@article {pmid30122232, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, Y}, title = {Darwin and Mendel: The Historical Connection.}, journal = {Advances in genetics}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {1-25}, doi = {10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.006}, pmid = {30122232}, issn = {0065-2660}, abstract = {Darwin carried out a host of carefully controlled cross- and self-pollination experiments in a wide variety of plants, and made a significant and imperishable contribution to the knowledge of hybridization. He not only clearly described the phenomenon of what he called prepotency and what we now call dominance or Mendelian inheritance, but also explained it by his Pangenesis. Recent discovery of small RNAs acting as dominance modifiers supports his Pangenesis regarding the control of prepotency by gemmules. Historical studies show that there is striking evidence that Mendel read Darwin's The Origin of Species, which had influenced his paper presented in 1865 and published in 1866. Although Mendel's paper has been considered a classic in the history of genetics, it generated much controversy since its rediscovery. Mendel's position as the father of genetics is being seriously challenged. Darwin's main contribution to genetics was the collection of a tremendous amount of genetic data, and the formulation of a comprehensive genetical theory for their explanation. Over the past 150 years, however, Darwin's legacy to genetics, particularly his Pangenesis, has not been considered seriously by most geneticists. It is proposed that Darwin should have been regarded as one of the most important pioneers in genetics.}, }
@article {pmid26450195, year = {2015}, author = {Radick, G}, title = {HISTORY OF SCIENCE. Beyond the "Mendel-Fisher controversy".}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {350}, number = {6257}, pages = {159-160}, doi = {10.1126/science.aab3846}, pmid = {26450195}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Breeding/*history/statistics & numerical data ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics/*history/statistics & numerical data ; History, 19th Century ; Peas/genetics ; Scientific Misconduct/*history/statistics & numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid22855371, year = {2012}, author = {Simunek, M and Hoßfeld, U and Breidbach, O}, title = {'Further Development' of Mendel's legacy? Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg in the context of Mendelian-biometry controversy, 1901-1906.}, journal = {Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften}, volume = {131}, number = {4}, pages = {243-252}, doi = {10.1007/s12064-012-0158-z}, pmid = {22855371}, issn = {1611-7530}, mesh = {Biometry ; England ; Genetics/*history ; Heredity ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; }, abstract = {The contribution of Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg (1871-1962) to the beginning of classical genetics is a matter of dispute. The aim of this study is to analyse, based on newly accessible archive materials, the relevance of his positions and theoretical views in a debate between advocates of early Mendelian explanation of heredity and proponents of biometry, which took place in England around 1901-1906. We challenge not only his role of an 'external consultant', which at the time de facto confirmed his status of 'rediscoverer' of Mendel's work but also analyse his ambivalent positions which are to be seen as a part of 'further development' (Weiterführung), a development of Mendel's legacy as he understood it. Second, there is an interesting aspect of establishing connections within an 'experimental culture' along the Mendel's lines of thought that was parallel to the first step of institutionalizing the new discipline of Genetics after 1905/06. Part of the study is also the analysis of contribution of his older brother Armin von Tschermak-Seysenegg (1870-1952) who--much like in the case of 'rediscovery' of 1900-1901--was for his younger brother an important source of theoretical knowledge. In this particular case, it regarded Bateson's 'Defence' of Mendel from 1902.}, }
@article {pmid18444601, year = {2007}, author = {Bokhari, FA and Sami, W}, title = {Did Mendel cheat?.}, journal = {Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {96}, pmid = {18444601}, issn = {1025-9589}, mesh = {Fraud ; Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; Statistics as Topic ; }, }
@article {pmid11619806, year = {1998}, author = {Magnello, ME}, title = {Karl Pearson's mathematization of inheritance: from ancestral heredity to Mendelian genetics (1895-1909).}, journal = {Annals of science}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {35-94}, doi = {10.1080/00033799800200111}, pmid = {11619806}, issn = {0003-3790}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Biometry/*history ; Genetics/*history ; Genetics, Population/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; *Pedigree ; Statistics as Topic/*history ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Long-standing claims have been made for nearly the entire twentieth century that the biometrician, Karl Pearson, and colleague, W. F. R. Weldon, rejected Mendelism as a theory of inheritance. It is shown that at the end of the nineteenth century Pearson considered various theories of inheritance (including Francis Galton's law of ancestral heredity for characters underpinned by continuous variation), and by 1904 he 'accepted the fundamental idea of Mendel' as a theory of inheritance for discontinuous variation. Moreover, in 1909, he suggested a synthesis of biometry and Mendelism. Despite the many attempts made by a number of geneticists (including R. A. Fisher in 1936) to use Pearson's chi-square (X2, P) goodness-of-fit test on Mendel's data, which produced results that were 'too good to be true', Weldon reached the same conclusion in 1902, but his results were never acknowledged. The geneticist and arch-rival of the biometricians, Williams Bateson, was instead exceptionally critical of this work and interpreted this as Weldon's rejection of Mendelism. Whilst scholarship on Mendel, by historians of science in the last 18 years, has led to a balanced perspective of Mendel, it is suggested that a better balanced and more rounded view of the hereditarian-statistical work of Pearson, Weldon, and the biometricians is long overdue.}, }
@article {pmid11353700, year = {2001}, author = {Fairbanks, DJ and Rytting, B}, title = {Mendelian controversies: a botanical and historical review.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {88}, number = {5}, pages = {737-752}, pmid = {11353700}, issn = {0002-9122}, abstract = {Gregor Mendel was a 19(th) century priest and botanist who developed the fundamental laws of inheritance. The year 2000 marked a century since the rediscovery of those laws and the beginning of genetics. Although Mendel is now recognized as the founder of genetics, significant controversy ensued about his work throughout the 20(th) century. In this paper, we review five of the most contentious issues by looking at the historical record through the lens of current botanical science: (1) Are Mendel's data too good to be true? (2) Is Mendel's description of his experiments fictitious? (3) Did Mendel articulate the laws of inheritance attributed to him? (4) Did Mendel detect but not mention linkage? (5) Did Mendel support or oppose Darwin?A synthesis of botanical and historical evidence supports our conclusions: Mendel did not fabricate his data, his description of his experiments is literal, he articulated the laws of inheritance attributed to him insofar as was possible given the information he had, he did not detect linkage, and he neither strongly supported nor opposed Darwin.}, }
@article {pmid11147091, year = {2000}, author = {Lenay, C}, title = {Hugo De Vries: from the theory of intracellular pangenesis to the rediscovery of Mendel.}, journal = {Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la vie}, volume = {323}, number = {12}, pages = {1053-1060}, pmid = {11147091}, issn = {0764-4469}, mesh = {Books ; Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Plants/*genetics ; }, abstract = {On the basis of the article by the Dutch botanist Hugo De Vries 'On the law of separation of hybrids' published in the Reports of the Académie des Sciences in 1900, and the beginning of the controversy about priority with Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, I consider the question of the posthumous influence of the Mendel paper. I examine the construction of the new theoretical framework which enabled its reading in 1900 as a clear and acceptable presentation of the rules of the transmission of hereditary characters. In particular, I analyse the introduction of the idea of determinants of organic characters, understood as separable material elements which can be distributed randomly in descendants. Starting from the question of heredity, such as it was defined by Darwin in 1868, and after its critical developments by August Weismann, Hugo De Vries was able to suggest such an idea in his Intracellular Pangenesis. He then laid out a programme of research which helps us to understand the 'rediscovery' published in 1900.}, }
@article {pmid1887835, year = {1991}, author = {Weiling, F}, title = {Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822-1884.}, journal = {American journal of medical genetics}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {1-25; discussion 26}, doi = {10.1002/ajmg.1320400103}, pmid = {1887835}, issn = {0148-7299}, mesh = {Austria ; Genetics/*history ; Germany ; History, 19th Century ; Mathematics/history ; }, abstract = {The life and personality of Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), the founder of scientific genetics, are reviewed against the contemporary background of his times. At the end are weighed the benefits for Mendel (as charged by Sir Ronald Fisher) to have documented his results on hand of falsified data. Mendel was born into a humble farm family in the "Kuhländchen", then a predominantly German area of Northern Moravia. On the basis of great gifts Mendel was able to begin higher studies; however, he found himself in serious financial difficulties because of his father's accident and incapacitation. His hardships engendered illness which threatened continuation and completion of his studies until he was afforded the chance of absolving successfully theological studies as an Augustinian monk in the famous chapter of St. Thomas in Altbrünn (Staré Brno). Psychosomatic indisposition made Mendel unfit for practical pastoral duties. Thus, he was directed to teach but without appropriate state certification; an attempt to pass such an examination failed. At that point he was sent to the University of Vienna for a 2-year course of studies, with emphasis on physics and botany, to prepare him for the exam. His scientific and methodologic training enabled him to plan studies of the laws of inheritance, which had begun to interest him already during his theology training, and to choose the appropriate experimental plant. In 1865, after 12 years of systematic investigations on peas, he presented his results in the famous paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden." Three years after his return from Vienna he failed to attain his teaching certification a second time. Only by virtue of his exceptional qualifications did he continue to function as a Supplementary Professor of Physics and Natural History in the two lowest classes of a secondary school. In 1868 he was elected Abbot of his chapter, and freed from teaching duties, was able to pursue his many scientific interests with greater efficiency. This included meteorology, the measurement of ground water levels, further hybridization in plants (a.o. involving the hawk week Hieracium up to about 1873), vegetable and fruit tree horticulture, apiculture, and agriculture in general. This involved Mendel's active participation in many organizations interested in advancing these fields at a time when appropriate research institutes did not exist in Brünn. Some of the positions he took in his capacity of Abbot had severe repercussions and further taxed Mendel's already over-stressed system. The worst of these was a 10-year confrontation with the government about the taxation of the monastery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, }
@article {pmid2085640, year = {1990}, author = {Piegorsch, WW}, title = {Fisher's contributions to genetics and heredity, with special emphasis on the Gregor Mendel controversy.}, journal = {Biometrics}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {915-924}, pmid = {2085640}, issn = {0006-341X}, mesh = {Animals ; Genes, Dominant ; Genes, Recessive ; *Genetics/history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; *Models, Genetic ; Plants/genetics ; }, abstract = {R. A. Fisher is widely respected for his contributions to both statistics and genetics. For instance, his 1930 text on The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection remains a watershed contribution in that area. Fisher's subsequent research led him to study the work of (Johann) Gregor Mendel, the 19th century monk who first developed the basic principles of heredity with experiments on garden peas. In examining Mendel's original 1865 article, Fisher noted that the conformity between Mendel's reported and proposed (theoretical) ratios of segregating individuals was unusually good, "too good" perhaps. The resulting controversy as to whether Mendel "cooked" his data for presentation has continued to the current day. This review highlights Fisher's most salient points as regards Mendel's "too good" fit, within the context of Fisher's extensive contributions to the development of genetical and evolutionary theory.}, }
@article {pmid11621982, year = {1989}, author = {Olby, R}, title = {The dimensions of scientific controversy: the biometric--Mendelian debate.}, journal = {British journal for the history of science}, volume = {22}, number = {74 Pt 3}, pages = {299-320}, pmid = {11621982}, issn = {0007-0874}, mesh = {Genetics/*history ; History, Modern 1601- ; }, }
@article {pmid11611987, year = {1986}, author = {Piegorsch, WW}, title = {The Gregor Mendel controversy: early issues of goodness-of-fit and recent issues of genetic linkage.}, journal = {History of science; an annual review of literature, research and teaching}, volume = {24}, number = {64 pt 2}, pages = {173-182}, doi = {10.1177/007327538602400204}, pmid = {11611987}, issn = {0073-2753}, mesh = {Austria ; Genetics/*history ; History, Modern 1601- ; }, }
@article {pmid6392413, year = {1984}, author = {Pilgrim, I}, title = {The too-good-to-be-true paradox and Gregor Mendel.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {501-502}, pmid = {6392413}, issn = {0022-1503}, mesh = {Austria ; Fraud ; Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; Probability ; Research Design ; }, }
@article {pmid11609929, year = {1976}, author = {Norton, B and Pearson, ES}, title = {A note on the background to, and refereeing of, R. A. Fisher's 1918 paper 'On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance'.}, journal = {Notes and records of the Royal Society of London}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {151-162}, pmid = {11609929}, issn = {0035-9149}, mesh = {*Demography ; Genetics/*history ; History, Modern 1601- ; Statistics as Topic/*history ; United Kingdom ; }, }