasion outcomes under global warming. We simulated global warming in the field and found that non-native species flowered earlier and were more phenologically plastic to temperature than natives, which did not accelerate flowering in response to warming. Non-native species' flowering also became more synchronous with other community members under warming. Earlier flowering was associated with greater geographic spread of non-native species, implicating phenology as a potential trait associated with the successful establishment of non-native species across large geographic regions. Such phenological differences in both timing and plasticity between native and non-natives are hypothesised to promote invasion success and population persistence, potentially benefiting non-native over native species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31134115, year = {2019}, author = {Ye, XQ and Yan, YN and Wu, M and Yu, FH}, title = {High Capacity of Nutrient Accumulation by Invasive Solidago canadensis in a Coastal Grassland.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {575}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00575}, pmid = {31134115}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Background: Solidago canadensis is a notorious invasive species from North America that is spreading across East China. It is invading some coastal grasslands and replacing native grass species. The effects of the S. canadensis invasion on soil nutrient cycling in the grasslands remain unclear. This study examined the effects of the invasion of S. canadensis on macronutrient accumulation in species aboveground part and soil.<br><br>Methods: Aboveground biomass, macronutrient (N, P, and K) pools in biomass, litter mass and decomposition rates, soil macronutrient availability and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity that were related to nutrient transformation were compared between plots invaded by S. canadensis and uninvaded plots dominated by three different native grass species: Phacelurus latifolius, Phragmites australis, and Imperata cylindrica.<br><br>Results: S. canadensis had higher aboveground biomass, higher leaf N, P, and K concentrations, and consequently, a larger macronutrient pool size in the standing biomass. S. canadensis also produced more litter with higher N, P, and K concentrations and faster decomposition rates. The S. canadensis invasion did not change the total N, P, and K concentration in the topsoil (0-10 cm), but the invasion did increase their availability. The S. canadensis invasion did not increase the total soil organic matter (TSOM) content but did increase the soil microbial biomass and the activities of urease, alkaline phosphatase, invertase, amylase, and glucosidase in the topsoil.<br><br>Conclusion: The invasion of S. canadensis accelerates the macronutrient cycling rate via increases in aboveground productivity and nutrient accumulation in standing biomass, faster nutrient release from litter and higher soil microbial activity. An enhanced nutrient cycling rate may further enhance its invasiveness through a positive feedback on soil processes.}, }
@article {pmid31134104, year = {2019}, author = {Pulzatto, MM and Cunha, ER and Dainez-Filho, MS and Thomaz, SM}, title = {Association Between the Success of an Invasive Macrophyte, Environmental Variables and Abundance of a Competing Native Macrophyte.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {514}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00514}, pmid = {31134104}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The success of invasive species depends on the overcoming of abiotic and biotic filters. Abiotic variables likely have greater relative importance over invasion at broad spatial scales, while biotic interactions are more important at fine spatial scales. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that (i) the abundance of the invasive Hydrilla verticillata is more correlated with abiotic factors than with competing native species at broad spatial grain; and that (ii) H. verticillata abundance is more correlated with competing native species than with abiotic factors at fine spatial grain. Here, we considered spatial scale as the grain size (i.e., the extent of sampling unit) assuming broad spatial scales as a large area encompassing the entire patches of macrophytes, and fine spatial scales as a small area inside one macrophyte patch. We collected the abundance of hydrilla and the competing native species along with environmental variables in a large subtropical reservoir. To evaluate how the relative importance of the abiotic factors and the competing native species vary between spatial grains we used Bayesian Generalized Linear Models. At broad grain, the abundance of the competing native species, maximum fetch (positive correlation), turbidity and conductivity (negative correlation) were the most important factors to explain the hydrilla abundance. At fine grain, alkalinity, total organic matter of the sediment and the abundance of a competitive native species (all negative correlations) were the most important variables. Our results indicate a greater importance of abiotic factors at broader grains while competitive interactions seem to be important only in the finer spatial grains. Environmental heterogeneity may explain the positive correlation between native and invasive abundances at broad grain, while the negative correlation at fine grain suggests the effect of competition. In synthesis, we show that the abiotic factors that explain the invasion success of a submerged invasive macrophyte are the same in two spatial grains, but the importance of biotic interactions changed with grain. Thus, our data suggest that models that attempt to explain the success of invasive plants, should consider spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid31133883, year = {2019}, author = {Kanakala, S and Kontsedalov, S and Lebedev, G and Ghanim, M}, title = {Plant-Mediated Silencing of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Cyclophilin B and Heat Shock Protein 70 Impairs Insect Development and Virus Transmission.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {557}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.00557}, pmid = {31133883}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The whitefly B. tabaci is a global pest and transmits extremely important plant viruses especially begomoviruses, that cause substantial crop losses. B. tabaci is one of the top invasive species worldwide and have developed resistance to all major pesticide classes. One of the promising alternative ways for controlling this pest is studying its genetic makeup for identifying specific target proteins which are critical for its development and ability to transmit viruses. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the most economically important and well-studied begomovirus transmitted by B. tabaci, in a persistent-circulative manner. Recently, we reported that B. tabaci Cyclophilin B (CypB) and heat shock protein 70 proteins (hsp70) interact and co-localize with TYLCV in the whitefly midgut, on the virus transmission pathway, and that both proteins have a significant role in virus transmission. Here, we extended the previous work and used the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) plant-mediated RNA silencing system for knocking down both genes and testing the effect of their silencing on whitefly viability and virus transmission. Portions of these two genes were cloned into TRV constructs and tomato plants were infected and used for whitefly feeding and transmission experiments. Following whitefly feeding on TRV-plants, the expression levels of cypB and hsp70 in adult B. tabaci significantly decreased over 72 h feeding period. The knockdown in the expression of both genes was further shown in the first generation of silenced whiteflies, where phenotypic abnormalities in the adult, wing, nymph and bacteriosomes development and structure were observed. Additionally, high mortality rates that reached more than 80% among nymphs and adults were obtained. Finally, silenced whitefly adults with both genes showed decreased ability to transmit TYLCV under lab conditions. Our results suggest that plant-mediated silencing of both cypB and hsp70 have profound effects on whitefly development and its ability to transmit TYLCV.}, }
@article {pmid31132703, year = {2019}, author = {Jones, NR and Agnew, M and Banic, I and Grossi, CM and Colón-González, FJ and Plavec, D and Goodess, CM and Epstein, MM and Turkalj, M and Lake, IR}, title = {Ragweed pollen and allergic symptoms in children: Results from a three-year longitudinal study.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {683}, number = {}, pages = {240-248}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.284}, pmid = {31132703}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Common ragweed is a highly allergenic invasive species in Europe, expected to become widespread under climate change. Allergy to ragweed manifests as eye, nasal and lung symptoms, and children may retain these throughout life. The dose-response relationship between symptoms and pollen concentrations is unclear. We undertook a longitudinal study, assessing the association between ragweed pollen concentration and allergic eye, nasal and lung symptoms in children living under a range of ragweed pollen concentrations in Croatia. Over three years, 85 children completed daily diaries, detailing allergic symptoms alongside daily location, activities and medication, resulting in 10,130 individual daily entries. The daily ragweed pollen concentration for the children's locations was obtained, alongside daily weather and air pollution. Parents completed a home/lifestyle/medical questionnaire. Generalised Additive Mixed Models established the relationship between pollen concentrations and symptoms, alongside other covariates. Eye symptoms were associated with mean daily pollen concentration over four days (day of symptoms plus 3 previous days); 61 grains/m3/day (95%CI: 45, 100) was the threshold at which 50% of children reported symptoms. Nasal symptoms were associated with mean daily pollen concentration over 12 days (day of symptoms plus 11 previous days); the threshold for 50% of children reporting symptoms was 40 grains/m3/day (95%CI: 24, 87). Lung symptoms showed a relationship with mean daily pollen concentration over 19 days (day of symptoms plus 18 previous days), with a threshold of 71 grains/m3/day (95%CI: 59, 88). Taking medication on the day of symptoms showed higher odds, suggesting responsive behaviour. Taking medication on the day prior to symptoms showed lower odds of reporting, indicating preventative behaviour. Different symptoms in children demonstrate varying dose-response relationships with ragweed pollen concentrations. Each symptom type responded to pollen exposure over different time periods. Using medication prior to symptoms can reduce symptom presence. These findings can be used to better manage paediatric ragweed allergy symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid31129326, year = {2019}, author = {Ilarri, MI and Souza, AT and Amorim, L and Sousa, R}, title = {Decay and persistence of empty bivalve shells in a temperate riverine system.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {683}, number = {}, pages = {185-192}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.208}, pmid = {31129326}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Bivalve shells can persist over a geological time, acting as important physical resources to the associated fauna. However, few studies have investigated their relevance as persistent long-term ecological attributes to the ecosystem. As such, it is relevant to investigate the shell decays in riverine systems subjected to different environmental conditions. Towards this end, shells of four bivalve species (Anodonta anatina, Corbicula fluminea, Potomida littoralis and Unio delphinus) were made available individually and in clusters of different sizes. The effects of river flow and seasonality were assessed by recording the decay rates of shells in lentic and lotic habitats throughout the year. Our results evidenced that the decays varied among species and depend on shell size, water flow and season. Thin shelled species (A. anatina and U. delphinus) showed the highest mean percentage of decay per month, 3.17% (lotic) and 2.77% (lotic), respectively, and thick shelled species (C. fluminea and P. littoralis) the lowest, 2.02% (lotic) and 1.83% (lotic), respectively. Size was a relevant variable explaining decays, with the smallest shells presenting the highest values, 1.2-2.0 times higher compared to the other size classes. Also, robustness showed to be the most relevant feature explaining the decays in thick shelled species. River flow was also a relevant descriptor of the decays, with higher decays observed in the lotic compared to the lentic habitats. Furthermore, lower decays were observed mainly during summer (lentic site), and autumn (lotic site) associated to the burial effect of leaves. In summary, shells of the native species A. anatina and U. delphinus are expected to persist and contribute less as habitat engineering species, than shells of the native P. littoralis and invasive C. fluminea species. This is especially valid to lotic habitats where the decays were up to 2.13 times higher than in lentic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid31128639, year = {2019}, author = {Lin, TE and Chen, TY and Wei, HL and Richard, R and Huang, SP}, title = {Low cold tolerance of the invasive lizard Eutropis multifasciata constrains its potential elevation distribution in Taiwan.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {82}, number = {}, pages = {115-122}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.015}, pmid = {31128639}, issn = {0306-4565}, abstract = {1. The invasive many-lined sun skink, Eutropis multifasciata, is established in much of southern Taiwan and is spreading northward. We investigated whether winter temperatures constrain further dispersion of this skink by comparing its cold tolerance to the spatial distribution of winter temperatures in Taiwan. 2. We measured the 28-day survival rate of this species at 4 constant temperatures (10-16 °C in 2 °C increments) and its critical thermal minimum (CTmin), i.e., the body temperature at which the righting reflex is lost during the cooling process. For comparison with the spatial distribution of temperatures over Taiwan, we used the biophysical model Niche Mapper™ in order to simulate the soil temperatures, where lizards are inactive in the winter, during the coldest month of the year, January, under three climatic scenarios (average temperature, average-3 °C, average+3 °C). 3. Our results indicate that this species has low tolerance to cold. Combining cold tolerance data with soil temperature data suggests that its upper elevation limit could range from 1000 m to 1500 m, above which the weather is lethal and precludes overwintering. The locations of sightings of E. multifasciata are consistent with this prediction, with no known locations above 500 m elevation. 4. This study highlights that the winter climate is a major factor in determining population establishment and hence in limiting this species' range. Future studies would benefit from accounting for low winter temperatures and their potential influence on range limits of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31127981, year = {2019}, author = {Hall, RN and Huang, N and Roberts, J and Strive, T}, title = {Carrion flies as sentinels for monitoring lagovirus activity in Australia.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/tbed.13250}, pmid = {31127981}, issn = {1865-1682}, abstract = {Lagoviruses are an essential tool for managing wild rabbit populations in Australia. Our understanding of lagovirus epidemiology in Australia currently depends on members of the public submitting liver samples from dead lagomorphs (i.e. rabbits and hares) through a monitoring program called Rabbitscan. However, many wild lagomorphs die in inaccessible locations or are scavenged before sampling can occur, leading to considerable sampling bias. In this study we screened field-caught carrion flies for the presence of lagoviruses to monitor virus circulation patterns in the landscape, with an aim to establish a less biased epidemiological surveillance tool. Carrion flies were collected from two study sites over a 22-month period and these samples were used to optimise and validate molecular testing methods in this sample type for the currently circulating lagovirus variants. Virus was clearly detectable in field-caught carrion flies using optimised SYBR-green RT-qPCR and RT-PCR assays. However, variant identification was frequently hindered by the low virus loads present in carrion fly samples and spurious RT-PCR amplification. This was overcome by frequent sampling, which effectively acts as replicate sampling to verify inconclusive results. There was generally good correlation between virus detections and variant identification in carrion flies and in samples recovered from wild lagomorphs. The methods reported here provide an additional surveillance tool to monitor lagovirus spread and circulation at a landscape scale, which in turn can help to guide more effective rabbit management programs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31127123, year = {2019}, author = {Collado, GA and Vidal, MA and Aguayo, KP and Méndez, MA and Valladares, MA and Cabrera, FJ and Pastenes, L and Gutiérrez Gregoric, DE and Puillandre, N}, title = {Morphological and molecular analysis of cryptic native and invasive freshwater snails in Chile.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7846}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-41279-x}, pmid = {31127123}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Species delimitation in minute freshwater snails is often difficult to perform using solely shell morphology. The problem intensifies when invasive species spread within the distribution range of morphologically similar native species. In Chile, the Truncatelloidean snails are represented by the native genera Heleobia and Potamolithus plus the invasive mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which can easily be confused. Using an integrative approach, we performed molecular phylogenetic analysis and studied reproductive and morphological features to identify superficially similar forms inhabiting the central area of the country. Truncatelloidean snails were identified in 40 of 51 localities sampled, 10 containing Potamopyrgus antipodarum, 23 Heleobia and 7 Potamolithus. Based on these results and previously published data, the known distribution of the mudsnail in Chile encompasses 6 hydrological basins, including 18 freshwater ecosystems. The finding of the mudsnails in several type localities of native species/subspecies of &quot;Heleobia&quot; that were not find in situ suggests species replacement or significant extinction of native fauna, a hypothesis supported by the restudy of type material that shows that endemic forms belong to the genus Potamolithus. This study shows the usefulness of integrative taxonomy not only resolving complex taxa with cryptic morphology but also measuring the extent of an ongoing invasion.}, }
@article {pmid31124245, year = {2019}, author = {Byrd, BD and Sither, CB and Goggins, JA and Kunze-Garcia, S and Pesko, KN and Bustamante, DM and Sither, JM and Vonesh, JR and O'Meara, GF}, title = {Aquatic thermal conditions predict the presence of native and invasive rock pool Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the southern Appalachians, U.S.A.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {30-39}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12326}, pmid = {31124245}, issn = {1948-7134}, abstract = {The native rock pool mosquito, Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett), and the invasive Aedes japonicus (Theobald) have been found in many types of artificial and natural containers throughout North America. Little is known about the ecology of these two species in habitats where they co-occur, although multiple investigators have reported the decline of the native species concurrent with the introduction and spread of the invasive species. Here we report the results of riverine rock pool collections (n=503) in the southern Appalachian Mountains between 2009-2015. Surface water temperatures strongly predicted the presence of each species across a broad range of observed temperatures (11-39.8° C). For every unit of increase in temperature (°C) the odds of collecting Ae. atropalpus larvae increased by 0.34 while the odds of collecting Ae. japonicus larvae decreased by 0.28. No Ae. japonicus larvae or pupae were collected at temperatures greater than 36° C; however, immature Ae. atropalpus were found in rock pools with temperatures up to 39.8° C. In contrast, Ae. japonicus were highly abundant in cooler rock pools (<17° C) where Ae. atropalpus were infrequent or absent. Our findings suggest that in spite of the successful invasion by Ae. japonicus, Ae. atropalpus remains well established in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Given the strong correlation of temperature with the presence of the two species and the contrasting absence of each species at observed temperature extremes, the role of thermal conditions should be carefully explored in the context of other ecological factors likely influencing the range and abundance of these mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid31124225, year = {2019}, author = {Peach, DAH and Almond, M and Pol, JC}, title = {Modeled distributions of Aedes japonicus japonicus and Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {119-129}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12336}, pmid = {31124225}, issn = {1948-7134}, abstract = {The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, and the coastal rock pool mosquito, Aedes togoi, are potential disease vectors present in both East Asia and North America. While their ranges are fairly well-documented in Asia, this is not the case for North America. We used maximum entropy modeling to estimate the potential distributions of Ae. togoi and Ae. j. japonicus in the United States, Canada, and northern Latin America under contemporary and future climatic conditions. Our results suggest suitable habitat that is not known to be occupied for Ae. j. japonicus in Atlantic and western Canada, Alaska, the western, midwestern, southern, and northeastern United States, and Latin America, and for Ae. togoi along the Pacific coast of North America and the Hawaiian Islands. Such areas are at risk of future invasion or may already contain undetected populations of these species. Our findings further predict that the limits of suitable habitat for each species will expand northward under future climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31122654, year = {2019}, author = {Sadchatheeswaran, S and Moloney, CL and Branch, GM and Robinson, TB}, title = {Using empirical and simulation approaches to quantify merits of rival measures of structural complexity in marine habitats.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.03.014}, pmid = {31122654}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Ecosystem engineers often affect structural complexity of habitats. There are multiple methods of quantifying complexity, variously measuring topography, surface area, volume, fractal dimension, or rugosity. We compared eight methods, four employing the 3D modelling program 'Blender' to estimate total surface area, top surface area, their ratio, and interstitial volume; and four empirically measuring interstitial volume, fractals and two indices of rugosity. We compared these using seven metrics: 1) correlations among comparable measures; 2) consistency; 3) accuracy; 4) precision; 5) discrimination among configurations of objects; 6) discernment of complexities among zones on rocky shores; and 7) practicality. Of the eight methods, the virtual volumetric method, Blender interstitial volume, performed the best. Direct measurements of three-dimensional space related more closely to patterns in biodiversity than did measurements of two-dimensional space or indirect measures of complexity like fractals. Blender interstitial volume is thus the recommended means of measuring structural complexity of benthic environments.}, }
@article {pmid30055848, year = {2019}, author = {Bennett, BM and van Sittert, L}, title = {Historicising perceptions and the national management framework for invasive alien plants in South Africa.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {174-181}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.029}, pmid = {30055848}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Government ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; Plant Weeds ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {This article offers a historical framework for understanding changes to human perceptions and efforts to manage invasive alien plants and weeds in South Africa from the mid-nineteenth century until the present. The article argues that South African legislation and policy for managing invasive alien plants and weeds has historically been limited because people have held contradictory values about plants, many private land owners have lacked resources and have not been compelled to follow government legislation and because policy has reflected the interests of a small group of farmers or scientific experts who have had limited influence on most private land owners and traditional land users. Successful control efforts often relied on technical expertise that was applied controversially or could be implemented on government land without extensive public consultation or social conflict. The creation of a national framework for invasive alien plants through the Working for Water Programme in 1995 and National Environmental Management of Biodiversity Act (no. 10) of 2004 (NEMBA) has increased public awareness, but the Programme and NEMBA remain limited by many of the same institutional and social constraints that experts and institutions faced in the past. In conclusion, the article draws on history to provide insights to contemporary challenges.}, }
@article {pmid30017110, year = {2019}, author = {Bravo-Vargas, V and García, RA and Pizarro, JC and Pauchard, A}, title = {Do people care about pine invasions? Visitor perceptions and willingness to pay for pine control in a protected area.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {57-66}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.018}, pmid = {30017110}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Forests ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Perception ; *Pinus ; Seasons ; South America ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Tree invasions are increasing globally, causing major problems for biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In South America, conifer invasions occur across many ecosystems and while numerous studies address the ecological consequences of these invasions, little is known about social perceptions and people's attitudes toward their control. The social perceptions on the effect of invasive conifers can include recreational, cultural and conservation dimensions. This study, conducted in the Malalcahuello National Reserve, aims to assess visitor's perception about invasive pines (Pinus spp.) and their effects on the endangered Araucaria araucana forests and determine their willingness to pay for pine control. We used a questionnaire to survey visitors to the reserve in both winter and summer (n = 138 for each season). When confronted with six images of araucaria and pine forests with and without snow, visitors consistently preferred landscapes without pines and disliked those completely dominated by pines the most. Almost half, 46.5%, of the visitors expressed their willingness to pay (WTP) for pine control and after given a brief explanation about pine impacts, this number rose to 79%. Visitors who said they were unwilling to pay argue ethical, aesthetic and pragmatic considerations relating closely to a number of social value systems and beliefs. Our study shows that there is a high variation in how people assess the threat of invasive pine species in natural areas, but education even in a very brief format can help to increase awareness of the problem and build social and financial support for its control.}, }
@article {pmid31121168, year = {2019}, author = {Maceda-Veiga, A and Nally, RM and Green, AJ and Poulin, R and de Sostoa, A}, title = {Major determinants of the occurrence of a globally invasive parasite in riverine fish over large-scale environmental gradients.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.002}, pmid = {31121168}, issn = {1879-0135}, abstract = {The increased rate of outbreaks of infectious diseases in ecosystems is a dramatic consequence of global change, particularly when outbreaks affect important resources such as freshwater fish. However, the links between disease-inducing epizootics and widespread human impacts, including nutrient pollution and high water conductivity, in freshwater organisms are largely unexplored. We used data from extensive surveys in northeastern Spain (99,700 km2, 15 river catchments, n = 530 sites) to explore the environmental factors that singly, or in combination, are likely to influence the occurrence of the invasive parasite, Lernaea cyprinacea, after accounting for host fish characteristics. Smaller fish, lower altitudes, higher water conductivity and nutrient pollution were associated with higher probabilities of infection in 19 endemic and widely distributed fish species. We found no evidence that interactive effects among riverine stressors related to water and physical habitat quality better explained the probability of occurrence of L. cyprinacea in fish than did additive-stressor combinations. Nutrient pollution and high water conductivity were two of the major factors contributing to the increased occurrence of L. cyprinacea. Therefore, the improvement of wastewater treatment processes and agricultural practices probably would help to reduce the occurrence of this parasite among native fish.}, }
@article {pmid31120997, year = {2019}, author = {Dissanayake, AA and Wagner, CM and Nair, MG}, title = {Nitrogenous compounds characterized in the deterrent skin extract of migratory adult sea lamprey from the Great Lakes region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0217417}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0217417}, pmid = {31120997}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The sea lamprey (Petromzons marinus) is a devastating invasive species that represents a significant impediment to restoration of the Laurentian Great Lakes. There is substantial interest in developing environmentally benign control strategies for sea lamprey, and many other aquatic invasive species, that employ the manipulation of semiochemical information (pheromones and chemical cues) to guide the movements of invaders into control opportunities (e.g. traps, locations for safe pesticide application, etc.). A necessary precursor to the use of semiochemicals in conservation activities is the identification of the chemical constituents that compose the odors. Here, we characterize the major nitrogenous substances from the water-soluble fraction of a skin extract that contains the sea lamprey alarm cue, a powerful repellent that has proven effective in guiding the movements of migrating sea lamprey in rivers. Nitrogenous compounds are suspected components of fish alarm cues as the olfactory sensory neurons that mediate alarm responses transduce amino acids and related compounds. A laboratory assay confirmed the behavioral activity contained in the alarm cue resides in the water-soluble fraction of the skin extract. This water-soluble fraction consisted primarily of creatine (70%), heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds (4.3%) and free amino acids (18.4%), respectively. Among the free amino acids characterized in our study, essential amino acids constituted 13% of the water-soluble fraction. Free amino acids isolated from the water-soluble fraction composed of arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, and asparagine 3.9, 2.7, 2.6 and 2.4% of the water-soluble fraction, respectively. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the nature and use of the sea lamprey alarm cue in conservation activities.}, }
@article {pmid31116447, year = {2019}, author = {Burns, JH and Bennett, JM and Li, J and Xia, J and Arceo-Gómez, G and Burd, M and Burkle, LA and Durka, W and Ellis, AG and Freitas, L and Rodger, JG and Vamosi, JC and Wolowski, M and Ashman, TL and Knight, TM and Steets, JA}, title = {Plant traits moderate pollen limitation of introduced and native plants: a phylogenetic meta-analysis of global scale.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15935}, pmid = {31116447}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {•The role of pollination in the success of invasive plants needs to be understood because invasives have substantial effects on species interactions and ecosystem functions. Previous research has shown both that reproduction of invasive plants is often pollen limited and that invasive plants can have high seed production motivating the questions: how do invasive populations maintain reproductive success in spite of pollen limitation? What species traits moderate pollen limitation for invaders? •We conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis with 68 invasive, 50 introduced non-invasive, and 1931 native plant populations, across a total of 1249 species. •We found that invasive populations with generalist pollination or pollinator dependence were less pollen limited than natives, but invasives and introduced non-invasives did not differ. Invasive species produced 3× fewer ovules/flower and >250× more flowers/plant, compared with their native relatives. While these traits were negatively correlated, consistent with a tradeoff, this did not differ with invasion status. •Invasive plants that produce many flowers and have floral generalization are able to compensate for or avoid pollen limitation, potentially helping explain invaders' reproductive success. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31115439, year = {2019}, author = {Lyttek, E and Lal, P and Nieddu, G and Forgoston, E and Wieczerak, T}, title = {Modeling Agrilus planipennis F. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Spread in New Jersey.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz122}, pmid = {31115439}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Pests and disease have become an increasingly common issue as globalized trade brings non-native species into unfamiliar systems. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), is an Asiatic species of boring beetle currently devastating the native population of ash (Fraxinus) trees in the northern forests of the United States, with 85 million trees having already succumbed across much of the Midwest. We have developed a reaction-diffusion partial differential equation model to predict the spread of emerald ash borer over a heterogeneous 2-D landscape, with the initial ash tree distribution given by data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis. As expected, the model predictions show that emerald ash borer consumes ash which causes the local ash population to decline, while emerald ash borer spreads outward to other areas. Once the local ash population begins to decline emerald ash borer also declines due to the loss of available habitat. Our model's strength lies with its focus on the county scale and its linkage between emerald ash borer population growth and ash density. This enables one to make accurate predictions regarding emerald ash borer spread which allows one to consider various methods of control as well as to accurately study the economic effects of emerald ash borer spread.}, }
@article {pmid31114554, year = {2019}, author = {Boutier, M and Donohoe, O and Kopf, RK and Humphries, P and Becker, JA and Marshall, J and Vanderplasschen, A}, title = {Biocontrol of Carp: The Australian Plan Does Not Stand Up to a Rational Analysis of Safety and Efficacy.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {882}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00882}, pmid = {31114554}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid30554361, year = {2019}, author = {Rodriguez-Saona, C and Cloonan, KR and Sanchez-Pedraza, F and Zhou, Y and Giusti, MM and Benrey, B}, title = {Differential Susceptibility of Wild and Cultivated Blueberries to an Invasive Frugivorous Pest.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {286-297}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-018-1042-1}, pmid = {30554361}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {2015-51181-24252//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Blueberry Plants/*parasitology ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Highbush blueberry is a crop native to the northeast USA that has been domesticated for about 100 years. This study compared the susceptibility of wild and domesticated/cultivated highbush blueberries to an invasive frugivorous pest, the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). We hypothesized that: 1) cultivated fruits are preferred by D. suzukii for oviposition and better hosts for its offspring than wild fruits; and, 2) wild and cultivated fruits differ in physico-chemical traits. Fruits from wild and cultivated blueberries were collected from June through August of 2015 and 2016 from 10 to 12 sites in New Jersey (USA); with each site having wild and cultivated blueberries growing in close proximity. The preference and performance of D. suzukii on wild and cultivated blueberries were studied in choice and no-choice bioassays. In addition, we compared size, firmness, acidity (pH), total soluble solids (°Brix), and nutrient, phenolic, and anthocyanin content between wild and cultivated berries. In choice and no-choice bioassays, more eggs were oviposited in, and more flies emerged from, cultivated than wild blueberries. Cultivated fruits were 2x bigger, 47% firmer, 14% less acidic, and had lower °Brix, phenolic, and anthocyanin amounts per mass than wild fruits. Levels of potassium and boron were higher in cultivated fruits, while calcium, magnesium, and copper were higher in wild fruits. These results show that domestication and/or agronomic practices have made blueberries more susceptible to D. suzukii, which was associated with several physico-chemical changes in fruits. Our study documents the positive effects of crop domestication/cultivation on an invasive insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid30422973, year = {2018}, author = {Schlaepfer, MA}, title = {On the importance of monitoring and valuing all forms of biodiversity.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e3000039}, pmid = {30422973}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Pauchard et al claim that non-native species should not be granted conservation value, as this could hinder effort to curtail novel introductions. In this response, Schlaepfer counters that the positive contributions of non-native species to biodiversity and conservation must be included to provide a complete and objective snapshot to policy makers.}, }
@article {pmid29735988, year = {2018}, author = {Bock, DG and Kantar, MB and Caseys, C and Matthey-Doret, R and Rieseberg, LH}, title = {Evolution of invasiveness by genetic accommodation.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {991-999}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0553-z}, pmid = {29735988}, issn = {2397-334X}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Helianthus/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Plant Dispersal/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Invasion success of species introduced to novel environments may be facilitated by adaptive evolution and by phenotypic plasticity. Here we investigate the independent and joint contribution of both mechanisms as drivers of invasiveness in the perennial sunflower Helianthus tuberosus. We show that invasive genotypes have multiple origins, and that invasive spread was facilitated by the repeated evolution of extreme values in a single trait, clonality. In line with genetic accommodation theory, we establish that this evolutionary transition occurred by refining a preexisting plastic response of clonality to water availability. Further, we demonstrate that under the non-drought conditions typically experienced by this plant in its introduced range, invasive spread is mediated by hybrid vigour and/or two major additive-effect loci, and that these mechanisms are complementary. Thus, in H. tuberosus, evolution of invasiveness was facilitated by phenotypic plasticity, and involved the use of multiple genetic solutions to achieve the same invasiveness trait.}, }
@article {pmid31112014, year = {2019}, author = {Pearse, IS and Sofaer, HR and Zaya, DN and Spyreas, G}, title = {Non-native plants have greater impacts because of differing per-capita effects and nonlinear abundance-impact curves.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13284}, pmid = {31112014}, issn = {1461-0248}, abstract = {Invasive, non-native species can have tremendous impacts on biotic communities, where they reduce the abundance and diversity of local species. However, it remains unclear whether impacts of non-native species arise from their high abundance or whether each non-native individual has a disproportionate impact - that is, a higher per-capita effect - on co-occurring species compared to impacts by native species. Using a long-term study of wetlands, we asked how temporal variation in dominant native and non-native plants impacted the abundance and richness of other plants in the recipient community. Non-native plants reached higher abundances than natives and had greater per-capita effects. The abundance-impact relationship between plant abundance and richness was nonlinear. Compared with increasing native abundance, increasing non-native abundance was associated with steeper declines in richness because of greater per-capita effects and nonlinearities in the abundance-impact relationship. Our study supports eco-evolutionary novelty of non-natives as a driver of their outsized impacts on communities.}, }
@article {pmid31111639, year = {2019}, author = {Azzurro, E and Sbragaglia, V and Cerri, J and Bariche, M and Bolognini, L and Ben Souissi, J and Busoni, G and Coco, S and Chryssanthi, A and Fanelli, E and Ghanem, R and Garrabou, J and Gianni, F and Grati, F and Kolitari, J and Letterio, G and Lipej, L and Mazzoldi, C and Milone, N and Pannacciulli, F and Pešić, A and Samuel-Rhoads, Y and Saponari, L and Tomanic, J and Eda Topçu, N and Vargiu, G and Moschella, P}, title = {Climate change, biological invasions, and the shifting distribution of Mediterranean fishes: A large-scale survey based on local ecological knowledge.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14670}, pmid = {31111639}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {MPA-Adapt 1MED15_3.2_M2_337//European Regional Development Fund/ ; //Albert II of Monaco Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions are rapidly reshuffling species distribution, restructuring the biological communities of many ecosystems worldwide. Tracking these transformations in the marine environment is crucial, but our understanding of climate change effects and invasive species dynamics is often hampered by the practical challenge of surveying large geographical areas. Here, we focus on the Mediterranean Sea, a hot spot for climate change and biological invasions to investigate recent spatiotemporal changes in fish abundances and distribution. To this end, we accessed the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of small-scale and recreational fishers, reconstructing the dynamics of fish perceived as &quot;new&quot; or increasing in different fishing areas. Over 500 fishers across 95 locations and nine different countries were interviewed, and semiquantitative information on yearly changes in species abundance was collected. Overall, 75 species were mentioned by the respondents, mostly warm-adapted species of both native and exotic origin. Respondents belonging to the same biogeographic sectors described coherent spatial and temporal patterns, and gradients along latitudinal and longitudinal axes were revealed. This information provides a more complete understanding of the shifting distribution of Mediterranean fishes and it also demonstrates that adequately structured LEK methodology might be applied successfully beyond the local scale, across national borders and jurisdictions. Acknowledging this potential through macroregional coordination could pave the way for future large-scale aggregations of individual observations, increasing our potential for integrated monitoring and conservation planning at the regional or even global level. This might help local communities to better understand, manage, and adapt to the ongoing biotic transformations driven by climate change and biological invaders.}, }
@article {pmid31110660, year = {2019}, author = {Egeter, B and Roe, C and Peixoto, S and Puppo, P and Easton, LJ and Pinto, J and Bishop, PJ and Robertson, BC}, title = {Using molecular diet analysis to inform invasive species management: A case study of introduced rats consuming endemic New Zealand frogs.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {5032-5048}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4903}, pmid = {31110660}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The decline of amphibians has been of international concern for more than two decades, and the global spread of introduced fauna is a major factor in this decline. Conservation management decisions to implement control of introduced fauna are often based on diet studies. One of the most common metrics to report in diet studies is Frequency of Occurrence (FO), but this can be difficult to interpret, as it does not include a temporal perspective. Here, we examine the potential for FO data derived from molecular diet analysis to inform invasive species management, using invasive ship rats (Rattus rattus) and endemic frogs (Leiopelma spp.) in New Zealand as a case study. Only two endemic frog species persist on the mainland. One of these, Leiopelma archeyi, is Critically Endangered (IUCN 2017) and ranked as the world's most evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered amphibian (EDGE, 2018). Ship rat stomach contents were collected by kill-trapping and subjected to three methods of diet analysis (one morphological and two DNA-based). A new primer pair was developed targeting all anuran species that exhibits good coverage, high taxonomic resolution, and reasonable specificity. Incorporating a temporal parameter allowed us to calculate the minimum number of ingestion events per rat per night, providing a more intuitive metric than the more commonly reported FO. We are not aware of other DNA-based diet studies that have incorporated a temporal parameter into FO data. The usefulness of such a metric will depend on the study system, in particular the feeding ecology of the predator. Ship rats are consuming both species of native frogs present on mainland New Zealand, and this study provides the first detections of remains of these species in mammalian stomach contents.}, }
@article {pmid31110510, year = {2019}, author = {Rohal, CB and Cranney, C and Kettenring, KM}, title = {Abiotic and Landscape Factors Constrain Restoration Outcomes Across Spatial Scales of a Widespread Invasive Plant.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {481}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00481}, pmid = {31110510}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The natural recolonization of native plant communities following invasive species management is notoriously challenging to predict, since outcomes can be contingent on a variety of factors including management decisions, abiotic factors, and landscape setting. The spatial scale at which the treatment is applied can also impact management outcomes, potentially influencing plant assembly processes and treatment success. Understanding the relative importance of each of these factors for plant community assembly can help managers prioritize patches where specific treatments are likely to be most successful. Here, using effects size analyses, we evaluate plant community responses following four invasive Phragmites australis management treatments (1: fall glyphosate herbicide spray, 2: summer glyphosate herbicide spray, 3: summer imazapyr herbicide spray, 4: untreated control) applied at two patch scales (12,000 m2 and 1,000 m2) and monitored for 5 years. Using variation partitioning, we then evaluated the independent and shared influence of patch scale, treatment type, abiotic factors, and landscape factors on plant community outcomes following herbicide treatments. We found that Phragmites reinvaded more quickly in large patches, particularly following summer herbicide treatments, while native plant cover and richness increased at a greater magnitude in small patches than large. Patch scale, in combination with abiotic and landscape factors, was the most important driver for most plant responses. Compared with the small plots, large patches commonly had deeper and more prolonged flooding, and were in areas with greater hydrologic disturbance in the landscape, factors associated with reduced native plant recruitment and greater Phragmites cover. Small patches were associated with less flooding and landscape disturbance, and more native plants in the surrounding landscape than large patches, factors which promoted higher native plant conservation values and greater native plant cover and richness. Herbicide type and timing accounted for very little of the variation in native plant recovery, emphasizing the greater importance of patch selection for better management outcomes. To maximize the success of treatment programs, practitioners should first manage Phragmites patches adjacent to native plant species and in areas with minimal hydrologic disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid31110201, year = {2019}, author = {Kesäniemi, J and Koskimäki, JJ and Jurvansuu, J}, title = {Corpse management of the invasive Argentine ant inhibits growth of pathogenic fungi.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7593}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-44144-z}, pmid = {31110201}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {A dead conspecific poses a potential pathogen risk for social animals. We have discovered that Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) prevent spread of pathogenic fungi from corpses by depositing the dead to combined toilet and refuse areas and applying pygidial gland secretion on them. The presence of a corpse in a nest increases this secretion behaviour. We identified three fungi growing on Argentine ant corpses. Growth of the Argentine ant pathogen Aspergillus nomius and the plant pathogen Fusarium solani on corpses was inhibited as long as the ants were constantly attending them as the ant anal secretion only delayed germination of their spores. In contrast, the effect of the ant anal secretion on the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus was much stronger: it prevented spore germination and, accordingly, the fungus no longer grew on the treated corpses. The Argentine ants are one of the world's worst invasive alien species as they cause ecological and economical damage in their new habitats. Our discovery points at a novel method to limit Argentine ant colonies through their natural fungal pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid31109131, year = {2019}, author = {Mao, D and Liu, M and Wang, Z and Li, L and Man, W and Jia, M and Zhang, Y}, title = {Rapid Invasion of Spartina Alterniflora in the Coastal Zone of Mainland China: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Human Prevention.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s19102308}, pmid = {31109131}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {2016YFC0500201//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2017FY100706//the Science &amp;Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China/ ; 2017277, 2012178//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Given the extensive spread and ecological consequences of exotic Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) over the coast of mainland China, monitoring its spatiotemporal invasion patterns is important for the sake of coastal ecosystem management and ecological security. In this study, Landsat series images from 1990 to 2015 were used to establish multi-temporal datasets for documenting the temporal dynamics of S. alterniflora invasion. Our observations revealed that S. alterniflora had a continuous expansion with the area increasing by 50,204 ha during the considered 25 years. The largest expansion was identified in Jiangsu Province during the period of 1990-2000, and in Zhejiang Province during the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2015. Three noticeable hotspots for S. alterniflora invasion were Yancheng of Jiangsu, Chongming of Shanghai, and Ningbo of Zhejiang, and each had a net area increase larger than 5000 ha. Moreover, an obvious shrinkage of S. alterniflora was identified in three coastal cities including the city of Cangzhou of Hebei, Dongguan, and Jiangmen of Guangdong. S. alterniflora invaded mostly into mudflats (>93%) and shrank primarily due to aquaculture (55.5%). This study sheds light on the historical spatial patterns in S. alterniflora distribution and thus is helpful for understanding its invasion mechanism and invasive species management.}, }
@article {pmid30955754, year = {2019}, author = {Shiganova, TA and Mikaelyan, AS and Moncheva, S and Stefanova, K and Chasovnikov, VK and Mosharov, SA and Mosharova, IN and Slabakova, N and Mavrodieva, R and Stefanova, E and Zasko, DN and Dzhurova, B}, title = {Effect of invasive ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata on low trophic webs of the Black Sea ecosystem.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {434-447}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.049}, pmid = {30955754}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Black Sea ; Chlorophyll A/metabolism ; Ctenophora/*growth &amp; development ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Food Chain ; *Introduced Species ; Phytoplankton/*growth &amp; development ; Seawater ; Zooplankton/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The study focuses on the impact of life excretion and mucus released by the &quot;biological pollutants&quot; invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its predator Beroe ovata on the marine environment and lower trophic levels of the Black Sea ecosystem (bacteria, pico-phytoplankton, nano-autotrophic/heterotrophic flagellates, micro-phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, primary production (PP), micro-zooplankton). The chemical and biological variables were analysed in two sets of lab experiments with natural communities from mesotrophic (Gelendzhik) and eutrophic (Varna) coastal waters. While both species altered the chemical properties of experimental media, exerting structural and functional changes in the low food-web biological compartments, the results showed a stronger effect of B. ovata, most likely related to the measured higher rate of excretion and amount of released mucus. In addition the alterations in the Gelendzhik experiment were more pronounced, indicating that environmental implications on lower food-web are more conspicuous in mesotrophic than in eutrophic coastal waters.}, }
@article {pmid30955747, year = {2019}, author = {Ramalhosa, P and Gestoso, I and Duarte, B and Caçador, I and Canning-Clode, J}, title = {Metal pollution affects both native and non-indigenous biofouling recruitment in a subtropical island system.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {373-386}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.072}, pmid = {30955747}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Bryozoa/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Copper/*pharmacology ; Disinfectants/*pharmacology ; *Introduced Species ; Islands ; *Paint ; Portugal ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Hull fouling has been a driving force behind the development of most modern marine antifouling coatings that mainly contain copper based biocides to inhibit growth of fouling organisms. Despite these efforts, several non-indigenous species continue to be transferred via hull-fouling worldwide. In this study we designed a disturbance gradient with three commercial antifouling paints applied to PVC settling plates with different concentrations of copper oxide and allowed colonization of fouling communities in four marinas located at the Madeira Archipelago (NE Atlantic). Overall, the antifouling treatments were effective in decreasing the diversity of fouling communities and spatial variability across marinas was observed. Increasing exposure to metal pollutants decreases both species cover and total diversity, independently of their native or NIS condition. However, evidences found suggest that long-term effects of copper based antifouling coatings can be modulated by metal-resistant species allowing a secondary substrate for the epibiosis of other species to establish.}, }
@article {pmid30955741, year = {2019}, author = {Outinen, O and Forsström, T and Yli-Rosti, J and Vesakoski, O and Lehtiniemi, M}, title = {Monitoring of sessile and mobile epifauna - Considerations for non-indigenous species.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {332-342}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.055}, pmid = {30955741}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Finland ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; }, abstract = {The present study aimed to develop monitoring methods for shallow water sessile and mobile epifauna with the main focus on enhancing the chance of early detection for new non-indigenous species (NIS) invasions. The field sampling was conducted between June and September in 2012, in the Archipelago Sea (Finland). The tested monitoring methods included baited traps that capture organisms and habitat collectors that provide habitat and refuges for organisms, as well as fouling plates. Catch efficiency of a trap/collector was defined as the number of NIS and all species caught, including their abundances. The American collector with oyster shells (habitat collector) caught the highest number of NIS, and their use is recommended in all places, where oyster shells are easily accessible. Sampling of all habitats of interest between 1 and 2 m depth is recommended with at least three habitat collectors per site.}, }
@article {pmid31106056, year = {2019}, author = {Strydom, M and Veldtman, R and Ngwenya, MZ and Esler, KJ}, title = {Seed survival of Australian Acacia in the Western Cape of South Africa in the presence of biological control agents and given environmental variation.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6816}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6816}, pmid = {31106056}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Studies of invasive Australian Acacia have shown that many seeds are still produced and accumulate in soil stored seed banks regardless of the presence of seed-targeting biological control agents. This is despite claims of biological control success, although there is generally a lack of data on the seed production of invasive Australian Acacia before and after the release of the respective agents. We aimed to quantify seed production and seed survival of invasive Australian Acacia currently under biological control. The seed production and survival (proportion of aborted, predated and surviving seeds) of A. longifolia, A. pycnantha and A. saligna were each studied at four to five sites in the Western Cape of South Africa. The relationships between seed production and stand characteristics were determined and the relative effects of seed predation and abortion on seed survival were established. The investigated invasive Australian Acacia produced many seeds that survived the pre-dispersal stage despite long-term presence of released biological control agents. It was shown that seed crop size is the only significant factor influencing seed survival of the studied Australian Acacia species. Furthermore, the seeds surviving per tree and per square meter were related to tree size. No quantitative evidence was found to suggest that seed-reducing biological control agents are having an impact on the population dynamics of their Australian Acacia hosts. This study illustrates the importance of studying the seed ecology of invasive plants before biological control agents are selected and released.}, }
@article {pmid31105441, year = {2019}, author = {Gudžinskas, Z and Petrulaitis, L and Žalneravičius, E}, title = {Asclepiasspeciosa (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae): a rare or unrecognized alien species in Europe?.}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {29-41}, doi = {10.3897/phytokeys.121.33573}, pmid = {31105441}, issn = {1314-2011}, abstract = {Studies on populations of Asclepiassyriaca L. in Lithuania revealed the occurrence of a new alien plant species, the North American native Asclepiasspeciosa Torr. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), in southern parts of Lithuania - the first report of the latter species in Europe. Interestingly, a thorough analysis of herbarium specimens revealed that A.speciosa had first been collected in Lithuania in 1962, but the specimen was misidentified at the time as A.syriaca. The newly discovered population of A.speciosa occupies mesic grasslands, tall-herb fringe communities and arable field habitats. Sexual reproduction of this species was not recorded; it spreads locally by means of vegetative reproduction. We present here an exhaustive analysis of morphological characteristics and differences between A.speciosa and A.syriaca and other species of the genus, as well as a key for identification of alien Asclepias species in Europe. We predict that the effect of A.speciosa on native habitats and communities, and its economic impact, are comparable to those of the highly invasive A.syriaca. Although A.speciosa currently occurs very rarely as an alien species in Europe, its existence in other regions of Europe is highly probable.}, }
@article {pmid31104609, year = {2019}, author = {McRoberts, N and Figuera, SG and Olkowski, S and McGuire, B and Luo, W and Posny, D and Gottwald, T}, title = {Using models to provide rapid programme support for California's efforts to suppress Huanglongbing disease of citrus.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1776}, pages = {20180281}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0281}, pmid = {31104609}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {We describe a series of operational questions posed during the state-wide response in California to the arrival of the invasive citrus disease Huanglongbing. The response is coordinated by an elected committee from the citrus industry and operates in collaboration with the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which gives it regulatory authority to enforce the removal of infected trees. The paper reviews how surveillance for disease and resource allocation between detection and delimitation have been addressed, based on epidemiological principles. In addition, we describe how epidemiological analyses have been used to support rule-making to enact costly but beneficial regulations and we highlight two recurring themes in the programme support work: (i) data are often insufficient for quantitative analyses of questions and (ii) modellers and decision-makers alike may be forced to accept the need to make decisions on the basis of simple or incomplete analyses that are subject to considerable uncertainty. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'.}, }
@article {pmid31104597, year = {2019}, author = {Mastin, AJ and van den Bosch, F and van den Berg, F and Parnell, SR}, title = {Quantifying the hidden costs of imperfect detection for early detection surveillance.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1776}, pages = {20180261}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0261}, pmid = {31104597}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {The global spread of pathogens poses an increasing threat to health, ecosystems and agriculture worldwide. As early detection of new incursions is key to effective control, new diagnostic tests that can detect pathogen presence shortly after initial infection hold great potential for detection of infection in individual hosts. However, these tests may be too expensive to be implemented at the sampling intensities required for early detection of a new epidemic at the population level. To evaluate the trade-off between earlier and/or more reliable detection and higher deployment costs, we need to consider the impacts of test performance, test cost and pathogen epidemiology. Regarding test performance, the period before new infections can be first detected and the probability of detecting them are of particular importance. We propose a generic framework that can be easily used to evaluate a variety of different detection methods and identify important characteristics of the pathogen and the detection method to consider when planning early detection surveillance. We demonstrate the application of our method using the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in the UK, and find that visual inspec-tion for this pathogen is a more cost-effective strategy for early detection surveillance than an early detection diagnostic test. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'.}, }
@article {pmid30955779, year = {2019}, author = {Vega Fernández, T and Badalamenti, F and Bonaviri, C and Di Trapani, F and Gianguzza, P and Noè, S and Musco, L}, title = {Synergistic reduction of a native key herbivore performance by two non-indigenous invasive algae.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {649-654}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.073}, pmid = {30955779}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; *Herbivory ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Paracentrotus/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Native generalist grazers can control the populations of non-indigenous invasive algae (NIIA). Here, it was found that the simultaneous consumption of two co-occurring NIIA, Caulerpa cylindracea and C. taxifolia var. distichophylla, hinders the grazing ability of the main Mediterranean herbivorous, the native sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The ingestion of any of the two NIIA alone did not produce any difference in sea urchin righting time with respect to usual algal diet. In contrast, the simultaneous consumption of both NIIA, which grow intermingled in nature and are consumed by P. lividus, retarded its righting behavior. Such result reveals substantial physiological stress in the sea urchin, which resulted in reduced motility and coordination. The reported findings reveal the potential of NIIA co-occurrence to escape the supposed control exerted by the main native generalist grazer in Mediterranean sublittoral communities, which in turn can be locked in an &quot;invaded&quot; state.}, }
@article {pmid31097040, year = {2019}, author = {Červená, B and Modrý, D and Fecková, B and Hrazdilová, K and Foronda, P and Alonso, AM and Lee, R and Walker, J and Niebuhr, CN and Malik, R and Šlapeta, J}, title = {Low diversity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from Australia, Hawaii, French Polynesia and the Canary Islands revealed using whole genome next-generation sequencing.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {241}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3491-y}, pmid = {31097040}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {ID2017010092//&quot;Proyectos I + D de la Consejeria de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias&quot; and FEDER 2014-2020/ ; RD16/0027/0001//Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales-RICET, ISCIIISubdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa RETICS, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Spain/ ; CZ02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008027//International Collaboration in ecological and evolutionary biology of vertebrates/ ; 123/2018/FVL//Internal Grant agency of UVPS/ ; CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601)//Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rats (Rattus spp.) invaded most of the world as stowaways including some that carried the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans and other warm-blooded animals. A high genetic diversity of A. cantonensis based on short mitochondrial DNA regions is reported from Southeast Asia. However, the identity of invasive A. cantonensis is known for only a minority of countries. The affordability of next-generation sequencing for characterisation of A. cantonensis genomes should enable new insights into rat lung worm invasion and parasite identification in experimental studies.<br><br>METHODS: Genomic DNA from morphologically verified A. cantonensis (two laboratory-maintained strains and two field isolates) was sequenced using low coverage whole genome sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genome was assembled and compared to published A. cantonensis and Angiostrongylus malaysiensis sequences. To determine if the commonly sequenced partial cox1 can unequivocally identify A. cantonensis genetic lineages, the diversity of cox1 was re-evaluated in the context of the publicly available cox1 sequences and the entire mitochondrial genomes. Published experimental studies available in Web of Science were systematically reviewed to reveal published identities of A. cantonensis used in experimental studies.<br><br>RESULTS: New A. cantonensis mitochondrial genomes from Sydney (Australia), Hawaii (USA), Canary Islands (Spain) and Fatu Hiva (French Polynesia), were assembled from next-generation sequencing data. Comparison of A. cantonensis mitochondrial genomes from outside of Southeast Asia showed low genetic diversity (0.02-1.03%) within a single lineage of A. cantonensis. Both cox1 and cox2 were considered the preferred markers for A. cantonensis haplotype identification. Systematic review revealed that unequivocal A. cantonensis identification of strains used in experimental studies is hindered by absence of their genetic and geographical identity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Low coverage whole genome sequencing provides data enabling standardised identification of A. cantonensis laboratory strains and field isolates. The phenotype of invasive A. cantonensis, such as the capacity to establish in new territories, has a strong genetic component, as the A. cantonensis found outside of the original endemic area are genetically uniform. It is imperative that the genotype of A. cantonensis strains maintained in laboratories and used in experimental studies is unequivocally characterised.}, }
@article {pmid31096370, year = {2019}, author = {Koutsikos, N and Zogaris, S and Vardakas, L and Kalantzi, OI and Dimitriou, E and Economou, AN}, title = {Tracking non-indigenous fishes in lotic ecosystems: Invasive patterns at different spatial scales in Greece.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {384-400}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.324}, pmid = {31096370}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Mediterranean lotic waters such as rivers, streams and springs are poorly monitored for non-indigenous fish species (NIFS). Since these systems are stressed by multiple anthropogenic pressures, it is important to build robust procedures to track NIFS distribution and spread. This study applies a multi-faceted assessment of NIFS in the lotic ecosystems of Greece at different spatial scales by providing: a) a historical review of temporal patterns and arrival pathways of fish introductions in river basins of Greece (140 basins) across 100years; b) an analysis of occurrence and abundance data of NIFS assemblages at the lotic site scale (644 electrofished sites); c) the mapping of NIFS distributional patterns at river basin (75 basins) and regional scales (7 freshwater ecoregions); and, d) a vector analysis of fish translocations using an ecoregional framework. In total, 55 NIFS were recorded (25 alien and 30 translocated); however, there is a low incidence of NIFS in lotic waters at the site scale (30 NIFS recorded in the field samples; 10 alien and 20 translocated). NIFS introductions in Greece appear to be influenced by specific socio-historical periods, indicating a gradual increase since late 1970s. Despite this increase, our study provides evidence that only four alien species are currently widespread and common in the rivers and streams of Greece: Gambusia holbrooki, Carassius gibelio, Pseudorasbora parva, and Lepomis gibbosus (in order of recorded abundance). NIFS tend to be absent or distributed in very low numbers in upland streams and in smaller river basins. However, the issue of translocated fish species is shown to be a sorely neglected problem that is difficult to track. This review tests a readily transferable screening procedure, contributes to the application of the European Union Regulation on Invasive Alien Species; it suggests gaps and uncertainties, and proposes conservation and management actions.}, }
@article {pmid31096343, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, W and He, B and Nover, D and Lu, H and Liu, J and Sun, W and Chen, W}, title = {Farm ponds in southern China: Challenges and solutions for conserving a neglected wetland ecosystem.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {659}, number = {}, pages = {1322-1334}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.394}, pmid = {31096343}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Farm ponds, which are sometimes numerous and widely distributed in agricultural regions, have faced widespread degradation in recent decades. Although conservation strategies for these biodiversity hotspots have gradually increased, appropriate approaches for developing country contexts are lacking. Farm ponds provided hydrologic, biogeochemical, and socioeconomic benefits to southern China for thousands of years, but they are facing contemporary threats and management challenges, including (1) inadequate planning in terms of construction and conservation regulations; (2) rural nonpoint source and mini-point source pollution; (3) climate change induced abnormalities in the hydroperiod and disturbance to wildlife; (4) invasive species; and (5) inadequate social and political capacity to consider ecological conservation. Because farm ponds function as wetland complexes that are embedded within or integral to larger ecosystems, their conservation requires collaborative efforts over scales ranging from within-pond to regional. We highlight approaches that build public awareness and involve inventory maps as a basis. Policies that integrate top-down regulation and bottom-up engagement and emphasize sustainable management and utilization are recommended to ensure the effectiveness and continuous improvement of conservation programs. Techniques that involve interconnected smart sensors, volunteering and citizen science, and integrated process-based modeling are preferred when conducting comprehensive descriptions of the pond landscape, numerical assessments on their ecosystem services, and associated conservation cost analyses. Nature-based solutions are increasingly recognized as an important opportunity for coping with water-related crises. This paper presents the first synthetic perspective on the ecological roles of farm ponds in agriculturally dominated developing countries. The analytical framework and conservation suggestions are referential to sustainable rural development and the management of other small, scattered wetlands.}, }
@article {pmid31095990, year = {2019}, author = {Rodríguez, M and Álvarez, B and Loy, I}, title = {Effect of the motivational state on location of novel and familiar food in an invasive land snail species (Theba pisana).}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.013}, pmid = {31095990}, issn = {1872-8308}, abstract = {The foraging behaviour of gastropod molluscs usually involves complex decisions that provide a model for the study of high-order cognitive processes. Land snails tested for food-finding in the laboratory, however, have shown an invariable feeding pattern: novel foods are mostly missed (i.e. just found by chance) whilst familiar foods, due to a type of conditioned attraction, are always located and ingested. This effect, known as Food-attraction conditioning, has led to the conclusion that, regardless of their hunger level, land snails are both willing to eat anything at any moment and also blind to the odours of novel foods. An alternative account of these findings emerges from the fact that the snails are usually tested whilst in a moderate state of hunger, so that they benefit from feeding on known foods but not from taking the risk of feeding on those that are unknown. The present experiments suggest that it is the case. Snails of the invasive species Theba pisana were tested for food-finding according to their seasonal cycle in a laboratory located in their native Mediterranean region. Subjects collected at the beginning of their aestivation period succeed in locating novel food items after being deprived for a long period (45 days), but ignored a conditioned food when they were sated with this food at the end of their lethargy. The results allow us to conclude that the feeding behaviour of snails is the product of a complex cost-benefit analysis in which their motivational state and the stimuli they perceive (and the memory of such stimuli), are evaluated. Finally, we anticipate that these results will be of use in increasing the efficiency of current baits employed for the protection of crops.}, }
@article {pmid31095588, year = {2019}, author = {Gleason, JM and Roy, PR and Everman, ER and Gleason, TC and Morgan, TJ}, title = {Phenology of Drosophila species across a temperate growing season and implications for behavior.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0216601}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216601}, pmid = {31095588}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Drosophila community composition is complex in temperate regions with different abundance of flies and species across the growing season. Monitoring Drosophila populations provides insights into the phenology of both native and invasive species. Over a single growing season, we collected Drosophila at regular intervals and determined the number of individuals of the nine species we found in Kansas, USA. Species varied in their presence and abundance through the growing season with peak diversity occurring after the highest seasonal temperatures. We developed models for the abundance of the most common species, Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, D. algonquin, and the recent invasive species, D. suzukii. These models revealed that temperature played the largest role in abundance of each species across the season. For the two most commonly studied species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, the best models indicate shifted thermal optima compared to laboratory studies, implying that fluctuating temperature may play a greater role in the physiology and ecology of these insects than indicated by laboratory studies, and should be considered in global climate change studies.}, }
@article {pmid31094604, year = {2019}, author = {Willi, Y and Van Buskirk, J}, title = {A Practical Guide to the Study of Distribution Limits.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {193}, number = {6}, pages = {773-785}, doi = {10.1086/703172}, pmid = {31094604}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {Factors that limit the geographic distribution of species are broadly important in ecology and evolutionary biology, and understanding distribution limits is imperative for predicting how species will respond to environmental change. Good data indicate that factors such as dispersal limitation, small effective population size, and isolation are sometimes important. But empirical research highlights no single factor that explains the ubiquity of distribution limits. In this article, we outline a guide to tackling distribution limits that integrates established causes, such as dispersal limitation and spatial environmental heterogeneity, with understudied causes, such as mutational load and genetic or developmental integration of traits limiting niche expansion. We highlight how modeling and quantitative genetic and genomic analyses can provide insight into sources of distribution limits. Our practical guide provides a framework for considering the many factors likely to determine species distributions and how the different approaches can be integrated to predict distribution limits using eco-evolutionary modeling. The framework should also help predict distribution limits of invasive species and of species under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31093855, year = {2019}, author = {Jin, PY and Tian, L and Chen, L and Hong, XY}, title = {High genetic diversity in a 'recent outbreak' spider mite, Tetranychus pueraricola, in mainland China.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10493-019-00377-1}, pmid = {31093855}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {31672035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Tetranychus pueraricola is a newly reported spider mite that occurs frequently in mainland China. It is possible that this species was introduced from elsewhere and became a serious pest recently. However, the correct identification of red-pigmented spider mites has repeatedly proven problematic. There is also the possibility that T. pueraricola in China was long misidentified as its sibling species, Tetranychus urticae (red form). To test which of these two scenarios is the more likely, individuals from 14 populations of T. pueraricola and five populations of T. urticae (red form) in China were sampled and genotyped using mitochondrial COI and microsatellite loci. Unlike a recent invasive species, the genetic diversity of T. pueraricola was very high with high mitochondrial genetic diversity (16 haplotypes), high effective alleles (Ne = 2.038 ± 0.081) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.395 ± 0.016). Surprisingly, we found that all T. urticae (red form) populations shared only one mitochondrial haplotype and showed quite low genetic diversity (Ne = 1.443 ± 0.055; He = 0.234 ± 0.025) which was even lower than that of the green form of T. urticae in mainland China from a previous study. We did not detect significant signals of recent bottlenecks for most populations from both species. These results suggest T. pueraricola is unlikely to be a recent invasive pest but a species that has existed in China for a long time. It is probable that T. pueraricola in China has long been misidentified as T. urticae (red form).}, }
@article {pmid31088282, year = {2019}, author = {Kortz, AR and Magurran, AE}, title = {Increases in local richness (α-diversity) following invasion are offset by biotic homogenization in a biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {20190133}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2019.0133}, pmid = {31088282}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {The world's ecosystems are experiencing unparalleled rates of biodiversity change, with invasive species implicated as one of the drivers that restructure local assemblages. Here we focus on the processes leading to biodiversity change in a biodiversity hotspot, the Brazilian Cerrado. The null expectation that invasion leads to increase in local species richness is supported by our investigation of the grass layer in two key habitats (campo sujo and campo úmido). Our analysis uncovered a linear relationship between total richness and invasive richness at the plot level. However, because the invasive species-even though few in number-are widespread, their contribution to local richness (α-diversity) is offset by their homogenizing influence on composition (β-diversity). We thus identify a mechanism that can help explain the paradox that species richness is not declining in many local assemblages, yet compositional change is exceeding the predictions of ecological theory. As such, our results emphasize the importance of quantifying both α-diversity and β-diversity in assessments of biodiversity change in the contemporary world.}, }
@article {pmid31084415, year = {2019}, author = {Agamuthu, P and Mehran, SB and Norkhairah, A and Norkhairiyah, A}, title = {Marine debris: A review of impacts and global initiatives.}, journal = {Waste management &amp; research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {734242X19845041}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X19845041}, pmid = {31084415}, issn = {1096-3669}, abstract = {Marine debris, defined as any persistent manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment, has been highlighted as a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. The five main categories of marine debris comprise of plastic, paper, metal, textile, glass and rubber. Plastics is recognised as the major constituent of marine debris, representing between 50% and 90% of the total marine debris found globally. Between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tonnes of consumer plastics end up in the world oceans annually, resulting in the presence of more than 100 million particles of macroplastics in only 12 regional seas worldwide, and with 51 trillion particles of microplastic floating on the ocean surface globally. The impacts of marine debris can be branched out into three categories; injury to or death of marine organisms, harm to marine environment and effects on human health and economy. Marine mammals often accidentally ingest marine debris because of its appearance that can easily be mistaken as food. Moreover, floating plastics may act as vehicles for chemicals and/or environmental contaminants, which may be absorbed on to their surface during their use and permanence into the environment. Additionally, floating plastics is a potential vector for the introduction of invasive species that get attached to it, into the marine environment. In addition, human beings are not excluded from the impact of marine debris as they become exposed to microplastics through seafood consumption. Moreover, landscape degradation owing to debris accumulation is an eyesore and aesthetically unpleasant, thus resulting in decreased tourism and subsequent income loss. There are a wide range of initiatives that have been taken to tackle the issue of marine debris. They may involve manual removal of marine debris from coastal and aquatic environment in form of programmes and projects organised, such as beach clean-ups by scientific communities, non-governmental organizations and the removal of marine litter from Europe's four regional seas, respectively. Other initiatives focus on assessment, reduction, prevention and management of marine debris under the umbrella of international (the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan, the Oslo/Paris Convention) and regional organisations - that is, the Helsinki Commission. There are also a number of international conventions and national regulations that encourage mitigation and management of marine debris. However, it is argued that these initiatives are short-term unsustainable solutions and the long-term sustainable solution would be adoption of circular economy. Similarly, four of the sustainable developmental goals have targets that promote mitigation of marine debris by efficient waste management and practice of 3R. As evident by the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Marine Litter and Microplastics meeting, tackling the marine debris crisis is not a straightforward, one-size-fits-all solution, but rather an integrated and continuous effort required at local, regional and global level.}, }
@article {pmid31082365, year = {2019}, author = {Ehlers, J and Poppert, S and Ratovonamana, RY and Ganzhorn, JU and Tappe, D and Krüger, A}, title = {Ectoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madagascar.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.008}, pmid = {31082365}, issn = {1873-6254}, abstract = {Human encroachment of natural habitats bears the threat of disease transmission between native and introduced species that had not come into contact before, thus promoting the spread of new diseases in both directions. This is a matter of concern especially in areas where human-wildlife contact has not been intense in the recent past. In southwest Madagascar, we collected ectoparasites from various mammalian hosts and chicken, and examined their host preferences and their prevalence in relation to season and habitat degradation. Field-work took place in the northern portion of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and the adjacent coastal strip (littoral) in the dry and in the rainy season of 2016/2017. Endemic mammals were trapped with live traps placed in habitats of different degrees of degradation: 1) relatively pristine forest, 2) degraded forest, 3) cultivated and shrub land. Rats and mice were also trapped in 4) villages. We identified 17 species of ectoparasites (296 individuals of ticks [5 species], 535 lice [7 spp.], 389 fleas [4 spp.] and 13 mites [1 sp.]) collected from 15 host species. There was no indication for seasonal or habitat effects on parasite infection. A large portion of the parasites was host-specific. Some ectoparasite species were shared either by several endemic or by several introduced species, but apart from the introduced flea species Echidnophaga gallinacea (collected from six different hosts including the endemic carnivore Galidictis grandidieri) no other ectoparasite species was shared between endemic and introduced host species.}, }
@article {pmid30589878, year = {2018}, author = {Ranjan, R}, title = {Protecting endemic species from African Catfish invasion when community behavioral responses get in the way.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0209009}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0209009}, pmid = {30589878}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Exotic invasive fish species, when introduced into pristine natural environments, threaten the survival of many endemic species. Management challenges associated with controlling their further spread and protecting endemic species can be exacerbated when the same exotic fish species also provide gastronomical benefits to humans. Local human populations can switch their consumption preferences toward the exotic fish species, leading to an increase in their spread rate and control costs. Using the example of the African Catfish invasion in a freshwater lake, we develop a bioeconomic model of its optimal control, which also incorporates the behavioral challenges arising from a gastronomical preference for the exotic fish species. In particular, the cost of catfish control increases with its consumption demand, which, through altering the inter-species dynamics, threatens the survival of endemic fish species. The manager has at his disposal the market and non-market values of the endemic fish species to invest toward their preservation efforts. The non-market value of the endemic species is further modeled as endogenous to the community's preference switching. Results suggest that a late detection of the exotic fish species in freshwater bodies can increase their control costs enough to make their eradication challenging, especially when the manager faces financial resource constraints. The presence of behavioral effects adds to this challenge - directly, through increasing the control costs, and indirectly, through lowering the non-market value of the endemic fish species.}, }
@article {pmid31081894, year = {2019}, author = {Conzemius, SR and Hesler, LS and Varenhorst, AJ and Tilmon, KJ}, title = {Resistance of Soybean Plant Introductions to Three Colonies of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Biotype 4.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz116}, pmid = {31081894}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), infestations of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and the associated yield loss have led to a large dependence on insecticidal management in soybean throughout the Midwestern United States. However, several populations of pyrethroid-resistant soybean aphids have recently been found in Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, which highlights the importance of alternative management approaches. One such alternative method is host-plant resistance, which uses naturally occurring plant defenses in crop cultivars to reduce the potential for yield loss from a pest population. Current soybean aphid-resistant cultivars do not protect against all soybean aphids due to the presence of virulent biotypes. In particular, soybean aphid biotype 4 is virulent to Rag1 and Rag2 resistance genes both individually and in combination. However, we hypothesized that resistance to biotype 4 may exist in previously identified, but uncharacterized resistant soybean plant introductions (PIs). To test this, we evaluated 51 previously identified but uncharacterized soybean aphid-resistant PIs for their resistance to colonies of soybean aphid biotype 4 collected in separate site-years (Lomira, WI 2013; Volga, SD 2015, 2016). Free-choice tests identified 14 PIs with putative resistance to 'Lomira13', two to 'Volga15', and eight to 'Volga16' soybean aphid colonies. Follow-up, no-choice tests corroborated two to three resistant PIs per colony, and PI 437696, which was resistant to each of the three colonies and could aid in breeding efforts and an integrated approach to soybean aphid management.}, }
@article {pmid31080513, year = {2019}, author = {Sard, N and Robinson, J and Kanefsky, J and Herbst, S and Scribner, K}, title = {Coalescent models characterize sources and demographic history of recent round goby colonization of Great Lakes and inland waters.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {1034-1049}, doi = {10.1111/eva.12779}, pmid = {31080513}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The establishment and spread of aquatic invasive species are ecologically and economically harmful and a source of conservation concern internationally. Processes of species invasion have traditionally been inferred from observational data of species presence/absence and relative abundance. However, genetic-based approaches can provide valuable sources of inference. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was used to identify and genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for Round Gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) (N = 440) from 18 sampling locations in the Great Lakes and in three Michigan, USA, drainages (Flint, Au Sable, and Cheboygan River basins). Sampled rivers differed in size, accessibility, and physical characteristics including man-made dispersal barriers. Population levels of genetic diversity and interpopulation variance in SNP allele frequency were used in coalescence-based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to statistically compare models representing competing hypotheses regarding source population, postcolonization dispersal, and demographic history in the Great Lakes and inland waters. Results indicate different patterns of colonization across the three drainages. In the Flint River, models indicate a strong population bottleneck (<3% of contemporary effective population size) and a single founding event from Saginaw Bay led to the colonization of inland river segments. In the Au Sable River, analyses could not distinguish potential source populations, but supported models indicated multiple introductions from one source population. In the Cheboygan River, supported models indicated that colonization likely proceeded from east (Lake Huron source) to west among inland locales sampled in the system. Despite the recent occupancy of Great Lakes and inland habitats, large numbers of loci analyzed in an ABC framework enable statistically supported identification of source populations and reconstruction of the direction of inland spread and demographic history following establishment. Information from analyses can direct management actions to limit the spread of invasive species from identified sources and most probable vectors into additional inland aquatic habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30955756, year = {2019}, author = {Kocak, F and Kucuksezgin, F and Bakal, I}, title = {Impact of environmental variables on fouling bryozoan species in the Eastern Aegean Sea.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {46-51}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.060}, pmid = {30955756}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; Animals ; Bryozoa/*physiology ; Chlorophyll A/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Salinity ; Seawater/analysis/*chemistry ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Bryozoans are the major component of marine macro-fouling communities. In the study, the relations between bryozoan species and environmental variables were investigated at seven stations along the Aegean coast in August and December 2015. Constant bryozoan species in both sampling periods were Bugula neritina, Amathia verticillata, Shizoporella errata, Cryptosula pallasiana and Celleporaria brunnea. Their relationship with physico-chemical variables (Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorous, total phosphate, chlorophyll-a) were analysed by means of logistic regression analysis. The result showed that temperature with B. neritina; NH4-N, oPO4-P and TPO4-P with A verticillata; dissolved oxygen concentrations with S. errata and C. brunnea were positively related (p < 0.05).}, }
@article {pmid30955744, year = {2019}, author = {Pereda-Briones, L and Terrados, J and Tomas, F}, title = {Negative effects of warming on seagrass seedlings are not exacerbated by invasive algae.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {36-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.049}, pmid = {30955744}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Alismatales/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Caulerpa/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Sea ; Rhodophyta/*physiology ; Seawater ; Seedlings/*growth &amp; development/physiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The observed and projected rise in sea surface temperature challenges marine biodiversity worldwide, and particularly in temperate ecosystems dealing with the arrival of novel species of tropical provenance. When the impacted biota are early life stages of ecosystem engineers, the effects of those impacts are of major concern for ecologists and coastal managers. We experimentally examined the individual and potential additive effects of seawater warming and the presence of the invasive algae on the development of seedlings of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in a three-month mesocosm experiment. Whereas the presence of the invasive algae (Caulerpa cylindracea and Lophocladia lallemandii) did not result in detrimental effects on seedlings, warming negatively affected seedling development. Interestingly, the presence of both invasive algae may ameliorate the negative effects of warming.}, }
@article {pmid30150616, year = {2018}, author = {Stymne, S and Ohlrogge, J}, title = {Tweaking enzymes for exotic plant oils.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {633-634}, doi = {10.1038/s41477-018-0233-7}, pmid = {30150616}, issn = {2055-0278}, mesh = {Fatty Acids ; *Introduced Species ; Oils ; *Plants ; Seeds ; }, }
@article {pmid29886859, year = {2018}, author = {Landaeta-Aqueveque, C and Robles, MDR and Henríquez, A and Yáñez-Meza, A and Correa, JP and González-Acuña, D and Cattan, PE}, title = {Phylogenetic and ecological factors affecting the sharing of helminths between native and introduced rodents in Central Chile.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {12}, pages = {1570-1576}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182018000446}, pmid = {29886859}, issn = {1469-8161}, mesh = {Animals ; Chile/epidemiology ; Ecology ; Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Helminths/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Rodentia ; }, abstract = {In order to analyse the effect of hosts' relationships and the helminthic load on the switching of parasites between native and introduced hosts, we sampled rodents belonging to two suborders from Central Chile. We compared the number of helminthic species shared between murids (introduced) and cricetid (native, same suborder) rodents to those shared between murids and hystricomorphs (native, different suborder), and we assessed the association between parasitic presence, abundance and geographical dispersion in source hosts to the presence and abundance in recipient hosts. Introduced rodent species shared more helminth species with cricetid rodents than with non-cricetids. Presence and abundance in recipient hosts was not associated with the prevalence and mean abundance in source hosts' population. The mean abundance of parasites in source hosts throughout the territory and wider dispersion was positively associated with the likelihood of being shared with a recipient host. Closer relationships between native and introduced hosts and high parasitic abundance and dispersion could facilitate host switching of helminths between native and introduced rodents. This work provides the first documentation of the importance of parasitic abundance and dispersion on the switching of parasites between native and introduced hosts.}, }
@article {pmid31076848, year = {2019}, author = {Goedknegt, MA and Nauta, R and Markovic, M and Buschbaum, C and Folmer, EO and Luttikhuizen, PC and van der Meer, J and Waser, AM and Wegner, KM and Thieltges, DW}, title = {How invasive oysters can affect parasite infection patterns in native mussels on a large spatial scale.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04408-x}, pmid = {31076848}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {839.11.002//NWO-ZKO/ ; }, abstract = {There are surprisingly few field studies on the role of invasive species on parasite infection patterns in native hosts. We investigated the role of invasive Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) in determining parasite infection levels in native blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in relation to other environmental and biotic factors. Using hierarchical field sampling covering three spatial scales along a large intertidal ecosystem (European Wadden Sea), we found strong spatial differences in infection levels of five parasite species associated with mussels and oysters. We applied mixed models to analyse the associations between parasite prevalence and abundance in mussels and oysters, and 12 biological and environmental factors. For each parasite-host relationship, an optimal model (either a null, one-factor or two-factor model) was selected based on AIC scores. We found that the density of invasive oysters contributed to three of the 12 models. Other biological factors such as host size (six models), and the density of target or alternative host species (five models) contributed more frequently to the best models. Furthermore, for parasite species infecting both mussels and oysters, parasite population densities were higher in native mussels, attributed to the higher densities of mussels. Our results indicate that invasive species can affect parasite infection patterns in native species in the field, but that their relative contribution may be further mediated by other biological and environmental parameters. These results stress the usefulness of large-scale field studies for detailed assessments of the mechanisms underlying the impacts of invasive species on native host communities.}, }
@article {pmid31076638, year = {2019}, author = {Aschim, RA and Brook, RK}, title = {Evaluating Cost-Effective Methods for Rapid and Repeatable National Scale Detection and Mapping of Invasive Species Spread.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7254}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-43729-y}, pmid = {31076638}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {16-9200-0396-CA//U.S. Department of Agriculture (United States Department of Agriculture)/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species can spread rapidly at local and national scales, creating significant environmental and economic impacts. A central problem in mitigation efforts is identifying methods that can rapidly detect invasive species in a cost-effective and repeatable manner. This challenge is particularly acute for species that can spread over large areas (>1 million km2). Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the most prolific invasive mammals on Earth and cause extensive damage to agricultural crops, native ecosystems, and livestock, and are reservoirs of disease. They have spread from their native range in Eurasia and North Africa into large areas of Australia, Africa, South America, and North America. We show that the range of invasive wild pigs has increased exponentially in Canada over the last 27 years following initial and ongoing releases and escapes from domestic wild boar farms. The cumulative range of wild pigs across Canada is 777,783 km2, with the majority of wild pig distribution occurring in the Prairie Provinces. We evaluate eight different data collection and evaluation/validation methods for mapping invasive species over large areas, and assess their benefits and limitations. Our findings effectively map the spread of a highly invasive large mammal and demonstrate that management efforts should ideally rely on a set of complementary independent monitoring methods. Mapping and evaluating resulting species occurrences provide baseline maps against which future changes can be rapidly evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid31076591, year = {2019}, author = {Robinson, CV and de Leaniz, CG and Consuegra, S}, title = {Effect of artificial barriers on the distribution of the invasive signal crayfish and Chinese mitten crab.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {7230}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-43570-3}, pmid = {31076591}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The role of river obstacles in preventing or facilitating the dispersal and establishment of aquatic invasive species is controversial. Novel detection tools like environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used for monitoring aquatic invasive species (AIS) such as the American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), providing information on the effect of barriers on their distribution. We analysed eDNA from both water and surface sediment in three river catchments (Medway, Dee and Stour; Great Britain), with differing levels of connectivity, to determine spatial distribution of the two species, and assessed the effect of barriers on their eDNA detection. Positive eDNA detections were obtained within confirmed sites for both species in all catchments, with evidence of species overlap in the River Medway. Upstream barriers in the Medway positively influenced detection success of mitten crab lower in the catchment while detection success of signal crayfish was higher in the highly fragmented catchment (River Medway). This information on the role of river barriers on AIS distribution and eDNA detection is important for management strategies and for predicting both future dispersal and likelihood of new colonisations in previously uninvaded fragmented catchments.}, }
@article {pmid31072605, year = {2019}, author = {Requier, F and Garnery, L and Kohl, PL and Njovu, HK and Pirk, CWW and Crewe, RM and Steffan-Dewenter, I}, title = {The Conservation of Native Honey Bees Is Crucial.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.008}, pmid = {31072605}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Recent studies have emphasized the role of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, as a managed agricultural species worldwide, but also as a potential threat to endangered wild pollinators. This has resulted in the suggestion that honey bees should be regulated in natural areas to conserve wild pollinators. We argue that this perspective fails to appreciate the multifaceted nature of honey bees as native or introduced species with either managed or wild colonies. Wild populations of A. mellifera are currently imperiled, and natural areas are critical for the conservation of local subspecies and genotypes. We propose that a differentiation between managed and wild populations is required and encourage integrated conservation planning for all endangered wild bees, including A. mellifera.}, }
@article {pmid30362595, year = {2019}, author = {Boegehold, AG and Alame, K and Johnson, NS and Kashian, DR}, title = {Cyanobacteria reduce motility of quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) sperm.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {368-374}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4305}, pmid = {30362595}, issn = {1552-8618}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyanobacteria/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Dreissena/*physiology ; Eutrophication ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Reproduction/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Sperm Motility/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {The temporal expansion of harmful algal blooms, primarily associated with cyanobacteria, may impact aquatic organisms at vulnerable life-history stages. Broadcast spawning species release gametes into the water column for external fertilization, directly exposing sperm to potential aquatic stressors. To determine if cyanobacteria can disrupt reproduction in freshwater broadcast spawners, we evaluated sublethal effects of cyanobacteria exposure on quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) sperm. In laboratory studies, sperm were collected after inducing mussels to spawn using serotonin and exposed to 11 cultures of cyanobacteria including Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Dolichospermum lemmermannii, Gloeotrichia echinulata, 5 cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii, and Planktothrix suspensa. Sperm motility, using endpoints of cumulative distance traveled and mean velocity, was calculated for a minimum of 10 individual sperm using a novel optical biotracking assay method. The distance and velocity at which sperm traveled decreased when exposed to Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and 2 M. aeruginosa cultures. Our findings indicate that cyanobacteria impede the motility of quagga mussel sperm, which can potentially result in reproductive impairments to mussels and potentially other broadcast spawning species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:368-374. © 2018 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid31069663, year = {2019}, author = {Wollmann, J and Schlesener, DCH and Ferreira, MS and Kruger, AP and Bernardi, D and Garcia, JAB and Nunes, AM and Garcia, MS and Garcia, FRM}, title = {Population Dynamics of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Berry Crops in Southern Brazil.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-019-00686-5}, pmid = {31069663}, issn = {1678-8052}, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species originating in Southeast Asia and considered a severe pest in berry crops in several countries of the Northern Hemisphere and Europe. In South America, the species was first detected in 2013. The objective of the study was to monitor the seasonal activity of D. suzukii in commercial crops of blackberry, strawberry guava, surinam cherry, blueberry, and strawberry during two consecutive harvests and in three properties in the Southern region of Brazil during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 harvests, with the aid of traps baited with apple cider vinegar. The highest population peaks were observed during late spring to mid-fall in all areas and plant species studied. It was verified that temperature is the factor that most influenced the seasonal activity of D. suzukii in the field, promoting low catches of the species during winter. However, even during periods of low temperatures (winter period), the presence of D. suzukii in the crops was verified, demonstrating the species' ability to stay in place from year to year, surviving in alternative hosts such as Eriobotrya japonica, a common species in the region. The information on the time of the highest occurrence of the pest in different hosts presented in this study provides the basis for decision-making in relation to the management of D. suzukii, to avoid further economic damage.}, }
@article {pmid31065232, year = {2019}, author = {Malumbres-Olarte, J and Cardoso, P and Crespo, LCF and Gabriel, R and Pereira, F and Carvalho, R and Rego, C and Nunes, R and Ferreira, MT and Amorim, IR and Rigal, F and Borges, PAV}, title = {Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia I: The native forests of the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands).}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e32625}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.7.e32625}, pmid = {31065232}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Background: The data presented here come from samples collected as part of two recent research projects (NETBIOME - ISLANDBIODIV and FCT - MACDIV) which aimed at understanding the drivers of community assembly in Macaronesian islands. We applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment, Cardoso 2009) in sixteen 50 m x 50 m native forest plots in the Azorean Islands of Pico (6 plots) and Terceira (10 plots) to assess spider diversity. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Azores and, more specifically, to that of the islands of Pico and Terceira.<br><br>New information: The collected samples yielded 8,789 specimens, of which 45% were adults (3,970) belonging to 13 families, 36 species and three morphospecies that have yet to be described. Species of the family Linyphiidae dominated the samples, with 17 species and two morphospecies that have yet to be described (48% of the taxa). Out of the identified (morpho)species, 16 were introduced, 13 Azorean endemic (three of which were undescribed) and seven native (five of them Macaronesian endemics). We report the first record of the introduced species Haplodrassus signifer and Agyneta decora in Pico Island.}, }
@article {pmid31063222, year = {2019}, author = {Westby, KM and Sweetman, BM and Van Horn, TR and Biro, EG and Medley, KA}, title = {Invasive species reduces parasite prevalence and neutralizes negative environmental effects on parasitism in a native mosquito.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13004}, pmid = {31063222}, issn = {1365-2656}, abstract = {1.Invasive species research often focuses on direct effects of invasion on native ecosystems and less so on complex effects such as those influencing host-parasite interactions. However, invaders could have important effects on native host-parasite dynamics. Where infectious stages are ubiquitous and native host-pathogen specificity is strong, invasive less-competent hosts may reduce the pool of infectious stages, effectively reducing native host-parasite encounter rate. Alternatively, invasive species could alter transmission via changes in native species abundance. 2.Biotic and abiotic environmental factors can also impact disease dynamics by altering host or parasite condition. However, little is known about potential interactive effects of invasion and environmental context on native species disease dynamics. Moreover, experimental examinations of the mechanisms driving dilution effects are limited, but serve to provide tests of predictions leading to diversity-disease relationships. 3.Using field and laboratory experiments, we tested competing hypotheses that an invasive species reduces the prevalence of a native parasite in its host by removing infectious propagules from the environment or by reducing native host abundance. In addition, we evaluated the role of detritus quantity as a resource base in mediating effects of the invasive species. 4.Native parasite prevalence was reduced when the invasive species was present. Prevalence was also higher in high detritus habitats, although this effect was lost when the invasive species was present. The invasive species significantly reduced infectious propagules from the aquatic habitats. Presence of the invasive species had no effect on the native species abundance; thus, the reduction in parasitism was not due to changes in host density but through a reduction in infectious propagule encounters. 5.We conclude that an invasive species can facilitate a native species by reducing parasite prevalence via a dilution effect and that these effects can be modified by resource level. Reductions in parasitism may have ripple effects throughout the community, altering the strength of competitive interactions, predation rates, or coinfection with other pathogens. We advocate considering potential positive effects of invasive species on recipient communities, in addition to effects of invasions on host-parasite interactions to gain a broader understanding of the complex consequences of invasion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31062924, year = {2019}, author = {Giuliani, C and Lastrucci, L and Cresti, L and Santini, G and Foggi, B and Mariotti Lippi, M}, title = {The morphology and activity of the extrafloral nectaries in Reynoutria x bohemica (Polygonaceae).}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13004}, pmid = {31062924}, issn = {1438-8677}, abstract = {RESEARCH AND METHODS APPLIED: Reynoutria x bohemica is an invasive species, causing significant damages to native ecosystems in North America and Europe. In this work, we performed an in-depth micromorphological characterization of the extrafloral nectaries (EFN), during their secretory and post-secretory phases, in combination with field monitoring on their activity over time and the qualitative pool of insect visitors.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: EFN consist of secretory trichomes and vascularized parenchyma. Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins were histochemically detected in all the trichome cells; phenolic substances were detected in the parenchyma cells. Our data indicate that all nectary regions are involved in nectar production and release, constituting a functional unit. Moreover, the main compounds classes of the nectar and their transfer change over time: at first, granulocrine secretion for sugars prevails, afterwards, eccrine secretion of the lipophilic fraction takes place. Active nectaries are mainly located at the apical portion of the stem during the growth phase (April-May) when we detected the highest number of individuals visited by ants; from mid-August onwards, during the flowering, the number of active nectaries declined until it ceased (September), with concomitant decrease of visits by the ants. The spectrum of the nectar-foraging ants mainly included representatives of the genera Formica, Lasius and Camponotus.<br><br>MAIN CONCLUSIONS: R. x bohemica produces an attracting secretion able to recruit local ants that may potentially act as &quot;bodyguards&quot; for protecting young shoots, reducing the secretion during the blooming stage. The defense mechanism against herbivores is the same displayed by the parental species in their native areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31061419, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, D and Wang, X and Chen, J and Huang, Z and Huo, H and Jiang, C and Huang, H and Zhang, C and Wei, S}, title = {Selection of reference genes for qPCR normalization in buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6948}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-43438-6}, pmid = {31061419}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {6182033//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (Beijing Natural Science Foundation)/ ; 31171867//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31572022//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is a worldwide noxious invasive weed and is listed as one of the top 10 alien invasive species in China. It is harmful to humans and livestock because the entire plant is covered with spines containing toxins. Many studies have analysed the gene expression in this weed species under different stress conditions using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). However, until now, there has been no report on suitable reference genes in buffalobur. Herein, 14 candidate reference genes were selected and evaluated for their expression stability in buffalobur in different tissues, at different developmental stages, and in response to several stress conditions using the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder statistical algorithms. The results showed that EF1α, ACT and SAND are suitable reference genes across all samples tested. We recommend the normalization of target gene expression under different experimental conditions using these three genes together. Validation of selected reference genes was achieved by assessing the relative expression levels of P5CS and GI. This work identified the appropriate reference genes for transcript normalization in buffalobur, which will be helpful in future genetic studies of this invasive weed.}, }
@article {pmid30543700, year = {2018}, author = {Dussault, C and Nelder, MP and Russell, C and Johnson, S and Vrbova, L}, title = {Evaluating the impact of Aedes japonicus invasion on the mosquito community in the Greater Golden Horseshoe region (Ontario, Canada).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0208911}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0208911}, pmid = {30543700}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Aedes/*pathogenicity/virology ; Animals ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Ontario/epidemiology ; Population Dynamics ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; West Nile virus/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus was first documented in Ontario, Canada, in 2001. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Ae. japonicus establishment on the abundance of other mosquitoes in the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH) region of Ontario.<br><br>METHODS: Adult mosquito data from the Ontario West Nile virus surveillance program were used. Descriptive analyses, linear trends and distribution maps of average trap count per month for six mosquito species of interest were produced. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were constructed to 1) test whether the invasion of Ae. japonicus affected the abundance of other mosquitoes by comparing the time period before Ae. japonicus was identified in an area (pre-detection), to after it was first identified (detection), and subsequently (establishment), and 2) identify the variables that explain the abundance of the various mosquito species.<br><br>RESULTS: The monthly seasonal average (May-October) of Ae. japonicus per trap night increased from 2002 to 2016, peaking in September, when the average of most other mosquitoes decrease. There were increased numbers of Ae. triseriatus/hendersoni (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.40, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-1.94) and decreased numbers of Coquillettidia perturbans (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26-0.73) in the detection period, compared to the pre-detection period. Additionally, there was a decrease in Cx. pipiens/restuans (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99) and Cq. perturbans (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49-0.94) in the establishment period, compared to the pre-detection period. None of the most parsimonious explanatory models included the period of the establishment of Ae. japonicus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that the introduction of Ae. japonicus significantly reduced populations of Ae. triseriatus/hendersoni, Cx. pipiens/restuans or An. punctipennis in the GGH. While further research is needed to understand the impact of the Ae. japonicus invasion on other mosquito species, our work indicates that, on a regional scale, little impact has been noted.}, }
@article {pmid30371798, year = {2018}, author = {Lo, PL and Walker, JTS and Wearing, CH and Hedderley, DI}, title = {Factors Responsible for Changes in Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Species Composition on Orchards and Vineyards 1974-2015, in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2755-2763}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy281}, pmid = {30371798}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Insecticides ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Moths ; New Zealand ; Population Dynamics ; *Rosaceae ; }, abstract = {Leafrollers are polyphagous pests whose larvae damage fruit and cause market access problems for fruit crops exported from New Zealand. Leafroller larvae and pupae were collected mainly from four fruit crops, but also from hedges, ornamental trees, and understory weeds in orchards and vineyards of Hawke's Bay, a major fruit production region. Samples were collected from 1974 to 1977 and 1993 to 2015. This timespan was divided into periods that broadly coincided with broad-spectrum insecticide management, the transition to selective insecticides, and the full implementation of integrated fruit production (IFP) programs in apples, grapes, and stone fruit. Eight tortricid species were identified, but the accidentally introduced Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and two native species, Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and Planotortrix octo Dugdale, comprised 95% of the samples. The proportions of these three species varied according to interactions between four factors: pest management regime, collection period, property location, and host plant. In the 1970s under broad-spectrum insecticide programs, the native species dominated on all hosts. By the mid-late 1990s when IFP was introduced, all the main leafroller species were in decline. However, E. postvittana declined to a lesser extent than the two native species, and consequently, it became relatively more prominent. This change in species composition was delayed in two districts where localized cases of organophosphate insecticide resistance occurred in C. obliquana and P. octo. From 2000 onwards, E. postvittana was the dominant species in all districts and on all hosts, albeit with a much-reduced pest status, except on hedges and ornamental trees where C. obliquana prevailed.}, }
@article {pmid30247661, year = {2018}, author = {San Jose, M and Doorenweerd, C and Leblanc, L and Barr, N and Geib, S and Rubinoff, D}, title = {Tracking the Origins of Fly Invasions; Using Mitochondrial Haplotype Diversity to Identify Potential Source Populations in Two Genetically Intertwined Fruit Fly Species (Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera dorsalis [Diptera: Tephritidae]).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2914-2926}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy272}, pmid = {30247661}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Hybridization, Genetic ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeography ; Tephritidae/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests of many fruits. These flies have been spread across the world through global travel and trade, and new areas are at risk of invasion. Whenever new invasive populations are discovered, quick and accurate identification is needed to mitigate the damage they can cause. Determining invasive pathways can prevent further spread of pests as well as subsequent reinvasions through the same pathway. Molecular markers can be used for both species identification and pathway analysis. We analyzed 1,601 individuals from 19 populations using 765 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene to infer the haplotype diversity and population structure within these flies from across their native and invasive ranges. We analyzed these samples by either grouping by species or geographic populations due to the genetic similarity in the mitochondrial genome. We found no genetic structure between B. dorsalis and B. carambolae and our findings suggest recent and most likely ongoing, genetic exchange between these two species in the wild. Hyper-diverse mitochondrial genetic diversity in the native range suggests large population sizes and relatively high mutation rates. Only 52% of the haplotypes found in the trap captures from California are shared with haplotypes from flies found in our global survey, indicating significant genetic diversity in the native range that is missing from our samples. However, these results provide a foundation for the accurate determination of the provenance of invasive populations around the world.}, }
@article {pmid31057586, year = {2019}, author = {Gallego-Tévar, B and Infante-Izquierdo, MD and Figueroa, E and Nieva, FJJ and Muñoz-Rodríguez, AF and Grewell, BJ and Castillo, JM}, title = {Some Like It Hot: Maternal-Switching With Climate Change Modifies Formation of Invasive Spartina Hybrids.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {484}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00484}, pmid = {31057586}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Climate change can induce temporary, spatial or behavioral changes in species, so that only some species can adapt to the new climatic conditions. In the case of invasive species, it is expected that they will be promoted in a context of global change, given their high tolerance to environmental factors and phenotypic plasticity. Once in the invaded range, these species can hybridize with native species thus introducing their genotype in the native biota. However, the effects that climate change will have on this process of invasion by hybridization remain unclear. We evaluated the historical establishment of the reciprocal hybrids between the native Spartina maritima and the invasive S. densiflora in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Peninsula) and we related it to climatic changes during the period 1955-2017. Our results showed that, according to their dating based on their rate of lateral expansion rates, the establishment of S. maritima × densiflora and S. densiflora × maritima in the Gulf of Cadiz has occurred in the last two centuries and has been related to changes in air temperature and rainfall during the flowering periods of their parental species, with antagonist impacts on both hybrids. Thus, the hybrid S. densiflora × maritima has been established in years with mild ends of spring and beginning of summer when the flowering of S. maritima lengthened and its pollen production was higher, and it coincided with the beginning of the flowering period of S. densiflora. Moreover, the establishment of this hybrid was related to higher spring/summer rainfalls, probably due to the reduction in salinity in middle marshes. However, the hybrid S. maritima × densiflora, was established mainly in warmer spring/summers in which the proportion of pollen:ovule of S. maritima was reduced favoring its pollination by S. densiflora. As a consequence of the promotion of S. maritima × densiflora with climate change, the native and endangered species S. maritima would be threatened, as both taxa share the same habitat and the hybrid shows a remarkably higher competitive potential.}, }
@article {pmid31056056, year = {2019}, author = {Bebber, DP}, title = {Climate change effects on Black Sigatoka disease of banana.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1775}, pages = {20180269}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0269}, pmid = {31056056}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Climate change has significantly altered species distributions in the wild and has the potential to affect the interactions between pests and diseases and their human, animal and plant hosts. While several studies have projected changes in disease distributions in the future, responses to historical climate change are poorly understood. Such analyses are required to dissect the relative contributions of climate change, host availability and dispersal to the emergence of pests and diseases. Here, we model the influence of climate change on the most damaging disease of a major tropical food plant, Black Sigatoka disease of banana. Black Sigatoka emerged from Asia in the late twentieth Century and has recently completed its invasion of Latin American and Caribbean banana-growing areas. We parametrize an infection model with published experimental data and drive the model with hourly microclimate data from a global climate reanalysis dataset. We define infection risk as the sum of the number of modelled hourly spore cohorts that infect a leaf over a time interval. The model shows that infection risk has increased by a median of 44.2% across banana-growing areas of Latin America and the Caribbean since the 1960s, due to increasing canopy wetness and improving temperature conditions for the pathogen. Thus, while increasing banana production and global trade have probably facilitated Black Sigatoka establishment and spread, climate change has made the region increasingly conducive for plant infection. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'.}, }
@article {pmid31053849, year = {2019}, author = {McCalla, KA and Keçeci, M and Milosavljević, I and Ratkowsky, DA and Hoddle, MS}, title = {The Influence of Temperature Variation on Life History Parameters and Thermal Performance Curves of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz067}, pmid = {31053849}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {This study examined the effects of seven constant and fluctuating temperature profiles with corresponding averages of 12 to 38°C on the life history of the Punjab, Pakistan-sourced Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) released in California for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. One linear and seven nonlinear regression functions were fit to egg-to-adult development rate data to characterize thermal performance curves. Temperature fluctuations significantly affected both development and longevity of T. radiata. Estimates of degree-days predicted by the linear model were 30% higher for the fluctuating regime than the constant regime. Nonlinear model estimations of theoretical minimum and maximum developmental thresholds were lower for the fluctuating regime when compared to the constant regime. These predictions align with experimental observations. Parasitoids reared under fluctuating profiles at low average temperatures developed faster (15°C) and survived longer (15-20°C) when compared to those reared under constant regimes with corresponding means. In contrast, high average fluctuating temperatures produced parasitoids with an extended developmental period (35°C) and reduced longevity (30-35°C). A meta-analysis of published T. radiata development datasets, together with the results of this study, indicated convergence in degree-days and theoretical minimum developmental thresholds among geographically distinct parasitoid populations. These findings demonstrate the significant effects of temperature on T. radiata life history and have important implications for optimization of mass-rearing and release efforts, improvement of predictions from climate modeling, and comparison of T. radiata population performance across climatic gradients and geographic regions.}, }
@article {pmid30715316, year = {2019}, author = {Weintraub, PG}, title = {Growth Chamber Data Should Not be Used to Predict Invasive Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Establishment.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {271-273}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz003}, pmid = {30715316}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; }, }
@article {pmid31050090, year = {2019}, author = {Andersen, JC and Oboyski, P and Davies, N and Charlat, S and Ewing, C and Meyer, C and Krehenwinkel, H and Lim, JY and Suzuki, N and Ramage, T and Gillespie, RG and Roderick, GK}, title = {Categorization of species as native or non-native using DNA sequence signatures without a complete reference library.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e01914}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1914}, pmid = {31050090}, issn = {1051-0761}, abstract = {New genetic diagnostic approaches have greatly aided efforts to document global biodiversity and improve biosecurity. This is especially true for organismal groups in which species diversity has been underestimated historically due to difficulties associated with sampling, the lack of clear morphological characteristics, and/or limited availability of taxonomic expertise. Among these methods, DNA sequence barcoding (a.k.a. &quot;DNA barcoding&quot;) and by extension, meta-barcoding for biological communities, has emerged as one of the most frequently utilized methods for DNA-based species identifications. Unfortunately, the use of DNA barcoding is limited by the availability of complete reference libraries (i.e., a collection of DNA sequences from morphologically identified species), and by the fact that the vast majority of species do not have sequences present in reference databases. Such conditions are critical especially in tropical locations that are simultaneously biodiversity rich and suffer from a lack of exploration and DNA characterization by trained taxonomic specialists. To facilitate efforts to document biodiversity in regions lacking complete reference libraries, we developed a novel statistical approach that categorizes unidentified species as being either likely native or likely non-native based solely on measures of nucleotide diversity. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by categorizing a large sample of specimens of terrestrial insects and spiders (collected as part of the Moorea BioCode project http://www.mooreabiocode.org) using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM). Using a training dataset of known endemic (n = 45) and known introduced species (n = 102), we then estimated the likely native/non-native status for 4,663 specimens representing an estimated 1,288 species (412 identified species), including both those specimens that were either unidentified or whose endemic/introduced status was uncertain. Using this approach, we were able to increase the number of categorized specimens by a factor of 4.4 (from 794 to 3,497), and the number of categorized species by a factor of 4.8 from (147 to 707) at a rate much greater than chance (77.6% accuracy). The study identifies phylogenetic signatures of both native and non-native species and suggests several practical applications for this approach including monitoring biodiversity and facilitating biosecurity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31048040, year = {2019}, author = {Figueras, A and Moreira, R and Sendra, M and Novoa, B}, title = {Genomics and Immunity of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a changing environment.}, journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.064}, pmid = {31048040}, issn = {1095-9947}, abstract = {The Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is a marine invasive species cultured all over the world. Mussels are an appreciated resource in local aquaculture enterprises because of their robust production and resilience that translates into a reliable economic value. So far, no massive mortalities have been reported in natural or cultured populations of this species. In the last years, the knowledge about its immune system has greatly improved but there are still many questions to be answered. One of them is why mussels, with their high filtering activity, are able to be exposed to a high number of potential pathogens without getting infected and without developing an elevated inflammatory response. The sequencing of the mussel genome has revealed a very complex organization with high heterozygosity, abundance of repetitive sequences and extreme intraspecific sequence diversity among individuals, mainly in immune related genes. Among those genes, antimicrobial peptides are the most expressed gene families in mussels, highly polymorphic and with antimicrobial effect against molluscs pathogens, but also against pathogens of lower vertebrates and humans. The combination of a complex genome with the adaptation of mussel immune system to a changing environment could explain this high variability, not only in immune-related genes, but also in the functional response among individuals sampled in the same location and date.}, }
@article {pmid31044057, year = {2019}, author = {Latimer, AM and Jacobs, BS and Gianoli, E and Heger, T and Salgado-Luarte, C}, title = {Parallel functional differentiation of an invasive annual plant on two continents.}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {plz010}, doi = {10.1093/aobpla/plz010}, pmid = {31044057}, issn = {2041-2851}, abstract = {Rapid local adaptation frequently occurs during the spread of invading species. It remains unclear, however, how consistent, and therefore potentially predictable, such patterns of local adaptation are. One approach to this question is to measure patterns of local differentiation in functional traits and plasticity levels in invasive species in multiple regions. Finding consistent patterns of local differentiation in replicate regions suggests that these patterns are adaptive. Further, this outcome indicates that the invading species likely responds predictably to selection along environmental gradients, even though standing genetic variation is likely to have been reduced during introduction. We studied local differentiation in the invasive annual plant Erodium cicutarium in two invaded regions, California and Chile. We collected seeds from across strong gradients in precipitation and temperature in Mediterranean-climate parts of the two regions (10 populations per region). We grew seeds from maternal families from these populations through two generations and exposed the second generation to contrasting levels of water and nutrient availability. We measured growth, flowering time and leaf functional traits across these treatments to obtain trait means and plasticity measures. We found strong differentiation among populations in all traits. Plants from drier environments flowered earlier, were less plastic in flowering time and reached greater size in all treatments. Correlations among traits within regions suggested a coordinated evolutionary response along environmental gradients associated with growing season length. There was little divergence in traits and trait intercorrelations between regions, but strongly parallel divergence in traits within regions. Similar, statistically consistent patterns of local trait differentiation across two regions suggest that local adaptation to environmental gradients has aided the spread of this invasive species, and that the formation of ecotypes in newly invaded environments has been relatively consistent and predictable.}, }
@article {pmid30900722, year = {2019}, author = {Kistner-Thomas, EJ}, title = {The Potential Global Distribution and Voltinism of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Current and Future Climates.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/iez023}, pmid = {30900722}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; }, abstract = {Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman), is a severe invasive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and horticultural crops. It has successfully colonized much of the United States and has recently established in mainland Europe. The distribution and voltinism of P. japonica will undoubtedly change as a consequence of climate change, posing additional challenges to the management of this species. To assess these challenges, a process-oriented bioclimatic niche model for P. japonica was developed to examine its potential global distribution under current (1981-2010) and projected climatic conditions (2040-2059) using one emission scenario (representative concentration pathway [RCP] 8.5) and two global climate models, ACCESS1-0 and CNRM-CM5. Under current climatic conditions, the bioclimatic niche model agreed well with all credible distribution data. Model projections indicate a strong possibility of further range expansion throughout mainland Europe under both current and future climates. In North America, projected increases in temperature would enable northward range expansion across Canada while simultaneously shifting southern range limits in the United States. In Europe, the suitable range for P. japonica would increase by 23% by midcentury, especially across portions of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, cumulative growing degree-days increased, thereby reducing the probability of biannual life cycles in northern latitudes where they can occur, including Hokkaido, Japan, northeastern portions of the United States, and southern Ontario, Canada. The results of this study highlight several regions of increasing and emerging risk from P. japonica that should be considered routinely in ongoing biosecurity and pest management surveys.}, }
@article {pmid31039720, year = {2019}, author = {Kovacevic, A and Latombe, G and Chown, SL}, title = {Rate dynamics of ectotherm responses to thermal stress.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1902}, pages = {20190174}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0174}, pmid = {31039720}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Critical thermal limits (CTLs) show much variation associated with the experimental rate of temperature change used in their estimation. Understanding the full range of variation in rate effects on CTLs and their underlying basis is thus essential if methodological noise is not to overwhelm or bias the ecological signal. We consider the effects of rate variation from multiple intraspecific assessments and provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the rate effects on both the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and critical thermal minimum (CTmin) for 47 species of ectotherms, exploring which of the available theoretical models best explains this variation. We find substantial interspecific variation in rate effects, which takes four different forms (increase, decline, no change, mixed), with phylogenetic signal in effects on CTmax, but not CTmin. Exponential and zero exponential failure rate models best explain the rate effects on CTmax. The majority of the empirical rate variation in CTmin could not be explained by the failure rate models. Our work demonstrates that rate effects cannot be ignored in comparative analyses, and suggests that incorporation of the failure rate models into such analyses is a useful further avenue for exploration of the fundamental basis and implications of such variation.}, }
@article {pmid31039716, year = {2019}, author = {Dressler, MD and Conde, J and Eldakar, OT and Smith, RP}, title = {Timing between successive introduction events determines establishment success in bacteria with an Allee effect.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1902}, pages = {20190598}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0598}, pmid = {31039716}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Propagule pressure is a leading determinant of population establishment. Yet, an experimental understanding of how propagule size and number (two principal parts of propagule pressure) determine establishment success remains incomplete. Theoretical studies suggest that the timing between introduction events, a component of propagule number, can influence establishment success. However, this dynamic has rarely been explored experimentally. Using Escherichia coli engineered with an Allee effect, we investigated how the timing of two introduction events influences establishment. For populations introduced below the Allee threshold, establishment occurred if the time between two introduction events was sufficiently short, with the length of time between events further reduced by reducing growth rate. Interestingly, we observed that as the density of bacteria introduced in one introduction event increased, the time between introduction events that allowed for establishment increased. Using a mathematical model, we provide support that the mechanism behind these trends is the ability of the first population to modify the environment, which can pave the way for establishment of the second population. Our results provide experimental evidence that the temporal distribution of introduction events regulates establishment, furthering our understanding of propagule pressure and may have implications in invasion biology and infectious disease.}, }
@article {pmid30485341, year = {2018}, author = {Gill, NS and Yelenik, S and Banko, P and Dixon, CB and Jaenecke, K and Peck, R}, title = {Invasive rat control is an efficient, yet insufficient, method for recovery of the critically endangered Hawaiian plant hau kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0208106}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0208106}, pmid = {30485341}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Endangered Species ; Fruit ; Germination ; Hawaii ; *Introduced Species ; *Malvaceae/growth &amp; development ; *Pest Control ; Population Density ; *Rats ; Seed Dispersal ; Seedlings ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions of rodents and other species have been especially problematic on tropical islands. Invasive Rattus rattus consumption of Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (Malvaceae; common Hawaiian name hau kuahiwi) fruit and seeds has been hypothesized to be the most-limiting factor inhibiting the critically endangered tree, but this has not been experimentally tested, and little is known about other factors affecting seed dispersal, germination, and seedling establishment. Thus, we do not know if rat removal is sufficient to increase hau kuahiwi recruitment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of rat population control on the ability of hau kuahiwi to retain fruit and establish seedlings. We compared hau kuahiwi fruiting and seedling recruitment in a stand treated to reduce rat abundance and a neighbouring control stand. Fruit retention increased following treatment but seedling establishment did not. Although rat control improves the ability of hau kuahiwi to retain fruit, other, presently unknown inhibitors to seed dispersal, germination, and/or seedling development remain. Seed and seedling predation by other species, competition from numerous invasive plant species, unsuitable climate, and/or other factors may be primary inhibitors in the absence of rats, but we emphasize that progressive isolation of these factors at individual hau kuahiwi life stages may be necessary to identify the remaining threats to the conservation of this critically endangered plant.}, }
@article {pmid30348792, year = {2018}, author = {Narango, DL and Tallamy, DW and Marra, PP}, title = {Nonnative plants reduce population growth of an insectivorous bird.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {45}, pages = {11549-11554}, pmid = {30348792}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/classification/*physiology ; Clutch Size ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; District of Columbia ; Ecosystem ; *Food Chain ; Genetic Fitness/physiology ; Insectivora/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; Longevity ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Plants ; Reproduction/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Human-dominated landscapes represent one of the most rapidly expanding and least-understood ecosystems on earth. Yet, we know little about which features in these landscapes promote sustainable wildlife populations. Historically, in urban areas, landowners have converted native plant communities into habitats dominated by nonnative species that are not susceptible to pest damage and require little maintenance. However, nonnative plants are also poor at supporting insects that are critical food resources for higher order consumers. Despite the logical connection, no study has examined the impact of nonnative plants on subsequent population responses of vertebrate consumers. Here, we demonstrate that residential yards dominated by nonnative plants have lower arthropod abundance, forcing resident Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) to switch diets to less preferred prey and produce fewer young, or forgo reproduction in nonnative sites altogether. This leads to lower reproductive success and unsustainable population growth in these yards compared with those with >70% native plant biomass. Our results reveal that properties landscaped with nonnative plants function as population sinks for insectivorous birds. To promote sustainable food webs, urban planners and private landowners should prioritize native plant species.}, }
@article {pmid29764663, year = {2018}, author = {Chantawannakul, P and Ramsey, S and vanEngelsdorp, D and Khongphinitbunjong, K and Phokasem, P}, title = {Tropilaelaps mite: an emerging threat to European honey bee.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {69-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.012}, pmid = {29764663}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; Beekeeping ; Bees/growth &amp; development/*parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Larva/parasitology ; *Mites ; Varroidae ; }, abstract = {The risk of transmission of honey bee parasites has increased substantially as a result of trade globalization and technical developments in transportation efficacy. Great concern over honey bee decline has accelerated research on newly emerging bee pests and parasites. These organisms are likely to emerge from Asia as it is the only region where all 10 honey bee species co-occur. Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite, is a classic example of a pest that has shifted from A. cerana, a cavity nesting Asian honey bee to A. mellifera, the European honey bee. In this review, we will describe the potential risks to global apiculture of the global expansion of Tropilaelaps mercedesae, originally a parasite of the open-air nesting Asian giant honey bee, compared to the impact of V. destructor.}, }
@article {pmid29764662, year = {2018}, author = {Figueroa, CC and Fuentes-Contreras, E and Molina-Montenegro, MA and Ramírez, CC}, title = {Biological and genetic features of introduced aphid populations in agroecosystems.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {63-68}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.004}, pmid = {29764662}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Aphids/*genetics/physiology ; Crops, Agricultural ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Parthenogenesis ; }, abstract = {In agroecosystems, introduced aphids that reproduce by obligate parthenogenesis (OP) show strong biased representation of a few genotypes (superclones), whereas species with cyclical parthenogenesis (CP) exhibit the opposite trend with many unique genotypes. We analyzed the biological and genetic features of 23 different aphid species introduced in different geographic areas and climates, finding putative superclones in about 60% of them. We have examined the proximal causes for aphid establishment and spread after their introduction, and found that OP, host availability, and phenotypic plasticity are among the main variables underpinning the ability of aphids to succeed in new geographic areas, which may explain the high potential for invasion in this group of pest insects.}, }
@article {pmid31038741, year = {2019}, author = {Decru, E and Vranken, N and Bragança, PHN and Snoeks, J and Steenberge, MV}, title = {Where ichthyofaunal provinces meet: the fish fauna of the Lake Edward system, East Africa.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13992}, pmid = {31038741}, issn = {1095-8649}, abstract = {Based on literature, museum collections and three recent expeditions, an annotated species list of the Lake Edward, East Africa, drainage system is presented, excluding the endemic haplochromines. A total of 34 non-Haplochromis species belonging to 10 families and 21 genera are recorded from the system. Three of these are endemic and two others have been introduced in the region. Six species are new records for the Lake Edward system. A species accumulation curve indicates that we probably covered most of the non-Haplochromis species in the area sampled during the recent expeditions, but undetected species might still be present in the Congolese part of the system, which is poorly sampled. A comparison of the species list with those of neighbouring basins confirmed the placement of the Lake Edward system within the east-coast ichthyofaunal province. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31038738, year = {2019}, author = {Millane, M and Walsh, L and Roche, WK and Gargan, PG}, title = {Unprecedented widespread occurrence of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Ireland in 2017.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13994}, pmid = {31038738}, issn = {1095-8649}, abstract = {The occurrence of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in multiple river systems in Ireland in 2017 was unprecedented and reflected similar concurrent events observed in other countries in the North Atlantic region. Thirty-six fish were captured in a total of 11 river systems located in the south-west, west and north-west of Ireland in the period June to September 2017. The biological characteristics of sampled specimens are described and the potential for establishment in Ireland are considered. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31038174, year = {2019}, author = {Quinn, NF and Talamas, EJ and Leskey, TC and Bergh, JC}, title = {Sampling Methods for Adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in a Wild Tree Host of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz107}, pmid = {31038174}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive pest that has established in much of the United States. Adventive populations of an effective Asian egg parasitoid of H. halys, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), have been detected in several states, including Virginia, and its geographic range is expanding. Documenting changes in its distribution and abundance have thus become key research priorities. For these specific purposes, surveillance of T. japonicus over large geographic areas using sentinel H. halys egg masses may not be optimally efficient, and examination of alternative sampling tactics is warranted. In 2016, sentinel H. halys egg masses were deployed as vertical transects in the canopy of female Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) in Virginia. A brief follow-up study in 2016 using yellow sticky traps deployed in the same trees yielded captures of T. japonicus, leading to a comparison of vertical transects of sentinel eggs and yellow sticky traps in 2017. Both methods yielded T. japonicus detections only in the middle and upper tree canopies, whereas other known H. halys parasitoids were detected in the lower, middle, or upper canopies. Based on this information, a method for deploying yellow sticky traps in the middle canopy of H. halys host trees was assessed in 2017, yielding T. japonicus captures. A comparison of estimated time inputs revealed that traps were more efficient than sentinel eggs in this regard. Results are discussed in relation to the utility of each sampling method to address specific questions about the range expansion and ecology of T. japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid31036667, year = {2019}, author = {Bradley, BA and Laginhas, BB and Whitlock, R and Allen, JM and Bates, AE and Bernatchez, G and Diez, JM and Early, R and Lenoir, J and Vilà, M and Sorte, CJB}, title = {Disentangling the abundance-impact relationship for invasive species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1818081116}, pmid = {31036667}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {To predict the threat of biological invasions to native species, it is critical that we understand how increasing abundance of invasive alien species (IAS) affects native populations and communities. The form of this relationship across taxa and ecosystems is unknown, but is expected to depend strongly on the trophic position of the IAS relative to the native species. Using a global metaanalysis based on 1,258 empirical studies presented in 201 scientific publications, we assessed the shape, direction, and strength of native responses to increasing invader abundance. We also tested how native responses varied with relative trophic position and for responses at the population vs. community levels. As IAS abundance increased, native populations declined nonlinearly by 20%, on average, and community metrics declined linearly by 25%. When at higher trophic levels, invaders tended to cause a strong, nonlinear decline in native populations and communities, with the greatest impacts occurring at low invader abundance. In contrast, invaders at the same trophic level tended to cause a linear decline in native populations and communities, while invaders at lower trophic levels had no consistent impacts. At the community level, increasing invader abundance had significantly larger effects on species evenness and diversity than on species richness. Our results show that native responses to invasion depend critically on invasive species' abundance and trophic position. Further, these general abundance-impact relationships reveal how IAS impacts are likely to develop during the invasion process and when to best manage them.}, }
@article {pmid30239951, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, Y and Fu, S and Liu, H and Wang, Z and Chen, HYH}, title = {Heat stress tolerance determines the survival and growth of introduced Canadian sugar maple in subtropical China.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {417-426}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpy098}, pmid = {30239951}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acer/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Canada ; China ; Climate Change ; Hot Temperature/*adverse effects ; Introduced Species ; Longevity ; *Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Stress, Physiological ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {The introduction of species contributes to both ecological restoration and regional economics, while serving as a potential strategy to conserve species under rapid climate change. Despite an anticipated significant increase in temperature at high latitudes by the end of the 21st century, very few experimental migration trials have been conducted regarding large climate range changes. We employed a provenance trial by introducing a temperate sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) of three provenances with a mean annual temperature of 3.0 °C in Manitoba, 4.2 °C in Quebec and 9.4 °C in Ontario, Canada, to 15.8 °C at an introduced site in subtropical China. We measured survival, growth, summer photosynthesis in the field and stress-resistance responses under a temperature gradient in growth chambers with first-year seedlings. We found that the Ontario provenance had the highest propensity for survival and growth, followed by the Quebec provenance, while the Manitoba provenance had the lowest. The photosynthetic parameters of the seedlings changed over time of the day, with the Ontario provenance having a higher photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance than the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Furthermore, the growth chamber results revealed that the Ontario provenance had the best physiological adjustment for self-protection from heat stress, followed by the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Our results suggested that the change in climate range drove the survival and growth of introduced seedlings and that the tolerance to summer heat stress through physiological mechanisms was responsible for the success of species introduction, from a cold to a warm climate.}, }
@article {pmid30184191, year = {2019}, author = {Bueno, A and Greenfield, L and Pritsch, K and Schmidt, S and Simon, J}, title = {Responses to competition for nitrogen between subtropical native tree seedlings and exotic grasses are species-specific and mediated by soil N availability.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {404-416}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpy096}, pmid = {30184191}, issn = {1758-4469}, mesh = {Acacia/metabolism ; Coniferophyta/metabolism ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cynodon/metabolism ; *Introduced Species ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Pennisetum/metabolism ; Poaceae/*metabolism ; Queensland ; Seedlings/metabolism ; Soil/*chemistry ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Competitive interactions between native tree seedlings and exotic grasses frequently hinder forest restoration. We investigated the consequences of competition with exotic grasses on the growth and net nitrogen (N) uptake capacity of native rainforest seedlings used for reforestation depending on soil N availability and N source. Tree seedlings and grasses were grown in the greenhouse in different competition regimes (one tree species vs one grass species) and controls (grass monocultures or single tree seedlings) at low and high soil N. After 8 weeks, we quantified net N uptake capacity using 15N-labelled organic (i.e., glutamine and arginine) and inorganic (i.e., ammonium and nitrate) N sources and biomass indices. Depending on soil N availability, we observed different species-specific responses to growth and N acquisition. Tree seedlings generally increased their net N uptake capacity in response to competition with grasses, although overall seedling growth was unaffected. In contrast, the responses to competition by the grasses were species-specific and varied with soil N availability. The different N acquisition strategies suggest the avoidance of competition for N between trees and grasses. Overall, the results highlight that quantifying underlying mechanisms of N acquisition complements the information on biomass allocation as a measure of responses to competition, particularly with varying environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid31034589, year = {2019}, author = {Roy-Dufresne, E and Lurgi, M and Brown, SC and Wells, K and Cooke, B and Mutze, G and Peacock, D and Cassey, P and Berman, D and Brook, BW and Campbell, S and Cox, T and Daly, J and Dunk, I and Elsworth, P and Fletcher, D and Forsyth, DM and Hocking, G and Kovaliski, J and Leane, M and Low, B and Kennedy, M and Matthews, J and McPhee, S and Mellin, C and Mooney, T and Moseby, K and Read, J and Richardson, BJ and Schneider, K and Schwarz, E and Sinclair, R and Strive, T and Triulcio, F and West, P and Saltré, F and Fordham, DA}, title = {The Australian National Rabbit Database: 50 years of population monitoring of an invasive species.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02750}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2750}, pmid = {31034589}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {With ongoing introductions into Australia since the 1700s, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has become one of the most widely distributed and abundant vertebrate pests, adversely impacting Australia's biodiversity and agro-economy. To better understand the population and range dynamics of the species and its impacts, occurrence and abundance data have been collected by researchers and citizens from sites covering a broad spectrum of climatic and environmental conditions in Australia. The lack of a common and accessible repository for these data has, however, limited their use in determining important spatiotemporal drivers of the structure and dynamics of the geographical range of rabbits in Australia. To meet this need, we created the Australian National Rabbit Database which combines more than 50 years of historical and contemporary survey data collected from throughout the range of the species in Australia. The survey data, obtained from a suite of complementary monitoring methods, were combined with high-resolution weather, climate and environmental information, and an assessment of data quality. The database provides records of rabbit occurrence (689,265 records) and abundance (51,241 records, > 120 distinct sites) suitable for identifying the spatiotemporal drivers of the rabbit's distribution and for determining spatial patterns of variation in its key life history traits, including maximum rates of population growth. Since all data are georeferenced and date stamped, they can be coupled with information from other databases and spatial layers to explore the potential effects of rabbit occurrence and abundance on Australia's native wildlife and agricultural production. The Australian National Rabbit Database is an important tool for understanding and managing the European rabbit in its invasive range and its effects on native biodiversity and agricultural production. It also provides a valuable resource for addressing questions related to the biology, success, and impacts of invasive species more generally. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31032397, year = {2019}, author = {Eisenhauer, N and Ferlian, O and Craven, D and Hines, J and Jochum, M}, title = {Ecosystem responses to exotic earthworm invasion in northern North American forests.}, journal = {Research ideas and outcomes}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3897/rio.5.e34564}, pmid = {31032397}, issn = {2367-7163}, abstract = {Earth is experiencing a substantial loss of biodiversity at the global scale, while both species gains and losses are occurring at local and regional scales. The influence of these nonrandom changes in species distributions could profoundly affect the functioning of ecosystems and the essential services that they provide. However, few experimental tests have been conducted examining the influence of species invasions on ecosystem functioning. Even fewer have been conducted using invasive ecosystem engineers, which can have disproportionately strong influence on native ecosystems relative to their own biomass. The invasion of exotic earthworms is a prime example of an ecosystem engineer that is influencing many ecosystems around the world. In particular, European earthworm invasions of northern North American forests cause simultaneous species gains and losses with significant consequences for essential ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and crucial services to humanity like soil erosion control and carbon sequestration. Exotic earthworms are expected to select for specific traits in communities of soil microorganisms (fast-growing bacteria species), soil fauna (promoting the bacterial energy channel), and plants (graminoids) through direct and indirect effects. This will accelerate some ecosystem processes and decelerate others, fundamentally altering how invaded forests function. This project aims to investigate ecosystem responses of northern North American forests to earthworm invasion. Using a novel, synthetic combination of field observations, field experiments, lab experiments, and meta-analyses, the proposed work will be the first systematic examination of earthworm effects on (1) plant communities and (2) soil food webs and processes. Further, (3) effects of a changing climate (warming and reduced summer precipitation) on earthworm performance will be investigated in a unique field experiment designed to predict the future spread and consequences of earthworm invasion in North America. By assessing the soil chemical and physical properties as well as the taxonomic (e.g., by the latest next-generation sequencing techniques) and functional composition of plant, soil microbial and animal communities and the processes they drive in four forests, work packages I-III take complementary approaches to derive a comprehensive and generalizable picture of how ecosystems change in response to earthworm invasion. Finally, in work package IV meta-analyses will be used to integrate the information from work packages I-III and existing literature to investigate if earthworms cause invasion waves, invasion meltdowns, habitat homogenization, and ecosystem state shifts. Global data will be synthesized to test if the relative magnitude of effects differs from place to place depending on the functional dissimilarity between native soil fauna and exotic earthworms. Moving from local to global scale, the present proposal examines the influence of earthworm invasions on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships from an aboveground-belowground perspective in natural settings. This approach is highly innovative as it utilizes the invasion by exotic earthworms as an exciting model system that links invasion biology with trait-based community ecology, global change research, and ecosystem ecology, pioneering a new generation of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research.}, }
@article {pmid31032015, year = {2019}, author = {Ogden, NH and Wilson, JRU and Richardson, DM and Hui, C and Davies, SJ and Kumschick, S and Le Roux, JJ and Measey, J and Saul, WC and Pulliam, JRC}, title = {Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call for a One Health collaboration in science and management.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {181577}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.181577}, pmid = {31032015}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {The study and management of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and of biological invasions both address the ecology of human-associated biological phenomena in a rapidly changing world. However, the two fields work mostly in parallel rather than in concert. This review explores how the general phenomenon of an organism rapidly increasing in range or abundance is caused, highlights the similarities and differences between research on EIDs and invasions, and discusses shared management insights and approaches. EIDs can arise by: (i) crossing geographical barriers due to human-mediated dispersal, (ii) crossing compatibility barriers due to evolution, and (iii) lifting of environmental barriers due to environmental change. All these processes can be implicated in biological invasions, but only the first defines them. Research on EIDs is embedded within the One Health concept-the notion that human, animal and ecosystem health are interrelated and that holistic approaches encompassing all three components are needed to respond to threats to human well-being. We argue that for sustainable development, biological invasions should be explicitly considered within One Health. Management goals for the fields are the same, and direct collaborations between invasion scientists, disease ecologists and epidemiologists on modelling, risk assessment, monitoring and management would be mutually beneficial.}, }
@article {pmid31031947, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, C and Ge, Y and Wang, J}, title = {Molecular basis underlying the successful invasion of hexaploid cytotypes of Solidago canadensis L.: Insights from integrated gene and miRNA expression profiling.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {4820-4852}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5084}, pmid = {31031947}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Dissecting complex connections between cytogenetic traits (ploidy levels) and plant invasiveness has emerged as a popular research subject in the field of invasion biology. Although recent work suggests that polyploids are more likely to be invasive than their corresponding diploids, the molecular basis underlying the successful invasion of polyploids remains largely unexplored. To this end, we adopted an RNA-seq and sRNA-seq approach to describe how polyploids mediate invasiveness differences in two contrasting cytotypes of Solidago canadensis L., a widespread wild hexaploid invader with localized cultivated diploid populations. Our analysis of the leaf transcriptome revealed 116,801 unigenes, of which 12,897 unigenes displayed significant differences in expression levels. A substantial number of these differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were significantly associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and environmental adaptation pathways. Gene Ontology term enrichment-based categorization of DEU-functions was consistent with this observation, as terms related to single-organism, cellular, and metabolic processes including catalytic, binding, transporter, and enzyme regulator activity were over-represented. Concomitantly, 186 miRNAs belonging to 44 miRNA families were identified in the same leaf tissues, with 59 miRNAs being differentially expressed. Furthermore, we discovered 83 miRNA-target interacting pairs that were oppositely regulated, and a meticulous study of these targets depicted that several unigenes encoding transcription factors, DNA methyltransferase, and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases involved in the stress response were greatly influenced. Collectively, these transcriptional and epigenetic data provide new insights into miRNA-mediated gene expression regulatory mechanisms that may operate in hexaploid cytotypes to favor successful invasion.}, }
@article {pmid30187690, year = {2018}, author = {Toussaint, A and Charpin, N and Beauchard, O and Grenouillet, G and Oberdorff, T and Tedesco, PA and Brosse, S and Villéger, S}, title = {Non-native species led to marked shifts in functional diversity of the world freshwater fish faunas.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {1649-1659}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13141}, pmid = {30187690}, issn = {1461-0248}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Fresh Water ; *Introduced Species ; Rivers ; }, abstract = {Global spread of non-native species profoundly changed the world biodiversity patterns, but how it translates into functional changes remains unanswered at the world scale. We here show that while in two centuries the number of fish species per river increased on average by 15% in 1569 basins worldwide, the diversity of their functional attributes (i.e. functional richness) increased on average by 150%. The inflation of functional richness was paired with changes in the functional structure of assemblages, with shifts of species position toward the border of the functional space of assemblages (i.e. increased functional divergence). Non-native species moreover caused shifts in functional identity toward higher body sized and less elongated species for most of assemblages throughout the world. Although varying between rivers and biogeographic realms, such changes in the different facets of functional diversity might still increase in the future through increasing species invasion and may further modify ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid31030142, year = {2019}, author = {Shiferaw, H and Bewket, W and Alamirew, T and Zeleke, G and Teketay, D and Bekele, K and Schaffner, U and Eckert, S}, title = {Implications of land use/land cover dynamics and Prosopis invasion on ecosystem service values in Afar Region, Ethiopia.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {675}, number = {}, pages = {354-366}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.220}, pmid = {31030142}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics and the resulting changes in ecosystems, as well as the services they provide, are a consequence of human activities and environmental drivers, such as invasive alien plant species. This study assessed the changes in LULC and ecosystem service values (ESVs) in the Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia, which experiences a rapid invasion by the alien tree Prosopis juliflora (Swartz DC). Landsat satellite data of 1986, 2000 and 2017 were used in Random Forest algorithm to assess LULC changes in the last 31 years, to calculate net changes for different LULC types and the associated changes in ESVs. Kappa accuracies of 88% and higher were obtained for the three LULC classifications. Post-classification change analyses for the period between 1986 and 2017 revealed a positive net change for Prosopis invaded areas, cropland, salt flats, settlements and waterbodies. The rate of Prosopis invasion was estimated at 31,127 ha per year. Negative net changes were found for grassland, bareland, bush-shrub-woodland, and natural forests. According to the local community representatives, the four most important drivers of LULC dynamics were climate change, frequent droughts, invasive species and weak traditional law. Based on two different ESVs estimations, the ecosystem changes caused by LULC changes resulted in an average loss of ESVs in the study area of about US$ 602 million (range US$ 112 to 1091 million) over the last 31 years. With an increase in area by 965,000 ha, Prosopis-invaded land was the highest net change during the study period, followed by grassland (-599,000 ha), bareland (-329,000 ha) and bush-shrub-woodland (-327,000 ha). Our study provides evidence that LULC changes in the Afar Region have led to a significant loss in ESVs, with serious consequences for the livelihoods of the rural people.}, }
@article {pmid31027196, year = {2019}, author = {Javal, M and Terblanche, JS and Conlong, DE and Malan, AP}, title = {First Screening of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus as Biocontrol Agents against an Emerging Pest of Sugarcane, Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10040117}, pmid = {31027196}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {///Centre for Invasion Biology/ ; }, abstract = {Cacosceles newmannii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an emerging pest of sugarcane in South Africa. The larvae of this cerambycid beetle live within the sugarcane stalk and drill galleries that considerably reduce sugar production. To provide an alternative to chemical control, entomopathogenic nematodes and fungus were investigated as potential biological control agents to be used in an integrated pest management system. The nematodes Steinernema yirgalemense, S. jeffreyense, Heterorhabditis indica, and different concentrations of the fungus Metarhiziumpinghaense were screened for efficacy (i.e., mortality rate) against larvae of C. newmannii. The different biocontrol agents used, revealed a low level of pathogenicity to C. newmannii larvae, when compared to control treatments.}, }
@article {pmid31025434, year = {2019}, author = {Winkler, DE and Belnap, J and Hoover, D and Reed, SC and Duniway, MC}, title = {Shrub persistence and increased grass mortality in response to drought in dryland systems.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14667}, pmid = {31025434}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Droughts in the Southwest U.S. have led to major forest and grassland die-off events in recent decades, suggesting plant community and ecosystem shifts are imminent as native perennial grass populations are replaced by shrub- and invasive plant-dominated systems. These patterns are similar to those observed in arid and semiarid systems around the globe, but our ability to predict which species will experience increased drought-induced mortality in response to climate change remains limited. We investigated meteorological drought-induced mortality of nine dominant plant species in the Colorado Plateau Desert by experimentally imposing a year-round 35% precipitation reduction for eight continuous years. We distributed experimental plots across numerous plant, soil, and parent material types, resulting in 40 distinct sites across a 4500 km2 region of the Colorado Plateau Desert. For all eight years we tracked ca. 400 individual plants and evaluated mortality responses to treatments within and across species, and through time. We also examined the influence of abiotic and biotic site factors in driving mortality responses. Overall, high mortality trends were driven by dominant grass species, including Achnatherum hymenoides, Pleuraphis jamesii, and Sporobolus cryptandrus. Responses varied widely from year to year and dominant shrub species were generally resistant to meteorological drought, likely due to their ability to access deeper soil water. Importantly, mortality increased in the presence of invasive species regardless of treatment, and native plant die-off occurred even under ambient conditions, suggesting that recent climate changes are already negatively impacting dominant species in these systems. Results from this long-term drought experiment suggest major shifts in community composition and, as a result, ecosystem function. Patterns also show that, across multiple soil and plant community types, native perennial grass species may be replaced by shrubs and invasive annuals in the Colorado Plateau Desert. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31024496, year = {2019}, author = {Morrissey, KL and Çavaş, L and Willems, A and De Clerck, O}, title = {Disentangling the Influence of Environment, Host Specificity and Thallus Differentiation on Bacterial Communities in Siphonous Green Seaweeds.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {717}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00717}, pmid = {31024496}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Siphonous green seaweeds, such as Caulerpa, are among the most morphologically complex algae with differentiated algal structures (morphological niches). Caulerpa is also host to a rich diversity of bacterial endo- and epibionts. The degree to which these bacterial communities are species-, or even niche-specific remains largely unknown. To address this, we investigated the diversity of bacteria associated to different morphological niches of both native and invasive species of Caulerpa from different geographic locations along the Turkish coastline of the Aegean sea. Associated bacteria were identified using the 16S rDNA marker gene for three morphological niches, such as the endobiome, epibiome, and rhizobiome. Bacterial community structure was explored and deterministic factors behind bacterial variation were investigated. Of the total variation, only 21.5% could be explained. Pronounced differences in bacterial community composition were observed and variation was partly explained by a combination of host species, biogeography and nutrient levels. The majority of the explained bacterial variation within the algal holobiont was attributed to the micro-environments established by distinct morphological niches. This study further supports the hypothesis that the bacterial assembly is largely stochastic in nature and bacterial community structure is most likely linked to functional genes rather than taxonomy.}, }
@article {pmid31021184, year = {2018}, author = {Novak, BJ and Maloney, T and Phelan, R}, title = {Advancing a New Toolkit for Conservation: From Science to Policy.}, journal = {The CRISPR journal}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {11-15}, doi = {10.1089/crispr.2017.0019}, pmid = {31021184}, issn = {2573-1602}, abstract = {Climate change and non-native wildlife diseases are exacerbating persistent challenges to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, invasive species and over-harvesting. With these increasing threats there is a pressing need to expand the conservationists' toolbox. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing (GE) offers a precise and potentially transformative tool to confront these challenges. Researchers, regulators, conservationists and the public are all needed to engage proactively in the thoughtful and responsible development and application of these new tools.}, }
@article {pmid31019910, year = {2018}, author = {Darling, JA and Carlton, JT}, title = {A Framework for Understanding Marine Cosmopolitanism in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {293}, doi = {10.3389/fmars.2018.00293}, pmid = {31019910}, issn = {2296-7745}, abstract = {Recent years have witnessed growing appreciation for the ways in which human-mediated species introductions have reshaped marine biogeography. Despite this we have yet to grapple fully with the scale and impact of anthropogenic dispersal in both creating and determining contemporary distributions of marine taxa. In particular, the past several decades of research on marine biological invasions have revealed that broad geographic distributions of coastal marine organisms-historically referred to simply as &quot;cosmopolitanism&quot;-may belie complex interplay of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Here we describe a framework for understanding contemporary cosmopolitanism, informed by a synthesis of the marine bioinvasion literature. Our framework defines several novel categories in an attempt to provide a unified terminology for discussing cosmopolitan distributions in the world's oceans. We reserve the term eucosmopolitan to refer to those species for which data exist to support a true, natural, and prehistorically global (or extremely broad) distribution. While in the past this has been the default assumption for species observed to exhibit contemporary cosmopolitan distributions, we argue that given recent advances in marine invasion science this assignment should require positive evidence. In contrast, neocosmopolitan describes those species that have demonstrably achieved extensive geographic ranges only through historical anthropogenic dispersal, often facilitated over centuries of human maritime traffic. We discuss the history and human geography underpinning these neocosmopolitan distributions, and illustrate the extent to which these factors may have altered natural biogeographic patterns. We define the category pseudocosmopolitan to encompass taxa for which a broad distribution is determined (typically after molecular investigation) to reflect multiple, sometimes regionally endemic, lineages with uncertain taxonomic status; such species may remain cosmopolitan only so long as taxonomic uncertainty persists, after which they may splinter into multiple geographically restricted species. We discuss the methods employed to identify such species and to resolve both their taxonomic status and their biogeographic histories. We argue that recognizing these different types of cosmopolitanism, and the important role that invasion science has played in understanding them, is critically important for the future study of both historical and modern marine biogeography, ecology, and biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid31018410, year = {2015}, author = {Al-Sabi, MNS and Chriél, M and Hansen, MS and Enemark, HL}, title = {Baylisascaris procyonis in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Denmark.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {1-2}, number = {}, pages = {55-58}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.03.001}, pmid = {31018410}, issn = {2405-9390}, abstract = {The nematode Baylisascaris procyonis, which may cause severe clinical disease in humans and animals, is emerging in Europe after its introduction with raccoons (Procyon lotor) from North America. B. procyonis has a broad spectrum of paratenic hosts, including rodents, birds, wild carnivores and primates, which are severely affected by the migrating larval stages of the parasite. We report here the recovery of B. procyonis from two out of 18 examined wild raccoons in Denmark. The parasites were identified based on morphology and their identity was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Follow-up telephone interviews of staffs in nine zoos housing captive raccoons and veterinarians supervising these zoos showed that knowledge of B. procyonis and its zoonotic potential were sparse. Eggs of B. procyonis were detected in two raccoons kept in one of three zoos that submitted fecal samples following the telephone interviews. Continuous monitoring and increased awareness are needed to reduce further spread of the parasite and to limit the public health risks associated with baylisascariasis.}, }
@article {pmid31022514, year = {2019}, author = {Zahiri, R and Christian Schmidt, B and Schintlmeister, A and Yakovlev, RV and Rindoš, M}, title = {Global phylogeography reveals the origin and the evolutionary history of the Gypsy moth (Lepidoptera, Erebidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.021}, pmid = {31022514}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {We examined the global phylogeography of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) using molecular data based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Populations from all biogeographic regions of the native and introduced range of L. dispar, were sampled to fully document intraspecific and subspecies variation, identify potential cryptic species, and to clarify the relationships among major phylogeographic lineages. We recovered three major mtDNA lineages of L. dispar: Transcaucasia; East Asia+Japan; and Europe+Central Asia. The circumscription of these lineages is only partially consistent with the current taxonomic concept (i.e., L. dispar dispar; L. dispar asiatica; L. dispar japonica), with the following important discrepancies: 1) north-central Asian populations, including topotypical populations of L. dispar asiatica, may be more closely related to European rather than Asian segregates, which would require the synonymization of the taxon asiatica and establishment of a new name; 2) the Japanese populations (L. d. japonica) are not distinct from east Asian populations; 3) the presence of a distinct, unnamed mitogenomic lineage endemic to the Trancaucasus region. We demonstrated that the population from Transcaucasia contains the highest mitochondrial haplotype diversity among L. dispar, potentially indicative of an ancestral area for the entire dispar-group. Our study corroborates the endemic Hokkaido, Japan taxon Lymantria umbrosa (Butler) as the sister group to all other L. dispar populations, but the applicability of the names umbrosa versus hokkaidoensis Goldschmidt needs to be re-evaluated. The ancestral area analysis suggest that Japan was likely colonized via Sakhalin ∼1 Mya, in contrast to previous studies which have suggested colonization of the Japanese archipelago via the Korean Peninsula. Lastly, mitogenomic variation within L. dispar is incongruent with phylogenies based on nuclear DNA, as nDNA gene phylogenies did not recover the three major mtDNA lineages, and also failed to recover L. dispar and L. umbrosa as reciprocally monophyletic.}, }
@article {pmid31018019, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, Z and Hui, C and Plant, RE and Su, M and Carpenter, T and Papadopoulos, N and Li, Z and Carey, JR}, title = {Life table invasion models: spatial progression and species-specific partitioning.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02682}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2682}, pmid = {31018019}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {2017YFD0200400//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 31770453//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770470//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017BY080//Key R&amp;D Projects of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are increasingly being considered important spatial processes that drive global changes, threatening biodiversity, regional economies, and ecosystem functions. A unifying conceptual model of the invasion dynamics could serve as a useful tool for comparison and classification of invasion processes involving different species across large geographic ranges. By dividing these geographic ranges that are subject to invasions into discrete spatial units, we here conceptualize the invasion process as the transition from pristine to invaded spatial units. We use California cities as the spatial units and a long-term database of invasive tropical tephritids to characterize the invasion patterns. A new life-table method based on insect demography, including the progression model of invasion stage transition and the species-specific partitioning model of multispecies invasions, was developed to analyze the invasion patterns. The progression model allows us to estimate the probability and rate of transition for individual cities from pristine to infested stages and subsequently differentiate the first year of detection from detection recurrences. Importantly, we show that the interval of invasive tephritid recurrence in a city declines with increasing invasion stages of the city. The species-specific partitioning model revealed profound differences in invasion outcome depending on which tephritid species was first detected (and then locally eradicated) in the early stage of invasion. Taken together, we discuss how these two life-table invasion models can cast new light on existing invasion concepts; in particular, on formulating invasion dynamics as the state transition of cities and partitioning species-specific roles during multispecies invasions. These models provide a new set of tools for predicting the spatiotemporal progression of invasion and providing early warnings of recurrent invasions for efficient management.}, }
@article {pmid31016829, year = {2019}, author = {McCarthy, AH and Peck, LS and Hughes, KA and Aldridge, DC}, title = {Antarctica: The final frontier for marine biological invasions.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14600}, pmid = {31016829}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//The General Sir John Monash Foundation/ ; //Zoology Department, University of Cambridge/ ; //University of Melbourne/ ; //British Antarctic Survey/ ; }, abstract = {Antarctica is experiencing significant ecological and environmental change, which may facilitate the establishment of non-native marine species. Non-native marine species will interact with other anthropogenic stressors affecting Antarctic ecosystems, such as climate change (warming, ocean acidification) and pollution, with irreversible ramifications for biodiversity and ecosystem services. We review current knowledge of non-native marine species in the Antarctic region, the physical and physiological factors that resist establishment of non-native marine species, changes to resistance under climate change, the role of legislation in limiting marine introductions, and the effect of increasing human activity on vectors and pathways of introduction. Evidence of non-native marine species is limited: just four marine non-native and one cryptogenic species that were likely introduced anthropogenically have been reported freely living in Antarctic or sub-Antarctic waters, but no established populations have been reported; an additional six species have been observed in pathways to Antarctica that are potentially at risk of becoming invasive. We present estimates of the intensity of ship activity across fishing, tourism and research sectors: there may be approximately 180 vessels and 500+ voyages in Antarctic waters annually. However, these estimates are necessarily speculative because relevant data are scarce. To facilitate well-informed policy and management, we make recommendations for future research into the likelihood of marine biological invasions in the Antarctic region.}, }
@article {pmid31015988, year = {2019}, author = {Derbridge, JJ and Koprowski, JL}, title = {Experimental removals reveal dietary niche partitioning facilitates coexistence between native and introduced species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {4065-4077}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5036}, pmid = {31015988}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Niche overlap between native species and ecologically similar invaders can lead to competitive exclusion of threatened native species, but if two such species also co-occur naturally elsewhere, interactions between native and introduced populations may mirror coevolved niche partitioning that reduces competition and promotes coexistence.A single, insular population of Fremont's squirrel (Tamiasciurus fremonti) the Mount Graham red squirrel (MGRS; T. f. grahamensis) in the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona, USA, is critically endangered and resource competition with introduced Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti) may threaten its long-term persistence. The species are naturally synoptic in other mountain sites, and both consume diets comprised primarily of conifer seeds and fungi.We conducted experimental removals of introduced Abert's squirrels and used stable isotope analysis of diets before and after removals, and of diets in naturally syntopic populations to test the hypothesis that dietary niche partitioning can facilitate coexistence between native and introduced species. We also developed a novel approach to determine the influence of fluctuating food availability on carbon enrichment in consumers.Mount Graham red squirrels and introduced Abert's squirrels partitioned the dietary niche similarly to naturally syntopic populations. Removals had no apparent effect. Diet of MGRS was more closely linked to availability of resources than to presence of Abert's squirrels.Flexible dietary niche of introduced Abert's squirrels may have allowed them to exploit a resource opportunity in syntopy with MGRS. Variable food production of MGRS habitat may intensify competition in poor years, and territorial defense against non-native Abert's squirrels likely imposes fitness costs on individual MGRS. Similarity in our model species' diets may make MGRS more vulnerable to competition if climate change eliminates the advantages of larder-hoarding. Where introduced populations of ecologically similar species are better adapted to changing conditions, they may ultimately replace southern peripheral populations of native species.}, }
@article {pmid31015977, year = {2019}, author = {Martinez-Cillero, R and Willcock, S and Perez-Diaz, A and Joslin, E and Vergeer, P and Peh, KS}, title = {A practical tool for assessing ecosystem services enhancement and degradation associated with invasive alien species.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {3918-3936}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5020}, pmid = {31015977}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Current approaches for assessing the effects of invasive alien species (IAS) are biased toward the negative effects of these species, resulting in an incomplete picture of their real effects. This can result in an inefficient IAS management. We address this issue by describing the INvasive Species Effects Assessment Tool (INSEAT) that enables expert elicitation for rapidly assessing the ecological consequences of IAS using the ecosystem services (ES) framework. INSEAT scores the ecosystem service &quot;gains and losses&quot; using a scale that accounted for the magnitude and the reversibility of its effects. We tested INSEAT on 18 IAS in Great Britain. Here, we highlighted four case studies: Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin ladybird), Astacus leptodactylus (Turkish crayfish), Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish) and Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam). The results demonstrated that a collation of different experts' opinions using INSEAT could yield valuable information on the invasive aliens' ecological and social effects. The users can identify certain IAS as ES providers and the trade-offs between the ES provision and loss associated with them. This practical tool can be useful for evidence-based policy and management decisions that consider the potential role of invasive species in delivering human well-being.}, }
@article {pmid31015965, year = {2019}, author = {Bonner, C and Sokolov, NA and Westover, SE and Ho, M and Weis, AE}, title = {Estimating the impact of divergent mating phenology between residents and migrants on the potential for gene flow.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {3770-3783}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5001}, pmid = {31015965}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Gene flow between populations can allow the spread of beneficial alleles and genetic diversity between populations, with importance to conservation, invasion biology, and agriculture. Levels of gene flow between populations vary not only with distance, but also with divergence in reproductive phenology. Since phenology is often locally adapted, arriving migrants may be reproductively out of synch with residents, which can depress realized gene flow. In flowering plants, the potential impact of phenological divergence on hybridization between populations can be predicted from overlap in flowering schedules-the daily count of flowers capable of pollen exchange-between a resident and migrant population. The accuracy of this prospective hybridization estimate, based on parental phenotypes, rests upon the assumptions of unbiased pollen transfer between resident and migrant active flowers. We tested the impact of phenological divergence on resident-migrant mating frequencies in experiments that mimicked a single large gene flow event. We first prospectively estimated mating frequencies two lines of Brassica rapaselected or early and late flowering. We then estimated realized mating frequencies retrospectively through progeny testing. The two estimates strongly agreed in a greenhouse experiment, where procedures ensured saturating, unbiased pollination. Under natural pollination in the field, the rate of resident-migrant mating, was lower than estimated by phenological divergence alone, although prospective and retrospective estimates were correlated. In both experiments, differences between residents and migrants in flowering schedule shape led to asymmetric hybridization. Results suggest that a prospective estimate of hybridization based on mating schedules can be a useful, although imperfect, tool for evaluating potential gene flow. They also illustrate the impact of mating phenology on the magnitude and symmetry of reproductive isolation.}, }
@article {pmid31015083, year = {2019}, author = {Ulman, A and Ferrario, J and Forcada, A and Arvanitidis, C and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A and Marchini, A}, title = {A Hitchhiker's guide to Mediterranean marina travel for alien species.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {241}, number = {}, pages = {328-339}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.011}, pmid = {31015083}, issn = {1095-8630}, }
@article {pmid31014215, year = {2019}, author = {Seebens, H and Briski, E and Ghabooli, S and Shiganova, T and MacIsaac, HJ and Blasius, B}, title = {Non-native species spread in a complex network: the interaction of global transport and local population dynamics determines invasion success.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1901}, pages = {20190036}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0036}, pmid = {31014215}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {The number of released individuals, which is a component of propagule pressure, is considered to be a major driver for the establishment success of non-native species. However, propagule pressure is often assumed to result from single or few release events, which does not necessarily apply to the frequent releases of invertebrates or other taxa through global transport. For instance, the high intensity of global shipping may result in frequent releases of large numbers of individuals, and the complexity of shipping dynamics impedes predictions of invasion dynamics. Here, we present a mathematical model for the spread of planktonic organisms by global shipping, using the history of movements by 33 566 ships among 1477 ports to simulate population dynamics for the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi as a case study. The degree of propagule pressure at one site resulted from the coincident arrival of individuals from other sites with native or non-native populations. Key to sequential spread in European waters was a readily available source of propagules and a suitable recipient environment. These propagules were derived from previously introduced 'bridgehead' populations supplemented with those from native sources. Invasion success is therefore determined by the complex interaction of global shipping and local population dynamics. The general findings probably hold true for the spread of species in other complex systems, such as insects or plant seeds exchanged via commercial trade or transport.}, }
@article {pmid31013809, year = {2019}, author = {Gandhi, KJK and Campbell, F and Abrams, J}, title = {Current Status of Forest Health Policy in the United States.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10040106}, pmid = {31013809}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {ederal policies related to forestry and forest health (specifically, insects and diseases) have the potential to affect management practices, terms of international and interstate trade, and long-term sustainability and conservation. Our objectives were to review existing federal policies, the role of federal agencies in managing forest health, and guidance for future policy efforts. Since the 1940s, various federal policies relevant to forest health have been established, and several US Department of Agriculture (USDA) agencies have been empowered to assist with prevention, quarantine, detection, management, and control of insects and diseases. Overall, our review showed that relatively few national policies directly address forest health as a stand-alone objective, as most of them are embedded within forestry bills. Federal funding for forest health issues and the number of personnel dedicated to such issues have declined dramatically for some agencies. Concomitantly, native species continue to gain pestiferous status while non-native species continue to establish and cause impacts in the US. To enhance our ability and capacity to deal with current and future threats, concerted efforts are needed to advocate for both resources and stand-alone policy tools that take seriously the complexity of emerging sustainability challenges in both private and public forestlands.}, }
@article {pmid30517113, year = {2018}, author = {Serebryakova, A and Aires, T and Viard, F and Serrão, EA and Engelen, AH}, title = {Summer shifts of bacterial communities associated with the invasive brown seaweed Sargassum muticum are location and tissue dependent.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0206734}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0206734}, pmid = {30517113}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Bacteria/classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Introduced Species ; Microbial Consortia/*physiology ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sargassum/*microbiology ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Seaweed-associated microbiota experience spatial and temporal shifts in response to changing environmental conditions and seaweed physiology. These shifts may result in structural, functional and behavioral changes in the host with potential consequences for its fitness. They, thus, may help the host to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The current knowledge of seasonal variation of seaweed-associated microbiota is however still limited. In this study, we explored temporal and spatial variation of microbial communities associated with the invasive brown seaweed S. muticum. We sampled in northern and southern Portugal, in September, March and July-August (summer). In addition, as (pseudo-)perennial seaweeds display seasonal reproductive phenology, we sampled various parts of the individuals to disentangle the effect of temporal changes from those due to structural development variations. The diversity and structure of associated microbial communities were determined using next generation sequencing of the variable regions V5-7 of the 16S rDNA. We expected to find differentiation in associated microbial communities between regions and sampling months, but with differences depending on the seaweed structure examined. As expected, the study revealed substantial temporal shifts in S. muticum microbiome, for instance with large abundance of Rhodobacteraceae and Loktanella in September-March but prevalence of Pirellulales during the summer months. Variations between regions and tissues were also observed: in northern Portugal and on basal structures, bacterial diversity was higher as compared to the South and apical parts. All examined seaweed structures showed temporal differences in associated microbial community structure over time, except for holdfasts between September and March. Bacteria contributing to these changes varied spatially. Conversely to all other structures, the holdfast also did not show differences in associated community structure between southern and northern regions. Our study highlights the importance of structural microscale differentiations within seaweeds hosts with regard to their associated microbial communities and their importance across temporal and spatial dimensions.}, }
@article {pmid29068708, year = {2018}, author = {Leskey, TC and Nielsen, AL}, title = {Impact of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in North America and Europe: History, Biology, Ecology, and Management.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {599-618}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043226}, pmid = {29068708}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Europe ; Feeding Behavior ; *Heteroptera ; Insect Control ; *Introduced Species ; Life History Traits ; North America ; }, abstract = {The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pentatomid introduced from Asia into the United States, Canada, multiple European countries, and Chile. In 2010, BMSB populations in the mid-Atlantic United States reached outbreak levels and subsequent feeding severely damaged tree fruit as well as other crops. Significant nuisance issues from adults overwintering inside homes were common. BMSB is a highly polyphagous species with a strong dispersal capacity and high reproductive output, potentially enabling its spread and success in invaded regions. A greater understanding of BMSB biology and ecology and its natural enemies, the identification of the male-produced aggregation pheromone, and the recognition that BMSB disperses into crops from adjacent wooded habitats have led to the development of behavior-based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Much is still unknown about BMSB, and continued long-term collaborative studies are necessary to refine crop-specific IPM programs and enhance biological control across invaded landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid29029589, year = {2018}, author = {Renault, D and Laparie, M and McCauley, SJ and Bonte, D}, title = {Environmental Adaptations, Ecological Filtering, and Dispersal Central to Insect Invasions.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {345-368}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043315}, pmid = {29029589}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arachnida ; *Insecta ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Insect invasions, the establishment and spread of nonnative insects in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates rates of introductions, while climate change may decrease the barriers to invader species' spread. We follow an individual-level insect- and arachnid-centered perspective to assess how the process of invasion is influenced by phenotypic heterogeneity associated with dispersal and stress resistance, and their coupling, across the multiple steps of the invasion process. We also provide an overview and synthesis on the importance of environmental filters during the entire invasion process for the facilitation or inhibition of invasive insect population spread. Finally, we highlight important research gaps and the relevance and applicability of ongoing natural range expansions in the context of climate change to gain essential mechanistic insights into insect invasions.}, }
@article {pmid28977776, year = {2018}, author = {Malcolm, SB}, title = {Anthropogenic Impacts on Mortality and Population Viability of the Monarch Butterfly.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {277-302}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043241}, pmid = {28977776}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Agrochemicals ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; Asclepias ; *Butterflies ; Climate Change ; *Endangered Species ; Forests ; Introduced Species ; Plant Nectar ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; }, abstract = {Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are familiar herbivores of milkweeds of the genus Asclepias, and most monarchs migrate each year to locate these host plants across North American ecosystems now dominated by agriculture. Eastern migrants overwinter in high-elevation forests in Mexico, and western monarchs overwinter in trees on the coast of California. Both populations face three primary threats to their viability: (a) loss of milkweed resources for larvae due to genetically modified crops, pesticides, and fertilizers; (b) loss of nectar resources from flowering plants; and (c) degraded overwintering forest habitats due to commercially motivated deforestation and other economic activities. Secondary threats to population viability include (d) climate change effects on milkweed host plants and the dynamics of breeding, overwintering, and migration; (e) the influence of invasive plants and natural enemies; (f) habitat fragmentation and coalescence that promote homogeneous, species-depleted landscapes; and (g) deliberate culture and release of monarchs and invasive milkweeds.}, }
@article {pmid31011154, year = {2019}, author = {Buchholz, S and Kowarik, I}, title = {Urbanisation modulates plant-pollinator interactions in invasive vs. native plant species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6375}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-42884-6}, pmid = {31011154}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {01LC1501A-H//Bundesministerium f&amp;#x00FC;r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/ ; }, abstract = {Pollination is a key ecological process, and invasive alien plant species have been shown to significantly affect plant-pollinator interactions. Yet, the role of the environmental context in modulating such processes is understudied. As urbanisation is a major component of global change, being associated with a range of stressors (e.g. heat, pollution, habitat isolation), we tested whether the attractiveness of a common invasive alien plant (Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust) vs. a common native plant (Cytisus scoparius, common broom) for pollinators changes with increasing urbanisation. We exposed blossoms of both species along an urbanisation gradient and quantified different types of pollinator interaction with the flowers. Both species attracted a broad range of pollinators, with significantly more visits for R. pseudoacacia, but without significant differences in numbers of insects that immediately accessed the flowers. However, compared to native Cytisus, more pollinators only hovered in front of flowers of invasive Robinia without visiting those subsequently. The decision rate to enter flowers of the invasive species decreased with increasing urbanisation. This suggests that while invasive Robinia still attracts many pollinators in urban settings attractiveness may decrease with increasing urban stressors. Results indicated future directions to deconstruct the role of different stressors in modulating plant-pollinator interactions, and they have implications for urban development since Robinia can be still considered as a &quot;pollinator-friendly&quot; tree for certain urban settings.}, }
@article {pmid31010927, year = {2019}, author = {Clifton, EH and Castrillo, LA and Gryganskyi, A and Hajek, AE}, title = {A pair of native fungal pathogens drives decline of a new invasive herbivore.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1903579116}, pmid = {31010927}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Two North American fungal pathogens caused a coepizootic leading to localized collapse of an outbreak population of the newly invasive planthopper pest, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), in the eastern United States. The pathogens partitioned the habitat, with the majority of L. delicatula on tree trunks killed by Batkoa major, while cadavers of L. delicatula killed by Beauveria bassiana were usually on the ground. The future will show whether these pathogens will be drivers in boom-bust cycles or will result in recurrent low population densities of this new invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid31010187, year = {2019}, author = {Philpott, SM and Albuquerque, S and Bichier, P and Cohen, H and Egerer, MH and Kirk, C and Will, KW}, title = {Local and Landscape Drivers of Carabid Activity, Species Richness, and Traits in Urban Gardens in Coastal California.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10040112}, pmid = {31010187}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {NA//University of California New Faculty Research Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Urban ecosystems, as mosaics of residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural land, present challenges for species survival due to impervious surface, degradation, fragmentation, and modification of natural habitat, pollution, and introduced species. Some urban habitats, such as community gardens, support biodiversity and promote ecosystem services. In gardens, local factors (e.g., vegetation, groundcover) and landscape surroundings (e.g., agriculture, built or impervious cover) may influence species abundance, richness, and functional traits that are present. We examined which local and landscape factors within 19 community gardens in the California central coast influence ground beetle (Carabidae) activity density, species richness, functional group richness, and functional traits-body size, wing morphology, and dispersal ability. Gardens with higher crop richness and that are surrounded by agricultural land had greater carabid activity density, while species and functional group richness did not respond to any local or landscape factor. Gardens with more leaf litter had lower carabid activity, and gardens with more leaf litter tended to have more larger carabids. Changes in local (floral abundance, ground cover) and landscape (urban land cover) factors also influenced the distribution of individuals with certain wing morphology and body size traits. Thus, both local and landscape factors influence the taxonomic and functional traits of carabid communities, with potential implications for pest control services that are provided by carabids.}, }
@article {pmid31007567, year = {2018}, author = {Doherty-Bone, TM and Dunn, AM and Liddell, C and Brown, LE}, title = {Transformation of detritus by a European native and two invasive alien freshwater decapods.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, pages = {1799-1808}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-018-1661-z}, pmid = {31007567}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Invasive alien species have the potential to alter biodiversity and ecosystem processes. In freshwaters, detritus decomposition is a major ecosystem service but it remains uncertain whether invasive alien decapods process detritus differently to natives. This study examined leaf litter processing, and cascading effects on biofilms, by the European native white clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) compared to two invasive alien decapod species: the American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Invasive alien decapods were responsible for higher leaf litter decomposition than the native. In comparison with native crayfish, invasive alien crab and crayfish showed higher rates of litter consumption, increased production of smaller leaf fragments, fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) and dissolved organic carbon. Nutrients (ammonia and soluble reactive phosphorous) derived from excretion (measured separately in the absence of biofilms) varied among decapod species, being lower for P. leniusculus. However, nutrient concentrations did not vary among species in the detritivory experiments with biofilm, implying nutrients were utilised for biofilm production and respiration as no differences in biomass were evident among decapod treatments. These results show invasive alien decapods have the potential to increase the magnitude of detrital processing to FPOM in rivers, but indirect impacts on primary producers due to nutrient release are uncertain based on this experimental context.}, }
@article {pmid30136427, year = {2019}, author = {Carvajal, MA and Alaniz, AJ and Núñez-Hidalgo, I and González-Césped, C}, title = {Spatial global assessment of the pest Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): current and future scenarios.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {809-820}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5183}, pmid = {30136427}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Chile ; *Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural ; Geography ; *Heteroptera ; Introduced Species/*trends ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The insect Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) an important pest worldwide, mainly due to the serious economic losses incurred and the large number of zones invaded. However, current and future spatial distributions of this pest, and the total area of cropland potentially affected have not been estimated. Here, we aim to: (1) estimate the potential geographic distribution of B. hilaris; (2) quantify the total area of cropland potentially affected worldwide, and in two recently colonized zones (California and Chile); and (3) estimate future changes in distribution under different climate change scenarios.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that B. hilaris shows high environmental suitability in Mediterranean and arid regions, potentially affecting 1 108 184.1 km2 of cropland worldwide. The most affected continents were Asia and America, with 309 659.8 and 294 638.6 km2 of cropland at risk. More than 50% of cropland areas are at risk in seven countries. In California and central Chile, 43.7% and 50% of susceptible crops are at a high level of risk, respectively. Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the potential distribution of B. hilaris worldwide; America being the most affected continent.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a spatially explicit baseline from which to focus efforts on the prevention, management and control of this pest worldwide. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29752496, year = {2018}, author = {Macfarlane, WW and Gilbert, JT and Gilbert, JD and Saunders, WC and Hough-Snee, N and Hafen, C and Wheaton, JM and Bennett, SN}, title = {What are the Conditions of Riparian Ecosystems? Identifying Impaired Floodplain Ecosystems across the Western U.S. Using the Riparian Condition Assessment (RCA) Tool.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {548-570}, pmid = {29752496}, issn = {1432-1009}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Rivers ; United States ; Utah ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Environmental stressors associated with human land and water-use activities have degraded many riparian ecosystems across the western United States. These stressors include (i) the widespread expansion of invasive plant species that displace native vegetation and exacerbate streamflow and sediment regime alteration; (ii) agricultural and urban development in valley bottoms that decouple streams and rivers from their floodplains and reduce instream wood recruitment and retention; and (iii) flow modification that reduces water quantity and quality, degrading aquatic habitats. Here we apply a novel drainage network model to assess the impacts of multiple stressors on reach-scale riparian condition across two large U.S. regions. In this application, we performed a riparian condition assessment evaluating three dominant stressors: (1) riparian vegetation departure from historical condition; (2) land-use intensity within valley bottoms; and (3) floodplain fragmentation caused by infrastructure within valley bottoms, combining these stressors in a fuzzy inference system. We used freely available, geospatial data to estimate reach-scale (500 m) riparian condition for 52,800 km of perennial streams and rivers, 25,600 km in Utah, and 27,200 km in 12 watersheds of the interior Columbia River Basin (CRB). Model outputs showed that riparian condition has been at least moderately impaired across ≈70% of the streams and rivers in Utah and ≈49% in the CRB. We found 84% agreement (Cohen's ĸ = 0.79) between modeled reaches and field plots, indicating that modeled riparian condition reasonably approximates on-the-ground conditions. Our approach to assessing riparian condition can be used to prioritize watershed-scale floodplain conservation and restoration by providing network-scale data on the extent and severity of riparian degradation. The approach that we applied here is flexible and can be expanded to run with additional riparian stressor data and/or finer resolution input data.}, }
@article {pmid29129278, year = {2017}, author = {Rafferty, NE}, title = {Effects of global change on insect pollinators: multiple drivers lead to novel communities.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {22-27}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.009}, pmid = {29129278}, issn = {2214-5753}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/*physiology ; Introduced Species ; Magnoliopsida ; *Pollination ; }, abstract = {Global change drivers, in particular climate change, exotic species introduction, and habitat alteration, affect insect pollinators in numerous ways. In response, insect pollinators show shifts in range and phenology, interactions with plants and other taxa are altered, and in some cases pollination services have diminished. Recent studies show some pollinators are tracking climate change by moving latitudinally and elevationally, while others are not. Shifts in insect pollinator phenology generally keep pace with advances in flowering, although there are exceptions. Recent data demonstrate competition between exotic and native bees, along with rapid positive effects of exotic plant removal on pollinator richness. Genetic analyses tie bee fitness to habitat quality. Across drivers, novel communities are a common outcome that deserves more study.}, }
@article {pmid31009532, year = {2019}, author = {Hogg, BN and Moran, PJ and Smith, L}, title = {Relative Performance and Impacts of the Psyllid Arytinnis hakani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Nontarget Plants and the Target Weed Genista monspessulana (Fabales: Fabaceae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz041}, pmid = {31009532}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {No-choice tests can help select weed biological control agents with a high degree of host specificity but may exclude potentially effective agents that can develop on nontarget plants under laboratory conditions. The actual amount of damage to nontarget plants often goes unstudied, even though agents may exploit nontarget plants without inflicting significant harm. Furthermore, tests typically assess whether prospective agents can complete one generation on nontarget plants, and rarely examine whether agents are likely to persist on the nontarget plants over the long term. Pre-release assessments that occur over multiple generations of the agent could help determine whether prospective agents pose a threat to nontarget plants under field conditions. This study focused on the psyllid Arytinnis hakani Loginova (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), which is under consideration in California for release against the invasive shrub French broom, Genista monspessulana (L.) LAS Johnson. We examined the host suitability of seven nontarget Lupinus spp. (Fabales: Fabaceae) for the psyllid using no-choice tests, and assessed psyllid impacts on Lupinus arboreus Sims, which consistently supported psyllid oviposition and development. The psyllid oviposited on all of the tested Lupinus spp., and completed two generations on five of the Lupinus spp., although numbers of psyllids were highest on French broom. In an additional experiment, A. hakani did not affect growth or survival of L. arboreus, but reduced growth and dramatically reduced survival of French broom. Taken together, these results indicate that Lupinus spp. are suboptimal hosts for the psyllid and are unlikely to be significantly impacted by its feeding.}, }
@article {pmid31004498, year = {2019}, author = {Valliere, JM and Escobedo, EB and Bucciarelli, GM and Sharifi, MR and Rundel, PW}, title = {Invasive annuals respond more negatively to drought than native species.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15865}, pmid = {31004498}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {1. In his foundational list of &quot;ideal weed&quot; characteristics, Baker (1965) proposed that weedy plants maximize reproductive output under high resource availability. Since then, the idea that invasive plant species are more responsive to fluctuating resources than native or non-invasive species has gained considerable traction, though few studies extend this hypothesis to include reproductive output. We revisit Baker's hypothesis in the context of invasion and drought in California grasslands, exploring whether invasives show greater growth and reproductive responses to water availability compared to the native wildflowers they displace. 2. In an outdoor potted study, we grew eight native and eight invasive species of annuals commonly found in southern California grasslands to reproductive maturity under both well-watered and drought conditions. 3. While drought negatively impacted plant performance overall, invasives showed more negative responses for growth and reproductive traits. Invasives also grew larger than native species, especially under well-watered conditions, and produced seed with higher rates of germination. 4. Invasives may be more negatively impacted by drought than natives, but they are also able to capitalize on high resource conditions and greatly increase reproductive output. Such opportunistic responses exhibited by invasives might explain previously observed fluctuations in their abundance under variable precipitation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31004089, year = {2019}, author = {Rees, DJ and Hanifi, A and Obille, A and Alexander, R and Sone, ED}, title = {Fingerprinting of Proteins that Mediate Quagga Mussel Adhesion using a De Novo Assembled Foot Transcriptome.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {6305}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-41976-7}, pmid = {31004089}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RGPIN 342455//Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et en G&amp;#x00E9;nie du Canada)/ ; }, abstract = {The European freshwater mollusk Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel), an invasive species to North America, adheres to surfaces underwater via the byssus: a non-living protein 'anchor'. In spite of its importance as a biofouling species, the sequence of the majority of byssal proteins responsible for adhesion are not known, and little genomic data is available. To determine protein sequence information, we utilized next-generation RNA sequencing and de novo assembly to construct a cDNA library of the quagga mussel foot transcriptome, which contains over 200,000 transcripts. Quagga mussel byssal proteins were extracted from freshly induced secretions and analyzed using LC-MS/MS; peptide spectra were matched to the transcriptome to fingerprint the entire protein primary sequences. We present the full sequences of fourteen novel quagga mussel byssal proteins, named Dreissena bugensis foot proteins 4 to 17 (Dbfp4-Dbfp17), and new sequence data for two previously observed byssal proteins Dbfp1 and Dbfp2. Theoretical masses of the newly discovered proteins range from 4.3 kDa to 21.6 kDa. These protein sequences are unique but contain features similar to glue proteins from other species, including a high degree of polymorphism, proteins with repeated peptide motifs, disordered protein structure, and block structures.}, }
@article {pmid31003096, year = {2019}, author = {Young, SL and Goldowsky-Dill, NW and Muhammad, J and Epstein, MM}, title = {Connecting experts in the agricultural and meteorological sciences to advance knowledge of pest management in a changing climate.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {694-698}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.126}, pmid = {31003096}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {There has been considerable progress in elucidating the physical aspects of climate change that directly impact food, feed, and fiber production. However, these impact assessments rarely account for climate induced changes associated with biological pests. The lack of collaboration between the pest management and climate science disciplines could be contributing to the problem. Therefore, we assessed research-based relationships, identifying possible barriers to and gaps in successful collaboration. We developed an algorithm capable of identifying author affiliation and associated disciplines. We found that pest management and climate scientists most often authored papers in their respective disciplines (>90%), but rarely in the opposing disciplines (<1%). Atopica, an international research group, is one of the few examples of how interdisciplinary collaborations have led to the co-production of knowledge to better understand and manage a pest responding to climate change. Researcher-to-researcher relationships, as demonstrated by Atopica, are an often overlooked area of science and key to solving major societal challenges.}, }
@article {pmid31003061, year = {2019}, author = {Kaur, A and Kaur, S and Singh, HP and Batish, DR and Kohli, RK}, title = {Phenotypic variations alter the ecological impact of invasive alien species: Lessons from Parthenium hysterophorus.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {241}, number = {}, pages = {187-197}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.129}, pmid = {31003061}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Invasive plant species constantly adjust their behavior with ecological shifts by virtue of phenotypic plasticity and/or local adaptations. Changes in the phenotype of an invasive species may also trigger variations in its community level impacts, which is an acceptable, yet unexplored aspect of invasion biology. Our study attempts to fill important knowledge gaps on the basic behavior and ecological interactions of invasive species. Parthenium hysterophorus, a widely distributed invasive alien species of tropical and sub-tropical regions, was evaluated for variations in its morpho-functional traits and ecological performance at a common spatial and temporal scale. Field surveys were conducted in Chandigarh, India, in five sites identified as invaded with P. hysterophorus. Individuals of P. hysterophorus randomly sampled from these sites, showed from trait analyses that the population is differentiated into two morphotypes, PA and PB. Morphotype PB exhibits traits comparable to the shrub life-form in terms of woody stem (with higher stem circumference [+32.26%], stem specific density [+128.57%], twig dry matter content [+25.15%]); profuse branching (+46.38%); larger canopy (+91.16%); and better reproductive output (+190.29%) compared to PA. PA, on the other hand, reflected herbaceous characteristics with greater leaf area (+67.58%) and higher content of chlorophyll (+21.92%) compared to PB. Based on these morphotypes, the plots were divided into three invasion categories: areas invaded by PA [IPA], areas invaded by PB [IPB] and uninvaded areas [UI]. Ecological indices and soil chemical properties were compared across IPA, IPB and UI. Shannon's index (p < 0.001), evenness index (p = 0.008), and richness index (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in IPB compared to IPA. UI areas were found to have higher soil pH, phenolics, organic matter, and concentrations of N, P and K, compared to IPA and IPB, but lower Ca and Mg. Results suggest that phenotypic variations within population of P. hysterophorus regulate its ecological impact on associated vegetation. Conservation managers would benefit from studying its invasion patterns and identifying the morphotype with higher ecological impact to prioritize management efforts. Monitoring these behavioral and ecological patterns in P. hysterophorus over the long-term may also help in anticipating challenges to preventive measures.}, }
@article {pmid30996520, year = {2018}, author = {Dangerfield, CE and Whalley, AE and Hanley, N and Gilligan, CA}, title = {What a Difference a Stochastic Process Makes: Epidemiological-Based Real Options Models of Optimal Treatment of Disease.}, journal = {Environmental &amp; resource economics}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, pages = {691-711}, doi = {10.1007/s10640-017-0168-x}, pmid = {30996520}, issn = {0924-6460}, abstract = {The real options approach has been used within environmental economics to investigate the impact of uncertainty on the optimal timing of control measures to minimise the impacts of invasive species, including pests and diseases. Previous studies typically model the growth in infected area using geometric Brownian motion (GBM). The advantage of this simple approach is that it allows for closed form solutions. However, such a process does not capture the mechanisms underlying the spread of infection. In particular the GBM assumption does not respect the natural upper boundary of the system, which is determined by the maximum size of the host species, nor the deceleration in the rate of infection as this boundary is approached. We show how the stochastic process describing the growth in infected area can be derived from the characteristics of the spread of infection. If the model used does not appropriately capture uncertainty in infection dynamics, then the excessive delay before treatment implies that the full value of the option to treat is not realised. Indeed, when uncertainty is high or the disease is fast spreading, ignoring the mechanisms of infection spread can lead to control never being deployed. Thus the results presented here have important implications for the way in which the real options approach is applied to determine optimal timing of disease control given uncertainty in future disease progression.}, }
@article {pmid30998797, year = {2019}, author = {Geraldi, NR and Anton, A and Lovelock, CE and Duarte, CM}, title = {Are the ecological effects of the &quot;worst&quot; marine invasive species linked with scientific and media attention?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0215691}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0215691}, pmid = {30998797}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Non-native species are a major driver of environmental change. In this study we assessed the ecological impact of the &quot;worst&quot; non-native species and the associated scientific and media publications through time to understand what influences interest in these species. Ecological effect was based on a qualitative assessment reported in research publications and additional searches of the scientific and media attention were conducted to determine published articles and assess attention. We did not detect a relationship between the number of publications for a non-native species and the magnitude of the ecological effects of that species or the number of citations. Media coverage on non-native species was low, only evident for less than 50% of the non-native species assessed. Media coverage was initially related to the number of scientific publications, but was short-lived. In contrast, the attention to individual non-native species in the scientific literature was sustained through time and often continued to increase over time. Time between detection of the non-native species and the scientific/media attention were reduced with each successive introduction to a new geographic location. Tracking publications on non-native species indicated that media attention does seem to be associated with the production of scientific research while scientific attention was not related to the magnitude of the ecological effects.}, }
@article {pmid30997155, year = {2019}, author = {Mahar, JE and Hall, RN and Shi, M and Mourant, R and Huang, N and Strive, T and Holmes, EC}, title = {The discovery of three new hare lagoviruses reveals unexplored viral diversity in this genus.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {vez005}, doi = {10.1093/ve/vez005}, pmid = {30997155}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Our knowledge of mammalian viruses has been strongly skewed toward those that cause disease in humans and animals. However, recent metagenomic studies indicate that most apparently healthy organisms carry viruses, and that these seemingly benign viruses may comprise the bulk of virus diversity. The bias toward studying viruses associated with overt disease is apparent in the lagoviruses (family Caliciviridae) that infect rabbits and hares: although most attention has been directed toward the highly pathogenic members of this genus-rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and European brown hare syndrome virus-a number of benign lagoviruses have also been identified. To determine whether wild European brown hares in Australia might also carry undetected benign viruses, we used a meta-transcriptomics approach to explore the gut and liver RNA viromes of these invasive animals. This led to the discovery of three new lagoviruses. While one was only detected in a single hare, the other two viruses were detected in 20 per cent of all animals tested. All three viruses were most closely related to other hare lagoviruses, but were phylogenetically distinct from both known viruses and from each other, indicating that lagoviruses have circulated for longer than previously assumed. Their evolution was also characterised by complex recombination events. Mapping mutations onto the lagovirus phylogeny revealed no amino acid changes that were consistently associated with virulence phenotype. Overall, our study points to extensive unsampled diversity in this genus, such that additional metagenomic studies are needed to fill gaps in the lagovirus phylogeny and better understand the evolutionary history of this important group of mammalian viruses.}, }
@article {pmid30995765, year = {2019}, author = {Reza, MS and Ahmed, A and Caesarendra, W and Abu Bakar, MS and Shams, S and Saidur, R and Aslfattahi, N and Azad, AK}, title = {Acacia Holosericea: An Invasive Species for Bio-char, Bio-oil, and Biogas Production.}, journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/bioengineering6020033}, pmid = {30995765}, issn = {2306-5354}, support = {UBD/BRC/11 Project//Brunei Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {To evaluate the possibilities for biofuel and bioenergy production Acacia Holosericea, which is an invasive plant available in Brunei Darussalam, was investigated. Proximate analysis of Acacia Holosericea shows that the moisture content, volatile matters, fixed carbon, and ash contents were 9.56%, 65.12%, 21.21%, and 3.91%, respectively. Ultimate analysis shows carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen as 44.03%, 5.67%, and 0.25%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results have shown that maximum weight loss occurred for this biomass at 357 °C for pyrolysis and 287 °C for combustion conditions. Low moisture content (<10%), high hydrogen content, and higher heating value (about 18.13 MJ/kg) makes this species a potential biomass. The production of bio-char, bio-oil, and biogas from Acacia Holosericea was found 34.45%, 32.56%, 33.09% for 500 °C with a heating rate 5 °C/min and 25.81%, 37.61%, 36.58% with a heating rate 10 °C/min, respectively, in this research. From Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy it was shown that a strong C-H, C-O, and C=C bond exists in the bio-char of the sample.}, }
@article {pmid29851948, year = {2018}, author = {Sikes, BA and Bufford, JL and Hulme, PE and Cooper, JA and Johnston, PR and Duncan, RP}, title = {Import volumes and biosecurity interventions shape the arrival rate of fungal pathogens.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e2006025}, pmid = {29851948}, issn = {1545-7885}, mesh = {Commerce/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; Crops, Agricultural/microbiology ; *Fungi ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Introduced Species/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*trends ; New Zealand ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Security Measures/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Trees/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Global trade and the movement of people accelerate biological invasions by spreading species worldwide. Biosecurity measures seek to allow trade and passenger movements while preventing incursions that could lead to the establishment of unwanted pests, pathogens, and weeds. However, few data exist to evaluate whether changes in trade volumes, passenger arrivals, and biosecurity measures have altered rates of establishment of nonnative species over time. This is particularly true for pathogens, which pose significant risks to animal and plant health and are consequently a major focus of biosecurity efforts but are difficult to detect. Here, we use a database of all known plant pathogen associations recorded in New Zealand to estimate the rate at which new fungal pathogens arrived and established on 131 economically important plant species over the last 133 years. We show that the annual arrival rate of new fungal pathogens increased from 1880 to about 1980 in parallel with increasing import trade volume but subsequently stabilised despite continued rapid growth in import trade and recent rapid increases in international passenger arrivals. Nevertheless, while pathogen arrival rates for crop and pasture species have declined in recent decades, arrival rates have increased for forestry and fruit tree species. These contrasting trends between production sectors reflect differences in biosecurity effort and suggest that targeted biosecurity can slow pathogen arrival and establishment despite increasing trade and international movement of people.}, }
@article {pmid30993767, year = {2019}, author = {Braasch, J and Barker, BS and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Expansion history and environmental suitability shape effective population size in a plant invasion.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15104}, pmid = {30993767}, issn = {1365-294X}, abstract = {The margins of an expanding range are predicted to be challenging environments for adaptation. Marginal populations should often experience low effective population sizes (Ne) where genetic drift is high due to demographic expansion and/or census population size is low due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, invasive species demonstrate increasing evidence of rapid evolution and potential adaptation to novel environments encountered during colonization, calling into question whether significant reductions in Ne are realized during range expansions in nature. Here we report one of the first empirical tests of the joint effects of expansion dynamics and environment on effective population size variation during invasive range expansion. We estimate contemporary values of Ne using rates of linkage disequilibrium among genome-wide markers within introduced populations of the highly invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) in North America (California, USA), and within native Eurasian populations. As predicted, we find that Ne within the invaded range is positively correlated with both expansion history (time since founding) and habitat quality (abiotic climate). History and climate had independent additive effects with similar effect sizes, indicating an important role for both factors in this invasion. These results support theoretical expectations for the population genetics of range expansion, though whether these processes can ultimately arrest the spread of an invasive species remains an unanswered question. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30991646, year = {2019}, author = {Stahl, JM and Babendreier, D and Marazzi, C and Caruso, S and Costi, E and Maistrello, L and Haye, T}, title = {Can Anastatus bifasciatus Be Used for Augmentative Biological Control of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Fruit Orchards?.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10040108}, pmid = {30991646}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {641456//H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions/ ; N/A//Phytosanitary Service of the Canton Ticino/ ; N/A//Associazione frutticoltori ticinesi/ ; N/A//Consorzio Fitosanitario Provinciale di Modena/ ; }, abstract = {The generalist egg parasitoid Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is the most prevalent egg parasitoid of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Europe. To assess its efficacy against the pest H. halys and to validate the potential risks for non-target species in a realistic field setting, inundative releases were conducted over three consecutive years in four fruit orchards in Switzerland and Italy. In total, more than 4300 A. bifasciatus females were released, which was equivalent to 11,000 to 26,000 females per hectare, depending on distances between trees in each orchard. Parasitism of freeze-killed sentinel H. halys eggs achieved with the current release strategy was on average 6% (range: 2%-16%) and considered not high enough to effectively suppress the pest. However, the overall impact of A. bifasciatus on the mortality of H. halys eggs was likely underestimated. If pre-imaginal parasitoid mortality (3.3%) and host feeding (6%) are added to the observed parasitism (6%), the actual induced mortality of H. halys eggs may reach more than 15%. Parasitism of lepidopteran non-target species reached an average of 8% and thus, some degree of non-target parasitism after mass releases may be expected. To quantify the impact of the parasitoids in the orchards more precisely, naturally laid egg masses should be used in future trials to include host-finding cues of the host and host plants, and larger scale releases with potentially higher densities of parasitoids should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid29764688, year = {2018}, author = {Bertelsmeier, C and Keller, L}, title = {Bridgehead Effects and Role of Adaptive Evolution in Invasive Populations.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, pages = {527-534}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.014}, pmid = {29764688}, issn = {1872-8383}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Introduced Species ; Plants ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. Invasive populations can be the source of additional new introductions, leading to a self-accelerating process whereby invasion begets invasion. This phenomenon, coined bridgehead effect, has been proposed to stem from the evolution of higher invasiveness in a primary introduced population. There is, however, no conclusive evidence that the success of bridgehead populations stems from the evolution of increased invasiveness. Instead, we argue that a high frequency of secondary introductions can be explained by increased abundance in the bridgehead region or the topology of human transport networks. We outline the type of evidence and experiments that are needed to demonstrate adaptive evolution and higher invasion success of introduced populations.}, }
@article {pmid30989338, year = {2019}, author = {Yamasaki, K and Takahashi, R and Harada, R and Matsuo, Y and Nakamura, M and Takahashi, JI}, title = {Reproductive interference by alien hornet Vespa velutina threatens the native populations of Vespa simillima in Japan.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {106}, number = {5-6}, pages = {15}, doi = {10.1007/s00114-019-1609-x}, pmid = {30989338}, issn = {1432-1904}, support = {17K07575//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {The yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina has become one of the major alien species in European and East Asian countries. As in its homeland, the invading V. velutina is reported as the major predator of honeybees and is becoming a threat to beekeeping in Europe. However, it remains unknown how V. velutina might affect native hornets when it invades Asia, where a large number of Vespa species are distributed. Thus, by analyzing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, we investigated whether interspecific mating occurs between V. velutina and Japanese native Vespa spp. Our results showed that the alien V. velutina causes reproductive interference in Japanese native hornet Vespa simillima. Forty-three percent of native V. simillima queens had the sperm of V. velutina males, and among the all V. simillima queens analyzed, 28% only had V. velutina sperm. We did not find evidence of V. velutina queens having the sperm of V. simillima males. These findings suggest that reproductive interference by V. velutina males poses a threat to the native V. simillima populations. A decline of V. simillima may also negatively affect other insects that interact with V. simillima.}, }
@article {pmid30988898, year = {2019}, author = {Marshall, NT and Stepien, CA}, title = {Invasion genetics from eDNA and thousands of larvae: A targeted metabarcoding assay that distinguishes species and population variation of zebra and quagga mussels.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {3515-3538}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4985}, pmid = {30988898}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Identifying species and population genetic compositions of biological invasions at early life stages and/or from environmental (e)DNA using targeted high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcode assays offers powerful and cost-effective means for early detection, analysis of spread patterns, and evaluating population changes. The present study develops, tests, and applies this method with a targeted sequence assay designed to simultaneously identify and distinguish between the closely related invasive Eurasian zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis) and their relatives and discern their respective population genetic patterns. Invasions of these dreissenid mussel species have markedly changed freshwater ecosystems throughout North America and Europe, exerting severe ecological and economic damage. Their planktonic early life stages (eggs and larvae) are morphologically indistinguishable, yet each species exerts differential ecological effects, with the quagga often outcompeting the zebra mussel as adults. Our targeted assay analyzes genetic variation from a diagnostic sequence region of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, to assess temporal and spatial inter- and intra-specific genetic variability. The assay facilitates analysis of environmental (e)DNA from water, early life stages from thousands of individuals, and simultaneous analysis of 50-100 tagged field-collected samples. Experiments evaluated its accuracy and performance using: (a) mock laboratory communities containing known DNA quantities per taxon, (b) aquaria with mixed-species/haplotype compositions of adults, and (c) field-collected water and plankton versus traditional sampling of adult communities. Results delineated species compositions, relative abundances, and population-level diversity differences among ecosystems, habitats, time series, and life stages from two allopatric concurrent invasions in the Great Lakes (Lake Erie) and the Hudson River, which had separate founding histories. Findings demonstrate application of this targeted assay and our approach to accurately and simultaneously discern species- and population-level differences across spatial and temporal scales, facilitating early detection and ecological understanding of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30734861, year = {2019}, author = {Steinbrink, A and Zotzmann, S and Cunze, S and Klimpel, S}, title = {Aedes koreicus-a new member of the genus Aedes establishing in Germany?.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {3}, pages = {1073-1076}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-019-06232-x}, pmid = {30734861}, issn = {1432-1955}, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Disease Vectors ; Germany ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Aedes koreicus, a mosquito species originating from Japan, China, Korea, and parts of Russia, has been sporadically found in Europe since 2008. It is suspected to be a vector of a variety of viruses and nematodes. In Germany, one individual was found in 2015 in the city of Augsburg, situated in the federal state of Bavaria. Based on morphological and molecular species identification, this study reports a new finding of Ae. koreicus, about 370 km northwest from Augsburg. The sampling point is located in the city of Wiesbaden, in the federal state of Hesse, where four individuals were found over a period of 2 months in 2017. The re-finding of the species in the same location in May and July 2018 suggests that (a) the species was able to reproduce and overwinter at this site, and (b) spreading of non-native mosquito species is an ongoing process in Germany, which requires close monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid30986675, year = {2019}, author = {Modesto, V and Castro, P and Lopes-Lima, M and Antunes, C and Ilarri, M and Sousa, R}, title = {Potential impacts of the invasive species Corbicula fluminea on the survival of glochidia.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {673}, number = {}, pages = {157-164}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.043}, pmid = {30986675}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are one of the most imperilled faunal groups globally, being the introduction of invasive species a possible major mechanism of threat. The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is a problematic invasive species in aquatic ecosystems and can impair the survival of parasitic larvae (glochidia) of native freshwater mussels. However, this possible mechanism of threat remains speculative and to date very few studies addressed quantitatively this issue. In order to cover this gap, we have performed a series of manipulative laboratory studies to assess how distinct densities of C. fluminea can affect the survival of glochidia after 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure, using larvae of the native freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina. Our results suggest an increase in mortality of A. anatina glochidia with an increase in density of C. fluminea. Two main mechanisms may possibly explain our results: 1) the high filtration capacity of C. fluminea that can contribute to the mortality of glochidia due to the mechanical damage of their fragile shells when passing by siphons and/or digestive tract of C. fluminea and 2) the high excretion capacity of C. fluminea that can lead to mortality of glochidia due to increase in ammonia concentration. Mortality of glochidia was also time dependent with higher values registered after 48 h. This work is one of the first showing the influence of C. fluminea density on the survival of glochidia, being filtration (and consequent passage in the digestive tract) and biodeposition the main potential mechanisms explaining overall mortality. These results also suggest that sites with high densities of C. fluminea may be highly detrimental for the conservation of freshwater mussels, potentially impairing the survival of glochidia and negatively affecting the recruitment of juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid30985910, year = {2019}, author = {Stroud, JT and Giery, ST and Outerbridge, M and Feeley, KJ}, title = {Ecological character displacement alters the outcome of priority effects during community assembly.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02727}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2727}, pmid = {30985910}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Character displacement may facilitate species coexistence through niche partitioning. However, the degree to which character displacement influences broader patterns of community assembly is unclear. Here, we capitalize on a natural experiment of community assembly on the oceanic island of Bermuda. Over the past century, three species of ecologically similar but distantly related Anolis lizards have been introduced to Bermuda where no Anolis has ever naturally existed. The Jamaican anole (A. grahami) arrived first in 1905 and dispersed rapidly across the island. Five decades later, the Antiguan anole (A. leachii) and the Barbadian anole (A. extremus) were introduced to independent locations. In 1991, A. leachii and A. extremus were observed to nearly meet at a contact zone but to not yet coexist. We record that subsequent range expansion at this contact zone has been asymmetrical; A. leachii invaded the range of A. extremus, but reciprocal invasion by A. extremus has not occurred. When in allopatry in Bermuda, both species occupy identical ecological space. However, A. leachii underwent rapid ecological character displacement to use arboreal habitat when invading the range of A. extremus. These findings highlight how character displacement may influence the process of dispersal and drive patterns of coexistence and community assembly. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30984216, year = {2019}, author = {De Boeck, HJ and Hiltbrunner, E and Jentsch, A and Vandvik, V}, title = {Editorial: Responses to Climate Change in the Cold Biomes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {347}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00347}, pmid = {30984216}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid30984215, year = {2019}, author = {Bueno, A and Pritsch, K and Simon, J}, title = {Species-Specific Outcome in the Competition for Nitrogen Between Invasive and Native Tree Seedlings.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {337}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00337}, pmid = {30984215}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The outcome of competition for nitrogen (N) between native and invasive tree species is a major concern when considering increasing anthropogenic N deposition. Our study investigated whether three native (i.e., Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, and Pinus sylvestris) and two invasive woody species (i.e., Prunus serotina and Robinia pseudoacacia) showed different responses regarding morphological and physiological parameters (i.e., biomass and growth indices, inorganic vs. organic N acquisition strategies, and N allocation to N pools) depending on the identity of the competing species, and whether these responses were mediated by soil N availability. In a greenhouse experiment, tree seedlings were planted either single or in native-invasive competition at low and high soil N availability. We measured inorganic and organic N acquisition using 15N labeling, total biomass, growth indices, as well as total soluble amino acid-N and protein-N levels in the leaves and fine roots of the seedlings. Our results indicate that invasive species have a competitive advantage via high growth rates, whereas native species could avoid competition with invasives via their higher organic N acquisition suggesting a better access to organic soil N sources. Moreover, native species responded to competition with distinct species- and parameter-specific strategies that were partly mediated by soil N availability. Native tree seedlings in general showed a stronger response to invasive P. serotina than R. pseudoacacia, and their strategies to cope with competition reflect the different species' life history strategies and physiological traits. Considering the responses of native and invasive species, our results suggest that specifically Q. robur seedlings have a competitive advantage over those of R. pseudoacacia but not P. serotina. Furthermore, native and invasive species show stronger responses to higher soil N availability under competition compared to when growing single. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the potential for niche differentiation between native and invasive species by using different N forms available in the soil, the combined effects of increased soil N availability and competition on tree seedling N nutrition, as well as the species-specific nature of competition between native and invasive tree seedlings which could be relevant for forest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30982964, year = {2019}, author = {Britton, JR and Gutmann Roberts, C and Amat Trigo, F and Nolan, ET and De Santis, V}, title = {Predicting the ecological impacts of an alien invader: experimental approaches reveal the trophic consequences of competition.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12996}, pmid = {30982964}, issn = {1365-2656}, abstract = {1.Ecological theory on the trophic impacts of invasive fauna on native competitors is equivocal. While increased inter-specific competition can result in coexisting species having constricted and diverged trophic niches, the competing species might instead increase their niche sizes to maintain energy intakes. Empirical experiments can test invasion theory on competitive interactions and niche sizes across different spatial scales and complexity. 2.The consequences of increased inter-specific competition from a model alien fish Leuciscus idus were tested on two taxonomically and trophically similar native fishes, Squalius cephalus and Barbus barbus. Competitive interactions were tested in tank aquaria using comparative functional responses (CFRs) and cohabitation trials. The consequences of these competitive interactions for the trophic niche sizes and positions of the fishes were tested in pond mesocosms. 3.CFRs revealed that compared to B. barbus, L. idus had significantly higher attack and consumption rates; cohabitation trials revealed B. barbus growth rates were depressed in sympatry with L. idus. For L. idus and S. cephalus, differences in their functional response parameters and growth rates were not significant. 4.Pond mesocosms used stable isotope metrics to quantify shifts in the trophic niche sizes of the fishes between allopatry and sympatry using a substitutive experimental design. Isotopic niches were smaller and more divergent in sympatric paired species than predicted by their allopatric treatments, suggesting trophic impacts from inter-specific competition. However, an all-species sympatric treatment revealed similar niche sizes with allopatry. This maintenance of niche sizes in the presence of all species potentially resulted from the buffering of direct competitive effects of the species-pairs by indirect effects. 5.Experimental predictions from tank aquaria assisted the interpretation of the constricted and diverged trophic niches detected in the paired-species sympatric treatments of the pond mesocosms. However, the all-species sympatric treatment of this experiment revealed greater complexity in the outcomes of the competitive interactions within and between the species. These results have important implications for understanding how alien species integrate into food webs and influence the trophic relationships between native species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid29534147, year = {2018}, author = {Martinez, MA and Baack, EJ and Hovick, SM and Whitney, KD}, title = {A reassessment of the genome size-invasiveness relationship in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea).}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {121}, number = {7}, pages = {1309-1318}, pmid = {29534147}, issn = {1095-8290}, mesh = {DNA, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Phalaris/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Background and Aims: Genome size is hypothesized to affect invasiveness in plants. Key evidence comes from a previous study of invasive eastern North American populations of the grass Phalaris arundinacea: invasive genotypes with smaller genomes had higher growth rates, and genome sizes were smaller in the invasive vs. native range. This study aimed to re-investigate those patterns by examining a broader range of North American populations and by employing the modern best-practice protocol for plant genome size estimation in addition to the previously used protocol.<br><br>Methods: Genome sizes were measured using both internal and pseudo-internal standardization protocols for 20 invasive and nine native range accessions of P. arundinacea. After a round of vegetative propagation to reduce maternal environmental effects, growth (stem elongation) rates of these accessions were measured in the greenhouse.<br><br>Key Results: Using the best-practice protocol, there was no evidence of a correlation between genome size and growth rates (P = 0.704), and no evidence for differences in genome sizes of invasive and native range accessions (P > 0.353). However, using the older genome size estimation protocol, both relationships were significant (reproducing the results of the previous study).<br><br>Conclusions: Genome size reduction has not driven increased invasiveness in a broad sample of North American P. arundinacea. Further, inappropriate genome size estimation techniques can create spurious correlations between genome size and plant traits such as growth rate. Valid estimation is vital to progress in understanding the potentially widespread effects of genome size on biological processes and patterns.}, }
@article {pmid30982122, year = {2019}, author = {Carter, SK and Fleishman, E and Leinwand, IIF and Flather, CH and Carr, NB and Fogarty, FA and Leu, M and Noon, BR and Wohlfeil, ME and Wood, DJA}, title = {Quantifying Ecological Integrity of Terrestrial Systems to Inform Management of Multiple-Use Public Lands in the United States.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01163-w}, pmid = {30982122}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {L16PG00147 and L15PG00136//Bureau of Land Management National Operations Center/ ; L16PG00147 and L15PG00136//Bureau of Land Management National Operations Center/ ; L16PG00147 and L15PG00136//Bureau of Land Management National Operations Center/ ; L15PG00230//Bureau of Land Management Montana/Dakotas State Office/ ; }, abstract = {The concept of ecological integrity has been applied widely to management of aquatic systems, but still is considered by many to be too vague and difficult to quantify to be useful for managing terrestrial systems, particularly across broad areas. Extensive public lands in the western United States are managed for diverse uses such as timber harvest, livestock grazing, energy development, and wildlife conservation, some of which may degrade ecological integrity. We propose a method for assessing ecological integrity on multiple-use lands that identifies the components of integrity and levels in the ecological hierarchy where the assessment will focus, and considers existing policies and management objectives. Both natural reference and societally desired environmental conditions are relevant comparison points. We applied the method to evaluate the ecological integrity of shrublands in Nevada, yielding an assessment based on six indicators of ecosystem structure, function, and composition, including resource- and stressor-based indicators measured at multiple scales. Results varied spatially and among indicators. Invasive plant cover and surface development were highest in shrublands in northwest and southeast Nevada. Departure from reference conditions of shrubland area, composition, patch size, and connectivity was highest in central and northern Nevada. Results may inform efforts to control invasive species and restore shrublands on federal lands in Nevada. We suggest that ecological integrity assessments for multiple-use lands be grounded in existing policies and monitoring programs, incorporate resource- and stressor-based metrics, rely on publicly available data collected at multiple spatial scales, and quantify both natural reference and societally desired resource conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30980778, year = {2019}, author = {Bay, RA and Taylor, EB and Schluter, D}, title = {Parallel introgression and selection on introduced alleles in a native species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15097}, pmid = {30980778}, issn = {1365-294X}, abstract = {As humans cause the redistribution of species ranges, hybridization between previously allopatric species is on the rise. Such hybridization can have complex effects on overall fitness of native species as new allelic combinations are tested. Widespread species introductions provide a unique opportunity to study selection on introgressed alleles in independent, replicated populations. We examined selection on alleles that repeatedly introgressed from introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into native westslope cutthroat trout (O. clarkii lewisi) populations in western Canada. We found that degree of introgression of individual SNPs from the invasive species into the native is correlated between independent watersheds. A number of rainbow trout alleles have repeatedly swept to high frequency in native populations, suggesting parallel adaptive advantages. Using simulations, we estimated large selection coefficients up to 0.05 favoring several rainbow trout alleles in the native background. Although previous studies have found reduced hybrid fitness and genome-wide resistance to introgression in westslope cutthroat trout, our results suggest that some introduced genomic regions are strongly favored by selection. Our study demonstrates the utility of replicated introductions as case studies for understanding parallel adaptation and the interactions between selection and introgression across the genome. We suggest that understanding this variation, including consideration of beneficial alleles, can inform management strategies for hybridizing species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30979963, year = {2019}, author = {Singer, GAC and Fahner, NA and Barnes, JG and McCarthy, A and Hajibabaei, M}, title = {Comprehensive biodiversity analysis via ultra-deep patterned flow cell technology: a case study of eDNA metabarcoding seawater.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5991}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-42455-9}, pmid = {30979963}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The characterization of biodiversity is a crucial element of ecological investigations as well as environmental assessment and monitoring activities. Increasingly, amplicon-based environmental DNA metabarcoding (alternatively, marker gene metagenomics) is used for such studies given its ability to provide biodiversity data from various groups of organisms simply from analysis of bulk environmental samples such as water, soil or sediments. The Illumina MiSeq is currently the most popular tool for carrying out this work, but we set out to determine whether typical studies were reading enough DNA to detect rare organisms (i.e., those that may be of greatest interest such as endangered or invasive species) present in the environment. We collected sea water samples along two transects in Conception Bay, Newfoundland and analyzed them on the MiSeq with a sequencing depth of 100,000 reads per sample (exceeding the 60,000 per sample that is typical of similar studies). We then analyzed these same samples on Illumina's newest high-capacity platform, the NovaSeq, at a depth of 7 million reads per sample. Not surprisingly, the NovaSeq detected many more taxa than the MiSeq thanks to its much greater sequencing depth. However, contrary to our expectations this pattern was true even in depth-for-depth comparisons. In other words, the NovaSeq can detect more DNA sequence diversity within samples than the MiSeq, even at the exact same sequencing depth. Even when samples were reanalyzed on the MiSeq with a sequencing depth of 1 million reads each, the MiSeq's ability to detect new sequences plateaued while the NovaSeq continued to detect new sequence variants. These results have important biological implications. The NovaSeq found 40% more metazoan families in this environment than the MiSeq, including some of interest such as marine mammals and bony fish so the real-world implications of these findings are significant. These results are most likely associated to the advances incorporated in the NovaSeq, especially a patterned flow cell, which prevents similar sequences that are neighbours on the flow cell (common in metabarcoding studies) from being erroneously merged into single spots by the sequencing instrument. This study sets the stage for incorporating eDNA metabarcoding in comprehensive analysis of oceanic samples in a wide range of ecological and environmental investigations.}, }
@article {pmid30976920, year = {2019}, author = {Nikolic, B and Josic, P and Buric, D and Tkalec, M and Lisicic, D and Blazevic, SA and Hranilovic, D}, title = {Coexisting lacertid lizard species Podarcis siculus and Podarcis melisellensis differ in dopamine brain concentrations.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-019-01335-3}, pmid = {30976920}, issn = {1432-1351}, support = {UniZg PP0031//University of Zagreb/ ; }, abstract = {In the eastern Adriatic, Podarcis siculus, an invasive species, competitively excludes the native Podarcis melisellensis. Monoamine neurotransmitters-serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA)-are implicated in social behavior, and could lie at the basis of the direct behavioral interference of P. siculus with P. melisellensis. To understand the relationship between social behavior and monoamines, as well as the differences in behavior between P. siculus and P. melisellensis, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (UV/VIS detection) method with which we were able to reliably measure concentrations of 5HT, DA, and NA in 32 brains of the two lizard species. We observed no statistically significant influence of species, sex, or their interaction on brain NA and 5HT concentrations. Statistically significant influence of species on dopamine levels were recorded, with P. siculus having twice as much dopamine in their brains. Taking into account that a significant aggressive relationship, with P. siculus dominating over P. melisellensis, has been previously observed, and that dopamine directly influences this behavior, the observed differences in dopamine levels could represent a trait in these species and may contribute to the competitive exclusion of P. melisellensis by P. siculus in the eastern Adriatic.}, }
@article {pmid30976309, year = {2019}, author = {Hopper, JV and McCue, KF and Pratt, PD and Duchesne, P and Grosholz, ED and Hufbauer, RA}, title = {Into the weeds: Matching importation history to genetic consequences and pathways in two widely used biological control agents.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {773-790}, doi = {10.1111/eva.12755}, pmid = {30976309}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The intentional introduction of exotic species through classical biological control programs provides unique opportunities to examine the consequences of population movement and ecological processes for the genetic diversity and population structure of introduced species. The weevils Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) have been introduced globally to control the invasive floating aquatic weed, Eichhornia crassipes, with variable outcomes. Here, we use the importation history and data from polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine the effects of introduction processes on population genetic diversity and structure. We report the first confirmation of hybridization between these species, which could have important consequences for the biological control program. For both species, there were more rare alleles in weevils from the native range than in weevils from the introduced range. N. eichhorniae also had higher allelic richness in the native range than in the introduced range. Neither the number of individuals initially introduced nor the number of introduction steps appeared to consistently affect genetic diversity. We found evidence of genetic drift, inbreeding, and admixture in several populations as well as significant population structure. Analyses estimated two populations and 11 sub-clusters for N. bruchi and four populations and 23 sub-clusters for N. eichhorniae, indicating divergence of populations during and after introduction. Genetic differentiation and allocation of introduced populations to source populations generally supported the documented importation history and clarified pathways in cases where multiple introductions occurred. In populations with multiple introductions, genetic admixture may have buffered against the negative effects of serial bottlenecks on genetic diversity. The genetic data combined with the introduction history from this biological control study system provide insight on the accuracy of predicting introduction pathways from genetic data and the consequences of these pathways for the genetic variation and structure of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid30975413, year = {2019}, author = {Lau, ETC and Leung, KMY and Karraker, NE}, title = {Native amphibian larvae exhibit higher upper thermal limits but lower performance than their introduced predator Gambusia affinis.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {81}, number = {}, pages = {154-161}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.014}, pmid = {30975413}, issn = {0306-4565}, abstract = {Information on the thermal limits and physiology of ectothermic amphibians is crucial to our understanding of their ecology in the natural environment, particularly with predicted global changes in climate. We documented the thermal limits of larvae of three amphibian species native to Hong Kong, and their introduced, invasive predator, the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). We then used larvae of the brown tree frog Polypedates megacephalus as a model amphibian to further investigate growth, oxygen consumption rate and heat shock protein expression with changes in thermal regime. We found that G. affinis was the most tolerant of low temperatures but also the least tolerant of high temperatures. Despite the higher thermal tolerance of the amphibian larvae, further investigation on P. megacephalus demonstrated that optimal temperatures for physiological performance fall within a range of 18.0-21.6 °C, which is far lower than its upper thermal limit, implying that thermal stress occurs during part of the larval stage under natural environmental conditions. This could mean a reduction in their capacity to deal with other stressors such as pollution and predators, and that G. affinis may have an advantage over native amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid30974355, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, YY and Sun, Y and Müller-Schärer, H and Yan, R and Zhou, ZX and Wang, YJ and Yu, FH}, title = {Do invasive alien plants response differ from non-invasives in dominance and nitrogen uptake to variation of abiotic and biotic environments under global anthropogenic change?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {672}, number = {}, pages = {634-642}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.024}, pmid = {30974355}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Plant invasion is the outcome of complicated interactions of both biotic and abiotic environments (i.e. eutrophication and human-induced propagules) under global anthropogenic change. Here, we want to know why some alien clonal plant species become invasive and others do not in the introduced range with variations of both abiotic and biotic environments under global anthropogenic change. We selected three invasive alien and three co-occurring, non-invasive alien clonal plant species in China, and grew them under the constant or variable soil nutrient environments in a native community with low or high vegetative propagule pressure (i.e. simulating pressure of anthropogenic alien propagules). Invasive alien species produced more biomass than non-invasives. Interestingly, invasive species benefited significantly greater from high propagule pressure than non-invasives. Biomass and evenness of native communities were greater with non-invasive than with invasive target species. Invasive plants showed a greater increase of leaf N and decrease of leaf C: N ratio when subject to variable nutrients in comparison to constant nutrients than non-invasives. The negative effects of variable nutrients on evenness of native communities were significantly greater under invasive than non-invasive target species. Moreover, biomass of native communities was significantly negatively related to biomass of invasive species. Variable nutrients significantly promoted the negative biomass relationship between non-invasive species and native communities under high propagule pressure and the negative biomass-evenness relationship between invasive species and native communities. Our study suggests that soil nutrient variability and vegetative propagule pressure influence the growth and leaf C and N uptake of alien clonal plant species in native experimental communities, especially under the high propagule pressure and nutrient variability. Invasive alien clonal species have higher performance and advantages over non-invasives. Future studies should also test the mechanisms that invasive and non-invasive or native plants differ in native communities of native or introduced ranges in the field.}, }
@article {pmid30974048, year = {2019}, author = {Castro-Díez, P and Vaz, AS and Silva, JS and van Loo, M and Alonso, Á and Aponte, C and Bayón, Á and Bellingham, PJ and Chiuffo, MC and DiManno, N and Julian, K and Kandert, S and Porta, N and Marchante, H and Maule, HG and Mayfield, MM and Metcalfe, D and Monteverdi, MC and Núñez, MA and Ostertag, R and Parker, IM and Peltzer, DA and Potgieter, LJ and Raymundo, M and Rayome, D and Reisman-Berman, O and Richardson, DM and Roos, RE and Saldaña, A and Shackleton, RT and Torres, A and Trudgen, M and Urban, J and Vicente, JR and Vilà, M and Ylioja, T and Zenni, RD and Godoy, O}, title = {Global effects of non-native tree species on multiple ecosystem services.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12511}, pmid = {30974048}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {FP1403 NNEXT and TD1209 Alien Challenge//COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)/ ; CGL2015-65346-R//IMPLANTIN project of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/ ; REMEDINAL3-CM MAE-2719//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; PD/BD/ 52600/2014//FSE/MEC and FCT/ ; SFRH/ PD/84044/2012//POPH/FSE and FCT (Post-Doc grant)/ ; 661118-BioFUNC//EU H2020 research and innovation program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie/ ; }, abstract = {Non-native tree (NNT) species have been transported worldwide to create or enhance services that are fundamental for human well-being, such as timber provision, erosion control or ornamental value; yet NNTs can also produce undesired effects, such as fire proneness or pollen allergenicity. Despite the variety of effects that NNTs have on multiple ecosystem services, a global quantitative assessment of their costs and benefits is still lacking. Such information is critical for decision-making, management and sustainable exploitation of NNTs. We present here a global assessment of NNT effects on the three main categories of ecosystem services, including regulating (RES), provisioning (PES) and cultural services (CES), and on an ecosystem disservice (EDS), i.e. pollen allergenicity. By searching the scientific literature, country forestry reports, and social media, we compiled a global data set of 1683 case studies from over 125 NNT species, covering 44 countries, all continents but Antarctica, and seven biomes. Using different meta-analysis techniques, we found that, while NNTs increase most RES (e.g. climate regulation, soil erosion control, fertility and formation), they decrease PES (e.g. NNTs contribute less than native trees to global timber provision). Also, they have different effects on CES (e.g. increase aesthetic values but decrease scientific interest), and no effect on the EDS considered. NNT effects on each ecosystem (dis)service showed a strong context dependency, varying across NNT types, biomes and socio-economic conditions. For instance, some RES are increased more by NNTs able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, and when the ecosystem is located in low-latitude biomes; some CES are increased more by NNTs in less-wealthy countries or in countries with higher gross domestic products. The effects of NNTs on several ecosystem (dis)services exhibited some synergies (e.g. among soil fertility, soil formation and climate regulation or between aesthetic values and pollen allergenicity), but also trade-offs (e.g. between fire regulation and soil erosion control). Our analyses provide a quantitative understanding of the complex synergies, trade-offs and context dependencies involved for the effects of NNTs that is essential for attaining a sustained provision of ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid30972253, year = {2019}, author = {Villaseñor-Derbez, JC and Fitzgerald, S}, title = {Spatial variation in allometric growth of invasive lionfish has management implications.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6667}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6667}, pmid = {30972253}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) are an invasive species in the Western Atlantic and the Caribbean. Improving management of invasive lionfish populations requires accurate total biomass estimates, which depend on accurate estimates of allometric growth; sedentary species like lionfish often exhibit high levels of spatial variation in life history characteristics. We reviewed 17 published length-weight relationships for lionfish taken throughout their invasive range and found regional differences that led to significant misestimates when calculating weight from length observations. The spatial pattern we observed is consistent with findings from other studies focused on genetics or length-at-age. Here, the use of ex situ parameter values resulted in total biomass estimates between 76.2% and 140% of true observed biomass, and up to a threefold under- or overestimation of total weight for an individual organism. These findings can have implications for management in terms of predicting effects on local ecosystems, evaluating the effectiveness of removal programs, or estimating biomass available for harvest.}, }
@article {pmid30967022, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, W and Zhao, L and Zhou, J and Yu, H and Zhang, C and Lv, Y and Lin, Z and Hu, S and Zou, Z and Sun, J}, title = {Enhancement of oxidative stress contributes to increased pathogenicity of the invasive pine wood nematode.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1767}, pages = {20180323}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0323}, pmid = {30967022}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in defence response of host plants versus pathogens. While generation and detoxification of ROS is well understood, how varied ability of different isolates of pathogens to overcome host ROS, or ROS contribution to a particular isolate's pathogenicity, remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that transcriptional regulation of the ROS pathway, in combination with the insulin pathway, increases the pathogenicity of invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results showed a positive correlation between fecundity and pathogenicity of different nematode isolates. The virulent isolates from introduced populations in Japan, China and Europe had significantly higher fecundity than native avirulent isolates from the USA. Increased expression of Mn-SOD and reduced expression of catalase/ GPX-5 and H2O2 accumulation during invasion are associated with virulent strains. Additional H2O2 could improve fecundity of Bu. xylophilus. Furthermore, depletion of Mn-SOD decreased fecundity and virulence of Bu. xylophilus, while the insulin pathway is significantly affected. Thus, we propose that destructive pathogenicity of Bu. xylophilus to pines is partly owing to upregulated fecundity modulated by the insulin pathway in association with the ROS pathway and further enhanced by H2O2 oxidative stress. These findings provide a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions and adaptive evolution of invasive species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.}, }
@article {pmid30963867, year = {2019}, author = {Goldstein, J and Park, J and Haran, M and Liebhold, A and Bjørnstad, ON}, title = {Quantifying spatio-temporal variation of invasion spread.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1894}, pages = {20182294}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.2294}, pmid = {30963867}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {- The spread of invasive species can have far-reaching environmental and ecological consequences. Understanding invasion spread patterns and the underlying process driving invasions are key to predicting and managing invasions. - We combine a set of statistical methods in a novel way to characterize local spread properties and demonstrate their application using simulated and historical data on invasive insects. Our method uses a Gaussian process fit to the surface of waiting times to invasion in order to characterize the vector field of spread. - Using this method, we estimate with statistical uncertainties the speed and direction of spread at each location. Simulations from a stratified diffusion model verify the accuracy of our method. - We show how we may link local rates of spread to environmental covariates for two case studies: the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), and hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in North America. We provide an R-package that automates the calculations for any spatially referenced waiting time data.}, }
@article {pmid30963843, year = {2019}, author = {McNew, SM and Knutie, SA and Goodman, GB and Theodosopoulos, A and Saulsberry, A and Yépez R, J and Bush, SE and Clayton, DH}, title = {Annual environmental variation influences host tolerance to parasites.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20190049}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0049}, pmid = {30963843}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {When confronted with a parasite or pathogen, hosts can defend themselves by resisting or tolerating the attack. While resistance can be diminished when resources are limited, it is unclear how robust tolerance is to changes in environmental conditions. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of tolerance in a single host population living in a highly variable environment. We manipulated the abundance of an invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, in nests of Galápagos mockingbirds (Mimus parvulus) over four field seasons and measured host fitness in response to parasitism. Mockingbird tolerance to P. downsi varied significantly among years and decreased when rainfall was limited. Video observations indicate that parental provisioning of nestlings appears key to tolerance: in drought years, mockingbirds likely do not have sufficient resources to compensate for the effects of P. downsi. These results indicate that host tolerance is a labile trait and suggest that environmental variation plays a major role in mediating the consequences of host-parasite interactions.}, }
@article {pmid30963839, year = {2019}, author = {Vera-Escalona, I and Habit, E and Ruzzante, DE}, title = {Invasive species and postglacial colonization: their effects on the genetic diversity of a Patagonian fish.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182567}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.2567}, pmid = {30963839}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {The present distribution of Patagonian species is the result of a complex history involving Quaternary refugial populations, Holocene range expansions and demographic changes occurring during the Anthropocene. Invasive salmonids were introduced in Patagonia during the last century, occupying most rivers and lakes, preying on and competing with native species, including the fish Galaxias platei. Here, we used G. platei as a case study to understand how long-term (i.e. population differentiation during the Holocene) and short-term historical processes (salmonid introductions) affect genetic diversity. Using a suite of microsatellite markers, we found that the number of alleles is negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids (short-term processes), with G. platei populations from lakes with salmonids exhibiting significantly lower genetic diversity than populations from lakes without salmonids. Simulations (100 years backwards) showed that this difference in genetic diversity can be explained by a 99% reduction in population size. Allelic richness and observed heterozygosities were also negatively correlated with the presence of salmonids, but also positively correlated with long-term processes linked to Quaternary glaciations. Our results show how different genetic parameters can help identify processes taking place at different scales and their importance in terms of conservation.}, }
@article {pmid30963838, year = {2019}, author = {Nunes, AL and Fill, JM and Davies, SJ and Louw, M and Rebelo, AD and Thorp, CJ and Vimercati, G and Measey, J}, title = {A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of alien species on native amphibians.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182528}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.2528}, pmid = {30963838}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {The exponential increase in species introductions during the Anthropocene has brought about a major loss of biodiversity. Amphibians have suffered large declines, with more than 16% considered to be threatened by invasive species. We conducted a global meta-analysis of the impacts of alien species on native amphibians to determine which aspects of amphibian ecology are most affected by plant, invertebrate, fish, amphibian, reptile, or mammal introductions. Measures of fitness were most strongly affected; amphibian performance was consistently lower in the presence of alien species. While exposure to alien species caused a significant decrease in amphibian behavioural activity when compared with a no species control, this response was stronger towards a control of native impacting species. This indicates a high degree of prey naiveté towards alien species and highlights the importance of using different types of controls in empirical studies. Alien invertebrates had the greatest overall impact on amphibians. This study sets a new agenda for research on biological invasions, highlighting the lack of studies investigating the impacts of alien species on amphibian terrestrial life-history stages. It also emphasizes the strong ecological impacts that alien species have on amphibian fitness and suggests that future introductions or global spread of alien invertebrates could strongly exacerbate current amphibian declines.}, }
@article {pmid30963833, year = {2019}, author = {Gallien, L and Thornhill, AH and Zurell, D and Miller, JT and Richardson, DM}, title = {Global predictors of alien plant establishment success: combining niche and trait proxies.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182477}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.2477}, pmid = {30963833}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Biological invasions are on the rise globally. To reduce future invasions, it is imperative to determine the naturalization potential of species. Until now, screening approaches have relied largely on species-specific functional feature data. Such information is, however, time-consuming and expensive to collect, thwarting the screening of large numbers of potential invaders. We propose to resolve such data limitations by developing indicators of establishment success of alien species that can be readily derived from open-access databases. These indicators describe key features of successfully established aliens, including estimates of potential range size, niche overlap with human-disturbed environments, and proxies of species traits related to their palaeoinvasions and local dominance capacities. We demonstrate the utility of this new approach by applying it to two large and highly invasive plant groups: Australian acacias and eucalypts. Our results show that these indicators robustly predict establishment successes and failures in each clade independently, and that they can cross-predict establishment in these two clades. Interestingly, the indicator identified as most important was species potential range size on Earth, a variable too rarely considered as a predictor. By successfully identifying key features that predispose Australian plants to naturalize, we provide an objective and cost-effective protocol for flagging high-risk introductions.}, }
@article {pmid30963829, year = {2019}, author = {Hung, KJ and Kingston, JM and Lee, A and Holway, DA and Kohn, JR}, title = {Non-native honey bees disproportionately dominate the most abundant floral resources in a biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20182901}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.2901}, pmid = {30963829}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Most plant-pollinator mutualisms are generalized. As such, they are susceptible to perturbation by abundant, generalist, non-native pollinators such as the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), which can reach high abundances and visit flowers of many plant species in their expansive introduced range. Despite the prevalence of non-native honey bees, their effects on pollination mutualisms in natural ecosystems remain incompletely understood. Here, we contrast community-level patterns of floral visitation by honey bees with that of the diverse native pollinator fauna of southern California, USA. We show that the number of honey bees visiting plant species increases much more rapidly with flower abundance than does that of non-honey bee insects, such that the percentage of all visitors represented by honey bees increases with flower abundance. Thus, honey bees could disproportionately impact the most abundantly blooming plant species and the large numbers of both specialized and generalized pollinator species that they sustain. Honey bees may preferentially exploit high-abundance floral resources because of their ability to recruit nest-mates; these foraging patterns may cause native insect species to forage on lower-abundance resources to avoid competition. Our results illustrate the importance of understanding foraging patterns of introduced pollinators in order to reveal their ecological impacts.}, }
@article {pmid30963824, year = {2019}, author = {Brandenburger, CR and Sherwin, WB and Creer, SM and Buitenwerf, R and Poore, AGB and Frankham, R and Finnerty, PB and Moles, AT}, title = {Rapid reshaping: the evolution of morphological changes in an introduced beach daisy.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1897}, pages = {20181713}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.1713}, pmid = {30963824}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Thousands of species have been introduced to new ranges worldwide. These introductions provide opportunities for researchers to study evolutionary changes in form and function in response to new environmental conditions. However, almost all previous studies of morphological change in introduced species have compared introduced populations to populations from across the species' native range, so variation within native ranges probably confounds estimates of evolutionary change. In this study, we used microsatellites to locate the source population for the beach daisy Arctotheca populifolia that had been introduced to eastern Australia. We then compared four introduced populations from Australia with their original South African source population in a common-environment experiment. Despite being separated for less than 100 years, source and introduced populations of A. populifolia display substantial heritable morphological differences. Contrary to the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis, introduced plants were shorter than source plants, and introduced and source plants did not differ in total biomass. Contrary to predictions based on higher rainfall in the introduced range, introduced plants had smaller, thicker leaves than source plants. Finally, while source plants develop lobed adult leaves, introduced plants retain their spathulate juvenile leaf shape into adulthood. These changes indicate that rapid evolution in introduced species happens, but not always in the direction predicted by theory.}, }
@article {pmid30963692, year = {2019}, author = {Erickson, RA and Merkes, CM and Mize, EL}, title = {Sampling designs for landscape-level eDNA monitoring programs.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.4155}, pmid = {30963692}, issn = {1551-3793}, abstract = {Effective natural resources management requires accurate information about species distributions. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a commonly used method to determine species presence and distribution. However, when understanding eDNA-based distribution data, managers must contend with imperfect detection in collection samples and subsamples (i.e. molecular analyses) impacting their ability to detect species and estimate occurrence. Occurrence models can estimate 3 probabilities: occurrence, capture, and eDNA detection. However, most occurrence models do not. To quantify imperfect detection in rare versus common species, we examined multiple field capture and detection probabilities. We studied this with 3 objectives: Determine sample sizes required to detect eDNA given imperfect detection, determine sample sizes required to estimate eDNA capture parameters, and examine performance of a 3-level occurrence model. We found detecting eDNA in ≥1 sample at a site required ≤15 samples per site for common species, but detecting eDNA when looking for rare species required 45-90 samples per site. Our occurrence model recovered known parameters unless capture and detection probabilities were <0.2 where >100 samples per site and ≥8 molecular replicates were required. Our findings illustrate the importance of sample size and molecular replication for eDNA-based work. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30962894, year = {2019}, author = {Bors, EK and Herrera, S and Morris, JA and Shank, TM}, title = {Population genomics of rapidly invading lionfish in the Caribbean reveals signals of range expansion in the absence of spatial population structure.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {3306-3320}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4952}, pmid = {30962894}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Range expansions driven by global change and species invasions may have significant genomic, evolutionary, and ecological implications. During range expansions, strong genetic drift characterized by repeated founder events can result in decreased genetic diversity with increased distance from the center of the historic range, or the point of invasion. The invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans, into waters off the US East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea provides a natural system to study rapid range expansion in an invasive marine fish with high dispersal capabilities. We report results from 12,759 single nucleotide polymorphism loci sequenced by restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing for nine P. volitans sampling areas in the invaded range, including Florida and other sites throughout the Caribbean, as well as mitochondrial control region D-loop data. Analyses revealed low to no spatially explicit metapopulation genetic structure, which is partly consistent with previous finding of little structure within ocean basins, but partly divergent from initial reports of between-basin structure. Genetic diversity, however, was not homogeneous across all sampled sites. Patterns of genetic diversity correlate with invasion pathway. Observed heterozygosity, averaged across all loci within a population, decreases with distance from Florida while expected heterozygosity is mostly constant in sampled populations, indicating population genetic disequilibrium correlated with distance from the point of invasion. Using an FST outlier analysis and a Bayesian environmental correlation analysis, we identified 256 and 616 loci, respectively, that could be experiencing selection or genetic drift. Of these, 24 loci were shared between the two methods.}, }
@article {pmid30962883, year = {2019}, author = {Watts, AM and Hopkins, GA and Goldstien, SJ}, title = {Chimerism and population dieback alter genetic inference related to invasion pathways and connectivity of biofouling populations on artificial substrata.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {3089-3104}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4817}, pmid = {30962883}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Disentangling pathways by which nonindigenous species expand and spread regionally remains challenging. Molecular ecology tools are often employed to determine the origins and spread of introduced species, but the complexities of some organisms may be reducing the efficacy of these tools. Some colonial species exhibit complexities by way of chimerism and winter colony regression, which may alter the genetic diversity of populations and mask the connectivity occurring among them. This study uses nuclear microsatellite data and simple GIS-based modeling to investigate the influence of chimerism and winter regression on the genetic diversity and patterns of genetic population connectivity among colonies of Didemnum vexillum on artificial substrates. Colonies sampled in summer were shown to form a metapopulation, with high levels of admixture, extreme outcrossing, and some substructure. These patterns were consistent within the subsampled winter colonies and with the inclusion of chimeric data. However, allelic richness and diversity were significantly different between winter and summer samples, altering interpretations relating to population connectivity and pelagic larval duration. This study demonstrates the importance of including seasonal sampling and imperative life history traits in genetic studies for clear interpretations and the successful management of introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid30962470, year = {2019}, author = {Lester, PJ and Buick, KH and Baty, JW and Felden, A and Haywood, J}, title = {Different bacterial and viral pathogens trigger distinct immune responses in a globally invasive ant.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5780}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-41843-5}, pmid = {30962470}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Invasive species populations periodically collapse from high to low abundance, sometimes even to extinction. Pathogens and the burden they place on invader immune systems have been hypothesised as a mechanism for these collapses. We examined the association of the bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas spp.) and the viral community with immune gene expression in the globally invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile (Mayr)). RNA-seq analysis found evidence for 17 different viruses in Argentine ants from New Zealand, including three bacteriophages with one (Pseudomonas phage PS-1) likely to be attacking the bacterial host. Pathogen loads and prevalence varied immensely. Transcriptomic data showed that immune gene expression was consistent with respect to the viral classification of negative-sense, positive-sense and double-stranded RNA viruses. Genes that were the most strongly associated with the positive-sense RNA viruses such as the Linepithema humile virus 1 (LHUV-1) and the Deformed wing virus (DWV) were peptide recognition proteins assigned to the Toll and Imd pathways. We then used principal components analysis and regression modelling to determine how RT-qPCR derived immune gene expression levels were associated with viral and bacterial loads. Argentine ants mounted a substantial immune response to both Pseudomonas and LHUV-1 infections, involving almost all immune pathways. Other viruses including DWV and the Kashmir bee virus appeared to have much less immunological influence. Different pathogens were associated with varying immunological responses, which we hypothesize to interact with and influence the invasion dynamics of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30961824, year = {2019}, author = {Dias, GB and do Amaral, RB and Gatto, IRH and Lapera, IM and de Oliveira, LG and Lux Hoppe, EG and Machado, RZ and André, MR}, title = {Molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in captive white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Brazil.}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {94-96}, doi = {10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.013}, pmid = {30961824}, issn = {1878-1667}, abstract = {Mycoplasma suis, the etiological agent of swine hemoplasmosis, is an epicellular bacterium that adheres to the surface of pig erythrocytes leading to deformations of the target cells. Little is known about the occurrence of M. suis in wild swine populations around the world, its economic impact on swine herds, and the risk of human infection. The aim of this study was to investigate, by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene, the occurrence of M. suis in a captive population of white-lipped peccaries (100 Tayassu pecari) and in free-living wild boars (14 Sus scrofa) in Brazil. None of the white-lipped peccaries were positive for M. suis, whereas seven (50%) wild boars were positive in qPCR assays. The quantification of M. suis-16S rRNA copies/μL ranged from 1.42 × 10° to 3.906 × 101 in positive animals, indicating a low bacteremia and a chronic carrier status in free-living wild boars. In conclusion, M. suis might be a non-frequent pathogen in wild suids maintained in captivity. Despite the low bacteremia, the prevalence of M. suis in wild boar population in Brazil seems to be high.}, }
@article {pmid30956539, year = {2018}, author = {Gomes, SIF and Merckx, VSFT and Hynson, NA}, title = {Biological invasions increase the richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from a Hawaiian subtropical ecosystem.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {2421-2437}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-018-1710-7}, pmid = {30956539}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Biological invasions can have various impacts on the diversity of important microbial mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi, but few studies have tested whether the effects of invasions on mycorrhizal diversity are consistent across spatial gradients. Furthermore, few of these studies have taken place in tropical ecosystems that experience an inordinate rate of invasions into native habitats. Here, we examined the effects of plant invasions dominated by non-native tree species on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in Hawaii. To test the hypothesis that invasions result in consistent changes in AM fungal diversity across spatial gradients relative to native forest habitats, we sampled soil in paired native and invaded sites from three watersheds and used amplicon sequencing to characterize AM fungal communities. Whether our analyses considered phylogenetic relatedness or not, we found that invasions consistently increased the richness of AM fungi. However, AM fungal species composition was not related to invasion status of the vegetation nor local environment, but stratified by watershed. Our results suggest that while invasions can lead to an overall increase in the diversity of microbial mutualists, the effects of plant host identity or geographic structuring potentially outweigh those of invasive species in determining the community membership of AM fungi. Thus, host specificity and spatial factors such as dispersal need to be taken into consideration when examining the effects of biological invasions on symbiotic microbes.}, }
@article {pmid30956538, year = {2018}, author = {Shi, J and Macel, M and Tielbörger, K and Verhoeven, KJF}, title = {Effects of admixture in native and invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria.}, journal = {Biological invasions}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {2381-2393}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-018-1707-2}, pmid = {30956538}, issn = {1387-3547}, abstract = {Intraspecific hybridization between diverged populations can enhance fitness via various genetic mechanisms. The benefits of such admixture have been proposed to be particularly relevant in biological invasions, when invasive populations originating from different source populations are found sympatrically. However, it remains poorly understood if admixture is an important contributor to plant invasive success and how admixture effects compare between invasive and native ranges. Here, we used experimental crosses in Lythrum salicaria, a species with well-established history of multiple introductions to Eastern North America, to quantify and compare admixture effects in native European and invasive North American populations. We observed heterosis in between-population crosses both in native and invasive ranges. However, invasive-range heterosis was restricted to crosses between two different Eastern and Western invasion fronts, whereas heterosis was absent in geographically distant crosses within a single large invasion front. Our results suggest that multiple introductions have led to already-admixed invasion fronts, such that experimental crosses do not further increase performance, but that contact between different invasion fronts further enhances fitness after admixture. Thus, intra-continental movement of invasive plants in their introduced range has the potential to boost invasiveness even in well-established and successfully spreading invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30958255, year = {2018}, author = {Adame, MF and Najera, E and Lovelock, CE and Brown, CJ}, title = {Avoided emissions and conservation of scrub mangroves: potential for a Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {20180400}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0400}, pmid = {30958255}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {Mangroves are considered ideal ecosystems for Blue Carbon projects. However, because of their short stature, some mangroves ('scrub' mangroves, less than 2 m) do not fulfil the current definition of 'forests', which makes them ineligible for emission reduction programmes such as REDD+. Short stature mangroves can be the dominant form of mangroves in arid and nutrient-poor landscapes, and emissions from their deforestation and degradation could be substantial. Here, we describe a Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico, to illustrate that projects that avoid emissions from deforestation and degradation could provide financial resources to protect mangroves that cannot be included in other emission reduction programmes. The goal of the project is to protect 16 058 ha of mangroves through conservation concessions from the Mexican Federal Government. The cumulative avoided emissions of the project are 2.84 million Mg CO2 over 100 years, valued at $US 426 000 per year (US$15 per Mg CO2 in the California market). The funds could be used for community-based projects that will improve mangrove management, such as surveillance, eradication of invasive species, rehabilitation after tropical storms and environmental education. The strong institutional support, secure financial status, community engagement and clear project boundaries provide favourable conditions to implement this Blue Carbon project. Financial resources from Blue Carbon projects, even in mangroves of short stature, can provide substantial resources to enhance community resilience and mangrove protection.}, }
@article {pmid30958251, year = {2018}, author = {Silva, GG and Green, AJ and Weber, V and Hoffmann, P and Lovas-Kiss, Á and Stenert, C and Maltchik, L}, title = {Whole angiosperms Wolffia columbiana disperse by gut passage through wildfowl in South America.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {20180703}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0703}, pmid = {30958251}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {For the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrate that whole angiosperm individuals can survive gut passage through birds, and that this occurs in the field. Floating plants of the genus Wolffia are the smallest of all flowering plants. Fresh droppings of white-faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata (n = 49) and coscoroba swan Coscoroba coscoroba (n = 22) were collected from Brazilian wetlands. Intact Wolffia columbiana were recovered from 16% of D. viduata and 32% of Coscoroba samples (total = 164 plantlets). The viability of plants was tested, and asexual reproduction was confirmed. Wolffia columbiana is an expanding alien in Europe. Avian endozoochory of asexual angiosperm propagules may be an important, overlooked dispersal means for aquatic plants, and may contribute to the invasive character of alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30958218, year = {2019}, author = {Lehmann, P and Javal, M and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Oxygen limitation is not the cause of death during lethal heat exposure in an insect.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {20180701}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0701}, pmid = {30958218}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) is a controversial hypothesis claiming to explain variation in, and mechanistically determine, animal thermal limits. The lack of support from Insecta is typically argued to be a consequence of their high-performance respiratory systems. However, no studies have reported internal body oxygen levels during thermal ramping so it is unclear if changes in ambient gas are partially or fully offset by a compensatory respiratory system. Here we provide such an assessment by simultaneously recording haemolymph oxygen (pO2) levels-as an approximation of tissue oxygenation-while experimentally manipulating ambient oxygen and subjecting organisms to thermal extremes in a series of thermolimit respirometry experiments using pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi. The main results are that while P. napi undergo large changes in haemolymph pO2 that are positively correlated with experimental oxygen levels, haemolymph pO2 is similar pre- and post-death during thermal assays. OCLTT predicts that reduction in body oxygen level should lead to a reduction in CTmax. Despite finding the former, there was no change in CTmax across a wide range of body oxygen levels. Thus, we argue that oxygen availability is not a functional determinant of the upper thermal limits in pupae of P. napi.}, }
@article {pmid30955773, year = {2019}, author = {Gracia C, A and Rangel-Buitrago, N and Castro-Barros, JD}, title = {Non-native plant species in the Atlantico Department Coastal Dune Systems, Caribbean of Colombia: A new management challenge.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {603-610}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.009}, pmid = {30955773}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Although coastal dunes exhibit typical vegetation which involves species adapted to extreme environmental conditions, the mobilization and colonization by non-native species represents a challenge in its conservation and management. In this work, eight dune systems located along the Atlantico Department, Caribbean coast of Colombia were surveyed, finding within them the presence of two plant species recognized as invasive: Calotropis procera and Cryptostegia madagascariensis. The impacts of these two invasive plant species can be significant at all ecological levels in the dune systems. The above demands the implementation of urgent management actions. Eradication seems the optimal control alternative, however preventing invasive plant species from infesting new areas is more cost-effective and efficient than trying to restore the system after it is infested. Data presented in this paper is the first step in the future development of an early detection program in the study area.}, }
@article {pmid30950531, year = {2019}, author = {Roux, DJ and Kingsford, RT and Cook, CN and Carruthers, J and Dickson, K and Hockings, M}, title = {The case for embedding researchers in conservation agencies.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13324}, pmid = {30950531}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {While protected areas represent a pivotal response to escalating anthropogenic threats, they face many pressures, inside and outside their boundaries. Amid these challenges, effective conservation needs to be guided by evidence-based decision-making supported by good mechanisms of knowledge exchange. While many different models promote knowledge exchange, we argue that embedding research scientists within conservation management agencies is best suited to supporting evidence-based conservation. From scarce literature on embedding as a model of knowledge exchange, and experiences from several continents, we set out: 1) the benefits of embedded science for effective evidence-based conservation within management agencies; 2) the challenges and opportunities associated with institutionalizing the embedding model; and 3) the research required to understand the effectiveness of embedding research scientists for evidence-based conservation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30948550, year = {2019}, author = {Vizentin-Bugoni, J and Tarwater, CE and Foster, JT and Drake, DR and Gleditsch, JM and Hruska, AM and Kelley, JP and Sperry, JH}, title = {Structure, spatial dynamics, and stability of novel seed dispersal mutualistic networks in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {364}, number = {6435}, pages = {78-82}, doi = {10.1126/science.aau8751}, pmid = {30948550}, issn = {1095-9203}, abstract = {Increasing rates of human-caused species invasions and extinctions may reshape communities and modify the structure, dynamics, and stability of species interactions. To investigate how such changes affect communities, we performed multiscale analyses of seed dispersal networks on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Networks consisted exclusively of novel interactions, were largely dominated by introduced species, and exhibited specialized and modular structure at local and regional scales, despite high interaction dissimilarity across communities. Furthermore, the structure and stability of the novel networks were similar to native-dominated communities worldwide. Our findings suggest that shared evolutionary history is not a necessary process for the emergence of complex network structure, and interaction patterns may be highly conserved, regardless of species identity and environment. Introduced species can quickly become well integrated into novel networks, making restoration of native ecosystems more challenging than previously thought.}, }
@article {pmid30943222, year = {2019}, author = {Poole, JR and Bajer, PG}, title = {A small native predator reduces reproductive success of a large invasive fish as revealed by whole-lake experiments.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {e0214009}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0214009}, pmid = {30943222}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The extent to which native fish communities might control the success of invasive fish has been of interest to ecologists, but it has been rarely addressed using experiments. We conducted an experiment in six small lakes in the Upper Mississippi Region to test the effects of a small native predator, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) on the recruitment of a large, invasive fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Bluegills are predominant throughout the region and were previously shown to consume carp eggs and larvae. We stocked both lakes at each of our 3 sites with adult carp (spawners) and one lake at each site with bluegills. We repeated the experiment at two of the three sites for two consecutive years. In each lake we assessed the abundance of post-larval carp one month after spawning (backpack electrofishing surveys) and at the end of the season (mark-recapture). For each site/year combination, catch rate of post-larval carp was typically an order of magnitude higher in control than bluegill lakes, but it often declined quickly over time. The abundance of end-of-seasonal juveniles was significantly higher (no 95% CI overlap) in control lakes than in bluegill lakes, except for one pair of lakes during one year when both the control and bluegill lake had similar, low abundance of end-of-season carp. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that common carp recruitment is substantially reduced in habitats dominated by bluegills. We also suggest our results may be applicable to other species, and that managers should explore how predation on early life stages may control other invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30940053, year = {2019}, author = {Cubas, J and Irl, SDH and Villafuerte, R and Bello-Rodríguez, V and Rodríguez-Luengo, JL and Del Arco, M and Martín-Esquivel, JL and González-Mancebo, JM}, title = {Endemic plant species are more palatable to introduced herbivores than non-endemics.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1900}, pages = {20190136}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0136}, pmid = {30940053}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {Islands harbour a spectacular diversity and unique species composition. This uniqueness is mainly a result of endemic species that have evolved in situ in the absence of mammal herbivores. However, island endemism is under severe threat by introduced herbivores. We test the assumption that endemic species are particularly vulnerable to generalist introduced herbivores (European rabbit) using an unprecedented dataset covering an entire island with enormous topographic, climatic and biological diversity (Tenerife, Canary Islands). With increasing endemism, plant species are more heavily browsed by rabbits than non-endemic species with up to 67% of endemics being negatively impacted by browsing, indicating a dramatic lack of adaptation to mammal herbivory in endemics. Ecosystems with high per cent endemism are most heavily browsed, suggesting ecosystem-specific vulnerability to introduced herbivores, even within islands. Protection of global biodiversity caused by disproportionally high endemism on oceanic islands via ecosystem-specific herbivore control and eradication measures is of utmost importance.}, }
@article {pmid30937449, year = {2019}, author = {Shogren, CJ and Paine, TD}, title = {Host Plant Recognition and Performance of Klambothrips myopori (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) Across Myoporum Cultivars in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toz063}, pmid = {30937449}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Myoporum spp. (Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae) native to Australia and New Zealand have been introduced into North America and have been widely planted as shrubs and ground covers in the California urban landscape. The invasive thrips, Klambothrips myopori Mound and Morris, invaded California in 2005 and feed exclusively on Myoporum. However, some commercial cultivars have suffered extensive damage, whereas others have not. In field studies and laboratory feeding tests of six different potential host species or cultivars, Myoporum laetum and Myoporum 'Pacificum' were identified as most suitable host plants of K. myopori. In laboratory trials, K. myopori failed to complete development on M. 'Clean n Green' and M. 'Putah Creek'. Of the six varieties of Myoporum tested, K. myopori damage was only observed on M. laetum and M. 'Pacificum'. Although K. myopori can successfully colonize and reproduce on several varieties of Myoporum, they demonstrated a preference for M. laetum and M. 'Pacificum' in laboratory and field trials.}, }
@article {pmid30937222, year = {2019}, author = {Park, I and Jones, A and Mazer, SJ}, title = {PhenoForecaster: A software package for the prediction of flowering phenology.}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e01230}, doi = {10.1002/aps3.1230}, pmid = {30937222}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {Premise of the Study: Predicting the flowering times of angiosperm taxa is a goal of mounting importance in the face of future climate change, with applications not only in plant biology and ecology, but also horticulture, agriculture, and invasive species management. To date, no tool is available to facilitate predictions of flowering phenology using multivariate phenoclimatic models. Such a tool is needed by researchers and other stakeholders who need to predict phenological activity, but are unfamiliar with phenoclimate modeling techniques. PhenoForecaster allows users of any background to conduct species-specific phenological predictions using an intuitive graphical interface and provides an estimate of each prediction's accuracy.<br><br>Methods and Results: Elastic net regression techniques were used to develop species-specific models capable of predicting the flowering dates of 2320 angiosperm species.<br><br>Conclusions: PhenoForecaster is the first stand-alone package to make phenological modeling directly accessible to users without the need for in-depth phenological observations.}, }
@article {pmid30936269, year = {2019}, author = {Treasure, AM and Chown, SL}, title = {Phenotypic plasticity in locomotor performance of a monophyletic group of weevils accords with the warmer is better hypothesis.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.195255}, pmid = {30936269}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Ectotherms may respond to variable environmental conditions by altering their phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity was initially thought to be beneficial to an organism's physiological fitness. Several alternative hypotheses, have, however, been proposed with growing empirical support. In this study, we test the full suite of hypotheses by investigating acclimation responses of locomotor performance for nine populations of five species of sub-Antarctic weevils, using static and fluctuating temperatures. Species showed typical locomotion thermal performance curves with temperature of the maximum speed (Topt) ranging between 22.3±1.7°C (mean±s.e.) and 31.1±0.7°C. For most species Topt was not affected by acclimation. For maximum speed (Umax), significant, positive effects of acclimation were found for all species except a supralittoral one. Individuals acclimated to 0°C showed much lower values than the other two acclimation treatments (15°C and fluctuating 0-15°C). Performance breadth (the index of the breadth of the curve, Tbr) typically showed little response to acclimation. None of the traits of the supralittoral species were affected by acclimation treatment. Responses to stable and fluctuating temperature treatments were similar. Our findings also revealed that the mean estimated activation energy 0.40±0.015 eV (mean±s.e.) was lower than for other herbivores, the category to which these weevils belong, suggesting that some form of compensation in the rate-temperature relationship may be evident. Thus, we typically found support for the warmer is better hypothesis for acclimation of locomotor performance, though some compensation is evident.}, }
@article {pmid30935004, year = {2019}, author = {Buddenbaum, H and Watt, MS and Scholten, RC and Hill, J}, title = {Preprocessing Ground-Based Visible/Near Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Data Affected by Smile Effects.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s19071543}, pmid = {30935004}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {50EE1530//Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie/ ; C09X1611//New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment/ ; }, abstract = {A data set of very high-resolution visible/near infrared hyperspectral images of young Pinus contorta trees was recorded to study the effects of herbicides on this invasive species. The camera was fixed on a frame while the potted trees were moved underneath on a conveyor belt. To account for changing illumination conditions, a white reference bar was included at the edge of each image line. Conventional preprocessing of the images, i.e., dividing measured values by values from the white reference bar in the same image line, failed and resulted in bad quality spectra with oscillation patterns that are most likely due to wavelength shifts across the sensor's field of view (smile effect). An additional hyperspectral data set of a Spectralon white reference panel could be used to characterize and correct the oscillations introduced by the division, resulting in a high quality spectra that document the effects of herbicides on the reflectance characteristics of coniferous trees. While the spectra of untreated trees remained constant over time, there were clear temporal changes in the spectra of trees treated with both herbicides. One herbicide worked within days, the other one within weeks. Ground-based imaging spectroscopy with meaningful preprocessing proved to be an appropriate tool for monitoring the effects of herbicides on potted plants.}, }
@article {pmid30934941, year = {2019}, author = {Kenis, M and du Plessis, H and Van den Berg, J and Ba, MN and Goergen, G and Kwadjo, KE and Baoua, I and Tefera, T and Buddie, A and Cafà, G and Offord, L and Rwomushana, I and Polaszek, A}, title = {Telenomus Remus, a Candidate Parasitoid for the Biological Control of Spodoptera Frugiperda in Africa, is already Present on the Continent.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10040092}, pmid = {30934941}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {xxx//Department for International Development (DFID), UK and Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS), Netherlands through CABI's Action on Invasives programme; Maize Trust, South Africa/ ; }, abstract = {The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from tropical and subtropical America, has recently become a serious pest of cereals in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological control offers an economically and environmentally safer alternative to synthetic insecticides that are being used for the management of this pest. Consequently, various biological control options are being considered, including the introduction of Telenomus remus, the main egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda in the Americas, where it is already used in augmentative biological control programmes. During surveys in South, West, and East Africa, parasitized egg masses of S. frugiperda were collected, and the emerged parasitoids were identified through morphological observations and molecular analyses as T. remus. The presence of T. remus in Africa in at least five countries provides a great opportunity to develop augmentative biological control methods and register the parasitoid against S. frugiperda. Surveys should be carried out throughout Africa to assess the present distribution of T. remus on the continent, and the parasitoid could be re-distributed in the regions where it is absent, following national and international regulations. Classical biological control should focus on the importation of larval parasitoids from the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid30933715, year = {2019}, author = {Guo, Q and Shu, YN and Liu, C and Chi, Y and Liu, YQ and Wang, XW}, title = {Transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by seven species of the Bemisia tabaci complex indigenous to China: Not all whiteflies are the same.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {531}, number = {}, pages = {240-247}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.009}, pmid = {30933715}, issn = {1096-0341}, abstract = {Begomoviruses contain some of the most damaging viral disease agents of crops worldwide, and are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. During the last 20 years, transovarial transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has been reported in two invasive species of the B. tabaci complex. To further decipher the importance of this mode of transmission, we analyzed transovarial transmission of TYLCV by seven whitefly species indigenous to China. TYLCV virions were detected in eggs of all species except one, and in nymphs of two species, but in none of the ensuing adults of all seven species. Our results suggest that these indigenous whiteflies are unable to transmit TYLCV, a begomovirus alien to China, via ova to produce future generations of viruliferous adults, although most of the species exhibit varying ability to carry over the virus to the eggs/nymphs of their offspring via transovarial transmission.}, }
@article {pmid30933359, year = {2019}, author = {Stotz, GC and Gianoli, E and Cahill, JF}, title = {Biotic homogenization within and across eight widely distributed grasslands following invasion by Bromus inermis.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02717}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2717}, pmid = {30933359}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Invasive species can alter community structure and function of the communities they invade, as well as lead to biotic homogenization across their invasive range, thus affecting large-scale diversity patterns. The mechanisms by which invasive species can lead to biotic homogenization are poorly understood. We argue that invasive species acting as a strong, deterministic and consistent filters within and across invaded communities are likely to cause biotic homogenization at multiple spatial scales. We studied Bromus inermis Leyss. invasion into eight grasslands covering most of the grassland and parkland natural regions of Alberta (Western Canada). Specifically, we tested whether B. inermis (1) has a strong impact on species richness and composition, (2) consistently alters resources (nutrients, light and soil moisture), imposing the same ecological filter to species establishment and persistence across sites, and hence (3) whether it leads to biotic homogenization within and across sites. We recorded plant cover and resources across native-to-invaded transition areas combining space-for-time substitutions with time-series data analyses. Bromus inermis invasion was associated with rapid biotic homogenization of communities, within and among the eight grasslands. The sharp changes in species relative abundances following invasion was the initial driver of biotic homogenization, while species loss was delayed. Supporting the idea that biotic homogenization can occur when an invasive species presents a broad and consistent filter, resources modified by B. inermis invasion (particularly light and certain nutrients) were altered rather consistently within and across sites. The 50% reduction in light was likely the initial driver of biotic homogenization, while the increase in nutrient availability probably facilitates the displacement of species from the invaded areas and could lead to the establishment of self-reinforcing dynamics. Overall, our results support the idea that invaders acting as strong, deterministic and consistent ecological filters are likely to cause biotic homogenization of the communities they invade. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30933311, year = {2019}, author = {Portier, E and Silver, WL and Yang, WH}, title = {Invasive perennial forb effects on gross soil nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide fluxes depend on phenology.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02716}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2716}, pmid = {30933311}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Invasive plants can increase soil nitrogen (N) pools and accelerate soil N cycling rates, but their effect on gross N cycling and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) invasion would increase rates of N cycling and gaseous N loss, thereby depleting ecosystem N and causing a negative feedback on invasion. We measured a suite of gross N cycling rates and net N2 O fluxes in invaded and uninvaded areas of an annual grassland in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta region of northern California. During the growing season, pepperweed-invaded soils had lower microbial biomass N, gross N mineralization, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and denitrification-derived net N2 O fluxes (P < 0.02 for all). During pepperweed dormancy, gross N mineralization, DNRA, and denitrification-derived net N2 O fluxes were stimulated in pepperweed-invaded plots, presumably by N-rich litter inputs and decreased competition between microbes and plants for N (P < 0.04 for all). Soil organic carbon and total N concentrations, which reflect pepperweed effects integrated over longer time scales, were lower in pepperweed-invaded soils (P < 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). Overall, pepperweed invasion had a net negative effect on ecosystem N status, depleting soil total N to potentially cause a negative feedback to invasion in the long term. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30930645, year = {2019}, author = {M Hernández-Triana, L and A Brugman, V and I Nikolova, N and Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo,  and Barrero, E and Thorne, L and Fernández de Marco, M and Krüger, A and Lumley, S and Johnson, N and R Fooks, A}, title = {DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {832}, number = {}, pages = {57-76}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.832.32257}, pmid = {30930645}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Correct mosquito species identification is essential for mosquito and disease control programs. However, this is complicated by the difficulties in morphologically identifying some mosquito species. In this study, variation of a partial sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase unit I (COI) gene was used for the molecular identification of British mosquito species and to facilitate the discovery of cryptic diversity, and monitoring invasive species. Three DNA extraction methods were compared to obtain DNA barcodes from adult specimens. In total, we analyzed 42 species belonging to the genera Aedes Meigen, 1818 (21 species), Anopheles Meigen, 1818 (7 species), Coquillettidia Theobald, 1904 (1 species), Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (6 species), Culiseta Felt, 1904 (7 species), and Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904 (1 species). Intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0% to 5.4%, while higher interspecific divergences were identified between Aedesgeminus Peus, 1971/Culisetalitorea (Shute, 1928) (24.6%) and Ae.geminus/An.plumbeus Stephens, 1828 (22.5%). Taxonomic discrepancy was shown between An.daciae Linton, Nicolescu &amp; Harbach, 2004 and An.messeae Falleroni, 1828 indicating the poor resolution of the COI DNA barcoding region in separating these taxa. Other species such as Ae.cantans (Meigen, 1818)/Ae.annulipes (Meigen, 1830) showed similar discrepancies indicating some limitation of this genetic marker to identify certain mosquito species. The combination of morphology and DNA barcoding is an effective approach for the identification of British mosquitoes, for invasive mosquitoes posing a threat to the UK, and for the detection of hidden diversity within species groups.}, }
@article {pmid30930639, year = {2019}, author = {Tang, KL and Pierce, MP and Guénard, B}, title = {Review of the genus Strumigenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in Hong Kong with the description of three new species and the addition of five native and four introduced species records.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {831}, number = {}, pages = {1-48}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.831.31515}, pmid = {30930639}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The species of the ant genus Strumigenys Smith, 1860 found in Hong Kong are reviewed based on new sampling efforts performed over the past five years (2014-2018). Prior to this, 12 Strumigenys species had been recorded from Hong Kong, all confirmed here. Moreover, we add to this list three newly described species: S.hirsutasp. n., S.lantauisp. n., and S.nathistorisocsp. n., and describe for the first time the worker caste of S.formosa Terayama, Lin &amp; Wu, 1995. We report new records for nine additional species, bringing the total number of species to 24, including four newly recorded species (S.hexamera Brown, 1958, S.membranifera Emery, 1869, S.nepalensis Baroni Urbani and De Andrade, 1994, and S.rogeri Emery, 1890) which are considered to be introduced to Hong Kong. A global review of the introduced Strumigenys species is presented. The taxonomic validity of S.feae and S.formosensis is discussed in light of new specimen measurements. New ecological information on the swarming periods of 11 species is presented on the basis of year-long sampling of aerial insects. Finally, the importance of our results within Southeast Asia and the need for future sampling efforts in the region is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30927576, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, L and Li, Y and Huang, J and Liu, J and Liu, X}, title = {Evaluation of the short-term and long-term performance of biological invasion management in the China-Myanmar border region.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {240}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.061}, pmid = {30927576}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Invasive alien species pose great threats to ecological and economic health and cause enormous losses to global ecosystems. The Mikania micrantha management program is a source of great theoretical and practical insights for regional agricultural and forestry development. In this paper, the invasion history and distribution patterns of M. micrantha in the China-Myanmar Border Region are summarized, and the short-term and long-term performance of the current post-border management program are evaluated. A literature survey found that M. micrantha was mainly distributed in 85 townships of five municipalities along the border in China with Myanmar, suggesting an explicit border-crossing scenario of M. micrantha. The M. micrantha management program has produced positive but short-term results due to the conduction of general investigations, establishment of an extensive monitoring network, development of integrated measures, and improvements of public awareness and participation. However, the long-term management performance was hampered by overlapping departmental functions, lagging and unreliable public feedback, inadequate funding, and biased and passive strategies. We suggest that invasive species committees, social media tools, public-private partnership, and forest restoration and conservation and biological control could greatly improve the situation. This regional-scale research provides referential insights for the development of biological invasion management systems in developing economies under transboundary contexts.}, }
@article {pmid30926662, year = {2019}, author = {Fournier, A and Penone, C and Pennino, MG and Courchamp, F}, title = {Predicting future invaders and future invasions.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1803456116}, pmid = {30926662}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a great threat to biodiversity and human livelihoods worldwide. The most effective way to limit their impacts and costs is to prevent their introduction into new areas. Identifying invaders and invasions before their occurrence would arguably be the most efficient strategy. Here, we provide a profiling method to predict which species-with which particular ecological characteristics-will invade, and where they could invade. We illustrate our approach with ants, which are among the most detrimental invasive species, as they are responsible for declines of numerous taxa, are involved in local extinctions, disturb ecosystem functioning, and impact multiple human activities. Based on statistical profiling of 1,002 ant species from an extensive trait database, we identify 13 native ant species with an ecological profile that matches that of known invasive ants. Even though they are not currently described as such, these species are likely to become the next global invaders. We couple these predictions with species distribution models to identify the regions most at risk from the invasion of these species: Florida and Central America, Brazil, Central Africa and Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea Northeast Australia, and many islands worldwide. This framework, applicable to any other taxa, represents a remarkable opportunity to implement timely and specifically shaped proactive management strategies against biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30923649, year = {2019}, author = {Hong, M and Jiang, A and Li, N and Li, W and Shi, H and Storey, KB and Ding, L}, title = {Comparative analysis of the liver transcriptome in the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans under chronic salinity stress.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6538}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6538}, pmid = {30923649}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), identified as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world, is a freshwater turtle originally from the eastern United States and northeastern Mexico. Field investigations have shown that T. s. elegans can survive and lay eggs in saline habitats. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation, high-throughput RNA-Seq was utilized to identify the changes in gene expression profiles in the liver of T. s. elegans in response to elevated salinity. We exposed individuals to 0, 5, or 15 psu (practical salinity units) for 30 days. A total of 157.21 million reads were obtained and assembled into 205138 unigenes with an average length of 620 bp and N50 of 964 bp. Of these, 1019 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were found in the comparison of 0 vs. 5 psu, 1194 DEGs in 0 vs. 15 psu and 1180 DEGs in 5 vs. 15 psu, which are mainly related to macromolecule metabolic process, ion transport, oxidoreductase activity and generation of precursor metabolites and energy by GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analyses. T. s. elegans can adapt itself into salinity by balancing the entry of sodium and chloride ions via the up-regulation expression genes of ion transport (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 5, KCNH5; erine/threonine-protein kinase 32, STK32; salt-inducible kinase 1, SIK1; adiponectin, ACDC), and by accumulating plasma urea and free amino acid via the up-regulation expression genes of amino acid metabolism (ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 3, OAZ3; glutamine synthetase, GLUL; asparaginase-like protein 1b, ASRGL; L-amino-acid oxidase-like, LAAO; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B, SLC6A15s; amino acid permease, SLC7A9) in response to osmotic regulation. An investment of energy to maintain their homeostatic balance is required to salinity adaptation, therefore, the genes related to energy production and conversion (F-ATPase protein 6, ATP6; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, COX3; cytochrome b, CYTb; cytochrome P450 17A1, CYP17A1) were up-regulated with the increase of gene expression associated with lipid metabolism (apolipoprotein E precursor, APoE; coenzyme Q-binding protein, CoQ10; high-density lipoprotein particle, SAA) and carbohydrate metabolism (HK, MIP). These findings improve our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in salinity adaptation and provide general guidance to illuminate the invasion potential of T. s. elegans into saline environments.}, }
@article {pmid30922370, year = {2019}, author = {González, MA and Pavan, MG and Fernandes, RS and Busquets, N and David, MR and Lourenço-Oliveira, R and García-Pérez, AL and Maciel-de-Freitas, R}, title = {Limited risk of Zika virus transmission by five Aedes albopictus populations from Spain.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {150}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3359-1}, pmid = {30922370}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {E-26/201.335/2016//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 23038.007199/2012-17//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Blood ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Risk Assessment ; Spain ; Vero Cells ; Viral Load ; *Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/*transmission ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is an exotic invasive species in Europe. It has substantial public health relevance due to its potential role in transmitting several human pathogens. Out of the European countries, Spain has one of the highest risk levels of autochthonous arbovirus transmission due to both the high density of Ae. albopictus and the extensive tourist influx from vector-endemic areas. This study aims to investigate the susceptibility of five Ae. albopictus populations from mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands to a Brazilian Zika virus (ZIKV) strain.<br><br>METHODS: The F1 generation of each Ae. albopictus population was orally challenged with a ZIKV-infected blood meal (1.8 × 106 PFU/ml). At 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi), mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen) and heads were individually analysed through RT-qPCR to determine the infection rate (IR) and dissemination rate (DR), respectively. The saliva of infected mosquitoes was inoculated in Vero cells and the transmission rate was assessed by plaque assay or RT-qPCR on ~33 individuals per population.<br><br>RESULTS: The IR and DR ranged between 12-88%, and 0-60%, respectively, suggesting that ZIKV is capable of crossing the midgut barrier. Remarkably, no infectious viral particle was found in saliva samples, indicating a low ability of ZIKV to overcome the salivary gland barrier. A subsequent assay revealed that a second non-infective blood meal 48 h after ZIKV exposure did not influence Ae. albopictus vector competence.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The oral experimental ZIKV infections performed here indicate that Ae. albopictus from Spain become infected and disseminate the virus through the body but has a limited ability to transmit the Brazilian ZIKV strain through biting. Therefore, the results suggest a limited risk of autochthonous ZIKV transmission in Spain by Ae. albopictus.}, }
@article {pmid30920165, year = {2019}, author = {Tomasetto, F and Duncan, RP and Hulme, PE}, title = {Resolving the invasion paradox: pervasive scale and study dependence in the native-alien species richness relationship.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13261}, pmid = {30920165}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//New Zealand Tertiary Education Commission/ ; DP150101839//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {The degree to which plant communities are vulnerable to invasion by alien species has often been assessed using the relationship between native and alien plant species richness (NAR). Variation in the direction and strength of the NAR tends to be negative for small plot sizes and study extents, but positive for large plots and extents. This invasion paradox has been attributed to different processes driving species richness at different spatial scales. However, the focus on plot size has drawn attention away from other factors influencing the NAR, in part because the influence of other factors may be obscured by or interact with plot size. Here, we test whether variation in the NAR can be explained by covariates linked to community susceptibility to invasion and whether these interact with plot size using a quantitative meta-analysis drawn from 87 field studies that examined 161 NARs. While plot size explained most variation, the NAR was less positive in grassland habitats and in the Australasian region. Other covariates did not show strong relationships with the NAR even after accounting for interactions with plot size. Instead, much of the unexplained variation is associated with article or author specific differences, suggesting the NAR depends strongly on how different authors choose their study system or study design.}, }
@article {pmid30919952, year = {2019}, author = {Larson, ER and Kreps, TA and Peters, B and Peters, JA and Lodge, DM}, title = {Habitat explains patterns of population decline for an invasive crayfish.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02659}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2659}, pmid = {30919952}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Invasive nonindigenous species are defined by their impacts: they substantially change native communities or ecosystems. Accordingly, invasive species might transform their habitats in ways that eventually become unfavorable to them, causing population declines or even extirpations. Here we use over 40 yr of systematically collected data on the abundance of the invasive rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus from 17 lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA to explore whether population declines of this invader are related to the prevalence of rocky habitat, which shelters crayfish from predators and is unchanged by crayfish. We predicted that lakes with rock-dominated substrates would be resistant to F. rusticus population declines, whereas lakes lacking rock-dominated substrates would experience F. rusticus declines due to crayfish destruction of shelter-providing macrophytes. We found that in nearly one-half (47%) of the study lakes, F. rusticus experienced population declines over the study time period, and these lakes had significantly lower proportions of rock substrate than lakes that did not experience population declines. We recommend that more studies should investigate the potential for invasive species-mediated community or ecosystem feedbacks to eventually contribute to their own population declines.}, }
@article {pmid30918268, year = {2019}, author = {Hunter, ME and Ferrante, JA and Meigs-Friend, G and Ulmer, A}, title = {Improving eDNA yield and inhibitor reduction through increased water volumes and multi-filter isolation techniques.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5259}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40977-w}, pmid = {30918268}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {To inform management and conservation decisions, environmental DNA (eDNA) methods are used to detect genetic material shed into the water by imperiled and invasive species. Methodological enhancements are needed to reduce filter clogging, PCR inhibition, and false-negative detections when eDNA is at low concentrations. In the first of three simple experiments, we sought to ameliorate filter clogging from particulates and organic material through a scaled-up, multi-filter protocol. We combined four filters in a 5 mL Phenol-Chloroform-Isoamyl (PCI) procedure to allow for larger volumes of water (~1 L) to be filtered rapidly. Increasing the filtered water volume by four times resulted in 4.4X the yield of target DNA. Next, inhibition from organic material can reduce or block eDNA detections in PCR-based assays. To remove inhibitory compounds retained during eDNA isolation, we tested three methods to chemically strip inhibitors from eDNA molecules. The use of CTAB as a short-term (5-8 day) storage buffer, followed by a PCI isolation, resulted in the highest eDNA yields. Finally, as opposed to a linear relationship among increasing concentrations of filtered genomic eDNA, we observed a sharp change between the lower (70-280 ng) and higher (420-560 ng) amounts. This may be important for effectively precipitating eDNA during protocol testing.}, }
@article {pmid30917126, year = {2019}, author = {Holmes, ND and Spatz, DR and Oppel, S and Tershy, B and Croll, DA and Keitt, B and Genovesi, P and Burfield, IJ and Will, DJ and Bond, AL and Wegmann, A and Aguirre-Muñoz, A and Raine, AF and Knapp, CR and Hung, CH and Wingate, D and Hagen, E and Méndez-Sánchez, F and Rocamora, G and Yuan, HW and Fric, J and Millett, J and Russell, J and Liske-Clark, J and Vidal, E and Jourdan, H and Campbell, K and Springer, K and Swinnerton, K and Gibbons-Decherong, L and Langrand, O and Brooke, ML and McMinn, M and Bunbury, N and Oliveira, N and Sposimo, P and Geraldes, P and McClelland, P and Hodum, P and Ryan, PG and Borroto-Páez, R and Pierce, R and Griffiths, R and Fisher, RN and Wanless, R and Pasachnik, SA and Cranwell, S and Micol, T and Butchart, SHM}, title = {Globally important islands where eradicating invasive mammals will benefit highly threatened vertebrates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0212128}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0212128}, pmid = {30917126}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Invasive alien species are a major threat to native insular species. Eradicating invasive mammals from islands is a feasible and proven approach to prevent biodiversity loss. We developed a conceptual framework to identify globally important islands for invasive mammal eradications to prevent imminent extinctions of highly threatened species using biogeographic and technical factors, plus a novel approach to consider socio-political feasibility. We applied this framework using a comprehensive dataset describing the distribution of 1,184 highly threatened native vertebrate species (i.e. those listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List) and 184 non-native mammals on 1,279 islands worldwide. Based on extinction risk, irreplaceability, severity of impact from invasive species, and technical feasibility of eradication, we identified and ranked 292 of the most important islands where eradicating invasive mammals would benefit highly threatened vertebrates. When socio-political feasibility was considered, we identified 169 of these islands where eradication planning or operation could be initiated by 2020 or 2030 and would improve the survival prospects of 9.4% of the Earth's most highly threatened terrestrial insular vertebrates (111 of 1,184 species). Of these, 107 islands were in 34 countries and territories and could have eradication projects initiated by 2020. Concentrating efforts to eradicate invasive mammals on these 107 islands would benefit 151 populations of 80 highly threatened vertebrates and make a major contribution towards achieving global conservation targets adopted by the world's nations.}, }
@article {pmid30916784, year = {2019}, author = {Dubart, M and Pantel, JH and Pointier, JP and Jarne, P and David, P}, title = {Modelling competition, niche and coexistence between an invasive and a native species in a two-species metapopulation.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02700}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2700}, pmid = {30916784}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Modelling the dynamics of competition and coexistence between species is crucial to predict long-term impacts of invasive species on their native congeners. However, natural environments are often fragmented and variable in time and space. In such contexts regional coexistence depends on complex interactions between competition, niche differentiation and stochastic colonization-extinction dynamics. Quantifying all these processes at landscape scale has always been a challenge for ecologists. We propose a new statistical framework to evaluate metapopulation parameters (colonization and extinction) in a two-species system and how they respond to environmental variables and interspecific competition. It requires spatial surveys repeated in time, but does not assume demographic equilibrium. We apply this model to a long-term survey of two snails inhabiting a network of freshwater habitats in the West Indies. We find evidence of reciprocal competition affecting colonization or extinction rates, modulated by species-specific sensitivity to environmental variables. Simulations using model estimates allow us to predict species dynamics and explore the role of various coexistence mechanisms described by metacommunity theory in our system. The two species are predicted to stably coexist, because niche partitioning, source-sink dynamics and interspecific differences in extinction-colonization parameters all contribute to reduce the negative impacts of competition. However, none of these mechanisms is individually essential. Regional coexistence is primarily facilitated by transient co-occurrence of the two species within habitat patches, a possibility generally not considered in theoretical metacommunity models. Our framework is general and could be extended to guilds of several competing species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30916751, year = {2019}, author = {Aput, LM and Farji-Brener, AG and Pirk, GI}, title = {Effects of Introduced Plants on Diet and Seed Preferences of Pogonomyrmex carbonarius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Patagonian Steppe.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz022}, pmid = {30916751}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {Invasive species may interact with resident species and disrupt previously established interactions, with effects on the whole community. If introduced seeds are selectively consumed by native granivores, this could limit the establishment or spread of invasive plants (biotic resistance), and reduce the predation pressure upon native seeds. We determined if the presence of introduced plants affects the diet and the seed preferences of the ant Pogonomyrmex carbonarius (Mayr) in a Patagonian steppe. We expected a higher proportion of introduced seeds in the diet of nests located in areas with a high abundance of introduced species (roadsides) than in nests located in low invaded areas. Diet composition was obtained by collecting items retrieved by workers to colonies and compared between areas of contrasting abundance of introduced species. Field-based choice experiments were performed to evaluate whether exotic seeds were preferred to native ones under a paired comparisons design. Native seeds predominated in the diet. A low proportion of introduced species were included only in colonies close to the road. Ants preferred native seeds to introduced ones, and showed a marked preference for seeds of the native grass Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. &amp; Rupr.) Romasch. (Poaceae), typical of the Patagonian steppe. The presence of introduced plants had little influence on interactions of P. carbonarius with seeds in the Patagonian steppe. Therefore, this ant species would not exert a control on the studied introduced plants, illustrating a case of low biotic resistance to invasion by these species.}, }
@article {pmid30916306, year = {2019}, author = {Hanford, JK and Hochuli, DF and Webb, CE}, title = {Oviposition Behavior of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Is Affected by the Recent Presence of Invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz027}, pmid = {30916306}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {Constructed wetlands are popular tools for managing threatened flora and fauna in urban settings, but there are concerns that these habitats may increase mosquito populations and mosquito-related public health risks. Understanding the interactions occurring between mosquitoes of public health concern and co-occurring organisms is critical to informing management of these habitats to mitigate potential health risks and balance the multiple values of urban wetlands. This study examined how oviposition behavior of Culex annulirostris Skuse, the most important pest mosquito species associated with freshwater wetland habitats in Australia, is influenced by the presence of Gambusia holbrooki Girard, a widespread invasive fish. Water was collected from urban wetlands that are intensively managed to reduce G. holbrooki populations to assist conservation of locally threatened frogs, and adjacent unmanaged wetlands where G. holbrooki was abundant. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the oviposition response by Cx. annulirostris to water samples from these two habitats. Experiments were conducted on two occasions, once in February following draining and refilling of the urban wetlands, and repeated following a substantial rainfall event in March. The results clearly demonstrate that ovipositing mosquitoes were able to detect and avoid water derived from habitats containing fish, even in the absence of the fish themselves. Understanding how invasive species affect the behavior and spatial distribution of pest species such as Cx. annulirostris will enable future wetland design and management to maximize benefits of urban wetlands and minimize potential public health risks.}, }
@article {pmid30914838, year = {2019}, author = {Lee, KH and Chen, TH and Shang, G and Clulow, S and Yang, YJ and Lin, SM}, title = {A check list and population trends of invasive amphibians and reptiles in Taiwan.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {829}, number = {}, pages = {85-130}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.829.27535}, pmid = {30914838}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Invasive species have impacted biodiversity all around the world. Among various ecosystems, islands are most vulnerable to these impacts due to their high ratio of endemism, highly specialized adaptation, and isolated and unique fauna. As with other subtropical islands, Taiwan faces constant risk of biological invasions and is currently ranked as one of the countries most affected by invasive amphibians and reptiles. In this paper, a comprehensive checklist of all known exotic amphibians and reptiles is provided, including twelve species which have successfully colonized Taiwan and six species with a controversial status. We provide an update on the knowledge of all these species including their distribution, colonization history, threats to native animals, and population trends based on literature records, fauna surveys, and data collected during invasive species eradication and control programs. A list of species with high invasive potentials is also provided. This study reports, for the first time, a comprehensive survey of invasive herpetofauna in Taiwan, which should provide a valuable reference to other regions which might suffer from similar invasion risk.}, }
@article {pmid30914824, year = {2019}, author = {}, title = {Invasive species to surge as ship traffic soars on the high seas.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {567}, number = {7749}, pages = {437}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00870-y}, pmid = {30914824}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid30913219, year = {2019}, author = {Starko, S and Bailey, LA and Creviston, E and James, KA and Warren, A and Brophy, MK and Danasel, A and Fass, MP and Townsend, JA and Neufeld, CJ}, title = {Environmental heterogeneity mediates scale-dependent declines in kelp diversity on intertidal rocky shores.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0213191}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213191}, pmid = {30913219}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Biodiversity loss is driven by interacting factors operating at different spatial scales. Yet, there remains uncertainty as to how fine-scale environmental conditions mediate biological responses to broad-scale stressors. We surveyed intertidal rocky shore kelp beds situated across a local gradient of wave action and evaluated changes in kelp diversity and abundance after more than two decades of broad scale stressors, most notably the 2013-2016 heat wave. Across all sites, species were less abundant on average in 2017 and 2018 than during 1993-1995 but changes in kelp diversity were dependent on wave exposure, with wave exposed habitats remaining stable and wave sheltered habitats experiencing near complete losses of kelp diversity. In this way, wave exposed sites have acted as refugia, maintaining regional kelp diversity despite widespread local declines. Fucoids, seagrasses and two stress-tolerant kelp species (Saccharina sessilis, Egregia menziesii) did not decline as observed in other kelps, and the invasive species Sargassum muticum increased significantly at wave sheltered sites. Long-term monitoring data from a centrally-located moderate site suggest that kelp communities were negatively impacted by the recent heatwave which may have driven observed losses throughout the region. Wave-sheltered shores, which saw the largest declines, are a very common habitat type in the Northeast Pacific and may be especially sensitive to losses in kelp diversity and abundance, with potential consequences for coastal productivity. Our findings highlight the importance of fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in mediating biological responses and demonstrate how incorporating differences between habitat patches can be essential to capturing scale-dependent biodiversity loss across the landscape.}, }
@article {pmid30911809, year = {2019}, author = {Soper, JM and Raynor, EJ and Wienhold, C and Schacht, WH}, title = {Evaluating Composition and Conservation Value of Roadside Plant Communities in a Grassland Biome.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01154-x}, pmid = {30911809}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {RHE-07//Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (US)/ ; }, abstract = {In the context of roadside revegetation activities in rural regions, revegetation objectives commonly are to establish plant communities with a diversity of species that would otherwise be absent on the predominantly agricultural landscape. To determine the efficacy of revegetation in providing plant communities of high biodiversity value, we quantified species richness, floristic quality, and success in seeding efforts. We evaluated the outcome of roadside seedings conducted by Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT) for five NDOT landscape regions spanning Nebraska. Our assessment occurred on average 13.2 years (range: 10-17) post-revegetation, thus, providing insight into what established plant communities can be expected after a decade or more. Biomass production declined on an east to west gradient, but the component species responsible for this gradient were unique to each region. We found species richness was greatest in the western regions of Nebraska with the Sandhills supporting the highest richness. This rangeland-dominated region exhibited the highest floristic quality index, a tool commonly used to identify areas of high conservation value. Our findings indicate that the roadside vegetation is landscape-dependent in that neighboring plant communities influence botanical composition of roadside vegetation. Thus, less diverse seeding mixtures could be used on roadsides with a diversity of desirable native plant species in neighboring land (i.e., Sandhills rangeland). Conversely, in roadsides surrounded by cropland or plant communities with many non-native, weedy species, seeding complex mixtures with a diversity of desirable and highly competitive native species is likely necessary. Nebraska roadsides are viewed as a resource where plant communities with a diversity of native grassland species can be established; however, persistence of many seeded, native species is minimal (mostly forbs) because of the competiveness of both seeded and invasive grasses.}, }
@article {pmid30909981, year = {2019}, author = {Montarsi, F and Martini, S and Michelutti, A and Da Rold, G and Mazzucato, M and Qualizza, D and Di Gennaro, D and Di Fant, M and Dal Pont, M and Palei, M and Capelli, G}, title = {The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern Italy.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3387-x}, pmid = {30909981}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Italy/epidemiology ; Larva ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus japonicus, was detected in northeastern Italy for the first time in 2015, at the border with Austria. After this finding, a more intensive monitoring was carried out to assess its distribution and to collect biological data. Herein, we report the results of four years (2015-2018) of activity.<br><br>METHODS: The presence of Ae. j. japonicus was checked in all possible breeding sites through collections of larvae. The monitoring started from the site of the first detection at the Austrian border and then was extended in all directions. The mosquitoes were identified morphologically and molecularly.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes j. japonicus was found in 58 out of 73 municipalities monitored (79.5%). In total (2015-2018), 238 sampling sites were monitored and 90 were positive for presence of Ae. j. japonicus larvae (37.8%). The mosquito was collected mainly in artificial containers located in small villages and in rural areas. Cohabitation with other mosquito species was observed in 55.6% of the samplings.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Aedes j. japonicus is well established in Italy and in only four years has colonised two Italian Regions, displaying rapid spreading throughout hilly and mountainous areas. Colonization towards the south seems limited by climatic conditions and the occurrence of a large population of the larval competitor, Ae. albopictus. The further spread of Ae. j. japonicus has the potential to pose new threats of zoonotic agents (i.e. Dirofilaria spp. and West Nile virus) within areas at altitudes previously considered at negligible risk in Italy.}, }
@article {pmid30909930, year = {2019}, author = {Wieser, A and Reuss, F and Niamir, A and Müller, R and O'Hara, RB and Pfenninger, M}, title = {Modelling seasonal dynamics, population stability, and pest control in Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {142}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3366-2}, pmid = {30909930}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {HA6204/3-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 01KI17//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive temperate mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is a potential vector for various infectious diseases and therefore a target of vector control measures. Even though established in Germany, it is unclear whether the species has already reached its full distribution potential. The possible range of the species, its annual population dynamics, the success of vector control measures and future expansions due to climate change still remain poorly understood. While numerous studies on occurrence have been conducted, they used mainly presence data from relatively few locations. In contrast, we used experimental life history data to model the dynamics of a continuous stage-structured population to infer potential seasonal densities and ask whether stable populations are likely to establish over a period of more than one year. In addition, we used climate change models to infer future ranges. Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of various stage-specific vector control measures.<br><br>RESULTS: Aedes j. japonicus has already established stable populations in the southwest and west of Germany. Our models predict a spread of Ae. j. japonicus beyond the currently observed range, but likely not much further eastwards under current climatic conditions. Climate change models, however, will expand this range substantially and higher annual densities can be expected. Applying vector control measures to oviposition, survival of eggs, larvae or adults showed that application of adulticides for 30 days between late spring and early autumn, while ambient temperatures are above 9 °C, can reduce population density by 75%. Continuous application of larvicide showed similar results in population reduction. Most importantly, we showed that with the consequent application of a mixed strategy, it should be possible to significantly reduce or even extinguish existing populations with reasonable effort.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms concerning the establishment of stable populations in invasive species. In order to minimise the hazard to public health, we recommend vector control measures to be applied in 'high risk areas' which are predicted to allow establishment of stable populations to establish.}, }
@article {pmid30904947, year = {2019}, author = {Jensen, AM and Schamp, BS and Belleau, A}, title = {Evidence of temporal niche separation via low flowering time overlap in an old-field plant community.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04386-0}, pmid = {30904947}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-2015-04397//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Flowering time is a trait that reflects the timing of specific resource requirements by plants. Consequently, several predictions have been made related to how species are assembled within communities according to flowering time. Strong overlap in flowering time among coexisting species may result from clustered abiotic resources, or contribute to improved pollination success. Conversely, low flowering time overlap (asynchrony) among coexisting species may reduce competition for soil, light, or pollinator resources and alleviate interspecific pollen transfer. Here, we present evidence that coexisting species in an old-field community generally overlap less in flowering time than expected under a commonly used and statistically validated null model. Flowering time asynchrony was more pronounced when abundance data were used (compared to presence-absence data), and when analyses focused on species that share bees as pollinators. Control and herbivore-exclusion plots did not differ in flowering time overlap, providing no evidence of the reduction in overlap expected to result from increased competition. Our results varied with the randomization algorithm used, emphasizing that the choice of algorithm can influence the outcome of null models. Our results varied between 2 years, with patterns being less clear in the second year, when both growing season and flowering times were contracted. Finally, we found evidence that further supports a previous finding that higher plot-level flowering time overlap was associated with higher proportions of introduced species. Reduced flowering time overlap among species in our focal community may promote coexistence via temporal niche differentiation and reduced competition for pollinators and other abiotic resources.}, }
@article {pmid30900532, year = {2019}, author = {Miranda, RJ and Coleman, MA and Tagliafico, A and Rangel, MS and Mamo, LT and Barros, F and Kelaher, BP}, title = {Invasion-mediated effects on marine trophic interactions in a changing climate: positive feedbacks favour kelp persistence.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1899}, pages = {20182866}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.2866}, pmid = {30900532}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {The interactive effects of ocean warming and invasive species are complex and remain a source of uncertainty for projecting future ecological change. Climate-mediated change to trophic interactions can have pervasive ecological consequences, but the role of invasion in mediating trophic effects is largely unstudied. Using manipulative experiments in replicated outdoor mesocosms, we reveal how near-future ocean warming and macrophyte invasion scenarios interactively impact gastropod grazing intensity and preference for consumption of foundation macroalgae (Ecklonia radiata and Sargassum vestitum). Elevated water temperature increased the consumption of both macroalgae through greater grazing intensity. Given the documented decline of kelp (E. radiata) growth at higher water temperatures, enhanced grazing could contribute to the shift from kelp-dominated to Sargassum-dominated reefs that is occurring at the low-latitude margins of kelp distribution. However, the presence of a native invader (Caulerpa filiformis) was related to low consumption by the herbivores on dominant kelp at warmer temperatures. Thus, antagonistic effects between climate change and a range expanding species can favour kelp persistence in a warmer future. Introduction of species should, therefore, not automatically be considered unfavourable under climate change scenarios. Climatic changes are increasing the need for effective management actions to address the interactive effects of multiple stressors and their ecological consequences, rather than single threats in isolation.}, }
@article {pmid30900053, year = {2019}, author = {Ricks, KD and Koide, RT}, title = {Biotic filtering of endophytic fungal communities in Bromus tectorum.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04388-y}, pmid = {30900053}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {2011-67009-20072//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {The assembly of horizontally transmitted endophytic fungi within plant tissues may be affected by &quot;biotic filtering&quot;. In other words, only particular endophytic fungal taxa from the available inoculum pool may be able to colonize a given plant species. We tested that hypothesis in Bromus tectorum, an important invasive species in the arid, western United States. We collected seed from Bromus tectorum and sources of inoculum for endophytic fungi including soil and various kinds of plant litter at a field site in central Utah. We characterized, using Illumina sequencing, the endophytic fungal communities in the various inoculum sources, inoculated Bromus tectorum seedlings under gnotobiotic conditions with the various sources, and then characterized the communities of endophytic fungi that assembled in their roots and leaves. Different inoculum sources containing significantly different endophytic fungal communities produced complex communities of endophytic fungi in leaves and roots of Bromus tectorum. In leaves, the communities assembling from the various inoculum sources were not significantly different from each other and, in roots, they were only slightly different from each other, mainly due to variation in a single fungal OTU, Coprinopsis brunneofibrillosa. Consequently, there was significantly more variation in the structure of the communities of endophytic fungi among the inoculum sources than in the resultant endophytic fungal communities in the leaves and roots of Bromus tectorum. These results are consistent with biotic filtering playing a significant role in endophytic fungal community assembly.}, }
@article {pmid30898613, year = {2019}, author = {Cleveland, CA and Swanepoel, L and Box, EK and De Nicola, A and Yabsley, MJ}, title = {Rickettsia species in ticks collected from wild pigs (Sus scrofa) and Philippine deer (Rusa marianna) on Guam, Marianna Islands, USA.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {194}, number = {}, pages = {89-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.010}, pmid = {30898613}, issn = {1873-6254}, abstract = {The prevalence and diversity of ticks on wildlife species on Guam is understudied, as to date no work has been conducted on the infection of these ticks with Rickettsia (obligate intracellular pathogens that use a variety of ectoparasites as vectors and can cause disease in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife species). The goal of our study was to investigate the presence of Rickettsia species on the island of Guam by testing ticks found on Philippine deer (Rusa marianna) and wild pigs (Sus scrofa). Increasing numbers of these species have led to increased interactions with humans, including hunting, highlighting the importance of studies on vector prevalence and associated zoonotic pathogens. In this study, ticks were removed from Philippine deer and wild pigs in March and April of 2015 and tested for Rickettsia spp. using nested PCR. Overall, a low prevalence of Rickettsia spp. was detected (5.4% (6/112 ticks)). Ticks removed from wild pigs were identified as Amblyomma breviscutatum, one of which was positive for Rickettsia ambylommatis. Ticks recovered from Philippine deer were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus, and five were positive for Rickettsia; two with R. amblyommatis and one with 'Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis', a recently proposed species in the R. felis cluster. The remaining two sequences were short and species classification was not possible. Rickettsia felis is a known zoonotic pathogen in the spotted fever group of Rickettsia and there is evidence that 'C. R. senegalensis' can also cause illness in people. This study confirms the occurrence of Rickettsia in ticks on Guam and highlights the presence of potential human pathogenic species in the R. felis cluster.}, }
@article {pmid30897772, year = {2019}, author = {Willbrand, BN and Pfeiffer, DG}, title = {Brown Rice Vinegar as an Olfactory Field Attractant for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Cherimoya in Maui, Hawaii, with Implications for Attractant Specificity between Species and Estimation of Relative Abundance.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10030080}, pmid = {30897772}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an agricultural pest that has been observed co-infesting soft-skinned fruits with Zaprionus indianus Gupta. The characterization of olfactory preferences by species is a necessary step towards the development of species-specific attractants. Five olfactory attractants were used to survey the populations of two invasive drosophilids in cherimoya in Maui, Hawaii. The attractants used were apple cider vinegar (ACV), brown rice vinegar (BRV), red wine (RW), apple cider vinegar and red wine (ACV+RW; 60/40), and brown rice vinegar and red wine (BRV+RW; 60/40). For D. suzukii, BRV+RW resulted in more captures than BRV, ACV, and RW, while ACV+RW resulted in more captures than ACV. No differences were observed between BRV+RW and ACV+RW. BRV had greater specificity in attracting D. suzukii compared to ACV, ACV+RW, and RW. For Z. indianus, no significant differences were observed in either the mean captures or specificity for any attractant used. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that (1) BRV and BRV+RW are effective field attractants and (2) D. suzukii has unique olfactory preferences compared to non-target drosophilids, while (3) Z. indianus' preferences do not appear to vary from non-target drosophilids, and (4) the accuracy of relative abundance is impacted by the specificity of the attractants.}, }
@article {pmid30895343, year = {2019}, author = {van Riper, CJ and Browning, MHEM and Becker, D and Stewart, W and Suski, CD and Browning, L and Golebie, E}, title = {Correction to: Human-Nature Relationships and Normative Beliefs Influence Behaviors that Reduce the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01149-8}, pmid = {30895343}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {1012211//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; NGRREC-IP2016-25//National Great Rivers Research &amp; Education Center/ ; NGRREC-IP2016-2//National Great Rivers Research and Education Center/ ; }, abstract = {The original article was published with few incorrect contexts.}, }
@article {pmid30891210, year = {2019}, author = {Furlan-Murari, PJ and Ruas, CF and Ruas, EA and Benício, LM and Urrea-Rojas, AM and Poveda-Parra, AR and Murari, E and de Lima, ECS and de Souza, FP and Lopera-Barrero, NM}, title = {Structure and genetic variability of golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) populations from Brazilian reservoirs.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {2706-2714}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4941}, pmid = {30891210}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei a highly invasive species in Brazil, has generated productive, economical, and biological impacts. To evaluate genetic structure and variability of L. fortunei populations present in fish farms in the reservoirs of Canoas I (CANFF), Rosana (ROSFF), and Capivara (CAPFF) (Paranapanema River, Paraná, Brazil), eight microsatellite loci were amplified. Five of those eight loci resulted in 38 alleles. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) was lower than the expected heterozygosity (He) in all populations, with a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The average value for the inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was positive and significative for all populations. There was higher genetic variability within populations than among them. The fixation index (Fst) showed a small genetic variability among these populations. The occurrence of gene flow was identified in all populations, along with the lack of a recent bottleneck effect. The clustering analysis yielded K = 2, with genetic similarity between the three populations. The results demonstrate low genetic structure and suggest a founding population with greater genetic variability (ROSFF). Our data point to the possible dispersal of L. fortunei aided by anthropic factors in the upstream direction. It was concluded that the three populations presented a unique genetic pool for Paranapanema River, with occurrence of gene flow.}, }
@article {pmid30887614, year = {2019}, author = {Bishop, TR and Parr, CL and Gibb, H and van Rensburg, BJ and Braschler, B and Chown, SL and Foord, SH and Lamy, K and Munyai, TC and Okey, I and Tshivhandekano, PG and Werenkraut, V and Robertson, MP}, title = {Thermoregulatory traits combine with range shifts to alter the future of montane ant assemblages.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14622}, pmid = {30887614}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DP120100781//Australian Research Council/ ; //University of Pretoria/ ; //Leverhulme Trust/ ; //NERC/ ; //DST-NRF CIB/ ; }, abstract = {Predicting and understanding the biological response to future climate change is a pressing challenge for humanity. In the 21st century, many species will move into higher latitudes and higher elevations as the climate warms. In addition, the relative abundances of species within local assemblages are likely to change. Both effects have implications for how ecosystems function. Few biodiversity forecasts, however, take account of both shifting ranges and changing abundances. We provide a novel analysis predicting the potential changes to assemblage-level relative abundances in the 21st century. We use an established relationship linking ant abundance and their colour and size traits to temperature and UV-B to predict future abundance changes. We also predict future temperature driven range shifts and use these to alter the available species pool for our trait-mediated abundance predictions. We do this across three continents under a low greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and a business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5). Under RCP2.6, predicted changes to ant assemblages by 2100 are moderate. On average, species richness will increase by 26%, while species composition and relative abundance structure will be 26% and 30% different, respectively, compared with modern assemblages. Under RCP8.5, however, highland assemblages face almost a tripling of species richness and compositional and relative abundance changes of 66% and 77%. Critically, we predict that future assemblages could be reorganized in terms of which species are common and which are rare: future highland assemblages will not simply comprise upslope shifts of modern lowland assemblages. These forecasts reveal the potential for radical change to montane ant assemblages by the end of the 21st century if temperature increases continue. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating trait-environment relationships into future biodiversity predictions. Looking forward, the major challenge is to understand how ecosystem processes will respond to compositional and relative abundance changes.}, }
@article {pmid30886030, year = {2019}, author = {Plasman, M and McCue, MD and Reynoso, VH and Terblanche, JS and Clusella-Trullas, S}, title = {Environmental temperature alters the overall digestive energetics and differentially affects dietary protein and lipid use in a lizard.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.194480}, pmid = {30886030}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Processing food (e.g. ingestion, digestion, assimilation) requires energy referred to as specific dynamic action (SDA) and is at least partially fuelled by oxidation of the nutrients (e.g. proteins and lipids) within the recently ingested meal. In ectotherms, environmental temperature can affect the magnitude and/or duration of the SDA, but is likely to also alter the mixture of nutrients that are oxidized to cover these costs. Here, we examined metabolic rate, gut passage time, assimilation efficiency and fuel use in the lizard Agama atra digesting cricket meals at three ecologically relevant temperatures (20, 25 and 32°C). Crickets were isotopically enriched with 13C-leucine or 13C-palmitic-acid tracers to distinguish between protein and lipid oxidation, respectively. Our results show that higher temperatures increased the magnitude of the SDA peak (by 318% between 32 and 20°C) and gut passage rate (63%), and decreased the duration of the SDA response (by 20% for males and 48% for females). Peak rate of dietary protein oxidation occurred sooner than peak lipid oxidation at all temperatures (70, 60 and 31 h earlier for 20, 25 and 32°C, respectively). Assimilation efficiency of proteins, but not lipids, was positively related to temperature. Interestingly, the SDA response exhibited a notable circadian rhythm. These results show that temperature has a pronounced effect on digestive energetics in A.atra, and that this effect differs between nutrient classes. Variation in environmental temperatures may thus alter the energy budget and nutrient reserves of these animals.}, }
@article {pmid30883552, year = {2019}, author = {Tedjou, AN and Kamgang, B and Yougang, AP and Njiokou, F and Wondji, CS}, title = {Update on the geographical distribution and prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), two major arbovirus vectors in Cameroon.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0007137}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007137}, pmid = {30883552}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Arboviral diseases including dengue are increasingly spreading in the tropical/subtropical world including Africa. Updated knowledge on the distribution and abundance of the major vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus constitutes crucial surveillance action to prepare African countries such as Cameroon for potential arbovirus outbreaks. Here, we present a nationwide survey in Cameroon to assess the current geographical distribution and prevalence of both vectors including a genetic diversity profiling of Ae. albopictus (invasive species) using mitochondrial DNA.<br><br>METHODS: Immature stages of Aedes were collected between March and August 2017 in 29 localities across Cameroon following north-south and east-west transects. Larvae and pupae were collected from several containers in each location, reared to adult and morphologically identified. Genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus from 16 locations were analysed using Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI).<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 30,381 immature stages of Aedes with an average of 646.40±414.21 per location were identified across the country comprising 69.3% of Ae. albopictus and 30.7% of Ae. aegypti. Analysis revealed that Ae. aegypti is still distributed nation widely whereas Ae. albopictus is limited to the southern part, around 6°4'N. However, Ae. albopictus is the most prevalent species in all southern locations where both species are sympatric except in Douala where Ae. aegypti is predominant. This suggests that factors such as climate, vegetation, and building density impact the distribution of both species in Cameroon. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed a low genetic diversity in Ae. albopictus populations with a major common haplotype resulting in low haplotype diversity ranging from 0.13 to 0.65 and 0.35 for the total sample. Similarly, low nucleotide diversity was also reported varying from 0.0000 to 0.0017 with an overall index of 0.0008. This low genetic polymorphism is consistent with the recent introduction of Ae. albopictus in Cameroon.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This updated distribution of arbovirus vectors across Cameroon will help in planning vector control programme against possible outbreak of arbovirus related diseases in the country.}, }
@article {pmid30881766, year = {2019}, author = {Ye, XQ and Meng, JL and Wu, M}, title = {The effects of Solidago canadensis water extracts on maize seedling growth in association with the biomass allocation pattern.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6564}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6564}, pmid = {30881766}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: Solidago canadensis L. is an aggressive exotic plant species in China that has potential allelopathic effects on competing plant species. Effects of hormesis are frequently observed in studies of allelopathy; however, the mechanisms of such effects need to be elucidated. Allelopathic compounds may affect the growth of recipient plants via alteration of biomass allocation patterns or photosynthetic capacity. The aim of this study was to determine how water extracts from S. canadensis affected the shoot and root growth of recipient plants and whether the underlying mechanism was related to the biomass allocation pattern or photosynthetic gas exchange capacity.<br><br>Methods: The water extracts from S. canadensis shoots at 12 different concentrations in the range of 0-0.25 g/ml were applied thrice in 9 days to maize seedlings cultivated in silica sand. The growth (shoot height, leaf length and area and root length) and biomass accumulation and allocation (specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf mass ratio (LMR)) were compared among maize seedlings exposed to different treatment concentrations. Gas exchange (photosynthetic light response curve) was measured and compared among maize seedlings exposed to three concentrations of water extract (0, 0.0125 and 0.2 g/ml) before and after the first application, and seedling growth was measured after the third and final application.<br><br>Results: The growth of seedlings (shoot height, leaf length and area and root length) was promoted at concentrations below 0.125 g/ml and inhibited at concentrations above this level (P < 0.05). The pattern of change in biomass accumulation and allocation was similar to that of shoot growth, but biomass accumulation and allocation was not significantly affected by the water extract treatments (P > 0.05). The water extract treatments did not significantly affect the photosynthetic capacity (P > 0.05), but the dark respiration rate was higher in the low-dose treatment than that in the high-dose treatment. Shoot height was positively correlated with the biomass allocation indicators SLA and LAR (P < 0.05) but not with LMR (P > 0.05).<br><br>Conclusions: The results suggested that the effects of the water extracts from S. canadensis were highly dependent on the concentration, with the growth of maize seedlings promoted at low concentrations of water extracts. The effects of the water extracts on the growth of maize seedlings were mainly due to the effects on the LAR, the allocation to leaf area growth, whereas the effects of the water extracts on leaf gas exchange capacity cannot explain variation of seedling growth. Thus, the stimulation of plant growth was very likely due to increased biomass allocation towards the shoot.}, }
@article {pmid30880834, year = {2019}, author = {Bradbeer, SJ and Harrington, J and Watson, H and Warraich, A and Shechonge, A and Smith, A and Tamatamah, R and Ngatunga, BP and Turner, GF and Genner, MJ}, title = {Limited hybridization between introduced and Critically Endangered indigenous tilapia fishes in northern Tanzania.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {832}, number = {1}, pages = {257-268}, doi = {10.1007/s10750-018-3572-5}, pmid = {30880834}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {Hybridization between introduced and indigenous species can lead to loss of unique genetic resources and precipitate extinction. In Tanzania, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and blue-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus) have been widely introduced to non-native habitats for aquaculture and development of capture fisheries. Here, we aimed to quantify interspecific hybridization between these introduced species and the indigenous species Oreochromis esculentus, Oreochromis jipe and Oreochromis korogwe. In the Pangani basin, several hybrids were observed (O. niloticus × O. jipe, O. leucostictus × O. jipe, O. niloticus × O. korogwe), although hybrids were relatively uncommon within samples relative to purebreds. Hybrids between the native O. jipe × O. korogwe were also observed. In the Lake Victoria basin, no evidence of hybrids was found. Analysis of body shape using geometric morphometrics suggested that although purebreds could be discriminated from one another, hybrids could not be readily identified on body and head shape alone. These results provide the first evidence of hybridization between the introduced species and the Critically Endangered O. jipe in Tanzania. Given uncertainty regarding benefits of introduced species over large-bodied indigenous species in aquaculture and capture fisheries, we suggest that future introductions of hybridization-prone species should be carefully evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid30880833, year = {2019}, author = {Shechonge, A and Ngatunga, BP and Bradbeer, SJ and Day, JJ and Freer, JJ and Ford, AGP and Kihedu, J and Richmond, T and Mzighani, S and Smith, AM and Sweke, EA and Tamatamah, R and Tyers, AM and Turner, GF and Genner, MJ}, title = {Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction.}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {832}, number = {1}, pages = {235-253}, doi = {10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9}, pmid = {30880833}, issn = {0018-8158}, abstract = {From the 1950s onwards, programmes to promote aquaculture and improve capture fisheries in East Africa have relied heavily on the promise held by introduced species. In Tanzania these introductions have been poorly documented. Here we report the findings of surveys of inland water bodies across Tanzania between 2011 and 2017 that clarify distributions of tilapiine cichlids of the genus Oreochromis. We identified Oreochromis from 123 sampling locations, including 14 taxa restricted to their native range and three species that have established populations beyond their native range. Of these three species, the only exotic species found was blue-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus), while Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Singida tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus), which are both naturally found within the country of Tanzania, have been translocated beyond their native range. Using our records, we developed models of suitable habitat for the introduced species based on recent (1960-1990) and projected (2050, 2070) East African climate. These models indicated that presence of suitable habitat for these introduced species will persist and potentially expand across the region. The clarification of distributions provided here can help inform the monitoring and management of biodiversity, and inform policy related to the future role of introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture.}, }
@article {pmid30872891, year = {2019}, author = {Bartlett, J and Convey, P and Hayward, SAL}, title = {Not so free range? Oviposition microhabitat and egg clustering affects Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera: Chironomidae) reproductive success.}, journal = {Polar biology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {271-284}, doi = {10.1007/s00300-018-2420-4}, pmid = {30872891}, issn = {0722-4060}, abstract = {Understanding the physiology of non-native species in Antarctica is key to elucidating their ability to colonise an area, and how they may respond to changes in climate. Eretmoptera murphyi is a chironomid midge introduced to Signy Island (Maritime Antarctic) from South Georgia (Sub-Antarctic) where it is endemic. Here, we explore the tolerance of this species' egg masses to heat and desiccation stress encountered within two different oviposition microhabitats (ground surface vegetation and underlying soil layer). Our data show that, whilst oviposition takes place in both substrates, egg sacs laid individually in soil are at the greatest risk of failing to hatch, whilst those aggregated in the surface vegetation have the lowest risk. The two microhabitats are characterised by significantly different environmental conditions, with greater temperature fluctuations in the surface vegetation, but lower humidity (%RH) and available water content in the soil. Egg sacs were not desiccation resistant and lost water rapidly, with prolonged exposure to 75% RH affecting survival for eggs in singly oviposited egg sacs. In contrast, aggregated egg sacs (n = 10) experienced much lower desiccation rates and survival of eggs remained above 50% in all treatments. Eggs had high heat tolerance in the context of the current microhabitat conditions on Signy. We suggest that the atypical (for this family) use of egg sac aggregation in E. murphyi has developed as a response to environmental stress. Current temperature patterns and extremes on Signy Island are unlikely to affect egg survival, but changes in the frequency and duration of extreme events could be a greater challenge.}, }
@article {pmid30872734, year = {2019}, author = {Lenancker, P and Hoffmann, BD and Tay, WT and Lach, L}, title = {Strategies of the invasive tropical fire ant (Solenopsis geminata) to minimize inbreeding costs.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4566}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-41031-5}, pmid = {30872734}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {How invasive species overcome challenges associated with low genetic diversity is unclear. Invasive ant populations with low genetic diversity sometimes produce sterile diploid males, which do not contribute to colony labour or reproductive output. We investigated how inbreeding affects colony founding and potential strategies to overcome its effects in the invasive tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata. Our genetic analyses of field samples revealed that 13-100% of males per colony (n = 8 males per 10 colonies) were diploid, and that all newly mated queens (n = 40) were single-mated. Our laboratory experiment in which we assigned newly mated queens to nests consisting of 1, 2, 3, or 5 queens (n = 95 ± 9 replicates) revealed that pleometrosis (queens founding their nest together) and diploid male larvae execution can compensate for diploid male load. The proportion of diploid male producing (DMP) colonies was 22.4%, and DMP colonies produced fewer pupae and adult workers than non-DMP colonies. Pleometrosis significantly increased colony size. Queens executed their diploid male larvae in 43.5% of the DMP colonies, and we hypothesize that cannibalism benefits incipient colonies because queens can redirect nutrients to worker brood. Pleometrosis and cannibalism of diploid male larvae represent strategies through which invasive ants can successfully establish despite high inbreeding.}, }
@article {pmid30871595, year = {2019}, author = {Kerkow, A and Wieland, R and Koban, MB and Hölker, F and Jeschke, JM and Werner, D and Kampen, H}, title = {What makes the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus feel comfortable in Germany? A fuzzy modelling approach.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {106}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3368-0}, pmid = {30871595}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2819105315//Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft/ ; JE 288/9-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Germany ; Introduced Species ; Logistic Models ; Machine Learning ; Mosquito Vectors/*physiology ; Wind ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is an invasive species native to East Asia and has become established in North America and Europe. On both continents, the species has spread over wide areas. Since it is a potential vector of human and livestock pathogens, distribution and dissemination maps are urgently needed to implement targeted surveillance and control in case of disease outbreaks. Previous distribution models for Europe and Germany in particular focused on climate data. Until now, effects of other environmental variables such as land use and wind remained unconsidered.<br><br>RESULTS: In order to better explain the distribution pattern of Ae. j. japonicus in Germany at a regional level, we have developed a nested approach that allows for the combination of data derived from (i) a climate model based on a machine-learning approach; (ii) a landscape model developed by means of ecological expert knowledge; and (iii) wind speed data. The approach is based on the fuzzy modelling technique that enables to precisely define the interactions between the three factors and additionally considers uncertainties with regard to the acceptance of certain environmental conditions. The model combines different spatial resolutions of data for Germany and achieves a much higher degree of accuracy than previous published distribution models. Our results reveal that a well-suited landscape structure can even facilitate the occurrence of Ae. j. japonicus in a climatically unsuitable region. Vice versa, unsuitable land use types such as agricultural landscapes and coniferous forests reduce the occurrence probability in climatically suitable regions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The approach has significantly improved existing distribution models of Ae. j. japonicus for the area of Germany. We generated distribution maps with a resolution of 100 × 100 m that can serve as a basis for the design of control measures. All model input data and scripts are open source and freely available, so that the model can easily be applied to other countries or, more generally, to other species.}, }
@article {pmid30871592, year = {2019}, author = {Koban, MB and Kampen, H and Scheuch, DE and Frueh, L and Kuhlisch, C and Janssen, N and Steidle, JLM and Schaub, GA and Werner, D}, title = {The Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Europe, 17 years after its first detection, with a focus on monitoring methods.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {109}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3349-3}, pmid = {30871592}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {1362/1-982//Robert Koch Institute/ ; 2810HS022//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; 2819104115//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; 2819104615//German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/classification/*physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Europe/epidemiology ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {After the first detection of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus in the year 2000 in France, its invasive nature was revealed in 2008 in Switzerland and Germany. In the following years, accumulating reports have shown that Ae. j. japonicus succeeded in establishing in several European countries. Surveillance efforts suggest that there are currently four populations in Europe, with the largest one, formed by the recent fusion of several smaller populations, ranging from West Germany, with extensions to Luxembourg and French Alsace, southwards to Switzerland and continuing westwards through Liechtenstein to western Austria. This paper summarises the present distribution of Ae. j. japonicus in Europe, based on published literature and hitherto unpublished findings by the authors, and critically reviews the monitoring strategies applied. A proposal for a more standardised monitoring approach is provided, aiming at the harmonisation of future data collections for improving the comparability between studies and the suitability of collected data for further research purposes, e.g. predictive modelling approaches.}, }
@article {pmid30868165, year = {2019}, author = {Mandáková, T and Zozomová-Lihová, J and Kudoh, H and Zhao, Y and Lysak, MA and Marhold, K}, title = {The story of promiscuous crucifers: origin and genome evolution of an invasive species, Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae), and its relatives.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz019}, pmid = {30868165}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardamine occulta (Brassicaceae) is an octoploid weedy species (2n = 8x = 64) originated in Eastern Asia. It has been introduced to other continents including Europe and considered to be an invasive species. Despite its wide distribution, the polyploid origin of C. occulta remained unexplored. The feasibility of comparative chromosome painting (CCP) in crucifers allowed us to elucidate the origin and genome evolution in Cardamine species. We aimed to investigate the genome structure of C. occulta in comparison with its tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32, C. kokaiensis and C. scutata) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 64, C. dentipetala) relatives.<br><br>METHODS: Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and large-scale CCP were applied to uncover the parental genomes and chromosome composition of the investigated Cardamine species.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: All investigated species descended from a common ancestral Cardamine genome (n = 8), structurally resembling the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (n = 8), but differentiated by a translocation between chromosomes AK6 and AK8. Allotetraploid C. scutata originated by hybridization between two diploid species, C. parviflora and C. amara (2n = 2x = 16). By contrast, C. kokaiensis has an autotetraploid origin from a parental genome related to C. parviflora. Interestingly, octoploid C. occulta probably originated through hybridization between the tetraploids C. scutata and C. kokaiensis. The octoploid genome of C. dentipetala probably originated from C. scutata via autopolyploidization. Except for five species-specific centromere repositionings and one pericentric inversion post-dating the polyploidization events, the parental subgenomes remained stable in the tetra- and octoploids.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Comparative genome structure, origin and evolutionary history was reconstructed in C. occulta and related species. For the first time, whole-genome cytogenomic maps were established for octoploid plants. Post-polyploid evolution in Asian Cardamine polyploids has not been associated with descending dysploidy and intergenomic rearrangements. The combination of different parental (sub)genomes adapted to distinct habitats provides an evolutionary advantage to newly formed polyploids by occupying new ecological niches.}, }
@article {pmid30866822, year = {2019}, author = {Lee, Y and Schmidt, H and Collier, TC and Conner, WR and Hanemaaijer, MJ and Slatkin, M and Marshall, JM and Chiu, JC and Smartt, CT and Lanzaro, GC and Mulligan, FS and Cornel, AJ}, title = {Genome-wide divergence among invasive populations of Aedes aegypti in California.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {204}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5586-4}, pmid = {30866822}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {U01CK000516//ACL HHS/United States ; HR0011-17-2-0047//Defense Sciences Office, DARPA/ ; 1U01CK000516//Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the summer of 2013, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus was first detected in three cities in central California (Clovis, Madera and Menlo Park). It has now been detected in multiple locations in central and southern CA as far south as San Diego and Imperial Counties. A number of published reports suggest that CA populations have been established from multiple independent introductions.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we report the first population genomics analyses of Ae. aegypti based on individual, field collected whole genome sequences. We analyzed 46 Ae. aegypti genomes to establish genetic relationships among populations from sites in California, Florida and South Africa. Based on 4.65 million high quality biallelic SNPs, we identified 3 major genetic clusters within California; one that includes all sample sites in the southern part of the state (South of Tehachapi mountain range) plus the town of Exeter in central California and two additional clusters in central California.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A lack of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genealogies suggests that the three founding populations were polymorphic for two main mitochondrial haplotypes prior to being introduced to California. One of these has been lost in the Clovis populations, possibly by a founder effect. Genome-wide comparisons indicate extensive differentiation between genetic clusters. Our observations support recent introductions of Ae. aegypti into California from multiple, genetically diverged source populations. Our data reveal signs of hybridization among diverged populations within CA. Genetic markers identified in this study will be of great value in pursuing classical population genetic studies which require larger sample sizes.}, }
@article {pmid30865637, year = {2019}, author = {Urquía, D and Gutierrez, B and Pozo, G and Pozo, MJ and Espín, A and Torres, ML}, title = {Psidium guajava in the Galapagos Islands: Population genetics and history of an invasive species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0203737}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0203737}, pmid = {30865637}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The threat of invasive plant species in island populations prompts the need to better understand their population genetics and dynamics. In the Galapagos islands, this is exemplified by the introduced guava (Psidium guajava), considered one of the greatest threats to the local biodiversity due to its effective spread in the archipelago and its ability to outcompete endemic species. To better understand its history and genetics, we analyzed individuals from three inhabited islands in the Galapagos archipelago with 11 SSR markers. Our results reveal similar genetic diversity between islands, and the populations appear to be distinct: the islands of San Cristobal and Isabela are genetically different while the population of Santa Cruz is a mixture from both. Additional evidence for genetic bottlenecks and the inference of introduction events suggests an original introduction of the species in San Cristobal, from where it was later introduced to Isabela, and finally into Santa Cruz. Alternatively, a second introduction in Isabela might have occurred. These results are contrasted with the historical record, providing a first overview of the history of P. guajava in the Galapagos islands and its current population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid30862749, year = {2019}, author = {Dale, AL and Feau, N and Everhart, SE and Dhillon, B and Wong, B and Sheppard, J and Bilodeau, GJ and Brar, A and Tabima, JF and Shen, D and Brasier, CM and Tyler, BM and Grünwald, NJ and Hamelin, RC}, title = {Mitotic Recombination and Rapid Genome Evolution in the Invasive Forest Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/mBio.02452-18}, pmid = {30862749}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Invasive alien species often have reduced genetic diversity and must adapt to new environments. Given the success of many invasions, this is sometimes called the genetic paradox of invasion. Phytophthora ramorum is invasive, limited to asexual reproduction within four lineages, and presumed clonal. It is responsible for sudden oak death in the United States, sudden larch death in Europe, and ramorum blight in North America and Europe. We sequenced the genomes of 107 isolates to determine how this pathogen can overcome the invasion paradox. Mitotic recombination (MR) associated with transposons and low gene density has generated runs of homozygosity (ROH) affecting 2,698 genes, resulting in novel genotypic diversity within the lineages. One ROH enriched in effectors was fixed in the NA1 lineage. An independent ROH affected the same scaffold in the EU1 lineage, suggesting an MR hot spot and a selection target. Differences in host infection between EU1 isolates with and without the ROH suggest that they may differ in aggressiveness. Non-core regions (not shared by all lineages) had signatures of accelerated evolution and were enriched in putative pathogenicity genes and transposons. There was a striking pattern of gene loss, including all effectors, in the non-core EU2 genome. Positive selection was observed in 8.0% of RxLR and 18.8% of Crinkler effector genes compared with 0.9% of the core eukaryotic gene set. We conclude that the P. ramorum lineages are diverging via a rapidly evolving non-core genome and that the invasive asexual lineages are not clonal, but display genotypic diversity caused by MR.IMPORTANCE Alien species are often successful invaders in new environments, despite the introduction of a few isolates with a reduced genetic pool. This is called the genetic paradox of invasion. We found two mechanisms by which the invasive forest pathogen causing sudden oak and sudden larch death can evolve. Extensive mitotic recombination producing runs of homozygosity generates genotypic diversity even in the absence of sexual reproduction, and rapid turnover of genes in the non-core, or nonessential portion of genome not shared by all isolates, allows pathogenicity genes to evolve rapidly or be eliminated while retaining essential genes. Mitotic recombination events occur in genomic hot spots, resulting in similar ROH patterns in different isolates or groups; one ROH, independently generated in two different groups, was enriched in pathogenicity genes and may be a target for selection. This provides important insights into the evolution of invasive alien pathogens and their potential for adaptation and future persistence.}, }
@article {pmid30861108, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, Y and Pennings, SC and Li, B and Wu, J}, title = {Biotic homogenization of wetland nematode communities by exotic Spartina alterniflora in China.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {e02596}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2596}, pmid = {30861108}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {2017YFC1200103//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 41630528//NSFC/ ; 41871035//NSFC/ ; OCE12-37140//U.S. National Science Foundation through the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems Long-Term Ecological Research program/ ; }, abstract = {Introduced species may homogenize biotic communities. Whether this homogenization can erase latitudinal patterns of species diversity and composition has not been well studied. We examined this by comparing nematode and microbial communities in stands of native Phragmites australis and exotic Spartina alterniflora in coastal wetlands across 18° of latitude in China. We found clear latitudinal clines in nematode diversity and functional composition, and in microbial composition, for soils collected from native P. australis. These latitudinal patterns were weak or absent for soils collected from nearby stands of the exotic S. alterniflora. Climatic and edaphic variables varied across latitude in similar ways in both community types. In P. australis there were strong correlations between community structure and environmental variables, whereas in S. alterniflora these correlations were weak. These results suggest that the invasion of S. alterniflora into the Chinese coastal wetlands has caused profound biotic homogenization of soil communities across latitude. We speculate that the variation in P. australis nematode and microbial communities across latitude is primarily driven by geographic variation in plant traits, but that such variation in plant traits is largely lacking for the recently introduced exotic S. alterniflora. These results indicate that widespread exotic species can homogenize nematode communities at large spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid30858578, year = {2019}, author = {Wen, B}, title = {Seed germination ecology of Alexandra palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) and its implication on invasiveness.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4057}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40733-0}, pmid = {30858578}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {31170626//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are occurring worldwide, causing enormous economic and ecological damage. Early detection and prediction of invasiveness are the most effective measures to reduce its damage. The Alexandra palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) is a prolific seeder and an alien species widely planted in tropical China. To help understand the invasion risks posed by this species, lab and field experiments on seed germination were conducted. Results show that the seeds only germinate within a temperature range of 20-30 °C and are sensitive to desiccation and high temperature, with seedling inhibition at 35 °C and -0.8 MPa. Complete viability loss was observed after desiccation to water content of 0.17-0.21 g/g or heat treatment for 30 minutes at 60 °C and above. However, appropriate habitats such as the rainforest understory, forest gaps, forest edges, and a rubber plantation are present in Xishuangbanna. Seeds are also frequently consumed by animals; therefore, there is a high potential for Alexandra palm to become an invasive species in Xishuangbanna. Currently, the main barrier to invasion in Xishuangbanna is likely to be the need for seed dispersal into suitable moist, partly shaded, habitats. Understanding the requirements for germination of the Alexandra palm can better inform management strategies for the control of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30858442, year = {2019}, author = {O'Loughlin, LS and Gooden, B and Foster, CN and MacGregor, CI and Catford, JA and Lindenmayer, DB}, title = {Invasive shrub re-establishment following management has contrasting effects on biodiversity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {4083}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40654-y}, pmid = {30858442}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Effective control of an invasive species is frequently used to infer positive outcomes for the broader ecosystem. In many situations, whether the removal of an invasive plant is of net benefit to biodiversity is poorly assessed. We undertook a 10-year study on the effects of invasive shrub management (bitou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) on native flora and fauna in a eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia. Bitou bush eradication is a management priority, yet the optimal control regime (combination of herbicide spray and fire) is difficult to implement, meaning managed sites have complex management histories that vary in effectiveness of control. Here we test the long-term response of common biodiversity indicators (species richness, abundance and diversity of native plants, birds, herpetofauna and small mammals) to both the management, and the post-management status of bitou bush (% cover). While average bitou bush cover decreased with management, bitou bush consistently occurred at around half of our managed sites despite control efforts. The relationship between biodiversity and bitou bush cover following management differed from positive, neutral or negative among species groups and indicators. Native plant cover was lower under higher levels of bitou bush cover, but the abundance of birds and small mammals were positively related to bitou bush cover. Evidence suggests that the successful control of an invader may not necessarily result in beneficial outcomes for all components of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid30854793, year = {2019}, author = {Bajwa, AA and Wang, H and Chauhan, BS and Adkins, SW}, title = {Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on growth, productivity and glyphosate response of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.).}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5403}, pmid = {30854793}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Australian Government/ ; //The University of Queensland, Australia/ ; //Research Training Program/ ; //UQ Centennial Scholarships/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The rise in atmospheric CO2 has huge impacts on the biology and management of invasive weed species such as Parthenium hysterophorus. This study evaluated the effect of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) CO2 concentrations on P. hysterophorus growth, reproductive output and response to glyphosate applied at several doses including the recommended dose (800 g a.e. ha-1).<br><br>RESULTS: The plants in control treatment (no herbicide) grew taller (41%), produced a larger number of leaves (13%) and flowers (39%), and higher dry biomass (34%) at elevated CO2 as compared to the ambient CO2 . Glyphosate caused significant reduction in chlorophyll content of P. hysterophorus plants grown at both CO2 concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage herbicide injury was relatively less at elevated CO2 as compared to the ambient CO2 at 7 and 14 days after glyphosate application but it was almost similar at 21 days after application. This shows that elevated CO2 might have slowed the translocation of glyphosate initially, but most plants were killed eventually close to 21 days after application. The survival rate was higher under elevated as compared to the ambient CO2 at recommended and lower doses of glyphosate. There was a negligible difference between the two CO2 concentrations for the plant dry biomass reduction over the control treatment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: P. hysterophorus growth and reproductive potential (indicated by number of flowers) improved significantly by CO2 enrichment but there was little effect on the overall efficacy of glyphosate applied to control this species. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30854759, year = {2019}, author = {Venegas-Li, R and Levin, N and Morales-Barquero, L and Kaschner, K and Garilao, C and Kark, S}, title = {Global assessment of marine biodiversity potentially threatened by offshore hydrocarbon activities.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14616}, pmid = {30854759}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Australian Research Council/ ; //Costa Rican Ministry of Science, Technology and Telecommunications/ ; Z 1.2-532 02//Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety/ ; /2015/7//Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety/ ; }, abstract = {Increasing global energy demands have led to the ongoing intensification of hydrocarbon extraction from marine areas. Hydrocarbon extractive activities pose threats to native marine biodiversity, such as noise, light, and chemical pollution, physical changes to the sea floor, invasive species, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we assessed at a global scale the spatial overlap between offshore hydrocarbon activities and marine biodiversity (>25,000 species, nine major ecosystems, and marine protected areas), and quantify the changes over time. We discovered that two-thirds of global offshore hydrocarbon activities occur in areas within the top 10% for species richness, range rarity, and proportional range rarity values globally. Thus, while hydrocarbon activities are undertaken in less than one percent of the ocean's area, they overlap with approximately 85% of all assessed species. Of conservation concern, 4% of species with the largest proportion of their range overlapping hydrocarbon activities are range restricted, potentially increasing their vulnerability to localized threats such as oil spills. While hydrocarbon activities have extended to greater depths since the mid-1990s, we found that the largest overlap is with coastal ecosystems, particularly estuaries, saltmarshes and mangroves. Furthermore, in most countries where offshore hydrocarbon exploration licensing blocks have been delineated, they do not overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs). Although this is positive in principle, many countries have far more licensing block areas than protected areas, and in some instances, MPA coverage is minimal. These findings suggest the need for marine spatial prioritization to help limit future spatial overlap between marine conservation priorities and hydrocarbon activities. Such prioritization can be informed by the spatial and quantitative baseline information provided here. In increasingly shared seascapes, prioritizing management actions that set both conservation and development targets could help minimize further declines of biodiversity and environmental changes at a global scale.}, }
@article {pmid30854636, year = {2019}, author = {Mahon, MB and Crist, TO}, title = {Invasive earthworm and soil litter response to the experimental removal of white-tailed deer and an invasive shrub.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02688}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2688}, pmid = {30854636}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Ohio Biological Survey/ ; //Miami University/ ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have shown that complex species interactions can regulate above- and belowground processes in terrestrial systems. Ungulate herbivory and invasive species are known to have strong effects on plant communities in some systems, but their impacts on soil biota and belowground processes are lesser known. Growing evidence suggests white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and invasive plants facilitate increased abundance of exotic earthworms in temperate forests of the eastern United States. We conducted an experimental study that manipulated deer access and the presence of an invasive understory shrub in an eastern deciduous forest of southwestern Ohio, USA, from 2013 to 2017. Earthworm density and biomass, and standing litter biomass were measured in five paired deer access and exclosure plots, each with a split-plot removal of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Earthworm density declined in response to the experimental exclusion of deer, with earthworm density decreasing over time in the deer exclosure plots relative to deer access plots. Deer exclusion produced greater variation in earthworm species composition relative to access plots. Multivariate analyses indicated that larger earthworms in the genus Lumbricus were associated with deer exclosure plots, while smaller endogeic species were ubiquitous in both treatments. Standing litter biomass decreased over time in the deer-access plots. In contrast, honeysuckle removal had little effect on earthworm density and standing litter biomass. There was an interaction between deer and honeysuckle treatments on earthworm biomass, with honeysuckle removal reducing earthworm biomass when deer were excluded. Our results demonstrate strong effects of herbivores on invasive earthworms and ecosystem processes, but indicate a weaker influence of invasive shrubs. Further, our findings suggest that the effects of deer overabundance in forest ecosystems are potentially reversible with long-term intervention.}, }
@article {pmid30852662, year = {2019}, author = {Magliozzi, L and Maselli, V and Almada, F and Di Cosmo, A and Mollo, E and Polese, G}, title = {Effect of the algal alkaloid caulerpin on neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) of Diplodus sargus.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-019-01322-8}, pmid = {30852662}, issn = {1432-1351}, support = {BIO/02LAU/2015/POR//Regione Campania/ ; UID/MAR/04292/2013//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have suggested that Mediterranean indigenous fish species are affected by bioactive metabolites coming from marine invasive species via food web interactions. In particular, both physiological and behavioural changes in the white sea bream Diplodus sargus were related to caulerpin (CAU), a bisindolic alkaloid particularly abundant in the invasive alga Caulerpa cylindracea, on which the fish actively feed. Dietary administration of CAU decreased aggressiveness in D. sargus, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect of CAU possibly mediated by endogenous anxiolytic agents. This hypothesis is supported here by the finding of a significant increase of NPY transcriptional expression in the brain of fish fed with CAU enriched food, shedding more light on the neural mechanisms behind the altered behaviour of D. sargus.}, }
@article {pmid30852410, year = {2019}, author = {Pais-Costa, AJ and Varó, I and Martinez-Haro, M and Vinagre, PA and Green, AJ and Hortas, F and Marques, JC and Sánchez, MI}, title = {Life history and physiological responses of native and invasive brine shrimps exposed to zinc.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {210}, number = {}, pages = {148-157}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.023}, pmid = {30852410}, issn = {1879-1514}, abstract = {Although a substantial amount of research exists on pollution and biological invasions, there is a paucity of understanding of how both factors interact. Most studies show that pollution favours the establishment of invasive species, but pollution may also promote local adaptation of native species and prevent the establishment of new incomers. However, evidence for this is extremely limited because most studies focus on successful invasions and very few on cases where an invasion has been resisted. Here we provide evidence of local adaptation of native species to pollution combining life history and physiological data. We focused on the invasion of the North American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, which is causing a dramatic biodiversity loss in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide, and one of the last native Artemia populations in SW Europe (A. parthenogenetica from the historically polluted Odiel estuary, SW Spain). Life table response experiments were carried out in the laboratory to compare the demographic responses of A. parthenogenetica and a nearby A. franciscana population to long-term Zn exposure (0.2 mg L-1). We also evaluated oxidative stress by measuring antioxidant defences (catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). A high concentration of Zn induced strong mortality in A. franciscana, which also showed high levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting relatively poor physiological resistance to pollution compared with A. parthenogenetica. The age at maturity was shorter in A. parthenogenetica, which may be an adaptation to the naturally high mortality rate observed in the Odiel population. Exposure to Zn accelerated age at first reproduction in A. franciscana but not in A. parthenogenetica. In contrast, Zn had a stimulatory effect on offspring production in A. parthenogenetica,which also showed higher reproductive parameters (number of broods, total offspring and offspring per brood) than A. franciscana. Overall, the results of this study strongly suggest that native Artemia from Odiel estuary is locally adapted (at both, reproductive and physiological levels) to Zn contamination and that A. franciscana is highly sensitive. This is a good example of how pollution may play a role in the persistence of the last native Artemia populations in the Mediterranean.}, }
@article {pmid30852404, year = {2019}, author = {Cheney, C and Esler, KJ and Foxcroft, LC and van Wilgen, NJ}, title = {Scenarios for the management of invasive Acacia species in a protected area: Implications of clearing efficacy.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {238}, number = {}, pages = {274-282}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.112}, pmid = {30852404}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {In many protected areas in South Africa, invasive Australian Acacia species pose on-going management challenges, perpetuating high long-term management costs. Due to limited availability of resources, conservation actions need to be prioritised within and across Protected Areas (PA). We draw on comprehensive datasets spanning over 20 years from the Table Mountain National Park to model long-term outcomes of clearing Acacia species at different levels of management clearing efficacy. We test a 50 year outlook based on current and 38 incremental levels of management efficacy, ranging from 5 to 100%, to assess under which scenarios a management goal of reducing Acacia density to below 1 plant per hectare for the 22,671 ha protected area is achieved. With the current clearing resources and maximum clearing efficacy (100% control), it would take between 32 and 42 years to attain the management goal. The modelling revealed two main drivers of Acacia persistence. Firstly, germination of seeds added to the seedbank from standing plants made a significantly larger contribution to future clearing requirements than fire stimulated seed germination or the existing (pre-management) seedbank. Secondly the relationship between the number of hectares and management units that could be treated and the efficacy of the treatment was non-linear. When clearing efficacy was decreased from 100% to the current project minimum target of 80% efficacy, the goal was not achieved in all areas, but the area that reached a density of <1 plant per hectare was significantly reduced to 53% of the PA for the simulated 50 years. Results emphasize the need to differentiate between increasing financial resources and increasing efficacy. While increasing financial resources allows for increased effort, this is of little value for Acacia management in the absence of an increase in clearing efficacy, as low quality implementation perpetuates the need for large budgets over time. Conversely, improving efficacy allows for decreased budget requirements over time, allowing fund re-direction to additional areas of alien species management such as the early detection and rapid control of newly introduced species.}, }
@article {pmid30851989, year = {2019}, author = {Hui, C and Richardson, DM}, title = {Network Invasion as an Open Dynamical System: Response to Rossberg and Barabás.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.016}, pmid = {30851989}, issn = {1872-8383}, }
@article {pmid30850885, year = {2019}, author = {Richardson, KM and Iverson, JB and Kurle, CM}, title = {Marine subsidies likely cause gigantism of iguanas in the Bahamas.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04366-4}, pmid = {30850885}, issn = {1432-1939}, abstract = {We utilized natural experiment opportunities presented by differential conditions (presence/absence of seabirds and invasive species) on cays in the Bahamas to study whether interisland variations in food resources contributed to gigantism in Allen Cays Rock Iguanas (Cyclura cychlura inornata). We analyzed the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values from iguana tissues and resources from each island food web to test the predictions that (1) food webs on islands with seabirds exhibit the influence of marine subsidies from seabird guano, whereas those from non-seabird islands do not, and (2) size differences in iguanas among cays were due to either (a) supplemental food availability from mice and/or seabird carcasses killed by barn owls (Tyto alba) and/or (b) access to more nutrient-rich vegetation fertilized by seabird guano. Food web components from the seabird island (Allen Cay) had 5-9‰ higher δ15N values than those on the other cays and Allen Cay plants contained nearly two times more nitrogen. Bayesian stable isotope mixing models indicated that C3 plants dominated iguana diets on all islands and showed no evidence for consumption of mice or shearwaters. The iguanas on Allen Cay were ~ 2 times longer (48.3 ± 11.6 cm) and ~ 6 times heavier (5499 ± 2847 g) than iguanas on other cays and this was likely from marine-derived subsidies from seabird guano which caused an increase in nitrogen concentration in the plants and a resultant increase in the δ15N values across the entire food web relative to non-seabird islands.}, }
@article {pmid30850526, year = {2019}, author = {Alexander, JM and Levine, JM}, title = {Earlier phenology of a nonnative plant increases impacts on native competitors.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {13}, pages = {6199-6204}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1820569116}, pmid = {30850526}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Adaptation to climate is expected to increase the performance of invasive species and their community-level impacts. However, while the fitness gains from adaptation should, in general, promote invader competitive ability, empirical demonstrations of this prediction are scarce. Furthermore, climate adaptation, in the form of altered timing of life cycle transitions, should affect the phenological overlap between nonnative and native competitors, with potentially large, but poorly tested, impacts on native species persistence. We evaluated these predictions by growing native California grassland plants in competition with nonnative Lactuca serriola, a species that flowers earlier in parts of its nonnative range that are drier than its putative European source region. In common garden experiments in southern California with L. serriola populations differing in phenology, plants originating from arid climates bolted up to 48 d earlier than plants from more mesic climates, and selection favored early flowering, supporting an adaptive basis for the phenology cline. The per capita competitive effects of L. serriola from early flowering populations on five early flowering native species were greater than the effects of L. serriola from later flowering populations. Consequently, the ability of the native species to increase when rare in competition with L. serriola, as inferred from field-parameterized competition models, declined with earlier L. serriola phenology. Indeed, changes to L. serriola phenology affected whether or not one native species was predicted to persist in competition with L. serriola Our results suggest that evolution in response to new climatic conditions can have important consequences for species interactions, and enhance the impacts of biological invasions on natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid30849200, year = {2019}, author = {Sherpa, S and Blum, MGB and Capblancq, T and Cumer, T and Rioux, D and Després, L}, title = {Unraveling the invasion history of the Asian tiger mosquito in Europe.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15071}, pmid = {30849200}, issn = {1365-294X}, abstract = {Multiple introductions are key features for establishment and persistence of introduced species. However, little is known about the contribution of genetic admixture to the invasive potential of populations. To address this issue, we studied the recent invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito in Europe. Combining genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and historical knowledge using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, we reconstruct the colonization routes and establish the demographic dynamics of invasion. The colonization of Europe involved at least three independent introductions in Albania, North Italy and Central Italy that subsequently acted as dispersal centers throughout Europe. We show that the topology of human transportation networks shaped demographic histories with North Italy and Central Italy being the main dispersal centers in Europe. Introduction modalities conditioned the levels of genetic diversity in invading populations, and genetically diverse and admixed populations promoted more secondary introductions and have spread farther than single-source invasions. This genomic study provides further crucial insights into a general understanding of the role of genetic diversity promoted by modern trade in driving biological invasions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30848502, year = {2019}, author = {Kohl, PA and Brossard, D and Scheufele, DA and Xenos, MA}, title = {Public views about gene editing wildlife for conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13310}, pmid = {30848502}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Developments in CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies have generated a growing number of proposals to gene edit populations of wildlife to meet conservation goals. These include proposals to use wildlife genome editing as a response to the spread of invasive species and other threats to biodiversity. As these proposals attract greater attention, controversies have emerged among scientists and stakeholder groups over potential consequences and ethical implications. Stakeholders on both sides of debates acknowledge that responsible governance cannot be developed without consulting broader publics. Yet little effort has been made to systematically assess public understandings and beliefs in relation to this new area of applied genetic engineering. In this study, we analyze the results of a survey of American adults (n = 1,600) to examine concerns about gene editing wildlife and how those concerns are shaped by cultural dispositions toward science and beliefs about the appropriateness of intervening into nature at the genetic level. On average, people perceived more risk than benefit in using these tools. Large majorities also agreed that gene editing wildlife could be easily used for the wrong purposes. When evaluating the moral acceptability of gene editing wildlife, people evaluate applications to improve survival in endangered wildlife as more morally acceptable than applications to reduce or eliminate a wildlife population. People who tend to more strongly believe in the authority of scientific knowledge expressed more favorable views of the benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of gene editing wildlife. On the other hand, people who tended to think gene editing wildlife inappropriately intervenes in nature expressed more concern about risks and moral acceptability and were more skeptical of the benefits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30847107, year = {2019}, author = {Mu, X and Xu, M and Ricciardi, A and Dick, JTA and Luo, D and Wei, H and Hu, Y and Wei, Q}, title = {The influence of warming on the biogeographic and phylogenetic dependence of herbivore-plant interactions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {2231-2241}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4918}, pmid = {30847107}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Evolutionary experience and the phylogenetic relationships of plants have both been proposed to influence herbivore-plant interactions and plant invasion success. However, the direction and magnitude of these effects, and how such patterns are altered with increasing temperature, are rarely studied. Through laboratory functional response experiments, we tested whether the per capita feeding efficiency of an invasive generalist herbivore, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is dependent on the biogeographic origin and phylogenetic relatedness of host plants, and how increasing temperature alters these dependencies. The feeding efficiency of the herbivore was highest on plant species with which it had no shared evolutionary history, that is, novel plants. Further, among evolutionarily familiar plants, snail feeding efficiency was higher on those species more closely related to the novel plants. However, these biogeographic dependencies became less pronounced with increasing temperature, whereas the phylogenetic dependence was unaffected. Collectively, our findings indicate that the susceptibility of plants to this invasive herbivore is mediated by both biogeographic origin and phylogenetic relatedness. We hypothesize that warming erodes the influence of evolutionary exposure, thereby altering herbivore-plant interactions and perhaps the invasion success of plants.}, }
@article {pmid30845170, year = {2019}, author = {Anderson, RB}, title = {Human traffic and habitat complexity are strong predictors for the distribution of a declining amphibian.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0213426}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213426}, pmid = {30845170}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Invasive species and habitat modification threaten California's native pond-breeding amphibians, including the federally threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii). The relative contributions of invasive species, including the American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), and of habitat changes to these declines are disputed. I conducted a field study over several years in central California to examine the presence/absence of these two species at 79 breeding ponds to determine the predictive role for occupancy of factors including vegetation, pond characteristics, and measures of human activity. I used a boosted regression tree approach to determine the relative value of each predictor variable. Increased measures of human activity, especially proximity to trails and roads, were the best predictors for the absence of California Red-legged Frogs and California Newts. Historical factors and habitat conditions were associated with the extent and spread of the American Bullfrog. The extent and complexity of aquatic macrophytes and pond surface area were good predictors for the presence of these and other amphibian species. Surprisingly, invasive species played a relatively small role in predicting pond occupancy by the native species. These findings can inform conservation and restoration efforts for California Red-legged Frogs, which apparently persist best in small vegetated ponds in areas of low human disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid30842897, year = {2019}, author = {Helmer, L and Farrell, P and Hendy, I and Harding, S and Robertson, M and Preston, J}, title = {Active management is required to turn the tide for depleted Ostrea edulis stocks from the effects of overfishing, disease and invasive species.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6431}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6431}, pmid = {30842897}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The decline of the European oyster Ostrea edulis across its biogeographic range has been driven largely by over-fishing and anthropogenic habitat destruction, often to the point of functional extinction. However, other negatively interacting factors attributing to this catastrophic decline include disease, invasive species and pollution. In addition, a relatively complex life history characterized by sporadic spawning renders O. edulis biologically vulnerable to overexploitation. As a viviparous species, successful reproduction in O. edulis populations is density dependent to a greater degree than broadcast spawning oviparous species such as the Pacific oyster Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas. Here, we report on the benthic assemblage of O. edulis and the invasive gastropod Crepidula fornicata across three actively managed South coast harbors in one of the few remaining O. edulis fisheries in the UK. Long-term data reveals that numbers of O. edulis sampled within Chichester Harbour have decreased by 96%, in contrast numbers of C. fornicata sampled have increased by 441% over a 19-year period. The recent survey data also recorded extremely low densities of O. edulis, and extremely high densities of C. fornicata, within Portsmouth and Langstone Harbours. The native oyster's failure to recover, despite fishery closures, suggests competitive exclusion by C. fornicata is preventing recovery of O. edulis, which is thought to be due to a lack of habitat heterogeneity or suitable settlement substrate. Large scale population data reveals that mean O. edulis shell length and width has decreased significantly across all years and site groups from 2015 to 2017, with a narrowing demographic structure. An absence of juveniles and lack of multiple cohorts in the remaining population suggests that the limited fishing effort exceeds biological output and recruitment is poor. In the Langstone &amp; Chichester 2017 sample 98% of the population is assigned to a single cohort (modal mean 71.20 ± 8.78 mm, maximum length). There is evidence of small scale (<5 km) geographic population structure between connected harbors; the 2015 Portsmouth and Chichester fishery populations exhibited disparity in the most frequent size class with 36% within 81-90 mm and 33.86% within 61-70 mm, respectively, the data also indicates a narrowing demographic over a short period of time. The prevalence of the disease Bonamiosis was monitored and supports this microgeographic population structure. Infection rates of O. edulis by Bonamia ostreae was 0% in Portsmouth Harbor (n = 48), 4.1% in Langstone (n = 145) and 21.3% in Chichester (n = 48) populations. These data collectively indicate that O. edulis is on the brink of an ecological collapse within the Solent harbors. Without effective intervention to mitigate the benthic dominance by C. fornicata in the form of biologically relevant fishery policy and the management of suitable recruitment substrate these native oyster populations could be lost.}, }
@article {pmid30842267, year = {2019}, author = {Lu-Irving, P and Harenčár, JG and Sounart, H and Welles, SR and Swope, SM and Baltrus, DA and Dlugosch, KM}, title = {Native and Invading Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) Microbiomes Differ in Composition and Diversity of Bacteria.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/mSphere.00088-19}, pmid = {30842267}, issn = {2379-5042}, support = {P30 GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Bacteria/*classification ; California ; Centaurea/genetics/*microbiology ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rhizosphere ; }, abstract = {Invasive species could benefit from being introduced to locations with more favorable species interactions, including the loss of enemies, the gain of mutualists, or the simplification of complex interaction networks. Microbiomes are an important source of species interactions with strong fitness effects on multicellular organisms, and these interactions are known to vary across regions. The highly invasive plant yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) has been shown to experience more favorable microbial interactions in its invasions of the Americas, but the microbiome that must contribute to this variation in interactions is unknown. We sequenced amplicons of 16S rRNA genes to characterize bacterial community compositions in the phyllosphere, ectorhizosphere, and endorhizosphere of yellow starthistle plants from seven invading populations in California, USA, and eight native populations in Europe. We tested for the differentiation of microbiomes by geography, plant compartment, and plant genotype. Bacterial communities differed significantly between native and invading plants within plant compartments, with consistently lower diversity in the microbiome of invading plants. The diversity of bacteria in roots was positively correlated with plant genotype diversity within both ranges, but this relationship did not explain microbiome differences between ranges. Our results reveal that these invading plants are experiencing either a simplified microbial environment or simplified microbial interactions as a result of the dominance of a few taxa within their microbiome. Our findings highlight several alternative hypotheses for the sources of variation that we observe in invader microbiomes and the potential for altered bacterial interactions to facilitate invasion success.IMPORTANCE Previous studies have found that introduced plants commonly experience more favorable microbial interactions in their non-native range, suggesting that changes to the microbiome could be an important contributor to invasion success. Little is known about microbiome variation across native and invading populations, however, and the potential sources of more favorable interactions are undescribed. Here, we report one of the first microbiome comparisons of plants from multiple native and invading populations, in the noxious weed yellow starthistle. We identify clear differences in composition and diversity of microbiome bacteria. Our findings raise new questions about the sources of these differences, and we outline the next generation of research that will be required to connect microbiome variation to its potential role in plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30840071, year = {2019}, author = {Liang, W and Tran, L and Wiggins, GJ and Grant, JF and Stewart, SD and Washington-Allen, R}, title = {Determining Spread Rate of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) and Its Associations With Environmental Factors in a Heterogeneous Landscape.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {309-317}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz014}, pmid = {30840071}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {By the end of 2017, kudzu bug was reported in 652 counties in the United States since it was first observed in Georgia in 2009. Modeling its invasion dynamics is valuable to guide management through early detection and prevention of further invasion. Herein, we initially estimated the spread rate of kudzu bug with county-level invasion records and then determined important spatial factors affecting its spread during years 2010-2016. As kudzu bug infests a large heterogeneous area and shows asymmetric spread, we first utilized spatially constrained clustering (SCC), an unsupervised machine learning method, to divide the infested area into eight spatially contiguous and environmentally homogenous neighborhoods. We then used distance regression and boundary displacement methods to estimate the spread rates in all neighborhoods. Finally, we applied multiple regression to determine spatial factors influencing the spread of kudzu bug. The average spread rate reached 76 km/yr by boundary displacement method; however, the rate varied largely among eight neighborhoods (45-144 km/yr). In the southern region of the infested area, host plant density and wind speed were positively associated with the spread rate, whereas mean annual temperature, precipitation in the fall, and elevation had inverse relationships. In the northern region, January minimum temperature, wind speed, and human population density showed positive relationships. This study increases the knowledge on the spread dynamics of kudzu bug. Our research highlights the utility of SCC to determine natural clustering in a large heterogeneous region for better modeling of local spread patterns and determining important factors affecting the invasions.}, }
@article {pmid30839214, year = {2019}, author = {Bridi, R and Atala, E and Pizarro, PN and Montenegro, G}, title = {Honeybee Pollen Load: Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial Activity and Antioxidant Capacity.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {559-565}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00945}, pmid = {30839214}, issn = {1520-6025}, abstract = {Honeybee pollen loads result from the agglutination of pollen grains and salivary secretions of bees. The potential use of honeybee pollen as a food supplement greatly depends on its chemical composition, which varies depending on the botanical and geographical origin of the pollen grains. This study aimed to characterize the botanical origin, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of honeybee pollen from the V Region of Chile. The introduced species Brassica rapa and Eschscholzia californica predominated in the bee pollen analyzed. The honeybee pollen extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial properties, specifically against the pathogenic microorganism Streptococcus pyogenes. Quercetin and myricetin were found in all samples in large concentrations. The separation of pollen loads from a multifloral sample demonstrated that E. californica pollen loads are responsible for antibacterial activity. This sample also showed a high concentration of quercetin (304.8 mg/100 g of bee pollen). Based on the present results, honeybee pollen from the V Region of Chile has been found to exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, it is proposed to use quercetin as a quality indicator for honeybee pollen from this region of Chile. These results should help establish better quality control criteria for Chilean honeybee pollen and its potential use as a functional ingredient.}, }
@article {pmid30838642, year = {2019}, author = {Levin, SC and Crandall, RM and Knight, TM}, title = {Population projection models for 14 alien plant species in the presence and absence of above-ground competition.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02681}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2681}, pmid = {30838642}, issn = {0012-9658}, abstract = {Plant population ecologists strive to understand how environmental drivers influence demographic vital rates and thus population dynamics. Hundreds of studies have collected demographic data and used matrix- and/or integral projection models to quantify lifetime fitness and population dynamics of plants. However, most of these studies have focused on native plant species, and there is a need for more studies on alien plants. Further, few studies on alien plants have experimentally manipulated environmental drivers in order to understand the mechanisms that allow alien plant species to have positive population growth. A synthetic understanding of the population dynamics of alien plant species will only be achieved if ecologists collect demographic data on many plant species and environments and provide the demographic data and model structure in a data archive for future comparisons and meta-analyses. Invasive alien species are a social, economic and ecological issue that has become increasingly important in an increasingly globalized world. Researchers continue to forecast impacts and prevent new introductions by seeking a robust understanding of drivers of invasive species success and failure. Researchers have hypothesized that competitive differences may play a key role in determining alien species success in novel environments. Studies that experimentally manipulate competitors while quantifying demography provide mechanistic insight into species' responses to competition. To date, nearly all field manipulations of competition that measure plant demography and population dynamics have focused on native plant species. The data we provide here aims to address this gap in our knowledge for alien plant species. We present raw data and population projection models for 14 alien plant species in eastern Missouri, USA. We sampled under ambient conditions and with all individuals of non-focal species removed from the community, allowing us to project population dynamics in the presence and absence of competition. We have also included the data quantifying how much biomass we removed at the plot level during each removal procedure and data from our germination experiment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30828830, year = {2019}, author = {Molina, CV and Heinemann, MB and Kierulff, C and Pissinatti, A and da Silva, TF and de Freitas, DG and de Souza, GO and Miotto, BA and Cortez, A and Semensato, BP and Moreno, LZ and Catão-Dias, JL and Bueno, MG}, title = {Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {American journal of primatology}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {e22961}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.22961}, pmid = {30828830}, issn = {1098-2345}, support = {2015/25760-3.//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; }, abstract = {The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT, Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia and some were kept in captivity. This study tested 593 GHLT for Leptospira serology; 100 and 95 GHLT for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) toLeptospira and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3), respectively, and 101 familiar groups for PCR to viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI and GII, and HEV-3). One animal had antibodies for Leptospira serovar Shermani and another for serovar Hebdomadis. One saprophyticLeptospira was found by the 16S PCR and sequencing. Viruses were not detected in samples tested. Findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or nonexistent. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as monitoring a translocation project, and to contribute data for species conservation.}, }
@article {pmid30828379, year = {2019}, author = {DeLong, JP and Belmaker, J}, title = {Ecological pleiotropy and indirect effects alter the potential for evolutionary rescue.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {636-654}, doi = {10.1111/eva.12745}, pmid = {30828379}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Invading predators can negatively affect naïve prey populations due to a lack of evolved defenses. Many species therefore may be at risk of extinction due to overexploitation by exotic predators. Yet the strong selective effect of predation might drive evolution of imperiled prey toward more resistant forms, potentially allowing the prey to persist. We evaluated the potential for evolutionary rescue in an imperiled prey using Gillespie eco-evolutionary models (GEMs). We focused on a system parameterized for protists where changes in prey body size may influence intrinsic rate of population growth, space clearance rate (initial slope of the functional response), and the energetic benefit to predators. Our results show that the likelihood of rescue depends on (a) whether multiple parameters connected to the same evolving trait (i.e., ecological pleiotropy) combine to magnify selection, (b) whether the evolving trait causes negative indirect effects on the predator population by altering the energy gain per prey, (c) whether heritable trait variation is sufficient to foster rapid evolution, and (d) whether prey abundances are stable enough to avoid very rapid extinction. We also show that when evolution fosters rescue by increasing the prey equilibrium abundance, invasive predator populations also can be rescued, potentially leading to additional negative effects on other species. Thus, ecological pleiotropy, indirect effects, and system dynamics may be important factors influencing the potential for evolutionary rescue for both imperiled prey and invading predators. These results suggest that bolstering trait variation may be key to fostering evolutionary rescue, but also that the myriad direct and indirect effects of trait change could either make rescue outcomes unpredictable or, if they occur, cause rescue to have side effects such as bolstering the populations of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30828363, year = {2019}, author = {Senn, HV and Ghazali, M and Kaden, J and Barclay, D and Harrower, B and Campbell, RD and Macdonald, DW and Kitchener, AC}, title = {Distinguishing the victim from the threat: SNP-based methods reveal the extent of introgressive hybridization between wildcats and domestic cats in Scotland and inform future in situ and ex situ management options for species restoration.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {399-414}, doi = {10.1111/eva.12720}, pmid = {30828363}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The degree of introgressive hybridization between the Scottish wildcat and domestic cat has long been suspected to be advanced. Here, we use a 35-SNP-marker test, designed to assess hybridization between wildcat and domestic cat populations in Scotland, to assess a database of 295 wild-living and captive cat samples, and test the assumptions of the test using 3,097 SNP markers generated independently in a subset of the data using ddRAD. We discovered that despite increased genetic resolution provided by these methods, wild-living cats in Scotland show a complete genetic continuum or hybrid swarm structure when judged against reference data. The historical population of wildcats, although hybridized, clearly groups at one end of this continuum, as does the captive population of wildcats. The interpretation of pelage scores against nuclear genetic data continues to be problematic. This is probably because of a breakdown in linkage equilibrium between wildcat pelage genes as the two populations have become increasingly mixed, meaning that pelage score or SNP score alone is poor diagnostic predictors of hybrid status. Until better tools become available, both should be used jointly, where possible, when making management decisions about individual cats. We recommend that the conservation community in Scotland must now define clearly what measures are to be used to diagnose a wildcat in the wild in Scotland, if future conservation action is to be effective.}, }
@article {pmid30828030, year = {2019}, author = {Scapin, P and Ulbano, M and Ruggiero, C and Balduzzi, A and Marsan, A and Ferrari, N and Bertolino, S}, title = {Surgical sterilization of male and female grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) of an urban population introduced in Italy.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.18-0319}, pmid = {30828030}, issn = {1347-7439}, abstract = {We report a successful surgical sterilization procedure for population control of 324 male and female free-ranging grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Genoa (Italy). We describe the clinical procedure from the trapping of the animals to their surgical sterilization and release in another part of the city. Live-trapped squirrels were transported to the veterinary clinic within 1-2 hr of capture and maintained in a hospitalization room reserved for them. The waiting period before surgery was kept below 12 hr. The developed procedure has resulted in a survival of 94% of trapped squirrels from surgery to animal release. Sterilized squirrels started to feed in a very short time (1.0-1.5 hr), and after 2-3 days, it was possible to release them in a new area. Amoxicillin was used as a long-acting postoperative antibiotic to reduce the period of captivity. The successful surgical procedure described here can provide an important additional tool for the management of introduced populations of squirrels. We showed that the surgical sterilization of some hundred squirrels is clinically possible and could be included in management strategies aimed at removing critical populations of these species. Moreover, the data allow dosages and operational times in order to provide economic viability assessment of future population control measures.}, }
@article {pmid30827778, year = {2019}, author = {Joyce, PWS and Dickey, JWE and Cuthbert, RN and Dick, JTA and Kregting, L}, title = {Using functional responses and prey switching to quantify invasion success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {66-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.010}, pmid = {30827778}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Invasive alien species continue to proliferate and cause severe ecological impacts. Functional responses (FRs) have shown excellent utility in predicting invasive predator success, however, their use in predicting invasive prey success is limited. Here, we assessed invader success by quantifying FRs and prey switching patterns of two native predators, the common sea star, Asterias rubens, and the green crab, Carcinus maenas, towards native blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, and invasive Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Asterias displayed destabilising type II FRs, whereas Carcinus displayed stabilising type III FRs towards both prey species. Both predators exhibited greater search efficiencies and maximum feeding rates towards native compared to invasive prey. Both predators disproportionately consumed native mussels over invasive oysters when presented simultaneously, even when native mussels were rare in the environment, therefore indicating negligible prey switching. We demonstrate that invasion success may be mediated through differential levels of biotic resistance exerted by native predators.}, }
@article {pmid30825781, year = {2019}, author = {Grady, MJ and Harper, EE and Carlisle, KM and Ernst, KH and Shwiff, SA}, title = {Assessing public support for restrictions on transport of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {237}, number = {}, pages = {488-494}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.107}, pmid = {30825781}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a non-native invasive species in the United States that cause significant economic loss, transmit disease, and inflict damage upon natural resources, agriculture, livestock, and property. Geographic distribution of wild pigs in the United States has nearly tripled since 1982, with anthropogenic influences playing a significant role in the expansion. In this regard, there is speculation that a driver of the expansion may be human-mediated movement of wild pigs to new areas for the purpose of sport hunting. In response, states have implemented a variety of wild pig control policies, including legal restrictions on their transport. The success of such policies depends, in part, on their level of public support, which in turn may be influenced by individuals' attitudes concerning wild pigs, their interest in maintaining wild pig populations (e.g., for sport hunting), and their knowledge and awareness of the threats wild pigs pose. Multiple regression was used to analyze data collected from a nationwide survey concerning attitudes toward wild pigs and policies that restrict their transport. Results indicate that a majority of individuals in the United States have negative attitudes toward wild pigs and support policies that restrict their transport and penalize transgressors. Consistent with other invasive species research, findings suggest that as knowledge and awareness of wild pigs increase, so too does support for policies restricting and penalizing transport of wild pigs. Contrary to previous studies, this research also finds that hunters are more likely to support restrictions on wild pig transport than are non-hunters. Overall, these findings suggest that legal restrictions on the transport of wild pigs, even in states with large hunter populations, enjoy broad public support and may help to curb the expansion of wild pig populations.}, }
@article {pmid30825372, year = {2019}, author = {Valan, M and Makonyi, K and Maki, A and Vondráček, D and Ronquist, F}, title = {Automated Taxonomic Identification of Insects with Expert-Level Accuracy Using Effective Feature Transfer from Convolutional Networks.}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/syz014}, pmid = {30825372}, issn = {1076-836X}, abstract = {Rapid and reliable identification of insects is important in many contexts, from the detection of disease vectors and invasive species to the sorting of material from biodiversity inventories. Because of the shortage of adequate expertise, there has long been an interest in developing automated systems for this task. Previous attempts have been based on laborious and complex handcrafted extraction of image features, but in recent years it has been shown that sophisticated convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can learn to extract relevant features automatically, without human intervention. Unfortunately, reaching expert-level accuracy in CNN identifications requires substantial computational power and huge training datasets, which are often not available for taxonomic tasks. This can be addressed using feature transfer: a CNN that has been pretrained on a generic image classification task is exposed to the taxonomic images of interest, and information about its perception of those images is used in training a simpler, dedicated identification system. Here, we develop an effective method of CNN feature transfer, which achieves expert-level accuracy in taxonomic identification of insects with training sets of 100 images or less per category, depending on the nature of dataset. Specifically, we extract rich representations of intermediate to high-level image features from the CNN architecture VGG16 pretrained on the ImageNet dataset. This information is submitted to a linear support vector machine classifier, which is trained on the target problem. We tested the performance of our approach on two types of challenging taxonomic tasks: (1) identifying insects to higher groups when they are likely to belong to subgroups that have not been seen previously; and (2) identifying visually similar species that are difficult to separate even for experts. For the first task, our approach reached > 92 % accuracy on one dataset (884 face images of 11 families of Diptera, all specimens representing unique species), and > 96 % accuracy on another (2936 dorsal habitus images of 14 families of Coleoptera, over 90 % of specimens belonging to unique species). For the second task, our approach outperformed a leading taxonomic expert on one dataset (339 images of three species of the Coleoptera genus Oxythyrea; 97 % accuracy), and both humans and traditional automated identification systems on another dataset (3845 images of nine species of Plecoptera larvae; 98.6 % accuracy). Reanalyzing several biological image identification tasks studied in the recent literature, we show that our approach is broadly applicable and provides significant improvements over previous methods, whether based on dedicated CNNs, CNN feature transfer, or more traditional techniques. Thus, our method, which is easy to apply, can be highly successful in developing automated taxonomic identification systems even when training datasets are small and computational budgets limited. We conclude by briefly discussing some promising CNN-based research directions in morphological systematics opened up by the success of these techniques in providing accurate diagnostic tools.}, }
@article {pmid30824999, year = {2019}, author = {Evangelista, C and Olden, JD and Lecerf, A and Cucherousset, J}, title = {Scale-dependent patterns of intraspecific trait variations in two globally invasive species.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04374-4}, pmid = {30824999}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {Ind_Eco_Evo_Inva//CNRS-INEE PICS/ ; Projet ISOLAC//ONEMA/ ; ERADINVA//ONEMA/ ; Inva_Eco_Evo_Lac//PRES-Toulouse/ ; }, abstract = {Animal species often show substantial intraspecific trait variability (ITV), yet evidence for its flexibility across multiple ecological scales remains poorly explored. Gaining this knowledge is essential to better understand the different processes maintaining ITV in nature. Due to their broad geographic ranges, widespread invasive species are expected to display strong phenotypic variations across their distribution. Here, we quantified the scale-dependent patterns of morphological variability among invasive populations of two global freshwater invaders-red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus-both established in American and European lakes. We quantified patterns in body morphology across different ecological (Individual and Population) and spatial scales (Region). We then analyzed the scale-dependency of morphological variations among lake populations that span a diversity of abiotic and biotic conditions. Next, we used stable isotope analyses to test the existence of ecomorphological patterns linking morphology and trophic niche of individuals. We found that trait variations mainly accounted for at the regional and individual levels. We showed that populations of both species strongly differed between United States and Europe whereas habitat characteristics had a relatively minor influence on morphological variations. Stable isotope analyses also revealed that ecomorphological pattern for the trophic position of L. gibbosus was region-dependent, whereas no ecomorphological patterns were observed for P. clarkii. Overall, our study strongly supports the notion that the patterns of phenotypic variability among invasive populations are likely to modulate the ecological impacts of invasive species on recipient ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30822781, year = {2019}, author = {Gibson, SD and Liczner, AR and Colla, SR}, title = {Conservation Conundrum: At-risk Bumble Bees (Bombus spp.) Show Preference for Invasive Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca) While Foraging in Protected Areas.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/iez017}, pmid = {30822781}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Endangered Species ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Introduced Species ; Ontario ; Vicia/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, some bumble bee species have declined, including in North America. Declines have been reported in species of bumble bees historically present in Ontario, including: yellow bumble bee (Bombus fervidus) (Fabricus, 1798), American bumble bee (Bombus pensylvanicus) (DeGeer, 1773), and yellow-banded bumble bee (Bombus terricola) (Kirby, 1837). Threats contributing to bumble bee population declines include: land-use changes, habitat loss, climate change, pathogen spillover, and pesticide use. A response to the need for action on pollinator preservation in North America has been to encourage 'bee-friendly' plantings. Previous studies show differences in common and at-risk bumble bee foraging; however, similar data are unavailable for Ontario. Our research question is whether there is a difference in co-occurring at-risk and common bumble bee (Bombus spp.) floral use (including nectar and pollen collection) in protected areas in southern Ontario. We hypothesize that common and at-risk species forage differently, predicting that at-risk species forage on a limited selection of host plants. We conducted a field survey of sites in southern Ontario, using observational methods to determine bumble bee foraging by species. The results of a redundancy analysis show a difference in foraging between common and at-risk bumblebee species. At-risk bumble bee species show a preference for foraging on invasive, naturalized Vicia cracca (tufted vetch). This finding raises the question of how to preserve or provide forage for at-risk bumble bees, when they show an association with an invasive species often subject to control in protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid30822357, year = {2019}, author = {Bytheway, JP and Banks, PB}, title = {Overcoming prey naiveté: Free-living marsupials develop recognition and effective behavioral responses to alien predators in Australia.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14607}, pmid = {30822357}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DP140104431//ARC Discovery/ ; 10-10a//Hermon Slade Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Naiveté in prey arises from novel ecological mismatches in cue recognition systems and antipredator responses following the arrival of alien predators. The multilevel naiveté framework suggests that animals can progress through levels of naiveté toward predator awareness. Alternatively, native prey may be preadapted to recognize novel predators via common constituents in predator odors or familiar predator archetypes. We tested predictions of these competing hypotheses on the mechanisms driving behavioral responses of native species to alien predators by measuring responses of native free-living northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus) to alien red fox (Vulpes vulpes) odor. We compared multiple bandicoot populations either sympatric or allopatric with foxes. Bandicoots sympatric with foxes showed recognition and appropriate antipredator behavior toward fox odor via avoidance. On the few occasions bandicoots did visit, their vigilance significantly increased, and their foraging decreased. In contrast, bandicoots allopatric with foxes showed no recognition of this predator cue. Our results suggest that vulnerable Australian mammals were likely naïve to foxes when they first arrived, which explains why so many native mammals declined soon after fox arrival. Our results also suggest such naiveté can be overcome within a relatively short time frame, driven by experience with predators, thus supporting the multilevel naiveté framework.}, }
@article {pmid30817855, year = {2019}, author = {Gibson, LM and Mychajliw, AM and Leon, Y and Rupp, E and Hadly, EA}, title = {Using the past to contextualize anthropogenic impacts on the present and future distribution of an endemic Caribbean mammal.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13290}, pmid = {30817855}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {//Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship/ ; 1600728//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; //Lewis &amp; Clark Field Research Grant/ ; //Stanford Undergraduate Advising and Research (UAR) Small Grant/ ; //Stanford Center for Latin American Studies/ ; //Stanford Earth Systems Volpert Scholarship/ ; //Stanford Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education (VPUE) Biology Summer Research Program/ ; }, abstract = {Island species are difficult to conserve because they face the synergy of climate change, invasive species, deforestation, and increasing human population densities in areas where land mass is shrinking. The Caribbean island of Hispaniola presents particular challenges because of geopolitical complexities that span 2 countries and hinder coordinated management of species across the island. We employed species distribution modeling to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution of an endemic mammal of conservation concern, the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus). We aggregated occurrence points for this poorly known species for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present (1975-2016) based on museum collections, online biodiversity databases, and new field surveys. We quantified degree of overlap between periods and scenarios with Schoener's D. Through a conservation paleobiology lens, we found that over time humans played an increasing role in shaping the distribution of S. paradoxus, thus, providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies on appropriate spatiotemporal scales. Human population density was the single most important predictor of S. paradoxus occurrence. Densities >166 people/km2 corresponded to a near-zero probability of occurrence. Models that accounted for climate but not anthropogenic variables falsely identified suitable habitat in Haiti, where on-the-ground surveys confirm habitat is unavailable. Climate-only models also significantly overestimated the potential for habitat connectivity between isolated populations. Our work highlights that alternative fates for S. paradoxus in the Anthropocene exist across the political border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti due to the fundamentally different economic and political realities of each country. Relationships in the fossil record confirm that Hispaniola's sociopolitical boundary is not biologically significant but instead represents one imposed on the island's fauna in the past 500 years by colonial activity. Our approach reveals how a paleontological perspective can contribute to concrete management insights.}, }
@article {pmid30816998, year = {2019}, author = {Hirsch, H and Castillo, ML and Impson, FAC and Kleinjan, C and Richardson, DM and Le Roux, JJ}, title = {Ghosts from the past: even comprehensive sampling of the native range may not be enough to unravel the introduction history of invasive species-the case of Acacia dealbata invasions in South Africa.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {3}, pages = {352-362}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1244}, pmid = {30816998}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {85417//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Knowledge about the introduction history (source(s), number and size of introduction events) of an invasive species is a crucial prerequisite to understand invasion success and to facilitate effective and sustainable management approaches, especially for effective biological control. We investigated the introduction history of the Australian legume tree Acacia dealbata in South Africa. Results of this study will not only provide critical information for the management of this species in South Africa, but will also broaden our overall knowledge on the invasion ecology of this globally important invasive tree.<br><br>METHODS: We used nuclear microsatellite markers to compare the genetic diversity and structure between 42 native Australian and 18 invasive South African populations and to test different and competing introduction scenarios using Approximate Bayesian Computation analyses.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Australian populations were characterized by two distinct genetic clusters, while South African populations lacked any clear genetic structure and showed significantly lower levels of genetic diversity compared to native range populations. South African populations were also genetically divergent from native populations and the most likely introduction scenario indicated an unknown source population.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although we cannot definitely prove the cause of the observed genetic novelty/diversification in South African Acacia dealbata populations, it cannot be attributable to insufficient sampling of native populations. Our study highlights the complexity of unravelling the introduction histories of commercially important alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30816146, year = {2019}, author = {Král, J and Forman, M and Kořínková, T and Lerma, ACR and Haddad, CR and Musilová, J and Řezáč, M and Herrera, IMÁ and Thakur, S and Dippenaar-Schoeman, AS and Marec, F and Horová, L and Bureš, P}, title = {Insights into the karyotype and genome evolution of haplogyne spiders indicate a polyploid origin of lineage with holokinetic chromosomes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {3001}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-39034-3}, pmid = {30816146}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Spiders are an ancient and extremely diverse animal order. They show a considerable diversity of genome sizes, karyotypes and sex chromosomes, which makes them promising models to analyse the evolution of these traits. Our study is focused on the evolution of the genome and chromosomes in haplogyne spiders with holokinetic chromosomes. Although holokinetic chromosomes in spiders were discovered a long time ago, information on their distribution and evolution in these arthropods is very limited. Here we show that holokinetic chromosomes are an autapomorphy of the superfamily Dysderoidea. According to our hypothesis, the karyotype of ancestral Dysderoidea comprised three autosome pairs and a single X chromosome. The subsequent evolution has frequently included inverted meiosis of the sex chromosome and an increase of 2n. We demonstrate that caponiids, a sister clade to Dysderoidea, have enormous genomes and high diploid and sex chromosome numbers. This pattern suggests a polyploid event in the ancestors of caponiids. Holokinetic chromosomes could have arisen by subsequent multiple chromosome fusions and a considerable reduction of the genome size. We propose that spider sex chromosomes probably do not pose a major barrier to polyploidy due to specific mechanisms that promote the integration of sex chromosome copies into the genome.}, }
@article {pmid30815854, year = {2019}, author = {Quilodrán, CS and Nussberger, B and Montoya-Burgos, JI and Currat, M}, title = {Hybridization and introgression during density-dependent range expansion: European wildcats as a case study.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, pages = {750-761}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13704}, pmid = {30815854}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {31003A_141233//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; 31003A_156853//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; 31003A_182577//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; P2GEP3_168973//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, abstract = {Interbreeding between historically allopatric species with incomplete reproductive barriers may result when species expand their range. The genetic consequences of such hybridization depend critically on the dynamics of the range expansion. Hybridization models during range expansion have been developed but assume dispersal to be independent from neighboring population densities. However, organisms may disperse because they are attracted by conspecifics or because they prefer depopulated areas. Here, through spatially explicit simulations, we assess the effect of various density-dependent dispersal modes on the introgression between two species. We find huge introgression from the local species into the invasive one with all dispersal modes investigated, even when the hybridization rate is relatively low. This represents a general expectation for neutral genes even if the dispersal modes differ in colonization times and amount of introgression. Invasive individuals attracted by conspecifics need more time to colonize the whole area and are more introgressed by local genes, whereas the opposite is found for solitary individuals. We applied our approach to a recent expansion of European wildcats in the Jura Mountains and the hybridization with domestic cats. We show that the simulations explained better the observed level of introgression at nuclear, mtDNA, and Y chromosome markers, when using solitary dispersal for wildcats instead of random or gregarious dispersal, in accordance with ecological knowledge. Thus, use of density-dependent dispersal models increases the predictive power of the approach.}, }
@article {pmid30814293, year = {2019}, author = {Galloway, KA and Porter, ME}, title = {Mechanical properties of the venomous spines of Pterois volitans and morphology among lionfish species.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.197905}, pmid = {30814293}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {The red lionfish, Pterois volitans, an invasive species, has 18 venomous spines: 13 dorsal, three anal and one on each pelvic fin. Fish spines can have several purposes, such as defense, intimidation and anchoring into crevices. Instead of being hollow, lionfish spines have a tri-lobed cross-sectional shape with grooves that deliver the venom, tapering towards the tip. We aimed to quantify the impacts of shape (second moment of area) and tapering on the mechanical properties of the spine. We performed two-point bending at several positions along the spines of P. volitans to determine mechanical properties (Young's modulus, elastic energy storage and flexural stiffness). The short and recurved anal and pelvic spines are stiffer and resist bending more effectively than the long dorsal spines. In addition, mechanical properties differ along the length of the spines, most likely because they are tapered. We hypothesize that the highly bendable dorsal spines are used for intimidation, making the fish look larger. The stiffer and energy-absorbing anal and pelvic spines are smaller and less numerous, but they may be used for protection as they are located near important internal structures such as the swim bladder. Lastly, spine second moment of area varies across the Pterois genus. These data suggest there may be morphological and mechanical trade-offs among defense, protection and intimidation for lionfish spines. Overall, the red lionfish venomous spine shape and mechanics may offer protection and intimidate potential predators, significantly contributing to their invasion success.}, }
@article {pmid30811716, year = {2019}, author = {Makino, T and Kawata, M}, title = {Invasive invertebrates associated with highly duplicated gene content.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15019}, pmid = {30811716}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {4-1605//Ministry of the Environment/ ; 17H03728//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 25291096//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Invasion of alien species has led to serious problems, including the destruction of native ecosystems. In general, invasive species adapt to new environments rapidly, suggesting that they have high genetic diversity that can directly influence environmental adaptability. However, it is not known how genomic architecture causes genetic diversity that leads to invasiveness. Recent studies have showed that the proportion of duplicated genes (PD) in whole animal genomes correlate with environmental variability within a habitat. Here, we show that PD and propagule size significantly explain the differences in species categories (invasive species, noninvasive species, and parasites). PD correlated negatively with the propagule size. The residual values of regression of PD on propagule size revealed that the invasive species had higher PD values and larger propagule size than those of the noninvasive species, whereas the parasites had lower PD values and smaller propagule size than those of others. There were no correlations between the invasive species and other genomic factors including the genome size, number of genes, and certain gene families. Our results suggest that the PD values of a genome might be a potential genomic source causing genetic variations for adaptation to diverse environments. The results also showed that the invasiveness status of a species would be predicted by the residual values of regression of PD on propagule size. Our innovative approach provides a measure to estimate the environmental adaptability of organisms based on genomic data.}, }
@article {pmid30810751, year = {2019}, author = {Su, T and Thieme, J and Lura, T and Cheng, ML and Brown, MQ}, title = {Susceptibility Profile of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Montclair, California, to Commonly Used Pesticides, With Note on Resistance to Pyriproxyfen.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz019}, pmid = {30810751}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {The peridomestic anthropophilic Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is originated from the wild zoophilic subspecies Aedes aegypti formosus in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently has a broad distribution in human-modified environments of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In California, breeding populations were initially detected in 2013 in the cities of Fresno, Madera, and San Mateo, and now can be found in 188 cities of 12 counties in the state. Recent genetic studies suggest that this species invaded California on multiple occasions from several regions of the United States and northern Mexico prior to initial detection. As an invasive species and vector for numerous arboviruses, Ae. aegypti is a primary target of surveillance and control in California. In southern California city of Montclair, a population was identified in September 2015, from which a short-term colony was established in an insectary. The susceptibility of this field population to commonly used pesticides with various modes of action, including 15 formulations against larvae and four against adults, was determined, in reference to a susceptible laboratory colony of the same species. No resistance was shown to most pesticides tested. However, tolerance or reduced susceptibility to spinosad, spinetoram, diflubezuron, and fipronil was detected, and modest levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen (resistance ratio = 38.7-fold at IE50 and 81.5-fold at IE90) was observed. Results are discussed based on the field usage and modes of action of the pesticides tested. Strategic selection and application of pesticides against this population of Ae. aegypti in the urban environments should be taken into consideration.}, }
@article {pmid30809707, year = {2019}, author = {Denoël, M and Drapeau, L and Oromi, N and Winandy, L}, title = {The role of predation risk in metamorphosis versus behavioural avoidance: a sex-specific study in a facultative paedomorphic amphibian.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {637-645}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04362-8}, pmid = {30809707}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {J.008.13//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; J.0112.16//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary theory predicts the evolution of metamorphosis over paedomorphosis (the retention of larval traits at the adult stage) in response to life in unfavourable habitats and to the benefits of dispersal. Although many organisms are canalised into obligatory complex or simple life cycles, some species of newts and salamanders can express both processes (facultative paedomorphosis). Previous research highlighted the detrimental effect of fish on both metamorphic and paedomorphic phenotypes, but it remains unknown whether predation risk could induce shifts from paedomorphosis to metamorphosis, whether behavioural avoidance could be an alternative strategy to metamorphosis and whether these responses could be sex-biased. Testing these hypotheses is important because metamorphosed paedomorphs are dispersal individuals which could favour the long-term persistence of the process by breeding subsequently in more favourable waters. Therefore, we quantified the spatial behaviour and timing of the metamorphosis of facultative paedomorphic palmate newts Lissotriton helveticus in response to predation risk. We found that fish induced both male and female paedomorphs to hide more often, but behavioural avoidance was not predictive of metamorphosis. Paedomorphs did not metamorphose more in the presence of fish, yet there was an interaction between sex and predation risk in metamorphosis timing. These results improve our understanding of the lower prevalence of paedomorphs in fish environments and of the female-biased sex ratios in natural populations of paedomorphic newts. Integrating sex-dependent payoffs of polyphenisms and dispersal across habitats is therefore essential to understand the evolution of these processes in response to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid30807884, year = {2019}, author = {Baek, JT and Hong, JH and Tayyab, M and Kim, DW and Jeon, PR and Lee, CH}, title = {Continuous bubble reactor using carbon dioxide and its mixtures for ballast water treatment.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {154}, number = {}, pages = {316-326}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.014}, pmid = {30807884}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The treatment of ballast water is indispensable for preventing ecological and economic damage from the spread of invasive species. In this study, a continuous gas bubble reactor (CBR) system was developed for the efficient disinfection of microorganisms in ballast water. Ballast water treatment (BWT) in the CBR was experimentally performed to disinfect Artemia salina in seawater by using 1) pure CO2 and 2) mixtures with CO2, N2, and/or SO2 as a simulated flue gas (CO2/N2: 20%/80% and CO2/N2/SO2: 19.2%/77.0%/3.8%). The BWT efficiency was improved with an increase in gas flowrate, residence time, gas pressure, and CO2 concentration in the gas. The toxicity of SO2 in the CO2 mixture significantly improved the mortality of microorganisms. Since good dispersion of bubbles and effective contact between bubbles and liquid were important factors in the BWT, a 100% mortality rate of microorganisms could be achieved by controlling the operating conditions in the vertical-type CBR with a counter-current flow between the gas bubbles and seawater. The CO2 gas distribution, CO2 solubility, and gas bubble size distribution in the CBR were determined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimentally confirmed using a high-speed camera. Since excess gas can be recovered from a gas-liquid separator before a ballast tank, the CBR system can be operated without using any toxic or explosive gases in an eco-friendly and energy saving manner.}, }
@article {pmid30805149, year = {2019}, author = {Bozorov, TA and Luo, Z and Li, X and Zhang, D}, title = {Agrilus mali Matsumara (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a new invasive pest of wild apple in western China: DNA barcoding and life cycle.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {1160-1172}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4804}, pmid = {30805149}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Agrilus mali Matsumara (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a wood-boring beetle distributed to eastern China that occasionally injures apple species. However, this wood-boring beetle is new to the wild apple forests (Malus sieversii) of the Tianshan Mountains (western China) and has caused extensive tree mortality. The development of a biological control program for these wild apple forests is a high priority that requires exploration of the life cycle, DNA barcoding and taxonomic status of A. mali. In this study, to determine the diversity of invasive beetles, a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene was analyzed. Based on the results, beetles from Gongliu and Xinyuan counties of Xinjiang were identical but differed from those in the apple nursery of Gongliu by a single-nucleotide substitution. We summarize the taxonomic status, relationships, and genetic distances of A. mali among other Agrilus species using the Tajima-Nei model in maximum likelihood phylogeny. Analysis revealed that A. mali was closely related to Agrilus mendax and both belong to the Sinuatiagrulus subgenus. The life cycle of A. mali was investigated based on a monthly regular inspection in the wild apple forests of Tianshan. Similar to congeneric species, hosts are injured by larvae of A. mali feeding on phloem tissue, resulting in serpentine galleries constructed between bark and xylem that prevent nutrient transport and leading to tree mortality. Future studies will focus on plant physiological responses to the invasive beetles and include surveys of natural enemies for a potential classical biological control program.}, }
@article {pmid30805135, year = {2019}, author = {Crowther, LP and Wright, DJ and Richardson, DS and Carvell, C and Bourke, AFG}, title = {Spatial ecology of a range-expanding bumble bee pollinator.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {986-997}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4722}, pmid = {30805135}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Molecular methods have greatly increased our understanding of the previously cryptic spatial ecology of bumble bees (Bombus spp.), with knowledge of the spatial ecology of these bees being central to conserving their essential pollination services. Bombus hypnorum, the Tree Bumble Bee, is unusual in that it has recently rapidly expanded its range, having colonized much of the UK mainland since 2001. However, the spatial ecology of B. hypnorum has not previously been investigated. To address this issue, and to investigate whether specific features of the spatial ecology of B. hypnorum are associated with its rapid range expansion, we used 14 microsatellite markers to estimate worker foraging distance, nest density, between-year lineage survival rate and isolation by distance in a representative UK B. hypnorum population. After assigning workers to colonies based on full or half sibship, we estimated the mean colony-specific worker foraging distance as 103.6 m, considerably less than values reported from most other bumble bee populations. Estimated nest density was notably high (2.56 and 0.72 colonies ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), estimated between-year lineage survival rate was 0.07, and there was no evidence of fine-scale isolation by distance. In addition, genotyping stored sperm dissected from sampled queens confirmed polyandry in this population (mean minimum mating frequency of 1.7 males per queen). Overall, our findings establish critical spatial ecological parameters and the mating system of this unusual bumble bee population and suggest that short worker foraging distances and high nest densities are associated with its rapid range expansion.}, }
@article {pmid30804966, year = {2019}, author = {Linnakoski, R and Forbes, KM}, title = {Pathogens-The Hidden Face of Forest Invasions by Wood-Boring Insect Pests.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {90}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00090}, pmid = {30804966}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid30803690, year = {2019}, author = {O'Brien, AL and Dafforn, KA and Chariton, AA and Johnston, EL and Mayer-Pinto, M}, title = {After decades of stressor research in urban estuarine ecosystems the focus is still on single stressors: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.131}, pmid = {30803690}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Natural systems are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic stressors and so understanding the interactive threats posed by multiple stressors is essential. In this study we focused on urban stressors that are ubiquitous to urban estuarine systems worldwide: elevated nutrients, toxic chemical contaminants, built infrastructure and non-indigenous species (NIS). We investigated structural (abundance, diversity and species richness) and functional endpoints (productivity, primary production (chlorophyll-a) and metabolism) commonly used to determine responses to these selected stressors. Through a systematic review of global literature, we found 579 studies of our selected stressors; 93% measured responses to a single stressor, with few assessing the effects of multiple stressors (7%). Structural endpoints were commonly used to measure the effects of stressors (49% of the total 579 studies). Whereas, functional endpoints were rarely assessed alone (10%) but rather in combination with structural endpoints (41%). Elevated nutrients followed by NIS were the most studied single stressors (43% and 16% of the 541 single stressor studies), while elevated nutrients and toxic contaminants were overwhelmingly the most common stressor combination (79% of the 38 multiple stressor studies); with NIS and built infrastructure representing major gaps in multi-stressor research. In the meta-analysis, structural endpoints tended to decrease, while functional endpoints increased and/or decreased in response to different types of organisms or groups. We predicted an antagonistic effect of elevated nutrients and toxic contaminants based on the opposing enriching versus toxic effects of this stressor combination. Of note, biodiversity was the only endpoint that revealed such an antagonistic response. Our results highlight the continuing paucity of multiple stressor studies and provide evidence for opposing patterns in the responses to single and interacting stressors depending on the measured endpoint. The latter is of significant consequence to understanding relevant impacts of stressors in coastal monitoring and management.}, }
@article {pmid30803661, year = {2019}, author = {Martínez-Laiz, G and Ulman, A and Ros, M and Marchini, A}, title = {Is recreational boating a potential vector for non-indigenous peracarid crustaceans in the Mediterranean Sea? A combined biological and social approach.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {140}, number = {}, pages = {403-415}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.050}, pmid = {30803661}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofouling ; Crustacea/classification/*growth &amp; development ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Mediterranean Sea ; Recreation ; Travel ; *Water Sports ; }, abstract = {Shipping is understood to be a major vector for the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). However, recreational boating is still unregulated and its influence as vector has not yet been assessed for the Mediterranean Sea, which is the second most popular recreational boating destination worldwide. This is the first large-scale study to examine this by a combined biological (analyzing hull and marina fouling) and social approach (boaters surveys on maintenance habits, travel patterns and awareness), focused on peracarid crustaceans. A surprisingly high number of NIS were found on vessels cruising Mediterranean waters, and species compositions suggest an exchange between marina and vessel assemblages. This means recreational boating presents a risk for NIS spread which should warrant regulation. Results also implied that regionally coordinated management should be supported by effective local-scale-based management in the Mediterranean, which could improve upon with targeted environmental education to solve lack of awareness.}, }
@article {pmid30800317, year = {2019}, author = {Mittan, CS and Zamudio, KR}, title = {Rapid adaptation to cold in the invasive cane toad Rhinella marina.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {coy075}, doi = {10.1093/conphys/coy075}, pmid = {30800317}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Understanding rapid adaptation to novel environments is essential as we face increasing climatic change. Invasive species are an ideal system for studying adaptation as they are typically introduced to novel environments where they must adapt if they are to persist. We used the invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina, to investigate the contribution of plasticity and evolution to rapid adaptation in a novel environment. Rhinella marina is a neotropical toad that has invaded areas with climates outside of its native environmental niche. The goal of this research was to understand how cane toads persist in northern Florida, the coldest region of their combined natural and invasive range, and originally thought to be beyond their thermal breadth. We measured Critical thermal minima in cane toads from the original, warm introduction location (Miami), and their northern range edge (Tampa) to determine whether northern toads were more cold-tolerant, and to examine the contribution of adaptive plasticity and evolution to any changes in tolerance. Our results show that following acclimation to cold temperatures, southern toads are less tolerant of cold than northern toads. This persistent population difference implies selection for cold-tolerance in northern populations. Differences in individual responses indicate that plasticity is also involved in this response. Our findings have implications for conservation because predatory cane toad invasions threaten local faunas, especially native amphibians. Characterizing specific adaptive mechanisms that allow R. marina to expand its range will identify evolutionary processes that shape a highly successful invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30799852, year = {2019}, author = {Baedke, PE and Rucker, HR and Mason, RT and Parker, MR}, title = {Chemical Isolation, Quantification, and Separation of Skin Lipids from Reptiles.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {144}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/59018}, pmid = {30799852}, issn = {1940-087X}, abstract = {Reptiles signal to conspecifics using lipids in their skin, primarily to enable mate tracking and assessment. The isolation of these lipids has utility in research focused on evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of chemical communication, in addition to understanding the waterproofing role of lipids in the evolution of terrestrial life. In an applied approach, such skin-based cues have potential use for wildlife managers dealing with invasive species. The main steps for quantifying reptile skin lipids in the protocol presented here include extraction, total lipid determination, and fractionation via column chromatography, the latter process resulting in purified eluates of compounds which can then either be analyzed to assign compound identifications (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) and/or used directly in more refined bioassays. Skin lipids can be extracted from living skin, shed skin, or dead whole animals, using nonpolar organic solvents (e.g., hexane, benzene, toluene). Extraction solubilizes the lipids and, then, the solvent can be evaporated to yield a measurable lipid-only extract. Fractionation involves the separation of the total lipid extract into specific eluates via traditional column chromatography. The total lipid extract is first bound to a substrate-based column (e.g., alumina) and, then, individual eluates (&quot;fractions&quot;) of solvent at specific volumes are passed sequentially through the column to elute sets of compounds from the lipid mixture based on common polarity. The fractions progress in polarity at a standardized sequence by increasing the relative amount of polar solvent (e.g., diethyl ether) in nonpolar solvent. In this manuscript, we describe several methods for extracting skin lipids of reptiles and, then, provide a standard protocol for isolating different sets of compounds based on polarity, using traditional column chromatography. Whole lipid extracts or specific fractions can, then, be used in bioassays to determine any biological activity elicited by the compounds therein.}, }
@article {pmid30790940, year = {2019}, author = {Lis, JA and Whitehead, PF}, title = {Another alien bug in Europe: the first case of transcontinental introduction of the Asiatic burrower bug Macroscytus subaeneus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae) to the U.K. through maritime transport.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4555}, number = {4}, pages = {588-594}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.10}, pmid = {30790940}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Europe ; Female ; *Heteroptera ; Indonesia ; Philippines ; Thailand ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The Oriental burrower bug Macroscytus subaeneus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae: Cydninae), presently known only from single localities in Flores (Indonesia), the Philippines and Thailand, is recorded from the United Kingdom (hereafter U.K.). A single female specimen was collected on the semi-rural edge of Bath city by a Starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) and taken to its nest from which it was retrieved during 2015. The specimen is illustrated and its diagnostic characters are provided. We hypothesize that this specimen could have been imported with a shipping container from Thailand.}, }
@article {pmid30790875, year = {2019}, author = {Huber, BA}, title = {The pholcid spiders of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Pholcidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4550}, number = {1}, pages = {1-57}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4550.1.1}, pmid = {30790875}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Male ; *Spiders ; Sri Lanka ; }, abstract = {As part of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, Sri Lanka harbors a rich and diverse fauna, especially in the perhumid southwestern part of the island. However, many invertebrate groups such as spiders continue to be poorly studied. The present paper reviews our knowledge about Pholcidae, a family of spiders that is well represented in Sri Lanka, both by numerous (10) introduced species and by a rich native fauna in five genera (described native Sri Lankan species in parentheses): Belisana Thorell, 1898 (6), Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (1), Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (4), Tissahamia Huber, 2018 (4), and Wanniyala Huber Benjamin, 2005 (9). Fourteen species are newly described: Belisana minneriya sp. n., B. badulla sp. n., B. gowindahela sp. n.; Pholcus metta sp. n., P. puranappui sp. n., P. uva sp. n.; Tissahamia karuna sp. n.; Wanniyala mudita sp. n., W. orientalis sp. n., W. upekkha sp. n., W. ohiya sp. n., W. viharekele sp. n., W. mapalena sp. n., and W. labugama sp. n.. All new species are described from males and females. New Sri Lankan records are given for 16 previously described species. Distribution data suggest that most or all of the 24 native species might be endemic to Sri Lanka, but the Indian pholcid fauna remains almost entirely unknown.}, }
@article {pmid30787301, year = {2019}, author = {Briscoe Runquist, RD and Lake, T and Tiffin, P and Moeller, DA}, title = {Species distribution models throughout the invasion history of Palmer amaranth predict regions at risk of future invasion and reveal challenges with modeling rapidly shifting geographic ranges.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2426}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-38054-9}, pmid = {30787301}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is an annual plant native to the desert Southwest of the United States and Mexico and has become invasive and caused large economic losses across much of the United States. In order to examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of past invasion, and to predict future invasion, we developed a broad array of species distribution models (SDMs). In particular, we constructed sequential SDMs throughout the invasion history and asked how well those predicted future invasion (1970 to present). We showed that invasion occurred from a restricted set of environments in the native range to a diverse set in the invaded range. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated that rapid range expansion was facilitated by stochastic, long-distance dispersal events. Regardless of SDM approach, all SDMs built using datasets from early in the invasion (1970-2010) performed poorly and failed to predict most of the current invaded range. Together, these results suggest that climate is unlikely to have influenced early stages of range expansion. SDMs that incorporated data from the most recent sampling (2011-2017) performed considerably better, predicted high suitability in regions that have recently become invaded, and identified mean annual temperature as a key factor limiting northward range expansion. Under future climates, models predicted both further northward range expansion and significantly increased suitability across large portions of the U.S. Overall, our results indicate significant challenges for SDMs of invasive species far from climate equilibrium. However, our models based on recent data make more robust predictions for northward range expansion of A. palmeri with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30787138, year = {2019}, author = {Escobar-Camacho, D and Pierotti, MER and Ferenc, V and Sharpe, DMT and Ramos, E and Martins, C and Carleton, KL}, title = {Variable vision in variable environments: the visual system of an invasive cichlid (Cichla monoculus) in Lake Gatun, Panama.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.188300}, pmid = {30787138}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {An adaptive visual system is essential for organisms inhabiting new or changing light environments. The Panama Canal exhibits such variable environments owing to its anthropogenic origin and current human activities. Within the Panama Canal, Lake Gatun harbors several exotic fish species including the invasive peacock bass (Cichla monoculus), a predatory Amazonian cichlid. In this research, through spectral measurements and molecular and physiological experiments, we studied the visual system of C. monoculus and its adaptive capabilities. Our results suggest that (1) Lake Gatun is a highly variable environment, where light transmission changes throughout the canal waterway, and that (2) C. monoculus has several visual adaptations suited for this red-shifted light environment. Cichla monoculus filters short wavelengths (∼400 nm) from the environment through its ocular media and tunes its visual sensitivities to the available light through opsin gene expression. More importantly, based on shifts in spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors alone, and on transcriptome analysis, C. monoculus exhibits extreme intraspecific variation in the use of vitamin A1/A2 chromophore in their photoreceptors. Fish living in turbid water had higher proportions of vitamin A2, shifting sensitivities to longer wavelengths, than fish living in clear water. Furthermore, we also found variation in retinal transcriptomes, where fish from turbid and clear waters exhibited differentially expressed genes that vary greatly in their function. We suggest that this phenotypic plasticity has been key in the invasion success of C. monoculus.}, }
@article {pmid30783123, year = {2019}, author = {Jones, GL and Tomlinson, M and Owen, R and Scullion, J and Winters, A and Jenkins, T and Ratcliffe, J and Gwynn-Jones, D}, title = {Shrub establishment favoured and grass dominance reduced in acid heath grassland systems cleared of invasive Rhododendron ponticum.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {2239}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-38573-z}, pmid = {30783123}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Rhododendron ponticum L. is a damaging invasive alien species in Britain, favouring the moist, temperate climate, and the acidic soils of upland areas. It outshades other species and is thought to create a soil environment of low pH that may be higher in phytotoxic phenolic compounds. We investigated native vegetation restoration and R. ponticum regeneration post-clearance using heathland sites within Snowdonia National Park, Wales; one site had existing R. ponticum stands and three were restoring post-clearance. Each site also had an adjacent, uninvaded control for comparison. We assessed whether native vegetation restoration was influenced post-invasion by soil chemical properties, including pH and phytotoxic compounds, using Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) bioassays supported by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MSn). Cleared sites had higher shrub and bare ground cover, and lower grass and herbaceous species cover relative to adjacent uninvaded control sites; regenerating R. ponticum was also observed on all cleared sites. No phenolic compounds associated with R. ponticum were identified in any soil water leachates, and soil leachates from cleared sites had no inhibitory effect in L. sativa germination assays. We therefore conclude that reportedly phytotoxic compounds do not influence restoration post R. ponticum clearance. Soil pH however was lower beneath R. ponticum and on cleared sites, relative to adjacent uninvaded sites. The lower soil pH post-clearance may have favoured shrub species, which are typically tolerant of acidic soils. The higher shrub cover on cleared sites may have greater ecological value than unaffected grass dominated sites, particularly given the recent decline in such valuable heathland habitats. The presence of regenerating R. ponticum on all cleared sites however highlights the critical importance of monitoring and re-treating sites post initial clearance.}, }
@article {pmid30782117, year = {2019}, author = {Helsen, K and Hagenblad, J and Acharya, KP and Brunet, J and Cousins, SAO and Decocq, G and De Frenne, P and Kimberley, A and Kolb, A and Michaelis, J and Plue, J and Verheyen, K and Speed, JDM and Graae, BJ}, title = {No genetic erosion after five generations for Impatiens glandulifera populations across the invaded range in Europe.}, journal = {BMC genetics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {20}, doi = {10.1186/s12863-019-0721-4}, pmid = {30782117}, issn = {1471-2156}, support = {81617824//Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet/ ; I.K. Lykke//Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The observation that many alien species become invasive despite low genetic diversity has long been considered the 'genetic paradox' in invasion biology. This paradox is often resolved through the temporal buildup genetic diversity through multiple introduction events. These temporal dynamics in genetic diversity are especially important for annual invasive plants that lack a persistent seed bank, for which population persistence is strongly dependent on consecutive seed 're-establishment' in each growing season. Theory predicts that the number of seeds during re-establishment, and the levels of among-population gene flow can strongly affect recolonization dynamics, resulting in either an erosion or build-up of population genetic diversity through time. This study focuses on temporal changes in the population genetic structure of the annual invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera across Europe. We resampled 13 populations in 6 regions along a 1600 km long latitudinal gradient from northern France to central Norway after 5 years, and assessed population genetic diversity with 9 microsatellite markers.<br><br>RESULTS: Our study suggests sufficiently high numbers of genetically diverse founders during population re-establishment, which prevent the erosion of local genetic diversity. We furthermore observe that I. glandulifera experiences significant among-population gene flow, gradually resulting in higher genetic diversity and lower overall genetic differentiation through time. Nonetheless, moderate founder effects concerning population genetic composition (allele frequencies) were evident, especially for smaller populations. Despite the initially low genetic diversity, this species seems to be successful at persisting across its invaded range, and will likely continue to build up higher genetic diversity at the local scale.}, }
@article {pmid30779898, year = {2019}, author = {Seebens, H}, title = {Invasion Ecology: Expanding Trade and the Dispersal of Alien Species.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {R120-R122}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.047}, pmid = {30779898}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {China's ambitious aspirations to build a modern Silk Road will open new avenues for species to spread into regions outside their native range. A new study identifies 14 hot spots of biological invasions falling along the planned economic corridors.}, }
@article {pmid30775165, year = {2019}, author = {Morim, T and Bigg, GR and Madeira, PM and Palma, J and Duvernell, DD and Gisbert, E and Cunha, RL and Castilho, R}, title = {Invasion genetics of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus): recent anthropogenic introduction in Iberia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6155}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6155}, pmid = {30775165}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Human activities such as trade and transport have increased considerably in the last decades, greatly facilitating the introduction and spread of non-native species at a global level. In the Iberian Peninsula, Fundulus heteroclitus, a small euryhaline coastal fish with short dispersal, was found for the first time in the mid-1970s. Since then, F. heteroclitus has undergone range expansions, colonizing the southern region of Portugal, southwestern coast of Spain and the Ebro Delta in the Mediterranean Sea. Cytochrome b sequences were used to elucidate the species invasion pathway in Iberia. Three Iberian locations (Faro, Cádiz and Ebro Delta) and 13 other locations along the native range of F. heteroclitus in North America were sampled. Results revealed a single haplotype, common to all invasive populations, which can be traced to the northern region of the species' native range. We posit that the origin of the founder individuals is between New York and Nova Scotia. Additionally, the lack of genetic structure within Iberia is consistent with a recent invasion scenario and a strong founder effect. We suggest the most probable introduction vector is associated with the aquarium trade. We further discuss the hypothesis of a second human-mediated introduction responsible for the establishment of individuals in the Ebro Delta supported by the absence of adequate muddy habitats linking Cádiz and the Ebro Delta. Although the species has a high tolerance to salinity and temperature, ecological niche modelling indicates that benthic habitat constraints prevent along-shore colonisation suggesting that such expansions would need to be aided by human release.}, }
@article {pmid30772710, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, KM and Shen, Y and Yang, J and Miu, X and Bhowmik, PC and Zhou, X and Fang, YM and Xing, BS}, title = {The defense system for Bidens pilosa root exudate treatments in Pteris multifida gametophyte.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {173}, number = {}, pages = {203-213}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.097}, pmid = {30772710}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {According to the novel weapons hypothesis, root exudates are the inhibition factors for native species growth and development through invasive plants. It is hypothesized that antioxidant system (AOS) presents an effective role in plant defense system. The allelopathy indexes of P. multifida gametophyte biomass and sporogonium conversions rates turn negative with the dose and time effects, and the synthetical allelopathic effect index was -55.07% at 100% treatments under root exudates treatments. Under transmission electron microscopy, the cell structures turn burry. Next, AOS and programmed cell death (PCD) were tested in this study. In AOS, strong activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were identified in gametophyte cells under the treatments, as well as the contents of glutathione, ascorbic acid and reduced ascorbate, while GPX activity decreased. Based on the input (SOD activity) and the output (GST activity) of antioxidant system, and the decreasing system control would be a reason leading gametophyte death under root exudates. At day 10, PCD would get its peak of 46.93% at 100% root exudates. We found a dynamic balance of PCD and AOS under the exudates treatments. We detected hexadecanoic acid, ethylene glycol and undecane are three major chemicals in root exudates. Our results provide a reference of AOS and PCD working under root exudates treatments in plants and offer novel strategy for the native species protection and invasion plants control in environment science.}, }
@article {pmid30772562, year = {2019}, author = {Sousa, R and Nogueira, JG and Ferreira, A and Carvalho, F and Lopes-Lima, M and Varandas, S and Teixeira, A}, title = {A tale of shells and claws: The signal crayfish as a threat to the pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera in Europe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {665}, number = {}, pages = {329-337}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.094}, pmid = {30772562}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Endangered Species ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera is a highly threatened species in Europe. Several mechanisms may be responsible for the decline in distribution and abundance of European pearl mussel populations, but almost no quantitative data exists about the possible negative impacts of invasive alien species (IAS). In this study, we clearly demonstrate that the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus predates pearl mussels, using a laboratorial experiment followed by in situ validation in four rivers in the North of Portugal (Mente, Rabaçal, Tuela and Baceiro Rivers; Douro Basin). In the laboratory, the crayfish had a clear preference for small-sized pearl mussels but no differences in predation were found in mesocosms with and without sediment. In addition, we clearly demonstrated that the signal crayfish predates pearl mussels in natural conditions and detected a significant density dependent effect (i.e., sites with more crayfish presented higher number of pearl mussel shells with marks of predation). Given the recent introduction of the signal crayfish and the potential negative impacts on pearl mussel populations we also investigated its autoecology (distribution, abundance, size structure and sex-ratio) in the four studied rivers. Significant differences in average abundance and size of the crayfish were detected between sites and the sex-ratio was highly skewed to females. In view of the widespread distribution of signal crayfish (and other invasive crayfish species) in Europe, future management actions devoted to the conservation of pearl mussels should take in consideration the possible negative effects of these predators, especially on juveniles.}, }
@article {pmid30770146, year = {2018}, author = {Wilkie, MP and Hubert, TD and Boogaard, MA and Birceanu, O}, title = {Control of invasive sea lampreys using the piscicides TFM and niclosamide: Toxicology, successes &amp; future prospects.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.012}, pmid = {30770146}, issn = {1879-1514}, abstract = {The invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America by sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the early 20th century contributed to the depletion of commercial, recreational and culturally important fish populations, devastating the economies of communities that relied on the fishery. Sea lamprey populations were subsequently controlled using an aggressive integrated pest-management program which employed barriers and traps to prevent sea lamprey from migrating to their spawning grounds and the use of the piscicides (lampricides) 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide to eliminate larval sea lampreys from their nursery streams. Although sea lampreys have not been eradicated from the Great Lakes, populations have been suppressed to less than 10% of their peak numbers in the mid-1900s. The ongoing use of lampricides provides the foundation for sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes, one of the most successful invasive species control programs in the world. Yet, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how lampricides are taken-up and handled by sea lampreys, how lampricides exert their toxic effects, and how they adversely affect non-target invertebrate and vertebrates species. In this review we examine what has been learned about the uptake, handling and elimination, and the mode of TFM and niclosamide toxicity in lampreys and in non-target animals, particularly in the last 10 years. It is now clear that the mode of TFM toxicity is the same in non-target fishes and lampreys, in which TFM interferes with oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondria leading to decreased ATP production. Vulnerability to TFM is related to abiotic factors such as water pH and alkalinity, which we propose changes the relative amounts of the bioavailable un-ionized form of TFM in the gill microenvironment. Niclosamide, which is also a molluscicide used to control snails in areas prone to schistosomiasis infections of humans, also likely works by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, but less is known about other aspects of its toxicology. The effects of TFM include reductions in energy stores, particularly glycogen and high energy phosphagens. However, non-target fishes readily recover from sub-lethal TFM exposure as demonstrated by the rapid restoration of energy stores and clearance of TFM. Although both TFM and niclosamide are non-persistent in the environment and critical for sea lamprey control, increasing public and institutional concerns about pesticides in the environment makes it imperative to explore other means of sea lamprey control. Accordingly, we also address possible &quot;next-generation&quot; strategies of sea lamprey control including genetic tools such as RNA interference and CRISPR-Cas9 to impair critical physiological processes (e.g. reproduction, digestion, metamorphosis) in lamprey, and the use of green chemistry to develop more environmentally benign chemical methods of sea lamprey control.}, }
@article {pmid30767891, year = {2019}, author = {Prowse, TA and Adikusuma, F and Cassey, P and Thomas, P and Ross, JV}, title = {A Y-chromosome shredding gene drive for controlling pest vertebrate populations.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.41873}, pmid = {30767891}, issn = {2050-084X}, abstract = {Self-replicating gene drives that modify sex ratios or infer a fitness cost could be used to control populations of invasive alien species. The targeted deletion of Y sex chromosomes using CRISPR technology offers a new approach for sex bias that could be incorporated within gene-drive designs. We introduce a novel gene-drive strategy termed Y-CHromosome deletion using Orthogonal Programmable Endonucleases (Y-CHOPE), incorporating a programmable endonuclease that 'shreds' the Y chromosome, thereby converting XY males into fertile XO females. Firstly, we demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas12a system can eliminate the Y chromosome in embryonic stem cells with high efficiency (c. 90%). Next, using stochastic, individual-based models of a pest mouse population, we show that a Y-shredding drive that progressively depletes the pool of XY males could effect population eradication through mate limitation. Our molecular and modeling data suggest that a Y-CHOPE gene drive could be a viable tool for vertebrate pest control.}, }
@article {pmid30766418, year = {2019}, author = {Egizi, AM and Robbins, RG and Beati, L and Nava, S and Vans, CR and Occi, JL and Fonseca, DM}, title = {A pictorial key to differentiate the recently detected exotic Haemaphysalislongicornis Neumann, 1901 (Acari, Ixodidae) from native congeners in North America.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {818}, pages = {117-128}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.818.30448}, pmid = {30766418}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Until recently, only two haemaphysaline species, Haemaphysalischordeilis (Packard, 1869) and Haemaphysalisleporispalustris (Packard, 1869), were known to occur in the United States, and neither was considered to be of significant medical or veterinary importance. In 2017-2018 established populations of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalislongicornis Neumann, 1901, were detected in the eastern US for the first time. Haemaphysalislongicornis has the potential to be a significant threat to human and animal health, and the urgent need to determine the full extent of its distribution and host range requires availability of a straightforward and practical guide to differentiate it from native species. We created a pictorial dichotomous key to all stages of Haemaphysalis spp. known to occur in North America with scanning electron photomicrographs of all H.longicornis life stages, including rarely seen males, to aid researchers in differentiating these species. The largely Neotropical species Haemaphysalisjuxtakochi Cooley, 1946, with established populations in Mexico and sporadic detections in the US on migrating birds is also included.}, }
@article {pmid30765607, year = {2019}, author = {Alves, JM and Carneiro, M and Cheng, JY and Lemos de Matos, A and Rahman, MM and Loog, L and Campos, PF and Wales, N and Eriksson, A and Manica, A and Strive, T and Graham, SC and Afonso, S and Bell, DJ and Belmont, L and Day, JP and Fuller, SJ and Marchandeau, S and Palmer, WJ and Queney, G and Surridge, AK and Vieira, FG and McFadden, G and Nielsen, R and Gilbert, MTP and Esteves, PJ and Ferrand, N and Jiggins, FM}, title = {Parallel adaptation of rabbit populations to myxoma virus.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {363}, number = {6433}, pages = {1319-1326}, doi = {10.1126/science.aau7285}, pmid = {30765607}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {R01 AI080607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; //Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; //European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {In the 1950s the myxoma virus was released into European rabbit populations in Australia and Europe, decimating populations and resulting in the rapid evolution of resistance. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance by comparing the exomes of rabbits collected before and after the pandemic. We found a strong pattern of parallel evolution, with selection on standing genetic variation favoring the same alleles in Australia, France, and the United Kingdom. Many of these changes occurred in immunity-related genes, supporting a polygenic basis of resistance. We experimentally validated the role of several genes in viral replication and showed that selection acting on an interferon protein has increased the protein's antiviral effect.}, }
@article {pmid30763312, year = {2019}, author = {Amraoui, F and Ben Ayed, W and Madec, Y and Faraj, C and Himmi, O and Btissam, A and Sarih, M and Failloux, AB}, title = {Potential of Aedes albopictus to cause the emergence of arboviruses in Morocco.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0006997}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0006997}, pmid = {30763312}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*physiology ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Female ; Morocco ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Vero Cells ; }, abstract = {In 2015, the mosquito Aedes albopictus was detected in Rabat, Morocco. This invasive species can be involved in the transmission of more than 25 arboviruses. It is known that each combination of mosquito population and virus genotype leads to a specific interaction that can shape the outcome of infection. Testing the vector competence of local mosquitoes is therefore a prerequisite to assess the risks of emergence. A field-collected strain of Ae. albopictus from Morocco was experimentally infected with dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), zika (ZIKV) and yellow fever (YFV) viruses. We found that this species can highly transmit CHIKV and to a lesser extent, DENV, ZIKV and YFV. Viruses can be detected in mosquito saliva at day 3 (CHIKV), day 14 (DENV and YFV), and day 21 (ZIKV) post-infection. These results suggest that the local transmission of these four arboviruses by Ae. albopictus newly introduced in Morocco is a likely scenario. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov APAFIS#6573-201606l412077987v2.}, }
@article {pmid30753676, year = {2019}, author = {Cooperband, MF and Wickham, J and Cleary, K and Spichiger, SE and Zhang, L and Baker, J and Canlas, I and Derstine, N and Carrillo, D}, title = {Discovery of Three Kairomones in Relation to Trap and Lure Development for Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {671-682}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy412}, pmid = {30753676}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive phloem feeder recently introduced into North America that attacks a broad range of woody plants. When feeding in large numbers, they can seriously damage or kill a tree. Their preferred host is the invasive tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), but they are serious pests of grape, Vitis vinifera L. (Vitales: Vitaceae) and a number of other commercially important host plants. Volatile collections were conducted on tree-of-heaven and grape, and the most abundant compounds from these plants present in samples and indicated in the literature were tested for attraction in the laboratory and field. Three compounds, methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (E,E)-α-farnesene, were found to be highly attractive in laboratory behavioral bioassays. Methyl salicylate was attractive to all stages of L. delicatula, whereas the youngest nymphs were not as attracted to (Z)-3-hexenol or (E,E)-α-farnesene in laboratory bioassays. When comparing individual compounds, methyl salicylate attracted the most L. delicatula. Methyl salicylate lures in the field produced a two- to four-fold increase in captures compared with unbaited controls, and field testing also revealed a significant positive dose response. Of the several types of sticky bands tested, Web-Cote Industries sticky bands were found to be most efficient at trapping L. delicatula adults and nymphs.}, }
@article {pmid30753385, year = {2019}, author = {Jennings, DE and Wang, XY and Duan, JJ}, title = {Influence of Density on Interspecific Competition Between Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Larval Parasitoids of the Invasive Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {404-409}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz008}, pmid = {30753385}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {The outcomes of interspecific interactions between parasitoids depend on a variety of factors. Understanding the influence of these factors is important for classical biological control, where the success of parasitoid releases partly depends on interactions with native and other introduced species. However, results from laboratory experiments may not always reflect those in the field, as densities may be artificially inflated. To mitigate this problem, we examined the effects of multiple densities on interspecific competition between two larval parasitoids of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire): Spathius galinae Belokobylskij and Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang. Parasitoid species were housed individually or together at two different densities, and we measured the effects on percent parasitism and progeny production, before calculating the interaction strengths. We found no significant effects of parasitoid density on percent parasitism, but the effect of competition on parasitism generally was reduced at lower densities. However, there were significant differences in parasitism by species, with S. galinae parasitizing more larvae than T. planipennisi. There were also no significant effects of parasitoid density on the number of progeny produced by each species, though the effect of competition on progeny production was greater at higher densities. Similarly, though, there were significant differences between species in the number of progeny produced. Specifically, T. planipennisi consistently produced larger broods than S. galinae. Our findings complement existing research suggesting that competition between these two species in the field will likely be negligible.}, }
@article {pmid30746437, year = {2019}, author = {Araújo, MB and Anderson, RP and Márcia Barbosa, A and Beale, CM and Dormann, CF and Early, R and Garcia, RA and Guisan, A and Maiorano, L and Naimi, B and O'Hara, RB and Zimmermann, NE and Rahbek, C}, title = {Standards for distribution models in biodiversity assessments.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {eaat4858}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aat4858}, pmid = {30746437}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Demand for models in biodiversity assessments is rising, but which models are adequate for the task? We propose a set of best-practice standards and detailed guidelines enabling scoring of studies based on species distribution models for use in biodiversity assessments. We reviewed and scored 400 modeling studies over the past 20 years using the proposed standards and guidelines. We detected low model adequacy overall, but with a marked tendency of improvement over time in model building and, to a lesser degree, in biological data and model evaluation. We argue that implementation of agreed-upon standards for models in biodiversity assessments would promote transparency and repeatability, eventually leading to higher quality of the models and the inferences used in assessments. We encourage broad community participation toward the expansion and ongoing development of the proposed standards and guidelines.}, }
@article {pmid30744887, year = {2019}, author = {He, C and Liang, J and Liu, S and Wang, S and Wu, Q and Xie, W and Zhang, Y}, title = {Changes in the expression of four ABC transporter genes in response to imidacloprid in Bemisia tabaci Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {153}, number = {}, pages = {136-143}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.014}, pmid = {30744887}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics ; Abdomen ; Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Head ; Hemiptera/*drug effects/physiology ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Insecticides/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neonicotinoids/*pharmacology ; Nitro Compounds/*pharmacology ; Thorax ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a globally invasive species complex that causes serious damage to field crops, has developed resistance to imidacloprid and many other pesticides. Insect detoxify to pesticides may partially depend on ABC transporters, which contribute to the detoxification of xenobiotics. To determine whether genes in the ABCG subfamily are involved in imidacloprid detoxification in B. tabaci Q, we cloned four ABCG subfamily genes based on the published MED/Q genome and on our previous study of the transcriptional response of ABC transporters in B. tabaci Q adults to imidacloprid. As indicated by the quantification of mRNA levels after a 6-h exposure, the expression level of ABCG3 was 3.3-fold higher in B. tabaci Q adults exposed to 100 μg/mL imidacloprid rather than to the buffer control. The expression level of ABCG3 was higher in females than in males but did not significantly differ among eggs or nymphal stages and did not significantly differ among head, thorax, and abdomen tissues of adults. Knockdown of ABCG3 via RNA interference significantly increased the mortality of imidacloprid-treated laboratory and field-collected adults of B. tabaci Q. These results indicate that the ABCG3 gene may be involved in imidacloprid detoxification by B. tabaci Q.}, }
@article {pmid30744707, year = {2019}, author = {Augustinos, AA and Moraiti, CA and Drosopoulou, E and Kounatidis, I and Mavragani-Tsipidou, P and Bourtzis, K and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Old residents and new arrivals of Rhagoletis species in Europe.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000063}, pmid = {30744707}, issn = {1475-2670}, abstract = {The genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises more than 65 species distributed throughout Europe, Asia and America, including many species of high economic importance. Currently, there are three Rhagoletis species that infest fruits and nuts in Europe. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (may have invaded Europe a long time ago from the Caucasian area of West Asia), and two invasive species (recently introduced from North America): the eastern American cherry fruit fly, R. cingulata, and the walnut husk fly, R. completa. The presence of different Rhagoletis species may enhance population dynamics and establish an unpredictable economic risk for several fruit and nut crops in Europe. Despite their excessive economic importance, little is known on population dynamics, genetics and symbiotic associations for making sound pest control decisions in terms of species-specific, environmental friendly pest control methods. To this end, the current paper (a) summarizes recently accumulated genetic and population data for the European Rhagoletis species and their association with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, and (b) explores the possibility of using the current knowledge for implementing the innovative biological control methods of sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique.}, }
@article {pmid30742814, year = {2019}, author = {Barnes, CL and Blay, NW and Wilder, SM}, title = {Upper thermal tolerances of different life stages, sexes, and species of widow spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae).}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {114}, number = {}, pages = {10-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.02.004}, pmid = {30742814}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {Temperature strongly influences the physiology and behavior of ectotherms. Persistence within different environments can be limited by thermal tolerances. These thermal tolerances can also shift through life stages and differ between sexes. The critical thermal maximum (CTMax) defines the temperature at which animals experience unorganized locomotion or spasms. In this study, we tested if CTMax varied between a native and an invasive widow species. We separately tested if CTMax varied by widow life stage and sex. We predicted that the invasive species would have higher CTMax due to originally inhabiting warmer climates. We also predicted that juveniles and male widows would possess higher CTMax because they are more mobile and could experience a greater scope of thermal extremes throughout landscapes. We did not find a difference in CTMax between the species, but we did find differences across development stages. Temperature of spasms and death decreased with developmental stages, which corresponds with previous studies in spiders. Future studies of ontogenic and interspecific comparisons will be crucial for more broadly understanding how upper tolerances shapes species persistence in changing climates or ability to invade new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30740563, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, G and Sun, W}, title = {The role of botanical gardens in scientific research, conservation, and citizen science.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {181-188}, doi = {10.1016/j.pld.2018.07.006}, pmid = {30740563}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world's vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricultural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world's plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, in/ex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches (among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Allium, Nepenthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations), as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future challenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including: the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.}, }
@article {pmid30739983, year = {2019}, author = {Connolly, J and Watkins, JM and Hinchey, EK and Rudstam, LG and Reid, JW}, title = {The Asian cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis reported from the western basin of Lake Erie.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {196-201}, doi = {10.1016/j.jglr.2018.11.005}, pmid = {30739983}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {The Asian cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943 has been reported as an introduced species at several locations in the western hemisphere. In the United States, reports of this exotic species are restricted to localities in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Washington D.C. This report documents a new record of occurrence for M. pehpeiensis from the western basin of Lake Erie. The detection of M. pehpeiensis in Lake Erie constitutes the first record of this species from the Laurentian Great Lakes, and the northernmost record in the western hemisphere. The species was found in 2016, 2017 and 2018, including females with egg sacks, and can therefore be considered established in the area. The occurrence of M. pehpeiensis in Lake Erie suggests that this Asian copepod may be more widely distributed in North America than is currently understood.}, }
@article {pmid30739151, year = {2019}, author = {Balasubramanyam, V and Wilhelm Stanis, S and Morgan, M and Ojewola, O}, title = {Climate Change Communication in the Midwestern United States: Perceptions of State Park Interpreters.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01142-1}, pmid = {30739151}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {IIA-1355406//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Parks and protected areas can be ideal settings for climate change communication since many visitors have an affinity for natural and cultural settings, and an interest in resource protection. However, climate-based education efforts in the Midwestern United States may need a slightly different approach since this region lacks obvious indicators, such as sea level rise and melting glaciers. Interpretation, an informal communication process designed to transmit scientific information to visitors in leisure-based settings, could be a useful strategy for engaging visitors in climate change discussions. Few studies have assessed perceptions of interpreters on this topic, much less, their willingness to communicate such information. To address this issue, a mixed methods approach (surveys, interviews, photovoice) was used to examine interpreters' perceptions of climate change and its impacts in Missouri State Park and Historic Sites. Although nearly 70% of interpreters were either alarmed or concerned about climate change, many of them were unsure about its causation. Interpreters report observing impacts such as flooding, earlier plant blooming, high temperatures, extreme weather, and invasive species, but were uncertain about attributing these impacts to climate change. Interpreters did not believe that visitors would be responsive to climate-based education per se but thought the topic could be addressed in pre-existing programs and activities. Rather than discussing complex science with visitors, interpreters felt more comfortable with conveying the significance of resources at their sites. Implications from this study include acknowledging multiple viewpoints, framing strategic messages, and developing place-based educational materials.}, }
@article {pmid30738853, year = {2019}, author = {Ding, L and Li, W and Li, N and Liang, L and Zhang, X and Jin, H and Shi, H and Storey, KB and Hong, M}, title = {Antioxidant responses to salinity stress in an invasive species, the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and involvement of a TOR-Nrf2 signaling pathway.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {59-67}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.004}, pmid = {30738853}, issn = {1532-0456}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Introduced Species ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics/*metabolism ; *Salinity ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sodium Chloride/toxicity ; Stress, Physiological ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Turtles ; }, abstract = {The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), a freshwater turtle, is an invasive species in many parts of the world where it survives in both freshwater and coastal saline habitats. High salinity can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lead to oxidative damage. In this study, we investigate the antioxidant defense mechanisms of T. s. elegans in response to salinity stress. The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SODs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PXs) were significantly increased in both 5 psu and 15 psu groups at the early stages of salinity exposure (generally 6-48 h), but typically returned to control levels after the longest 30 d exposure. In addition, hepatic and cardiac mRNA levels of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed a similar upregulation as an early response to stress, but decreased at 30 d in the 5 psu and 15 psu groups. The mRNA levels of the negative regulator of Nrf2, kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1), exhibited the opposite pattern. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in liver and heart showed roughly similar patterns to those for Nrf2. Furthermore, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in liver, especially in the 15 psu group by ~2.5-fold. Taken together, these results indicate that T. s. elegans may activate the TOR-Nrf2 pathway to modulate antioxidant genes transcription in order to promote enhanced antioxidant defense in response to salinity stress.}, }
@article {pmid30728252, year = {2019}, author = {Kerr, PJ and Eden, JS and Di Giallonardo, F and Peacock, D and Liu, J and Strive, T and Read, AF and Holmes, EC}, title = {Punctuated Evolution of Myxoma Virus: Rapid and Disjunct Evolution of a Recent Viral Lineage in Australia.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {93}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01994-18}, pmid = {30728252}, issn = {1098-5514}, abstract = {Myxoma virus (MYXV) has been evolving in a novel host species-European rabbits-in Australia since 1950. Previous studies of viruses sampled from 1950 to 1999 revealed a remarkably clock-like evolutionary process across all Australian lineages of MYXV. Through an analysis of 49 newly generated MYXV genome sequences isolated in Australia between 2008 and 2017, we show that MYXV evolution in Australia can be characterized by three lineages, one of which exhibited a greatly elevated rate of evolutionary change and a dramatic breakdown of temporal structure. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this apparently punctuated evolutionary event occurred between 1996 and 2012. The branch leading to the rapidly evolving lineage contained a relatively high number of nonsynonymous substitutions, and viruses in this lineage reversed a mutation found in the progenitor standard laboratory strain (SLS) and all previous sequences that disrupts the reading frame of the M005L/R gene. Analysis of genes encoding proteins involved in DNA synthesis or RNA transcription did not reveal any mutations likely to cause rapid evolution. Although there was some evidence for recombination across the MYXV phylogeny, this was not associated with the increase in the evolutionary rate. The period from 1996 to 2012 saw significant declines in wild rabbit numbers, due to the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease and prolonged drought in southeastern Australia, followed by the partial recovery of populations. It is therefore possible that a rapidly changing environment for virus transmission changed the selection pressures faced by MYXV, altering the course and pace of virus evolution.IMPORTANCE The coevolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and European rabbits in Australia is one of the most important natural experiments in evolutionary biology, providing insights into virus adaptation to new hosts and the evolution of virulence. Previous studies of MYXV evolution have also shown that the virus evolves both relatively rapidly and in a strongly clock-like manner. Using newly acquired MYXV genome sequences from Australia, we show that the virus has experienced a dramatic change in evolutionary behavior over the last 20 years, with a breakdown in clock-like structure, the appearance of a rapidly evolving virus lineage, and the accumulation of multiple nonsynonymous and indel mutations. We suggest that this punctuated evolutionary event may reflect a change in selection pressures as rabbit numbers declined following the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and drought in the geographic regions inhabited by rabbits.}, }
@article {pmid30715141, year = {2019}, author = {Fenesi, A and Sándor, D and Pyšek, P and Dawson, W and Ruprecht, E and Essl, F and Kreft, H and Pergl, J and Weigelt, P and Winter, M and Van Kleunen, M}, title = {The role of fruit heteromorphism in the naturalization of Asteraceae.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz012}, pmid = {30715141}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {Background and Aims: Fruit heteromorphism is considered to be a bet-hedging strategy to cope with spatially or temporally heterogeneous environments. The different behaviours of the fruit morphs of the same species might also be beneficial during naturalization, once the species has been introduced to a new range. Yet, no study to date has tested the association between fruit heteromorphism and global-scale naturalization success for a large set of plant species.<br><br>Methods: We compiled two large datasets on fruit heteromorphism in Asteraceae. One dataset was on native species in Central Europe (n = 321) and the other was on species frequently planted as ornamentals (n = 584). Using phylogenetic linear and logistic regressions, we tested whether heteromorphic species are more likely to naturalize outside their native range, and in more regions of the world than monomorphic species. We also tested whether the effect of heteromorphism is modulated by life history and height of the species.<br><br>Key Results: We show that heteromorphic species were more likely to naturalize outside their native range. However, among the naturalized species, heteromorphic and monomorphic species did not differ in the number of world regions where they became naturalized. A short life span and tall stature both promoted naturalization success and, when life history and height were included in the models, the effect of fruit heteromorphism on the ability to naturalize became non-significant. Nevertheless, among tall plants, heteromorphic ornamental species were significantly more likely to become naturalized in general and in more regions than monomorphic species.<br><br>Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that in Asteraceae the production of heteromorphic fruits is associated with naturalization success. It appears, however, that not fruit heteromorphism per se, but a successful combination of other biological traits in fruit heteromorphic species, namely short life span and tall stature, contributes to their naturalization success.}, }
@article {pmid30715137, year = {2019}, author = {Takemori, A and Naiki, A and Takakura, KI and Kanaoka, MM and Nishida, S}, title = {Comparison of mechanisms of reproductive interference in Taraxacum.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz007}, pmid = {30715137}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {Background and Aims: Reproductive interference may reduce fitness of either of the involved species, with potentially important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Except for the effect of shared pollinators on reproductive success, however, mechanisms underlying reproductive interference have been little studied, even though the severity of its impact may depend on the specific mechanism. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the mechanisms of reproductive interference between Taraxacum japonicum (native to Japan) and Taraxacum officinale (alien).<br><br>Methods: In a field survey, the association between alien species density and seed set in T. japonicum, and whether pollinator behaviour indicated a preference for the alien, were examined. Effects of heterospecific pollen deposition were measured in a series of hand pollination experiments, including mixed pollination experiments in which the order of application of conspecific and heterospecific pollen was varied. Finally, to investigate hybridization frequency, the parentage of seedlings produced following natural, mixed or heterospecific pollination was compared.<br><br>Key Results: Alien species density did not negatively affect native seed set, nor did pollinators appear to have a preference for alien flowers. The hand pollination experiments showed that heterospecific pollen deposition adversely affected native seed set, especially when alien pollen was applied before conspecific pollen. No viable hybrids were found following natural pollination, which suggests that hybridization might be a rare event.<br><br>Conclusion: Among the examined mechanisms, heterospecific pollen deposition might have the largest deleterious effect on the native species. This effect is frequency dependent; thus, a positive feedback loop may cause the effect on the population dynamics to increase over time, with the result that the alien might eventually displace the native in a population. Effects of the examined mechanisms on population dynamics should be investigated further to improve understanding of the impact of reproductive interference on the structure of plant communities.}, }
@article {pmid30714897, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, S and Zhi, T and Xu, X and Zheng, Y and Bilong Bilong, CF and Pariselle, A and Yang, T}, title = {Monogenean fauna of alien tilapias (Cichlidae) in south China.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {4}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2019003}, pmid = {30714897}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture ; China/epidemiology ; Fish Diseases/parasitology ; Gills/parasitology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/parasitology ; Male ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Tilapia/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*anatomy &amp; histology/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {Tilapias are important aquaculture fishes that have been introduced widely all over the world, often carrying their monogenean parasites with them. An extensive investigation on monogeneans of invasive tilapias was conducted in 19 natural water sources in south China between July 2015 and December 2017. We found nine known species of monogeneans, i.e., Enterogyrus coronatus, E. malmbergi, Cichlidogyrus cirratus, C. halli, C. sclerosus, C. thurstonae, C. tilapiae, Scutogyrus longicornis, Gyrodactylus cichlidarum, and one unknown Gyrodactylus species. In addition to reporting ten new hosts and four new geographical records, we observed new morphological characteristics of these species. Observation on living specimens of Enterogyrus spp. demonstrated that these two species have characteristic opisthaptoral retraction capacities, while the opisthaptor glands were not observed in our specimens of E. coronatus and E. malmbergi. The morphological differences of the accessory piece of the male copulatory complex between C. cirratus and C. mbirizei (character for species differentiation) could result from the observation at different perspectives, which indicates that C. mbirizei is likely a synonym of C. cirratus. A more detailed structure of the sclerotized parts of Cichlidogyrus spp. and S. longicornis were revealed by scanning electron microscopy. As was the case for the monogeneans found on alien tilapias from other geographic regions, the present study confirmed the high potential of these monogeneans to establish populations in new habitats.}, }
@article {pmid30713818, year = {2019}, author = {Bergshoeff, JA and McKenzie, CH and Favaro, B}, title = {Improving the efficiency of the Fukui trap as a capture tool for the invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in Newfoundland, Canada.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6308}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6308}, pmid = {30713818}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is a crustacean species native to European and North African coastlines that has become one of the world's most successful marine invasive species. Targeted fishing programs aimed at removing green crabs from invaded ecosystems commonly use Fukui multi-species marine traps. Improving the efficiency of these traps would improve the ability to respond to green crab invasions. In this study, we developed four distinct trap modifications that were designed to facilitate the successful capture of green crabs, with the goal of improving the performance of the Fukui trap. We tested these modifications in situ during the summer of 2016 at two locations in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. We discovered that three of our modified Fukui trap designs caught significantly more green crabs than the standard Fukui trap, increasing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) by as much as 81%. We conclude that our top-performing modifications have great potential for widespread use with existing Fukui traps that are being used for green crab removal efforts.}, }
@article {pmid30713364, year = {2018}, author = {Karatayev, AY and Burlakova, LE and Mehler, K and Bocaniov, SA and Collingsworth, PD and Warren, G and Kraus, RT and Hinchey, EK}, title = {Biomonitoring Using Invasive Species in a Large Lake: Dreissena Distribution Maps Hypoxic Zones.}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {639-649}, doi = {10.1016/j.jglr.2017.08.001}, pmid = {30713364}, issn = {0380-1330}, support = {EPA999999//Intramural EPA/United States ; }, abstract = {Due to cultural eutrophication and global climate change, an exponential increase in the number and extent of hypoxic zones in marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed in the last few decades. Hypoxia, or low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, can produce strong negative ecological impacts and, therefore, is a management concern. We measured biomass and densities of Dreissena in Lake Erie, as well as bottom DO in 2014 using 19 high frequency data loggers distributed throughout the central basin to validate a three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecological lake model. We found that a deep, offshore hypoxic zone was formed by early August, restricting the Dreissena population to shallow areas of the central basin. Deeper than 20 m, where bottom hypoxia routinely develops, only young of the year mussels were found in small numbers, indicating restricted recruitment and survival of young Dreissena. We suggest that monitoring Dreissena distribution can be an effective tool for mapping the extent and frequency of hypoxia in freshwater. In addition, our results suggest that an anticipated decrease in the spatial extent of hypoxia resulting from nutrient management has the potential to increase the spatial extent of profundal habitat in the central basin available for Dreissena expansion.}, }
@article {pmid30713217, year = {2019}, author = {Kim, DY and Suk, HY and Park, SK and Kang, SY and Seok, SH and Lee, SK and Yeon, SC}, title = {Development of microsatellite markers and the genetic diversity of Myocastor coypus introduced to South Korea.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, pages = {499-503}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.18-0564}, pmid = {30713217}, issn = {1347-7439}, abstract = {The nutria (Myocastor coypus) was introduced to South Korea in 1987 for breeding of individuals for fur and meat industry, and was accidentally released into the wild. Here, we report the development of microsatellites for the nutria collected from South Korea using Illumina MiSeq genome sequencing to identify the genetic variability and demographic history of these introduced populations. A total of 626,282 microsatellite sequences were identified, and nine polymorphic loci were characterized. We used four novel loci developed and three previously known loci to investigate the genetic diversity of twelve South Korean populations. A low level of diversity was found, and no signature of genetic structuring was revealed among populations, indicating that Korean nutria individuals originated from a single population or a highly inbred reared herd.}, }
@article {pmid30709335, year = {2019}, author = {Saarinen, K and Lindström, L and Ketola, T}, title = {Invasion triple trouble: environmental fluctuations, fluctuation-adapted invaders and fluctuation-mal-adapted communities all govern invasion success.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {42}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-019-1348-9}, pmid = {30709335}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {278751//Biotieteiden ja Ympäristön Tutkimuksen Toimikunta/ ; 250248//Biotieteiden ja Ympäristön Tutkimuksen Toimikunta/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that climate change will lead to increased environmental fluctuations, which will undoubtedly have evolutionary consequences for all biota. For instance, fluctuations can directly increase the risk of invasions of alien species into new areas, as these species have repeatedly been proposed to benefit from disturbances. At the same time increased environmental fluctuations may also select for better invaders. However, selection by fluctuations may also influence the resistance of communities to invasions, which has rarely been tested. We tested eco-evolutionary dynamics of invasion with bacterial clones, evolved either in constant or fluctuating temperatures, and conducted experimental invasions in both conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: We found clear evidence that ecological fluctuations, as well as adaptation to fluctuations by both the invader and community, all affected invasions, but played different roles at different stages of invasion. Ecological fluctuations clearly promoted invasions, especially into fluctuation mal-adapted communities. The evolutionary background of the invader played a smaller role.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that climate change associated disturbances can directly increase the risk of invasions by altering ecological conditions during invasions, as well as via the evolution of both the invader and communities. Our experiment provides novel information on the complex consequences of climate change on invasions in general, and also charts risk factors associated with the spread of environmentally growing opportunistic pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30709012, year = {2019}, author = {Dang, Z and McLenachan, PA and Lockhart, PJ and Waipara, N and Er, O and Reynolds, C and Blanchon, D}, title = {Metagenome Profiling Identifies Potential Biocontrol Agents for Selaginella kraussiana in New Zealand.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/genes10020106}, pmid = {30709012}, issn = {2073-4425}, abstract = {Metagenomics can be used to identify potential biocontrol agents for invasive species and was used here to identify candidate species for biocontrol of an invasive club moss in New Zealand. Profiles were obtained for Selaginella kraussiana collected from nine geographically disjunct locations in Northern New Zealand. These profiles were distinct from those obtained for the exotic club moss Selaginella moellendorffii and the native club mosses Lycopodium deuterodensum and Lycopodium volubile also collected in Northern New Zealand. Fungi and bacteria implicated elsewhere in causing plant disease were identified on plants of Selaginella that exhibited signs of necrosis. Most notably, high densities of sequence reads from Xanthomonas translucens and Pseudomonas syringae were associated with some populations of Selaginella but not Lycopodium. Since these bacteria are already in use as biocontrol agents elsewhere, further investigation into their potential as biocontrol of Selaginella in New Zealand is suggested.}, }
@article {pmid30707479, year = {2019}, author = {Żelazowska, M and Halajian, A}, title = {Previtellogenic oocytes of South African largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides Lacépède 1802 (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) - the Balbiani body, cortical alveoli and developing eggshell.}, journal = {Journal of morphology}, volume = {280}, number = {3}, pages = {360-369}, doi = {10.1002/jmor.20948}, pmid = {30707479}, issn = {1097-4687}, support = {K/ZDS/006317//Jagiellonian University, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research (funds from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education - MNiSW)/ ; 101054//South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; }, abstract = {The ovaries of the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, an alien and invasive species in South Africa, contain a germinal epithelium which consists of germline and somatic cells, as well as previtellogenic and late vitellogenic ovarian follicles. The ovarian follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells and a basal lamina; thecal cells adjacent to this lamina are covered by an extracellular matrix. In this article, we describe the Balbiani body and the polarization and ultrastructure of the cytoplasm (ooplasm) in previtellogenic oocytes. The nucleoplasm in all examined oocytes contains lampbrush chromosomes, nuclear bodies and several nucleoli near the nuclear envelope. The ultrastructure of the nucleoli is described. Numerous nuage aggregations are present in the perinuclear cytoplasm in germline cells as well as in the ooplasm. Possible roles of these aggregations are discussed. The ooplasm contains the Balbiani body, which defines the future vegetal region in early previtellogenic oocytes. It is comprised of nuage aggregations, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, complexes of mitochondria with nuage-like material, and lysosome-like organelles. In mid-previtellogenic oocytes, the Balbiani body surrounds the nucleus and later disperses in the ooplasm. The lysosome-like organelles fuse and transform into vesicles containing material which is highly electron dense. As a result of the fusion of the vesicles of Golgi and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the cortical alveoli arise and distribute uniformly throughout the ooplasm of late previtellogenic oocytes. During this stage, the deposition of the eggshell (zona radiata) begins. The eggshell is penetrated by canals containing microvilli and consists of the following: the internal and the external egg envelope. In the external envelope three sublayers can be distinguished.}, }
@article {pmid30701707, year = {2019}, author = {Jerde, CL and Wilson, EA and Dressler, TL}, title = {Measuring global fish species richness with eDNA metabarcoding.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {19-22}, doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12929}, pmid = {30701707}, issn = {1755-0998}, support = {AID-OAA-A-16-00057//United States Agency for International Development/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Computational Biology ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Fishes/*classification/*genetics ; French Guiana ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Despite mounting threats to global freshwater and marine biodiversity, including climate change, habitat alteration, overharvesting and pollution, we struggle to know which species are present below the water's surface that are suffering from these stressors. However, the idea that a water sample containing environmental DNA (eDNA) can be screened using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics to reveal the identity of aquatic species is a revolutionary advance for studying the patterns of species extirpation, invasive species establishment and the dynamics of species richness. To date, many of the critical tests of fisheries diversity using this metabarcoding approach have been conducted in lower diversity systems (<40 fish species), but in this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Cilleros et al. (2018) described their eDNA application in the species-rich French Guiana fishery (>200 fish species) and showed the greater potential and some limitations of using eDNA in species-rich environments.}, }
@article {pmid30698291, year = {2019}, author = {Niemiec, RM and Willer, R and Ardoin, NM and Brewer, FK}, title = {Motivating landowners to recruit neighbors for private land conservation.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13294}, pmid = {30698291}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {Decision//Division of Social and Economic Sciences/ ; Risk//Division of Social and Economic Sciences/ ; and Management Sciences Directorat//Division of Social and Economic Sciences/ ; e//Division of Social and Economic Sciences/ ; Graduate Research Fellowship DGE-114747//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Encouraging motivated landowners to not only engage in conservation action on their own property but also to recruit others may enhance effectiveness of conservation on private lands. Landowners may only engage in such recruitment if they believe their neighbors care about the conservation issue, will positively respond to their conservation efforts, and are likely to take action for the conservation cause. We designed a series of microinterventions that can be added to community meetings to change these beliefs to encourage landowner engagement in recruitment of others. The microinterventions included neighbor discussion, public commitment making, collective goal setting, and increased observability of contributions to the conservation cause. In a field experiment, we tested whether adding microinterventions to traditional knowledge-transfer outreach meetings changed those beliefs so as to encourage landowners in Hawaii to recruit their neighbors for private lands conservation. We delivered a traditional outreach meeting about managing the invasive little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) to 5 communities and a traditional outreach approach with added microinterventions to 5 other communities. Analysis of pre- and post-surveys of residents showed that compared with the traditional conservation outreach approach, the microinterventions altered a subset of beliefs that landowners had about others. These microinterventions motivated reputationally minded landowners to recruit and coordinate with other residents to control the invasive fire ant across property boundaries. Our results suggest integration of these microinterventions into existing outreach approaches will encourage some landowners to facilitate collective conservation action across property boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid30697485, year = {2019}, author = {Stępień, E and Zawal, A and Buczyński, P and Buczyńska, E and Szenejko, M}, title = {Effects of dredging on the vegetation in a small lowland river.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6282}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6282}, pmid = {30697485}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: Conventional river engineering operations have a substantial influence on the fluvial ecosystem. Regulation and channelization generally reduce the physical heterogeneity of river beds and banks and the heterogeneity of habitats. They determine the character, diversity and species richness of plant communities. The effect of river regulation on vegetation has been repeatedly investigated, but few studies have been conducted within reaches of previously regulated rivers. The aim of this work is to expand and current knowledge about the impact of dredging on the vegetation of a regulated section of a lowland river.<br><br>Materials &amp; Methods: The study included pre-dredging (1 year before) and post-dredging surveys (results 1 and 2 years after dredging). The vegetation was analysed in terms of species composition, origin of species, life forms, distribution of Grime's life strategies, and selected ecological factors. The Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H) and evenness were also analysed in each year of the study. The impact of dredging on the vascular flora was assessed by 'before-after-control-impact' (BACI) analysis.<br><br>Results: The number of species and biodiversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index (H) increased in the analysed section of the river valley. However, enrichment of the flora was observed only on the floodplain, on the surface of the deposited dredging material, while the number of species in the river channel decreased, as dredging of the river bed and levelling of the banks had markedly reduced habitat diversity. Although species richness in the second year after the dredging approached the values recorded before the intervention, the absence of particularly species or phytocenoses associated with shallow river banks and sandbars was still observed. The change in habitat conditions and the destruction of the vegetation cover during the dredging enabled penetration by numerous previously unrecorded alien species of plants and apophytes. There was a perceptible increase in the role of therophytes in the flora. It is worth noting that the number of alien species and therophytes declined significantly in the second year after the dredging. Analysis of the proportions of species representing various life strategies showed that previously unrecorded species with the type R (ruderal) life strategy had appeared, representing by pioneer species occurring in frequently disturbed habitats. There was also a marked increase in the share of species representing the mixed C-R (competitive-ruderal) strategy, occurring in habitats with low levels of stress, whose competitive abilities are limited by repeated disturbances. By the second year after the dredging, however, these changes were largely no longer observed.<br><br>Conclusions: Through appropriate maintenance of the regulated river, it can be rapidly recolonized by vegetation after the procedure, but it may lead to the loss of some species and phytocoenoses.}, }
@article {pmid30689916, year = {2019}, author = {Milosavljevic, I and McCalla, KA and Ratkowsky, DA and Hoddle, MS}, title = {Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Development Rates and Longevity of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy429}, pmid = {30689916}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {The effects of fluctuating and constant temperatures on the development and longevity of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam, and Argarwal) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid sourced from Pakistan and released in California for the classical biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), were examined. The influence of six fluctuating temperatures that averaged 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C, over 24 h on the development times and longevity of male and female D. aligarhensis were quantified and compared to six constant temperatures set at the same average temperatures. The development rates of immature stages of D. aligarhensis as a function of temperature were modeled using one linear and four nonlinear models. Fluctuating temperatures had significant effects on parasitoid development times and longevity which differed across experimental temperatures. Degree-days required for completion of cumulative development of D. aligarhensis were significantly different being 21% lower under fluctuating temperature regimens when compared with constant temperatures. The lower temperature threshold estimates above which development occurred were estimated to be lower under constant than fluctuating temperatures. The estimated values of upper and optimum temperature limits were similar for individuals reared under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis lived longer at constant intermediate temperatures and for shorter times at constant lower temperature extremes when compared with their fluctuating temperature counterparts. Daily thermal fluctuations significantly influenced life history parameters of D. aligarhensis and should be considered when assessing likelihoods of establishment and impacts of this parasitoid on D. citri across diverse citrus-growing climates.}, }
@article {pmid30688998, year = {2019}, author = {Snyder, SA and Kilgore, MA and Emery, MR and Schmitz, M}, title = {Maple Syrup Producers of the Lake States, USA: Attitudes Towards and Adaptation to Social, Ecological, and Climate Conditions.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {185-199}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-018-1121-7}, pmid = {30688998}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {Research Joint Venture Agreement 14-JV-11242309-047//USDA Forest Service/ ; MIN-42-54 and MIN-42-65//Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; }, abstract = {Maple syrup is an important non-timber forest product derived from the sap of the sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). However, maple syrup producers are facing a diversity of challenges, including: potential range shifts in the maple resource; increasing variability in the timing, duration and yield of sap flow and syrup operations; invasive species, pests and diseases; and intergenerational land and business transfer challenges. Members of Maple Syrup Producer Associations in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan were surveyed to learn about their operations, adaptation strategies, concerns, and information needs. While many respondents indicated they have undertaken or plan to undertake adaptation activities, only 11% had done so out of specific concern over changing climate conditions. Climate-motivated activities included: being prepared to tap earlier and utilizing newer technology such as vacuum tubing or reverse osmosis to enhance sap collection and processing efficiency. Respondents were generally unlikely to consider planting climate-resilient maple cultivars or tapping trees other than sugar maple. They expressed the greatest concerns over tree health and forest pests, as well as their physical ability and family member interest to continue their operations. Boil season variability and weather issues were viewed with less concern. Respondents were generally optimistic that they can adapt to future conditions, likely in large measure through the adoption of new technologies, and they expect their syrup production levels to slightly increase in the future. If future climate scenarios play out, however, additional planning and adaptation strategies may be called for, particularly as they relate to forest health and productivity issues.}, }
@article {pmid30687373, year = {2018}, author = {Thouvenot, L and Gauzens, B and Haury, J and Thiébaut, G}, title = {Response of Macrophyte Traits to Herbivory and Neighboring Species: Integration of the Functional Trait Framework in the Context of Ecological Invasions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1981}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2018.01981}, pmid = {30687373}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {With the increase in the number of introduced species each year, biological invasions are considered as one of the most important environmental problems for native biodiversity. In invaded habitats, the establishment of exotic plant species depends on the abiotic and biotic environment. Herbivores and neighboring plants (native or exotic) comprise an important part of the latter. Herbivores cause trophic and non-trophic damage to focal plants, which respond to herbivory by varying their different traits quantitatively (e.g., growth rate and biomass changes) and qualitatively (e.g., variation in morphological and chemical defenses strategies affecting plant palatability). Neighboring plant species also affect functional traits and the fitness of focal plant species, thus herbivore effects on a focal plant could also depend indirectly on the palatability and defensive traits of the neighboring species inside the community. Here, in a first step toward the integration of associational susceptibility/resistance theories in the field of ecological invasion, we performed a microcosm experiment to consider the effects of an exotic crayfish on the growth rate, morphological traits and damage level of three macrophytes (two exotic, one native) growing in pairwise combinations. We found that (i) the response to herbivore presence and to neighboring species identity seemed to be species specific, and (ii) crayfish enhance the fragmentation rate of the two exotic macrophytes Ludwigia grandiflora and Egeria densa in the presence of the native macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, which could indirectly facilitate their invasion success. Indeed, fragmentation can increase dispersal abilities of the exotic macrophytes considered in this study as they are able to generate new plants from their fragments. However, our results showed that the interaction herbivore-neighbor species was hardly significant. Our paper presents some first results on associational resistance/susceptibility and lays the foundation for developing a general framework that combines plant community ecology and biological invasion ecology to explain invasive species success.}, }
@article {pmid30687294, year = {2018}, author = {Baker, JL and Edlund, A}, title = {Exploiting the Oral Microbiome to Prevent Tooth Decay: Has Evolution Already Provided the Best Tools?.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {3323}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.03323}, pmid = {30687294}, issn = {1664-302X}, support = {F32 DE026947/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R00 DE024543/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {To compete in the relatively exposed oral cavity, resident microbes must avoid being replaced by newcomers. This selective constraint, coupled with pressure on the host to cultivate a beneficial microbiome, has rendered a commensal oral microbiota that displays colonization resistance, protecting the human host from invasive species, including pathogens. Rapid increases in carbohydrate consumption have disrupted the evolved homeostasis between the oral microbiota and dental health, reflected by the high prevalence of dental caries. Development of novel modalities to prevent caries has been the subject of a breadth of research. This mini review provides highlights of these endeavors and discusses the rationale and pitfalls behind the major avenues of approach. Despite efficacy, fluoride and other broad-spectrum interventions are unlikely to further reduce the incidence of dental caries. The most promising methodologies in development are those that exploit the exclusive nature of the healthy oral microbiome. Probiotics derived from the dental plaque of healthy individuals sharply antagonize cariogenic species, such as Streptococcus mutans. Meanwhile, targeted antimicrobials allow for the killing of specific pathogens, allowing reestablishment of a healthy microbiome, presumably with its protective effects. The oral microbiota manufactures a massive array of small molecules, some of which are correlated with health and are likely to antagonize pathogens. The prohibitive cost associated with sufficiently rigorous clinical trials, and the status of dental caries as a non-life-threatening condition will likely continue to impede the advancement of new therapeutics to market. Nevertheless, there is room for optimism, as it appears evolution may have already provided the best tools.}, }
@article {pmid30686739, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, X and Blackburn, TM and Song, T and Li, X and Huang, C and Li, Y}, title = {Risks of Biological Invasion on the Belt and Road.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {499-505.e4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.036}, pmid = {30686739}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an unprecedented global development program that involves nearly half of the world's countries [1]. It not only will have economic and political influences, but also may generate multiple environmental challenges and is a focus of considerable academic and public concerns [2-6]. The Chinese government expects BRI to be a sustainable development, paying equal attention to economic development and environmental conservation [7]. However, BRI's high expenditure on infrastructure construction, by accelerating trade and transportation, is likely to promote alien species invasions [5], one of the primary anthropogenic threats to global biodiversity [8]. BRI countries may have different susceptibilities to invasive species due to different financial and response capacities [9]. Moreover, these countries overlap 27 of 35 recognized global biodiversity hotspots [10]. Identifying those areas with high-invasion risks, and species with high invasive potentials within BRI countries, is therefore of vital importance for the sustainable implementation of the BRI, and the development of early, economical, and effective biosecurity strategies [11]. In response, we present here a comprehensive study to evaluate invasion risks by alien vertebrates within BRI. We identified a total of 14 invasion hotspots, the majority of which fall along the six proposed BRI economic corridors, with the proportion of grid cells in invasion hotspots 1.6 times higher than other regions. Based on our results, we recommend the initiation of a project targeting early prevention, strict surveillance, rapid response, and effective control of alien species in BRI countries to ensure that this development is sustainable.}, }
@article {pmid30686452, year = {2019}, author = {Goldsmit, J and Nudds, SH and Stewart, DB and Higdon, JW and Hannah, CG and Howland, KL}, title = {Where else? Assessing zones of alternate ballast water exchange in the Canadian eastern Arctic.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {74-90}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.062}, pmid = {30686452}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Theoretical ; Ships/*standards ; Transportation ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Waste Water/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mid-ocean ballast water exchange (BWE) is recommended for international vessels to minimize the transfer of nonindigenous species (NIS). When this cannot be accomplished due to safety concerns, alternate ballast water exchange zones (ABWEZ) may be used. A coupled-ice-ocean model with meteorological forcing and particle tracking was used to evaluate the relative risks from BWE along primary shipping routes into Canada's eastern Arctic. Relative risk to receiving habitats from BWE was calculated from the product of likelihood of exposure, likelihood of establishment, and habitat sensitivity to potential NIS. Modelling results indicate that existing ABWEZs in and around Lancaster Sound and Hudson Strait are among the areas of highest relative risk for introductions of NIS via ballast water. The deeper offshore regions of Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay should be considered as alternatives. However, further research is recommended to assess the risks of NIS associated with BWE in the Canadian Arctic.}, }
@article {pmid30686451, year = {2019}, author = {Cahill, P and Tait, L and Floerl, O and Bates, T and Growcott, A and Georgiades, E}, title = {A portable thermal system for reactive treatment of biofouled internal pipework on recreational vessels.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {65-73}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.032}, pmid = {30686451}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; Biofouling/*prevention &amp; control ; Equipment Design ; *Hot Temperature ; Introduced Species/trends ; New Zealand ; *Recreation ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Ships/instrumentation/*standards ; }, abstract = {Biofouled commercial and recreational vessels are primary vectors for the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). This study designed and assessed a portable system to reactively treat biofouling in the internal pipework of recreational vessels - a high-risk 'niche area' for NIS that is difficult to access and manage. A novel thermal treatment apparatus was optimised in a series of laboratory experiments performed using scale models of vessel pipework configurations. Treatment effectiveness was validated using the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas, a marine NIS with known resilience to heat. In subsequent field validations on actual recreational vessels, treatment was successfully delivered to high-risk portions of pipework when an effective seal between delivery unit and targeted pipework was achieved and ambient heat loss was minimised. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of in-water treatment of vessel pipework, the study highlights the importance of robust optimisation and validation of any treatment system intended for biosecurity purposes.}, }
@article {pmid30686434, year = {2019}, author = {Shen, M and Zhu, Y and Zhang, Y and Zeng, G and Wen, X and Yi, H and Ye, S and Ren, X and Song, B}, title = {Micro(nano)plastics: Unignorable vectors for organisms.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {328-331}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.004}, pmid = {30686434}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Ecotoxicology/*methods ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Introduced Species ; *Nanostructures ; Plankton ; *Plastics ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; }, abstract = {Micro(nano)plastics, as emerging contaminants, have attracted worldwide attention. Nowadays, the environmental distribution, sources, and analysis methods and technologies of micro(nano)plastics have been well studied and recognized. Nevertheless, the role of micro(nano)plastic particles as vectors for attaching organisms is not fully understood. In this paper, the role of micro(nano)plastics as vectors, and their potential effects on the ecology are introduced. Micro(nano)plastics could 1) accelerate the diffusion of organisms in the environment, which may result in biological invasion; 2) increase the gene exchange between attached biofilm communities, causing the transfer of pathogenic and antibiotic resistance genes; 3) enhance the rate of energy, material and information flow in the environment. Accordingly, the role of microplastics as vectors for organisms should be further evaluated in the future research.}, }
@article {pmid30686419, year = {2019}, author = {Roselli, L and Vadrucci, MR and Fanelli, F and Ungaro, N and Caroppo, C}, title = {First bloom event of the small dinoflagellate Prorocentrum shikokuense in the Mediterranean Sea: cryptogenic or introduced?.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {139}, number = {}, pages = {197-204}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.034}, pmid = {30686419}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Dinoflagellida/*isolation &amp; purification ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Eutrophication ; Introduced Species/*trends ; Italy ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phytoplankton/*isolation &amp; purification ; Seawater/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {A bloom of putatively non-indigenous species (NIS) Prorocentrum shikokuense was detected for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea at the Brindisi harbor (Southern Adriatic Sea) on September 2016, in the context of EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive monitoring in the ports. This species is usually observed in the East China Sea and Japanese and Korean waters. In the Brindisi harbor this dinoflagellate reached the concentration 105 cell/L and represented from 30 to 50% of the total phytoplankton population. Besides this event, Prorocentrum shikokuense has not been found blooming until today in Mediterranean waters. This study suggests the necessity to improve the monitoring surveys in areas that are known vulnerable systems to alien and invasive species, such as ports.}, }
@article {pmid30682808, year = {2019}, author = {Matoušková, M and Jurová, J and Gruľová, D and Wajs-Bonikowska, A and Renčo, M and Sedlák, V and Poráčová, J and Gogaľová, Z and Kalemba, D}, title = {Phytotoxic Effect of Invasive Heracleum mantegazzianum Essential Oil on Dicot and Monocot Species.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules24030425}, pmid = {30682808}, issn = {1420-3049}, abstract = {Spreading of the plant species in new areas is supported by the hypothesis in which chemicals produced by alien species are allopathic to native plants. A novel weapon hypothesis was tested by using essential oil of dangerous alien species Heracleum mantegazzianum in laboratory conditions. Aboveground plant material was collected in south-east part of Slovakia, dried and hydrodistilled for essential oil isolation. Dominant compounds as octyl acetate (62.6%), hexyl 2-metylbutyrate (10.7%), hexyl isobutyrate (7.5%) and hexyl butyrate (6.5%) were identified by GC-MS. Potential phytotoxic activity was tested on three dicot plant species garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and on one monocot plant species wheat Triticum aestivum L. Germination of the seeds of model plant species after influencing by different doses of essential oil of H. mantegazzianum as well as the roots length was evaluated. Lepidium sativum L. and Raphanus sativus L. were generally not sensitive to applied doses of essential oil although a little stimulation effect at some concentrations prevailed over inhibition effect. Similarly, in monocot species Triticum aestivum L., stimulation was visible in both root length and root number at two or one highest doses, respectively.}, }
@article {pmid30681187, year = {2019}, author = {Faisal, M and Loch, TP and Shavalier, M and VanDeuren, MG and Standish, I and Winters, A and Glenney, G and Aho, J and Wolgamood, M and VanAmberg, J and Eisch, E and Whelan, GE}, title = {Resurgence of Salmonid Herpesvirus-3 Infection (Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease) in Hatchery-Propagated Lake Trout in Michigan.}, journal = {Journal of aquatic animal health}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {31-45}, doi = {10.1002/aah.10051}, pmid = {30681187}, issn = {1548-8667}, support = {751N3200799//Michigan Department of Natural Resources/ ; 751P1300041//Michigan Department of Natural Resources/ ; 2014.1455//Great Lakes Fishery Trust/ ; }, abstract = {Over the past century, populations of Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush have declined throughout the Great Lakes basin due to overfishing, habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species, and associated recruitment issues from high thiaminase, as well as emerging infectious diseases. To combat these declines, state and federal fishery management agencies undertook substantial stock enhancement efforts, including more stringent regulation of sport and commercial catch limits and increasing hatchery propagation of Lake Trout stocked into Great Lakes basin waterways. One state fish hatchery involved in these rehabilitation efforts experienced mass mortality events in 2012 and 2017. In 2012, following a period of abnormally heavy rain, hatchery staff observed abnormal behavior followed by increased mortalities in two strains of Lake Trout fingerlings, reaching upwards of 20% mortality and totaling a loss of approximately 100,000 fish. In 2017, following another heavy-rain season, 6-8% of 2-year-old Lake Trout experienced morbidity and mortality similar to that observed in 2012. During the 2012 event, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and splake (Lake Trout × Brook Trout hybrid) reared in flow-through systems receiving water from diseased Lake Trout remained clinically unaffected. Molecular analyses revealed all lots of affected Lake Trout were infected with the salmonid herpesvirus-3 (epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus [EEDV]), a disease that caused complete depopulation of this hatchery in the late 1980s and until 2012 was never again detected in this hatchery or in Michigan. Further sampling detected EEDV in apparently healthy 5-year-old Lake Trout and in wild Mottled Sculpin Cottus bairdii collected in the hatchery source water. The ability of the virus to replicate in tissues of infected fish was verified by exposing naïve Lake Trout to the filtered tissue homogenates of infected fish resulting in similar disease signs. Despite the virus going undetected for many years, these two EEDV episodes clearly demonstrate the continued presence of this deadly herpesvirus in the Great Lakes basin.}, }
@article {pmid30680106, year = {2019}, author = {Brossette, L and Meunier, J and Dupont, S and Bagnères, AG and Lucas, C}, title = {Unbalanced biparental care during colony foundation in two subterranean termites.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {192-200}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4710}, pmid = {30680106}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Parental care is a major component of reproduction in social organisms, particularly during the foundation steps. Because investment into parental care is often costly, each parent is predicted to maximize its fitness by providing less care than its partner. However, this sexual conflict is expected to be low in species with lifelong monogamy, because the fitness of each parent is typically tied to the other's input. Somewhat surprisingly, the outcomes of this tug-of-war between maternal and paternal investments have received important attention in vertebrate species, but remain less known in invertebrates. In this study, we investigated how queens and kings share their investment into parental care and other social interactions during colony foundation in two termites with lifelong monogamy: the invasive species Reticulitermes flavipes and the native species R. grassei. Behaviors of royal pairs were recorded during six months using a non-invasive approach. Our results showed that queens and kings exhibit unbalanced investment in terms of grooming, antennation, trophallaxis, and vibration behavior. Moreover, both parents show behavioral differences toward their partner or their descendants. Our results also revealed differences among species, with R. flavipes exhibiting shorter periods of grooming and antennation toward eggs or partners. They also did more stomodeal trophallaxis and less vibration behavior. Overall, this study emphasizes that despite lifelong monogamy, the two parents are not equally involved in the measured forms of parental care and suggests that kings might be specialized in other tasks. It also indicates that males could play a central, yet poorly studied role in the evolution and maintenance of the eusocial organization.}, }
@article {pmid30680103, year = {2019}, author = {Dalerum, F and Retief, TA and Havemann, CP and Chimimba, CT and Janse van Rensburg, B}, title = {The influence of distance to perennial surface water on ant communities in Mopane woodlands, northern Botswana.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {154-165}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4692}, pmid = {30680103}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Studies of biodiversity along environmental gradients provide information on how ecological communities change in response to biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, distance to water is associated with several factors that shape the structure and the functioning of ecosystems at a range of spatial scales. We investigated the influence of distance to a perennial water source on ant communities in a semi-arid savanna in northern Botswana. Ant abundance, taxonomic richness, and both alpha and beta diversity were generally higher during the wet than the dry season. However, there were strong seasonal influences on the effects of distance to water, with more pronounced effects during the wet season. While both abundance and beta diversity declined with increasing distances to water during the wet season, there was a contrasting increase in alpha diversity. There was no major effect of distance to water on taxonomic richness during either season. Beta diversity was as high across as along gradients, and we found support for modular rather than nested community structures along gradients. Our study demonstrated that small-scale gradients in distance to water can influence several aspects of ant communities in semi-arid savannas. However, our results also point to strong effects of small-scale environmental variation, for instance associated with vegetation characteristics, soil properties, and plant community structure that are not directly linked to water access.}, }
@article {pmid30679623, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, S and Liu, C and Wu, J and Xu, C and Zhang, J and Bai, C and Gao, X and Liu, X and Li, X and Zhu, W and Li, Y}, title = {Propagule pressure and hunting pressure jointly determine genetic evolution in insular populations of a global frog invader.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {448}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-37007-6}, pmid = {30679623}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31530088//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Islands are often considered to be more susceptible to biological invasions and to suffer greater impacts from invaders than mainland areas, and this difference is generally attributed to differences in species introductions, ecological factors or human activities between islands and mainland areas. Genetic variation, as a good estimate of evolutionary potential, can influence the invasion process and impacts of alien species. However, few studies have compared the genetic diversity of alien species between islands and a corresponding mainland. Here, we examined the genetic variation and differentiation in feral populations (30 sampled individuals/population) of a globally invasive species (the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus) that was extensively farmed on 14 islands in the Zhoushan Archipelago of China and in three nearby regions on the mainland. We quantified the relative importance of propagule pressure and hunting pressures on the genetic variation of bullfrog populations and found that insular populations have greater genetic variation than their mainland counterparts. Although genetic differentiation between the populations was observed, no evidence of recent bottlenecks or population expansion in any of the tested population was found. Our results suggest that the propagule pressures of bullfrogs escaping from farms, multiple releases and hunting pressure influence the genetic variation among bullfrog populations. These results might have important implications for understanding the establishment and evolution of alien species on islands and for the management of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30678004, year = {2019}, author = {Liversage, K and Kotta, J and Aps, R and Fetissov, M and Nurkse, K and Orav-Kotta, H and Rätsep, M and Forsström, T and Fowler, A and Lehtiniemi, M and Normant-Saremba, M and Puntila-Dodd, R and Arula, T and Hubel, K and Ojaveer, H}, title = {Knowledge to decision in dynamic seas: Methods to incorporate non-indigenous species into cumulative impact assessments for maritime spatial planning.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {658}, number = {}, pages = {1452-1464}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.123}, pmid = {30678004}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Brachyura ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Estonia ; *Introduced Species ; Models, Biological ; *Perciformes ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Incorporating ecosystem changes from non-indigenous species (NIS) is an important task of maritime spatial planning. Maritime spatial planning requires a framework that emphasises ecological functioning in a state of dynamic change, including changes to ecosystem services from functions introduced by new NIS. Adaptable modelling toolsets should be developed that can readily incorporate knowledge of new NIS. In the Baltic Sea, recent NIS examples are the North American mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and the Ponto-Caspian round goby Neogobius melanostomus. We performed environmental niche modelling that predicted N. melanostomus will spread across large areas of the Baltic Sea coast while R. harrisii will be limited to regions with high temperature and low salinity conditions. We then performed a meta-analysis on literature showing effects in the Baltic Sea from these NIS and calculated the standardised effect-sizes on relevant ecosystem services. Half the impacts identified for N. melanostomus were considered to increase ecosystem service outcomes, while all R. harrisii impacts caused apparent decreases. Effect coefficients were incorporated into an online impact assessment tool developed by the Estonian Marine Institute. Users with or without science training can use the portal to estimate areas impacted and changes to natural assets (km2) caused by these NIS and cumulative effects from other pressure-types. Impact estimates are based on best available knowledge from manipulative and correlative experiments and thus form a link between science and management. Dynamic modelling techniques informed from varied ecological and methodological perspectives will effectively advise spatial planners about rapid maritime changes and mitigation actions to reduce NIS impacts especially in the focus areas.}, }
@article {pmid30677922, year = {2019}, author = {Chen, D and Ali, A and Yong, XH and Lin, CG and Niu, XH and Cai, AM and Dong, BC and Zhou, ZX and Wang, YJ and Yu, FH}, title = {A multi-species comparison of selective placement patterns of ramets in invasive alien and native clonal plants to light, soil nutrient and water heterogeneity.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {657}, number = {}, pages = {1568-1577}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.099}, pmid = {30677922}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Amaranthaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Araliaceae/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Biomass ; China ; *Cloning, Organism ; *Introduced Species ; Paspalum/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; Plant Development/radiation effects ; Soil/chemistry ; Water ; Wedelia/growth &amp; development/*physiology/radiation effects ; }, abstract = {A worth noticing pattern in current invasive biology is the clonal ability of many of the world's worst invasive plants. Selective placement of ramets (i.e. foraging behavior) can intensify ramet performance and allocation, and place more ramets in the more favorable microhabitats, which can maximum utilize resource and share risk in heterogeneous environments. Still little is known about whether invasive alien and native clonal plants differ in the selective placement patterns of ramets in invasive clonal plants or not. We used five congeneric pairs of naturally co-occurring invasive alien and native clonal plant species in China. In a glasshouse, we grew all species in pots under a homogeneous and three heterogeneous conditions (i.e. light, soil nutrients or water) subjected to resource-high or -low patches. All biomass parameters and number of ramets significantly increased in resource-high patches in all three types of heterogeneous environments. Interestingly, growth of invasive alien plants benefited significantly more from resource-high patches than native plants in all heterogeneous environments. Overall, invasive had higher biomass parameters per ramet than natives. Ramet parameters of invasive plants also benefited more from resource-low patches than natives. Three different selective placement patterns of ramets in resource-low patches were exhibited in invasive plants: ramet increasing shoot investment (above pattern), increasing root investment (below pattern) and increasing both investments (complete pattern) in the light, soil water and nutrient heterogeneity, respectively. Investment on less, larger ramet was the adaptive strategy of invasive plants in resource-poor patches. The results suggest that adaptively selective placement patterns of ramets promote a higher morphology plasticity and performance in invasive clonal plants over natives. When alien clonal plants spread new areas with light, soil nutrients or water heterogeneity, selective placement patterns of ramets might play an important role in plant performance and competitive superior by capitalizing more on additional resources.}, }
@article {pmid30674335, year = {2019}, author = {Eritja, R and Ruiz-Arrondo, I and Delacour-Estrella, S and Schaffner, F and Álvarez-Chachero, J and Bengoa, M and Puig, MÁ and Melero-Alcíbar, R and Oltra, A and Bartumeus, F}, title = {First detection of Aedes japonicus in Spain: an unexpected finding triggered by citizen science.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {53}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3317-y}, pmid = {30674335}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors ; Spain ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes japonicus is an invasive vector mosquito from Southeast Asia which has been spreading across central Europe since the year 2000. Unlike the Asian Tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) present in Spain since 2004, there has been no record of Ae. japonicus in the country until now.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we report the first detection of Ae. japonicus in Spain, at its southernmost location in Europe. This finding was triggered by the citizen science platform Mosquito Alert. In June 2018, a citizen sent a report via the Mosquito Alert app from the municipality of Siero in the Asturias region (NW Spain) containing pictures of a female mosquito compatible with Ae. japonicus. Further information was requested from the participant, who subsequently provided several larvae and adults that could be classified as Ae. japonicus. In July, a field mission confirmed its presence at the original site and in several locations up to 9 km away, suggesting a long-time establishment. The strong media impact in Asturias derived from the discovery raised local participation in the Mosquito Alert project, resulting in further evidence from surrounding areas.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Whilst in the laboratory Ae. japonicus is a competent vector for several mosquito-borne pathogens, to date only West Nile virus is a concern based on field evidence. Nonetheless, this virus has yet not been detected in Asturias so the vectorial risk is currently considered low. The opportunity and effectiveness of combining citizen-sourced data to traditional surveillance methods are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30673581, year = {2018}, author = {Mayorquin, JS and Carrillo, JD and Twizeyimana, M and Peacock, BB and Sugino, KY and Na, F and Wang, DH and Kabashima, JN and Eskalen, A}, title = {Chemical Management of Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Fusarium Dieback in California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) in Southern California.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {102}, number = {7}, pages = {1307-1315}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1569-RE}, pmid = {30673581}, issn = {0191-2917}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Coleoptera/classification/*microbiology ; Fungicides, Industrial/*pharmacology ; Fusarium/classification/*physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Introduced Species ; Ivermectin/analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/parasitology ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; Species Specificity ; Trees/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Triazoles/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new vascular disease of hardwood trees caused by Fusarium spp. and other associated fungal species which are vectored by two recently introduced and highly invasive species of ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus). One of these ambrosia beetles is known as the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and the other as the Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB). Together with the fungi that they vector, this pest-disease complex is known as the shot hole borer-Fusarium dieback (SHB-FD) complex. Mitigation of this pest-disease complex currently relies on tree removal; however, this practice is expensive and impractical given the wide host range and rapid advancement of the beetles throughout hardwoods in southern California. This study reports on the assessment of various pesticides for use in the management of SHB-FD. In vitro screening of 13 fungicides revealed that pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin generally have lower effective concentration that reduces 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) values across all fungal symbionts of PSHB and KSHB; metconazole was found to have lower EC50 values for Fusarium spp. and Paracremonium pembeum. Triadimefon and fluxapyroxad were not capable of inhibiting any fungal symbiont at the concentrations tested. A 1-year field study showed that two insecticides, emamectin benzoate alone and in combination with propiconazole, and bifenthrin, could significantly reduce SHB attacks. Two injected fungicides (tebuconazole and a combination of carbendazim and debacarb) and one spray fungicide (metconazole) could also significantly reduce SHB attacks. Bioassays designed to assess fungicide retention 1 year postapplication revealed that six of the seven fungicides exhibited some level of inhibition in vitro and all thiabendazole-treated trees sampled exhibiting inhibition. This study has identified several pesticides which can be implemented as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce SHB infestation in low to moderately infested landscape California sycamore trees and potentially other landscape trees currently affected by SHB-FD.}, }
@article {pmid30673152, year = {2019}, author = {Katris, NJ and Ke, H and McFadden, GI and van Dooren, GG and Waller, RF}, title = {Calcium negatively regulates secretion from dense granules in Toxoplasma gondii.}, journal = {Cellular microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e13011}, doi = {10.1111/cmi.13011}, pmid = {30673152}, issn = {1462-5822}, support = {MR/M011690/1//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; DP120100599//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Apicomplexan parasites including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. manufacture a complex arsenal of secreted proteins used to interact with and manipulate their host environment. These proteins are organised into three principle exocytotic compartment types according to their functions: micronemes for extracellular attachment and motility, rhoptries for host cell penetration, and dense granules for subsequent manipulation of the host intracellular environment. The order and timing of these events during the parasite's invasion cycle dictates when exocytosis from each compartment occurs. Tight control of compartment secretion is, therefore, an integral part of apicomplexan biology. Control of microneme exocytosis is best understood, where cytosolic intermediate molecular messengers cGMP and Ca2+ act as positive signals. The mechanisms for controlling secretion from rhoptries and dense granules, however, are virtually unknown. Here, we present evidence that dense granule exocytosis is negatively regulated by cytosolic Ca2+ , and we show that this Ca2+ -mediated response is contingent on the function of calcium-dependent protein kinases TgCDPK1 and TgCDPK3. Reciprocal control of micronemes and dense granules provides an elegant solution to the mutually exclusive functions of these exocytotic compartments in parasite invasion cycles and further demonstrates the central role that Ca2+ signalling plays in the invasion biology of apicomplexan parasites.}, }
@article {pmid30672635, year = {2019}, author = {Javal, M and Lombaert, E and Tsykun, T and Courtin, C and Kerdelhué, C and Prospero, S and Roques, A and Roux, G}, title = {Deciphering the worldwide invasion of the Asian long-horned beetle: A recurrent invasion process from the native area together with a bridgehead effect.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {951-967}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15030}, pmid = {30672635}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {2014 00095480//Region Centre Val de Loire/ ; E07/2014//French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry DGAL/ ; //COST Action FP 1401 - Global Warning/ ; }, abstract = {Retracing introduction routes is crucial for understanding the evolutionary processes involved in an invasion, as well as for highlighting the invasion history of a species at the global scale. The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis is a xylophagous pest native to Asia and invasive in North America and Europe. It is responsible for severe losses of urban trees, in both its native and invaded ranges. Based on historical and genetic data, several hypotheses have been formulated concerning its invasion history, including the possibility of multiple introductions from the native zone and secondary dispersal within the invaded areas, but none have been formally tested. In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of ALB in both its native and invaded ranges using microsatellites. In order to test different invasion scenarios, we used an approximate Bayesian &quot;random forest&quot; algorithm together with traditional population genetics approaches. The strong population differentiation observed in the native area was not geographically structured, suggesting complex migration events that were probably human-mediated. Both native and invasive populations had low genetic diversity, but this characteristic did not prevent the success of the ALB invasions. Our results highlight the complexity of invasion pathways for insect pests. Specifically, our findings indicate that invasive species might be repeatedly introduced from their native range, and they emphasize the importance of multiple, human-mediated introductions in successful invasions. Finally, our results demonstrate that invasive species can spread across continents following a bridgehead path, in which an invasive population may have acted as a source for another invasion.}, }
@article {pmid30671729, year = {2019}, author = {Seyfarth, M and Khaireh, BA and Abdi, AA and Bouh, SM and Faulde, MK}, title = {Five years following first detection of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Djibouti, Horn of Africa: populations established-malaria emerging.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {3}, pages = {725-732}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-019-06213-0}, pmid = {30671729}, issn = {1432-1955}, abstract = {The Asian malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, is a well-known and important vector of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Until 2013, its geographical distribution was confined to central and southern Asia including the Arabian Peninsula. In the Horn of Africa (HoA) Region, An. stephensi was first recorded from Djibouti in 2012, when it was linked geographically and temporally with an unusual outbreak of urban P. falciparum malaria. In 2016, An. stephensi was detected in the neighbouring Somali Region of Ethiopia. In order to determine whether An. stephensi populations have become established in Djibouti and contributed to the unusual rise in local malaria cases there, we carried out continuous vector surveillance from January 2013 to December 2017, investigated seasonal changes in An. stephensi population densities and bionomics, analysed available literature describing malaria in Djibouti since 2013, and investigated whether An. stephensi may have contributed to local malaria transmission by detecting circumsporozoite antigen of P. falciparum and P. vivax in female anophelines. From 2013 to 2016, seasonal activity of An. stephensi in urban Djibouti City primarily occurred during the colder, wetter season between September and May, with either no or rare trap catches from June to August. Unlike past years, this species was detected year-round, including the extremely hot summer months of June to August 2017. This change in seasonal occurrence may indicate that An. stephensi populations are adapting to their new environment in sub-Saharan Africa, facilitating their spread within Djibouti City. Among the 96 female An. stephensi investigated for malaria infectivity, three (3.1%) were positive for P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen, including one P. falciparum/P. vivax VK 210 double infection. Subsequent to the unusual resurgence of local malaria in 2013, with 1684 confirmed cased reported for that year, malaria case numbers increased continuously, peaking at 14,810 in 2017. Prior to 2016, only P. falciparum malaria cases had been reported, but in 2016, autochthonously acquired P. vivax malaria cases occurred for the first time at a rate of 16.7% among all malaria cases recorded that year. This number increased to 36.7% in 2017. Our data indicate that the dynamics of malaria species in Djibouti is currently changing rapidly, and that An. stephensi can be involved in the transmission of both P. falciparum and P. vivax, simultaneously. Considering the extremely high potential impact of urban malaria on public health, the timely deployment of optimal multinational vector surveillance and control programs against An. stephensi is strongly recommended, not only for the HoA Region, but for the entire African continent.}, }
@article {pmid30668628, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, H and Wu, F and Wu, X and Ye, J}, title = {Differential effects of rapamycin on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with different virulence and differential expression of autophagy genes under stresses in nematodes.}, journal = {Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {254-262}, doi = {10.1093/abbs/gmy172}, pmid = {30668628}, issn = {1745-7270}, abstract = {Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a devastating disease for Pinus spp. The virulence and resilience of PWN are closely linked to the spread and development of PWD. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy has important physiological and pathological functions in eukaryotes. But little is known about the relationships between autophagy and PWNs' virulence and resistance. In this study, through observation under the microscope and recording, we found the induction of autophagy by rapamycin could dramatically improve movement ability of PWNs with different virulence, and the highly virulent AMA3 isolate moved more than the low virulent YW4 isolate when autophagy was over-induced. High concentrations of rapamycin substantially improved the feeding and reproduction of AMA3 but not YW4. Conserved domains of autophagy genes BxATG3, BxATG4, and BxATG7 were first cloned from PWNs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression profiling of these three autophagy genes under biotic and abiotic stresses in PWNs with different virulence was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The results revealed the expression levels of these three autophagy genes in PWNs with different virulence were increased significantly when nematodes were subject to high and low temperatures, oxidative stress, and defensive responses of pine trees. The expression levels of autophagy genes under biotic and abiotic stresses in AMA3 were higher than those in YW4, and different genes showed different performance. Our study clarified that autophagy was closely related to virulence and resistance of PWN, and the ability of a highly virulent isolate to regulate autophagy activity under stresses was stronger than that of a low virulent isolate.}, }
@article {pmid30665453, year = {2019}, author = {Camp, JV and Kolodziejek, J and Nowotny, N}, title = {Targeted surveillance reveals native and invasive mosquito species infected with Usutu virus.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {46}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3316-z}, pmid = {30665453}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {H-282474/2017//Hochschuljubiläumsstiftung der Stadt Wien/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; Culex/*virology ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Flavivirus/*physiology ; Flavivirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of Usutu virus (USUV) in Europe was first reported in Austria, 2001, and the virus has since spread to many European countries. Initial outbreaks are marked by a mass die-off of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) and other bird species. During outbreaks, the virus has been detected in pools of Culex pipiens mosquitoes, and these mosquitoes are probably the most important enzootic vectors. Beginning in 2017, a second wave of blackbird deaths associated with USUV was observed in eastern Austria; the affected areas expanded to the Austrian federal states of Styria in the south and to Upper Austria in the west in 2018. We sampled the potential vector population at selected sites of bird deaths in 2018 in order to identify infected mosquitoes.<br><br>RESULTS: We detected USUV RNA in 16 out of 19 pools of Cx. pipiens/Cx. torrentium mosquitoes at sites of USUV-linked blackbird mortality in Linz and Graz, Austria. A disseminated virus infection was detected in individuals from selected pools, suggesting that Cx. pipiens form pipiens was the principal vector. In addition to a high rate of infected Cx. pipiens collected from Graz, a disseminated virus infection was detected in a pool of Aedes japonicus japonicus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We show herein that naturally-infected mosquitoes at foci of USUV activity are primarily Cx. pipiens form pipiens. In addition, we report the first natural infection of Ae. j. japonicus with USUV, suggesting that it may be involved in the epizootic transmission of USUV in Europe. Ae. j. japonicus is an invasive mosquito whose range is expanding in Europe.}, }
@article {pmid30661709, year = {2019}, author = {Jarić, I and Heger, T and Castro Monzon, F and Jeschke, JM and Kowarik, I and McConkey, KR and Pyšek, P and Sagouis, A and Essl, F}, title = {Crypticity in Biological Invasions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {291-302}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.008}, pmid = {30661709}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Ecological effects of alien species can be dramatic, but management and prevention of negative impacts are often hindered by crypticity of the species or their ecological functions. Ecological functions can change dramatically over time, or manifest after long periods of an innocuous presence. Such cryptic processes may lead to an underestimation of long-term impacts and constrain management effectiveness. Here, we present a conceptual framework of crypticity in biological invasions. We identify the underlying mechanisms, provide evidence of their importance, and illustrate this phenomenon with case studies. This framework has potential to improve the recognition of the full risks and impacts of invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30660844, year = {2019}, author = {Gerhard, WA and Gunsch, CK}, title = {Metabarcoding and machine learning analysis of environmental DNA in ballast water arriving to hub ports.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {124}, number = {}, pages = {312-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.038}, pmid = {30660844}, issn = {1873-6750}, abstract = {While ballast water has long been linked to the global transport of invasive species, little is known about its microbiome. Herein, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabarcoding to perform the most comprehensive microbiological survey of ballast water arriving to hub ports to date. In total, we characterized 41 ballast, 20 harbor, and 6 open ocean water samples from four world ports (Shanghai, China; Singapore; Durban, South Africa; Los Angeles, California). In addition, we cultured Enterococcus and E. coli to evaluate adherence to International Maritime Organization standards for ballast discharge. Five of the 41 vessels - all of which were loaded in China - did not comply with standards for at least one indicator organism. Dominant bacterial taxa of ballast water at the class level were Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidia. Ballast water samples were composed of significantly lower proportions of Oxyphotobacteria than either ocean or harbor samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and machine learning were used to identify and test potential biomarkers for classifying sample types (ocean, harbor, ballast). Eight candidate biomarkers were used to achieve 81% (k nearest neighbors) to 88% (random forest) classification accuracy. Further research of these biomarkers could aid the development of techniques to rapidly assess ballast water origin.}, }
@article {pmid30659222, year = {2019}, author = {Doody, JS and McHenry, CR and Rhind, D and Clulow, S}, title = {Novel habitat causes a shift to diurnal activity in a nocturnal species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {230}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-36384-2}, pmid = {30659222}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Plastic responses may allow individuals to survive and reproduce in novel environments, and can facilitate the establishment of viable populations. But can novel environments reveal plasticity by causing a shift in a behavior as fundamental and conspicuous as daily activity? We studied daily activity times near the invasion front of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), an invasive species that has colonized much of northern Australia. Cane toads in Australia are nocturnal, probably because diurnal activity would subject them to intolerably hot and dry conditions in the tropical savannah during the dry season. Our study can demonstrate, however, that upon reaching novel environments some toad populations became diurnal. Sandstone gorges offered cane toads novel, deeply shaded habitat. Gorges with an east-west axis (day-long northern shadow), narrow gorges and narrow sections of gorges contained toads that were primarily diurnal, while gorges with a north-south axis, wide gorges and wide sections of gorges contained mainly nocturnal toads. For example, remote camera data (1314 observations of toad activity times over 789 trap days) revealed strictly nocturnal activity at four 'exposed' sites (99% of 144 observations over 179 days), compared to mostly diurnal activity at a 'shaded' site (78% of 254 observations). Visual encounter surveys confirmed that diurnal activity occurred exclusively at shaded sites, while most nocturnal activity occurred at exposed sites. The close proximity of diurnal and nocturnal toads (4-7 km) provided compelling evidence for the abovementioned physical factors as the proximate cause of the behavioral dichotomy, and for a novel (deeply shaded gorges) environment causing the shift to diurnal activity.}, }
@article {pmid30659082, year = {2019}, author = {McCormick, GL and Robbins, TR and Cavigelli, SA and Langkilde, T}, title = {Population history with invasive predators predicts innate immune function response to early-life glucocorticoid exposure in lizards.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.188359}, pmid = {30659082}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Early-life stress can suppress immune function, but it is unclear whether transgenerational stress exposure modulates the immune consequences of early stress. In populations where, historically, the immune system is frequently activated, e.g. persistent stressors that cause injury, it may be maladaptive to suppress immune function after early-life stress. Thus, the relationship between early-life stress and immune function may vary with population-level historical stressor exposure. We collected gravid fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from populations that naturally differ in long-term exposure to invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). We manipulated early-life stress in the resulting offspring via weekly exposure to fire ants, application of the stress-relevant hormone corticosterone or control treatment from 2 to 43 weeks of age. We quantified adult immune function in these offspring with baseline and antigen-induced hemagglutination and plasma bacterial killing ability. Early-life corticosterone exposure suppressed baseline hemagglutination in offspring of lizards from populations not exposed to fire ants but enhanced hemagglutination in those from populations that were exposed to fire ants. This enhancement may prepare lizards for high rates of wounding, toxin exposure and infection associated with fire ant attack. Adult bacterial killing ability and hemagglutination were not affected by early-life exposure to fire ants, but the latter was higher in offspring of lizards from invaded sites. A population's history of persistent stress may thus alter individual long-term immunological responses to early-life stressors. Further consideration of historical stressor exposure (type and duration) may be important to better understand how early-life stressors affect adult physiology.}, }
@article {pmid30657879, year = {2019}, author = {Stockton, D and Wallingford, A and Rendon, D and Fanning, P and Green, CK and Diepenbrock, L and Ballman, E and Walton, VM and Isaacs, R and Leach, H and Sial, AA and Drummond, F and Burrack, H and Loeb, GM}, title = {Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in Overwintering Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {454-464}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy192}, pmid = {30657879}, issn = {1938-2936}, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an invasive species affecting berry crops and cherries throughout North America, South America, and Europe. Previous research suggests that in temperate climates, the overwintering success of D. suzukii is likely dependent on access to food, shelter, and adequate cold hardening. We performed a multi-state study under field conditions for two winters to determine whether D. suzukii sex, phenotype (summer-morphotype, winter-morphotype), and life stage (adults, pupae) affected survival over time while recording naturally-occurring spatial and temporal variation in temperature. Access to food was provided and the flies were buried under leaf litter. Baited traps were deployed to determine whether local populations of D. suzukii were active throughout the winter season. The duration of exposure, mean daily temperature, and cumulative time below freezing significantly affected survival. Below freezing, D. suzukii survival was significantly reduced, particularly in northern locations. In contrast, we observed sustained survival up to 10 wk in southern locations among adults and pupae. Biotic factors also significantly affected survival outcomes: female survival was greater than male survival, winter-morphotype survival was greater than summer-morphotype survival, and adult survival was greater than pupal survival. In the north, wild D. suzukii were captured only in early winter, while in the south they were found throughout the winter. These data suggest that although adult D. suzukii may overwinter in sheltered microclimates, this ability may be limited in regions where the ground temperature, or site of overwintering, falls below freezing for extended durations.}, }
@article {pmid30651649, year = {2019}, author = {Van Patter, L and Flockhart, T and Coe, J and Berke, O and Goller, R and Hovorka, A and Bateman, S}, title = {Perceptions of community cats and preferences for their management in Guelph, Ontario. Part I: A quantitative analysis.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {41-47}, pmid = {30651649}, issn = {0008-5286}, abstract = {In 2014, 116 Guelph residents were surveyed to investigate attitudes about community cats and preferences for population management. There are an estimated 29 579 owned cats in Guelph, an estimated 40% of residents allow outdoor access to their cat(s), and 8054 households (15%) feed community cats. Participants reported more concern with community cat welfare than nuisance behavior. There were high levels of support for responsible pet ownership education (90%), accessible or low-cost spay/neuter (86%), and trap-neuter-return (78%), and low levels of support for inaction (4%) and euthanasia (20%). Respondents who did not own cats or who considered cats as &quot;pests&quot; or a &quot;non-native, invasive species&quot; were more supportive of euthanasia. Results suggest that Guelph residents want to see action taken to address community cat population concerns, and that proactive management tools such as education, accessible or low-cost spay/neuter, and trap-neuter-return would be well supported and less divisive than euthanasia.}, }
@article {pmid30651473, year = {2018}, author = {Marinho, CF and Costa, VA and Zucchi, RA}, title = {Annotated checklist and illustrated key to braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of economically important fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4527}, number = {1}, pages = {21-36}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.2}, pmid = {30651473}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Drosophila ; *Hymenoptera ; *Tephritidae ; }, abstract = {The braconid parasitoids of fruit-infesting flies have been more intensively studied from the middle to late 1990s, when taxonomic research was restarted in Brazil. At the same time, efforts toward the biological control of fruit flies intensified, and an exotic species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, was introduced. In the decade 2010, another exotic species, Fopius arisanus, was introduced, and two new species of Doryctobracon were described. Currently, 12 species of braconids from the subfamilies Alysiinae (two species) and Opiinae (10 species) are associated with fruit flies of economic importance in Brazil, two of which are introduced species. More than half of the species belong to the genus Doryctobracon, with D. areolatus (Szépligeti) the most widely distributed species in Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid30648210, year = {2019}, author = {Heshmati, I and Khorasani, N and Shams-Esfandabad, B and Riazi, B}, title = {Forthcoming risk of Prosopis juliflora global invasion triggered by climate change: implications for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {72}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-018-7154-9}, pmid = {30648210}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Middle East ; Prosopis/*physiology ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {Climate is a determinant factor in species distribution and climate change will affect the species abilities to occupy geographic regions. Prosopis juliflora is one of the most problematic invasive species and its biological invasion causes various negative effects in tropical, arid, and semi-arid regions of the world. As eradication efforts subsequent to the establishment of an alien invasive species are costly and time-consuming, assessing patterns of the introduction of an invasive species to new regions is among the most cost-effective means of monitoring and management of natural ecosystems. In this study by using the concept of species distribution modeling (SDM) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) method, the effect of climate change on the current and future distribution of P. juliflora has been assessed at a global scale. Bioclimatic variables in current condition and 2050 regarding two global circulation models (GCM) and two climate change scenarios were considered as explanatory variables. Our results showed that annual mean temperature (BIO1), annual precipitation (BIO12), and temperature mean diurnal range (BIO2) represented more than 87% of the variations in the model, and with an AUC of 0.854 and TSS of 0.51, the model showed a good predictive performance. Our results indicate that on a global scale, suitable ranges for P. juliflora increase across all the GCM and RCP scenarios. In a global scale, Mediterranean Basin, Middle East, and North America are regions with the highest risk of range expansion in the future. Regarding the negative impacts of P. juliflora on structure and function of natural habitats in the invaded areas, findings of this study could be considered as a warning appliance for the environmental monitoring of the regions highly sensitive to the global invasion of the species. We suggest that assessing impacts of climate change on the global distribution of the invasive species could be used as an efficient tool to implement broad-scale and priority-setting monitoring programs in natural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30648203, year = {2019}, author = {Gouws, AJ and Shackleton, CM}, title = {A spatio-temporal, landscape perspective on Acacia dealbata invasions and broader land use and cover changes in the northern Eastern Cape, South Africa.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {191}, number = {2}, pages = {74}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-019-7204-y}, pmid = {30648203}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {14/5/3/WR60010/1368//Agricultural Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Environmental Monitoring ; South Africa ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions and human land use both have the potential to drastically alter the patterns and processes of landscapes, driving habitat fragmentation and altering natural disturbance regimes. The proliferation of an invasive species depends on composition and configuration of the landscape, as well as the invasiveness of the species. To effectively manage a highly invasive species, such as Acacia dealbata, it is crucial to understand the historical progression of the invasion within the landscape. This study sought to examine the landscape dynamics of biological invasions by tracking the historical spread of A. dealbata and broader land use/land cover (LULC) changes at different spatio-temporal scales in the northern Eastern Cape. A time-series of aerial photographs were systematically classified according to designated A. dealbata and LULC categories in ArcGIS to track the changes in the extent and rate of spread of A. dealbata. Markedly dynamic, multi-directional, and spatio-temporally variable LULC transitions were observed across the northern Eastern Cape over the last six decades. A. dealbata frequently retained a high proportion of cover over time, and despite the loss of cover to other LULC classes, a net increase in A. dealbata cover occurred as it spread at an overall annual rate of 0.11-0.21%, occupying approximately 8-18% of land cover across all sampled sites by 2013. Any management interventions to limit or control A. dealbata should therefore consider the spatio-temporal and LULC nuances of landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid30648021, year = {2019}, author = {Purdon, J and Parr, CL and Somers, MJ}, title = {Grazing by large savanna herbivores indirectly alters ant diversity and promotes resource monopolisation.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6226}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6226}, pmid = {30648021}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In savannas, grazing is an important disturbance that modifies the grass layer structure and composition. Habitat structural complexity influences species diversity and assemblage functioning. By using a combination of natural sites and manipulated experiments, we explored how habitat structure (grazing lawns and adjacent bunch grass) affects ant diversity and foraging behaviour, specifically the efficiency of resource acquisition, resource monopolisation and ant body size. We found that in the natural sites there was no difference in the amount of time ants took to locate resources, but in the manipulated experiments, ants were faster at locating resources and were more abundant in the simple treatments than in the more complex treatments. Ant body size was only affected by the manipulated experiments, with smaller ants found in the more complex treatments. In both the grazing lawn and bunch grass habitats there were differences in assemblage patterns of ants discovering resources and those dominating them. Seasonality, which was predicted to affect the speed at which ants discovered resources and the intensity of resource monopolisation, also played a role. We show that ants in winter monopolised more baits and discovered resources at a slower rate, but only at certain times within the experiment. Grazing in conjunction with season thus had a significant effect on ant diversity and foraging behaviour, with dominant ants promoted where habitat complexity was simplified when temperatures were low. Our results indicate that structural complexity plays a major role in determining ant assemblage structure and function in African savannas.}, }
@article {pmid30648019, year = {2019}, author = {Clemmer, JH and Rettig, JE}, title = {Native bluegill influence the foraging and aggressive behavior of invasive mosquitofish.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6203}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6203}, pmid = {30648019}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Two fish species that are common invaders of aquatic ecosystems world-wide are Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki, commonly known as mosquitofish. In North America, introduced G. affinis are thought to have contributed to the population decline of several native fish species. Sunfish (family Centrarchidae) naturally occur across much of North American, thus mosquitofish and sunfish are likely to come into contact and interact more frequently as mosquitofish spread. However, the nature of this interaction is not well known. We used a lab experiment to explore whether and how the aggressive and foraging behaviors of G. affinis might be influenced by a representative and ubiquitous native centrarchid (Lepomis macrochirus; bluegill sunfish), a species with juveniles that inhabit littoral habitats also preferred by mosquitofish. The experiment partnered an individual male or female mosquitofish (focal fish) with a juvenile bluegill, or a same- or opposite-sex conspecific, filmed these one-to-one interactions, and quantified foraging and aggressive actions for the focal mosquitofish. We found that juvenile bluegill affect foraging in male mosquitofish, resulting in lower percent of handling attempts and handling time in which the male consumed a food item. The presence of juvenile bluegill also led to a reduction in the number of aggressive acts by mosquitofish compared to aggression levels when focal mosquitofish were with conspecifics. In nature, when mosquitofish encounter juvenile bluegill in littoral habitats, our results suggest that the foraging and aggressive behaviors of mosquitofish will be modified, especially for males. This mechanism may influence the rate or geographic extent of the spread of mosquitofish into North American waterbodies.}, }
@article {pmid30647243, year = {2019}, author = {Lawrence, JF and Kirejtshuk, AG}, title = {Review of the Australian Cyllodini (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Nitidulinae), with descriptions of new taxa, and notes on the genus Macleayania (Nitidulini).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4544}, number = {3}, pages = {301-334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4544.3.1}, pmid = {30647243}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; *Coleoptera ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {The genera of the nitiduline tribe Cyllodini occurring in Australia are reviewed and a key is provided for their separation. Each genus is discussed, with an emphasis on the Australian fauna, and an hypothesis is given concerning the source of the introduced Camptodes species and its connection with the program for biological control of Opuntia cacti. The specimens identified by Kirejtshuk (2003) as Macleayania amphotiformis (Reitter, 1880b) were found to represent two widely overlapping species later named by Olliff (1886) in the trogossitid genus Ancyrona. The following new genus and species are included: Cyllopallodes, gen. nov., Gymnocychramus bicolor, sp. nov., Pallodes nigroapicalis, sp. nov. The following new combinations and synonymies are also included: Coxollodes loriai (Grouvelle, 1906) (Pallodes) (= Pallodes opacus Grouvelle, 1906, syn. nov.); Cyllodes ruficeps (Reitter, 1880a) (Strongylus) (= Pseudocamptodes blackburni Grouvelle, 1902, syn. nov.; Pseudocamptodes fulviceps Grouvelle, 1906, syn. nov.); Cyllopallodes limbicollis (Reitter, 1880b) (Pallodes), comb. nov.; Pallodes beccarii Grouvelle, 1906 (= Pallodes gestroi Grouvelle, 1906, syn. nov.); Macleayania amphotiformis (Reitter, 1880b) (= Ancyrona amica Olliff, 1886, syn. nov.); Macleayania vesca (Olliff, 1886) (Ancyrona) comb. nov. The lectotypes of Camptodes humeralis (Brullé, 1842), Coxollodes loriai (Grouvelle, 1906), C. opacus (Grouvelle, 1906), Cyllodes fulvipes (Grouvelle, 1906), Pallodes beccarii Grouvelle, 1906, P. gestroi Grouvelle, 1906, and P. misellus Grouvelle, 1906 are designated. Information on and syntype information from Macleayania amica (Olliff, 1886), M. vesca (Olliff, 1886), Cyllodes blackburni (Grouvelle, 1906) and C. rufipes (Reitter, 1880a) are given.}, }
@article {pmid30645636, year = {2019}, author = {Alves, DFR and López Greco, LS and Barros-Alves, SP and Hirose, GL}, title = {Sexual system, reproductive cycle and embryonic development of the red-striped shrimp Lysmata vittata, an invader in the western Atlantic Ocean.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0210723}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210723}, pmid = {30645636}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Several decapod crustaceans are invaders, but little is known about the biological characteristics that potentiate the success of these decapods in invaded ecosystems. Here, we evaluate and describe some aspects of the reproductive biology and development of Lysmata vittata, an invasive shrimp species in the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, we intend to provide important insights into the biology of invasion by comparing the reproductive traits of this shrimp with some of the predictions about aquatic invasive species. We used experimental and laboratory observations to evaluate the functionality of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH), the macro and microscopic development of the ovarian portion of the ovotestes, the reproductive cycle, and the embryonic development of L. vittata. We confirm the functionality of PSH in L. vittata. This shrimp has a rapid reproductive cycle; the ovarian portion of the ovotestes develops (mean ± SD) 6.28 ± 1.61 days after spawning. Embryonic development also occurs over a short time, with a mean (± SD) of 8.37 ± 0.85 days. The larvae hatch without macroscopically visible yolk reserves. Our study provides evidence that the invasive shrimp L. vittata has reproductive and embryonic developmental characteristics (i.e., short generation time and high reproductive capacity) that may be favorable to the establishment of populations during invasive processes.}, }
@article {pmid30643699, year = {2019}, author = {Dong, Z and Morandini, AC and Schiariti, A and Wang, L and Sun, T}, title = {First record of Phyllorhiza sp. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in a Chinese coastal aquaculture pond.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6191}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6191}, pmid = {30643699}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: It has been suggested that aquaculture ponds on the Chinese coast could act as breeding grounds for scyphozoans. Here, we present the first record of the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza sp. in an aquaculture pond on the coast of the southern Yellow Sea, based on a combination of morphological characteristics and mitochondrial 16S DNA sequence data.<br><br>Methods: A field survey was performed on June 29, 2017 in a pond used for culturing the shrimp Penaeus japonicus, located in the southern Yellow Sea, China. Jellyfish specimens were collected for morphological and genetic analysis. The morphological characters of the jellyfish specimens were compared to taxonomic literature. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial 16S fragments of these specimens were also conducted.<br><br>Results: These specimens had the following morphological characters: hemispherical umbrella without scapulets; J-shaped oral arms; a single larger terminal club on each arm; bluish colored with a slightly expanded white tip; and mouthlets present only in the lower half to one-third of each arm. These morphological features of the medusae indicated that the specimens found in the shrimp culture ponds belong to the genus Phyllorhiza Agassiz, 1862, but did not match with the description of any of the known species of the genus Phyllorhiza. Phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA 16S regions revealed that these specimens, together with Phyllorhiza sp. from Malaysian coastal waters, belong to a sister group of Phyllorhiza punctata. Juveniles and ephyrae of Phyllorhiza sp. were observed in the aquaculture pond. The mean density of Phyllorhiza sp. medusa in the surface water within the pond was estimated to be 0.05 individuals/m2.<br><br>Discussion: Based on our observations of the gross morphology and molecular data, we state that the specimens collected in the aquaculture pond can be identified as Phyllorhiza sp. This is the first record of Phyllorhiza sp. in Chinese seas. Large scale dispersal through ballast water or the expansion of jellyfish aquarium exhibitions are possible pathways of invasion, but this needs to be confirmed in further studies.}, }
@article {pmid30643698, year = {2019}, author = {Campbell, CD and Pecon-Slattery, J and Pollak, R and Joseph, L and Holleley, CE}, title = {The origin of exotic pet sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) kept in the United States of America.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e6180}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6180}, pmid = {30643698}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The demand for exotic non-domesticated animals kept as pets in the United States of America (USA) is increasing the exportation rates of these species from their native ranges. Often, illegal harvesting of these species is used to boost captive-bred numbers and meet this demand. One such species, the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps), endemic to Australia and New Guinea is a popular domestic pet due to its small size and &quot;cute&quot; demeanour. Despite a legal avenue for trade existing in Indonesia, concerns have been raised that sugar gliders may be entering the USA from other parts of their native range where exportation is prohibited such as Australia, Papua New Guinea and the surrounding Indonesian islands. We compared previously published DNA sequences from across the native range of sugar gliders with samples collected from domestically kept sugar gliders within the USA to determine provenance and gene flow between source and introduced populations. Here we show that as predicted, the USA sugar glider population originates from West Papua, Indonesia with no illegal harvesting from other native areas such as Papua New Guinea or Australia evident in the samples tested within this study.}, }
@article {pmid30641133, year = {2019}, author = {Dong, F and Zhang, N and Xie, Z and Meng, X and Qian, K and Ji, C and Lu, M and Du, Y and Wang, J}, title = {Characterization and in vitro expression of arginine kinase gene in the invasive western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {51-57}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.003}, pmid = {30641133}, issn = {1879-1107}, mesh = {Animals ; *Arginine Kinase/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics ; *Gene Expression ; *Insect Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics ; *Introduced Species ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; *Thysanoptera/enzymology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Arginine kinase (AK) plays a critical role in insect energy metabolism and has been proposed to be a potential insecticide target for commercial exploitation. In this study, the full length cDNA encoding a typical group 1 insect AK (FoAK) was isolated from the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Sequence analysis showed that FoAK contains an open reading frame of 1068 nucleotides, which encods a protein of 355 amino acid residues including the signature sequence pattern of ATP-guanidino kinases. Genomic structure analysis showed that the coding region of FoAK contains five exons connected by four introns. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of FoAK was developmentally regulated with the lowest level in prepupal stage. Enzymatic activity analysis of the recombinant enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli showed that FoAK is highly stereo specific for L-arginine versus D-arginine and the apparent Michaelis constant for L-arginine (KmArg) is comparable to that of AKs from a variety of species. This research should enable further investigation of the function as well as in vitro screening for inhibitors of FoAK.}, }
@article {pmid30640963, year = {2019}, author = {Beasley, I and Cherel, Y and Robinson, S and Betty, E and Hagihara, R and Gales, R}, title = {Stomach contents of long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas mass-stranded in Tasmania.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e0206747}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0206747}, pmid = {30640963}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {New data are reported from analyses of stomach contents from 114 long-finned pilot whales mass-stranded at four locations around Tasmania, Australia from 1992-2006. Identifiable prey remains were recovered from 84 (74%) individuals, with 30 (26%) individuals (17 females and 13 males) having empty stomachs. Prey remains comprised 966 identifiable lower beaks and 1244 upper beaks, belonging to 17 families (26 species) of cephalopods. Ommastrephidae spp. were the most important cephalopod prey accounting for 16.9% by number and 45.6% by reconstructed mass. Lycoteuthis lorigera was the next most important, followed by Ancistrocheirus lesueurii. Multivariate statistics identified significant differences in diet among the four stranding locations. Long-finned pilot whales foraging off Southern Australia appear to be targeting a diverse assemblage of prey (≥10 species dominated by cephalopods). This is compared to other similar studies from New Zealand and some locations in the Northern Hemisphere, where the diet has been reported to be primarily restricted to ≤3 species dominated by cephalopods. This study emphasises the importance of cephalopods as primary prey for Southern long-finned pilot whales and other marine vertebrates, and has increased our understanding of long-finned pilot whale diet in Southern Ocean waters.}, }
@article {pmid30639717, year = {2019}, author = {Guareschi, S and Wood, PJ}, title = {Taxonomic changes and non-native species: An overview of constraints and new challenges for macroinvertebrate-based indices calculation in river ecosystems.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {660}, number = {}, pages = {40-46}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.008}, pmid = {30639717}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates/classification ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems face many threats in the form of reduced water quantity, poor water quality and the loss of biodiversity. As a result, aquatic biomonitoring tools are required to enable the evaluation of these critical changes. Currently, macroinvertebrate-based indices are globally the most widely used biomonitoring tools in fluvial ecosystems. However, very little is known about the potential effects of changes in taxonomic understanding (updating of classification and nomenclature) or the presence of new non-native species for biotic indices calculation. This is especially relevant given that errors, incorrect classification or exclusion of new/updated nomenclature may affect ecological status evaluations and have direct consequences for the management and conservation of freshwater systems. In this discussion paper the main constraints, challenges and implications of these issues are outlined and case studies from a range of European countries are discussed. However, similar challenges affect rivers and managers globally and will potentially be amplified further in the future. Bioassessment science needs to be open to improvements, and current tools and protocols need to be flexible so that they can be updated and revised rapidly to allow new scientific developments to be integrated. This discussion highlights specific examples and new ideas that may contribute to the future development of aquatic biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates and other faunal and floral groups in riverine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30637759, year = {2019}, author = {Li, Q and Wang, N and Liu, X and Liu, S and Wang, H and Zhang, W and Wang, R and Du, N}, title = {Growth and physiological responses to successional water deficit and recovery in four warm-temperate woody species.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.12922}, pmid = {30637759}, issn = {1399-3054}, abstract = {Plant responses to drought and their subsequent rehydration can provide evidence for forest dynamics within the context of climate change. In this study, the seedlings of two native species (Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Quercus acutissima) and two exotic species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa) in China were selected in a greenhouse experiment. The gas exchange, stem hydraulic parameters, plant osmoprotectant contents and antioxidant activities of the seedlings that were subjected to sustained drought and rehydration (test group) as well as those of well-irrigated seedlings (control group) were measured. The two native species exhibited a greater degree of isohydry with drought because they limited the stomatal opening timely from the onset of the drought. However, the two exotic species showed a more &quot;water spender&quot;-like strategy with R. pseudoacacia showing anisohydric responses and A. fruticosa showing isohydrodynamic responses to drought. Severe drought significantly decreased the leaf gas exchange rates and hydraulic properties, whereas the instantaneous water use efficiency and osmoprotectant contents increased markedly. Most of the physiological parameters recovered rapidly after mild drought rehydration, but the water potential and/or supply of nonstructural carbohydrates did not recover after severe drought rehydration. The results demonstrate that the xylem hydraulic conductivity and shoot water potential jointly play a crucial role in the drought recovery of woody plants. In brief, the native species may play a dominant role in the future in warm-temperate forests because they employ a better balance between carbon gain and water loss than the alien species under extreme drought conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30633812, year = {2019}, author = {Williams, J and Lambert, AM and Long, R and Saltonstall, K}, title = {Does hybrid Phragmites australis differ from native and introduced lineages in reproductive, genetic, and morphological traits?.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, pages = {29-41}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1217}, pmid = {30633812}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {//UCSB/ ; }, abstract = {PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hybridization between previously isolated species or lineages can stimulate invasiveness because of increased genetic diversity and inherited traits facilitating competitive and reproductive potential. We evaluated differences in stand characteristics and sexual and vegetative reproduction among native, introduced, and hybrid Phragmites australis lineages in the southwestern United States. We also assessed the degree of hybridization among lineages and backcrossing of hybrids with parental lineages.<br><br>METHODS: Growth and morphological characteristics were measured in native, introduced, and hybrid Phragmites stands to evaluate relative cover and dominance in associated plant communities. Panicles were collected from stands to evaluate germination, dormancy, and differences in seed traits. Seedlings from germination trials were genotyped to determine frequency of crossing and backcrossing among lineages.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Introduced and hybrid Phragmites stands had significantly greater stem and panicle densities than native stands and were more likely to be dominant members of their respective plant communities. Hybrid seed outputs were significantly greater, but hybrid seeds had lower germination rates than those from native and introduced lineages. We detected a novel hybridization event between native and introduced lineages, but found no strong evidence of hybrids backcrossing with parental lineages.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid Phragmites in the Southwest exhibits reproductive, genetic, and morphological characteristics from both parental lineages that facilitate dispersal, establishment, and aggressive growth, including high reproductive output, rhizome viability, and aboveground biomass, with smaller seeds and greater genetic diversity than its progenitors. Our results show hybrids can inherit traits that confer invasiveness and provide insight for managing this species complex and other cryptic species with native and introduced variants with potential for intraspecific hybridization.}, }
@article {pmid30629894, year = {2019}, author = {Rodriguez-Saona, C and Vincent, C and Isaacs, R}, title = {Blueberry IPM: Past Successes and Future Challenges.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {95-114}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112147}, pmid = {30629894}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Blueberry is a crop native to North America with expanding production and consumption worldwide. In the historical regions of production, integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been developed and provided effective control of key insect pests. These have integrated monitoring programs with physical, cultural, biological, behavioral, and chemical controls to meet the intense demands of consumers and modern food systems. Globalization of the blueberry industry has resulted in new pest-crop associations and the introduction of invasive pests into existing and new blueberry-growing areas. Invasive pests-in particular spotted wing drosophila-have been highly disruptive to traditional IPM programs, resulting in increased use of insecticides and the potential to disrupt beneficial insects. Moreover, regulatory agencies have reduced the number of broad-spectrum insecticides available to growers while facilitating registration and adoption of reduced-risk insecticides that have a narrower spectrum of activity. Despite these new tools, increasing international trade has constrained insecticide use because of maximum residue limits, which are often not standardized across countries. Great potential remains for biological, behavioral, cultural, and physical methods to contribute to blueberry IPM, and with more regions investing in blueberry research, we expect regionally relevant IPM programs to develop in the new production regions.}, }
@article {pmid30628723, year = {2019}, author = {Carlucci, R and Mentino, D and Semeraro, D and Ricci, P and Sion, L and Scillitani, G}, title = {Comparative histochemical analysis of intestinal glycoconjugates in the blunthead pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster and grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus (Teleostei: Tetraodontiformes).}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {122-131}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.13871}, pmid = {30628723}, issn = {1095-8649}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Glycoconjugates/*metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism ; Lectins ; Tetraodontiformes/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The localization of intestinal glycoconjugates of the blunthead pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster and the grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the north-western Ionian Sea was analysed by histochemical methods (PAS, AB pH 2.5, HID) and lectin binding experiments (WGA, LFA, SBA, sialidase-SBA, PNA, sialidase-PNA, ConA, AAA, UEA-I, LTA) to assess how evolutionary loss of a functional stomach in S. pachygaster affects intestinal secretions relative to the B. capriscus, which retains the plesiomorphic gastric condition. Sphoeroides pachygaster had a lower content of acid mucins but more complex sialylation patterns than B. capriscus. GalNAc and GlcNAc residuals were present in both, but GalNAc residuals in S. pachygaster were subterminal to sialic acid. Balistes capriscus lacked galactosylated residuals and its enterocytes had a glycocalyx that differed in composition between the small intestine and the rectum and was missing from S. pachygaster. Functional and ecological implications of these findings are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30627765, year = {2019}, author = {Junge, X and Hunziker, M and Bauer, N and Arnberger, A and Olschewski, R}, title = {Invasive Alien Species in Switzerland: Awareness and Preferences of Experts and the Public.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {80-93}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-018-1115-5}, pmid = {30627765}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Invasive alien species (IAS) can cause ecological and economic damages. To reduce or prevent these damages different management and prevention strategies aim to impede new establishments or a further spreading of IAS. However, for these measures to be successful, public knowledge of risks and threats of IAS as well as public support for eradication measures are important prerequisites. We conducted a survey to examine (i) public and experts' awareness and knowledge of IAS, (ii) their preferences for six invasive plant species and (iii) their preferences for and trade-offs among management alternatives in Switzerland. In addition, a choice experiment was applied to analyse preferences concerning the intensity, priority and costs of interventions. Both, the Swiss public and the experts have a preference for intervening against invasive alien species. However, the public and the experts differ in their priorities of combatting particular species, resulting in a different ranking of intervention necessities. Further, differences were found in the willingness to pay for interventions between the German-, French- and Italian-speaking parts of Switzerland. The results suggest that a higher problem awareness increases the willingness to pay for countermeasures. We conclude that education programs or information campaigns are promising instruments to raise public awareness and to avoid conflicts concerning the management of invasive alien species.}, }
@article {pmid30626952, year = {2019}, author = {Ivey, PJ and Hill, MP and Coetzee, JA}, title = {South Africa beats back invasive plants.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {565}, number = {7738}, pages = {161}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00037-9}, pmid = {30626952}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Introduced Species ; Plants, Medicinal ; South Africa ; *Water ; }, }
@article {pmid30626082, year = {2019}, author = {Xue, Q and Wu, XQ and Zhang, WJ and Deng, LN and Wu, MM}, title = {Cathepsin L-like Cysteine Proteinase Genes Are Associated with the Development and Pathogenicity of Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms20010215}, pmid = {30626082}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {CX (16) 1005//Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund/ ; PAPD//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; KYZZ16_0315//Innovation Plan for Graduate Students of Jiangsu, China/ ; }, abstract = {The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), resulting in huge losses in pine forests. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. The cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase (CPL) genes are multifunctional genes related to the parasitic abilities of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their functions in PWN remain unclear. We cloned three cpl genes of PWN (Bx-cpls) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and analyzed their characteristics using bioinformatic methods. The tissue specificity of cpl gene of PWN (Bx-cpl) was studied using in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH). The functions of Bx-cpls in development and pathogenicity were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the full-length cDNAs of Bx-cpl-1, Bx-cpl-2, and Bx-cpl-3 were 1163 bp, 1305 bp, and 1302 bp, respectively. Bx-cpls could accumulate specifically in the egg, intestine, and genital system of PWN. During different developmental stages of PWN, the expression of Bx-cpls in the egg stage was highest. After infection, the expression levels of Bx-cpls increased and reached their highest at the initial stage of PWD, then declined gradually. The silencing of Bx-cpl could reduce the feeding, reproduction, and pathogenicity of PWN. These results revealed that Bx-cpls play multiple roles in the development and pathogenic processes of PWN.}, }
@article {pmid30175244, year = {2018}, author = {Kamgang, B and Wilson-Bahun, TA and Irving, H and Kusimo, MO and Lenga, A and Wondji, CS}, title = {Geographical distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and genetic diversity of invading population of Ae. albopictus in the Republic of the Congo.}, journal = {Wellcome open research}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {79}, doi = {10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14659.3}, pmid = {30175244}, issn = {2398-502X}, abstract = {Background: The arbovirus vector, Aedes albopictus, originating from Asia, has recently invaded African countries, including the Republic of the Congo, where it was associated with a chikungunya outbreak. Up until now, little was known about its distribution in relation to the native Aedes aegypti and how the invasion will modify the epidemiology of arboviral diseases. Here, we assessed the current distribution of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in the Republic of the Congo and explored the genetic diversity of the invading species, Ae. albopictus. Methods: Immature stages of Aedes were collected in nine locations in the Republic of the Congo in 2017 following a north-south transect and reared to adult stage. Adults were morphologically identified, counted and grouped according to species and location. Genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus was assessed by analyzing the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Results:Ae.albopictus and Ae. aegypti were found together across the country in all the locations investigated. The invasive species is predominant over the native species in all locations except Brazzaville, suggesting that Ae. albopictus is displacing Ae. aegypti across Congo. When comparing the species distributions across the two largest cities, Brazzaville and Pointe Noire, Ae. albopictus was more prevalent than Ae. aegypti in the suburbs whereas the opposite situation was reported in the city centre. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed very low genetic diversity of Ae. albopictus with only three haplotypes recorded across the country supporting the recent introduction of this species in the Republic of the Congo. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Ae. albopictus from Congo originated from other tropical Asian countries such as China, likely as a result of increasing trade links. Conclusion: These findings are important for the implementation of vector control strategies and can serve as a foundation for further research on these vectors in the country.}, }
@article {pmid30624797, year = {2019}, author = {Munro, D and Steer, J and Linklater, W}, title = {On allegations of invasive species denialism.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13278}, pmid = {30624797}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Science denialism retards evidenced-based policy and practice and should be challenged. It has been a particular concern for mitigating global environmental issues, such as anthropogenic climate change. But allegations of science denialism must also be well founded and evidential or they risk eroding public trust in science and scientists. Recently, 77 published works by scholars, scientists, and science writers were identified as containing invasive species denialism (ISD; i.e., rejection of well-supported facts about invasive species, particularly the global scientific consensus about their negative impacts). We reevaluated 75 of these works but could find no examples of refutation of scientific facts and only 5 articles with text perhaps consistent with one of the 5 characteristics of science denialism. We found, therefore, that allegations of ISD were misplaced. These accusations of science denialism may have arisen because invasion biology defines its subjects-invasive species-based on multiple subjective and normative judgments. Thus, more than other applied sciences its consensus is one of shared values as much as agreed knowledge. Criticisms of invasion biology have largely targeted those subjective and normative judgments and their global imposition, not the knowledge on which the discipline is based. Regrettably, a few invasion biologists have misinterpreted the critique of their values-based consensus as a denial of their science when it is not. To make invasion biology a more robust and widely accepted science and to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts, invasion biologists could be more accepting of perspectives originating from other disciplines and more open to values-based critique from scholars and scientists outside their field. This recommendation applies to all conservation sciences, especially those addressing global challenges, because these sciences must serve and be relevant to communities with an extraordinary diversity of cultures and values.}, }
@article {pmid30623885, year = {2019}, author = {Vo, NTK and Seymour, CB and Mothersill, CE}, title = {The common field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol is a potential radiosensitizer in fish cells.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {383-388}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.060}, pmid = {30623885}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate if the common field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) that is intended to eradicate the invasive species sea lampreys in the Great Lakes has the potential to sensitize radiation responses in cells from non-targeted native fish MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TFM toxicity was assessed acutely and chronically with the clonogenic fish cell line eelB. The acute toxicity (24-h exposure) was determined by the fluorescent cell viability probe Alamar Blue. The chronic toxicity was determined either by Alamar Blue (7-d exposure) or the clonogenic survival assay (14-d exposure). Pre- and post-exposure of fish cells to environmentally relevant TFM concentrations following gamma irradiation were performed. Clonogenic survival was determined to assess the damage level of radiation-induced reproductive cell death.<br><br>RESULTS: The chronic toxicity tests were more sensitive than the acute toxicity tests. The 14-d EC50 using the clonogenic survival endpoint was 2.09 ± 0.28 μg/mL and was statistically similar to the 7-d EC50 (1.85 ± 0.07 μg/mL) based on the Alamar Blue-based cytotoxicity endpoint. Post-exposure of cells to environmentally relevant TFM concentrations following irradiation did not have any effect as compared to the irradiation alone group. In contrast, pre-exposure of cells to TFM following irradiation had a negative additive effect when the total radiation dose was 2 Gy, but not 0.1 or 0.5 Gy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the common field lampricide TFM is a potential radiation sensitizer in cells from non-targeted native fish. This could be a health problem of concern for non-targeted native fish if a large accidental radioactive release occurs.}, }
@article {pmid30623106, year = {2019}, author = {Wyckhuys, KAG and Hughes, AC and Buamas, C and Johnson, AC and Vasseur, L and Reymondin, L and Deguine, JP and Sheil, D}, title = {Biological control of an agricultural pest protects tropical forests.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {10}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-018-0257-6}, pmid = {30623106}, issn = {2399-3642}, abstract = {Though often perceived as an environmentally-risky practice, biological control of invasive species can restore crop yields, ease land pressure and thus contribute to forest conservation. Here, we show how biological control against the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) slows deforestation across Southeast Asia. In Thailand, this newly-arrived mealybug caused an 18% decline in cassava yields over 2009-2010 and an escalation in prices of cassava products. This spurred an expansion of cassava cropping in neighboring countries from 713,000 ha in 2009 to > 1 million ha by 2011: satellite imagery reveals 388%, 330%, 185% and 608% increases in peak deforestation rates in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam focused in cassava crop expansion areas. Following release of the host-specific parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera) in 2010, mealybug outbreaks were reduced, cropping area contracted and deforestation slowed by 31-95% in individual countries. Hence, when judiciously implemented, insect biological control can deliver substantial environmental benefits.}, }
@article {pmid30621776, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, GL and Tang, YY and Limpanont, Y and Wu, ZD and Li, J and Lv, ZY}, title = {Zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species in China.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, doi = {10.1186/s40249-018-0512-6}, pmid = {30621776}, issn = {2049-9957}, support = {2016YFC1202003//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arthropods/*parasitology ; China ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Introduced Species ; Mollusca/*parasitology ; Vertebrates/*parasitology ; Zoonoses/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The invasive alien species may lead to great environmental and economic crisis due to its strong capability of occupying the biological niche of native species and altering the ecosystem of the invaded area. However, its potential to serve as the vectors of some specific zoonotic pathogens, especially parasites, has been neglected. Thus, the damage that it may cause has been hugely underestimated in this aspect, which is actually an important public health problem. This paper aims to discuss the current status of zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species in China.<br><br>MAIN BODY: This review summarizes the reported zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species in China based on the Database of Invasive Alien Species in China. We summarize their prevalence, threat to human health, related reported cases, and the roles of invasive alien species in the life cycle of these parasites, and the invasion history of some invasive alien species. Furthermore, we sum up the current state of prevention and control of invasive alien species in China, and discuss about the urgency and several feasible strategies for the prevention and control of these zoonoses under the background of booming international communications and inevitable globalization.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Information of the zoonotic parasites carried by invasive alien species neither in China or worldwide, especially related case reports, is limited due to a long-time neglection and lack of monitoring. The underestimation of their damage requires more attention to the monitoring and control and compulsory measures should be taken to control the invasive alien species carrying zoonotic parasites.}, }
@article {pmid30620129, year = {2019}, author = {Postigo, JL and Strubbe, D and Mori, E and Ancillotto, L and Carneiro, I and Latsoudis, P and Menchetti, M and Pârâu, LG and Parrott, D and Reino, L and Weiserbs, A and Senar, JC}, title = {Mediterranean versus Atlantic monk parakeets Myiopsitta monachus: towards differentiated management at the European scale.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {915-922}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5320}, pmid = {30620129}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {PTDC/AAG-GLO/0463/2014-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016583SFRH/BPD/93079/2013//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P//Spanish Research Council/ ; //Foundation for Science and Technology/ ; //FEDER Funds through the Operational Competitiveness Factors Program 'COMPETE/ ; SFRH/BPD/93079/2013//FCT/ ; CGL-2016-79568-C3-3-P//Spanish Research Council (Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness)/ ; //Danish National Research Foundation/ ; 706318//H2020-MSCA-IF-2015/ ; }, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; European Union ; Introduced Species ; Mediterranean Region ; Parakeets ; *Parrots ; *Pest Control ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert), native to South America, is an invasive species in several European countries, causing crop damage and potential negative impacts on wildlife. Only Spain and Great Britain have regulations to control monk parakeets, thus fast growth and spread of populations are likely to occur on a wide scale. The aims of this research are to update information on the distribution and population size of monk parakeets in Europe, assess whether differences in population growth or spread rate exist between populations, and provide recommendations to decision-makers.<br><br>RESULTS: Our study estimates that there are 23 758 monk parakeets in the wild, across 179 municipalities in eight European Union (EU) countries; 84% of these municipalities hold between 1 and 100 monk parakeets. All countries with a representative historical record are experiencing exponential growth of monk parakeets. Mediterranean countries are experiencing higher exponential growth, spread rate and faster colonization of new municipalities than Atlantic countries.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that EU Mediterranean countries consider declaration of the monk parakeet as invasive alien species of regional concern, and develop coordinated efforts to monitor and manage the species, taking advantage of the low population sizes in most municipalities. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30615858, year = {2019}, author = {Grumiaux, C and Andersen, MK and Colinet, H and Overgaard, J}, title = {Fluctuating thermal regime preserves physiological homeostasis and reproductive capacity in Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {33-41}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.01.001}, pmid = {30615858}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii, an invasive species recently introduced in Europe, lays eggs in thin-skinned fruits and causes huge financial losses to fruit growers. One potential way to control this pest is the sterile insect technique (SIT) which demands a large stock of reproductive females to produce millions of sterile males to be released on demand. Unfortunately, Drosophila stocks age quickly, show declining fecundity when maintained at warm temperatures and conversely, they die from chill injury if they are maintained at constant low temperature. Here we investigate the potential of fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) as a storage method that harness the benefits of both warm and cold storage. Using a FTR with a daily warm period (1 h 20 at 25 °C) and cold period (20 h at 3 °C), interspaced by gradual heating and cooling, we compared longevity, fecundity and physiological condition between FTR females and females exposed to constant 25 °C and 3 °C. As hypothesised, FTR flies experienced much slower senescence (>3-fold increase in lifespan) and they preserved fecundity to a much higher age than flies from constant 25 °C. Flies maintained at constant 3 °C quickly died from chill injuries caused by a gradual loss of ion and water balance. In contrast, FTR flies were able to maintain ion and water balance (similar to 25 °C flies) as they were allowed to recover homeostasis during the short warm periods. Together these results demonstrate that FTR represents a useful protocol for storage of Drosophila stocks, and more broadly, this shows that the benefits of FTR are tightly linked with the insect ability to recover physiological homeostasis during the short warm periods.}, }
@article {pmid30613890, year = {2019}, author = {Pérez-Morales, JM and Sánchez-Galván, G and Olguín, EJ}, title = {Continuous dye adsorption and desorption on an invasive macrophyte (Salvinia minima).}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {5955-5970}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-018-04097-8}, pmid = {30613890}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {2003010282//Instituto?de?Ecolog?a?/ ; }, mesh = {Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biomass ; Coloring Agents/analysis/*chemistry ; Introduced Species ; Methylene Blue/analysis/chemistry ; Plants/metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {The continuous adsorption-desorption of methylene blue (MB) on an invasive macrophyte, Salvinia minima, was investigated in fixed-bed columns. The effects of bed depth (h) (9.30, 18.70, and 28 cm), inlet dye concentration (C0) (51 ± 1.20, 154 ± 2.00, and 250 ± 1.50 mg L-1), and flow rate (Q) (7 and 14 mL min-1) on dye removal and breakthrough curves were assessed. Thomas, modified dose-response (MDR) and bed depth service time (BDST) models were fitted to the experimental data. Desorption and regeneration studies were also performed. The breakthrough time was affected by h, C0, and Q. The dynamic bed capacity at the breakthrough point (qb) increased with increasing h but decreased with increasing C0 and Q. Dynamic bed capacities (qe) from 318 to 322 mg g-1 were achieved at h = 28 cm, C0 = 154 ± 2.0, or 250 ± 1.50 mg L-1, independently of the Q value. High MB removals were also observed (75-78%). FTIR analysis revealed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups could be involved in dye adsorption. MDR and BDST models were both successfully used to predict the breakthrough curves of MB adsorption onto S. minima. A high regeneration efficiency (> 87%) was obtained after three adsorption-desorption cycles. These results confirm that the use of S. minima biomass could be a very efficient and eco-friendly alternative for MB adsorption in continuous mode.}, }
@article {pmid30604087, year = {2019}, author = {Denley, D and Metaxas, A and Fennel, K}, title = {Community composition influences the population growth and ecological impact of invasive species in response to climate change.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {537-548}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-04334-4}, pmid = {30604087}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {RGPIN-2016-04878//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Predicting long-term impacts of introduced species is challenging, since stressors related to global change can influence species-community interactions by affecting both demographic rates of invasive species and the structure of the invaded ecosystems. Invasive species can alter ecosystem structure over time, further complicating interactions between invasive species and invaded communities in response to additional stressors. Few studies have considered how cumulative impacts of species invasion and global change on the structure of invaded ecosystems may influence persistence and population growth of introduced species. Here, we present an empirically based population model for an invasive epiphytic bryozoan that can dramatically alter the structure of its invaded kelp bed ecosystems. We use this model to predict the response of invasive species to climate change and associated changes in the invaded community. Population growth of the bryozoan increased under near-future projections of increasing ocean temperature; however, the magnitude of population growth depended on the community composition of invaded kelp beds. Our results suggest that, in some cases, indirect effects of climate change mediated through changes to the structure of the invaded habitat can modulate direct effects of climate change on invasive species, with consequences for their long-term ecological impact. Our findings have important implications for management of invasive species, as modifying invaded habitats at local to regional scales may be more logistically feasible than addressing stressors related to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid30604085, year = {2019}, author = {Evangelista, C and Cucherousset, J and Lecerf, A}, title = {Contrasting ecological impacts of geographically close invasive populations.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {529-536}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-04333-5}, pmid = {30604085}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {Projects ISOLAC//Onema/ ; ERADINVA//Onema/ ; Inva_Eco_Evo_Lac//PRES-Toulouse/ ; }, abstract = {Intraspecific trait variability is now well recognized as a key component of biodiversity explaining how individuals within a species can differentially interact with their environment. To date, however, this concept has rarely been incorporated in the study of biological invasions, despite its provision of new insights into invasive species management. Here, we used an experimental approach to investigate how invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) derived from geographically close ecosystems can differentially impact prey community structure and relevant ecosystem processes. We also compared the magnitude of the effects induced by invasive species introduction with those induced by intraspecific variability. Our results showed that effects of intraspecific variability can be strong for direct interactions such as resource (e.g., leaf litter, snails) consumption and of similar magnitude to the effects induced by the introduction of the invasive species when considering indirect interactions (e.g., primary production, ecosystem metabolism). Overall, these results highlighted that invasive populations of the same species are not ecologically equivalent, with each population acting differently on their recipient ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid30603992, year = {2019}, author = {Alqawasmeh, Y and Lutscher, F}, title = {Persistence and spread of stage-structured populations in heterogeneous landscapes.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {1485-1527}, doi = {10.1007/s00285-018-1317-8}, pmid = {30603992}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {RGPIN-2016-04795//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Conditions for population persistence in heterogeneous landscapes and formulas for population spread rates are important tools for conservation ecology and invasion biology. To date, these tools have been developed for unstructured populations, yet many, if not all, species show two or more distinct phases in their life cycle. We formulate and analyze a stage-structured model for a population in a heterogeneous habitat. We divide the population into pre-reproductive and reproductive stages. We consider an environment consisting of two types of patches, one where population growth is positive, one where it is negative. Individuals move randomly within patches but can show preference towards one patch type at the interface between patches. We use linear stability analysis to determine persistence conditions, and we derive a dispersion relation to find spatial spread rates. We illustrate our results by comparing the structured population model with an appropriately scaled unstructured model. We find that a long pre-reproductive state typically increases habitat requirements for persistence and decreases spatial spread rates, but we also identify scenarios in which a population with intermediate maturation rate spreads fastest.}, }
@article {pmid30601574, year = {2019}, author = {Peng, S and Kinlock, NL and Gurevitch, J and Peng, S}, title = {Correlation of native and exotic species richness: a global meta-analysis finds no invasion paradox across scales.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {e02552}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.2552}, pmid = {30601574}, issn = {0012-9658}, support = {31030015//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Chinese Scholarship Council and the Scientific Research Foundation/ ; //Sun Yat-sen University/ ; }, abstract = {Support for the &quot;biotic resistance hypothesis,&quot; that species-rich communities are more successful at resisting invasion by exotic species than are species-poor communities, has long been debated. It has been argued that native-exotic richness relationships (NERR) are negative at small spatial scales and positive at large scales, but evidence for the role of spatial scale on NERR has been contradictory. However, no formal quantitative synthesis has previously examined whether NERR is scale-dependent across multiple studies, and previous studies on NERR have not distinguished spatial grain and extent, which may drive very different ecological processes. We used a global systematic review and hierarchical mixed-effects meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the patterns of NERR over a range of spatial grain sizes and spatial extents, based on 204 individual cases of observational (non-experimental) NERRs from 101 publications. We show that NERR was indeed highly scale dependent across studies and increased with the log of grain size. However, mean NERR was not negative at any grain size, although there was high heterogeneity at small grain sizes. We found no clear patterns of NERR across different spatial extents, suggesting that extent plays a less important role in determining NERR than does grain, although there was a complex interaction between extent and grain size. Almost all studies on NERR were conducted in North America, western Europe, and a few other regions, with little information on tropical or Arctic regions. We did find that NERR increased northward in temperate regions and also varied with longitude. We discuss possible explanations for the patterns we found, and caution that our results do not show that invasive species are benign or have no negative consequences for biodiversity preservation. This study represents the first global quantitative analysis of scale-based NERR, and casts doubt on the existence of an &quot;invasion paradox&quot; of negative NERR at small scales and positive correlations at large scales in non-experimental studies.}, }
@article {pmid30598861, year = {2018}, author = {Leimbach-Maus, HB and Parks, SR and Partridge, CG}, title = {Microsatellite primer development for the invasive perennial herb Gypsophila paniculata (Caryophyllaceae).}, journal = {Applications in plant sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e01203}, doi = {10.1002/aps3.1203}, pmid = {30598861}, issn = {2168-0450}, abstract = {Premise of the Study: Gypsophila paniculata (baby's breath; Caryophyllaceae) is a herbaceous perennial that has invaded much of northern and western United States and Canada, outcompeting and crowding out native and endemic species. Microsatellite primers were developed to analyze the genetic structure of invasive populations.<br><br>Methods and Results: We identified 16 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci for G. paniculata out of 73 loci that successfully amplified from a primer library created using Illumina sequencing technology. Microsatellite primers were developed to amplify di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats and tested in three invasive populations in Michigan.<br><br>Conclusions: These markers will be useful in characterizing the genetic structure of invasive populations throughout North America to aid targeted management efforts, and in native Eurasian populations to better understand invasion history. Five of these developed primers also amplified in G. elegans.}, }
@article {pmid30598809, year = {2018}, author = {Fukui, S and May-McNally, SL and Taylor, EB and Koizumi, I}, title = {Maladaptive secondary sexual characteristics reduce the reproductive success of hybrids between native and non-native salmonids.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {23}, pages = {12173-12182}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4676}, pmid = {30598809}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Human-mediated hybridization between introduced and native species is one of the most serious threats to native taxa. Although field studies have attempted to quantify the relative fitness or reproductive success of parental species and their hybrids, only a few studies have unraveled the factors determining the fitness of hybrids. Here, we hypothesized that maladaptive secondary sexual characteristics may reduce fitness of hybrids between two fish species. To test this, we evaluated the reproductive success of introduced brook trout (BT: Salvelinus fontinalis), native white-spotted charr (WSC: S. leucomaenis) and their hybrids in a natural stream in Hokkaido, Japan, where the two parental species show remarkably different male secondary sexual characteristics, such as elongated jaws and deeper bodies. We predicted that introgression from WSC is maladaptive for BT males because the BT male has more prominent secondary sexual characteristics. Our results suggest that both sexual selection and outbreeding depression in males and females significantly influence an individual's reproductive success. Our results also suggest that asymmetric introgression may increase the risks to persistence in the recipient species.}, }
@article {pmid30598787, year = {2018}, author = {Ng, WT and Cândido de Oliveira Silva, A and Rima, P and Atzberger, C and Immitzer, M}, title = {Ensemble approach for potential habitat mapping of invasive Prosopis spp. in Turkana, Kenya.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {23}, pages = {11921-11931}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4649}, pmid = {30598787}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Aim: Prosopis spp. are an invasive alien plant species native to the Americas and well adapted to thrive in arid environments. In Kenya, several remote-sensing studies conclude that the genus is well established throughout the country and is rapidly invading new areas. This research aims to model the potential habitat of Prosopis spp. by using an ensemble model consisting of four species distribution models. Furthermore, environmental and expert knowledge-based variables are assessed.<br><br>Location: Turkana County, Kenya.<br><br>Methods: We collected and assessed a large number of environmental and expert knowledge-based variables through variable correlation, collinearity, and bias tests. The variables were used for an ensemble model consisting of four species distribution models: (a) logistic regression, (b) maximum entropy, (c) random forest, and (d) Bayesian networks. The models were evaluated through a block cross-validation providing statistical measures.<br><br>Results: The best predictors for Prosopis spp. habitat are distance from water and built-up areas, soil type, elevation, lithology, and temperature seasonality. All species distribution models achieved high accuracies while the ensemble model achieved the highest scores. Highly and moderately suitable Prosopis spp. habitat covers 6% and 9% of the study area, respectively.<br><br>Main conclusions: Both ensemble and individual models predict a high risk of continued invasion, confirming local observations and conceptions. Findings are valuable to stakeholders for managing invaded area, protecting areas at risk, and to raise awareness.}, }
@article {pmid30595990, year = {2018}, author = {Holland, EP and Binny, RN and James, A}, title = {Optimal control of irrupting pest populations in a climate-driven ecosystem.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e6146}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6146}, pmid = {30595990}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Irruptions of small consumer populations, driven by pulsed resources, can lead to adverse effects including the decline of indigenous species or increased disease spread. Broad-scale pest management to combat such effects benefits from forecasting of irruptions and an assessment of the optimal control conditions for minimising consumer abundance. We use a climate-based consumer-resource model to predict irruptions of a pest species (Mus musculus) population in response to masting (episodic synchronous seed production) and extend this model to account for broad-scale pest control of mice using toxic bait. The extended model is used to forecast the magnitude and frequency of pest irruptions under low, moderate and high control levels, and for different timings of control operations. In particular, we assess the optimal control timing required to minimise the frequency with which pests reach 'plague' levels, whilst avoiding excessive toxin use. Model predictions suggest the optimal timing for mouse control in beech forest, with respect to minimising plague time, is mid-September. Of the control regimes considered, a seedfall driven biannual-biennial regime gave the greatest reduction in plague time and plague years for low and moderate control levels. Although inspired by a model validated using house mouse populations in New Zealand forests, our modelling approach is easily adapted for application to other climate-driven systems where broad-scale control is conducted on irrupting pest populations.}, }
@article {pmid30594137, year = {2018}, author = {Eyer, PA and McDowell, B and Johnson, LNL and Calcaterra, LA and Fernandez, MB and Shoemaker, D and Puckett, RT and Vargo, EL}, title = {Supercolonial structure of invasive populations of the tawny crazy ant Nylanderia fulva in the US.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {209}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-018-1336-5}, pmid = {30594137}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; Ants/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Social Behavior ; United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social insects are among the most serious invasive pests in the world, particularly successful at monopolizing environmental resources to outcompete native species and achieve ecological dominance. The invasive success of some social insects is enhanced by their unicolonial structure, under which the presence of numerous queens and the lack of aggression against non-nestmates allow high worker densities, colony growth, and survival while eliminating intra-specific competition. In this study, we investigated the population genetics, colony structure and levels of aggression in the tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, which was recently introduced into the United States from South America.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that this species experienced a genetic bottleneck during its invasion lowering its genetic diversity by 60%. Our results show that the introduction of N. fulva is associated with a shift in colony structure. This species exhibits a multicolonial organization in its native range, with colonies clearly separated from one another, whereas it displays a unicolonial system with no clear boundaries among nests in its invasive range. We uncovered an absence of genetic differentiation among populations across the entire invasive range, and a lack of aggressive behaviors towards conspecifics from different nests, even ones separated by several hundreds of kilometers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that across its entire invasive range in the U.S.A., this species forms a single supercolony spreading more than 2000 km. In each invasive nest, we found several, up to hundreds, of reproductive queens, each being mated with a single male. The many reproductive queens per nests, together with the free movement of individuals between nests, leads to a relatedness coefficient among nestmate workers close to zero in introduced populations, calling into question the stability of this unicolonial system in which indirect fitness benefits to workers is apparently absent.}, }
@article {pmid30587673, year = {2019}, author = {Kuninaga, N and Asano, M and Matsuyama, R and Minemoto, T and Mori, T and Suzuki, M}, title = {Serological and histological evaluation of species-specific immunocontraceptive vaccine antigens based on zona pellucida 3 in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus).}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {328-337}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.17-0605}, pmid = {30587673}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Antigens/immunology ; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Female ; *Herpestidae/blood/immunology ; *Introduced Species ; Vaccines/*immunology ; Zona Pellucida/*immunology/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) was introduced to Japanese islands and has impacted on the island's biodiversity. Population control has been attempted through capturing but its efficiency has rapidly declined. Therefore, new additional control methods are required. Our focus has been on the immunocontraceptive vaccines, which act in an especially species-specific manner. The amino-acid sequence of the mongoose ovum zona pellucida protein 3 (ZP3) was decoded and two types of synthetic peptides (A and B) were produced. In this study, these peptides were administered to mongooses (each n=3) and the sera were collected to verify immunogenicity using ELISA and IHC. Treated mongoose sera showed an increasing of antibody titer according to immunizations and the antigen-antibody reactions against the endogenous mongoose ZP. In addition, IHC revealed that immune sera absorbed with each peptide showed a marked reduction in reactivity, which indicated the specificity of induced antibodies. These reactions were marked in peptide A treated mongoose sera, and the antibody titer of one of them lasted for at least 21 weeks. These results indicated that peptide A was a potential antigen, inducing autoantibody generation. Moreover, immunized rabbit antibodies recognized mongoose ZP species-specifically. However, the induction of robust immune memory was not observed. Also, the actual sterility effects of peptides remain unknown, it should be verified as a next step. In any case, this study verified synthetic peptides we developed are useful as the antigen candidates for immunocontraception of mongooses.}, }
@article {pmid30587105, year = {2018}, author = {Kutch, IC and Fedorka, KM}, title = {Y-chromosomes can constrain adaptive evolution via epistatic interactions with other chromosomes.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {204}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-018-1327-6}, pmid = {30587105}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; *Y Chromosome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Variation in the non-coding regions of Y-chromosomes have been shown to influence gene regulation throughout the genome in some systems; a phenomenon termed Y-linked regulatory variation (YRV). This type of sex-specific genetic variance could have important implications for the evolution of male and female traits. If YRV contributes to the additive genetic variation of an autosomally coded trait shared between the sexes (e.g. body size), then selection could facilitate sexually dimorphic evolution via the Y-chromosome. In contrast, if YRV is entirely non-additive (i.e. interacts epistatically with other chromosomes), then Y-chromosomes could constrain trait evolution in both sexes whenever they are selected for the same trait value. The ability for this phenomenon to influence such fundamental evolutionary dynamics remains unexplored.<br><br>RESULTS: Here we address the evolutionary contribution of Y-linked variance by selecting for improved male geotaxis in populations possessing multiple Y-chromosomes (i.e. possessed Y-linked additive and/or epistatic variation) or a single Y-chromosome variant (i.e. possessed no Y-linked variation). We found that males from populations possessing Y-linked variation did not significantly respond to selection; however, males from populations with no Y-linked variation did respond. These patterns suggest the presence of a large quantity of Y-linked epistatic variance in the multi-Y population that dramatically slowed its response.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that YRV is unlikely to facilitate the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits (at least for the trait examined here), but can interfere with the rate of trait evolution in both males and females. This result could have real biological implications as it suggests that YRV can affect how quickly a population responds to new selective pressures (e.g. invasive species, novel pathogens, or climate change). Considering that YRV influences hundreds of genes and is likely typical of other independently-evolved hemizygous chromosomes, YRV-like phenomena may represent common and significant costs to hemizygous sex determination.}, }
@article {pmid30586169, year = {2019}, author = {Policelli, N and Bruns, TD and Vilgalys, R and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Suilloid fungi as global drivers of pine invasions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {222}, number = {2}, pages = {714-725}, doi = {10.1111/nph.15660}, pmid = {30586169}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {1554181//NSF/ ; PICT 2014-0662//FONCyT/ ; PICT 2016-1412//FONCyT/ ; }, abstract = {Belowground biota can deeply influence plant invasion. The presence of appropriate soil mutualists can act as a driver to enable plants to colonize new ranges. We reviewed the species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) that facilitate pine establishment in both native and non-native ranges, and that are associated with their invasion into nonforest settings. We found that one particular group of EMF, suilloid fungi, uniquely drive pine invasion in the absence of other EMF. Although the association with other EMF is variable, suilloid EMF are always associated with invasive pines, particularly at early invasion, when invasive trees are most vulnerable. We identified five main ecological traits of suilloid fungi that may explain their key role at pine invasions: their long-distance dispersal capacity, the establishment of positive biotic interactions with mammals, their capacity to generate a resistant spore bank, their rapid colonization of roots and their long-distance exploration type. These results suggest that the identity of mycorrhizal fungi and their ecological interactions, rather than simply the presence of compatible fungi, are key to the understanding of plant invasion processes and their success or failure. Particularly for pines, their specific association with suilloid fungi determines their invasion success in previously uninvaded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30585425, year = {2018}, author = {Richard, SA and Tillman, EA and Humphrey, JS and Avery, ML and Parker, MR}, title = {Male Burmese pythons follow female scent trails and show sex-specific behaviors.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12376}, pmid = {30585425}, issn = {1749-4877}, abstract = {Animals communicate with potential mates using species-specific signals, and pheromones are powerful sexual signals that modify conspecific behavior to facilitate mate location. Among the vertebrates, snakes are especially adept in mate searching via chemical trailing, which is particularly relevant given that many snake species are invasive outside their native ranges. Chemical signals used in mate choice are thus potentially valuable tools for management of invasive snake species. The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake in the Florida Everglades where it is negatively impacting native fauna. In this study, we sought to (1) determine if males can follow conspecific chemical trails in a Y-maze and (2) describe the mate searching behaviors exhibited by males while trailing. All males consistently followed a single female scent trail in the maze, but when only a male scent trail was present they did not discriminate between the male and blank arms. Rate of tongue-flicking, a proxy for chemosensory sampling, was also marginally higher when males were following female vs. male scent trails. However, when both female and male scent trails were simultaneously present in the Y-maze, males did not show a preference for the female arm, though tongue-flick rate was higher in the female-only trial compared to female vs. male. Analyses of multiple male behaviors individually and using an ethogram revealed that behaviors were more frequent and complex in the female-only trials compared to male-only. Additional behavioral trials are needed to determine if an effective pheromonal approach to Burmese python management is possible. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30584723, year = {2018}, author = {Li, WC and Sheng, HY and Chen, WJ and Liu, YY and Zhang, R and Wen, X}, title = {Variation of soil bacterial diversity after the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis into Pinus massoniana forest.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, pages = {3969-3976}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201812.002}, pmid = {30584723}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Bacteria ; *Biodiversity ; China ; *Forests ; Introduced Species ; Pinus ; Poaceae/*physiology ; *Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {To identify the variation in soil bacterial community diversity brought by the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis into Pinus massoniana forest, we collected mixed soil samples from three types of forests, including a pure Ph. edulis forest, a mixed Ph. edulis and conifers (P. massoniana) fore-st, and a mixed forest of evergreen broadleaves and conifers. Samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing for measuring the soil bacterial community diversity and structure. The results showed that the bacterial communities comprised of 511 genera, 160 families, 134 orders, 88 classes, and 39 phyla. The proportion of Acidobateria in the pure Ph. edulis forest was significantly lower and the proportions of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, TM7, and Chlamydiae were significantly higher than that in other forests. Meanwhile, various genera showed significant differences in proportions in both the mixed forests when compared with their corresponding proportions in the pure Ph. edulis forest. There were 130 non-dominant genera presented alone in each of the two mixed forests, at proportions between 0.005% and 0.1%. The pure Ph. edulis forest had the lowest &amp;Agr; diversity, while that of the mixed Ph. edulis and evergreen broadleaf forest was intermediate, and that of the mixed evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forest was the highest. The index of &amp;Agr; diversity followed evergreen coniferous mixed forest > bamboo needle mixed forest > pure bamboo forest, and the diffe-rence between the mixed Ph. edulis and evergreen broadleaf forest and the mixed evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forest was insignificant. The PCoA results revealed that the invasion of Ph. edulis affected the population diversity and community structure of soil bacteria. There was a significant correlation between the percentage of non-dominant bacterial phyla in the soil (less than 0.1% of the proportion) and the soil environmental gradient such as water-soluble organic nitrogen and nitrate. Water-soluble organic nitrogen and nitrate had strong effects on the non-dominant bacterial population in the soil following the invasion of Ph. edulis into the P. massoniana forest. These findings would serve as important references for further related studies.}, }
@article {pmid30584393, year = {2018}, author = {Karpiński, L and Szczepański, WT and Lewa, R and Walczak, M and Hilszczański, J and Kruszelnicki, L and Łoś, K and Jaworski, T and Marek Bidas,  and Tarwacki, G}, title = {New data on the distribution, biology and ecology of the longhorn beetles from the area of South and East Kazakhstan (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {805}, pages = {59-126}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.805.29660}, pmid = {30584393}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {New data on the distribution, biology and ecology of the longhorn beetles occurring in southern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan are presented together with a list of 78 species that were collected during two entomological expeditions conducted in May and June 2017. New localities of some rare taxa endemic to this region of Asia, such as Psilotarsusbrachypterusbrachypterus (Gebler, 1830), Stenocorusminutus (Gebler, 1841) and Dorcadioncrassipescrassipes Ballion, 1878 are given. Exocentrusstierlini Ganglbauer, 1883 is recorded from Kazakhstan for the first time. Moreover, the occurrence of three species: Amarysiusduplicatus Tsherepanov, 1980, Rhopaloscelisunifasciatus Blessig, 1873 and Saperdaalberti Plavilstshikov, 1916, which were recently found in the country, is also confirmed. Furthermore, high-quality photographs of several unique taxa, i.e. Psilotarsusbrachypteruspubiventris (Semenov, 1900), Xylotrechusadspersus (Gebler, 1830), X.alakolensis Karpiński &amp; Szczepański, 2018, Anoplistesgalusoi (Kostin, 1974), A.jacobsoni Baeckmann, 1904 and Obereakostini Danilevsky, 1988 along with images of their habitats and feeding galleries are also presented. New localities of species considered serious pests or invasive, such as Turaniumscabrum (Kraatz, 1882) and Trichoferuscampestris (Faldermann, 1835), respectively, are also given. A new synonymy is proposed: Cerambyxscalaris Linnaeus, 1758 = Cerambyxhieroglyphicus Pallas, 1773, syn. n.}, }
@article {pmid30580472, year = {2019}, author = {Gutowsky, LFG and Giacomini, HC and de Kerckhove, DT and Mackereth, R and McCormick, D and Chu, C}, title = {Quantifying multiple pressure interactions affecting populations of a recreationally and commercially important freshwater fish.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {1049-1062}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14556}, pmid = {30580472}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; Ontario ; Perches/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The expanding human global footprint and growing demand for freshwater have placed tremendous stress on inland aquatic ecosystems. Aichi Target 10 of the Convention on Biological Diversity aims to minimize anthropogenic pressures affecting vulnerable ecosystems, and pressure interactions are increasingly being incorporated into environmental management and climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, we explore how climate change, overfishing, forest disturbance, and invasive species pressures interact to affect inland lake walleye (Sander vitreus) populations. Walleye support subsistence, recreational, and commercial fisheries and are one of most sought-after freshwater fish species in North America. Using data from 444 lakes situated across an area of 475 000 km2 in Ontario, Canada, we apply a novel statistical tool, R-INLA, to determine how walleye biomass deficit (carrying capacity-observed biomass) is impacted by multiple pressures. Individually, angling activity and the presence of invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were positively related to biomass deficits. In combination, zebra mussel presence interacted negatively and antagonistically with angling activity and percentage decrease in watershed mature forest cover. Velocity of climate change in growing degree days above 5°C and decrease in mature forest cover interacted to negatively affect walleye populations. Our study demonstrates how multiple pressure evaluations can be conducted for hundreds of populations to identify influential pressures and vulnerable ecosystems. Understanding pressure interactions is necessary to guide management and climate change adaptation strategies, and achieve global biodiversity targets.}, }
@article {pmid30578812, year = {2019}, author = {Galal, L and Schares, G and Stragier, C and Vignoles, P and Brouat, C and Cuny, T and Dubois, C and Rohart, T and Glodas, C and Dardé, ML and Kane, M and Niang, Y and Diallo, M and Sow, A and Aubert, D and Hamidović, A and Ajzenberg, D and Mercier, A}, title = {Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains shaped by commensal communities of small mammals.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {49}, number = {3-4}, pages = {267-275}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.11.004}, pmid = {30578812}, issn = {1879-0135}, abstract = {Commensal rodent species are key reservoirs for Toxoplasma gondii in the domestic environment. In rodents, different T. gondii strains show variable patterns of virulence according to host species. Toxoplasma gondii strains causing non-lethal chronic infections in local hosts will be more likely to persist in a given environment, but few studies have addressed the possible role of these interactions in shaping the T. gondii population structure. In addition, the absence of validated techniques for upstream detection of T. gondii chronic infection in wild rodents hinders exploration of this issue under natural conditions. In this study, we took advantage of an extensive survey of commensal small mammals in three coastal localities of Senegal, with a species assemblage constituted of both native African species and invasive species. We tested 828 individuals for T. gondii chronic infection using the modified agglutination test for antibody detection in serum samples and a quantitative PCR assay for detection of T. gondii DNA in brain samples. The infecting T. gondii strains were genotyped whenever possible by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. We found (i) a very poor concordance between molecular detection and serology in the invasive house mouse, (ii) significantly different levels of prevalence by species and (iii) the autochthonous T. gondii Africa 1 lineage strains, which are lethal for laboratory mice, only in the native African species of commensal small mammals. Overall, this study highlights the need to reconsider the use of MAT serology in natural populations of house mice and provides the first known data about T. gondii genetic diversity in invasive and native species of small mammals from Africa. In light of these results, we discuss the role of invasive and native species, with their variable adaptations to different T. gondii strains, in shaping the spatial structure of T. gondii genetic diversity in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid30569438, year = {2018}, author = {Brattland, C and Eythórsson, E and Weines, J and Sunnanå, K}, title = {Social-ecological timelines to explore human adaptation to coastal change.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13280-018-1129-5}, pmid = {30569438}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {255767//Norges Forskningsråd/ ; }, abstract = {Through the construction of a socio-ecological timeline for the Porsanger fjord ecosystem, this article illustrates the different ways in which environmental and social-ecological changes have influenced the adaptations of rural households in coastal Sami communities in Finnmark, north Norway. The main finding is that, although environmental change in the form of seal invasions and dwindling fish stocks directly impacted the fisheries, the introduction of a new vessel quota system decisively changed adaptive capacity and coastal Sami household adaptation strategies. These changes represented a tipping point for the social-ecological system in the period between 1986 and 1990. It is thus important to discuss the ways in which governance systems may facilitate actions to adapt to climate and biodiversity change and foster sustainable rural livelihood systems in coastal Norway. Based on traditional and local ecological knowledge on the state of the ecosystem prior to the tipping point, two relevant actions to increase the resilience of the system were identified: ensuring the possibility of re-entry into fisheries as part of rural livelihood combinations, and ecological restoration of kelp beds. Flexible diversification of livelihoods allows exploitation of a range of adjacent species without large investments in a fossile fuel-driven fisheries economy. Investing in regrowth of macroalgae to foster cod nursery areas and increase carbon sequestration can be a relevant alternative for communities that are interested in contributing to climate change mitigation on a larger scale.}, }
@article {pmid30568860, year = {2018}, author = {Simões, MVP and Peterson, AT}, title = {Importance of biotic predictors in estimation of potential invasive areas: the example of the tortoise beetle Eurypedus nigrosignatus, in Hispaniola.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e6052}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.6052}, pmid = {30568860}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Climatic variables have been the main predictors employed in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling, although biotic interactions are known to affect species' spatial distributions via mechanisms such as predation, competition, and mutualism. Biotic interactions can affect species' responses to abiotic environmental changes differently along environmental gradients, and abiotic environmental changes can likewise influence the nature of biotic interactions. Understanding whether and how to integrate variables at different scales in ecological niche models is essential to better estimate spatial distributions of species on macroecological scales and their responses to change. We report the leaf beetle Eurypedus nigrosignatus as an alien species in the Dominican Republic and investigate whether biotic factors played a meaningful role in the distributional expansion of the species into the Caribbean. We evaluate ecological niche models built with an additive gradient of unlinked biotic predictors-host plants, using likelihood-based model evaluation criteria (Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion) within a range of regularization multiplier parameter values. Our results support the argument that ecological niche models should be more inclusive, as selected biotic predictors can improve the performance of models, despite the increased model complexity, and show that biotic interactions matter at macroecological scales. Moreover, we provide an alternative approach to select optimal combination of relevant variables, to improve estimation of potential invasive areas using global minimum model likelihood scores.}, }
@article {pmid30568533, year = {2018}, author = {Maddison, DR and Will, K and Crews, S and LaBonte, J}, title = {Bembidion ambiguum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is established in California.}, journal = {Biodiversity data journal}, volume = {}, number = {6}, pages = {e30763}, doi = {10.3897/BDJ.6.e30763}, pmid = {30568533}, issn = {1314-2828}, abstract = {Background: The ground beetle Bembidion (Neja) ambiguum Dejean is native to Europe and north Africa, in the Mediterranean region.<br><br>New information: We report it from North America for the first time, from five localities around San Francisco Bay, California. The earliest record is from 2012.}, }
@article {pmid30568529, year = {2018}, author = {Valdez-Mondragón, A and Cortez-Roldán, MR and Juárez-Sánchez, AR and Solís-Catalán, KP}, title = {A new species of Loxosceles Heineken &amp; Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae), with updated distribution records and biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico, including a new record of Loxoscelesrufescens (Dufour).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {802}, pages = {39-66}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.802.28445}, pmid = {30568529}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {A new species of the spider genus Loxosceles Heineken &amp; Lowe, 1832, Loxoscelesmalintzisp. n., is described from the states of Puebla, Morelos and Guerrero, in the central region of Mexico. The description is based on adult males and females with morphological and ultra-morphological images. Updated distribution maps are provided for the 39 species recorded from the Mexican territory (including the new species). The states with the greatest diversity are Baja California Sur, Baja California and Sonora, with five species each. A total of 441 records for the 39 species, based on arachnological collections, data bases and literature, were used to update the distribution maps. Loxoscelesboneti Gertsch, 1958 is the species with the highest number of records in Mexico, with a total of 58 records from different localities. The states with the most records so far are Guerrero, with 55 records, Morelos, with 35 records, and Baja California Sur, with 30 records. Loxoscelesrufescens (Dufour, 1820), an introduced species, is recorded for the second time in Mexico, from the state of Chihuahua, being the first well-documented record for the country. Mexico has the greatest diversity of species of Loxosceles worldwide, with 39 (two introduced species) of the 134 described species. Additionally, biogeographical comments for the species from Mexico are provided.}, }
@article {pmid30568068, year = {2019}, author = {Shi, W and Hu, X and Chen, X and Ou, X and Yang, J and Geng, Y}, title = {Increased population epigenetic diversity of the clonal invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides in response to salinity stress.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genetic systems}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {259-269}, doi = {10.1266/ggs.18-00039}, pmid = {30568068}, issn = {1880-5779}, mesh = {Amaranthaceae/*genetics/physiology ; DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; *Salt Tolerance ; }, abstract = {Epigenetic modification can change the pattern of gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, which may be adaptive in clonal plant species. In this study, we used MSAP (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism) to examine epigenetic variation in Alternanthera philoxeroides, a clonal invasive species, in response to salinity stress. We found that salinity stress could significantly increase the level of epigenetic diversity within a population. This effect increased with increasing stress duration and was specific to particular genotypes. In addition, the epigenetic modification of young plants seems less sensitive to salinity than that of mature plants. This elevated epigenetic diversity in response to environmental stress may compensate for genetic impoverishment and contribute to evolutionary potential in clonal species.}, }
@article {pmid30568067, year = {2019}, author = {Zhao, B and Xue, S and Zhu, W and Lv, T and Wei, Q and Shang, S and Zhang, H}, title = {Development of microsatellite markers for the Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genetic systems}, volume = {93}, number = {6}, pages = {255-258}, doi = {10.1266/ggs.18-00018}, pmid = {30568067}, issn = {1880-5779}, mesh = {Animals ; Genome-Wide Association Study/standards ; Introduced Species ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mustelidae/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) is widely distributed in mainland Asia, but its introduction into Japan and subsequent expansion have affected the Japanese weasel (M. itatsi). To provide a useful tool for population genetic studies and control of M. sibirica, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Among 40 individuals of M. sibirica collected in Hubei Province, China, the number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 19, with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.050 to 1.000 and the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.049 to 0.920. None of the loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers will be useful in further studies investigating the population structure and natural history of M. sibirica, and may thus provide new insights for the efficient management of this species.}, }
@article {pmid30566639, year = {2019}, author = {Lillian, S and Redak, RA and Daugherty, MP}, title = {Assessing the Role of Differential Herbivore Performance Among Plant Species in Associational Effects Involving the Invasive Stink Bug Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {114-121}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy181}, pmid = {30566639}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Atriplex ; *Brassica ; *Herbivory ; Heteroptera/*physiology ; *Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Co-occurring plant species can influence the extent of damage to each other by altering the activity or abundance of a shared herbivore. One mechanism by which neighboring host plants exacerbate damage to a focal host is if the neighbor amplifies herbivore populations. We studied the performance of a shared herbivore on a native and an invasive plant, to estimate how strongly the presence of the invasive plant increases local herbivore abundance-in a system in which highly asymmetric spillover herbivory may occur. Specifically, we conducted a series of greenhouse experiments that measured reproduction, development, and survival of the invasive stink bug Bagrada hilaris Burmeister on an invasive annual forb, Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii), or a native perennial shrub, four-winged saltbush (Atriplex canescens). All measured aspects of stink bug performance revealed consistently greater performance on Br. tournefortii. Indeed, A. canescens appears to be insufficient for Ba. hilaris to complete its development. Nonetheless, preliminary damage assessments found that both plant species were used as feeding hosts, putative feeding lesions were a more reliable indicator of herbivory than was the degree of yellowing, and higher Ba. hilaris abundance was generally associated with greater sublethal damage to A. canescens. Thus, A. canescens appears to be susceptible to Ba. hilaris herbivory, though more research is needed to assess fitness impacts of this novel herbivore. Our results indicate that differential herbivore performance among host plants may be an important contributor to observed patterns of abundance of a shared herbivore and spillover herbivory between plants.}, }
@article {pmid30566612, year = {2019}, author = {Shragai, T and Harrington, LC}, title = {Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on an Invasive Edge: Abundance, Spatial Distribution, and Habitat Usage of Larvae and Pupae Across Urban and Socioeconomic Environmental Gradients.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {472-482}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy209}, pmid = {30566612}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito [Aedes albopictus (Skuse)] is an invasive species of public health importance that is currently expanding its range in the Northeast United States. Effective Ae. albopictus control depends on a thorough understanding of factors influencing their abundance, spatial distribution, and habitat preference. We conducted a series of container surveys for Ae. albopictus larvae/pupae over 2 yr across nine sites in neighborhoods along its invasive range in southern New York. Selected sites represented a gradient of percent impervious surface and median household income. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) Ae. albopictus larval/pupal abundance increases and spatial distribution becomes less clustered as site-level median income decreases and percent impervious surface increases because of increased larval habitat quality and availability; and 2) container-level characteristics are predictive of Ae. albopictus larval/pupal infestation across a range of sites. In 2016, neither median household income nor impervious surface predicted Ae. albopictus abundance. In 2017, sites with greater impervious surface were more heavily infested by some measures. In both years, Ae. albopictus larval/pupal spatial distribution as measured by K-function was more clustered in with greater median household income. Most container characteristics were either not predictive of Ae. albopictus or varied between years. Based on the variability of predictive container characteristics, we conclude that identification of key containers is not useful in this region. However, Ae. albopictus can be nonhomogenously distributed or abundant based on income level and impervious surface. Improved control of immatures should consider these regional predictors of Ae. albopictus populations.}, }
@article {pmid30565370, year = {2018}, author = {Nimmo, DG and Avitabile, S and Banks, SC and Bliege Bird, R and Callister, K and Clarke, MF and Dickman, CR and Doherty, TS and Driscoll, DA and Greenville, AC and Haslem, A and Kelly, LT and Kenny, SA and Lahoz-Monfort, JJ and Lee, C and Leonard, S and Moore, H and Newsome, TM and Parr, CL and Ritchie, EG and Schneider, K and Turner, JM and Watson, S and Westbrooke, M and Wouters, M and White, M and Bennett, AF}, title = {Animal movements in fire-prone landscapes.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12486}, pmid = {30565370}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {DE170101466//Australian Research Council/ ; Mallee Hawkeye Project//Victorian Department of Land, Water and Planning/ ; //LaTrobe University and Deakin University/ ; //Department of Land, Water and Planning as part of the Mallee Hawkeye Project/ ; }, abstract = {Movement is a trait of fundamental importance in ecosystems subject to frequent disturbances, such as fire-prone ecosystems. Despite this, the role of movement in facilitating responses to fire has received little attention. Herein, we consider how animal movement interacts with fire history to shape species distributions. We consider how fire affects movement between habitat patches of differing fire histories that occur across a range of spatial and temporal scales, from daily foraging bouts to infrequent dispersal events, and annual migrations. We review animal movements in response to the immediate and abrupt impacts of fire, and the longer-term successional changes that fires set in train. We discuss how the novel threats of altered fire regimes, landscape fragmentation, and invasive species result in suboptimal movements that drive populations downwards. We then outline the types of data needed to study animal movements in relation to fire and novel threats, to hasten the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology by identifying key research questions that emerge from our synthesis of animal movements in fire-prone ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30565194, year = {2019}, author = {Mori, E and Sala, JP and Fattorini, N and Menchetti, M and Montalvo, T and Senar, JC}, title = {Ectoparasite sharing among native and invasive birds in a metropolitan area.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {399-409}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-018-6174-2}, pmid = {30565194}, issn = {1432-1955}, abstract = {Parasite-mediated competition has been reported to be one of the most harmful, although overlooked, impacts that alien species have on native ecosystems. Monk parakeets Myiopsitta monachus are successful invaders in Europe, where they have been introduced from South America. Colonial nests of these parrots may also host other species, e.g. the rock pigeon Columba livia forma domestica. In this work, we analysed the ectoparasite composition of monk parakeets in Barcelona (Spain) and we evaluated their potential role as parasite-mediated competitors, by comparing their parasitic load with that of coexisting rock pigeons. Only two arthropod species were observed on monk parakeets, whereas four species were detected on pigeons. Parakeets were rarely infested by pigeon parasites (prevalence = 0.66%), whereas parakeet mites were recorded more often on pigeons (prevalence = 10.00%). The number of total parasites per bird increased with increasing densities of monk parakeets, both for pigeons and for parakeets. Therefore, overcrowding of birds due to the increasing population of monk parakeets in Barcelona may affect the health status of native pigeons, suggesting a potential role for parasite mediated competition by introduced parakeets. Furthermore, spill-over of alien mites (Ornithonyssus bursa) by monk parakeets to rock pigeons should be monitoring as it may affect human health.}, }
@article {pmid30564044, year = {2018}, author = {Hornung, E and Kásler, A and Tóth, Z}, title = {The role of urban forest patches in maintaining isopod diversity (Oniscidea).}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {801}, pages = {371-388}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.801.22829}, pmid = {30564044}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Compositional changes in natural communities associated with anthropogenic influence often lead to localised extinctions and biodiversity loss. Soil invertebrates are also threatened by urbanisation due to habitat fragmentation, vegetation changes and management, soil alteration, degradation, and disappearing shelter sites. The aim was to assess terrestrial isopod (Oniscidea) assemblages in differently degraded urban forest patches of a metropolitan area (Budapest, Hungary). Study sites were compared by their species richness, composition and the relevant background factors (soil properties, dead wood, litter characteristics, and canopy closure). The degree of urban disturbance was expressed using an urbanisation index (UI) based on built-up density and vegetation cover. The isopods were identified to species level, and were qualified by their habitat preference and naturalness index (TINI). Average Rarity Index (ARI), derived from TINIs provided information on the degree of naturalness/disturbance of each habitat. Altogether 14 isopod species were collected from 23 sample sites. Urbanisation indirectly affected on the composition of isopod assemblages through the quantity of dead wood and soil plasticity. ARIs and UIs of sample sites were negatively correlated. Urban patches harboured habitat generalist, synanthropic and established introduced species with low naturalness value of assemblages. Areas with no or low anthropogenic disturbance maintained stable native, autochthonous assemblages that were characteristic of rural sites in the region. Transitional zones between rural and urban habitats usually maintained a mixed isopod fauna consisting of both urban and rural elements.}, }
@article {pmid30563122, year = {2018}, author = {Souza-Gonçalves, I and Orsetti, A and Lopes-Andrade, C}, title = {Synopsis of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from southern Africa.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects9040184}, pmid = {30563122}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {Edital 01/2016 - Demanda Universal, APQ-02675-16//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; research grant to C.L.A. n° 307116/2015-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; Finance Code 001; doctorate degree grant to I.S.G.; PROTAX - Edital n° 001/2015//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; }, abstract = {A synopsis of the Cis Latreille, 1796 from southern Africa is provided, with the description of 10 new species: Cis bicaesariatussp. n., Cis foveocephalussp. n., Cis grobbelaaraesp. n., Cis lacinipennissp. n., Cis makrosomasp. n., Cis mpumalangaensissp. n., Cis parvisetosussp. n., Cis tessariplacussp. n., Cis umlalaziensissp. n. and Cis westerncapensissp. n. The introduced species Cis fuscipes Mellié, 1849 is recorded for the first time from the Republic of South Africa. New geographic records are provided for the following species: Cis neserorum Souza-Gonçalves &amp; Lopes-Andrade, 2017; Cis regius Orsetti &amp; Lopes-Andrade, 2016 and Cis stalsi Souza-Gonçalves &amp; Lopes-Andrade, 2017. Most southern African Cis are placed in available or newly proposed species-groups and a provisional identification key is provided.}, }
@article {pmid30562501, year = {2019}, author = {Alharbi, W and Petrovskii, S}, title = {Effect of complex landscape geometry on the invasive species spread: Invasion with stepping stones.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {464}, number = {}, pages = {85-97}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.019}, pmid = {30562501}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {Spatial proliferation of invasive species often causes serious damage to agriculture, ecology and environment. Evaluation of the extent of the area potentially invadable by an alien species is an important problem. Landscape features that reduces dispersal space to narrow corridors can make some areas inaccessible to the invading species. On the other hand, the existence of stepping stones - small areas or 'patches' with better environmental conditions - is known to assist species spread. How an interplay between these factors can affect the invasion success remains unclear. In this paper, we address this question theoretically using a mechanistic model of population dynamics. Such models have been generally successful in predicting the rate and pattern of invasive spread; however, they usually consider the spread in an unbounded, uniform space hence ignoring the complex geometry of a real landscape. In contrast, here we consider a reaction-diffusion model in a domain of a complex shape combining corridors and stepping stones. We show that the invasion success depends on a subtle interplay between the stepping stone size, location and the strength of the Allee effect inside. In particular, for a stepping stone of a small size, there is only a narrow range of locations where it can unblock the otherwise impassable corridor.}, }
@article {pmid30561506, year = {2019}, author = {Marchini, GL and Maraist, CA and Cruzan, MB}, title = {Trait divergence, not plasticity, determines the success of a newly invasive plant.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {123}, number = {4}, pages = {667-679}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcy200}, pmid = {30561506}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation both play important roles in the establishment and spread of species after extra-range dispersal; however, the adaptive potential of plasticity and genetic divergence in successful invasions remains unclear.<br><br>METHODS: We measured six anatomical traits associated with drought tolerance in contrasting water environments for individuals from the invasive and native range of the bunchgrass Brachypodium sylvaticum. To represent sources contributing to admixed genotypes in the invasive range accurately, we used unique alleles to determine probabilities of genetic contribution, and utilized these as weights in our analyses. The adaptive values of plasticity and genetic differentiation were assessed using regression.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: No plasticity was found in response to water availability for any of the measured traits. Bulliform cell area and three traits related to xylem morphology displayed genetic differentiation between invasive and native ranges, indicating a shift in the invasive range towards drought-tolerant phenotypes. Genetic divergence was not consistently in the direction indicated by selection, suggesting that responses are limited by trade-offs with other traits or physical constraints.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that invasive adaptation is the consequence of post-introduction selection leading to genetic differentiation. Selection, rather than plasticity, is driving B. sylvaticum success in its invaded range.}, }
@article {pmid30548757, year = {2019}, author = {Roy, HE and Bacher, S and Essl, F and Adriaens, T and Aldridge, DC and Bishop, JDD and Blackburn, TM and Branquart, E and Brodie, J and Carboneras, C and Cottier-Cook, EJ and Copp, GH and Dean, HJ and Eilenberg, J and Gallardo, B and Garcia, M and García-Berthou, E and Genovesi, P and Hulme, PE and Kenis, M and Kerckhof, F and Kettunen, M and Minchin, D and Nentwig, W and Nieto, A and Pergl, J and Pescott, OL and M Peyton, J and Preda, C and Roques, A and Rorke, SL and Scalera, R and Schindler, S and Schönrogge, K and Sewell, J and Solarz, W and Stewart, AJA and Tricarico, E and Vanderhoeven, S and van der Velde, G and Vilà, M and Wood, CA and Zenetos, A and Rabitsch, W}, title = {Developing a list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the European Union.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {1032-1048}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14527}, pmid = {30548757}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Consensus Development Conferences as Topic ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; European Union ; Introduced Species/statistics &amp; numerical data/*trends ; Risk Assessment ; }, abstract = {The European Union (EU) has recently published its first list of invasive alien species (IAS) of EU concern to which current legislation must apply. The list comprises species known to pose great threats to biodiversity and needs to be maintained and updated. Horizon scanning is seen as critical to identify the most threatening potential IAS that do not yet occur in Europe to be subsequently risk assessed for future listing. Accordingly, we present a systematic consensus horizon scanning procedure to derive a ranked list of potential IAS likely to arrive, establish, spread and have an impact on biodiversity in the region over the next decade. The approach is unique in the continental scale examined, the breadth of taxonomic groups and environments considered, and the methods and data sources used. International experts were brought together to address five broad thematic groups of potential IAS. For each thematic group the experts first independently assembled lists of potential IAS not yet established in the EU but potentially threatening biodiversity if introduced. Experts were asked to score the species within their thematic group for their separate likelihoods of i) arrival, ii) establishment, iii) spread, and iv) magnitude of the potential negative impact on biodiversity within the EU. Experts then convened for a 2-day workshop applying consensus methods to compile a ranked list of potential IAS. From an initial working list of 329 species, a list of 66 species not yet established in the EU that were considered to be very high (8 species), high (40 species) or medium (18 species) risk species was derived. Here, we present these species highlighting the potential negative impacts and the most likely biogeographic regions to be affected by these potential IAS.}, }
@article {pmid30548338, year = {2019}, author = {Graham, S and Metcalf, AL and Gill, N and Niemiec, R and Moreno, C and Bach, T and Ikutegbe, V and Hallstrom, L and Ma, Z and Lubeck, A}, title = {Opportunities for better use of collective action theory in research and governance for invasive species management.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {275-287}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13266}, pmid = {30548338}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {MDM-2015-0552//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the María de Maeztu program for Units of Excellence/ ; //UNSW School of Social Sciences and the Canadian Weed Science Society/ ; DP130102588//Australian Research Council/ ; //University of Wollongong Faculty of Social Science/ ; DG-114747//NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/ ; DP130103341//College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Idaho and CWSS/ ; //College of Agriculture at Purdue University/ ; MDM-2015-0552//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Controlling invasive species presents a public-good dilemma. Although environmental, social, and economic benefits of control accrue to society, costs are borne by only a few individuals and organizations. For decades, policy makers have used incentives and sanctions to encourage or coerce individual actors to contribute to the public good, with limited success. Diverse, subnational efforts to collectively manage invasive plants, insects, and animals provide effective alternatives to traditional command-and-control approaches. Despite this work, there has been little systematic evaluation of collective efforts to determine whether there are consistent principles underpinning success. We reviewed 32 studies to identify the extent to which collective-action theories from related agricultural and environmental fields explain collaborative invasive species management approaches; describe and differentiate emergent invasive species collective-action efforts; and provide guidance on how to enable more collaborative approaches to invasive species management. We identified 4 types of collective action aimed at invasive species-externally led, community led, comanaged, and organizational coalitions-that provide blueprints for future invasive species management. Existing collective-action theories could explain the importance attributed to developing shared knowledge of the social-ecological system and the need for social capital. Yet, collection action on invasive species requires different types of monitoring, sanctions, and boundary definitions. We argue that future government policies can benefit from establishing flexible boundaries that encourage social learning and enable colocated individuals and organizations to identify common goals, pool resources, and coordinate efforts.}, }
@article {pmid30545083, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, P and Yu, F and Ren, Y and Liu, D and Li, J and Ouyang, Z and Wang, X}, title = {Response of Ruderal Species Diversity to an Urban Environment: Implications for Conservation and Management.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph15122832}, pmid = {30545083}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Beijing ; *Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; *Introduced Species ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic activities have weakened the invasion of ruderals and increased the number of non-native species in urban areas. Ruderals are an important component of urban plant diversity and are of great significance to the sustainable development of urban green space. We used the tessellation⁻randomized plot method to examine the composition and biodiversity of ruderal species among urban land use types (LUTs) in the built-up areas of Beijing. Soil samples from the surface to a depth of 10 cm were taken from each site to examine the impact of soil characteristics on ruderal species diversity. Results showed that a total of 120 ruderal species were observed, including 71 native and 49 non-native species. Among them, 90% were identified as Cosmopolitan. Native species accounted for the majority of ruderals across all the eight LUTs. Institutional, residential, and woodlot areas with coarser management had higher ruderal species richness than did commercial areas and roadside lawns. Allergenic species showed the highest proportions in municipal parks, and invasive species accounted for 20% of all ruderal species. Ruderal species diversity was related to distance from the urban center, pruning intensity, and soil characteristics. These results suggest that with ruderals playing an important role in urban grass species diversity, there is tremendous potential for more native species in Beijing lawns, which would contribute substantially to increasing the ecological system's functional benefits. Ruderal species accustomed to the causal processes and environmental conditions of different LUTs should be used and conserved properly to improve the harsh conditions of different LUTs and to sustain ecosystem health.}, }
@article {pmid30543981, year = {2019}, author = {Mathai, PP and Dunn, HM and Magnone, P and Zhang, Q and Ishii, S and Chun, CL and Sadowsky, MJ}, title = {Association between submerged aquatic vegetation and elevated levels of Escherichia coli and potential bacterial pathogens in freshwater lakes.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {657}, number = {}, pages = {319-324}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.484}, pmid = {30543981}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Anseriformes/*microbiology ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Escherichia coli/isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/*microbiology ; Introduced Species ; Lakes/*microbiology ; Minnesota ; Saxifragales/growth &amp; development/*microbiology ; Seasons ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {Fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli have been reported to persist and potentially grow in a wide variety of secondary habitats, such as water, beach sand, sediment, periphyton and some algae. However, little is known about their association with submerged macrophytes and how this may influence water quality. In this study, we examined the association of E. coli and potential bacterial pathogens with Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), an invasive, submerged, macrophyte that has spread across thousands of lakes in North America. EWM samples were collected from 10 lakes in Minnesota, once a month, for six consecutive months from early summer to late fall. Microbiota associated with EWM were examined using membrane filtration, quantitative PCR targeting various bacterial pathogens and host-associated marker genes, and high-throughput DNA sequencing. E. coli densities were generally elevated on EWM samples, and peaked during warmer months. Moreover, our results showed that EWM could serve as a temporal source for transmission of microbiota to the water column. Several potential pathogenic groups, including Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridium were present in significantly greater relative abundance on EWM than in water, and waterfowl was predicted to be the major source of fecal contamination. These findings have water quality implications with respect to the potential for submerged macrophytes to harbor and disperse E. coli and other bacterial pathogens in a large number of waterbodies.}, }
@article {pmid30543970, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, G and Bai, J and Jia, J and Wang, W and Wang, X and Zhao, Q and Lu, Q}, title = {Shifts of soil microbial community composition along a short-term invasion chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora in a Chinese estuary.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {657}, number = {}, pages = {222-233}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.061}, pmid = {30543970}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Estuaries ; Introduced Species ; *Microbiota ; *Plant Dispersal ; Poaceae/*physiology ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Exotic plant invasion can alter native soil microbial community composition, and further influence the biogeochemical processes. Little information is available about the impacts of the invasion chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora on the dynamics of soil microbial community. Soil microbial community in coastal salt marshes invaded by S. alterniflora and reference wetlands covered by Suaeda salsa were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profiling along a short-term chronosequence (i.e., 2-, 5- and 10-year) of S. alterniflora invasion in the Yellow River Estuary. Results exhibited an increase in soil moisture, soil organic matter (SOM), soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN) and the total of PLFAs with increasing invasion ages of S. alterniflora in these coastal salt marshes. Comparatively, soil pH and bulk density exhibited a weak decline along the invasion chronosequence. The elevated values of relative abundance of fungi and the ratios of fungi: bacteria (F/B) in all invaded salt marshes were mainly associated with the accumulation of soil available substrate (e.g., SOM, DOC and TN). S. alterniflora invasion also increased the ratios of gram-positive/gram-negative (G+/G-) bacterial PLFAs, with the highest value occurring in the 2-year invaded salt marshes. The bacterial stress indicated by ratios of cy17:0/16:1ω7c and cy19:0/18:1ω7c consistently decreased along the invasion chronosequence. In conclusion, the shifts of soil microbial community composition were tightly associated with soil variables, such as soil pH and soil nutrient supply. Our findings reflect the short-term chronological effects of S. alterniflora invasion on the soil physicochemical characteristics and microbial communities, which contributes to the linkage between the plant invasion and soil development of coastal salt marshes.}, }
@article {pmid30542008, year = {2019}, author = {Rizwan, S and Benincasa, C and Mehmood, K and Anjum, S and Mehmood, Z and Alizai, GH and Azam, M and Perri, E and Sajjad, A}, title = {Fatty Acids and Phenolic Profiles of Extravirgin Olive Oils from Selected Italian Cultivars Introduced in Southwestern Province of Pakistan.}, journal = {Journal of oleo science}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {33-43}, doi = {10.5650/jos.ess18150}, pmid = {30542008}, issn = {1347-3352}, mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; Climate Change ; Fatty Acids/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Flavonoids/analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Iran ; Iridoids/analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Italy ; Olea/*chemistry ; Olive Oil/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Pakistan ; Phenols/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; Principal Component Analysis ; Tocopherols/*analysis/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean olive trees have been cultivated in Pakistan for decades to promote olive cultivation and use of olive oil. The qualitative characteristics of seven mono and one multi-varietal extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) extracted from Italian cultivars grown in different areas of Balochistan a southwestern province of Pakistan were evaluated. Present study aims to assess the impact of bioclimatological change on biochemical profile of exotic cultivars. The dominating fatty acids found in analyzed EVOOs were oleic (65-72%), linoleic (10.61-18.33%) and palmitic acids (12-16%). The tocopherols α, (β+γ) and δ contents showed a great diversity which ranged from (60-408) mg/kg while, total phenol concentration ranged from (200-370) mg/kg. The analyses of phenolic compounds revealed the presence of phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols, secoiridoids, flavonoids, oleuropein and verbascosides. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) regarding studied parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the main components and to classify samples into groups in terms of fatty acids and phenolic profiles. The first group (Frantoio, Moraiolo, Pendolino, Multi-varietal mixture) characterized by high amount of oleic acid and MUFAs/PUFAs ratio. The second group (Maurino and Leccino) correlates with SFAs and third (Ottobrattica, Coratina) with PUFAs. Based on the PCA of phenolic profile the studied cultivars were divided into two main groups. Morialo, Pendolino and Maurino correlated with (phenolic acids, hydroxytyrosol, flavonoids and secoiridoids). Frantoio, Ottobrattica, Coratina, multi-varietal and Leccino were correlated with oleuropein, tyrosol and ligstroside aglycon. The obtained data was compared with those obtained from same cultivars in their original and/or different growing area. Marked differences were observed in the composition of oleic, linoleic, palmitic acids, secoiridoids and total phenolic contents. These differences could be due to change in geographical location and climatical condition of Balochistan. The cultivar Moraiolo has shown best adaptation and preserved its biochemical composition among all studied cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid30535812, year = {2019}, author = {Brusch, GA and Christian, K and Brown, GP and Shine, R and DeNardo, DF}, title = {Cane toads (Rhinella marina) rely on water access, not drought tolerance, to invade xeric Australian environments.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, pages = {307-316}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4321-1}, pmid = {30535812}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {1311230//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; 1606367//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {The invasion of habitats with novel environmental challenges may require physiological tolerances not seen in conspecifics from the native range. We used a combination of field and laboratory-based experiments to assess physiological tolerance to limited water access at four sites distributed across the historical invasion path of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia that, from east to west, alternated between mesic and seasonally xeric habitats. Toads from all locations were well hydrated at the time of capture. However, experimental dehydration caused greater mass loss, higher plasma osmolality, and inhibition of lytic ability in toads from xeric compared to mesic locations. These results suggest somewhat surprisingly that toads from xeric environments are physiologically more vulnerable to water loss. In contrast, bactericidal ability was not sensitive to hydric state and was greater in toads from eastern (long-colonized) areas. Similar patterns in lytic ability in hydrated toads and agglutination ability in wild toads suggest that toads along the invasion front face a tradeoff between enhanced dispersal ability and physiological responses to dehydration. The ability of this invasive species to spread into drier environments may be underpinned by a combination of phenotypic plasticity and evolved (heritable) traits.}, }
@article {pmid30535268, year = {2019}, author = {Alvarez Garcia, DM and Pérez-Hérazo, A and Amat, E}, title = {Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Blowflies Community (Diptera: Calliphoridae) From an Urban Area in Northern South America.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {464-471}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy211}, pmid = {30535268}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are necrophagous flies with ecological, medical, veterinary, and forensic importance. These flies carry pathogens that they spread to animals and humans, and produce myiasis. Furthermore, they are useful tools in forensic science as indicators of postmortem intervals, and in biomedicine they are successfully used in larval therapy. This study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal variation of the blowflies community from the urban area of Sincelejo City, located in the Colombian Caribbean region. Samplings were conducted from May 2012 to April 2013, using Van Someren Rydon-traps baited with bovine meat, fish, and chicken that decomposed for 48 h. Six species were registered, Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) was the most abundant, followed by Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), while Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) presented the least individuals. The blowflies community did not change significantly throughout the sampling months or between the periods of low or high rainfall, nor was it influenced by weather variables. Although the species composition was the same in all sampled localities, species abundances presented significant differences. The possible causes of this pattern are discussed herein. Sex ratios were female biased for all the recorded species, except C. idioidea. Our findings provide the first assessment of the blowflies community from the urban area of Sincelejo City.}, }
@article {pmid30532618, year = {2018}, author = {Kovalenko, YN and Akulov, EN and Yunakov, N}, title = {The easternmost discovery of the Mediterranean weevil Pachyrhinuslethierryi (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae): Is a further invasion possible?.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {799}, pages = {89-93}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.799.29934}, pmid = {30532618}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Pachyrhinuslethierryi (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875) is a Mediterranean weevil species that has become remarkably well known as a result of a series of recent introductions across Western and Central Europe. This species has recently reached Asia Minor and the Crimean Peninsula, as confirmed by several new records. The vectors of invasion in Crimea and possible further expansion are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid30532047, year = {2019}, author = {Wu, N and Zhang, S and Li, X and Cao, Y and Liu, X and Wang, Q and Liu, Q and Liu, H and Hu, X and Zhou, XJ and James, AA and Zhang, Z and Huang, Y and Zhan, S}, title = {Fall webworm genomes yield insights into rapid adaptation of invasive species.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {105-115}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0746-5}, pmid = {30532047}, issn = {2397-334X}, abstract = {Invasive species cause considerable ecological and economic damage. Despite decades of broad impacts of invasives on diversity and agriculture, the genetic adaptations and near-term evolution of invading populations are poorly understood. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, a highly successful invasive species that originated in North America, spread throughout the Northern Hemisphere during the past 80 years. Here, we use whole-genome sequencing of invasive populations and transcriptome profiling to probe the underlying genetic bases for the rapid adaptation of this species to new environments and host plants. We find substantial reductions in genomic diversity consistent with founder effects. Genes and pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism and gustatory receptors are substantially expanded in the webworm genome and show strong signatures of functional polymorphisms in the invasive population. We also find that silk-yielding-associated genes maintained a relatively low level of functional diversity, and identify candidate genes that may regulate the development of silk glands in fall webworms. These data suggest that the fall webworm's ability to colonize novel hosts, mediated by plasticity in their gustatory capabilities along with an increased ability to utilize novel nutrition sources and substrates, has facilitated the rapid and successful adaptation of the species throughout its range.}, }
@article {pmid30529414, year = {2019}, author = {Watkins, C and Caplenor, CA and Poudyal, NC and Muller, LI and Yoest, C}, title = {Comparing landowner support for wild hog management options in Tennessee.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {722-728}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.075}, pmid = {30529414}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Wild hogs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive, non-native species quickly gaining ground on private, as well as public, lands in Tennessee and much of the United States. Wildlife management personnel may benefit from assessing stakeholders' views towards various management options to control and eradicate wild hogs. A statewide mail survey of 5000 randomly selected landowners in Tennessee counties known to have wild hogs yielded 1620 completed responses (33% response rate). Using this dataset, an index of potential for conflict among landowner groups was computed for each of eleven management options, which varied from leaving the wild hogs alone, to both lethal and non-lethal options. Results indicate varying levels of potential for conflict depending on hunter status, wild hog hunter status, presence of wild hogs on land, percent of income derived from land, and amount of land damage caused by wild hogs. Overall, three management options including leaving the wild hogs alone, allowing sale of wild hogs, and capturing and relocating were found unacceptable whereas many other options including capturing and killing, providing technical assistance to landowners and educating people on preventing damage were found to have high level of acceptability and most consensus among landowner subgroups. Findings will be useful in understanding how support for wild hog control options vary across population segments, and which options are likely to see more or less resistance from certain landowners.}, }
@article {pmid30527748, year = {2019}, author = {de Ramos, B and da Costa, GB and Ramlov, F and Maraschin, M and Horta, PA and Figueroa, FL and Korbee, N and Bonomi-Barufi, J}, title = {Ecophysiological implications of UV radiation in the interspecific interaction of Pyropia acanthophora and Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {36-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.014}, pmid = {30527748}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Radiation, both photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, l = 400-700 nm) and Ultraviolet (UVR, l = 280-400 nm) is one of the key factors regulating algal distribution in aquatic environments. Pyropia acanthophora and Grateloupia turuturu have been found over upper rocky shore areas in Southern Brazil, occupying the same niche space. The first species is native and the second one is exotic and considered a potential invader of South Atlantic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of radiation on physiological responses of both species and infer mechanisms that allow their niche competition in the environment. Samples were cultured in the following conditions: associated or separated, and with an addition of PAR, PAR + UVA (PA) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB), totalizing six factorial treatments during 5 days of exposure. Photosynthetic responses of Fv/Fm and ETR were daily evaluated. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, samples were analyzed for pigment content (chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins), and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), while oxygen evolution was evaluated at the end of the experiment. As the main results, G. turuturu died when cultivated in PAB conditions. P. acanthophora presented higher amounts of chlorophyll a than G. turuturu during the whole experiment. Phycoerythrin and Fv/Fm remained constant in P. acanthophora but diminished for G. turuturu in UV treatments. ETR was higher for samples that were cultivated in associative treatment. The presence of G. turuturu in the same flask enhanced MAA synthesis in P. acanthophora, regardless of radiation condition. In addition, UV radiation can be a factor controlling species distribution and could counteract the spreading of invasive species, like G. turuturu, allowing P. acanthophora survival in upper rocky shore zones of the natural ecological distribution area.}, }
@article {pmid30526682, year = {2018}, author = {Habib, MR and Lv, S and Guo, YH and Gu, WB and Standley, CJ and Caldeira, RL and Zhou, XN}, title = {Morphological and molecular characterization of invasive Biomphalaria straminea in southern China.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, pmid = {30526682}, issn = {2049-9957}, support = {2016YFC1202001//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; CB-1603//Research Fund for the Technical Reserves, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese CDC/ ; 304121/2014-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/CNPq/ ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Biomphalaria/*genetics/*physiology ; China ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a common parasitic disease designated as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis mansoni is a form of the disease that is caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted through Biomphalaria spp. as an intermediate host. Biomphalaria was introduced to Hong Kong, China in aquatic plants shipments coming from Brazil and the snail rapidly established its habitats in southern China. Earlier studies of Biomphalaria spp. introduced to southern China identified the snails as Biomphalaria straminea, one of the susceptible species implicated in S. mansoni transmission in South America. However, recent molecular investigations also indicated the presence of another South American species, B. kuhniana, which is refractory to infection. As such, it is important to identify accurately the species currently distributed in southern China, especially with emerging reports of active S. mansoni infections in Chinese workers returning from Africa.<br><br>METHODS: We combined morphological and molecular taxonomy tools to precisely identify Biomphalaria spp. distributed in Guangdong Province, southern China. In order to clearly understand the molecular profile of the species, we constructed a phylogeny using mtDNA data (COI and 16S rRNA sequences) from six populations of Biomphalaria spp. from Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province. In addition, we examined the external morphology of the shell and internal anatomy of the reproductive organs.<br><br>RESULTS: Both morphological and molecular evidences indicated a close affinity between Biomphalaria spp. populations from Guangdong and B. straminea from Brazil. The shell morphology was roughly identical in all the populations collected with rounded whorls on one side and subangulated on the other, a smooth periphery, an egg-shaped aperture bowed to one side, and a deep umbilicus. The shape and number of prostate diverticula (ranged from 11.67 to 17.67) in Guangdong populations supports its close affinity to B. straminea rather than B. kuhniana. Molecular analysis did not conflict with morphological analysis. Little genetic differentiation was observed within Biomphalaria populations collected. Phylogenetic analysis of COI and 16S rRNA haplotypes from snails collected and B. straminea sequences from Brazil and China using Bayesian inference revealed that Guangdong populations were clustered in one clade with B. straminea from Hong Kong of China and B. straminea from Brazil indicating their close affinity to each other.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained in the current study clearly show that the populations of Biomphalaria spp. investigated are B. straminea, and we assume that those snails were either introduced via passive dispersal from Hong Kong of China or as a result of multiple introduction routes from Brazil.}, }
@article {pmid30526493, year = {2018}, author = {Chen, Y and Shenkar, N and Ni, P and Lin, Y and Li, S and Zhan, A}, title = {Rapid microevolution during recent range expansion to harsh environments.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {187}, pmid = {30526493}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Ciona intestinalis/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Frequency/genetics ; Gene Ontology ; Genetic Loci ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genome ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adaptive evolution is one of the crucial mechanisms for organisms to survive and thrive in new environments. Recent studies suggest that adaptive evolution could rapidly occur in species to respond to novel environments or environmental challenges during range expansion. However, for environmental adaptation, many studies successfully detected phenotypic features associated with local environments, but did not provide ample genetic evidence on microevolutionary dynamics. It is therefore crucial to thoroughly investigate the genetic basis of rapid microevolution in response to environmental changes, in particular on what genes and associated variation are responsible for environmental challenges. Here, we genotyped genome-wide gene-associated microsatellites to detect genetic signatures of rapid microevolution of a marine tunicate invader, Ciona robusta, during recent range expansion to the harsh environment in the Red Sea.<br><br>RESULTS: The Red Sea population was significantly differentiated from the other global populations. The genome-wide scan, as well as multiple analytical methods, successfully identified a set of adaptive genes. Interestingly, the allele frequency largely varied at several adaptive loci in the Red Sea population, and we found significant correlations between allele frequency and local environmental factors at these adaptive loci. Furthermore, a set of genes were annotated to get involved in local temperature and salinity adaptation, and the identified adaptive genes may largely contribute to the invasion success to harsh environments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: All the evidence obtained in this study clearly showed that environment-driven selection had left detectable signatures in the genome of Ciona robusta within a few generations. Such a rapid microevolutionary process is largely responsible for the harsh environmental adaptation and therefore contributes to invasion success in different aquatic ecosystems with largely varied environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid30521096, year = {2019}, author = {Pregitzer, CC and Charlop-Powers, S and Bibbo, S and Forgione, HM and Gunther, B and Hallett, RA and Bradford, MA}, title = {A city-scale assessment reveals that native forest types and overstory species dominate New York City forests.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {e01819}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1819}, pmid = {30521096}, issn = {1051-0761}, abstract = {Cities are increasingly focused on expanding tree canopy cover as a means to improve the urban environment by, for example, reducing heat island effects, promoting better air quality, and protecting local habitat. The majority of efforts to expand canopy cover focus on planting street trees or on planting native tree species and removing nonnatives in natural areas through reforestation. Yet many urban canopy assessments conducted at the city-scale reveal co-dominance by nonnative trees, fueling debates about the value of urban forests and native-specific management targets. In contrast, assessments within cities at site or park scales find that some urban forest stands harbor predominantly native biodiversity. To resolve this apparent dichotomy in findings, about the extent to which urban forests are native dominated, between the city-scale canopy and site-level assessments, we measure forest structure and composition in 1,124 plots across 53 parks in New York City's 2,497 ha of natural area forest. That is, we assess urban forests at the city-scale and deliberately omit sampling trees existing outside of forest stands but which are enumerated in citywide canopy assessments. We find that on average forest stand canopy is comprised of 82% native species in New York City forests, suggesting that conclusions that the urban canopy is co-dominated by nonnatives likely results from predominantly sampling street trees in prior city-scale assessments. However, native tree species' proportion declines to 75% and 53% in the midstory and understory, respectively, suggesting potential threats to the future native dominance of urban forest canopies. Furthermore, we find that out of 57 unique forest types in New York City, the majority of stands (81%) are a native type. We find that stand structure in urban forest stands is more similar to rural forests in New York State than to stand structure reported for prior assessments of the urban canopy at the city scale. Our results suggest the need to measure urban forest stands apart from the entire urban canopy. Doing so will ensure that city-scale assessments return data that align with conservation policy and management strategies that focus on maintaining and growing native urban forests rather than individual trees.}, }
@article {pmid30519436, year = {2018}, author = {Boltovskoy, D and Sylvester, F and Paolucci, EM}, title = {Invasive species denialism: Sorting out facts, beliefs, and definitions.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {22}, pages = {11190-11198}, pmid = {30519436}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In the last decades, thousands of investigations confirmed the detrimental effects of species translocated by man outside of their native ranges (nonindigenous species, or NIS). However, results concluding that many NIS have null, neutral, or positive impacts on the biota and on human interests are as common in the scientific literature as those that point at baneful impacts. Recently, several scholars confronted the stand that origin per se is not a reliable indicator of negative effects, suggesting that such conclusions are the expression of scientific denialism, often led by spurious purposes, and that their numbers are increasing. When assessed in the context of the growing interest in introduced species, the proportion of academic publications claiming that NIS pose no threats to the environment and to social and economic interests is extremely low, and has not increased since 1990. The widely prevailing notion that many NIS are effectively or potentially harmful does not conflict with the fact that most have mixed (negative, neutral, and positive) impacts. When based on solid grounds, reports of positive or neutral impacts should not be labeled as manipulative or misleading unless proven otherwise, even if they may hamper interest in- and funding of research and control bioinvasion programs.}, }
@article {pmid30519430, year = {2018}, author = {Cheeseman, AE and Ryan, SJ and Whipps, CM and Cohen, JB}, title = {Competition alters seasonal resource selection and promotes use of invasive shrubs by an imperiled native cottontail.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {22}, pages = {11122-11133}, pmid = {30519430}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Many ecosystems face multiple invaders, and interactions among invasive and native species may complicate conservation efforts for imperiled species. Examination of fine-scale resource selection can be used to detect patterns in habitat selection resulting from species interactions and assess the value of specific resources, including invasive plants, to wildlife. We used animal location data with mixed-effects resource selection models to examine seasonal competitive interactions and species-specific selection for forage and cover resources by an imperiled native lagomorph, the New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis and its nonnative competitor, the eastern cottontail S. floridanus in the eastern Hudson Valley, NY. We found evidence that resource selection by New England cottontails depended on the relative prevalence of eastern cottontails to New England cottontails. Where eastern cottontails were less prevalent New England cottontail selected for resources characteristic of early successional shrublands. Where eastern cottontails were more prevalent, New England cottontails selected for resources characteristic of later successional shrublands. New England cottontail use of certain invasive shrubs depended on the prevalence of eastern cottontails relative to New England cottontails, suggesting response to invasive plants is confounded by interactions with a nonnative competitor. Our results further emphasize the need for conservation efforts to consider invasive management within the ecosystem context. We demonstrate the utility of resource selection studies to assist in this regard by exploring competitive interactions in the absence of removal studies, while simultaneously assessing the impact of habitat components such as invasive vegetation on species of conservation concern. Synthesis and applications Resource selection studies can be directly applied to inform ongoing species conservation where multiple invaders are present or where species interactions influence resource selection. Fine-scale assessments of resource selection, similar to those presented here, can be used to selectively manage habitat to benefit desired species within the ecosystem context.}, }
@article {pmid30519414, year = {2018}, author = {Davis, AJ and Williams, KE and Snow, NP and Pepin, KM and Piaggio, AJ}, title = {Accounting for observation processes across multiple levels of uncertainty improves inference of species distributions and guides adaptive sampling of environmental DNA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {22}, pages = {10879-10892}, pmid = {30519414}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Understanding factors that influence observation processes is critical for accurate assessment of underlying ecological processes. When indirect methods of detection, such as environmental DNA, are used to determine species presence, additional levels of uncertainty from observation processes need to be accounted for. We conducted a field trial to evaluate observation processes of a terrestrial invasive species (wild pigs- Sus scrofa) from DNA in water bodies. We used a multi-scale occupancy analysis to estimate different levels of observation processes (detection, p): the probability DNA is available per sample (θ), the probability of capturing DNA per extraction (γ), and the probability of amplification per qPCR run (δ). We selected four sites for each of three water body types and collected 10 samples per water body during two months (September and October 2016) in central Texas. Our methodology can be used to guide sampling adaptively to minimize costs while improving inference of species distributions. Using a removal sampling approach was more efficient than pooling samples and was unbiased. Availability of DNA varied by month, was considerably higher when water pH was near neutral, and was higher in ephemeral streams relative to wildlife guzzlers and ponds. To achieve a cumulative detection probability >90% (including availability, capture, and amplification), future studies should collect 20 water samples per site, conduct at least two extractions per sample, and conduct five qPCR replicates per extraction. Accounting for multiple levels of uncertainty of observation processes improved estimation of the ecological processes and provided guidance for future sampling designs.}, }
@article {pmid30506833, year = {2018}, author = {Candia, IF and Bautista, V and Larsson Herrera, S and Walter, A and Ortuño Castro, N and Tasin, M and Dekker, T}, title = {Potential of locally sustainable food baits and traps against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata in Bolivia.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.5286}, pmid = {30506833}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2012-156//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; 2016-05660//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; //SIDA-Bolivia bilateral program/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Small-scale farmers often take a double hit from pests such as tephritid fruit-flies. The high price of products against fruit-flies, together with the higher risk of reinfestation from neighboring orchards, limits options for control. Therefore, management requires low-cost local products and concerted action. Peach production in central Bolivia is increasingly affected by invasive Ceratitis capitata. To provide locally sustainable techniques that could incentivize area-wide cooperation of growers, we tested efficiency and specificity of low-cost lures and traps compared with commercial lures and traps (Tephritrap).<br><br>RESULTS: In the laboratory, the local fermented beverage 'chicha' and baker's yeast were equally or more attractive than commercial lures. Both chicha and baker's yeast trapped more flies in field (average FTD 10.31 and 9.49), whereas commercially hydrolyzed protein lure (4.71) or Torula yeast (6.82). However, many non-target species were caught (57.3% and 53.4%). Of the six PET bottles-based traps used, the T-trap caught a similar number of flies (average FTD 5.55), but fewer beneficial insects (0.16) compared to the Tephritrap (0.92).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides fruit growers with an economical and effective method to capture large numbers of C. capitata, suitable to be part of integrated pest management programs for fruit fly control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid30505000, year = {2018}, author = {Barnes, I and Fourie, A and Wingfield, MJ and Harrington, TC and McNew, DL and Sugiyama, LS and Luiz, BC and Heller, WP and Keith, LM}, title = {New Ceratocystis species associated with rapid death of Metrosideros polymorpha in Hawai'i.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {40}, number = {}, pages = {154-181}, pmid = {30505000}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {The native 'ōhi'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) has cultural, biological and ecological significance to Hawai'i, but it is seriously threatened by a disease commonly referred to as rapid 'ōhi'a death (ROD). Preliminary investigations showed that a Ceratocystis species similar to C. fimbriata s.lat. was the cause of the disease. In this study, we used a combination of the phylogenetic, morphological and biological species concepts, as well as pathogenicity tests and microsatellite analyses, to characterise isolates collected from diseased 'ōhi'a trees across Hawai'i Island. Two distinct lineages, representing new species of Ceratocystis, were evident based on multigene phylogenetic analyses. These are described here as C. lukuohia and C. huliohia. Ceratocystis lukuohia forms part of the Latin American clade (LAC) and was most closely associated with isolates from Syngonium and Xanthosoma from the Caribbean and elsewhere, including Hawai'i, and C. platani, which is native to eastern USA. Ceratocystis huliohia resides in the Asian-Australian clade (AAC) and is most closely related to C. uchidae, C. changhui and C. cercfabiensis, which are thought to be native to Asia. Morphology and interfertility tests support the delineation of these two new species and pathogenicity tests show that both species are aggressive pathogens on seedlings of M. polymorpha. Characterisation of isolates using microsatellite markers suggest that both species are clonal and likely represent recently-introduced strains. Intensive research is underway to develop rapid screening protocols for early detection of the pathogens and management strategies in an attempt to prevent the spread of the pathogens to the other islands of Hawai'i, which are currently disease free.}, }
@article {pmid30504923, year = {2018}, author = {Labaude, S and O'Donnell, N and Griffin, CT}, title = {Description of a personality syndrome in a common and invasive ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {17479}, pmid = {30504923}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {612713//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/ ; 612713//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/ ; }, abstract = {Animal personality, defined as consistent differences among individuals in their behaviour, is being increasingly studied as it might lead to a new understanding of the evolution of behaviours. Despite a clear interest in studying personality in a wide range of taxa for comparative analyses, studies on invertebrates are still scarce. Here, we investigated the personality of a ground beetle, Nebria brevicollis, which is widespread in Europe and invasive in North America. We measured seven behavioural traits from an array of three different tests: (i) activity and exploration related traits; (ii) reaction to a threat, and (iii) phototaxis. The repeatability was tested by measuring all behaviours twice, on different days. All behavioural traits were consistent through time, highlighting the presence of personality in the beetle. In addition, we analysed the relationship between the different traits and highlighted two clusters of behaviours (behavioural syndrome), one grouping activity, exploration and boldness traits, and a second one consisting of responses to a threat. This study is the first to our knowledge to provide evidence for personality dimensions within the vast group of the Carabidae. It also constitutes a preliminary step in the experimental investigation of the importance of animal personality in invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30503460, year = {2018}, author = {Epstein, G and Smale, DA}, title = {Between-habitat variability in the population dynamics of a global marine invader may drive management uncertainty.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {488-500}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.055}, pmid = {30503460}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Biomass ; Conservation of Water Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Introduced Species ; Kelp/*physiology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Undaria/*physiology ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Understanding population dynamics of established invasive species is important for designing effective management measures and predicting factors such as invasiveness and ecological impact. The kelp Undaria pinnatifida has spread to most temperate regions of the world, however a basic understanding of population dynamics is lacking for many regions. Here, Undaria was monitored for 2 years, at 9 sites, across 3 habitats to investigate habitat-related variation in population structure, reproductive capacity and morphology. Populations on marina pontoons were distinct from those in reef habitats, with extended recruitment periods and higher abundance, biomass, maturation rates and fecundity; potentially driven by lower inter-specific and higher intra-specific competition within marinas. This suggests that artificial habitats are likely to facilitate the spread, proliferation and reproductive fitness of Undaria across its non-native range. More broadly, generalising population dynamics of invasive species across habitat types is problematic, thus adding high complexity to management options.}, }
@article {pmid30503454, year = {2018}, author = {Hwang, J and Park, SY and Lee, S and Lee, TK}, title = {High diversity and potential translocation of DNA viruses in ballast water.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {449-455}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.053}, pmid = {30503454}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Viruses/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Introduced Species ; Metagenomics ; Mexico ; New York ; Panama ; Republic of Korea ; Saudi Arabia ; *Ships ; Water/*analysis/chemistry ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Ballast water is a common vector for the transport of invasive species to new marine and aquatic environments. We used a metagenomics approach to examine the composition and diversity of viral communities in ballast water from ships originating in Mexico, Saudi Arabia, New York, and Panama, and in water from the port of their destination in Busan, Korea. Myoviridae was the most abundant virus family in ballast water, followed Podoviridae and Siphoviridae. We also identified viruses that infect invertebrates, amoebas, and algae in ballast water and in the Busan port water. Interestingly, there were several viruses that infect humans or other animals (Swinepox virus, Raccoonpox virus, Suid herpesvirus, and Human endogenous retrovirus) in the samples from New York and Panama. In addition, there were giant viruses in all the ballast water samples, especially, identified Megavirus chilensis in New York and Panama, and Pandoravirus salinus in Mexico and Saudi Arabia. These results provide detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the viruses present in ballast water, document significant viral diversity, and indicate the potential translocation of viruses via ballast water.}, }
@article {pmid30502471, year = {2019}, author = {Karsten, M and Lebenzon, JE and Sinclair, BJ and Terblanche, JS}, title = {Loss of ion homeostasis is not the cause of chill coma or impaired dispersal in false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; integrative physiology}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {40-44}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.016}, pmid = {30502471}, issn = {1531-4332}, abstract = {Dispersal is a central requirement of a successful sterile insect release programme, but field-released false codling moth (FCM) typically suffer from poor dispersal ability, especially at low ambient temperatures. Here we test the hypothesis that poor activity and dispersal in FCM is caused by delayed or perturbed recovery of ion and/or water homeostasis after chilling for handling and transport prior to field release. Hemolymph and flight muscle were collected from two treatment groups at three time points that targeted thermal conditions above and below the chill coma induction threshold of ~ 6 °C: 1) control moths kept at 25 °C, 2) moths exposed to 3 °C or 9 °C for 4 h, and 3) moths allowed to recover at 25 °C for 24 h after exposure to either 3 °C or 9 °C. We measured concentrations of Na+, K+ and Mg2+ in the hemolymph and muscle collected at each time point. Exposure to a chill-coma inducing temperature had little effect overall on ion balance in the hemolymph and flight muscle of false codling moth, but hemolymph [Na+] decreased from 10.4 ± 0.4 mM to 6.9 ± 0.7 mM as moths were chilled to 3 °C and then increased to 10.4 ± 0.9 mM after the 24 h recovery period. In the 9 °C cooling treatment, [K+] increased from 8.2 ± 0.5 mM during chilling to 14.1 ± 1.9 mM after the 24 h recovery period. No changes were seen in equilibrium potentials in either of the ions measured. Thus, we did not find evidence that water and ion homeostasis are lost by the moths in chill coma and conclude that reduced dispersal in field-released moths is not direct a consequence of the costs of re-establishment of homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid30517647, year = {2019}, author = {Honek, A and Martinkova, Z and Roy, HE and Dixon, AFG and Skuhrovec, J and Pekár, S and Brabec, M}, title = {Differences in the Phenology of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Native Coccinellids in Central Europe.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {80-87}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy173}, pmid = {30517647}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera ; Czech Republic ; *Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), an invasive non-native species in central Europe, can outcompete other aphidophagous species. The distribution and abundance of H. axyridis vary depending on different host plants, and its effects on native coccinellid communities may change accordingly. The distribution and abundance of coccinellids in central Europe (50°N, 14°E) were investigated from 2010 to 2016. Coccinellids were counted at regular intervals on cereals (Avena, Hordeum, and Triticum), herbaceous plants (Matricaria and Urtica) and trees (Acer, Betula, and Tilia). Additionally, the occurrence over time of each species on these plants was assessed and used as an index of persistence. Across all years, the adults and larvae of H. axyridis were the dominant species of coccinellid on trees. However, H. axyridis was less abundant on herbaceous plants and cereals than on trees. Populations of native coccinellids and H. axyridis co-occurred on trees and persisted for the same length of time, while native coccinellids persisted longer than H. axyridis on herbaceous plants and cereals. Compared to 1976-1986, in the 2010s, the abundance of native species decreased on all plants by 50-70%. The presence of H. axyridis could be considered as a factor driving changes in the assemblages of native coccinellids.}, }
@article {pmid30515687, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, EV and Hasler, CT and Suski, CD}, title = {Swimming performance of a freshwater fish during exposure to high carbon dioxide.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {3447-3454}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-018-3849-2}, pmid = {30515687}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {G14AC00119//U.S. Geological Survey/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bass/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide/*toxicity ; Cyprinidae ; Ecosystem ; Ecotoxicology ; Fresh Water ; Introduced Species ; Swimming ; }, abstract = {Deterring the spread of invasive fishes is a challenge for managers, and bigheaded carp (including bighead and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys spp.) are invasive fish that have spread throughout large portions of the Mississippi River basin and threaten to invade the Great Lakes' ecosystem. Studies have shown that elevated levels of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) have the ability to act as a nonphysical fish barrier, but little work has been done on the efficacy of CO2 to deter fish movement in flowing water. An annular swim flume was used to measure Uburst and sprint duration of the model species largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across a range of pCO2 levels (< 400 μatm [ambient]; 10,000 μatm; 50,000 μatm; and 100,000 μatm). This species was tested as a proxy because of the likelihood of a similar CO2 response being produced, as well as constraints in obtaining and housing appropriately sized Asian carp. A significant decrease in Uburst swimming occurred when exposed to 100,000 μatm. No effects on sprint duration were detected. In both swimming tests, 15% of fish lost equilibrium when exposed to 50,000 μatm pCO2, while 50% of fish lost equilibrium when exposed to 100,000 μatm. Together, results define target levels for managers to impede the spread of largemouth bass and potentially other invasive freshwater fishes, helping guide policy to conserve aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30514581, year = {2019}, author = {Hui, C and Richardson, DM}, title = {How to Invade an Ecological Network.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {121-131}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.003}, pmid = {30514581}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Invasion science is in a state of paradox, having low predictability despite strong, identifiable covariates of invasion performance. We propose shifting the foundation metaphor of biological invasions from a linear filtering scheme to one that invokes complex adaptive networks. We link invasion performance and invasibility directly to the loss of network stability and indirectly to network topology through constraints from the emergence of the stability criterion in complex systems. We propose the wind vane of an invaded network - the major axis of its adjacency matrix - which reveals how species respond dynamically to invasions. We suggest that invasion ecology should steer away from comparative macroecological studies, to rather explore the ecological network centred on the focal species.}, }
@article {pmid30513969, year = {2018}, author = {Nugnes, F and Russo, E and Viggiani, G and Bernardo, U}, title = {First Record of an Invasive Fruit Fly Belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects9040182}, pmid = {30513969}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {.//Campania Region/ ; Urcofi//Regione Campania/ ; }, abstract = {Emerging pests are increasingly threatening fruit orchard health across the Mediterranean area. Tephritidae, representing serious threats for Europe, are numerous, and the fruit flies Bactrocera zonata and those belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis complex are among the most alarming species. These species are highly polyphagous and B. zonata has already spread to some Mediterranean countries. Due to these ongoing threats, in the Campania Region (southern Italy), a survey with traps and infested fruits analysis was performed with the aim of detecting the presence of species of Bactrocera dorsalis complex. In two mixed fruit-trees fields, some adults belonging to a species of Bactrocera were captured in traps baited with the highly attractive male lure (methyl eugenol). They were distinguished from similar-looking Bactrocera spp. by morphological and molecular comparative analyses. Considering the existing morphological keys, specimens were tentatively identified as B. dorsalis but molecular characterization with COI split them into two clades. Some specimens were grouped with B. dorsalis similar to B. kandiensis and B. kandiensis and others in a clade including B. dorsalis and B. invadens (syn. B. dorsalis). ITS1 sequences instead confirmed morphological identification. The integrative approach allowed identifying all the specimens collected as belonging to the B. dorsalis complex. This finding represents the first field interception in Europe of a member of one of the most dangerous groups of fruit flies.}, }
@article {pmid30511315, year = {2019}, author = {Kalnicky, EA and Brunson, MW and Beard, KH}, title = {Predictors of Participation in Invasive Species Control Activities Depend on Prior Experience with the Species.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {60-68}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-018-1126-2}, pmid = {30511315}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {The increasing worldwide spread of non-native species is both a component and a consequence of environmental change, and islands are especially vulnerable to negative effects. Efforts to control non-native species often include public education intended to promote behaviors designed to reduce or reverse their spread. To inform the use of information strategies to control the invasive, non-native frog Eleutherodactylus coqui in Hawaii, USA, we surveyed over 700 property owners about their attitudes and behaviors regarding the species. Included were residents of the island of Hawaii, where the species is common and management emphasizes prevention of further spread, and three other islands where the species is largely absent and management emphasizes detection and eradication. Where frogs are present, 61% of respondents reported taking actions to reduce their population, typically clearing vegetation or hand-capturing individual frogs. For these individuals, intentions to engage in future control activities were not significantly related to reports of past behavior. Intentions to participate in future control efforts on the island of Hawaii were best predicted by attitudes toward practices. On the other islands, behavioral intentions were best predicted by subjective norms (i.e., beliefs about others' expectations that they should manage frogs). Thus, intentions to engage in non-native species management behaviors appear to be influenced by prior exposure to, and experience with, that species. Understanding the predictors of behavioral intentions at different stages of invasion have implications for the design of information strategies that can promote participation in control activities.}, }
@article {pmid30509909, year = {2018}, author = {Schulz, CJ and Cañedo-Argüelles, M}, title = {Lost in translation: the German literature on freshwater salinization.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {374}, number = {1764}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2018.0007}, pmid = {30509909}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Human activities have globally increased and altered the ion concentration of freshwater ecosystems. The proliferation of potash mines in Germany (especially intense in the early 1900s) constitutes a good example of it. The effluents and runoff coming from potash mines led to extreme salt concentrations (e.g. 72 g l-1 of total salt content, approx. 149 mS cm-1) in surrounding rivers and streams, causing ecosystem degradation (e.g. massive algal blooms and fish kills). This promoted scientific research that was mostly published in German, thereby being neglected by the wide scientific community. Here, the findings of the German literature on freshwater salinization are discussed in the light of current knowledge. German studies revealed that at similar ion concentrations potassium (K+) can be the most toxic ion to freshwater organisms, whereas calcium (Ca2+) could have a toxicity ameliorating effect. Also, they showed that salinization could lead to biodiversity loss, major shifts in the composition of aquatic communities (e.g. dominance of salt-tolerant algae, proliferation of invasive species) and alter organic matter processing. The biological degradation caused by freshwater salinization related to potash mining has important management implications, e.g. it could prevent many European rivers and streams from reaching the good ecological status demanded by the Water Framework Directive. Within this context, German publications show several examples of salinity thresholds and biological indices that could be useful to monitor and regulate salinization (i.e. developing legally enforced salinity and ion-specific standards). They also provide potential management techniques (i.e. brine collection and disposal) and some estimates of the economic costs of freshwater salinization. Overall, the German literature on freshwater salinization provides internationally relevant information that has rarely been cited by the English literature. We suggest that the global editorial and scientific community should take action to make important findings published in non-English literature more widely available.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.}, }
@article {pmid30509832, year = {2018}, author = {Hutchings, P}, title = {Marine introduced species in Australia, where to from here? A personal perspective from a practising taxonomist.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {477-480}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.047}, pmid = {30509832}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; Australia ; Dinoflagellida ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Policy ; *Introduced Species ; *Ships ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transportation Facilities ; }, abstract = {While introduced marine species have been arriving in Australia for centuries, it was the advent of container shipping and the discharge of ballast water into Australian ports that highlighted the problem. A summary is provided of how Australia responded to this challenge and continues to. More recently there has been an acceptance that hull fouling is also an important vector of introductions. A major problem in Australia is distinguishing introduced species from as yet undescribed native species. This is a particular problem in northern Australia where the native fauna is poorly documented. Despite the economic and environmental threats posed by introduced species, the impetus to undertake expensive comprehensive surveys has declined and attention is now focusing on targeted surveys especially of known marine pest species and molecular data to identify introductions. Ongoing research is still needed to monitor other species identified as being introduced and their potential to become pests.}, }
@article {pmid30509645, year = {2018}, author = {Liwanag, HEM and Haro, D and Callejas, B and Labib, G and Pauly, GB}, title = {Thermal tolerance varies with age and sex for the nonnative Italian Wall Lizard (Podarcis siculus) in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {78}, number = {}, pages = {263-269}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.10.010}, pmid = {30509645}, issn = {0306-4565}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Variation, Population ; Female ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Male ; *Thermotolerance ; }, abstract = {Temperature has a substantial effect on both the physiology and behavior of ectothermic animals such as lizards. Physiology and behavior can also be influenced by ontogenetic and sex differences, but these effects are largely understudied in lizards. We examined ontogenetic and sex-based differences in thermal tolerances, preferred temperature, and temperature-dependent evaporative water loss rates in Italian Wall Lizards, Podarcis siculus, collected from an introduced population near Los Angeles, California, USA that were acclimated to laboratory conditions. Podarcis siculus has been introduced to multiple localities in the USA and the Mediterranean region and has demonstrated remarkable ability to adapt to novel climatic conditions. In the California population, adults of both sexes had a higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) than juveniles, and adult females had a lower critical thermal minimum (CTmin) than juveniles and adult males. Thus, adult females had a significantly wider thermal breadth (CTmax - CTmin) compared to adult males and juveniles. Mass-specific evaporative water loss was higher in juveniles compared to adult males at intermediate temperatures. There was no significant difference among groups for preferred temperature. This implies that thermal tolerance, a physiological characteristic, varies with age and sex for this population, whereas thermal preference, a behavioral characteristic, does not. Interestingly, CTmin for all age and sex classes was above temperatures likely experienced by some nonnative populations in winter, suggesting individuals need to find urban thermal retreats. These results add to the growing literature demonstrating that thermal tolerances and breadths can vary between sexes and across age classes in squamate species.}, }
@article {pmid30509239, year = {2018}, author = {Dunker, S and Boho, D and Wäldchen, J and Mäder, P}, title = {Combining high-throughput imaging flow cytometry and deep learning for efficient species and life-cycle stage identification of phytoplankton.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {30509239}, issn = {1472-6785}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phytoplankton species identification and counting is a crucial step of water quality assessment. Especially drinking water reservoirs, bathing and ballast water need to be regularly monitored for harmful species. In times of multiple environmental threats like eutrophication, climate warming and introduction of invasive species more intensive monitoring would be helpful to develop adequate measures. However, traditional methods such as microscopic counting by experts or high throughput flow cytometry based on scattering and fluorescence signals are either too time-consuming or inaccurate for species identification tasks. The combination of high qualitative microscopy with high throughput and latest development in machine learning techniques can overcome this hurdle.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, image based cytometry was used to collect ~ 47,000 images for brightfield and Chl a fluorescence at 60× magnification for nine common freshwater species of nano- and micro-phytoplankton. A deep neuronal network trained on these images was applied to identify the species and the corresponding life cycle stage during the batch cultivation. The results show the high potential of this approach, where species identity and their respective life cycle stage could be predicted with a high accuracy of 97%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings could pave the way for reliable and fast phytoplankton species determination of indicator species as a crucial step in water quality assessment.}, }
@article {pmid30496181, year = {2018}, author = {Orlova-Bienkowskaja, MJ and Spiridonov, SE and Butorina, NN and Bieńkowski, AO}, title = {Coinvasion by the ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its parasites, Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) and Parasitylenchus bifurcatus (Nematoda: Tylenchida, Allantonematidae), in the Caucasus.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0202841}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0202841}, pmid = {30496181}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Armenia ; *Ascomycota/classification/genetics ; Coleoptera/genetics/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Georgia ; *Phylogeny ; Russia ; *Tylenchida/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The study of parasites in recently established populations of invasive species can shed light on the sources of invasion and possible indirect interactions between the alien species and native ones. We studied parasites of the global invader Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Caucasus. In 2012, the first established population of Ha. axyridis was recorded in the Caucasus in Sochi (south of European Russia, Black Sea coast). By 2018, the ladybird had spread to a vast area: Armenia, Georgia and south Russia (Adygea, the Krasnodar territory, the Stavropol territory, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia). The examination of 213 adults collected in Sochi in 2018 showed that 53% were infested with Hesperomyces virescens fungi (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) and that 8% were infested with Parasitylenchus bifurcatus nematodes (Nematoda: Tylenchida, Allantonematidae). The examined Ha. axyridis specimens were free of the parasitic mite Coccipolipus hippodamiae. An analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of P. bifurcatus based on 18S rDNA confirmed the morphological identification of this species. Hesperomyces virescens and P. bifurcatus were first recorded in the Caucasus and Russia, although they are rather widespread in Europe. This likely indicates that they appeared as a result of coinvasion with their host because the populations of Ha. axyridis, He. virescens and P. bifurcatus in the Caucasus are isolated from the main parts of the ranges of these species in Europe. The nearest localities of Ha. axyridis is on another shore of the Black Sea, and the nearest localities of He. virescens and P. bifurcatus are more than 1000 km from the Caucasus. It is impossible to determine whether the first founders of the Caucasian population were infested with the parasites or whether the parasites were introduced by specimens of Ha. axyridis that arrived later from Europe. Harmonia axyridis was released in the region for pest control, but laboratory cultures are always free of He. virescens and P. bifurcatus. Therefore, the detection of He. virescens and P. bifurcatus indicates that the population of Ha. axyridis in the Caucasus could not have derived exclusively from released specimens. We did not find He. virescens on 400 specimens of 29 other ladybird species collected from the same localities as Ha. axyridis in the Caucasus. No reliable correlation between infestation by He. virescens and that by P. bifurcatus has been found. In addition to these two parasites, an unidentified species of the order Mermithida was recorded. This is the first documented case of Ha. axyridis infestation by a parasitic nematode of this order in nature.}, }
@article {pmid30489559, year = {2018}, author = {Tomlinson, H and Elston, DM}, title = {Aquatic antagonists: lionfish (Pterois volitans).}, journal = {Cutis}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {232-234}, pmid = {30489559}, issn = {2326-6929}, mesh = {Animals ; Bites and Stings/*diagnosis/therapy ; *Introduced Species ; *Perciformes ; United States ; }, abstract = {Lionfish (Pterois volitans) are an invasive species originally from the Indian and Pacific oceans and the Red Sea that now are found all along the southeastern coast of the United States. Prompt and comprehensive treatment provides benefit to the patient. As lionfish numbers continue to increase, physicians across multiple specialties and regions may see an increase in envenomation injuries. It is important that physicians are aware of how to recognize and treat lionfish stings.}, }
@article {pmid30489182, year = {2019}, author = {Takahashi, J and Okuyama, H and Kiyoshi, T and Takeuchi, T and Martin, SJ}, title = {Origins of Vespa velutina hornets that recently invaded Iki Island, Japan and Jersey Island, UK.}, journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {434-439}, doi = {10.1080/24701394.2018.1538366}, pmid = {30489182}, issn = {2470-1408}, abstract = {The native distribution of the yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, is throughout East Asia. Around 15 years ago this species was accidentally introduced into South Korea and France, where it became established and then spread into neighbouring countries. Previous mitochondrial DNA studies showed that the South Korean, Japanese, and French populations all originated from Eastern China. Recently, the hornet has invaded Iki Island, Japan and Jersey Island, UK. In this study, we analyze the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of V. velutina to trace the origin of these two populations. The mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (COI, Cytb, and 16S rRNA) of V. velutina in Iki Island matched the unique haplotype present in China, South Korea, and Japan, while the haplotype from Jersey Island matched that of V. velutina found in France and China. These findings were supported by data from the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of V. velutina from Iki Island, which was consistent with the sequence from South Korea and Tsushima, whereas V. velutina in Jersey was most similar to the French population.}, }
@article {pmid30488524, year = {2019}, author = {Thawley, CJ and Goldy-Brown, M and McCormick, GL and Graham, SP and Langkilde, T}, title = {Presence of an invasive species reverses latitudinal clines of multiple traits in a native species.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {620-628}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.14510}, pmid = {30488524}, issn = {1365-2486}, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; *Food Chain ; Hindlimb/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Introduced Species ; *Life History Traits ; Lizards/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; United States ; }, abstract = {Understanding the processes driving formation and maintenance of latitudinal clines has become increasingly important in light of accelerating global change. Many studies have focused on the role of abiotic factors, especially temperature, in generating clines, but biotic factors, including the introduction of non-native species, may also drive clinal variation. We assessed the impact of invasion by predatory fire ants on latitudinal clines in multiple fitness-relevant traits-morphology, physiological stress responsiveness, and antipredator behavior-in a native fence lizard. In areas invaded by fire ants, a latitudinal cline in morphology is opposite both the cline found in museum specimens from historical populations across the species' full latitudinal range and that found in current populations uninvaded by fire ants. Similarly, clines in stress-relevant hormone response to a stressor and in antipredator behavior differ significantly between the portions of the fence lizard range invaded and uninvaded by fire ants. Changes in these traits within fire ant-invaded areas are adaptive and together support increased and more effective antipredator behavior that allows escape from attacks by this invasive predator. However, these changes may mismatch lizards to the environments under which they historically evolved. This research shows that novel biotic pressures can alter latitudinal clines in multiple traits within a single species on ecological timescales. As global change intensifies, a greater understanding of novel abiotic and biotic pressures and how affected organisms adapt to them across space and time will be central to predicting and managing our changing environment.}, }
@article {pmid30486189, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, PJ and Yefremova, ZA and Manuel, J and LÓpez, P and Yegorenkova, EN}, title = {Aprostocetus chilophagae new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from South Dakota, with taxonomic notes on A. bromi (Kostjukov) and A. nebraskensis (Girault).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4514}, number = {4}, pages = {473-486}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.2}, pmid = {30486189}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera ; Female ; *Hymenoptera ; Male ; North America ; Russia ; South Dakota ; }, abstract = {Aprostocetus chilophagae Yefremova and Yegorenkova, new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) is described from eastern South Dakota, U.S.A., and is reported as a parasitoid of the larva of Chilophaga virgati Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an ovule predator of Panicum virgatum. This new species is separated from sympatric A. bromi (Kostjukov) and A. nebraskensis (Girault) by structural morphology and host associations. Aprostocetus bromi was recently recognized from North America as an introduced species from Russia that is a primary parasitoid of the introduced ovule feeding gall midge Stenodiplosis bromicola Marikovskij and Agafonova (Cecidomyiidae) on the invasive grass Bromus inermis. Aprostocetus nebraskensis is a native species that is known as a parasitoid only from S. wattsi Gagné, also an ovule predator on the native prairie grasses Andropogon girardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Sorghastrum nutans. Trichacis rufipes Ashmead (Platygastridae) co-occurs with A. chilophagae new species on C. virgati, and a Centrodora sp. (Aphelinidae) may be a hyperparasitoid. The females of A. bromi and A. nebraskensis are redescribed and the males for each species are described for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid30486001, year = {2018}, author = {Brito, LC and Santos, SMD and BarÃo, KR}, title = {Immature stages of Murgantia histrionica (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4508}, number = {1}, pages = {131-140}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4508.1.8}, pmid = {30486001}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Hemiptera ; Heteroptera ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nymph ; *Ovum ; }, abstract = {Immature stages of Murgantia histrionica (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Specimens of all life stages of M. histrionica were collected on Peritoma arborea (Cleomaceae) in Palm Springs, California. Specimens were observed in light and scanning microscopies, imagens taken and described based on specimens and photographs. We provide images of the eggs and immatures in light microscopy, and SEM of the eggs and first and fifth instars. Eggs of M. histrionica are barrel-shaped, white, with brown band and circular spot; the corium surface carinated, forming hexagonal cells; carinae irregular apically. The nymphal color pattern; the reflexed lateral margins of pro- and mesothorax; and the scattered punctuation of the tegument are a combination of characteristics enabling M. histrionica identification in its nymphal stages. The eggs of M. histrionica are similar in shape, color, and size to other Strachiini genera, such as Bagrada, Eurydema and Stenozygum. Among the Strachiini, the correct identification of M. histrionica based on immatures is possible by the shape of the head and pronotum, overall size of immatures, and coloration patterns.}, }
@article {pmid30485967, year = {2018}, author = {Kamitani, S}, title = {First record of the alien bamboo leafhopper, Branchana xanthota, in Japan (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4508}, number = {4}, pages = {579-581}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4508.4.7}, pmid = {30485967}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera ; Japan ; Poaceae ; }, abstract = {An alien bamboo leafhopper, Branchana xanthota Li, is recorded from Japan for the first time. Three species of bamboos are recognized as host plants: Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys edulis and Pleioblastus simonii.}, }
@article {pmid30484882, year = {2019}, author = {Raffa, RB and Pergolizzi, JV and Taylor, R and Kitzen, JM and , }, title = {Sunscreen bans: Coral reefs and skin cancer.}, journal = {Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {134-139}, doi = {10.1111/jcpt.12778}, pmid = {30484882}, issn = {1365-2710}, mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*drug effects ; Benzophenones/administration &amp; dosage/*toxicity ; Cinnamates/administration &amp; dosage/*toxicity ; Consumer Product Safety/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Coral Reefs ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Sunscreening Agents/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Hawaii will ban two major ingredients of sunscreens. This article reviews the reasons and future directions. Hawaii recently enacted legislation that will ban the use of two major ingredients of the majority of commonly used sunscreens. The reason for the ban is the ingredients' putative deleterious impact on marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. But sunscreens also save lives by decreasing the risk of UV-induced skin cancers. We review both sides of the issue and potential implications for the healthcare system.<br><br>COMMENT: Coral reefs consist of organisms in delicate equilibria that are susceptible to small changes in their surroundings. Recent natural and man-made disruptions, direct or indirect, such as changes in ocean temperature and chemistry, ingress of invasive species, pathogens, pollution and deleterious fishing practices, have been blamed for the poor health, or even the outright destruction, of some coral reefs. The most popular sunscreen products contain two ingredients-oxybenzone and octinoxate-that have also been implicated in coral toxicity and will be banned. This creates a healthcare dilemma: Will the protection of coral reefs result in an increase in human skin cancers?<br><br>WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Concentration estimates and mechanism studies support an association-direct or indirect (via promotion of viral infection)-of sunscreens with bleaching of coral reefs. A ban on the two most common sunscreen ingredients goes into effect in Hawaii on January 1, 2021. Proponents suggest that this is a trend, just the first of many such bans worldwide; opponents warn of a dire increase in human skin cancers. As a result, alternative sunscreen compounds are being sought.}, }
@article {pmid30484051, year = {2019}, author = {Aladin, NV and Gontar, VI and Zhakova, LV and Plotnikov, IS and Smurov, AO and Rzymski, P and Klimaszyk, P}, title = {The zoocenosis of the Aral Sea: six decades of fast-paced change.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {2228-2237}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-018-3807-z}, pmid = {30484051}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Environment ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; Lakes ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Rivers ; *Salinity ; Seawater ; }, abstract = {During the last six decades, the water level of the Aral Sea, once one of the largest lakes in the world, has experienced a major human-driven regression followed by significant changes in salinity. These fast-paced alterations were initiated by the diversion of two rivers-the Amu Darya and Syr Darya-key players in the regulation of the water balance of the Aral Sea. Consequently, biological modifications took place leading to severe changes of the zoocenosis. This paper reviews the changes that have affected communities of fish and aquatic invertebrates in the Aral Sea since the 1950s. The reported alterations in biodiversity not only represent a natural response to a decrease in water level and a subsequent increase in salinity but also effects of non-native species introduction. The future prospects for invertebrates and fish in the Aral Sea, assuming that initiated restoration work is continued, are also discussed in this paper.}, }
@article {pmid30482898, year = {2018}, author = {Pereira Dos Santos, T and Roiz, D and Santos de Abreu, FV and Luz, SLB and Santalucia, M and Jiolle, D and Santos Neves, MSA and Simard, F and Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R and Paupy, C}, title = {Potential of Aedes albopictus as a bridge vector for enzootic pathogens at the urban-forest interface in Brazil.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {191}, pmid = {30482898}, issn = {2222-1751}, abstract = {The invasive species Aedes albopictus is present in 60% of Brazilian municipalities, including at the interfaces between urban settings and forests that are zoonotic arbovirus hotspots. We investigated Ae. albopictus colonization, adult dispersal and host feeding patterns in the anthropic-natural interface of three forested sites covering three biomes in Brazil in 2016. To evaluate whether an ecological overlap exists between Ae. albopictus and sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) in forests, we performed similar investigations in seven additional urban-forest interfaces where YFV circulated in 2017. We found Ae. albopictus in all forested sites. We detected eggs and adults up to 300 and 500 m into the forest, respectively, demonstrating that Ae. albopictus forest colonization and dispersal decrease with distance from the forest edge. Analysis of the host identity in blood-engorged females indicated that they fed mainly on humans and domestic mammals, suggesting rare contact with wildlife at the forest edge. Our results show that Ae. albopictus frequency declines as it penetrates into the forest and highlight its potential role as a bridge vector of zoonotic diseases at the edge of the Brazilian forests studied.}, }
@article {pmid30481226, year = {2018}, author = {Riedl, HL and Stinson, L and Pejchar, L and Clements, WH}, title = {An introduced plant affects aquatic-derived carbon in the diets of riparian birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0207389}, pmid = {30481226}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Non-native plants can impact riparian ecosystem function through diverse terrestrial and aquatic pathways, with cascading effects on food webs. Invasion-mediated vegetation changes can depress terrestrial arthropod communities and alter arthropod flux across the aquatic-terrestrial interface. We investigated the effects of a non-native woody plant, Robinia neomexicana, on insect contributions to riparian songbird diets. This plant was introduced over 100 years ago to the Clear Creek drainage in northwestern Colorado (USA) from its native range, which extends into southern Colorado. We used stable isotope analysis of insects and avian feces to 1) assess whether the relative contributions of aquatic- and terrestrial-derived arthropod prey differed between reference sites and sites invaded by R. neomexicana, and 2) quantify the amount of aquatic- and terrestrial-derived resources consumed by an insectivorous songbird assemblage. Two species of insectivorous songbirds consumed more aquatic insects in invaded sites compared to reference sites. This change in terrestrial- and aquatic-derived prey in bird diets in response to a near-range plant invasion suggests that the introduction of novel species from more distant native ranges could produce similar or stronger effects. Overall, the songbird community consumed approximately 34% aquatic resources, which highlights the importance of these subsidies to riparian consumers. Our investigation of insect subsidies demonstrates how introduced species can indirectly affect food webs and provides insight into the plasticity of riparian consumer responses.}, }
@article {pmid30481181, year = {2018}, author = {Bbole, I and Zhao, JL and Tang, SJ and Katongo, C}, title = {Mitochondrial genome annotation and phylogenetic placement of Oreochromis andersonii and O. macrochir among the cichlids of southern Africa.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0203095}, pmid = {30481181}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Africa, Southern ; Animals ; Cichlids/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Fish Proteins/*genetics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; RNA, Transfer/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Genetic characterization of southern African cichlids has not received much attention. Here, we describe the mitogenome sequences and phylogenetic positioning of Oreochromis andersonii and O. macrochir among the African cichlids. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequences were determined for O. andersonii and O. macrochir, two important aquaculture and fisheries species endemic to southern Africa. The complete mitogenome sequence lengths were 16642 bp and 16644 bp for O. andersonii and O. macrochir respectively. The general structural organization follows that of other teleost species with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a non-coding control region. Phylogenetic placement of the two species among other African cichlids was performed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC). The consensus trees confirmed the relative positions of the two cichlid species with O. andersonii being very closely related to O. mossambicus and O. macrochir showing a close relation to both species. Among the 13 mitochondrial DNA protein coding genes ND6 may have evolved more rapidly and COIII was the most conserved. There are signs that ND6 may have been subjected to positive selection in order for these cichlid lineages to diversify and adapt to new environments. More work is needed to characterize the southern Africa cichlids as they are important species for capture fisheries, aquaculture development and understanding biogeographic history of African cichlids. Bio-conservation of some endangered cichlids is also essential due to the threat by invasive species.}, }
@article {pmid30481174, year = {2018}, author = {Butikofer, L and Jones, B and Sacchi, R and Mangiacotti, M and Ji, W}, title = {A new method for modelling biological invasions from early spread data accounting for anthropogenic dispersal.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {e0205591}, pmid = {30481174}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; *Models, Biological ; New Zealand ; *Population Dynamics ; }, abstract = {Biological invasions are one of the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. In spite of human aided (anthropogenic) dispersal being the key element in the spread of invasive species, no framework published so far accounts for its peculiar characteristics, such as very rapid di